10,000 small, medium and large dams) and reticulation investments, energy generation and distribution infrastructure, mining infrastructure, transport (about 18,601 km state (2012 estimate) and 9,499 km gravel road network) and telecommunications infrastructure, manufacturing and distribution facilities, and tourism facilities. Among the key assets most exposed to hazards include: dams, sewer lines, roads/bridges, powerlines, buildings, telecommunication facilities, mine shafts, recreation facilities, manufacturing plants, irrigation infrastructure (as of 2017, Zimbabwe’s land area under irrigation totalled 110,832 ha15) and post-harvest crop storage facilities.', 'Among the key assets most exposed to hazards include: dams, sewer lines, roads/bridges, powerlines, buildings, telecommunication facilities, mine shafts, recreation facilities, manufacturing plants, irrigation infrastructure (as of 2017, Zimbabwe’s land area under irrigation totalled 110,832 ha15) and post-harvest crop storage facilities. Impacts Following extreme weather events, assets can suffer physical damages that limit or prevent their functioning. For example, tropical Cyclone Idai and the resultant flooding and landslides in March 2019 destroyed bridges, roads, telecommunications infrastructure, agricultural land, crops/livestock and several buildings/houses with 270,000 people in Zimbabwe affected. These direct impacts then disrupt operations in key sectors, such as electricity, water and transport, and disrupt entire supply chains, such as fruits (bananas, pineapples) from Chimanimani District.', 'These direct impacts then disrupt operations in key sectors, such as electricity, water and transport, and disrupt entire supply chains, such as fruits (bananas, pineapples) from Chimanimani District. The disruption of this national capital stock bodes ill for long-run economic growth and poverty alleviation and takes time and scantily available resources to restore. 14 Davis & Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Issues Paper.', '14 Davis & Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Issues Paper. 15 MLAWCRR (2020), National Water Resources Master Plan 2020-2040.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Natural capital Exposure Water (surface and underground), soil, pastures, biodiversity (hot-spots: Kalahari and Save-Limpopo eco-regions), forests (covering about 46% of the total land area, 179,748km2), and wetlands (there are more than 1,100 of economic value in the country that cover about 1.2 million hectares, with dambos being the most important wetland type in terms of economic and environmental benefits) are directly exposed to extreme climatic events and slow-onset climate changes across the country. As a result, their provision of ecosystem services is also reduced.', 'As a result, their provision of ecosystem services is also reduced. These services include food supply, water purification, soil stabilisation and health, timber and fibre supply, touristic attraction, genetic diversity, nutrient recycling, flood control, and runoff modulation. Impacts The 1991/1992 rain season experienced the most extreme drought event in the past 3 decades. This episode reduced water discharge over Victoria Falls, plant biodiversity in the rainforest, and resulted in the death of about 148 elephants in the Hwange National park and about 1,500 in Gonarezhou National Park. Water shortages, lack of grazing and heat stress threaten the survival of wildlife species, especially those sensitive to heat, such as elephants. Droughts have continued to have similar impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity in recent years, most notably in 2018.', 'Droughts have continued to have similar impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity in recent years, most notably in 2018. A recent study in Hwange National park projected a reduction of 40% of elephant habitat by 2050 and a change in elephant population distribution because of climate change16. Other factors that will increase elephants’ vulnerability to climate change include the increased spread of diseases, moderate genetic diversity, and slow reproductive rates.17 Impacts on these natural assets affects all sectors that rely on their provision of ecosystem services.', 'Other factors that will increase elephants’ vulnerability to climate change include the increased spread of diseases, moderate genetic diversity, and slow reproductive rates.17 Impacts on these natural assets affects all sectors that rely on their provision of ecosystem services. For example, higher evaporation rates cause reduced availability of water from surface and groundwater resources, which, in turn, leads to: • Decreased crop yield and crop failure in agriculture • Fluctuating availability, quality, and cost of agricultural raw materials for industry • Reduced hydro-electric power output from the energy sector • Constrained processing in the mining sector • Decreased attractiveness of tourism destinations • Sanitation constraints and increased burden of water-borne diseases for the health sector 16 Mpakairi, K.S., Ndaimani, H., Tagwireyi, P., et al. (2020).', 'For example, higher evaporation rates cause reduced availability of water from surface and groundwater resources, which, in turn, leads to: • Decreased crop yield and crop failure in agriculture • Fluctuating availability, quality, and cost of agricultural raw materials for industry • Reduced hydro-electric power output from the energy sector • Constrained processing in the mining sector • Decreased attractiveness of tourism destinations • Sanitation constraints and increased burden of water-borne diseases for the health sector 16 Mpakairi, K.S., Ndaimani, H., Tagwireyi, P., et al. (2020). Futuristic climate change scenario predicts a shrinking habitat for the African elephant (loxodanta Africana): evidence from Hwange National Park Zimbabwe. Eur J Wildl Res 66, 1. 17 GoZ (undated), Zimbabwe’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biodiversity. Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate.', 'Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Harare.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 11 • Increased burdens for women, as they have to walk long distances and spend more time in search of water for domestic purposes. Women and children also more pronouncedly suffer the social consequences of a crisis situation, in which protection mechanisms are minimal. Other impacts on natural assets include loss of biodiversity; forest and fauna species’ migration; alteration in migration patterns and biodiversity corridors; and increases in pests and invasive species. Pests, such as the fall armyworm, tomato leaf miner, cotton mealybug, larger grain borer and other newcomer pests, are adapted to shifting weather patterns and are already adversely affecting farmers in Zimbabwe.', 'Pests, such as the fall armyworm, tomato leaf miner, cotton mealybug, larger grain borer and other newcomer pests, are adapted to shifting weather patterns and are already adversely affecting farmers in Zimbabwe. The invasion of fall armyworm in 2016 caused maize yield losses estimated at 263,000 tons (about $83 million in value). Low rainfall conditions, for example during the 2015–2016 drought, caused livestock disease rates to increase, accounting for 61% of reported cattle deaths, particularly in Manicaland and Masvingo provinces. Between November 2017 and May 2018, a combination of late, heavy rains and a shortage in cattle dip led to over 3,000 cattle perishing from tick-borne diseases, primarily Theileriosis. Social capital Exposure Zimbabwe’s societal stability relies on norms, relationships and networks, social structure and cohesion, and institutions and laws.', 'Social capital Exposure Zimbabwe’s societal stability relies on norms, relationships and networks, social structure and cohesion, and institutions and laws. These are all exposed to impacts resulting from climate variability and change. Impacts Climate impacts, including from extreme weather events, lead to seasonal and forced migration in search of livelihood opportunities. Men and the able-bodied migrate, altering the social structure of communities by leaving women behind and responsible for agricultural production in rural areas. The search for water, sufficient rainfall, fertile soils and good pastures for livestock has also triggered climate migrants who have settled at water sources, wetlands, riverbanks and grazing lands. The worst affected areas are in Manicaland Province.', 'The worst affected areas are in Manicaland Province. These new illegal and unplanned settlements pose social, economic and administrative challenges and generate natural-resource-use conflicts at a local level, and precipitate heightened environmental degradation in fragile ecosystems. Forced migration also hinders development by increasing pressures on urban infrastructure and services and increasing competition over scarce resources, thereby increasing the risk of conflict and resulting in worse health, education and other social outcomes among migrants. On the other hand, climate variability and change also has impacts on institutions, as it strengthens the need for implementing adaptation and social policies alongside economic growth. The Zimbabwe National Development Strategy (2021-2025) framework, for example, captures “Environment Protection, Climate Resilience and Natural Resources Management” as a national priority to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.', 'The Zimbabwe National Development Strategy (2021-2025) framework, for example, captures “Environment Protection, Climate Resilience and Natural Resources Management” as a national priority to achieve sustainable socio-economic development. Financial capital Exposure Incomes, savings, credit, insurance, and employment held by all citizens and/ or businesses are exposed to climate variability and change. Vulnerable groups with limited or insecure access to financial services and informal businesses are particularly exposed and represent a majority of the rural area population (65%). In 2012, only a few women (3%) and men (4%) were served by other formal financial institutions, such as insurance companies.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Impacts During droughts or floods, crop yields reductions lead to income losses from farmers. The estimated value of crop losses each year is US $126 million.', 'The estimated value of crop losses each year is US $126 million. In 2001, the estimated loss was US $321 million, increasing to US $513 million in 2008. At the same time, families face a decrease in savings, as product prices increase during drought years by 30 to 40%, increasing households’ expenditures. During the 2015–2016 drought the price of cattle in high rainfall areas ranged from $350–$450, but communities in drought-affected districts were selling cattle for as little as $20 - $60 to buy food. Reduced supplies of agricultural raw materials also reduce employment opportunities in industry and commerce, as was the case during the extreme drought of 1991/92 when a number of industries faced closure, particularly in the City of Bulawayo.', 'Reduced supplies of agricultural raw materials also reduce employment opportunities in industry and commerce, as was the case during the extreme drought of 1991/92 when a number of industries faced closure, particularly in the City of Bulawayo. In addition, insurance products are less available, as insurers run higher covariate risks, which are anathema to statistical models of insurance, as extreme events are more widespread and affect many clients at once. 3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe Projected climate changes faced by Zimbabwe have been identified from review of the ICLEI Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report (2020) and of relevant data included in the NAP development process.18 Overall, the country is projected to experience a progressive reduction in precipitation, increase in temperatures, increasingly volatile weather events, and less dependable seasons.', '3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe Projected climate changes faced by Zimbabwe have been identified from review of the ICLEI Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report (2020) and of relevant data included in the NAP development process.18 Overall, the country is projected to experience a progressive reduction in precipitation, increase in temperatures, increasingly volatile weather events, and less dependable seasons. Based on CORDEX data for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios,19 there is high confidence that Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures will increase by 1 to 1.5°C by 2040 from a 1986-2005 baseline. Droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. The increase in Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures could potentially exceed 3°C by 2050, depending on the actual global emissions pathway achieved.', 'The increase in Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures could potentially exceed 3°C by 2050, depending on the actual global emissions pathway achieved. Figure 1 shows projections under RCP8.5 for 2020-2080.', 'Figure 1 shows projections under RCP8.5 for 2020-2080. 18 National Adaptation Plan: Adaptational Prioritisation Report (2021); Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021); Zimbabwe GCF Country Programme (2020); Zimbabwe Baseline Report on Economic Development (2012) 19 In climate change modelling, RCP stands for representative greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions trajectory) pathway that is adopted by the IPCC to describe different climate futures whose likelihood is estimated by the GHG emissions in the emissions to come.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 13 Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 In turn, average rainfall is projected to further decrease by approximately 10% with significant regional differences, although there is more uncertainty over these estimates.', '18 National Adaptation Plan: Adaptational Prioritisation Report (2021); Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021); Zimbabwe GCF Country Programme (2020); Zimbabwe Baseline Report on Economic Development (2012) 19 In climate change modelling, RCP stands for representative greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions trajectory) pathway that is adopted by the IPCC to describe different climate futures whose likelihood is estimated by the GHG emissions in the emissions to come.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 13 Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 In turn, average rainfall is projected to further decrease by approximately 10% with significant regional differences, although there is more uncertainty over these estimates. This will induce shorter rainy seasons and shifts in the timing of their onset and cessation.', 'This will induce shorter rainy seasons and shifts in the timing of their onset and cessation. The intensity of rainfall events is projected to increase, which may increase flood events. However, projections of the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, particularly cyclones, are uncertain. The spatial distribution of projected rainfall is shown in Figure 2. This highlights that the Southern and Eastern geographies of Zimbabwe are projected to experience the most significant decreases in rainfall between 2020 and 2080.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the 3.4 Adaptation measures Direct and indirect exposure to climate-related hazards, shocks and stressors are already causing adverse impacts on Zimbabwe’s human, physical, natural, social and financial capital.', 'This highlights that the Southern and Eastern geographies of Zimbabwe are projected to experience the most significant decreases in rainfall between 2020 and 2080.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the 3.4 Adaptation measures Direct and indirect exposure to climate-related hazards, shocks and stressors are already causing adverse impacts on Zimbabwe’s human, physical, natural, social and financial capital. Climate projections suggest that climate-related hazards associated with slow-onset changes in temperature and precipitation, and with the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, will continue to worsen.', 'Climate projections suggest that climate-related hazards associated with slow-onset changes in temperature and precipitation, and with the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, will continue to worsen. In order to avoid further similar and more damaging impacts, Zimbabwe urgently needs to implement a wide range of adaptation measures, which seek to reduce climate sensitivities, increase adaptive capacities and/or reduce direct or indirect exposure to climate-related hazards.', 'In order to avoid further similar and more damaging impacts, Zimbabwe urgently needs to implement a wide range of adaptation measures, which seek to reduce climate sensitivities, increase adaptive capacities and/or reduce direct or indirect exposure to climate-related hazards. At this stage and for the summative purposes of this high-level NDC report, Zimbabwe is initially focusing on four high-level priority adaptation measures, namely to: • Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen agricultural value chains and markets; • Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems); • Ensure climate resilient infrastructure designs and development; and • Develop and promote resilient and sustainable water resources management, 20 Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 15 Table 2 below summarises these actions in greater detail.', 'At this stage and for the summative purposes of this high-level NDC report, Zimbabwe is initially focusing on four high-level priority adaptation measures, namely to: • Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen agricultural value chains and markets; • Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems); • Ensure climate resilient infrastructure designs and development; and • Develop and promote resilient and sustainable water resources management, 20 Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 15 Table 2 below summarises these actions in greater detail. On-going development of the NAP will lead to a more expansive list of adaptation measures.', 'On-going development of the NAP will lead to a more expansive list of adaptation measures. Once the NAP has been finalised, Zimbabwe has the option under the Paris Agreement to update its NDC to include the more expansive list of adaptation measures that speak to the economy-wide vulnerabilities to climate change and re-submit it to the UNFCCC prior to the end of the next five-year cycle. Gender will be mainstreamed throughout the implementation of all adaptation measures. This will ensure that gender-biases are prevented when planning for their implementation, and that the measures can also directly target gender inequality as an important factor of vulnerability to climate change.', 'This will ensure that gender-biases are prevented when planning for their implementation, and that the measures can also directly target gender inequality as an important factor of vulnerability to climate change. Similarly, the measures will also consider the role of the youth as a way to provide opportunities for employment and skills development, and to ensure that youth perspectives are represented when planning for implementation.', 'Similarly, the measures will also consider the role of the youth as a way to provide opportunities for employment and skills development, and to ensure that youth perspectives are represented when planning for implementation. Table 2: Priority adaptation measures Measure 1 Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen the resilience of agricultural value chains and markets Description Zimbabwe will promote the use and roll-out of gender sensitive climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices such as land and water resources conservation, sustainable mechanisation, agro-ecology, water-efficient irrigation, renewable energy and energy efficiency, climate adapted crop types/varieties and livestock types/breeds, crop/livestock diversification, agro-forestry, integrated pest and disease management, post-harvest technologies, improved livestock management, fodder production and livestock feeding strategies, silvi-pastoral systems.', 'Table 2: Priority adaptation measures Measure 1 Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen the resilience of agricultural value chains and markets Description Zimbabwe will promote the use and roll-out of gender sensitive climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices such as land and water resources conservation, sustainable mechanisation, agro-ecology, water-efficient irrigation, renewable energy and energy efficiency, climate adapted crop types/varieties and livestock types/breeds, crop/livestock diversification, agro-forestry, integrated pest and disease management, post-harvest technologies, improved livestock management, fodder production and livestock feeding strategies, silvi-pastoral systems. Zimbabwe will also implement actions that focus on: (i) increasing resource-use efficiency along the agricultural value chain (ii) supporting value addition to agricultural products (iii) improving market access for women and youth farmers in remote areas, (iv) minimizing waste, and (v) reducing inequalities along agricultural value chains.', 'Zimbabwe will also implement actions that focus on: (i) increasing resource-use efficiency along the agricultural value chain (ii) supporting value addition to agricultural products (iii) improving market access for women and youth farmers in remote areas, (iv) minimizing waste, and (v) reducing inequalities along agricultural value chains. Agricultural value-chains largely employ women. Implementing this measure thus requires actions that consider gender barriers to accessing information and resources (such as lack of collateral, illiteracy, etc), as well as actions that directly address gender inequalities (i.e. supporting women in accessing collateral and finance, reducing the burden of work, etc). Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure are expected to increase adaptive capacity by providing the technology and tools necessary to increase efficiency of agricultural production.', 'Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure are expected to increase adaptive capacity by providing the technology and tools necessary to increase efficiency of agricultural production. This would allow sustainable use of resources, such as water and soil in the long-term, thereby reducing sensitivity of water and ecosystems. Adaptive capacity would also be improved by providing the tools to anticipate future changes in climate and adjust production accordingly. Finally, actions would reduce sensitivity to climate change by expanding the use of climate-resilient breeds of crops and livestock. Strengthening the resilience of agricultural value chains and resource use efficiency is expected to reduce the sensitivity of water, energy, waste, and biodiversity sector to climate change and variabilty.', 'Strengthening the resilience of agricultural value chains and resource use efficiency is expected to reduce the sensitivity of water, energy, waste, and biodiversity sector to climate change and variabilty. Industry and commerce’s sensitivity would also decrease through increased stability of the agriculture value chain.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 10, 11, 12, 13. In particular, it would reduce sensitivity of women and youth by providing them with the knowledge and skills to maintain agricultural production throughout varying climate, and to diversify their sources of income beyond production. As agricultural value-chains largely employ women, they are more at risk of unemployment when the industry is exposed. Strengthening the resilience of the agriculture industry hence contributes to reducing women’s chances of unemployment due to climate change21.', 'Strengthening the resilience of the agriculture industry hence contributes to reducing women’s chances of unemployment due to climate change21. Widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture, including conservation tillage, would contribute to mitigation efforts by increasing resource-use efficiency and increasing capacity of healthier soils to capture and sequester carbon. Incorporation of legumes in crop rotations has the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer demand and ammonium nitrate fertilizer production thus driving a corresponding reduction in nitrous oxide emissions.', 'Incorporation of legumes in crop rotations has the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer demand and ammonium nitrate fertilizer production thus driving a corresponding reduction in nitrous oxide emissions. Measure 2 Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems) Description Zimbabwe will take steps to: (i) enhance early warning systems, including through better information management systems (ii) provide the systems and knowledge to manage disaster risks at national and community-level, and (ii) support the coordination of responses to climate hazards and to climate impacts across sectors and geographies. Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would benefit all sectors by increasing their adaptive capacity through improving knowledge of future events and improving systems to prevent, prepare for, and/or manage their consequences.', 'Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would benefit all sectors by increasing their adaptive capacity through improving knowledge of future events and improving systems to prevent, prepare for, and/or manage their consequences. Adaptation activities would reduce exposure of key vulnerable groups located in hazard-prone areas by allowing them to relocate when hazards are foreseen. Co-benefits This measure is expected to contribute to achieving all SDGs, except SDGs 14 and 16. Investments in disaster risk reduction would also reduce the costs of rehabilitation and reconstruction, thereby providing wider economic and social benefits.', 'Investments in disaster risk reduction would also reduce the costs of rehabilitation and reconstruction, thereby providing wider economic and social benefits. Measure 3 Ensure climate-resilient infrastructure and design Description Zimbabwe will implement actions that: (i) provide the means and incentives for new infrastructure to be planned, designed, built and operated while accounting for future climate change, including extreme-weather events, and (ii) facilitate retro-fitting of previously built infrastructure to ensure it is resilient to future climate events. This measure applies to infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, telecommunications infrastructure, water infrastructures like dams, sewages, drains, water supply pipes, pumps. It also includes actions that use energy generating technologies (wind, photovoltaic solar) that are not reliant on climate-sensitive hydrological resources. 21 UNDP (2021).', 'It also includes actions that use energy generating technologies (wind, photovoltaic solar) that are not reliant on climate-sensitive hydrological resources. 21 UNDP (2021). Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Climate Policies’ Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 17 Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would reduce the climate sensitivities of all sectors that are reliant on infrastructure. Urban areas would benefit most. Urban populations would also benefit from a reduction in potential damage to infrastructure and related risks to people. Reducing the climate sensitivity of the energy sector would indirectly reduce the climate sensitivity of the many sectors that are reliant on energy supply. 11, 13. Enhancing the use of renewable energy sources would deliver mitigation benefits.', 'Enhancing the use of renewable energy sources would deliver mitigation benefits. Measure 4 Develop and promote resilient water resources management Description Zimbabwe will implement actions which: (i) support the use of best available hydro-climatic information to improve water resource management (water resource assessment), (ii) explore options to increase water supply from surface and underground (water demand management and water use), considering gender differences in water supply and access, and (iii) support the management of extreme events (integrated flood management, drought management). Adaptation benefits All sectors are vulnerable to climate change as a result of water scarcity. Actions under this measure are expected to increase their adaptive capacity by providing the tools and knowledge to better manage water resources and to reduce their sensitivity by increasing the availability of water.', 'Actions under this measure are expected to increase their adaptive capacity by providing the tools and knowledge to better manage water resources and to reduce their sensitivity by increasing the availability of water. Co-benefits This measure is expected to contribute to achieving all SDGs. As a large number of women are responsible for collecting water for households, they lack the time and resources to focus on other income-generating activities. By improving the availability and supply of water, this measure would also benefit women directly by reducing their burden associated with fetching water, allowing them to access other productive activities. Increases in water efficiency will also bring mitigation benefits, as less resources would be used in water provision.', 'Increases in water efficiency will also bring mitigation benefits, as less resources would be used in water provision. Furthermore, crop and pasture productivity would increase, which would increase carbon-capture capacity through roots and residues, all other things being equal.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 4 Mitigation priorities and actions Zimbabwe strongly supports the objectives of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to well below 2°C whilst pursuing efforts towards further reduction to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This section presents Zimbabwe’s updated national emission baseline and target. The updated mitigation contribution draws on an economy wide GHG mitigation assessment and Zimbabwe’s Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS).', 'The updated mitigation contribution draws on an economy wide GHG mitigation assessment and Zimbabwe’s Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS). The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and a Zimbabwe emissions model was developed using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP). First, historical (2010-2017) and projected emissions (2018-2030) were assessed to produce a Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario without mitigation. The baseline projection scenario is based on key national documents, mainly NDS1, accounting for the impact of COVID-19 and the LEDS.22 Second, a revised mitigation scenario was developed through an evaluation of the GHG emission reduction potential of key plans and policies that have been put in place in Zimbabwe since 2015. A total of 70 mitigation measures were identified from existing plans, strategies and policies.', 'A total of 70 mitigation measures were identified from existing plans, strategies and policies. A shortlist of 17 mitigation actions were selected to be included in the NDC based on agreed selection criteria including their mitigation potential, indicative implementation timeline and plans, and alignment with national development goals and targets. Whilst the INDC only covered energy-related emissions, Zimbabwe’s revised baseline and mitigation target has been expanded to include emissions from all sectors, including Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and Waste. This is a significant increase in ambition from the INDC. On average, the Forestry and Other Land Use sector alone was the largest net GHG emitting sector between 2010 and 2017, with average net emission of 13 million tonnes.', 'On average, the Forestry and Other Land Use sector alone was the largest net GHG emitting sector between 2010 and 2017, with average net emission of 13 million tonnes. Additionally, the scope of gases covered by the mitigation contribution has been expanded to include Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Black Carbon (a short-lived climate pollutant), in addition to the carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the INDC. Co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis.23 The table below outlines the coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC.', 'Co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis.23 The table below outlines the coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC. Based on this analysis, Zimbabwe has strengthened its mitigation contribution to be a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below the projected business as usual scenario, a significant 7% increase from the 33% reduction in per capita emissions targeted for the INDC. Achieving this increased target will require considerable support from the international community. The 40% per capita emissions reduction target is therefore conditional on such support being forthcoming and provided in a timely manner. Zimbabwe looks forward to working closely with partners to implement this updated NDC and to deliver on its increased ambition.', 'Zimbabwe looks forward to working closely with partners to implement this updated NDC and to deliver on its increased ambition. 22 This revised BAU scenario projected per capita GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2030 to be substantially lower than the equivalent figure in the INDC. This is likely due to the lower estimates of economic growth caused the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as smaller increases in GHG emissions in recent years compared to the INDC projections for those years.', 'This is likely due to the lower estimates of economic growth caused the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as smaller increases in GHG emissions in recent years compared to the INDC projections for those years. 23 PM2.5, NOx, Sulphur Dioxide, non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxideZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 19 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC IPCC Sectors covered in baseline Economic sectors covered in mitigation actions Gases Energy (Consumption across all sectors) Power generation and transmission Road transportation Residential households Manufacturing industry, construction CO , N O, CH IPPU Cement production Ferro alloy, Iron and steel Fertiliser production Air-conditioning, refrigeration CO , N O, HFCs AFOLU Forestry Agriculture Other Land Use CO , N O, CH Waste Municipal Solid waste management CH 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions The analysis carried out to inform the NDC update estimates that in 2017, Zimbabwe’s net GHG emissions were 35.84 MtCO eq.24 The Energy sector; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector contributed the majority of the emissions in 2017 (33% and 54%, respectively), followed by Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Waste.', '23 PM2.5, NOx, Sulphur Dioxide, non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxideZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 19 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC IPCC Sectors covered in baseline Economic sectors covered in mitigation actions Gases Energy (Consumption across all sectors) Power generation and transmission Road transportation Residential households Manufacturing industry, construction CO , N O, CH IPPU Cement production Ferro alloy, Iron and steel Fertiliser production Air-conditioning, refrigeration CO , N O, HFCs AFOLU Forestry Agriculture Other Land Use CO , N O, CH Waste Municipal Solid waste management CH 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions The analysis carried out to inform the NDC update estimates that in 2017, Zimbabwe’s net GHG emissions were 35.84 MtCO eq.24 The Energy sector; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector contributed the majority of the emissions in 2017 (33% and 54%, respectively), followed by Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Waste. Throughout the base year period, emissions fluctuated over time (Figure 3) This mainly stems from the AFOLU sector, where there is substantial variability in the magnitude of emissions across the time series.', 'Throughout the base year period, emissions fluctuated over time (Figure 3) This mainly stems from the AFOLU sector, where there is substantial variability in the magnitude of emissions across the time series. Other sectors show less variability. Figure 3: Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2017 (MtCO2e) Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe are projected to increase by 110% to 75.4 MtCO eq by 2030 under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario if policies and measures to reduce GHGs are not implemented as outlined in Figure 4 below. 24 Note that this is a different picture from that set out in the INDC and in Zimbabwe’s Third National Communication submitted in 2017, which stated that Zimbabwe was a net sink (i.e.', '24 Note that this is a different picture from that set out in the INDC and in Zimbabwe’s Third National Communication submitted in 2017, which stated that Zimbabwe was a net sink (i.e. emissions removals were greater than emissions to the atmosphere). This change is due to the fact that the previous data only focused on removals of GHGs from forestry and land-use.', 'This change is due to the fact that the previous data only focused on removals of GHGs from forestry and land-use. Zimbabwe is now using updated data on emissions from deforestation and fires in grasslands and forests that are more accurate than the previous data and indicate that Zimbabwe is a net source of emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the baseline scenario 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution As shown in Figure 5 below, using the Zimbabwean LEAP model, the revised analysis suggests total GHG emissions in 2030 can be reduced by 40%, to 44.7 MtCO eq.', 'Zimbabwe is now using updated data on emissions from deforestation and fires in grasslands and forests that are more accurate than the previous data and indicate that Zimbabwe is a net source of emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the baseline scenario 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution As shown in Figure 5 below, using the Zimbabwean LEAP model, the revised analysis suggests total GHG emissions in 2030 can be reduced by 40%, to 44.7 MtCO eq. Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario Figure 6 presents the per capita baseline and mitigation pathways showing a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below BAU by 2030.', 'Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario Figure 6 presents the per capita baseline and mitigation pathways showing a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below BAU by 2030. These projections are based on population and GDP growth assumptions taken from the NDS1, which takes into account the impact of COVID-19 on Zimbabwe’s economy and its expected recovery and are presented in Figure 7.', 'These projections are based on population and GDP growth assumptions taken from the NDS1, which takes into account the impact of COVID-19 on Zimbabwe’s economy and its expected recovery and are presented in Figure 7. This higher per- capita reduction in GHG emissions and expansion of sectoral scope, including the economy wide coverage of adaptation beyond the original agricultural sector, all combine to demonstrate increased ambition for the Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 21 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions Figure 7: Population and GDP projections Table 4 presents the mitigation contribution as drawing on a range of measures across the different sectors.', 'This higher per- capita reduction in GHG emissions and expansion of sectoral scope, including the economy wide coverage of adaptation beyond the original agricultural sector, all combine to demonstrate increased ambition for the Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 21 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions Figure 7: Population and GDP projections Table 4 presents the mitigation contribution as drawing on a range of measures across the different sectors. The biggest reduction in emissions from the BAU comes from the AFOLU sector (25.35 MtCO eq) followed by the energy sector (4.2 MtCO eq), with smaller reductions from waste (0.65 MtCO eq) and IPPU (0.45 MtCO eq) sectors.', 'The biggest reduction in emissions from the BAU comes from the AFOLU sector (25.35 MtCO eq) followed by the energy sector (4.2 MtCO eq), with smaller reductions from waste (0.65 MtCO eq) and IPPU (0.45 MtCO eq) sectors. Table 4: Sectoral reductions in GHGs in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario Sector emissions (million tonnes CO -equivalent) GHG Emissions (million tonnes CO equivalent) 2030 GHG emissions (million tonnes CO - equivalent)- with mitigation actions Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land UseZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 4.3 Fairness and ambition Zimbabwe’s updated target represents a fair and ambitious contribution. Zimbabwe is a highly vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change and the priority is to enhance climate resilience.', 'Zimbabwe is a highly vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change and the priority is to enhance climate resilience. Furthermore, Zimbabwe is a small contributor to global emissions, contributing only 0.07% of global emissions in 2017.25 Despite this, Zimbabwe is committed to ensuring a fair contribution to the Paris Agreement by demonstrating enhanced ambition, through an expansion of the mitigation contribution. Zimbabwe’s INDC target covered only the energy sector whilst the revised NDC is now economy-wide with an increased emissions reduction target. The mitigation contribution outlined above is conditional on appropriate international support. The total investment cost of meeting the mitigation contribution is approximately US$4,834.47 million.', 'The total investment cost of meeting the mitigation contribution is approximately US$4,834.47 million. However, it should be noted that not all of this will be new additional cost – some of the investments are already being made for non-climate reasons, for example investments into the energy sector. Furthermore, the cost data does not take into account the expected benefits of climate action, both in terms of avoiding future climate change but also from co-benefits such as green jobs, improved health and air quality and better access to energy. As explained in section 4, the scope of gases covered by the mitigation contribution has been expanded to include Hydrofluorocarbons and Black Carbon. These compounds were assessed for their mitigation potential as well as any co-benefits associated.', 'These compounds were assessed for their mitigation potential as well as any co-benefits associated. For this reason, co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis. All actions will be implemented subject to availability of affordable international financial support, investment, ability to leverage domestic resources, technology development and transfer and capacity development. The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and continued investment by development partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical.', 'The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and continued investment by development partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical. 4.5 Co-benefits of identified mitigation measures Adaptation is the over-riding priority for Zimbabwe given her vulnerability profile, an assessment of all the proposed mitigation actions was done to understand any impacts on climate resilience, positive or negative. Several mitigation measures included in the revised NDC have adaptation and broader sustainable development co-benefits including but not limited to the following: • Increased uptake of biogas will lead to improved air quality, health and gender outcomes.', 'Several mitigation measures included in the revised NDC have adaptation and broader sustainable development co-benefits including but not limited to the following: • Increased uptake of biogas will lead to improved air quality, health and gender outcomes. • Increased forested land and forest plantations will lead to improvements in soil stability, soil quality, groundwater quality, regulation of surface runoff, etc. thereby decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on these ecosystems. • Increased composting and waste-to-energy processing will result in employment creation and reduced pollution to soil and water bodies.', '• Increased composting and waste-to-energy processing will result in employment creation and reduced pollution to soil and water bodies. 25 Global GHG emissions including land-use change in 2017 were 53.5 GtCO eq (UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018), Zimbabwe total GHG emissions of 37.98 MtCO eq taken from LEAP modelling.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 23 • Increased energy efficiency, reduced transmission and distribution losses and increased electricity supply from solar and waste-to-energy projects will reduce supply constraints and reliance on climate-sensitive hydropower. • Improved fuel efficiency will lead to reduced fuel imports, improving Zimbabwe’s balance of trade and macroeconomic stability. • Increased public transport will lead to increased mobility for low-income populations. Zimbabwe is determined to ensure a just transition to a climate resilient, low carbon economy.', 'Zimbabwe is determined to ensure a just transition to a climate resilient, low carbon economy. This means ensuring that the benefits of delivering such an economy are widely shared, and that support is provided to those that may be at risk from the move to a green economy, for example those that currently work in polluting industries. The just transition concept links to 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, explicitly drawing together SDGs 13 – climate action, 10 – reduced inequalities, 8 – decent work and economic growth, and 7 - affordable and clean energy. 26 The Government of Zimbabwe recognises that gender equality is central to climate action and a prerequisite for poverty reduction, food and nutrition security and sustainable development.', '26 The Government of Zimbabwe recognises that gender equality is central to climate action and a prerequisite for poverty reduction, food and nutrition security and sustainable development. As part of the update of the NDC, an assessment was made of the potential gender impacts of the policies and measures needed to deliver the mitigation contribution, drawing on previous analysis.27 As a result of this analysis the many gender-related benefits of the measures in each sector were highlighted to help Zimbabwe plan future policies in a way that mitigates potential negative impacts on gender equality. Ensuring the representation and participation of all Zimbabweans in the development and implementation of the NDC is critical to ensuring its effectiveness.', 'Ensuring the representation and participation of all Zimbabweans in the development and implementation of the NDC is critical to ensuring its effectiveness. In particular, the issues of youth and gender must be considered integral to the process. The specific sensitivities and vulnerabilities of young people and women to the impacts of climate change and their essential role in achieving the emissions reductions targets demonstrate their importance as key stakeholders in the achievement of Zimbabwe’s revised NDC. 4.6 Sector level mitigation actions 4.6.1 Energy sector The energy sector, including transport, is currently the second biggest contributor to total national GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 33% of GHG emissions in 2017.', '4.6 Sector level mitigation actions 4.6.1 Energy sector The energy sector, including transport, is currently the second biggest contributor to total national GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 33% of GHG emissions in 2017. The main source of GHG emissions in the sector is thermal power generation (37.71%), followed by residential (19.08%), road transportation (15.48%) and agriculture (13.84%). A summary of the mitigation measures from the energy sector is provided in Table 5. 27 The Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Gender Analysis of NDCs.', '27 The Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Gender Analysis of NDCs. Draft.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector # Mitigation Measure Reference document % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million Reduced Transmission and Distribution National Development Strategy 2 Expansion of Solar: 300 MW in 2025 System Development Expansion of microgrids: Additional of 2.098 MW of capacity added through microgrids by 2028 Rural Energy Masterplan 4 4.1 MW biogas capacity added in 2024 ZERA annual report Energy Efficiency Improvements: Agriculture: 12% savings (2030 compared to baseline scenario); Commercial: 16% savings; Domestic: 22.08% savings; Manufacturing: 18.63% savings; Mining: 8% savings ZERA energy efficiency audit Biofuels Policy, Transport fuel economy policy / Fuel efficiency improvement 2025-2030: Motorcycles: 2.2% per year; LDVs: 2.9%/ year; Buses: 2.6%/year; HDVs: 2.5%/year Public transport.', 'Draft.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector # Mitigation Measure Reference document % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million Reduced Transmission and Distribution National Development Strategy 2 Expansion of Solar: 300 MW in 2025 System Development Expansion of microgrids: Additional of 2.098 MW of capacity added through microgrids by 2028 Rural Energy Masterplan 4 4.1 MW biogas capacity added in 2024 ZERA annual report Energy Efficiency Improvements: Agriculture: 12% savings (2030 compared to baseline scenario); Commercial: 16% savings; Domestic: 22.08% savings; Manufacturing: 18.63% savings; Mining: 8% savings ZERA energy efficiency audit Biofuels Policy, Transport fuel economy policy / Fuel efficiency improvement 2025-2030: Motorcycles: 2.2% per year; LDVs: 2.9%/ year; Buses: 2.6%/year; HDVs: 2.5%/year Public transport. 5% shift from private car to public transport in 2030 The success in the implementation of the mitigation measures in the energy sector will largely depend on overcoming a number of barriers.', '5% shift from private car to public transport in 2030 The success in the implementation of the mitigation measures in the energy sector will largely depend on overcoming a number of barriers. The main challenge is a lack of funding for large capital projects. The electricity grid will also require upgrading in order to accommodate the numerous renewable energy projects that are planned. Several mitigation projects have been excluded from this analysis for either being unfeasible for the planning horizon in question, 2030, (the large hydropower generation projects), for lack of data availability (the livestock subsector), or for lack of a clear local implementing agency to advance that particular project (efficient cook-stoves). This framework extends to the other IPCC mitigation sectors below.', 'This framework extends to the other IPCC mitigation sectors below. Co-benefits: A number of benefits are anticipated from mainly energy efficiency and renewable energy production policies with few risks identified. Many of the measures are likely to lead to creation of green jobs but ameliorative action might need to be taken to soften the blow of job losses (for example from moving from smaller commuter omni-buses to bigger buses to curb emissions from public transport).', 'Many of the measures are likely to lead to creation of green jobs but ameliorative action might need to be taken to soften the blow of job losses (for example from moving from smaller commuter omni-buses to bigger buses to curb emissions from public transport). 28 Government of Zimbabwe Financial and Macro-economic Analysis of the Implications of Zimbabwe’s NDC Implementation, and Elaboration of a Climate Finance Strategy for NDC Implementation (2021).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 25 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) relates specifically to emissions from industrial processes which transform physically and chemically materials and emissions from the use of products.', '28 Government of Zimbabwe Financial and Macro-economic Analysis of the Implications of Zimbabwe’s NDC Implementation, and Elaboration of a Climate Finance Strategy for NDC Implementation (2021).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 25 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) relates specifically to emissions from industrial processes which transform physically and chemically materials and emissions from the use of products. Energy use and efficiency in industry is covered in the energy sector analysis together with combustion of fuels in industry. The GHG modelling shows that emissions from the IPPU sector contributed 1.2 MtCO eq (3.3%) to Zimbabwe’s 2017 emissions, compared with 0.7 MtCO eq (2.2%) in 2010, which is an increase of approximately 0.47 MtCO eq (1.1%) over the period.', 'The GHG modelling shows that emissions from the IPPU sector contributed 1.2 MtCO eq (3.3%) to Zimbabwe’s 2017 emissions, compared with 0.7 MtCO eq (2.2%) in 2010, which is an increase of approximately 0.47 MtCO eq (1.1%) over the period. The largest contributions to emissions in the sector originated from ferrochrome production (37%), followed by cement production (32%), the consumption of HFCs (25%), chemical production (6%), and insignificant amounts from non-energy fuel use, lime production, lead and iron and steel production. Table 6 outlines the IPPU measures considered in the mitigation analysis. Table 6: Summary of mitigation measures from the IPPU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increased clinker substitution with fly ash 2050). Increased clinker substitution with blast furnace slag (BFS) (up to 16% by 2030, 20% by 2050).', 'Increased clinker substitution with blast furnace slag (BFS) (up to 16% by 2030, 20% by 2050). Decomposition of N O emissions through use of a secondary catalyst. Selective De-N O catalyst results in abatement of approximately 75% of all N O emissions produced during nitric acid production. Implementation by 2023 HFC Phasedown schedule Kigali Amendment (Freeze There are some challenges associated with implementation of the mitigation measures in the IPPU sector. Implementing clinker substitution with fly ash or BFS in the future rests on the availability of these materials and consumer acceptance of lower clinker content products. There is also a lack of awareness from consumers regarding the application and performance of lower clinker products.', 'There is also a lack of awareness from consumers regarding the application and performance of lower clinker products. Other challenges include high investment costs for retrofits such as the installation of the nitrous oxide secondary catalyst, lack of technical expertise for operation and maintenance of imported technologies and lack of adequate technical skills and financial capacity to implement the HFC phasedown measures.', 'Other challenges include high investment costs for retrofits such as the installation of the nitrous oxide secondary catalyst, lack of technical expertise for operation and maintenance of imported technologies and lack of adequate technical skills and financial capacity to implement the HFC phasedown measures. Financial and technical support will therefore be required to support the implementation of all these measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Co-benefits: The measures also offer a range of additional benefits, such as enhanced competitiveness through cost reductions (especially related to clinker substitution in cement production), gender inclusive employment creation along the supply value chain, health benefits through improved local air quality and reduced negative impacts on vegetation because of a decrease in associated NOx emissions from nitric acid production.', 'Financial and technical support will therefore be required to support the implementation of all these measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Co-benefits: The measures also offer a range of additional benefits, such as enhanced competitiveness through cost reductions (especially related to clinker substitution in cement production), gender inclusive employment creation along the supply value chain, health benefits through improved local air quality and reduced negative impacts on vegetation because of a decrease in associated NOx emissions from nitric acid production. 4.6.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) The AFOLU sector is currently the biggest contributor to GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 54% of GHG emissions in 2017. The GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector have been increasing in the past 30 years.', 'The GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector have been increasing in the past 30 years. Historical emission and removals data from the Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC shows that the AFOLU sector was a net sink between 1990 and 1993, however, the sector became an increasing net source from 1994 to 2017. The major drivers of emissions and removals in this sector include deforestation due to agricultural expansion, fuelwood gathering, increased livestock, commercial logging, veld fires, harvesting construction timber, illegal settlements and mining, tobacco curing and charcoal making. Several mitigation measures were identified and considered for mitigation analysis in the AFOLU sector.', 'Several mitigation measures were identified and considered for mitigation analysis in the AFOLU sector. However, only four mitigation measures were feasible in this first NDC revision as some could not meet the criteria for meaningful mitigation analysis (for example, no clear local implementing agency or lack of robust data to allow for emissions estimates), and this was the case for the livestock and climate-smart agriculture subsector notwithstanding their conceptual role in driving emissions from the agricultural sector. Consequently, four mitigation measures selected for this round of NDC revision are listed in Table 7 below.', 'Consequently, four mitigation measures selected for this round of NDC revision are listed in Table 7 below. Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increase area of forest land from 9.9 million hectares to 10.4 million hectares by 2025: Add 100,000 hectares of natural forest land per year between National Development Strategy Increase area of forest plantation from 68848 hectares to 118848 hectares by 2025: Add 10,000 hectares of plantation forest land per year between National Development Strategy Reduce area burned by 500,000 hectares between 2020 and 2025 inclusive of agricultural production landscapes National Development Strategy Challenges to implementation include inadequate institutional and financial capacity for all measures apart from increasing the area of forest plantation, and a need for improved human and technical capacity to implement and monitor mitigation measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 27 Co-benefits: All of these measures would have multiple benefits beyond the emissions reductions associated with them, including gender inclusivity, job creation, and improved health and air quality.', 'Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increase area of forest land from 9.9 million hectares to 10.4 million hectares by 2025: Add 100,000 hectares of natural forest land per year between National Development Strategy Increase area of forest plantation from 68848 hectares to 118848 hectares by 2025: Add 10,000 hectares of plantation forest land per year between National Development Strategy Reduce area burned by 500,000 hectares between 2020 and 2025 inclusive of agricultural production landscapes National Development Strategy Challenges to implementation include inadequate institutional and financial capacity for all measures apart from increasing the area of forest plantation, and a need for improved human and technical capacity to implement and monitor mitigation measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 27 Co-benefits: All of these measures would have multiple benefits beyond the emissions reductions associated with them, including gender inclusivity, job creation, and improved health and air quality. Some of the measures would also improve Zimbabwe’s adaptive capacity (reduced burning) and lead to increased value chain development for timber and non-timber forest products (reduced burning and forest restoration).', 'Some of the measures would also improve Zimbabwe’s adaptive capacity (reduced burning) and lead to increased value chain development for timber and non-timber forest products (reduced burning and forest restoration). Since 1990, GHG emissions from the waste sector gradually increased, reaching 1.76 MtCO eq in 2017. The increase from 1990-2005 and 2011-2017 was due to increased generation and collection rates while the dip from 2006-2011 was attributed to the economic recession with low collection rates for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Compared to 1990, emissions in 2017 increased due to increase in volumes of MSW received at the landfill. Mitigation measures for the waste sector were drawn from the Low Emission Development Strategy and Zimbabwe’s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and are listed in Table 8.', 'Mitigation measures for the waste sector were drawn from the Low Emission Development Strategy and Zimbabwe’s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and are listed in Table 8. Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Waste to Energy: It was assumed that 42% of the methane generated would be collected in 2030 and used for energy production through waste to energy projects in the Bulawayo, Harare, Gweru and Mutare metropolitan areas 20% of organic matter composted in the long term Zimbabwe s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Low Emissions Development Strategy In terms of challenges, Zimbabwe urban local authorities are experiencing major challenges in managing solid waste due to population growth, urbanization, industrialisation and increased use of non- biodegradable plastics and bottles.', 'Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Waste to Energy: It was assumed that 42% of the methane generated would be collected in 2030 and used for energy production through waste to energy projects in the Bulawayo, Harare, Gweru and Mutare metropolitan areas 20% of organic matter composted in the long term Zimbabwe s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Low Emissions Development Strategy In terms of challenges, Zimbabwe urban local authorities are experiencing major challenges in managing solid waste due to population growth, urbanization, industrialisation and increased use of non- biodegradable plastics and bottles. Other challenges include the need to train engineers for the waste to energy projects and an underdeveloped market for organic fertiliser from compost.', 'Other challenges include the need to train engineers for the waste to energy projects and an underdeveloped market for organic fertiliser from compost. Co-benefits: Identified co-benefits include employment creation, improved environmental aesthetics and local air quality, reduced pollution to soil and water bodies and ultimately decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on those systems.', 'Co-benefits: Identified co-benefits include employment creation, improved environmental aesthetics and local air quality, reduced pollution to soil and water bodies and ultimately decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on those systems. The waste to energy measure provides an alternative energy source that can reduce demand on the current national grid, thereby reducing sensitivity to drought-induced hydro power electricity shortfalls.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 5 Package of policies and strategies The Government of Zimbabwe is guided by Vision 2030, which seeks to transform the country into an upper middle-income economy by 2030, with a per capita Gross National Income of over US$5,000 in real terms. The principal government policy for achieving Vision 2030 is the National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021 to 2025.', 'The principal government policy for achieving Vision 2030 is the National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021 to 2025. NDS1 targets an annual GDP growth rate of above 5% and the creation of at least 760,000 formal jobs over the five-year period. The growth targets in NDS1 contributed to framing the revised NDC target. Since 2015, Zimbabwe has also adopted several important national and sectoral policies and strategies that will be central to the implementation of the NDC. Overarching national policies include: National Climate Policy (2017) that forms the backbone of Zimbabwe’s climate change response. It aims to build a climate resilient and low-carbon Zimbabwe.', 'It aims to build a climate resilient and low-carbon Zimbabwe. The policy guides climate change management in the country, enhances the national adaptive capacity, scales up mitigation actions, facilitates domestication of global policies and ensures compliance to the global mechanisms. The policy sets high level goals and institutional frameworks for climate change governance, National Climate Fund, economy-wide climate change mitigation and adaptation. It provides the national policy context for NDC revision and has sector specific strategies. • National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS, 2015) outlines Zimbabwe’s approach to ensuring sustainable development and a climate-proofed economy, recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society.', '• National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS, 2015) outlines Zimbabwe’s approach to ensuring sustainable development and a climate-proofed economy, recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society. NCCRS is anchored on seven pillars, namely, (i) adaptation and risk management; (ii) mitigation and low carbon strategies; (iii) capacity to effect; (iv) governance framework; (v) finance and investment; (vi) technology development and transfer, including infrastructure and (vii) communication and advocacy; information management and dissemination. The NCCRS includes sector specific actions to make the nation climate resilient with a low carbon economy. • Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), 2020-2050, provides a clear, economy-wide low emission development pathway for the country.', '• Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), 2020-2050, provides a clear, economy-wide low emission development pathway for the country. It also lays the foundations for a functional, effective and sustainable domestic monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system for tracking low emission development and a low emission financing strategy. The LEDS is based on an assessment of 38 costed sectoral mitigation measures. • Revised National Gender Policy (2017) includes a specific thematic area on gender and climate change and promotes the mainstreaming of gender in environmental and climate change policies and strategies. The policy recognises that women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'The policy recognises that women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. • National Youth Policy (2013) ensures the active involvement of young people in national development, and, among other objectives, aims to foster skills, entrepreneurship, environmental education and active participation in environmental conservation among the youth of Zimbabwe. The adaptation measures presented in this Revised NDC were drawn from a series of existing economy- wide and sectoral policies and plans.', 'The adaptation measures presented in this Revised NDC were drawn from a series of existing economy- wide and sectoral policies and plans. Beyond National Climate Policy, and NCCRS, key adaptation policy documents include the NAP Roadmap, the Green Climate Fund Country Programme, Zimbabwe Climate Change Gender Action Plan, draft National Water Resources Master Plan (2020-2040), National Agriculture Policy Framework (2018-2030), and the Zimbabwe Climate Smart Agriculture Investment Plan (CSAIP).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 29 The mitigation measures presented in this Revised NDC are also codified in existing policies and plans. Beyond the National Climate Policy, NCCRS and LEDS, several sector level policies will also support implementation of the mitigation measures.', 'Beyond the National Climate Policy, NCCRS and LEDS, several sector level policies will also support implementation of the mitigation measures. These include the National Renewable Energy Policy (2019), Bio-fuels Policy (2019), Development Plan (2017), National Transport Master Plan (2018), draft National Energy Efficiency Policy, National Agriculture Policy Framework (2018-2030), draft National Forest Policy, Zimbabwe National Industrial Development Policy (2019-2023), and Environmental Management Regulations (2016). Collectively, this package of policies and strategies will guide the implementation of Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 6 Institutional and Financial Framework 6.1 Institutional Framework To implement the Revised NDC, the Government of Zimbabwe will be mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts across policies and programs at national and subnational levels.', 'Collectively, this package of policies and strategies will guide the implementation of Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 6 Institutional and Financial Framework 6.1 Institutional Framework To implement the Revised NDC, the Government of Zimbabwe will be mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts across policies and programs at national and subnational levels. In terms of governance, the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the overall coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting to the UNFCCC.', 'In terms of governance, the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the overall coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting to the UNFCCC. The Ministry works in constant liaison with the Office of President & Cabinet, Parliament of Zimbabwe and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and key stakeholders, to ensure implementation and alignment with the various sectoral plans and the broader national vision to fully embed low carbon considerations into all aspects of Zimbabwe’s socio-economic development. Progress in climate actions will be achieved through coordinated efforts and effective resource mobilisation and deployment among various Government arms.', 'Progress in climate actions will be achieved through coordinated efforts and effective resource mobilisation and deployment among various Government arms. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED), the national Treasury in conjunction with the Ministry responsible for climate change, will play a central role in the coordination and financing of climate related projects and programmes to be implemented by the key MDAs and other stakeholders such as development partners, private sector among others. As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio-economic sectors, the proposed mitigation and adaptation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national budget, plans, capital projects and programmes.', 'As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio-economic sectors, the proposed mitigation and adaptation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national budget, plans, capital projects and programmes. Institutional responsibilities for implementation of the various adaptation and mitigation measures are spread across government ministries, local authorities and private sector organisations among others. Table 9 below details the roles of different organisations across sectors. Zimbabwe is currently developing a roadmap to operationalise the Enhanced Transparency Framework under the Paris Agreement. It is strengthening the national institutions for coordinating, managing and implementing climate transparency activities as well as the national systems for transparent, consistent, comparable, complete and accurate GHG inventories.', 'It is strengthening the national institutions for coordinating, managing and implementing climate transparency activities as well as the national systems for transparent, consistent, comparable, complete and accurate GHG inventories. Zimbabwe is also establishing the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Framework, including the systems and indicators for tracking the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation measures and their impacts. Several of the stakeholders listed in the table below are identified as implementers of the revised NDC and data providers for the MRV system. Implementation of the NDC will also align with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda. Where appropriate, the stakeholders responsible for implementation will coordinate with the Ministry of Local Government to feed the NDC adaptation and mitigation actions into local implementation processes.', 'Where appropriate, the stakeholders responsible for implementation will coordinate with the Ministry of Local Government to feed the NDC adaptation and mitigation actions into local implementation processes. The two metropolitan and eight provinces, as well as the relevant local authorities, will be engaged in the planning and implementation of the climate mitigation and adaptation actions with central government, through the Ministry responsible for climate change management.', 'The two metropolitan and eight provinces, as well as the relevant local authorities, will be engaged in the planning and implementation of the climate mitigation and adaptation actions with central government, through the Ministry responsible for climate change management. In addition to the stakeholders discussed in this section, Parliament and its committees will play a critical role in establishing the legislative framework and providing oversight for NDC implementation.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 31 Table 9: Key institutions for NDC implementation Sector Name of stakeholder Role Crosscutting Ministry responsible for climate change management Co-lead of implementing agency Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) Coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting Ministry responsible for Finance and Economic Planning Co-lead of implementing agency Coordination of climate actions in national budget, projects and programmes ZimStat and Environmental Management Agency Data on NDC MRV Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare Support for communities suffering from adverse impacts of climate change Ministry responsible for Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Promote, protect and advance gender equality in the NDC Zimbabwe Gender Commission Ministry responsible for Youth Ensure equitable participation of youth in NDC implementation Ministry of Local Government and the Provincial Development Committees Mainstream climate change at the subnational level in line with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda Water Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-adaptation Local authorities Adaptation/mitigation data provider Health Ministry responsible for Health Co-lead of implementing agency - adaptation Ministry responsible for Transport Services Co-lead of implementing agency - Mitigation and Adaptation Energy Ministry responsible for Energy Utility mitigation projects (large hydro -Zimbabwe Power Company), MRV data Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority Provider of Regulations, Tariffs and Activity Data (Petroleum including ethanol and bio-diesel, coal, electricity) Ministry responsible for Mines and Mining Development Provider of AD (coal production and its secondary products) ZimStats Data on NDC MRV Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company Reduction of transmission and distribution losses Rural Energy Fund Provider biogas digestor projects Ministry responsible for Transport Mitigation projects in transport Ministry responsible for Local Government Coordination of the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in the provincial and local authorities IPPU Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Co-lead of implementing agency Data Provider (annual production data on Non energy products and use, ODS substitutes) Private companies Data providers Industry Associations Data providers Ministry responsible for Industries Co-lead of implementing agency (Mitigation actions in industry)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 AFOLU Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-Agriculture mitigation / adaptation Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS) Data provider and implementing agency Forestry Commission FOLU Mitigation actions implementation Waste Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Mitigation actions and GHG activity data providers GHG activity and mitigation actions data providers Ministry responsible for Local Governance Environment Management Agency Local Authorities Private Company - Zimbabwe Sunshine Group 6.2 Financing Framework Zimbabwe requires both domestic and international financial support to implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this Revised NDC.', 'In addition to the stakeholders discussed in this section, Parliament and its committees will play a critical role in establishing the legislative framework and providing oversight for NDC implementation.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 31 Table 9: Key institutions for NDC implementation Sector Name of stakeholder Role Crosscutting Ministry responsible for climate change management Co-lead of implementing agency Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) Coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting Ministry responsible for Finance and Economic Planning Co-lead of implementing agency Coordination of climate actions in national budget, projects and programmes ZimStat and Environmental Management Agency Data on NDC MRV Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare Support for communities suffering from adverse impacts of climate change Ministry responsible for Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Promote, protect and advance gender equality in the NDC Zimbabwe Gender Commission Ministry responsible for Youth Ensure equitable participation of youth in NDC implementation Ministry of Local Government and the Provincial Development Committees Mainstream climate change at the subnational level in line with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda Water Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-adaptation Local authorities Adaptation/mitigation data provider Health Ministry responsible for Health Co-lead of implementing agency - adaptation Ministry responsible for Transport Services Co-lead of implementing agency - Mitigation and Adaptation Energy Ministry responsible for Energy Utility mitigation projects (large hydro -Zimbabwe Power Company), MRV data Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority Provider of Regulations, Tariffs and Activity Data (Petroleum including ethanol and bio-diesel, coal, electricity) Ministry responsible for Mines and Mining Development Provider of AD (coal production and its secondary products) ZimStats Data on NDC MRV Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company Reduction of transmission and distribution losses Rural Energy Fund Provider biogas digestor projects Ministry responsible for Transport Mitigation projects in transport Ministry responsible for Local Government Coordination of the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in the provincial and local authorities IPPU Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Co-lead of implementing agency Data Provider (annual production data on Non energy products and use, ODS substitutes) Private companies Data providers Industry Associations Data providers Ministry responsible for Industries Co-lead of implementing agency (Mitigation actions in industry)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 AFOLU Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-Agriculture mitigation / adaptation Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS) Data provider and implementing agency Forestry Commission FOLU Mitigation actions implementation Waste Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Mitigation actions and GHG activity data providers GHG activity and mitigation actions data providers Ministry responsible for Local Governance Environment Management Agency Local Authorities Private Company - Zimbabwe Sunshine Group 6.2 Financing Framework Zimbabwe requires both domestic and international financial support to implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this Revised NDC. The mitigation measures alone will cost an estimated US$4,834.47 million.', 'The mitigation measures alone will cost an estimated US$4,834.47 million. Zimbabwe’s adaptation measures will be costed in the forthcoming NAP. A mix of public and private sources of finance will be needed to finance the adaptation and mitigation measures (Figure 8). The private sector will play an important role in financing and implementing the NDC, provided there is an enabling environment and appropriate incentives. Climate finance will be critical to unlock other sources of investment, including foreign and domestic sources of private finance and investment.', 'Climate finance will be critical to unlock other sources of investment, including foreign and domestic sources of private finance and investment. Climate finance, including finance channelled through the National Climate Change Fund and Climate Finance Facility currently under development (see below), will crowd in the private sector through blended finance and results-based approaches to de-risk markets, scale up impact investments and increase participation in implementing climate actions.', 'Climate finance, including finance channelled through the National Climate Change Fund and Climate Finance Facility currently under development (see below), will crowd in the private sector through blended finance and results-based approaches to de-risk markets, scale up impact investments and increase participation in implementing climate actions. Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC The scale of funding required to implement Zimbabwe’s NDCs commitments and Sustainable Development Goals, means that the Government of Zimbabwe supports the exploration of innovative approaches to promoting access to climate finance and broadening the array of funding available for adaptation and mitigation projects and activities.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 33 Climate-sensitive Public Investment Management Guidelines The Government of Zimbabwe is taking steps to ensure that domestic public expenditures are climate sensitive.', 'Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC The scale of funding required to implement Zimbabwe’s NDCs commitments and Sustainable Development Goals, means that the Government of Zimbabwe supports the exploration of innovative approaches to promoting access to climate finance and broadening the array of funding available for adaptation and mitigation projects and activities.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 33 Climate-sensitive Public Investment Management Guidelines The Government of Zimbabwe is taking steps to ensure that domestic public expenditures are climate sensitive. Zimbabwe is updating its Public Investment Management (PIM) Guidelines and Sector Manuals (energy, transport, water and irrigation) to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation in the development of project proposals.', 'Zimbabwe is updating its Public Investment Management (PIM) Guidelines and Sector Manuals (energy, transport, water and irrigation) to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation in the development of project proposals. The climate informed PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will ensure that climate risk, adaptation, mitigation, and management are incorporated throughout the life cycle of Public Investment Projects (PIPs) in project preparation, appraisal, and prioritization stages, so as to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the country’s PIM function in the face of climate change and variability. The PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will be implemented through the national budget process.', 'The PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will be implemented through the national budget process. Accessing international climate funds and carbon finance The Government of Zimbabwe designated the Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) as the National Designated Authority (NDA) responsible for coordinating national efforts to package green projects and accessing climate financing from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and other international finance mechanisms. As the NDA, CCMD will be responsible for ensuring that GCF support aligns with the actions outlined in Zimbabwe’s NDC. The following agencies have been accredited to assist the country in accessing international climate finance: • The Environmental Management Agency has been accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to the Adaptation Fund.', 'The following agencies have been accredited to assist the country in accessing international climate finance: • The Environmental Management Agency has been accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to the Adaptation Fund. • The Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) has been accredited as a Direct Access Entity to the Green Climate Fund. As outlined in the first NDC, Zimbabwe also intends to leverage on its resources through the sale of carbon credits or emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change. National Climate Change Fund The Government of Zimbabwe is establishing the National Climate Change Fund (NCCF), which was proposed in the National Climate Policy.', 'National Climate Change Fund The Government of Zimbabwe is establishing the National Climate Change Fund (NCCF), which was proposed in the National Climate Policy. The custodian of the NCCF is the Ministry responsible for climate change management. The NCCF plays a central role in financing the implementation of the Revised NDC. It seeks to mobilise climate change resources from different financing sources, including public and private, international and domestic resources to support country-driven climate change priorities based on national circumstances and realities. It covers a diverse range of sectors through different thematic windows and offer a wide range of financing instruments such as grants and concessional loans to support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'It covers a diverse range of sectors through different thematic windows and offer a wide range of financing instruments such as grants and concessional loans to support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions. NCCF financing takes different formats including blending public, private and philanthropic financing to support climate change mitigation and adaptation projects at national and sub-national levels. The role of the IDBZ Climate Finance Facility In transitioning to a low carbon and climate resilient economy, the government through the Infrastructure Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) is working on the establishment of a National Climate Finance Facility (CFF).', 'The role of the IDBZ Climate Finance Facility In transitioning to a low carbon and climate resilient economy, the government through the Infrastructure Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) is working on the establishment of a National Climate Finance Facility (CFF). Ministries responsible for finance and climate change management provide government oversight of CFF strategic operations and implementation among other independent trustees.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 The Climate Finance Facility (CFF) provides a platform to crowd in various climate finance sources and private sector investment for green infrastructure projects. The CFF is co-funded by the Government of Zimbabwe through the proceeds of climate related taxes for green infrastructure development.', 'The CFF is co-funded by the Government of Zimbabwe through the proceeds of climate related taxes for green infrastructure development. It draws capital from various financing sources including multilateral and bilateral financiers and the private sector and will deploy financing through diverse financial instruments including grants, loans, equity and guarantees. Operationalization of the CFF is supported by the legal registration of an independent entity (Trust Deed Fund) and the development of operational procedures and systems for effective Fund Administration. The CFF focuses its financial offering to support green infrastructure projects that align to the IDBZ core sectors, which include energy, transport, waste, water and sanitation. In addition to the IDBZ core sectors, the CFF also provides support to climate smart agricultural and forestry practices.', 'In addition to the IDBZ core sectors, the CFF also provides support to climate smart agricultural and forestry practices. Tracking climate finance in Zimbabwe At present, Zimbabwe does not have permanent institutional structures that track all development finance including aid assistance and climate finance. There is a need for an efficient system to assess financial support needs and for tracking financial support received. The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of partners, is investing in a Development Projects Management Information System (DEVPROMIS) to improve transparency and accountability through data capturing and information sharing between the State, Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations.', 'The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of partners, is investing in a Development Projects Management Information System (DEVPROMIS) to improve transparency and accountability through data capturing and information sharing between the State, Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations. The System will track public sector investment, development assistance, as well as private sector projects in the country.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 35 7 Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) ICTU category Response 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year for the target is 2030.', 'Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year for the target is 2030. The target is expressed as a reduction in total national GHG emissions per capita from business-as-usual (BAU) projected levels, with a historical period of 2010-2017. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year National total emissions in the base data period ranged between 25.24 MtCO eq in 2011 and 41.66 MtCO eq in 2015. Emissions in 2017 were 35.84 MtCO eq. National total emissions per capita in the base data period ranged between 2.03 tCO eq in 2011 and 2.98 tCO eq in 2015. Emissions per capita in 2017 were 2.45 tCO eq.', 'Emissions per capita in 2017 were 2.45 tCO eq. National emissions are projected to be 75.39 MtCO eq in 2030 under business as usual, a 110% increase in total GHG emissions between 2017 and 2030. National emissions per capita are projected to be 3.90 tCO eq in 2030 under business as usual, a 59% increase in per capita GHG emissions between 2017 and 2030. Electricity consumption per capita was 761 kWh in 2000 and grew to 891 kWh in 2017. It is projected to be around 957 kWh in 2030. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable.', 'It is projected to be around 957 kWh in 2030. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction in GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from various sources: • Zimbabwe’s National Communications • Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report • National Ozone Office • OICA data on vehicle population Future emissions, including both the baseline and mitigation scenarios, were calculated using the LEAP (the Low Emissions Analysis Platform) software, integrating official government projections of population and GDP.', 'd. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction in GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from various sources: • Zimbabwe’s National Communications • Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report • National Ozone Office • OICA data on vehicle population Future emissions, including both the baseline and mitigation scenarios, were calculated using the LEAP (the Low Emissions Analysis Platform) software, integrating official government projections of population and GDP. Other sources of data include: • Low Emissions Development Strategy • National Development Strategy 1: 2021-2025 • 2017 System Development Plan • Zimbabwe Livestock Growth Implementation Plan • Continuation of historic trends from Fourth National Communication Data (for emissions from IPCC category Land, 3B) The Zimbabwe LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions.', 'Other sources of data include: • Low Emissions Development Strategy • National Development Strategy 1: 2021-2025 • 2017 System Development Plan • Zimbabwe Livestock Growth Implementation Plan • Continuation of historic trends from Fourth National Communication Data (for emissions from IPCC category Land, 3B) The Zimbabwe LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC (2006) guidelines. Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the Low Emissions Development Strategy, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015).', 'Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the Low Emissions Development Strategy, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015). f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Zimbabwe may update the reference indicator under 1.b to account for significant changes (such as changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or population projections or any technical errors identified) at the point of its next NDC submission, to be prepared in accordance with the Paris Agreement provisions in 2024. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. b.', 'Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target for 2030.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 37 ICTU category Response 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; A 2030 target for reducing total national GHG emissions per capita below BAU. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors covered: Energy, Waste, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU). Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) and hydrofluorocarbons.', 'Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) and hydrofluorocarbons. Black carbon (a short-lived climate pollutant), and co-emitted air pollutants (PM2.5, NOx, SO , non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxide) were also included in the analysis. IPCC (2006) Guidelines have been used to prepare this NDC. c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; This updated NDC now has a target for per capita GHG emissions from all sectors, an improvement from the INDC which only covered energy sector emissions. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/ or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Several of the adaptation actions in Zimbabwe’s NDC will have a mitigation co-benefit (see 4.d.1 for further details).', 'Several of the adaptation actions in Zimbabwe’s NDC will have a mitigation co-benefit (see 4.d.1 for further details). The extent of the co-benefits will depend on the final set of adaptation measures and the specific actions taken to achieve these measures, which will be defined in the National Adaptation Plan. 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) under the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) under the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting. Institutional responsibilities for implementation of the various adaptation and mitigation measures are spread across government ministries, local authorities and private sector organisations. A High- Level NDC Steering committee with key Government ministries and NDC Technical Committees drawn from across Government ministries and stakeholders such as development partners, civil society, private sector, research and academia are in place to drive NDC development and implementation. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Please refer to Zimbabwe’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR1).', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Please refer to Zimbabwe’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR1). The NDS1 covers other planned sustainable development aspects. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the mitigation analysis conducted in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model software.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the mitigation analysis conducted in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model software. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The achievement of the NDC target is subject to: 1. full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention; 2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. receiving contributions by developed countries on all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020. b.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The achievement of the NDC target is subject to: 1. full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention; 2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. receiving contributions by developed countries on all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. Zimbabwe is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Zimbabwe is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable – a first global stocktake will take place in 2023. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 39 ICTU category Response i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Zimbabwe conducted a country climate vulnerability assessment, which informed proposed adaptation measures.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Zimbabwe conducted a country climate vulnerability assessment, which informed proposed adaptation measures. The adaptation and mitigation measures were selected from existing national and sectoral policies. The economic and social consequences of the several of the measures were assessed during the development of those policies. To inform the NDC, the ILO and UNDP conducted an Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Climate Policies’ Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions, which found that Zimbabwe’s climate policies have the potential to contribute significant job creation if accompanied by appropriate social, labour market and skills enhancement policies. During the development of the NDC, literature was reviewed to assess the potential co-benefits of adaptation measures as well as the co-benefits and risks of mitigation measures. ii.', 'During the development of the NDC, literature was reviewed to assess the potential co-benefits of adaptation measures as well as the co-benefits and risks of mitigation measures. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Several adaptation measures included in the NDC can contribute mitigation co-benefits, including: • Improvements in water resources management may have mitigation co-benefits in two ways: (i) increased efficiency in water use may increase renewable hydropower supply (displacing thermal power) and (ii) better water management in agriculture may increase crop and pasture productivity, enhancing carbon capture capacity through roots and residues.', 'Several adaptation measures included in the NDC can contribute mitigation co-benefits, including: • Improvements in water resources management may have mitigation co-benefits in two ways: (i) increased efficiency in water use may increase renewable hydropower supply (displacing thermal power) and (ii) better water management in agriculture may increase crop and pasture productivity, enhancing carbon capture capacity through roots and residues. • Widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture may contribute to mitigation efforts by increasing resource-use efficiency and increasing capacity of healthier soils to capture carbon. • Preserving ecosystems and forests, and sustainable land use will lead to mitigation benefits through improved carbon-storage capacity.', '• Preserving ecosystems and forests, and sustainable land use will lead to mitigation benefits through improved carbon-storage capacity. • Retrofitting and building resilient infrastructure may increase energy efficiency (i.e., through better insulation) Where these measures were included in the NDC mitigation analysis, they were explicitly included as a mitigation measure as well as an adaptation measure (e.g., preserving forests was included as a mitigation measure titled increased area of forested land).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response 5.', '• Retrofitting and building resilient infrastructure may increase energy efficiency (i.e., through better insulation) Where these measures were included in the NDC mitigation analysis, they were explicitly included as a mitigation measure as well as an adaptation measure (e.g., preserving forests was included as a mitigation measure titled increased area of forested land).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zimbabwe accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zimbabwe accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The impact on emissions of policies and measures has been calculated using the LEAP model, along with official government projections of population and GDP. The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions.', 'The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC guidelines. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Zimbabwe used 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Decision 17/CP.8 and Decision 2/CP.17 to report on its GHG emissions and mitigation measures. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; See 5 (a). The aggregation of GHG emissions have been estimated, and will be reported, using the 100-year time- horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.', 'The aggregation of GHG emissions have been estimated, and will be reported, using the 100-year time- horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report. e. Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions from fires are included in the national GHG inventory as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. No allowance was made for natural disturbances within this updated NDC target. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products were not included within this NDC update due to a lack of data. iii.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products were not included within this NDC update due to a lack of data. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicableZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 41 ICTU category Response f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LEAP model was used to evaluate the different mitigation options. Some cost data was used from the GACMO model. ii.', 'Some cost data was used from the GACMO model. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) were included in the GHG mitigation assessment. Methane and HFCs mitigation are included in overall GHG reduction target and were included using IPCC (2006) methodologies. The implementation of the policies and measures to achieve the updated NDC, were estimated to reduce national total methane emissions by 10% in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario (Baseline methane emissions were 554 thousand tonnes).', 'The implementation of the policies and measures to achieve the updated NDC, were estimated to reduce national total methane emissions by 10% in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario (Baseline methane emissions were 554 thousand tonnes). As an SLCP, Black carbon was also included in the GHG mitigation assessment, alongside co-emitted air pollutants, including organic carbon, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. These SLCPs and air pollutants were included in the GHG mitigation assessment using the same activity data as for the quantification of GHG emissions.', 'These SLCPs and air pollutants were included in the GHG mitigation assessment using the same activity data as for the quantification of GHG emissions. Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits.', 'Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits. iv.', 'Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Zimbabwe intends to leverage on its resources through the sale of carbon credits or emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; This updated NDC represents a significant increase in ambition by expanding the mitigation contribution to cover all IPCC sectors (whereas the INDC mitigation contribution only covered the energy sector), more GHG gases (HFCs) and by applying a more ambitious target to all these sectors (40% below BAU, compared to 33% in the INDC). This represents a fair and bold contribution from a country such as Zimbabwe which only accounts for 0.07% of global emissions (in 2017) and for whom adaptation is the key priority. b.', 'This represents a fair and bold contribution from a country such as Zimbabwe which only accounts for 0.07% of global emissions (in 2017) and for whom adaptation is the key priority. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zimbabwe is a lower middle-income country with a steadily growing population. As a lower-middle income country, Zimbabwe bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis, representing just 0.07% of global total emissions in 2017. Emissions per capita were around 2.5 tonnes CO e in 2017. Without ambitious mitigation action (BAU), Zimbabwe’s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.9 tonnes CO e in 2030.', 'Without ambitious mitigation action (BAU), Zimbabwe’s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.9 tonnes CO e in 2030. Under the 2030 mitigation contribution, the per capita emissions are expected to remain around 2.3 tonnes CO e, in line with global targets.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 43 ICTU category Response c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zimbabwe strongly supports the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. In its first NDC, Zimbabwe committed to a target to reduce per capita energy-related carbon emissions by 33% below business-as-usual (BAU) emissions in 2030.', 'In its first NDC, Zimbabwe committed to a target to reduce per capita energy-related carbon emissions by 33% below business-as-usual (BAU) emissions in 2030. NDC 2020 shows increased ambition by expanding per capita GHG reduction target to cover all sectors, hence adding in the waste, AFOLU and IPPU sectors, as well as increasing the level of ambition of the per capita target to 40% below BAU by 2030. With these changes Zimbabwe is showing strong climate leadership and encouraging other countries to make similarly bold pledges for action. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC expands the mitigation contribution to cover all emissions sectors in Zimbabwe. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; The NDC contributes to efforts to limit global temperature rise to less than 2 °C, with an intention to aim for 1.5 °C increase compared to pre-industrial levels and to increase Zimbabwe’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. b. How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See above.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021For more information contact: Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry Climate Change Management Department 11th Floor, Kaguvi Building, Cnr S.V Muzenda Street/ Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe Email: climatechange@environment.gov.zw Website: www.climatechange.org.zw Facebook: Climate Change Management Dept Twitter: @ClimateZimDept']"},"lang":{"kind":"string","value":"en-US"}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":3,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":378,"offset":300,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTcyMDA0MjE1Mywic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL210eXJyZWxsL05EQ19kb2N1bWVudHNfbWFzdGVyIiwiZXhwIjoxNzIwMDQ1NzUzLCJpc3MiOiJodHRwczovL2h1Z2dpbmdmYWNlLmNvIn0.U73j7pT1XERGCYbZeUJT7vi3nyBjHaAfC5FytiZW8wUFutfSEDeLDL_3uO_GYGzaiwzUnqBxwyKheHuzgS8UDQ","displayUrls":true},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":1,"total":1},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true}">
Unnamed: 0
int64 0
377
| country_code
stringlengths 1
3
| country
stringlengths 4
41
| type_of_document
stringclasses 7
values | date
stringlengths 13
19
| backend_status
stringclasses 2
values | current
stringclasses 2
values | version_number
stringclasses 8
values | url
stringlengths 53
197
| comment
float64 | annex_type
stringclasses 2
values | income_group
stringclasses 3
values | region
stringclasses 6
values | eu27
stringclasses 2
values | ghg_total
float64 0
11.5k
⌀ | ghg_transport
float64 0
1.79k
⌀ | mena
stringclasses 2
values | valid
bool 1
class | document_path
stringlengths 97
97
| para_list
stringlengths 2
1.11M
| lang
stringclasses 11
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
300 | SLB | Solomon Islands | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/SOLOMON%20ISLANDS%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.139281 | 0.068982 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1dc5fc8a36b959bfbac574122fd08c14c08a154efa22fe13b05b5b5ce170cce2.pdf | ['1 | P a g e Solomon Islands Government INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION2 | P a g e Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Climate 4 Demographic characteristics 4 Economy 5 MITIGATION . 7 Mitigation Status and Context 9 Actions 9 ADAPTATION 11 Statement of current and near-term adaptation planning and action 13 Statement of adaptation gaps, barriers and needs . 13 Financing needs for priority adaptation interventions 13 Addressing gaps in national, sector and community-level adaptation and climate resilience programs . 13 Innovative financing approaches and operations . 14 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 14 EQUITY 143 | P a g e INTRODUCTION Solomon Islands comprises a scattered archipelago of 994 islands combining mountainous islands as well as low lying coral atolls within a tuna-rich and potentially mineral-rich maritime Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of 1.34 million square kilometres.', '1 | P a g e Solomon Islands Government INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION2 | P a g e Contents INTRODUCTION 3 Climate 4 Demographic characteristics 4 Economy 5 MITIGATION . 7 Mitigation Status and Context 9 Actions 9 ADAPTATION 11 Statement of current and near-term adaptation planning and action 13 Statement of adaptation gaps, barriers and needs . 13 Financing needs for priority adaptation interventions 13 Addressing gaps in national, sector and community-level adaptation and climate resilience programs . 13 Innovative financing approaches and operations . 14 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 14 EQUITY 143 | P a g e INTRODUCTION Solomon Islands comprises a scattered archipelago of 994 islands combining mountainous islands as well as low lying coral atolls within a tuna-rich and potentially mineral-rich maritime Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of 1.34 million square kilometres. The land area of 28,000 square kilometres with 4,023 kilometres of coastline is the second largest in the Pacific after Papua New Guinea.', 'The land area of 28,000 square kilometres with 4,023 kilometres of coastline is the second largest in the Pacific after Papua New Guinea. The highest point in the country, Mt Makarakomburu is 2,447m above sea level and is the highest peak in the insular Pacific. There are six main islands, Choiseul, New Georgia, Santa Isabel, Malaita, Guadalcanal and Makira, which are characterized by a rugged and mountainous landscape of volcanic origin. Between and beyond the bigger islands are hundreds of smaller volcanic islands and low lying coral atolls. All of the mountainous islands of volcanic origin are forested with many coastal areas surrounded by fringing reefs and lagoons.', 'All of the mountainous islands of volcanic origin are forested with many coastal areas surrounded by fringing reefs and lagoons. Figure 1: Map of Solomon Islands The islands are grouped into three different major “geological provinces‟; the Pacific Geological Province (including Malaita, Ulawa and North Eastern part of Santa Isabel island); Central Geological Province (Makira, Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands, South- Western part of Isabel and Choiseul) and; the Volcanic Geological Province (New Georgia, Russell Islands, Shortland Islands and North Western tip of Guadalcanal and Savo). Guadalcanal is the largest island and the only one with a significant area of grassland and rich alluvium soils. Most of the islands have highly weathered soils of low fertility with pockets of fertile areas mainly on volcanic islands and river valleys.', 'Most of the islands have highly weathered soils of low fertility with pockets of fertile areas mainly on volcanic islands and river valleys. The country is situated within the earthquake belt or “Ring of Fire‟ which makes it extremely vulnerable to the effects and impacts of earthquakes. A major earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred in the Western Province in 2007 causing a major tsunami that affected the Western and Choiseul provinces and causing 52 deaths and scores missing. About 40,000 people were affected. Many islands have subsided whilst a few have been uplifted a few metres. Extensive damage was experienced throughout the two provinces costing hundreds of millions of dollars.', 'Extensive damage was experienced throughout the two provinces costing hundreds of millions of dollars. The country and many communities and individuals4 | P a g e are still recovering from this double disaster event. Climate Solomon Islands climate is tropical, though temperatures are rarely extreme due to cooling winds blowing off the surrounding seas. Temperature is the least varied of climate parameters with daytime temperatures fluctuating between 25oC to 32oC. The rainy season occurs between November to April and the dry season from June to October during the year. Most islands have a mean annual rainfall of 3,000 to 5,500 mm with two-peak rainfalls during the year.', 'Most islands have a mean annual rainfall of 3,000 to 5,500 mm with two-peak rainfalls during the year. The highest rainfall recorded in Solomon Islands is an annual average of 8,304 mm at 430 m above sea level at Koloula on Guadalcanal (Hansell and Wall 1970). Daily rainfall of over 250 mm is normal. High rainfall intensity events occur during tropical storms and often result in flooding of most river systems. The highest recorded rainfall of 281mm over a 12 hour period was recorded in 2009 resulting in destructive flooding and loss of lives. More recently the highest recorded daily rainfall of 318mm was recorded in April 2014 causing widespread flooding and damage to property, infrastructure and loss of 23 lives along the Mataniko River, Central Honiara.', 'More recently the highest recorded daily rainfall of 318mm was recorded in April 2014 causing widespread flooding and damage to property, infrastructure and loss of 23 lives along the Mataniko River, Central Honiara. Rainfall trends vary across the country and are influenced by geographic differences. Demographic characteristics Solomon Islands has 28,400 square kilometers of land, with a population of 598,860 (September 2015 estimate). Solomon Islands has a population density of 21 people per square kilometre. The capital and largest city is Honiara, with a population estimated at 67,000. There are no other cities with a population of more than 10,000 in the country. Most people in Solomon Islands are ethnically Melanesian (94.5%).', 'Most people in Solomon Islands are ethnically Melanesian (94.5%). Other large ethnic groups include Polynesian (3%) and Micronesian (1.2%), with a few thousand ethnic Chinese in the country. There are 70 living languages in Solomon Islands with Melanesian languages spoken mostly on the main islands. While English is the official language, just 1- 2% of the population speaks English. Ninety two percent of the population is Christian, with major denominations including the Anglican Church of Melanesia (35%), Roman Catholic (19%), South Seas Evangelical Church (17%), United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (11%), and Seventh-day Adventist (10%). The rest of the population adheres to Islam, Jehovah s Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Baha i faith, and “Kastom”.', 'The rest of the population adheres to Islam, Jehovah s Witnesses, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons), the Baha i faith, and “Kastom”. Around 80% of the national population live on low lying coastal areas. The capital city of Honiara is the only major area of economic activity and attracts increasing numbers of youth and adults per year from other islands seeking employment and income. Urban migration is estimated at 4% and with the current rate of growth the national population is expected to double by 2020. The Solomon Island’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.510 in 2011, and is one of the lowest in the Pacific, and it ranked 142 out of 187 countries (UNDP, 2011).', 'The Solomon Island’s Human Development Index (HDI) was 0.510 in 2011, and is one of the lowest in the Pacific, and it ranked 142 out of 187 countries (UNDP, 2011). On the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a range of social indicators show that the country is likely to meet Goal 2 (Achieve universal primary education) and Goal 5 (Improve maternal health). Females still have less access than males to secondary and tertiary education while women have poor access to health and family planning services in the rural areas. According to the ADB (2010) much of the improvement in the HDI was the result of significant overseas financial and technical assistance, with aid levels increasing from 22% of GDP in 1990 to 66% of GDP in 2005.', 'According to the ADB (2010) much of the improvement in the HDI was the result of significant overseas financial and technical assistance, with aid levels increasing from 22% of GDP in 1990 to 66% of GDP in 2005. An analysis of household income and expenditure data collected in 2005/06 shows that situations of hardship and poverty is rising with 11% of the population experiencing difficulties in acquiring basic needs.5 | P a g e Economy The bulk of the population depends on agriculture, fishing, and forestry for at least part of its livelihood. Most manufactured goods and petroleum products must be imported. The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold.', 'The islands are rich in undeveloped mineral resources such as lead, zinc, nickel, and gold. Prior to the arrival of The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI), severe ethnic violence, the closing of key businesses, and an empty government treasury culminated in economic collapse. RAMSI s efforts to restore law and order and economic stability have led to modest growth as the economy rebuilds. In its 2014 annual report, the Central Bank of Solomon Islands (CBSI) reported that the Solomon Islands economy showed a lot of resilience in 2014 to recover from the negative fallouts from the April 2014 floods and the closure of Gold Ridge mine in the second quarter.', 'In its 2014 annual report, the Central Bank of Solomon Islands (CBSI) reported that the Solomon Islands economy showed a lot of resilience in 2014 to recover from the negative fallouts from the April 2014 floods and the closure of Gold Ridge mine in the second quarter. Therefore growth for 2014 was revised upward from 0.9% to 2.0% but was down against pre-flood projection of 3.7% as a result of improvements in key non mineral sectors combined with the swift expenditure adjustments both from the national government and its development partners. Favourable external developments in particular rising prices for major export commodities and falling energy prices later in the second half of the year also supported the economic recovery.', 'Favourable external developments in particular rising prices for major export commodities and falling energy prices later in the second half of the year also supported the economic recovery. Domestic economic activities performed much better than previously anticipated in April 2014. Preliminary estimates from the CBSI pointed to an overall growth of 2.0% for 2014, 1.1 percentage points higher than the 0.9% that CBSI projected in April 2014. All sectors except for mineral, manufacturing and utilities sectors recorded positive growths during the year. Surprisingly, logging activities jumped up significantly to a new unprecedented level during the year. This to a great extent temporarily cushioned the contraction in the mineral sector and boosted overall growth for the year supported by positive developments in agriculture, fisheries, communication, construction, and finance sectors.', 'This to a great extent temporarily cushioned the contraction in the mineral sector and boosted overall growth for the year supported by positive developments in agriculture, fisheries, communication, construction, and finance sectors. Leading indicators in the labour market showed modest growth in employment even though some industries found the year challenging. The mineral sector was the hardest hit with about 720 workers driven out of jobs after the closure of Gold Ridge Mining Limited in the second quarter. Industry consultations the Central Bank conducted earlier this year revealed most companies in the non-mineral sectors either retained their staff or employed a few more people despite the economic shocks in the second quarter.', 'Industry consultations the Central Bank conducted earlier this year revealed most companies in the non-mineral sectors either retained their staff or employed a few more people despite the economic shocks in the second quarter. This is consistent with trends in the number of superannuation contributors that rose by 12% over the year to 53,796 people even considering the redundancy exercise in the mineral sector. Production of key export commodities in the economy weakened further in 2014 owing in large part to the closure of the only gold mine in the country. As measured by the CBSI production index, the commodity sector fell by 4% against the previous year.', 'As measured by the CBSI production index, the commodity sector fell by 4% against the previous year. The overall decline was driven by gold which plunged by 15.3% to outweigh the combined gains in the non-mineral index (see Figure 1b). The fall would have been more drastic if logging activities remained low at the same level as in the first half of 2014. Log production increased dramatically to 2,128,000 cubic meters from 1,897,000 cubic meters in 2013, a jump of 5.3 points over the year to 51.3 in the log index. Re-entry into previously logged areas, clear felling activities, and issuance of additional logging licenses contributed to the sharp escalation in the exported log volumes.', 'Re-entry into previously logged areas, clear felling activities, and issuance of additional logging licenses contributed to the sharp escalation in the exported log volumes. The Government suffered a major setback in 2014 following the devastation caused by the April floods and the closure of the Gold Ridge mine. Fortunately, development partners were quick to respond and the government with available fiscal space have cushioned the revenue shortfall and accommodated high unplanned expenditure pressures. These quickly restored affected infrastructures and minimised economic downtime. The Government6 | P a g e recorded a fiscal surplus of $129 million during the year from revenue collections of $3.1 billion and $3.0 billion in expenditures.', 'The Government6 | P a g e recorded a fiscal surplus of $129 million during the year from revenue collections of $3.1 billion and $3.0 billion in expenditures. The surplus was attributed to unexpected increases in revenue particularly from fishing licenses, increased budget support, and expenditure savings most notably in the capital budget. Despite the cessation of gold production in the Solomon Islands, total exports rose by 5.3% in the first half of 2015 over the same period in 2014, largely reflecting higher exports of bauxite and agricultural commodities. After parliamentary elections in November 2014, passage of the 2015 budget was delayed to April to give the new coalition government time to incorporate its spending priorities.', 'After parliamentary elections in November 2014, passage of the 2015 budget was delayed to April to give the new coalition government time to incorporate its spending priorities. The resulting 2015 budget provides for total expenditures that is 11.8% higher than the revised 2014 budget, mostly because of higher expenditure on flood recovery. Total revenues and grants are also projected to rise, but by only 3.3%. Fishing license revenue is seen to increase but not enough to offset revenue declines from suspended operations at the gold mine. The government expects to incur a deficit, equivalent to 4.9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), for a second consecutive year and plans to draw down cash reserves to finance the deficit.', 'The government expects to incur a deficit, equivalent to 4.9% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), for a second consecutive year and plans to draw down cash reserves to finance the deficit. Consumer prices have been declining in 2015 following large flood-related price rises last year. Softening international food and fuel prices have contributed. Between January and July 2015, consumer prices were 2.4% lower than in the same period in 2014 driven by reductions in prices for food, drinks and tobacco, and housing and utilities declined. However, core inflation remains positive suggesting that headline inflation will rise in the latter part of the year. The forecast for 2016 remains unchanged as growth is expected to benefit from planned fiscal expansion.', 'The forecast for 2016 remains unchanged as growth is expected to benefit from planned fiscal expansion. The domestic economy is expected to be more buoyant in 2015 than the previous year. The interplay between key domestic sectors and global price trends is anticipated to support further recovery. Economic growth is anticipated to increase in 2015 to 3.3% from 2.0% in 2014. In the primary sector, the key drivers are fisheries and agriculture while logging is expected to subside after the significant jump in 2014. The mineral sector, in spite of positive contributions from bauxite exports, would still see a decline in 2015 with the absence of gold.', 'The mineral sector, in spite of positive contributions from bauxite exports, would still see a decline in 2015 with the absence of gold. External conditions are expected to improve slightly over the previous year despite expectations that the structural current account imbalance would remain in 2015. Budget support and donor capital inflows are expected to outstrip the current account deficit and boost gross foreign reserves. The export sector however could worsen on the back of anticipated declines from gold and log export receipts while imports are expected to rise modestly.', 'The export sector however could worsen on the back of anticipated declines from gold and log export receipts while imports are expected to rise modestly. Persistent falling oil prices gives temporary reprieve for the economy in terms of lower fuel import bills at least for 2015.7 | P a g e MITIGATION INFORMATION ON INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION PARTY: Solomon Islands DATE: September 2015 Parameter Information Period for defining actions Five year periods. Starting 2020, with reference to 2025 and ending in 2030 Type and level of Commitment All commitments are premised on: (a) A fair and ambitious agreement being reached, reflecting Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities; and (b) Timely access to international climate change financing, capacity building and technology.', 'Starting 2020, with reference to 2025 and ending in 2030 Type and level of Commitment All commitments are premised on: (a) A fair and ambitious agreement being reached, reflecting Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities; and (b) Timely access to international climate change financing, capacity building and technology. Solomon Islands is a LDC SIDS, that will nonetheless commit to reduce emissions by: compared to a BaU projection. On the understanding that a global agreement addresses international assistance to access financial and technical resources, Solomon Islands can with international assistance, contribute a further: 27% reduction in GHG emissions by 2025; and 45% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, compared to a BaU projection. With appropriate international assistance, Solomon Islands can reduce its emissions by more than 50% by 2050.', 'With appropriate international assistance, Solomon Islands can reduce its emissions by more than 50% by 2050. Reference year or period 2015. The BaU projection is based on an extrapolation of historic data covering the period 1994-2010. Estimated, quantified emissions impact In addition to the carbon storage in the forest and ocean ecosystem, Solomon Islands unconditional contribution will reduce 8,300 tCO2 e annually Solomon Islands’ conditional contribution (with international assistance) will reduce emissions by 18,800 tCO2 e annually by 2025, e annually by 2030 Coverage % of National emissions INDC covers fossil fuels and forest sequestration.', 'Estimated, quantified emissions impact In addition to the carbon storage in the forest and ocean ecosystem, Solomon Islands unconditional contribution will reduce 8,300 tCO2 e annually Solomon Islands’ conditional contribution (with international assistance) will reduce emissions by 18,800 tCO2 e annually by 2025, e annually by 2030 Coverage % of National emissions INDC covers fossil fuels and forest sequestration. Fossil-fuel use covers more than 95% of the reported national inventory Sectors Energy sector: Renewable and EE Land use, Land Use Change and Forestry Gases Carbon dioxide only (estimated > 95% of inventory)8 | P a g e INFORMATION ON INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION PARTY: Solomon Islands DATE: September 2015 Parameter Information Geographical boundaries Whole of country Further information, relevant to commitment type Commitments are in the form of Outcomes and Actions. These are referenced as deviation from Business as Usual projections.', 'These are referenced as deviation from Business as Usual projections. BaU projections are based on fossil fuel consumption data for the period 1994-2010, with line of best fit extrapolation to 2030. The projection will be revised to include more accurate information with the Third National Communication and Biennial Update Report. Intention to use market based mechanisms to meet commitments Solomon Islands will consider other avenues as well as market based mechanisms to support establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund Land sector accounting approach Appropriate methodologies drawn from international best practice to quantify sequestration from above 400m contour and forest plantations.', 'Intention to use market based mechanisms to meet commitments Solomon Islands will consider other avenues as well as market based mechanisms to support establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund Land sector accounting approach Appropriate methodologies drawn from international best practice to quantify sequestration from above 400m contour and forest plantations. Estimated macro-economic impact and marginal cost of abatement NE Narrative supporting the fair-share assessment of the contribution Solomon Islands is a double chain archipelago of small islands with more than 900 volcanic and coral islands and atolls with a 600,000 inhabitants, small land mass, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources and a small economy.', 'Estimated macro-economic impact and marginal cost of abatement NE Narrative supporting the fair-share assessment of the contribution Solomon Islands is a double chain archipelago of small islands with more than 900 volcanic and coral islands and atolls with a 600,000 inhabitants, small land mass, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources and a small economy. Solomon Islands is a LDC SIDS that is in no way responsible for the unfolding climate change catastrophe, yet it is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change. Current (2015) greenhouse gas emissions from Solomon Islands are e/year. This is extremely small: representing approximately just 0.01 % of global emissions. Solomon Islands has very low per capita emissions, at just: 1.2 tCO2 per person in 2015 based on projected emissions for 2015.', 'Solomon Islands has very low per capita emissions, at just: 1.2 tCO2 per person in 2015 based on projected emissions for 2015. This is fourteen times less than the average per capita emissions of Australia /capita), and less than the estimated level required to stay below 1.5 oC (as compared to 2oC) of warming, of around e/capita1 . Thus, any contribution from Solomon Islands is more than fair, and must be considered ambitious, given Solomon Islands national circumstances. With high vulnerability to climate change impacts Solomon Islands has placed equal importance on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and recognises the need for developing low carbon economy to achieve its sustainable development objectives.', 'With high vulnerability to climate change impacts Solomon Islands has placed equal importance on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and recognises the need for developing low carbon economy to achieve its sustainable development objectives. 1 Using 2011 ddata from World Bank, | P a g e Mitigation Status and Context Greenhouse gas emissions are the result of combustion of imported fossil fuels in the energy sector for: Electricity generation; Sea transport; Land transport; Actions Solomon Islands has considered mitigation actions that were currently planned and funded (as the Solomon Islands Contribution), and those that have been identified as technically viable with current technology suitable to the Solomon Islands context (as the Contribution conditional on adequate and timely international assistance), are included in the Table below.', '1 Using 2011 ddata from World Bank, | P a g e Mitigation Status and Context Greenhouse gas emissions are the result of combustion of imported fossil fuels in the energy sector for: Electricity generation; Sea transport; Land transport; Actions Solomon Islands has considered mitigation actions that were currently planned and funded (as the Solomon Islands Contribution), and those that have been identified as technically viable with current technology suitable to the Solomon Islands context (as the Contribution conditional on adequate and timely international assistance), are included in the Table below. Sector Mitigation option INDC type Mitigation e) % of 2025 projected inventory Mitigation in e) % of 2030 projected inventory Energy Fiu Hydropower Tina Hydropower Mini Hydropower Keys: RE - Renewable Energy EE – Energy Efficiency The conditional Mitigation Actions will require a timely combination of capacity building, technology transfer, and financial support, primarily in the form of grants.', 'Sector Mitigation option INDC type Mitigation e) % of 2025 projected inventory Mitigation in e) % of 2030 projected inventory Energy Fiu Hydropower Tina Hydropower Mini Hydropower Keys: RE - Renewable Energy EE – Energy Efficiency The conditional Mitigation Actions will require a timely combination of capacity building, technology transfer, and financial support, primarily in the form of grants. Additional mitigation actions may be identified in the future.', 'Additional mitigation actions may be identified in the future. Below is a brief summary of the activities proposed for off-grid electricity production, with estimates of financial resources required (in USD).10 | P a g e Renewable Capacity Mitigation potentials in e [Annually] Cost Estimate USD Status Hydropower River completed completed completed Needs reviewing Studies completed completed Studies needed Solar hybrid system kW hybrid system hybrid system College hybrid system Solar Farm connected plant 12 Solar Farm Honiara connected system Geothermal MW assessment done11 | P a g e ADAPTATION Solomon Islands has been working actively on climate change adaptation for 20 years, and with the development of pioneering tools and methodologies that are regarded as best practices regionally and internationally, has made and continues to make a considerable contribution to the global and regional adaptation planning and management process and pool of knowledge on building climate resilience.', 'Below is a brief summary of the activities proposed for off-grid electricity production, with estimates of financial resources required (in USD).10 | P a g e Renewable Capacity Mitigation potentials in e [Annually] Cost Estimate USD Status Hydropower River completed completed completed Needs reviewing Studies completed completed Studies needed Solar hybrid system kW hybrid system hybrid system College hybrid system Solar Farm connected plant 12 Solar Farm Honiara connected system Geothermal MW assessment done11 | P a g e ADAPTATION Solomon Islands has been working actively on climate change adaptation for 20 years, and with the development of pioneering tools and methodologies that are regarded as best practices regionally and internationally, has made and continues to make a considerable contribution to the global and regional adaptation planning and management process and pool of knowledge on building climate resilience. This contribution is made in the face of severe constraints and challenges confronted by Solomon Islands as a small island developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Country (LDC).', 'This contribution is made in the face of severe constraints and challenges confronted by Solomon Islands as a small island developing States (SIDS) and Least Developed Country (LDC). For Solomon Islands, as with other small islands developing States and Least Developed Countries, where climate change threatens the very existence of the people and the nation, adaptation is not an option – but rather a matter of survival. Current climate, projected climate change and related assumptions The interannual climate of Solomon Islands is basically driven by natural drivers such as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).', 'Current climate, projected climate change and related assumptions The interannual climate of Solomon Islands is basically driven by natural drivers such as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The wet season is generally driven by the ITCZ and the West Monsoon resulting in strong north-westerly winds and seas affecting mostly the northern part of the country. Associated heavy and long rainfall periods usually influence agriculture activities in the northern parts of the country during this time. The SPCZ typically drives the weather and the climate of the southern part of Solomon Islands during the dry season where strong southeast trades brings onshore heavy rainfall that disturbs agricultural activities as well.', 'The SPCZ typically drives the weather and the climate of the southern part of Solomon Islands during the dry season where strong southeast trades brings onshore heavy rainfall that disturbs agricultural activities as well. During an El Nino ocean surface waters over the western Pacific (including Solomon Islands) are usually cooler than normal and warmer than normal from central to eastern of the Pacific. Hence, in most cases, prolonged dry periods could escalate from meteorological drought to agricultural drought in the western Pacific. Solomon Islands experiences drought conditions during El Nino events such as that occurring in 1997 causing water shortages on many islands.', 'Solomon Islands experiences drought conditions during El Nino events such as that occurring in 1997 causing water shortages on many islands. The divergence results in nutrient rich waters rising to the ocean surface in the eastern Pacific causing outbreaks in plankton growth which is followed by tuna stocks. During a La Nina event the opposite seems to happen, where waters over the western Pacific (including Solomon Islands) are warmer than normal hence causing more cloud formation resulting in prolonged and high rainfall periods. Cyclones and high rainfall events are associated with the La Nina periods in the western Pacific. The future of ENSO events is still not clear but it is expected that it will continue to be an important driver of Pacific Islands climate into the future.', 'The future of ENSO events is still not clear but it is expected that it will continue to be an important driver of Pacific Islands climate into the future. Observed temperature data by the Solomon Islands Meteorological Services show that annual surface temperature for the western, central and eastern regions of Solomon Islands have increased during the last 30 to 50 years. The range of increase in mean air temperature for most provinces is between 0.14oC and 0.17oC/decade. A study carried out by the Pacific Climate Change Scientific Programme (PCCSP, 2011) under Australian Government showed that for three emission scenarios (low, medium and high) using 18 Global Circulation Models the temperature in the Solomon islands will increase by 0.2oC (low) in 2030 to 3.3 oC (high) in 2090.', 'A study carried out by the Pacific Climate Change Scientific Programme (PCCSP, 2011) under Australian Government showed that for three emission scenarios (low, medium and high) using 18 Global Circulation Models the temperature in the Solomon islands will increase by 0.2oC (low) in 2030 to 3.3 oC (high) in 2090. The sea surface temperature (SST) is projected to increase in the next 30 -70 years in Solomon Islands.12 | P a g e Rainfall data analysed to date show that annual rainfall in the three regions (western, eastern and western Solomon Islands) is mostly varied due to the geography of the different islands, their relative position with each other, the direction and duration of prevailing winds and drivers of climate in the Pacific.', 'The sea surface temperature (SST) is projected to increase in the next 30 -70 years in Solomon Islands.12 | P a g e Rainfall data analysed to date show that annual rainfall in the three regions (western, eastern and western Solomon Islands) is mostly varied due to the geography of the different islands, their relative position with each other, the direction and duration of prevailing winds and drivers of climate in the Pacific. However, it can be clearly seen that there were sharp declines around mid-1990s for all the three regions. These declines correlated with the severe El Nino event between 1997 and 1998 that affected most parts of the country.', 'These declines correlated with the severe El Nino event between 1997 and 1998 that affected most parts of the country. The general trends however show that in the central region there was a decrease in rainfall and a slight increase for the western and eastern regions in the past 30-50 years. The rainfall trends show that: In the area around the capital city of Honiara a general decline per decade is occurring while the population is growing at a rate of approximately 6% per annum. To ensure adequate water supply for the growing population of the city a robust and well enforced Integrated Water Resource Management strategy and programme needs to be put in place.', 'To ensure adequate water supply for the growing population of the city a robust and well enforced Integrated Water Resource Management strategy and programme needs to be put in place. Conservation and effective management of the forests surrounding Honiara is essential and increasing numbers of bore holes will need to be established over the coming years to supplement the Kongulae water source in the longer term. The proportion of annual rainfall from extreme rainfall has increased significantly which could result in longer drought periods in the dry season and more severe flooding. In Auki town, Malaita Province, a decline in rainfall for both the dry and wet seasons is being experienced. In Taro Island, Choiseul Province, a similar trend as Auki is emerging.', 'In Taro Island, Choiseul Province, a similar trend as Auki is emerging. The plan to relocate the provincial headquarters and town from Taro Island to the mainland area of Choiseul Bay is also a good adaptation strategy that needs to be complemented with an Integrated Water Resource Management strategy and programme. Tropical cyclones pose a serious threat to the people, economy and environment and result in flooding and wind damage in the Solomon Islands. There have been severe floods on Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira and Santa Isabel in recent years with a number of lives lost, and severe damage to agriculture and Infrastructure. In 2002 the remote island of Tikopia was hit by a Category 5 cyclone Zoe.', 'In 2002 the remote island of Tikopia was hit by a Category 5 cyclone Zoe. In the Solomon Islands’ region, projections tend to show a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones by the late 21st century and an increase in the proportion of the more intense storms. As per Pacific Climate Change Science Program (Australian Government), by the end of this century projections suggest decreasing numbers of tropical cyclones but a possible shift towards more intense categories. Solomon Islands is highly vulnerable to droughts, extreme rainfall, floods, king tides and sea level rise. Droughts are usually associated with the El Nino phenomenon.', 'Droughts are usually associated with the El Nino phenomenon. The 1997/98 El Nino caused severe drought conditions in many parts of the country and one of the major prolonged droughts occurred in the eastern part of the country in the Temotu province in 2004 causing food and water shortages. Another major problem associated with extremely high rainfall or prolonged rainfall is the big decline in the yields of sweet potato, the main staple crop in rural areas, due to increased vegetative growth and decline in the growth of tuber. Flooding can also occur as a result of a combination of factors, including king tides, areas associated with low atmospheric pressure, and rising sea levels.', 'Flooding can also occur as a result of a combination of factors, including king tides, areas associated with low atmospheric pressure, and rising sea levels. In 2008 king tides struck northern Choiseul, Ontong Java and other parts of the country. These came in the form of high swells never before experienced in the islands.', 'These came in the form of high swells never before experienced in the islands. The tides caused more coastal erosion, considerable damage to coral reefs, coastal inundation, pollution of water sources and damage to coastal infrastructures.13 | P a g e Statement of current and near-term adaptation planning and action The Climate Change Policy (2012-2017) which is linked to National Development Strategy (2011-2020) provides a policy framework for developing and describing ongoing and planned actions (changes in institutions, modified policies and measures, major projects/programs, planning processes, and financial investments) using international and country resources .', 'The tides caused more coastal erosion, considerable damage to coral reefs, coastal inundation, pollution of water sources and damage to coastal infrastructures.13 | P a g e Statement of current and near-term adaptation planning and action The Climate Change Policy (2012-2017) which is linked to National Development Strategy (2011-2020) provides a policy framework for developing and describing ongoing and planned actions (changes in institutions, modified policies and measures, major projects/programs, planning processes, and financial investments) using international and country resources . Statement of adaptation gaps, barriers and needs Institutional challenges relating to high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities in some sectors hampers national efforts on adaptation.', 'Statement of adaptation gaps, barriers and needs Institutional challenges relating to high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities in some sectors hampers national efforts on adaptation. Adaptation knowledge sharing, coordination and collaboration among ministries as well as with non-governmental organisations (NGOs), the private sector, faith-based organisations and development partners is less than adequate in the Solomon Islands. There needs to be a focus on development of knowledge, skill levels to address capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction throughout Solomon Islands society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations. There is need to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that support action by Solomon Islanders.', 'There is need to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that support action by Solomon Islanders. “Kastom” barriers also hamper awareness and action as with very limited capacity at the community level to undertake local level vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and the implementation of priority adaptation interventions. Financing needs for priority adaptation interventions Some adaptation projects have been grouped into thematic areas linked to the priority sectors established in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) as well as some recently identified priorities.', 'Financing needs for priority adaptation interventions Some adaptation projects have been grouped into thematic areas linked to the priority sectors established in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) as well as some recently identified priorities. The total adaptation cost would be US$126,650,000; NAPA would cost US$17,250,000 covering agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, human settlements and human health, education awareness and information; low-lying and artificially built-up islands; waste management; coastal protection; fisheries and marine resources, infrastructure development and tourism. However the total cost of NAPA will have changed considerably upward and therefore will require further evaluation and costing. Other priorities identified through the national communication process would cost additional US$109,400,000.', 'Other priorities identified through the national communication process would cost additional US$109,400,000. It is expected that a considerable portion of the necessary financing will be provided in the forms of grants from the Green Climate Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Adaptation Fund, and from various bi-lateral climate change programs. Addressing gaps in national, sector and community-level adaptation and climate resilience programs It is the intention of the Solomon Islands Government that a community-based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and management approach (tied to direct access to financing for community-based resilience-building projects) be employed on a whole of island basis that will build capacity in vulnerable villages for localised adaptation actions which represents a critical contribution to the implementation of adaptation.', 'Addressing gaps in national, sector and community-level adaptation and climate resilience programs It is the intention of the Solomon Islands Government that a community-based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and management approach (tied to direct access to financing for community-based resilience-building projects) be employed on a whole of island basis that will build capacity in vulnerable villages for localised adaptation actions which represents a critical contribution to the implementation of adaptation. The Solomon Islands Government will establish the institutional structures and strengthen capacities at the community level in order to support the country-wide implementation of community-based vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning, and the community-based design and implementation of priority resilience measures through direct access to financing for such measures.14 | P a g e Innovative financing approaches and operations Based on lessons learned and best practices from Small Island Developing Sates (SIDS), the Government will investigate the viability of, amongst other measures: (i) setting aside the valued added tax charged for fuel; (ii) charging carbon levies; and (iii) charging fees for climate change research undertaken in the country.', 'The Solomon Islands Government will establish the institutional structures and strengthen capacities at the community level in order to support the country-wide implementation of community-based vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning, and the community-based design and implementation of priority resilience measures through direct access to financing for such measures.14 | P a g e Innovative financing approaches and operations Based on lessons learned and best practices from Small Island Developing Sates (SIDS), the Government will investigate the viability of, amongst other measures: (i) setting aside the valued added tax charged for fuel; (ii) charging carbon levies; and (iii) charging fees for climate change research undertaken in the country. Such fees and charges will be used to establish and finance a national climate change trust fund for priority climate change measures.', 'Such fees and charges will be used to establish and finance a national climate change trust fund for priority climate change measures. The Solomon Islands Government intends to build national capacity to facilitate direct access to international climate change financing including the Green Climate Fund so as to ensure that financing for climate resilience is country-owned and directed towards priority national needs and community-based adaptation plans and mitigation measures. Based upon lessons learned from other SIDS, Solomon Islands will seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the National Implementing Entity (NIE) needed to facilitate direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation interventions.', 'Based upon lessons learned from other SIDS, Solomon Islands will seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the National Implementing Entity (NIE) needed to facilitate direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation interventions. The Solomon Islands Government will strengthen measures to improve donor collaboration on climate change adaptation and mitigation programming, and will establish the mechanisms for improved coordination amongst government agencies in the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation programs and projects as defined under NAPA and the national communications.', 'The Solomon Islands Government will strengthen measures to improve donor collaboration on climate change adaptation and mitigation programming, and will establish the mechanisms for improved coordination amongst government agencies in the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation programs and projects as defined under NAPA and the national communications. The Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM), as the coordinator and entry point, for climate change programming engagement with all development partners, will ensure that all projects funded by external sources support the implementation of NAPA, community adaptation programmes and mitigation measures. In the exercise of this function and responsibility, MECDM shall ensure that international climate change programming supports the implementation of NAPA and community-based adaptation programmes and mitigation measures.', 'In the exercise of this function and responsibility, MECDM shall ensure that international climate change programming supports the implementation of NAPA and community-based adaptation programmes and mitigation measures. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The effective implementation of the adaptation and mitigation measures in Solomon Islands’ INDC is conditional upon and will depend on the accessibility, availability and timely provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building support. EQUITY The Solomon Islands is a small contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions by any measurable indicator and yet it is at the frontline of the wrath of climate change and sea level rise. Solomon Islands has a right to develop its economy and improve the well-being of its population.', 'Solomon Islands has a right to develop its economy and improve the well-being of its population. Thus Solomon Islands contribution towards limiting the global temperature to below 1.50C relative to pre-industrial levels provides a moral imperative as a global citizen. The government has embarked on a number of actions which will result in increasing the use of renewable energy technologies, improving energy security and reduction of GHG emissions. However, the main focus for long term sustainable development still remains the issue of addressing the adverse impacts of climate change and its consequent sea-level rise.'] | en-US |
301 | SLB | Solomon Islands | Updated NDC | 2021-07-19 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC%20Report%202021%20Final%20Solomon%20Islands%20(1).pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.139281 | 0.068982 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a5f9fce93b175fa639e8b6dfc6113b820af0225ba942491c9ced860cc95de100.pdf | ['Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology Honiara, Solomon Islands SOLOMON ISLANDS 2021 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)Acknowledgment Funding of the NDC update was provided by the European Union, through the Intra-ACP GCCA+ Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Building (PACRES) project1 with assistance from the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. 1 The €12.18 million PACRES is a multi-donor project funded primarily by the European Union (€12 million) with targeted support from Monaco and the Swiss Confederation.FOREWORD BY THE HONOURABLE MINISTER Solomon Islands ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016 with a strong call to pursue efforts to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5 oC above pre-industrial levels if it is to withstand the risks and impacts posed by climate change.', '1 The €12.18 million PACRES is a multi-donor project funded primarily by the European Union (€12 million) with targeted support from Monaco and the Swiss Confederation.FOREWORD BY THE HONOURABLE MINISTER Solomon Islands ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016 with a strong call to pursue efforts to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5 oC above pre-industrial levels if it is to withstand the risks and impacts posed by climate change. In this revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Solomon Islands has increased its emission ambition by targeting a net zero emission by 2050 as compared to 45 % emission reduction by 2050 in its initial NDC.', 'In this revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), Solomon Islands has increased its emission ambition by targeting a net zero emission by 2050 as compared to 45 % emission reduction by 2050 in its initial NDC. Solomon Islands has also included Adaptation in its revised NDC because mitigation and adaptation are inseparable for a low emitting, highly vulnerable and small island developing country. What is also clear is the need for predictable, dedicated and low cost financial resources, and technical support to meet our ambitious targets in mitigation, and address the negative impacts of climate change, and achieve sustainable development.', 'What is also clear is the need for predictable, dedicated and low cost financial resources, and technical support to meet our ambitious targets in mitigation, and address the negative impacts of climate change, and achieve sustainable development. In its effort to achieve its long term mitigation targets, Solomon Islands is embarking on applying renewable energy and energy efficient technologies in the energy sector; in short we are committed to low-carbon technologies to support sustainable development. This includes electricity generation through the application of Solar PV and hydro-power and other clean technologies in both urban and rural areas of the country. We will also promote renewable energy and energy efficient technologies in the sea and land transport sub-sectors.', 'We will also promote renewable energy and energy efficient technologies in the sea and land transport sub-sectors. In addition, another priority mitigation area that the country will embark on is enhancing its carbon sink through sustainable management and protection of its forestry, land use, coastal and marine ecosystems. On adaptation, the Solomon Islands takes adaptation as a matter of survival and not just an option. Short to medium term adaptation priorities are set out in the country’s National Adaptation Programme of Action and long-term adaptation plans will be captured in our new National Adaptation Plan. However, relocation of communities in low-lying and artificial islands must be supported now rather than later.', 'However, relocation of communities in low-lying and artificial islands must be supported now rather than later. Solomon Islands is serious in meeting its mitigation targets as a moral contribution towards the goal of the Paris Agreement. It is also aware that its emission are insignificant globally, and hence continues to call on bigger emitters to drastically and immediately reduce their emissions to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 oC.', 'It is also aware that its emission are insignificant globally, and hence continues to call on bigger emitters to drastically and immediately reduce their emissions to keep global temperature rise below 1.5 oC. Honourable Titus Fika, MP Minister Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and MeteorologyTABLE OF CONTENTS 20 Means of ImplementationNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION INTRODUCTION Background Solomon Islands submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 (Lima Action Plan), on September 30 2015, prior to the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties (COP21). Following the ratification of the Paris Agreement the INDC was converted to Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat on 21 September 2016.', 'Following the ratification of the Paris Agreement the INDC was converted to Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat on 21 September 2016. In its first NDC, Solomon Islands has committed to reduce emissions by 12% below 2015 level by 2025 and 30% below 2015 level by 2030 compared to a business-as-usual projection (BaU). However, with international assistance Solomon Islands can further reduce its emissions by 27% by 2025; and 45% by 2030. This would make the overall reduction by Solomon Islands by more than 50% by 2050. The Solomon Islands holds the view that it is major emitters that need to drastically reduce their emissions if the globe is have any chance to keeping warming below 1.50 degrees Celsius.', 'The Solomon Islands holds the view that it is major emitters that need to drastically reduce their emissions if the globe is have any chance to keeping warming below 1.50 degrees Celsius. Our emission reduction efforts even though they are already ambitious will only be as effective as major emitters take tangible and drastic actions to reduce their emissions. In addition to the carbon storage in the forest, coastal and marine ecosystems Solomon Islands unconditional contribution will reduce 8,300 tCO2e annually and the conditional contribution will reduce emissions by 2025, and by 31,125 tCO2e annually by 2030. Approximately 90% of the emission reductions will come from fossil fuel use and forest carbon sequestration.', 'Approximately 90% of the emission reductions will come from fossil fuel use and forest carbon sequestration. Review of Nationally Determined Contribution In accordance with decision CP.21, paragraphs 23 and 24, of the Conference of the Parties (COP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, Solomon Islands will review and/or update its NDC with a view to making a progression beyond its current NDC. The revision or update of the NDC highlights its mitigation contribution with more ambitious long-term and clear adaptation targets to ensure resilience of its communities and ecosystems now and in the future.', 'The revision or update of the NDC highlights its mitigation contribution with more ambitious long-term and clear adaptation targets to ensure resilience of its communities and ecosystems now and in the future. NDC Mitigation Since 2015, the Solomon Islands Government (SIG) has embarked on a number of actions which resulted in increased use of renewable energy technologies, improved energy security and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. These technologies include the use of solar photovoltaic farming and hydropower generation. SIG has now planned to roll out more of these renewable energy technologies over the next few years.', 'SIG has now planned to roll out more of these renewable energy technologies over the next few years. Thus, its mitigation contribution could be even bigger if there had been substantial financial resources, technology and capacity building support from multilateral and bilateral partners.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY SIG was not able to achieve the following from its INDC/NDC: • New GHG inventory for 2011-2019 as there is no Third National Communication (TNC) and Biennial Update • Establishment of national climate change trust fund • Quantification of carbon sequestration from above 400m contour • Mitigation actions of sea and land transport sectors • Fiu Hydropower2, solar homes, mini hydro and energy usage as conditional contribution • Six planned hydropower systems are now included in Table 3 • Afio solar PV, Kakabona solar PV and Savo Geothermal are now included in Table 3.', 'Thus, its mitigation contribution could be even bigger if there had been substantial financial resources, technology and capacity building support from multilateral and bilateral partners.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY SIG was not able to achieve the following from its INDC/NDC: • New GHG inventory for 2011-2019 as there is no Third National Communication (TNC) and Biennial Update • Establishment of national climate change trust fund • Quantification of carbon sequestration from above 400m contour • Mitigation actions of sea and land transport sectors • Fiu Hydropower2, solar homes, mini hydro and energy usage as conditional contribution • Six planned hydropower systems are now included in Table 3 • Afio solar PV, Kakabona solar PV and Savo Geothermal are now included in Table 3. NDC Adaptation Adaptation - The main achievement on adaptation is that the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM) is able to ensure that all projects funded by external sources support the implementation of NAPA, community adaptation programmes and mitigation measures.', 'NDC Adaptation Adaptation - The main achievement on adaptation is that the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM) is able to ensure that all projects funded by external sources support the implementation of NAPA, community adaptation programmes and mitigation measures. However, there are other actions that have not been implemented: • Adaptation knowledge sharing, coordination and collaboration among Ministries, NGOs, private sector, faith based organisations and development partners is lacking • Development of knowledge and skills to address capacity gaps relating to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. • Cost $126,6560,000 for adaptation (NAPA, National Communication Process) • Community based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and management approaches to community- based adaptation projects on a whole of island basis.', '• Cost $126,6560,000 for adaptation (NAPA, National Communication Process) • Community based vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and management approaches to community- based adaptation projects on a whole of island basis. • Establishment of institutional structures and strengthen capacities at the community level to support country wide implementation of community-based vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning • Setting aside value added tax charged for fuel • Charging carbon levies, • Charging fees for climate change research in the country • Funding of national climate change trust fund for priority climate change measures • Assistance from GCF Readiness programme to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the national implementing entity.', '• Establishment of institutional structures and strengthen capacities at the community level to support country wide implementation of community-based vulnerability mapping and adaptation planning • Setting aside value added tax charged for fuel • Charging carbon levies, • Charging fees for climate change research in the country • Funding of national climate change trust fund for priority climate change measures • Assistance from GCF Readiness programme to establish the necessary legal, institutional and fiduciary management framework and accredit the national implementing entity. • Improving donor coordination on climate change adaptation and mitigation programming and improved coordination between relevant government agencies • Effective implementation is conditional on and will depend on accessibility, availability and timely provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building support.', '• Improving donor coordination on climate change adaptation and mitigation programming and improved coordination between relevant government agencies • Effective implementation is conditional on and will depend on accessibility, availability and timely provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building support. • Intent of the government to increase use of RETs, improving energy security and reducing GHG emissions • The main focus still remains achieving adequate adaption to climate change and sustainable development goals 1 Work on the BUR and TNC is now in progress.', '• Intent of the government to increase use of RETs, improving energy security and reducing GHG emissions • The main focus still remains achieving adequate adaption to climate change and sustainable development goals 1 Work on the BUR and TNC is now in progress. 2 This project has been put on halt indefinitely by the Solomon Islands Electricity Authority because of land disputes.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION SITUATION Geography The Solomon Islands comprises a scattered archipelago of 994 islands combining mountainous islands as well as low lying coral atolls within a tuna-rich and potentially mineral-rich maritime Economic Exclusive Zone (EEZ) of 1.34 million square kilometres. The land area of 28,896 square kilometres with 4,023 kilometres of coastline is the second largest in the Pacific after Papua New Guinea.', 'The land area of 28,896 square kilometres with 4,023 kilometres of coastline is the second largest in the Pacific after Papua New Guinea. There are six main islands, Choiseul, New Georgia, Santa Isabel, Malaita, Guadalcanal and Makira, which are characterized by a rugged and mountainous landscape of volcanic origin. Between and beyond the bigger islands are hundreds of smaller volcanic islands and low lying coral atolls. All of the mountainous islands of volcanic origin are forested with many coastal areas surrounded by fringing reefs and lagoons. More than 300 of the 994 islands are inhabited. Figure 1.', 'More than 300 of the 994 islands are inhabited. Figure 1. Map of Solomon IslandsMINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY The islands are grouped into three different major „geological provinces; the Pacific Geological Province (including Malaita, Ulawa and North Eastern part of Santa Isabel Island); Central Geological Province (Makira, Guadalcanal and the Florida Islands, Southwestern part of Isabel and Choiseul) and; the Volcanic Geological Province (New Georgia, Russell Islands, Shortland Islands and North Western tip of Guadalcanal and Savo). Guadalcanal is the largest of the bigger islands and the only one in the Solomon Islands with a significant area of grassland and rich alluvium soils.', 'Guadalcanal is the largest of the bigger islands and the only one in the Solomon Islands with a significant area of grassland and rich alluvium soils. Most of the islands have highly weathered soils of low fertility with pockets of fertile areas mainly on volcanic islands and river valleys. The country’s location within the earthquake belt or” Ring of Fire‟ results in frequent earthquakes and the geology, topography and rainfall of the country results in being extremely vulnerable to the effects and impacts of earthquakes, tsunamis and landslips. A major earthquake measuring 8.1 on the Richter scale occurred in the Western Province in 2007 causing a major tsunami that affected the Western and Choiseul provinces and causing 52 deaths and scores missing. About 40,000 people were affected.', 'About 40,000 people were affected. Many islands have subsided whilst a few have been uplifted a few metres. Extensive damage was experienced throughout the two provinces costing hundreds of millions of Solomon Island dollars. The country and many communities and individuals are still recovering from this double disaster event. Climate 27 degrees Celsius. There are two distinct seasons: a wet season from November to April and a dry season from May to October. The temperatures are strongly tied to changes in the surrounding ocean temperature. Warmest months are January, February, April, May, October, November and December (31°C). Months with the lowest average temperature are July and August (29°C).', 'Months with the lowest average temperature are July and August (29°C). The weather and climate is determined by the seasonal movement and development of the equatorial trough; a belt of low pressure that migrates between hemispheres following the apparent movement of the sun, and the subtropical ridge of the southern hemisphere (a belt of high pressure typically located at about latitude 30 to 35 degrees south). During January to March the equatorial trough is usually found close to, or south of the Solomon Islands, and this is a period of West to North-westerly monsoonal winds (National Meteorological Services, 2018). The heaviest rainfall at most places occurs at this time.', 'The heaviest rainfall at most places occurs at this time. The equatorial trough is in the Northern hemisphere from May to October and the Islands in the north experience stronger and more persistent Southeast trade wind blowing from the subtropical ridge towards the equatorial trough. These winds are moisture bearing resulting in heavy rainfalls during the South-easterlies on the windward side of most large islands. The average annual rainfall ranges from 3000 to 5000 millimeters with the majority of monthly rainfall exceeding 200 millimeters. The wettest months are during the Northwest monsoon season, with a tendency for reduced amounts during February when the equatorial trough is normally furthest south.', 'The wettest months are during the Northwest monsoon season, with a tendency for reduced amounts during February when the equatorial trough is normally furthest south. Places on the southern sides of the larger islands also tend to have a rainfall maximum between June and September.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Orography plays an important role in rainfall distribution within and among islands. Depending on the local topography, rainfall could be expected to increase with elevation with a maximum at about 600-1000 metres above sea level on windward slopes. The heaviest average yearly rainfall could reach 9000mm at some elevated sites. The extreme falls often occur between the months of December to April when the equatorial trough migrates across the islands.', 'The extreme falls often occur between the months of December to April when the equatorial trough migrates across the islands. Heavy daily falls can also occur during the South-easterly season at places well exposed to the prevailing wind. Demographic Characteristics The provisional 2019 census registered a population of 721,455 in Solomon Islands, with national population density of 24 persons per km-2. Malaita Province had the highest number of people (173,347) and Renbel Province had the lowest number of people (4,091). There were 369,252 males and 352,204 females. With an annual growth rate of 2.7% the largest number of people were from the 0-5-year age group and the lowest number was from 80 years and over age group highlighting Solomon Islands as a predominantly young population.', 'With an annual growth rate of 2.7% the largest number of people were from the 0-5-year age group and the lowest number was from 80 years and over age group highlighting Solomon Islands as a predominantly young population. Solomon Islanders make up a diverse population of Melanesians (80%), Polynesians (5%) and Micronesians (5%). Ninety five different languages are spoken including ninety Melanesian, four Polynesian and the Kiribati language spoken by descendants of Kiribati people brought to the Solomon Islands by British colonial government in the 1950‟s. About 80% of the population live in rural areas and continue to rely on the subsistence economy with supplementary income from agriculture, forestry and fishery and remittances from relatives working off-island.', 'About 80% of the population live in rural areas and continue to rely on the subsistence economy with supplementary income from agriculture, forestry and fishery and remittances from relatives working off-island. Around 80% of the national population live on low lying coastal areas. The capital city of Honiara is the major area of economic activity and attracts increasing numbers of youth and adults from other islands seeking employment and income. Economy Solomon Islands’ economy is based on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, which together account for around 40 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and provide employment for the majority of the the population. The GDP was estimated to be US$1.37 billion and an estimated GDP per capita of US$2,339.55 (World Bank 2017).', 'The GDP was estimated to be US$1.37 billion and an estimated GDP per capita of US$2,339.55 (World Bank 2017). Log exports account for 71% of export value and approximately 20% of all Government revenue in 2018, having provided approximately 10,000 jobs ((Kiddle, et. al. 2019) Currently logging contributes 17% to the GDP and in terms of export value, timber exported as logs amount to 72% (~US$ 405 million) of total exports, fisheries 11% (~US$ 64.7 million), agriculture 8% (~US$ 46.9 million), minerals 7% (~US$ 40.3 million), with the rest accounted for by sawn timber and re-exports (World Bank, 2020).', '2019) Currently logging contributes 17% to the GDP and in terms of export value, timber exported as logs amount to 72% (~US$ 405 million) of total exports, fisheries 11% (~US$ 64.7 million), agriculture 8% (~US$ 46.9 million), minerals 7% (~US$ 40.3 million), with the rest accounted for by sawn timber and re-exports (World Bank, 2020). Thus, forest use and management will remain a central focus of development in Solomon Islands in the foreseeable future.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY According to the Central Bank of Solomon Islands (CBSI) the economy was projected to grow by 3.7% in 2019 with the assumption that forestry will finally decelerate as part of the government’s forestry sustainability initiatives.', 'Thus, forest use and management will remain a central focus of development in Solomon Islands in the foreseeable future.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY According to the Central Bank of Solomon Islands (CBSI) the economy was projected to grow by 3.7% in 2019 with the assumption that forestry will finally decelerate as part of the government’s forestry sustainability initiatives. However, there has been a slowdown in the Solomon Islands economy in 2019 due to low demand and slower domestic activity (CBSI 2020). This led to a real GDP growth of 1.2% from 3.9% in 2018. The muted economic performance in 2019 was most pronounced in agriculture and forestry which are the two largest contributors to rural incomes and government revenue.', 'The muted economic performance in 2019 was most pronounced in agriculture and forestry which are the two largest contributors to rural incomes and government revenue. The downturn was a result of a fall in the primary sector that accounted for -0.4%, as export prices declined for the country’s key commodities. The secondary sector contributed also fell to a flat 0.6%, while services only accounted for 1.1% of the real GDP growth during the year again resulting from the declines in the production of the country’s key primary commodities while there have been increases in fish catch and cocoa. Logs, palm oil, copra and coconut oil fell by 2.4%, 1.3%, 59.0% and 15.1%, respectively (CBSI 2020).', 'Logs, palm oil, copra and coconut oil fell by 2.4%, 1.3%, 59.0% and 15.1%, respectively (CBSI 2020). These falls have led to a net deficit of $292 million balance of payments in 2019, from the $527 million net surplus in 2018. This sharp decrease emanated from the fall in exports of round logs and agriculture, and an increase in service payments that led to a wider current account deficit of $1,167 million. The economic growth outlook for the global economy in 2020 is grim with an anticipated slide to a global recession of -3% as a result of the effects of, and uncertainties surrounding the duration and spread of the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic.', 'The economic growth outlook for the global economy in 2020 is grim with an anticipated slide to a global recession of -3% as a result of the effects of, and uncertainties surrounding the duration and spread of the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic. The outlook for Solomon Islands economic growth is projected to tilt downward to between -3% and -5% in 2020 if the effects of Covid-19 persist throughout the year. Sectors that are expected to drive the fall in growth are forestry, tourism, transport, manufacturing, education and government services, while national projects could also be delayed due to restrictions of movement of people.', 'Sectors that are expected to drive the fall in growth are forestry, tourism, transport, manufacturing, education and government services, while national projects could also be delayed due to restrictions of movement of people. Fisheries and palm oil are expected to have the least negative impact, as their production would remain uninterrupted unless the pandemic were to affect workers at their respective sites. Thus Solomon Islands will have to deal with COVID-19 downside risk by introducing the Government’s stimulus measures that are able to sustain key economic sectors and continue to support public health activities, and work with other stakeholders including development partners to minimize the effects the crisis may have on affected workers and firms.', 'Thus Solomon Islands will have to deal with COVID-19 downside risk by introducing the Government’s stimulus measures that are able to sustain key economic sectors and continue to support public health activities, and work with other stakeholders including development partners to minimize the effects the crisis may have on affected workers and firms. In the aftermath of the crisis, the implementation of the stimulus package should continue to be rolled out to help restart the economy.', 'In the aftermath of the crisis, the implementation of the stimulus package should continue to be rolled out to help restart the economy. Moreover, the country needs to build up its resilience buffers, through rainy-day funds, institutional policy measures and a broader economic base to cushion future shocks.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MITIGATION Mitigation Context and Status As with other Small Island developing States, Solomon Islands energy sector remains a largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as being considered a key enabling factor that will support efforts in poverty alleviation, access to better health care and education services, and improvement of the standard of living and livelihood of communities.', 'Moreover, the country needs to build up its resilience buffers, through rainy-day funds, institutional policy measures and a broader economic base to cushion future shocks.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MITIGATION Mitigation Context and Status As with other Small Island developing States, Solomon Islands energy sector remains a largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions as well as being considered a key enabling factor that will support efforts in poverty alleviation, access to better health care and education services, and improvement of the standard of living and livelihood of communities. However, access to affordable energy has been very challenging in the Solomon Islands due to the widely scattered market on islands that are separated by large areas of sea and with small, isolated communities.', 'However, access to affordable energy has been very challenging in the Solomon Islands due to the widely scattered market on islands that are separated by large areas of sea and with small, isolated communities. Given this backdrop energy policy changes were brought in by the Government to increase energy access, private sector participation and foreign investment, and to create fiscal incentives for improving energy access, efficiency and activities that will contribute to expanding the economic base. Solomon Islands has the potential to increase electricity access and use through renewable energy resources and technologies to 100% by 2050.', 'Solomon Islands has the potential to increase electricity access and use through renewable energy resources and technologies to 100% by 2050. However, increasing the use of these renewable energy resources presents challenges; including a lack of enabling environments to foster private investment in the electricity sector and the need to improve funding opportunities (through consolidating funding proposals) and support to assist the Solomon Islands Energy Authority and the Energy Division in expanding energy access in both urban and rural areas.', 'However, increasing the use of these renewable energy resources presents challenges; including a lack of enabling environments to foster private investment in the electricity sector and the need to improve funding opportunities (through consolidating funding proposals) and support to assist the Solomon Islands Energy Authority and the Energy Division in expanding energy access in both urban and rural areas. The 2014 Solomon Islands National Energy Policy will provide an enabling platform that will inform decision makers on policy directions and strategies for improving the effectiveness of the Solomon Island energy sector and achieving the NDS 2011–2020 through increased access to reliable, affordable and clean sources of electricity.', 'The 2014 Solomon Islands National Energy Policy will provide an enabling platform that will inform decision makers on policy directions and strategies for improving the effectiveness of the Solomon Island energy sector and achieving the NDS 2011–2020 through increased access to reliable, affordable and clean sources of electricity. The second national communication prepared by Solomon Islands (MECDM 2016) showed that the energy sector emissions of greenhouse gases increased steadily in the Solomon Islands between 1994 and 2010. There appears to be a 48% increase in GHG emissions over a 16 -year period from 1994 to 2010 in the Solomon Islands. This equates to an average increase of GHG emissions by 74,302 tonnes CO2e per year between inventory years (1994-2010).', 'This equates to an average increase of GHG emissions by 74,302 tonnes CO2e per year between inventory years (1994-2010). This indicates that Solomon Islands will experience a growth in emissions in the foreseeable future. Business as Usual (BaU) Projection (based on extrapolation 1994-2010 emissions), indicate an increase in GHG emissions Islands. These projections will be reviewed when the Third National Communication and Biennial Update reports are completed for Solomon Islands before 2025. The National Climate Change Policy 2012-2017 (MECDM 2011) outlined the policy directives and strategies of the Solomon Islands government relating to mitigation of climate change. In policy directives and strategies of mitigation (Policy 8.4) “Solomon Islands will continue to exhort Annex-1 countries to reduce their GHG emissions.', 'In policy directives and strategies of mitigation (Policy 8.4) “Solomon Islands will continue to exhort Annex-1 countries to reduce their GHG emissions. On its part the government is committed to carrying out its own inventory of emissions and pursue low emissions development to reduce its own GHG emissions through use of renewable energy and other mitigation technologies that brings benefits to the country’s economy, environment and improves the livelihoods of its people”. To achieve this the government shall:MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY a) Build capacity of Government, private sector and other relevant institutions to undertake regular inventory of GHG emissions and sinks (removals), monitor emissions and removals, establish the national carbon balance and prioritize emission reduction strategies and actions.', 'To achieve this the government shall:MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY a) Build capacity of Government, private sector and other relevant institutions to undertake regular inventory of GHG emissions and sinks (removals), monitor emissions and removals, establish the national carbon balance and prioritize emission reduction strategies and actions. b) Build capacity of National, Provincial and Honiara City Council and other urban areas to transition to low carbon development pathway. c) Strengthen capacity of Government, private sector and other relevant institutions for the implementation of the national Renewable Energy Policy Framework and develop and implement renewable energy strategies for Honiara city and Provinces, with measurable targets.', 'c) Strengthen capacity of Government, private sector and other relevant institutions for the implementation of the national Renewable Energy Policy Framework and develop and implement renewable energy strategies for Honiara city and Provinces, with measurable targets. d) Strengthen capacity of the Climate Change lead agency as the Designated National Authority for climate change activities relating to Warsaw Framework for REDD+; Article 6 of the Paris Agreement; regulate carbon trade, build capacity of national stakeholders to design and implement carbon projects; raise awareness and develop carbon trading legislation.', 'd) Strengthen capacity of the Climate Change lead agency as the Designated National Authority for climate change activities relating to Warsaw Framework for REDD+; Article 6 of the Paris Agreement; regulate carbon trade, build capacity of national stakeholders to design and implement carbon projects; raise awareness and develop carbon trading legislation. e) Ensure resource owners maximize benefits from carbon trading arrangements by immediately raising awareness on carbon trade in the forest sector and establish procedures for assessing investors and carbon trading arrangements between investors and communities as an interim measure, prior to the enactment of carbon trading legislation and regulatory framework.', 'e) Ensure resource owners maximize benefits from carbon trading arrangements by immediately raising awareness on carbon trade in the forest sector and establish procedures for assessing investors and carbon trading arrangements between investors and communities as an interim measure, prior to the enactment of carbon trading legislation and regulatory framework. f) Strengthen capacity of Ministry of Forest and Research to support forest resource owners implement sustainable forest management and forest carbon assessments for effective monitoring, reporting and verification under carbon trading regime. g) Strengthen capacity of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Rural Electrification and Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development to support resource owners implement carbon assessments and carbon trading through agriculture mitigation and renewable energy programs.', 'g) Strengthen capacity of Ministry of Mines, Energy and Rural Electrification and Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development to support resource owners implement carbon assessments and carbon trading through agriculture mitigation and renewable energy programs. h) Integrate gender analysis and gender considerations in planning and implementation of mitigation actions.', 'h) Integrate gender analysis and gender considerations in planning and implementation of mitigation actions. Solomon Islands has the potential to increase electricity access and use through renewable energy resources and technologies to 100% by 2050.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION PARTY: Solomon Islands DATE: March 2020 Parameter Information Period of defining actions Five-year periods starting 2020, with reference to 2025 and ending in 2030 Type and Level of Commitment All commitments are premised on: (a) Fair and ambitious commitment to implementation of the Paris Agreement, reflecting Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities, and (b) Timely access to international climate change financing, capacity building and technology resources. Solomon Islands is a growing small island developing State, with particular needs and priorities for sustainable development.', 'Solomon Islands is a growing small island developing State, with particular needs and priorities for sustainable development. Despite its status as a low emitting least developed country, Solomon Islands will nonetheless, commit to reduce its emissions by 14% by 2025 below 2015 and by 33% below 2015 by 2030 compared to a business-as-usual projection. If and when Paris Agreement addresses international assistance to access financial and technical resources, Solomon Islands can, with international assistance, contribute: • a further 27% reduction in GHG emissions by 2025, and • a further 45% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030, compared to BaU projection. With appropriate international assistance, Solomon Islands can achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Reference year or period 2015.', 'Reference year or period 2015. The BaU projection is based on an extrapolation of historic data covering the period 1994-2010. Estimated quantified emissions impact In addition to the carbon storage in the forest, coastal and marine ecosystem, Solomon Islands unconditional contribution will reduce emissions by 6,770.8 tCO2e annually. Solomon Islands conditional contribution (with international assistance) will reduce emissions by 55,347.31 tCO2e annually by 2025, and by 246,793.73 tCO2e annually by 2030.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY Coverage % National Emissions NDC covers combustion of fossil fuels and forest carbon sequestration. Fossil-fuel use covers more than 95% of reported national inventory. Sectors Energy: Greenhouse gas emissions are a result of combustion of imported fossil fuels in the energy sector: Electricity generation (39%) and Transport (sea and land transport – 61%)).', 'Sectors Energy: Greenhouse gas emissions are a result of combustion of imported fossil fuels in the energy sector: Electricity generation (39%) and Transport (sea and land transport – 61%)). Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU), and Coastal and Marine ecosystems. Gases Carbon dioxide only (more than 95% of inventory) Geographical boundaries Whole of Country Further information, relevant to commitment type Commitments are in the form of Outcomes and Actions. These are referenced as deviation from business-as-usual projections. BaU projections are based on fossil fuel consumption data for the period 1994-2010, with line of best fit extrapolation to 2030. Intention to use market-based mechanism to meet commitments Solomon Islands will consider other avenues as well as market-based mechanisms to support establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund.', 'Intention to use market-based mechanism to meet commitments Solomon Islands will consider other avenues as well as market-based mechanisms to support establishment and operation of a National Climate Change Trust Fund. Solomon Islands intends to use the market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Land sector accounting approach Appropriate methodologies drawn from international best practice to quantify carbon from agriculture, forestry and land use (AFOLU) and coastal and marine ecosystems. Estimated macro-economic impact and marginal cost of abatement NE Narrative supporting the fair-share assessment of the contribution. Solomon Islands is a double chain archipelago of small islands with more than 900 volcanic, coral islands and atolls with 680,806 inhabitants, small land mass, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources and a small economy.', 'Solomon Islands is a double chain archipelago of small islands with more than 900 volcanic, coral islands and atolls with 680,806 inhabitants, small land mass, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources and a small economy. Solomon Islands is a growing LDC SIDS that in no way is responsible for the unfolding climate change catastrophe, yet it is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions from Solomon Islands in 2015 were estimated to be approximately 20MtCO2e/year (13MtCO2e from AFOLU). This is extremely small, representing approximately less than 0.01% of the global emissions. Solomon Islands has very low per capita emissions rate, at just 1.2tCO2 per person in 2015 based on projected emissions for 2015.', 'Solomon Islands has very low per capita emissions rate, at just 1.2tCO2 per person in 2015 based on projected emissions for 2015. This is 14 times less than the average per capita emissions for Australia (16.5 tCO2/capita) and less than the estimated level required to stay below 1.5 oC (as compared to 2.0 oC) of warming, of around 1.5 tCO2e/capita. Thus, any contribution from Solomon Islands is more than fair, and is highly ambitious, given Solomon Islands national circumstances.', 'Thus, any contribution from Solomon Islands is more than fair, and is highly ambitious, given Solomon Islands national circumstances. Even with high vulnerability to adverse impacts of climate change, Solomon Islands, has placed equal importance to mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and recognizes the need for developing a low carbon economy to achieve its sustainable development objectives.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MITIGATION ACTIONS Renewable Energy Focus of the Solomon Islands Government (SIG) is on increasing affordability (or reduce reliance on diesel) and increasing accessibility to electricity to achieve 100% by 2050 (MERE 2014) Currently, renewable energy plants produce 1.6 megawatts (MW) comprising Two (2) Solar Hybrid Systems; Two (2) grid-connect Solar Systems and One (1) Hydro-Diesel Power Station.', 'Even with high vulnerability to adverse impacts of climate change, Solomon Islands, has placed equal importance to mitigation of and adaptation to climate change and recognizes the need for developing a low carbon economy to achieve its sustainable development objectives.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION MITIGATION ACTIONS Renewable Energy Focus of the Solomon Islands Government (SIG) is on increasing affordability (or reduce reliance on diesel) and increasing accessibility to electricity to achieve 100% by 2050 (MERE 2014) Currently, renewable energy plants produce 1.6 megawatts (MW) comprising Two (2) Solar Hybrid Systems; Two (2) grid-connect Solar Systems and One (1) Hydro-Diesel Power Station. Solar Hybrid systems include 224 kilowatts (kW) solar farm in Taro, Choiseul; 168kW solar farm in Seghe, Marovo; and two grid-connected solar farms in Honiara grid: 1000kW solar farm at Henderson, and 50kW at Ranadi HQ, Honiara.', 'Solar Hybrid systems include 224 kilowatts (kW) solar farm in Taro, Choiseul; 168kW solar farm in Seghe, Marovo; and two grid-connected solar farms in Honiara grid: 1000kW solar farm at Henderson, and 50kW at Ranadi HQ, Honiara. Hydropower 150kW hydro generator in Buala, Isabel Province and Selwyn College 160kW. GHG Emission Reductions Since the first NDC submitted by SIG there has been no new National Greenhouse Gas Inventory undertaken in Solomon Islands. It was expected that the Third National Communication project would facilitate the compilation of the national GHG inventory but due to delays in funding of the TNC the new GHG inventory has not been developed.', 'It was expected that the Third National Communication project would facilitate the compilation of the national GHG inventory but due to delays in funding of the TNC the new GHG inventory has not been developed. Thus, for this review the GHG inventory data published in the Second National Communication was used again for baseline projection of GHG emissions in the energy sector. However, the only new published GHG data compiled during the last five years has been from the forestry sector. Thus, a forest reference level (FRL) was developed and submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat in 2019. In respect of mitigation in the transport sector there is currently no clear plans to address land and marine transport.', 'In respect of mitigation in the transport sector there is currently no clear plans to address land and marine transport. It is expected that the Third National Communication project and biennial update report GHG emissions reductions are currently being achieved through the development of renewable energy projects in the Solomon Islands. The impetus for the renewable energy projects is provided by SIG National Energy Policy 2014, which is aimed at increasing access to reliable, affordable and clean sources of electricity through renewable energy resources and technologies to 100% by 2050. In order to achieve this goal, the SIG has embarked on a number of renewable energy projects that will be implemented over the next years.', 'In order to achieve this goal, the SIG has embarked on a number of renewable energy projects that will be implemented over the next years. Thus, the focus of the renewable energy generation of electricity will be through the use of solar PV and hydropower generation.', 'Thus, the focus of the renewable energy generation of electricity will be through the use of solar PV and hydropower generation. In order to achieve this goal, the SIG has embarked on a number of renewable energy projects that will be implemented over the next years.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY Renewable Energy Projects These solar hybrid, grid-connect solar farms and a hydro-diesel power station are contributing to GHG emission reductions: at Taro Hybrid farm- 155 tCO2e; Seghe Hybrid farm- 35 tCO2e; Henderson 1 MW solar farm - 800 tCO2e; Ranadi solar installation - 33 t CO2e and Buala mini hydro - 70 tCO2e. Thus, potentially a total of 1,093 tCO2e would be offset annually (Solomon Power 2020).', 'Thus, potentially a total of 1,093 tCO2e would be offset annually (Solomon Power 2020). Currently, 23 MW power is produced from 14 solar hybrid systems, three grid-connect solar systems, and one hydropower station. Table 1. Renewable Energy Projects: Solar Hybrid Systems and Hydropower 2020-2024. [other projects from Energy and Selwyn College] UNCONDITIONAL Solar Hybrid Systems (Conversion Projects) 2020 No. Solar Hybrid System Province Capacity (kW) Mitigation Potential Annually Solar-Diesel Hybrid Systems 2020-2021 11 Wairokai Communi- ty High School Solar- Diesel Hybrid Systems 2021-2022 Grid Connect Solar Farms 2020-2021 17 Ranadi Office Rooftop Solar Farm 220 160.60 Hydro-Power Station 2024NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Current Hydro-Power Stations Solomon Islands will operate 10 hydropower stations in 2020; five are operational, two are under repair and three are being developed and are now being procured (Table 2). Table 2.', 'Solar Hybrid System Province Capacity (kW) Mitigation Potential Annually Solar-Diesel Hybrid Systems 2020-2021 11 Wairokai Communi- ty High School Solar- Diesel Hybrid Systems 2021-2022 Grid Connect Solar Farms 2020-2021 17 Ranadi Office Rooftop Solar Farm 220 160.60 Hydro-Power Station 2024NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Current Hydro-Power Stations Solomon Islands will operate 10 hydropower stations in 2020; five are operational, two are under repair and three are being developed and are now being procured (Table 2). Table 2. Current Hydro-Power Stations Current Hydro-Power Stations Province Station Capacity kW Mitigation Potential Status Malaita Malu u 30 21.90 To be repaired Masupa 40 29.20 To be repaired Western Vavanga 18 13.14 Operational Palagati 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement Guadalcanal Fox Bay 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement Makira Naharahau 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement All solar photovoltaic systems and hydropower will be contributing to reductions in GHG emissions by 55,347.31 tCO2e annually.', 'Current Hydro-Power Stations Current Hydro-Power Stations Province Station Capacity kW Mitigation Potential Status Malaita Malu u 30 21.90 To be repaired Masupa 40 29.20 To be repaired Western Vavanga 18 13.14 Operational Palagati 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement Guadalcanal Fox Bay 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement Makira Naharahau 50 36.50 To be installed - Procurement All solar photovoltaic systems and hydropower will be contributing to reductions in GHG emissions by 55,347.31 tCO2e annually. Additionally, the government is planning to develop and implement three solar hybrid systems every year and more grid-connect systems in Honiara with up to 20MW over the next decade. It is currently developing concepts for two grids connected solar farms: one in Auki (Malaita Province) with 1,400kW capacity and the other in Honiara with 10,000kW capacity between 2022 and 2026.', 'It is currently developing concepts for two grids connected solar farms: one in Auki (Malaita Province) with 1,400kW capacity and the other in Honiara with 10,000kW capacity between 2022 and 2026. Further eight new solar hybrid systems are also being planned for Makira, Guadalcanal, Malaita and Isabel to be developed between 2022 and 2024. The government is committed to ‘Renewable energy road map for Honiara’ to achieve 100% renewable energy by 2030 and achieving 100% accessibility by 2050. Mitigation actions: Planned and Unplanned The conditional mitigation actions will require timely combination of capacity building, technical or technology transfer and financial support, primarily in the form of grants.', 'Mitigation actions: Planned and Unplanned The conditional mitigation actions will require timely combination of capacity building, technical or technology transfer and financial support, primarily in the form of grants. Additional mitigation actions will be identified in the future.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY Renewable Energy The conditional renewable energy projects are outlined in Table 3 below. Table 3.', 'Additional mitigation actions will be identified in the future.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY Renewable Energy The conditional renewable energy projects are outlined in Table 3 below. Table 3. Renewable Energy Projects CONDITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS HYDROPOWER Project Capacity Province Capacity (kW) Mitigation Potential Annually SOLAR GRID CONNECT OFF-GRID SOLAR –DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEMS OFF-GRID SOLAR –DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEMS Whole Country Various & Regulating imports of electrical appliances 10% various Feasibility by 2035 Solomon Water seven pump stations (6 Honiara based and 1 Auki based stations) GEOTHERMAL The government commits to increase access to electricity in rural households to 35% by 2025 and to roll out solar-diesel hybrid and battery storage plants by Solomon Power (SIEA) in large communities in the country.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Energy Efficiency Solomon Islands commits to improve energy efficiency and conservation by regulating imports of electrical appliances by 2035.', 'Renewable Energy Projects CONDITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS HYDROPOWER Project Capacity Province Capacity (kW) Mitigation Potential Annually SOLAR GRID CONNECT OFF-GRID SOLAR –DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEMS OFF-GRID SOLAR –DIESEL HYBRID SYSTEMS Whole Country Various & Regulating imports of electrical appliances 10% various Feasibility by 2035 Solomon Water seven pump stations (6 Honiara based and 1 Auki based stations) GEOTHERMAL The government commits to increase access to electricity in rural households to 35% by 2025 and to roll out solar-diesel hybrid and battery storage plants by Solomon Power (SIEA) in large communities in the country.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Energy Efficiency Solomon Islands commits to improve energy efficiency and conservation by regulating imports of electrical appliances by 2035. Forest Carbon Sequestration Solomon Islands contains over 89% forest cover and is therefore considered a High Forest Cover Low Deforestation Country (HFLD) with low historical but very high and steeply increasing recent forest emissions, largely as a result of growing logging industry (FRL Report 2019).', 'Forest Carbon Sequestration Solomon Islands contains over 89% forest cover and is therefore considered a High Forest Cover Low Deforestation Country (HFLD) with low historical but very high and steeply increasing recent forest emissions, largely as a result of growing logging industry (FRL Report 2019). The government through a FAO supported programme on reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) has carried out a historical forest cover change to quantify emissions and removals and developed a forest reference level (FRL). FRL sets the benchmark on which the results- based payments will be made for emission reductions from deforestation, forest degradation and carbon stock enhancement.', 'FRL sets the benchmark on which the results- based payments will be made for emission reductions from deforestation, forest degradation and carbon stock enhancement. The FRL is based on annual assessments and datasets from a 17 years reference period that covers low historical as well as recently high forest emissions and is representative of the forest sector BaU i.e. how the pressure on forests will likely evolve without REDD+ actions from the government. In this regard, it better reflects expected future forest emissions and therefore it will be suitable benchmark to assess the impacts of national policies and measures on forest emissions. Solomon Islands is committed to undertake a multi-purpose national forest inventory over the next few years.', 'Solomon Islands is committed to undertake a multi-purpose national forest inventory over the next few years. This will provide the basis for forest monitoring and informed decision-making to improve forest management and research. Further Solomon Islands intends to implement sustainable logging policy (Sustainable Logging Policy 2018) and quantify forest carbon sequestration and protect forest above 400-meter contour. SIG also intends to protect at least 20% of the terrestrial and inland water; 15% of coastal and marine areas enabling ecological, representative and well-connected system of protected area in the country, as provided in The National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2020.', 'SIG also intends to protect at least 20% of the terrestrial and inland water; 15% of coastal and marine areas enabling ecological, representative and well-connected system of protected area in the country, as provided in The National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2020. The newly launched National Forestry Policy 2020 is also hoped to assist the government manage and sustain the country’s forest resources for the benefit and resilience of all Solomon Islanders. The two goals of the first strategy of the policy (Strategy 3.1. Forest Conservation Strategy) are Goal 1. Protection and conservation of biodiversity and forest ecosystems; and Goal 2.', 'Protection and conservation of biodiversity and forest ecosystems; and Goal 2. Recognition and promotion of ecosystems services for sustainable livelihood.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY ADAPTATION For Solomon Islands, as with other small islands developing States and Least Developed Countries, where climate change threatens the very existence of the people and the nation, adaptation is not an option – but rather a matter of survival. Current Climate and Projected Climate Change The interannual climate of Solomon Islands is driven by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).', 'Current Climate and Projected Climate Change The interannual climate of Solomon Islands is driven by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), the West Monsoon and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The wet season (April -November) is also tropical cyclone season generally driven by the ITCZ and the West Monsoon resulting in strong north-westerly winds and seas affecting mostly the northern part of the country. Observed temperature data by the Solomon Islands Meteorological Services show that annual surface temperature for the western, central and eastern regions of Solomon Islands have increased during the last 30 to 50 years. The range of increase in mean air temperature for most provinces is between 0.14 oC and 0.17oC/decade.', 'The range of increase in mean air temperature for most provinces is between 0.14 oC and 0.17oC/decade. A study carried out by the Pacific Climate Change Science Programme (PCCSP, 2011) showed that for three emission scenarios (low, medium and high) using 18 Global Circulation Models the temperature in the Solomon Islands will increase by 0.2oC (low) in 2030 to 3.3 oC (high) in 2090. The sea surface temperature (SST) is projected to increase in the next 30 -70 years in Solomon Islands.', 'The sea surface temperature (SST) is projected to increase in the next 30 -70 years in Solomon Islands. Rainfall data analysed to date show that annual rainfall varies across the three regions (western, eastern and central Solomon Islands) due to the geography of the different islands, their relative position with each other, the direction and duration of prevailing winds and drivers of climate in the Pacific. There have also been sharp declines in annual rainfall around mid-1990s for all the three regions, which correlated with the severe El Nino event between 1997 and 1998 that also affected most parts of the country.', 'There have also been sharp declines in annual rainfall around mid-1990s for all the three regions, which correlated with the severe El Nino event between 1997 and 1998 that also affected most parts of the country. The general trends however show that in the central region there was a decrease in rainfall and a slight increase for the western and eastern regions in the past 30-50 years. Tropical cyclones pose a serious threat to the people, economy and environment and result in flooding and wind damage in the Solomon Islands. There have been severe floods on Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira and Santa Isabel in recent years with a number of lives lost, and severe damage to agriculture and Infrastructure.', 'There have been severe floods on Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira and Santa Isabel in recent years with a number of lives lost, and severe damage to agriculture and Infrastructure. In 2002 the remote island of Tikopia was hit by a Category 5 cyclone Zoe. In the Solomon Islands’ region, projections tend to show a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones by the late 21st century and an increase in the proportion of the more intense storms.', 'In the Solomon Islands’ region, projections tend to show a decrease in the frequency of tropical cyclones by the late 21st century and an increase in the proportion of the more intense storms. As per the Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP, 2011) by the end of this century projections suggest decreasing numbers of tropical cyclones but a possible shift towards more intense categories.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Current and Near-term Adaptation Planning and Action The Climate Change Policy (2012-2017), which is linked to National Development Strategy (2016-2035) provides a policy framework for developing and describing ongoing and planned actions (changes in institutions, modified policies and measures, major projects/programs, planning processes, and financial investments) using international and country resources.', 'As per the Climate Change Science Program (PCCSP, 2011) by the end of this century projections suggest decreasing numbers of tropical cyclones but a possible shift towards more intense categories.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION Current and Near-term Adaptation Planning and Action The Climate Change Policy (2012-2017), which is linked to National Development Strategy (2016-2035) provides a policy framework for developing and describing ongoing and planned actions (changes in institutions, modified policies and measures, major projects/programs, planning processes, and financial investments) using international and country resources. The Government of Solomon Islands considers it vital and urgent to develop the capacity of the country to assess risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate variability and change and to reduce climate change risks and adapt to the predicted impacts of climate change (MECDM 2016).', 'The Government of Solomon Islands considers it vital and urgent to develop the capacity of the country to assess risks and vulnerabilities associated with climate variability and change and to reduce climate change risks and adapt to the predicted impacts of climate change (MECDM 2016). This includes short term disaster risk reduction measures for climate variability and episodic extreme events, and long-term adaptation to climate change including, inter-alia, enhancing ecosystem and social resilience, climate proofing infrastructure and relocating communities as a last resort. Adaptation Gaps, Barriers and Needs Institutional challenges relating to high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities in some sectors hampers national efforts on adaptation.', 'Adaptation Gaps, Barriers and Needs Institutional challenges relating to high staff turnover rates in senior executive positions, limited sector specific training, and a lack of clarity on internal roles and responsibilities in some sectors hampers national efforts on adaptation. Adaptation knowledge sharing, coordination and collaboration among ministries as well as with non- governmental organisations (NGOs), the private sector, faith-based organisations and development partners is less than adequate in the Solomon Islands. There needs to be a focus on development of knowledge, skill levels to address capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction throughout Solomon Islands society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations.', 'There needs to be a focus on development of knowledge, skill levels to address capacity gaps with regards to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction throughout Solomon Islands society, particularly in the outer islands and among marginalised populations. There is need to translate the climate science and predicted impacts into messages that support action by Solomon Islanders. “Kastom” barriers also hamper awareness and action as with very limited capacity at the community level to undertake local level vulnerability mapping, adaptation planning and the implementation of priority adaptation interventions (MECDM 2016). Financing Needs for Priority Adaptation Interventions Solomon Islands is committed to addressing the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) priority sectors and implement the range of projects and actions as urgent adaptation needs.', 'Financing Needs for Priority Adaptation Interventions Solomon Islands is committed to addressing the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) priority sectors and implement the range of projects and actions as urgent adaptation needs. In order of priority, the government will; a) Review and revise the NAPA and Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM) Strategic Plan and develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change over the short, medium and long term.', 'In order of priority, the government will; a) Review and revise the NAPA and Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology (MECDM) Strategic Plan and develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to address climate change over the short, medium and long term. The NAP shall address long term adaptation to climate change and short-term disaster risk reduction in relation to climate variability and contain an implementation plan.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY b) Develop a Resilient Development Framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction at national, provincial and community levels.', 'The NAP shall address long term adaptation to climate change and short-term disaster risk reduction in relation to climate variability and contain an implementation plan.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY b) Develop a Resilient Development Framework for climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction at national, provincial and community levels. c) Strengthen the capacity and partnerships of national and provincial government agencies, national institutions, NGOs, churches and all Solomon Island communities to integrate Kastom knowledge in vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) and disaster risk reduction (DRR) assessments for different sectors and geographic areas. d) Expand the national census portfolio and integrate questions to obtain data on extreme events, vulnerability and adaptation.', 'd) Expand the national census portfolio and integrate questions to obtain data on extreme events, vulnerability and adaptation. Collaborate with and utilise data from other relevant sources to address features of risk. e) Provide support to ministries, provincial governments and civil society organizations, including faith-based and private sector organisations, to review and revise their corporate plans, sector programs and strategies to include measures to assess vulnerability of sectors and identify and implement adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies and actions.', 'e) Provide support to ministries, provincial governments and civil society organizations, including faith-based and private sector organisations, to review and revise their corporate plans, sector programs and strategies to include measures to assess vulnerability of sectors and identify and implement adaptation and disaster risk reduction strategies and actions. f) Develop a coordinated and geo-referenced national information system covering livelihood assets – natural, human, financial, social and physical capital – that can be used to identify sensitivities to climate change, adaptive capacity, and key strategies covering vulnerable groups, natural resources and environmental management and disaster risk reduction and management. g) Build capacity, plan and implement ecosystem-based vulnerability assessments and adaptation programs and actions including, inter-alia, implementation of the protected areas legislation and regulations, low-impact logging strategies, marine ecosystem management.', 'g) Build capacity, plan and implement ecosystem-based vulnerability assessments and adaptation programs and actions including, inter-alia, implementation of the protected areas legislation and regulations, low-impact logging strategies, marine ecosystem management. h) Undertake risk reduction and vulnerability assessments of urban settlements in Honiara, other urban centres, and sites of national economic priority. Plan and implement adaptation actions. i) Undertake risk reduction and vulnerability assessments of rural communities and implement adaptation actions targeting prioritized vulnerable communities. j) Strengthen capacity to integrate climate change considerations into Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEA) and revise relevant environmental laws to integrate climate change. k) Undertake gender analysis and integrate gender considerations as part of vulnerability and disaster risk assessments as well as adaptation actions.', 'k) Undertake gender analysis and integrate gender considerations as part of vulnerability and disaster risk assessments as well as adaptation actions. Inclusive participation of women and youth should be actively encouraged at all levels in order to build the capacity of vulnerable groups.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION l) Develop a community/human relocation guidelines and assessment tools, build capacity and implement relocation of communities as an adaptation action where and when necessary. m) Strengthen capacity of Solomon Islands Meteorological Services and National Disaster Management Office to provide appropriate field instrumentation and early warning systems with special focus on regions in the country more vulnerable to extreme events.', 'm) Strengthen capacity of Solomon Islands Meteorological Services and National Disaster Management Office to provide appropriate field instrumentation and early warning systems with special focus on regions in the country more vulnerable to extreme events. n) Promote and implement community based programs and actions within a cooperative framework to strengthen social capital, skills and resilience as an adaptation strategy. o) Implementation of Solomon Islands National Ocean Policy. Addressing gaps in national, sector and community level adaptation and climate resilience programmes The government is committed to undertake integrated vulnerability assessment of the whole country to identify vulnerable areas and/or sectors for adaptation action building on the existing adaptation activities and help integrate climate change into national decision-making policies and budgeting.', 'Addressing gaps in national, sector and community level adaptation and climate resilience programmes The government is committed to undertake integrated vulnerability assessment of the whole country to identify vulnerable areas and/or sectors for adaptation action building on the existing adaptation activities and help integrate climate change into national decision-making policies and budgeting. Innovative Financing Approaches and Operations The Solomon Islands Government is seeking to build national capacity to enable direct access to international climate change financing including the Green Climate Fund so as to ensure that financing for climate resilience is country- owned and directed towards priority national needs and community-based adaptation plans and mitigation measures.', 'Innovative Financing Approaches and Operations The Solomon Islands Government is seeking to build national capacity to enable direct access to international climate change financing including the Green Climate Fund so as to ensure that financing for climate resilience is country- owned and directed towards priority national needs and community-based adaptation plans and mitigation measures. Solomon Islands will pursue and seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to strengthen the capacity of identified entities [to enable direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation interventions.', 'Solomon Islands will pursue and seek assistance under the “Readiness” program operated by the Green Climate Fund to strengthen the capacity of identified entities [to enable direct access, thereby reducing dependence upon intermediary agencies for the design and implementation of priority adaptation and mitigation interventions. The government will ensure that technical assistance and financial resources to support climate change adaptation programs and projects in the country is mobilized, managed and accounted for in an efficient, participatory, and transparent manner. To achieve this, the government shall:- a) Make provision in its national recurrent budget and provincial capacity development fund to implement corporate plans, programs and projects that address climate change.', 'To achieve this, the government shall:- a) Make provision in its national recurrent budget and provincial capacity development fund to implement corporate plans, programs and projects that address climate change. b) Strengthen coordination with donor partners to effectively mobilize financial resources to support implementation of the NDS, the climate change policy and other related national and provincial level programmes through the Ministry of National Planning and Development Coordination (MNPDC).MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY c) Strengthen coordination and consultation between government Ministries and Provincial governments to ensure that climate change funding via the government or NGOs support the implementation of this policy and includes provincial government, Honiara City Council and community representatives in the project cycle stages, and also ensuring that the requirements of the MNPDC are met.', 'b) Strengthen coordination with donor partners to effectively mobilize financial resources to support implementation of the NDS, the climate change policy and other related national and provincial level programmes through the Ministry of National Planning and Development Coordination (MNPDC).MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY c) Strengthen coordination and consultation between government Ministries and Provincial governments to ensure that climate change funding via the government or NGOs support the implementation of this policy and includes provincial government, Honiara City Council and community representatives in the project cycle stages, and also ensuring that the requirements of the MNPDC are met. d) Strengthen capacity within MECDM, with the support of MNPDC, to coordinate and monitor performance of climate change programmes and projects and their effectiveness in supporting the implementation and achievement of national and provincial adaptation, disaster risk reduction and mitigation strategies.', 'd) Strengthen capacity within MECDM, with the support of MNPDC, to coordinate and monitor performance of climate change programmes and projects and their effectiveness in supporting the implementation and achievement of national and provincial adaptation, disaster risk reduction and mitigation strategies. e) Provide training and build capacity on climate change funding and project cycle management to all stakeholders in line with government and donor requirements. f) Establish transparent process for financial and technical assistance resources allocation and utilization. The total cost of national adaptation plan (NAP) and NAPA will have changed considerably upward and therefore will require further evaluation and costing. Other priorities identified through the national communication process would cost additional US$109,400,000.', 'Other priorities identified through the national communication process would cost additional US$109,400,000. It is expected that a considerable portion of the necessary financing will be provided in the forms of grants from the Green Climate Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Special Climate Change Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund, Adaptation Fund, and from other multilateral and bi-lateral climate change programs. Long term adaptation planning Solomon Islands is seeking to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) consistent with the requirements of Paris Agreement. The government will conduct comprehensive medium-and long-term climate change adaptation planning that will build on its existing adaptation activities and help integrate climate change into national decision- making policies and budgeting.', 'The government will conduct comprehensive medium-and long-term climate change adaptation planning that will build on its existing adaptation activities and help integrate climate change into national decision- making policies and budgeting. As part of its long term planning the government is committed to developing a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system to assess the status and progress of its actions on greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, mitigation contributions and its adaptation goals.', 'As part of its long term planning the government is committed to developing a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system to assess the status and progress of its actions on greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks, mitigation contributions and its adaptation goals. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The effective implementation of the mitigation and adaptation measures in Solomon Islands’ Nationally Determined Contribution is conditional upon and will depend on the accessibility, availability and timely provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building support.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The effective implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures in Solomon Islands will also depend on the effective elimination or control of the transmission of the current COVID-19 pandemic which has already caused global disruption to governments and threaten the lives of millions of people around the globe.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The effective implementation of the mitigation and adaptation measures in Solomon Islands’ Nationally Determined Contribution is conditional upon and will depend on the accessibility, availability and timely provision of financial resources, technology and capacity building support.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The effective implementation of mitigation and adaptation measures in Solomon Islands will also depend on the effective elimination or control of the transmission of the current COVID-19 pandemic which has already caused global disruption to governments and threaten the lives of millions of people around the globe. The World Health Organisation estimates that between 2030 and 2050 climate change will cause 250,000 additional deaths per year from malnutrition, malaria, heat stress and other diseases such as COVID-19 which is likely to remain as a pandemic in the absence of a vaccine.', 'The World Health Organisation estimates that between 2030 and 2050 climate change will cause 250,000 additional deaths per year from malnutrition, malaria, heat stress and other diseases such as COVID-19 which is likely to remain as a pandemic in the absence of a vaccine. The need for more emergency services for COVID-19 coupled with a reduction in tax revenues can have major economic impacts on States. As a result, developed countries may have to delay and/or divert funding away from renewable energy and climate change adaptation in developing countries. EQUITY The Solomon Islands is a small contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions by any measurable indicator and yet it is at the frontline of the adverse impacts of climate change and sea level rise.', 'EQUITY The Solomon Islands is a small contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions by any measurable indicator and yet it is at the frontline of the adverse impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Solomon Islands has a right to develop its economy and improve the well-being of its population. Thus Solomon Islands contribution towards limiting the global temperature to below 1.5oC relative to pre-industrial levels provides a moral imperative as a global citizen. The government has embarked on a number of actions which will result in increasing the use of renewable energy technologies, improving energy security and reduction of GHG emissions. However, the main focus for long term sustainable development still remains the issue of addressing the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'However, the main focus for long term sustainable development still remains the issue of addressing the adverse impacts of climate change. The Solomon Islands is a small contributor to the greenhouse gas emissions by any measurable indicator and yet it is at the frontline of the adverse impacts of climate change and sea level rise.MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, CLIMATE CHANGE, DISASTER MANAGEMENT AND METEOROLOGY REFERENCES Central Bank of Solomon Islands, 2020. Central Bank of Solomon Islands 2019 Annual Report, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Global Green Growth Institute, 2020. NDC MRV System Development, Division of Climate Change, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2020. Solomon Islands Meteorological Services Report, Division of Meteorology, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2017. Solomon Islands Second National Communication, Division of Climate Change, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2016.', 'Solomon Islands Second National Communication, Division of Climate Change, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2016. Solomon Islands Fuel Consumption Survey, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2015. Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, Division of Climate Change, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2016. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2020, Division of Environment, Honiara, Solomon Islands. MECDM, 2008. National Adaptation Programmes of Action, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Ministry of Forest and Research, 2020, National Forest Policy, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Ministry of Forestry and Research, 2019. Solomon Islands National Forest Reference Level, REDD+ Implementation Unit, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Ministry of Forestry and Research, 2018. Forest Sustainability Committee, Report to Cabinet, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Pacific Science Programme, 2011. Climate of Solomon Islands. Bureau of Meteorology and Australian Agency for International Development, Canberra, Australia.', 'Bureau of Meteorology and Australian Agency for International Development, Canberra, Australia. Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change Strategic Assistance Programme (PACCSAP), 2015. Current and Future Climate of Solomon Islands, Bureau of Meteorology and Australian Agency for International Development, Canberra, Australia Solomon Power, 2020, Green Initiatives of Solomon Islands Electricity Authority, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Ministry of Mines, Energy & Rural Electrification (MERE), 2016. National Energy Policy, Honiara, Solomon Islands. World Bank, 2018. Country- Solomon Islands Report, Washington DC, USA. World Bank, 2017. Tina River Hydropower Development Project, Honiara, Solomon Islands.DISCLAIMER This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union.', 'Tina River Hydropower Development Project, Honiara, Solomon Islands.DISCLAIMER This publication was produced with the financial support of the European Union. Its contents are the sole responsibility of the Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management and Meteorology Honiara, Solomon Islands and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union.'] | en-US |
302 | SOM | Somalia | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Somalia%27s%20INDCs.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.968434 | 0.464621 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/99087f1ac55b14e182f0c0e4d5a36c434cbfa669f5a8086117cfa2398d7ee138.pdf | ['SOMALIA S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (INDCs) State Minister for Environment, Office of the Prime Minister and Line Ministries and Ministry of Planning Federal Government of SomaliaContents 1.1. Climate, Ecology and the Status of the Environment . 3 1.2. Disasters in Somalia . 4 1.3. Importance of Livestock, Crop, Fisheries and Wildlife . 6 1.4. Environmental Challenges Resulting from Charcoal Production and Export 7 1.5. Renewable Energy Potential Mitigation and Adaptation . 9 1.9. Stakeholders Engagement in the INDCs Process 11 1.10. Feasible Mitigation and Adaptation Policies and Actions for INDCs 11 2. Ready for Implementation and Planned INDCs Projects . 13 2.1. Project Profile 1: Sustainable Land Management to Build Resilient Rural Livelihoods and Enable National Food Security 13 2.2.', 'Project Profile 1: Sustainable Land Management to Build Resilient Rural Livelihoods and Enable National Food Security 13 2.2. Project Profile 2: Integrated Water Resources Management to Ensure Water Access and Supply to Vulnerable Populations and Sectors 17 2.3. Project Profile 3: Reducing Risks among Vulnerable Populations from Natural Disasters . 21 2.4. Project Profile 4: UN Joint Programme on Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods (PROSCAL) . 25 2.5. Project Profile 5: Rehabilitation of Fanoole Hydro-Electric Dam and Irrigation Infrastructure . 29 2.6. Project Profile 6: Project for Domestication of Indigenous and the Introduction of Economically Important Plant Species . 34 2.7. Project Profile 7: Project Proposal Charcoal Production from Prosopis and Replacement with Crop Production . 41 2.8. Project Profile 8: Up scaling the Use of Solar Energy . 43 2.9.', 'Project Profile 8: Up scaling the Use of Solar Energy . 43 2.9. Project Profile 9: Marine and Coastal Environmental Governance and Management of Somalia . 45Somalia has prepared its INDCs in line with UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the decision of the "Lima Call for Action" to formulate its policy, plans and mitigation and adaptation projects intended to achieve the objectives of the INDCs. Such policies and planed projects proposed are based on the status of environment of the country, existing and planned policies for sustainable sector based developments and Somalia s Compact and New Deal, which was adopted in 2013 by the Federal Government of Somalia (Federal Republic of Somalia, 2013). 1.1.', 'Such policies and planed projects proposed are based on the status of environment of the country, existing and planned policies for sustainable sector based developments and Somalia s Compact and New Deal, which was adopted in 2013 by the Federal Government of Somalia (Federal Republic of Somalia, 2013). 1.1. Climate, Ecology and the Status of the Environment Somalia is generally arid and semi-arid with two seasonal rainfall. The rainfall is influenced by the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the north-south movement, which results in two rainy seasons and two dry seasons a year. January to March are the longest dry “Jilaal” season, resulting from ITCZ coming from the dry Arabian Peninsula. This is followed by the “Gu” a major rainy season from April to June.', 'This is followed by the “Gu” a major rainy season from April to June. Then the dry “Jilaal” dry season from July to September, which is associated with cool sea breezes from the Indian Ocean that result in light coastal “Hagaaya” rains in July and August. There is also the “Deyr” light rainy season in October and November. Total annual average rainfall is 280 mm and the highest annual rainfall is about in about 500-600 mm in high rainfall years (UNEP, 2005) Somalia has limited forest of about 10.5 percent of the area of the country, because most of the tropical forest along the Shabelle and Jubba Rivers and the inter-riverine areas, have been cleared for agricultural use (World Bank, 2012).', 'Total annual average rainfall is 280 mm and the highest annual rainfall is about in about 500-600 mm in high rainfall years (UNEP, 2005) Somalia has limited forest of about 10.5 percent of the area of the country, because most of the tropical forest along the Shabelle and Jubba Rivers and the inter-riverine areas, have been cleared for agricultural use (World Bank, 2012). In addition, after the civil war, the production of charcoal for local cooking use and mostly for export to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirate (UAE) solely for tobacco smoking using “Shisha” had a negative deforestation impact. There is also some charcoal export to Yemen and India. Aerial survey reveals drastic clearing of forest throughout the southern Somalia (UNDP and World Bank, 2007).', 'Aerial survey reveals drastic clearing of forest throughout the southern Somalia (UNDP and World Bank, 2007). Therefore, the production and export of charcoal resulted in a colossal deforestation that resulted in desertification (Hamza, Buri M., 2012). The lack of alternative source of energy for domestic cooking and the inefficient process of making charcoal was already contributing to deforestation. However, the greatest damage resulted from the huge export of charcoal to the Gulf Countries. The Acacia species, were originally source of grazing for goats and camels, nitrogen fixation to enhance soil fertility, fencing of livestock in night enclosures and the traditional use of only dead trees for cooking. Such local use was sustainable, but logging of living trees for charcoal export resulted in extreme deforestation and is leading to desertification.', 'Such local use was sustainable, but logging of living trees for charcoal export resulted in extreme deforestation and is leading to desertification. In addition, the acacia trees do not grow fast enough to replace the felled trees. Therefore rangeland which consisted of forest trees of mostly Acacia species, shrubs and grassland are denuded andresults in soil erosion. These factors lead to the reduction of land use for agriculture and pastoral livestock production (UNDP and World Bank, 2007). Most charcoal is today produced in Southern Somalia and illegal exports (about 80 percent of production) constitute a large share of all exports from the South.', 'Most charcoal is today produced in Southern Somalia and illegal exports (about 80 percent of production) constitute a large share of all exports from the South. There has been a rapid expansion in the production of charcoal in recent years, with much of it being exported to meet demand of the above mentioned importing countries. The incentives for charcoal exports are clear: charcoal prices in Southern Somali regions are in the vicinity of US$3–4 per bag, while in the Gulf States the same bags sell for US$10 each (UNDP and World Bank, 2007). 1.2.', 'The incentives for charcoal exports are clear: charcoal prices in Southern Somali regions are in the vicinity of US$3–4 per bag, while in the Gulf States the same bags sell for US$10 each (UNDP and World Bank, 2007). 1.2. Disasters in Somalia and the Needed Policies and Actions Somalia is experiencing a number of recurring disasters as it is reported in a number of disasters data bases such as Emdat as indicated in Table 1 (Abdiweli Sulaiman Abdi, 2013): Table 1: Top natural Disasters Report Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type Disaster Date Affected PeoplePercentage of reported people affected by disaster type The data presented above is reasonably clear and shows the fact that there is an enormous challenge ahead as to what should be done to mitigate and adapt to those recurring disasters and why are we trapped in this cycle?', 'Disasters in Somalia and the Needed Policies and Actions Somalia is experiencing a number of recurring disasters as it is reported in a number of disasters data bases such as Emdat as indicated in Table 1 (Abdiweli Sulaiman Abdi, 2013): Table 1: Top natural Disasters Report Percentage of reported people killed by disaster type Disaster Date Affected PeoplePercentage of reported people affected by disaster type The data presented above is reasonably clear and shows the fact that there is an enormous challenge ahead as to what should be done to mitigate and adapt to those recurring disasters and why are we trapped in this cycle? It is also worth to remember that Somalia s long coastline, the longest coastline of Africa is about 3,333 km long and about 55 per cent of its population lives along this coastline.', 'It is also worth to remember that Somalia s long coastline, the longest coastline of Africa is about 3,333 km long and about 55 per cent of its population lives along this coastline. 0n 26 December 2004, Somalia was hit by the tsunami that killed more than 300 people and destroyed homes, boats and fishing equipment and about 18,000 households were estimated to be directly affected. The recent tropical cyclones as recent Chapola and Megh Cyclones (November, 2015) that threatened Somalia are amongst the most powerful and destructive meteorological systems on earth that Somalia should be aware of.', 'The recent tropical cyclones as recent Chapola and Megh Cyclones (November, 2015) that threatened Somalia are amongst the most powerful and destructive meteorological systems on earth that Somalia should be aware of. With the current global warming, Somalia is at risk and has all the six main requirements to suffer from this types of tropical cyclones again and again; and those requirements are: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough causes to sustain a low pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.The combination of the disasters Somalia is prone to and the disasters occurrence predictions from scientists clearly show that the worst is yet to come.', 'With the current global warming, Somalia is at risk and has all the six main requirements to suffer from this types of tropical cyclones again and again; and those requirements are: sufficiently warm sea surface temperatures, atmospheric instability, high humidity in the lower to middle levels of the troposphere, enough causes to sustain a low pressure center, a preexisting low level focus or disturbance, and low vertical wind shear.The combination of the disasters Somalia is prone to and the disasters occurrence predictions from scientists clearly show that the worst is yet to come. At this era, Somalia cannot afford to lose so many lives again.', 'At this era, Somalia cannot afford to lose so many lives again. Therefore an effective disaster management, a well warned and informed population and a coordinated joint government inter- ministerial plans are needed to achieve mitigation and adaption measures. 1.3. Importance of Livestock, Crop, Fisheries and Wildlife The mainstay of the Somali economy has traditionally been dominated by pastorals and crop production, followed by fisheries and forestry and these four sectors are supporting over 80% of the population. The Boswella criteria and sacra trees are highly-prized for producing frankincense, however, their natural regeneration is threatened by overgrazing. Somalia is also a large producer of myrrh and gum Arabic. The Cordeauxia edulis plant which produces yeeb nuts in the central regions is now thought to be endangered.', 'The Cordeauxia edulis plant which produces yeeb nuts in the central regions is now thought to be endangered. The level of agricultural production, including bananas, cotton, rice, mango trees, and citrus, is generally far below its peaks of the late 1980s. Notably, at least 151 plants in Somalia have known medicinal values. Livestock continues to dominate exports, followed by sesame, dry lemon, charcoal, fish, hides and skins. Prior to the civil war, livestock and livestock products accounted for 65% of the country’s exports, which was followed by banana with an export of 116,000 metric tons in 1989. Although, goats and sheep which constituted a population of about 35 million in 1988 have been slightly reduced to 30.5 million, still their export is substantial and mostly to Arabian countries.', 'Although, goats and sheep which constituted a population of about 35 million in 1988 have been slightly reduced to 30.5 million, still their export is substantial and mostly to Arabian countries. In addition, Somalia is number one in camel population in the world. There is also evidence of a decline in rangelands biodiversity (grass and herbs, trees and bush lands shrubs), affecting certain parts of the country, particularly those close to urban areas, and areas such as the Sool Plateau in the northern part of the country. An IUCN survey (2006) found Somali’s northern ranges to be most seriously degraded (as much as 50%) owing to steep topography, large numbers of livestock, and proximity to ports for livestock export.', 'An IUCN survey (2006) found Somali’s northern ranges to be most seriously degraded (as much as 50%) owing to steep topography, large numbers of livestock, and proximity to ports for livestock export. In addition, over much of the country, many areas around water boreholes and wells are degraded. Somalia has the longest coast in Africa, which is about 3,333 kilometers and is endowed with diverse and high fisheries and other marine resources. It is estimated to have the capacity of 200,000-300,000 tons of sustainable fish production per annum, however, prior to the civil war only about 15,000 tons were harvested per annum. At present, marine resources have been in great decline due to the current trend of unregulated, uncontrolled and illegal fishing.', 'At present, marine resources have been in great decline due to the current trend of unregulated, uncontrolled and illegal fishing. The consequences of these activities are illustrated by the fact that the once substantial and valuable lobster export trade is suffering, and artisan fishermen are finding it increasingly difficult to sustain an adequate livelihood from lobster harvestingbecause of the decline in stocks. Illegal inshore fishing by foreign commercial boats has also caused destruction to coral reefs. In addition, the world’s main oil transport tankers pass through the Gulf of Aden. With no surveillance mechanism in place, this movement of tankers results in the constant threat of oil spillage and toxic waste dumping off the Somali coastline.', 'With no surveillance mechanism in place, this movement of tankers results in the constant threat of oil spillage and toxic waste dumping off the Somali coastline. In terms of wildlife, only small remnant pockets of wildlife now exist, with many species approaching extinction. The elephant (Lexodonta Africana), black rhino (Deceros bicornis), lion (Panthera Leo), and Swayne’s hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) have been wiped out from most of the country, while the wild ass (Equus asinus somalicus) that once numbered in the thousands has been reduced to just a few dozen. 1.4.', 'The elephant (Lexodonta Africana), black rhino (Deceros bicornis), lion (Panthera Leo), and Swayne’s hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus swaynei) have been wiped out from most of the country, while the wild ass (Equus asinus somalicus) that once numbered in the thousands has been reduced to just a few dozen. 1.4. Environmental Challenges Resulting from Charcoal Production and Export The most rapid degradation has been of forest and range resources that provide the raw material production of charcoal in Somalia - extracted predominantly from slow growing dry deciduous bush land and thicket species of Acacia and Commiphora. Charcoal Ready for ExportDegraded rangelands due to tree felling to meet the increasing charcoal demand are a common sight across Somalia.', 'Charcoal Ready for ExportDegraded rangelands due to tree felling to meet the increasing charcoal demand are a common sight across Somalia. The north-east and north-west regions are impacted most due to steep topography and occurrence of frequent flash floods leading to the formation of deep gullies. Land degradation is most advanced around the main roads leading to the ports, water holes and wells, where the diminished carrying capacity of the rangeland no longer supports the feeding requirements of the animal populations. As such, the capacity of denuded rangelands to sustain the pastoral economy is already under irreversible loss threatening the medium to long-term sustainability of pastoral systems.', 'As such, the capacity of denuded rangelands to sustain the pastoral economy is already under irreversible loss threatening the medium to long-term sustainability of pastoral systems. A recent study by Food Agriculture Organisation (FAO) / Somalia Water and Land Management Information System (SWALIM) for Puntland estimates the annual rate of Acacia bussei decline at about 5% in Puntland, and this rate seem also to be applicable across Somalia. According to a WFP report, the charcoal output of north-east Somalia in 1996 was estimated to be in the order of 4.8 million sacks [each weighing 25-30 kg]. Producing such a volume, required cutting approximately 2.1 million Acacia bussei trees.', 'Producing such a volume, required cutting approximately 2.1 million Acacia bussei trees. At an average density of 60 trees per hectare, this translates into a deforestation rate of 35 000 hectares of land per year1. Extrapolating the above figures for production of the 10 million sacks of charcoal produced in the South Somalia during 2011 [only export], means felling 4.375 million trees or clearing 72 916 hectares of land. Considering the above mentioned extent of Acacia bussei tree felling in Somalia and no re-plantation, this species was placed on the Red List of threatened species in 20092 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).', 'Considering the above mentioned extent of Acacia bussei tree felling in Somalia and no re-plantation, this species was placed on the Red List of threatened species in 20092 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The increasing loss of the natural resource base throughout Somalia is a key contributing factor in determining the severity of Humanitarian Crises– as evidenced during the most recent drought event to hit the region in 2010, the impacts of which are still in effect today. The centuries old coping strategies employed during periods of drought in the arid/semi- arid climate of Somalia are increasingly becoming impractical as resource depletion removes the natural resource assets which are heavily relied upon during drought events.', 'The centuries old coping strategies employed during periods of drought in the arid/semi- arid climate of Somalia are increasingly becoming impractical as resource depletion removes the natural resource assets which are heavily relied upon during drought events. The evergreen drought-tolerant indigenous vegetation species, that provides feedstock to the pastoralists during drought years, has been lost to the demands for charcoal. The resilience and coping mechanisms of communities and their livestock are currently reduced to a level where even a low-intensity drought cycle forces them to face huge losses and depend on external assistance.', 'The resilience and coping mechanisms of communities and their livestock are currently reduced to a level where even a low-intensity drought cycle forces them to face huge losses and depend on external assistance. The shocks from such natural disasters are unprecedented and the 2010 drought provides the evidence of the severity and magnitude of such events when over 4 million Somalis (40% to 50% of total population) and millions of unaccounted for livestock population were impacted. With Somalia ranked at number 7 1Somalia Report, 2011.Charcoal Trade Stripping Somalia of Trees.', 'With Somalia ranked at number 7 1Somalia Report, 2011.Charcoal Trade Stripping Somalia of Trees. www.somaliareport.com.out of 233 countries and regions in global ranking3 to the impacts of the climate change - the losses due to such recurring shocks will only increase in the future unless determined efforts are made to enhance the coping capacities of the large vulnerable population. 1.5. Renewable Energy Potential Mitigation and Adaptation Somalia is rich in renewable energy resources, untapped hydropower, extensive geothermal energy resources, many promising wind sites, and abundant sunshine, which can produce solar power. The major obstacles to development of these potentially available energy resources are political, financial and institutional.', 'The major obstacles to development of these potentially available energy resources are political, financial and institutional. Traditional biomass fuels such as firewood and charcoal, primarily used in rural and poor communities, account for 82% of the country’s total energy consumption. Somalia, despite the prolonged civil conflict and least development status, has a great potential to achieve sustainable development and to contribute in the reduction of Green House Gases (GHG). There are already signs of recovery that could utilize renewable energy, including solar, wind, hydropower and geothermal energy resources. There are some development initiatives in solar energy utilization in the capital Mogadishu and some cities in Puntland and Somaliland. Wind energy was in use prior to the civil war, but the infrastructures, which were mainly in Mogadishu were destroyed.', 'Wind energy was in use prior to the civil war, but the infrastructures, which were mainly in Mogadishu were destroyed. The Fanoole Dam in Middle Jubba, which was constructed with assistance from China, from1977 to 1982 at a cost of about US $ 50 million, currently needs rehabilitation for irrigation and hydroelectricity generation. In addition, there was a plan to construct the Bardheere Dam upstream of the Fanoole Dam, which was interrupted by the civil conflict. In addition, there are considerable renewable energy potential throughout Somalia as indicated by a recent report of Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the African Development Bank (AfDB), (FGS, AfDB, 2015).', 'In addition, there are considerable renewable energy potential throughout Somalia as indicated by a recent report of Federal Government of Somalia (FGS) and the African Development Bank (AfDB), (FGS, AfDB, 2015). The solar energy potential ranges from 5 to 7 kWh/day with over 310 sunny days in a year, which amounts to 2500 to 3000 hours of sunshine per annum. 1.6. Solar Energy Average solar potential stands at 5-7 kWh/ m2/day. With over 3,000 hours of high and constant sunlight annually, Somalia is ideally placed to utilize solar energy. Solar resources have been utilized for off-grid generation in the country, as well as for water heating for municipal buildings.', 'Solar resources have been utilized for off-grid generation in the country, as well as for water heating for municipal buildings. Solar cooking has also seen some uptake in the country, and solar power is seen as the energy source of choice for the rehabilitation of many municipal buildings in the country, particularly health centers. 3 Center for Global Development; 2011-12 Rankings of the impacts of Climate Change.The Norwegian Nordic International Support Foundation (NIS) donated 700 solar powered lights to Mogadishu City. An estimated 3,300 solar powered lights were also donated to Mogadishu Council by the Turkish government and other donor agencies.', 'An estimated 3,300 solar powered lights were also donated to Mogadishu Council by the Turkish government and other donor agencies. The Benadir Electric Company (BECO), which is the dominant private agency that provide electricity for Mogadishu, is expected to mount soon solar equipment that will generate 5 Megawatts. Solar equipment for other 10 Megawatts (for two sites) are expected to arrive in Mogadishu in the near future. Numerous, new standby generators (diesel) that support power generation will also arrive with the solar equipment. In addition, in the town of Qardho, Puntland in North East Somalia, the water wells are powered by solar energy. In addition, a private company call "Be Safe" in Mogadishu, is advertising: the selling and installing solar power for homes, schools, health centers and businesses.', 'In addition, a private company call "Be Safe" in Mogadishu, is advertising: the selling and installing solar power for homes, schools, health centers and businesses. Existing power generation in Mogadishu by BECO is predominantly by diesel generators. Therefore the introduction of 15 MW of solar power would avoid the emission of greenhouse gasses by 75,000 tCO2. The European Union (EU) in collaboration with the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) launched the 3 year "Somali Energy Transformation (SET) Project, which is intended to provide 100,000 households in Somaliland, Puntland and South Central Somalia with sustainable and affordable solar energy service that would contribute, also, to a low carbon development (Warka and Mareeg.com-Hargeisa, 04/03/2015).', 'The European Union (EU) in collaboration with the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) launched the 3 year "Somali Energy Transformation (SET) Project, which is intended to provide 100,000 households in Somaliland, Puntland and South Central Somalia with sustainable and affordable solar energy service that would contribute, also, to a low carbon development (Warka and Mareeg.com-Hargeisa, 04/03/2015). The United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) with funding from the Government of Japan, installed solar powered water system in the village of Las Dacawo, in Somaliland.', 'The United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF) with funding from the Government of Japan, installed solar powered water system in the village of Las Dacawo, in Somaliland. The water system includes: 10 solar panels with generation capacity of 1,500 Watts, a storage tank with a capacity of 25,000 liters and 7 km pipeline providing water to a school, a health center and 5 sheltered taps water kiosks (UNICEF, Somalia, Water and Sanitation The Fanoole Dam in Middle Jubba, was constructed with assistance from China, from1977 to 1982 at a cost of about US $ 50 million. The dam had the potential to irrigate 13,000 ha and generate 4,600 KW of electricity.', 'The dam had the potential to irrigate 13,000 ha and generate 4,600 KW of electricity. Although the dam had the capacity to irrigate about 13,000, however, only 1,800 ha were developed prior to the civil conflict. In addition, the 1998 El Nino rains changed the path of the river flow, but the dam still stands and needs extensive rehabilitation and directing the river to go through it. In addition, there was a plan to construct the Bardheere Dam, upstream with a generating capacity of 493 MW, but the onset of the civil war interrupted the project funding and implementation.Wind speeds vary from 3-11.4 m/s. Four 50 kW turbines were installed in Mogadishu in 1988.', 'Four 50 kW turbines were installed in Mogadishu in 1988. Wind energy has also been utilized for water pumping, with installations made by the UN Trusteeship Administration of Somalia from as early as the 1940s. However, these facilities no long exist due time and the civil war. The country has large areas of shallow sea along its coastline, particularly suitable for off-shore wind power, with the added benefit that this resource is close to a number of major urban centers, including Mogadishu and Berbera. Studies estimate that approximately 50% of the land area of the country has suitable wind speeds for power generation and 95% could benefit, and profit, from replacing diesel-powered water pumps with wind systems. 1.9.', 'Studies estimate that approximately 50% of the land area of the country has suitable wind speeds for power generation and 95% could benefit, and profit, from replacing diesel-powered water pumps with wind systems. 1.9. Stakeholders Engagement in the INDCs Process The participation of key stakeholders in the formulation and implementation of INDCs is beneficial in terms of awareness, strengthening, validating and creating acceptance of the policy makers, civil society, academic institutions, private sector and development partners. Therefore, in order to achieve high level commitment from all stakeholders, there is a need for a well planned stakeholders dialogues based on: (i) information sharing and awareness raising for advocacy; (ii) arranging consultation meetings with key stakeholders; and (iii) setting long term planning for the implementation of INDCs process. 1.10.', 'Therefore, in order to achieve high level commitment from all stakeholders, there is a need for a well planned stakeholders dialogues based on: (i) information sharing and awareness raising for advocacy; (ii) arranging consultation meetings with key stakeholders; and (iii) setting long term planning for the implementation of INDCs process. 1.10. Feasible Mitigation and Adaptation Policies and Actions for INDCs The potential remedial actions to overcome the deforestation and rangeland degradation are: (1) sustainable land management and food security through enhanced productivity; (2) integrated water management; (3) reducing risk among of vulnerable populations from natural disasters; (4) the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar, hydroelectric and wind.', 'Feasible Mitigation and Adaptation Policies and Actions for INDCs The potential remedial actions to overcome the deforestation and rangeland degradation are: (1) sustainable land management and food security through enhanced productivity; (2) integrated water management; (3) reducing risk among of vulnerable populations from natural disasters; (4) the utilization of renewable energy resources such as solar, hydroelectric and wind. These sources were used in the past or are in use in Somalia and their potentials are well known; (5) the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 2036 (2012) that calls for international cooperation to ban illegal export of charcoal from Somalia and the various laws passed by the Somalia s authorities both federal and some states; (6) the introduction and advocating the use of more efficient kilns for charcoal making and efficient stoves for local use, in order to reduce trees filling for local use; (7) reforestation using regional nurseries and forest plantation using indigenous and introduced suitable tree species.', 'These sources were used in the past or are in use in Somalia and their potentials are well known; (5) the implementation of the UN Security Council Resolution 2036 (2012) that calls for international cooperation to ban illegal export of charcoal from Somalia and the various laws passed by the Somalia s authorities both federal and some states; (6) the introduction and advocating the use of more efficient kilns for charcoal making and efficient stoves for local use, in order to reduce trees filling for local use; (7) reforestation using regional nurseries and forest plantation using indigenous and introduced suitable tree species. Such initiatives could reverse the deforestation and land degradation.Some of these remedial actions are indicated in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (2013) formulated by UNDP and UNFCCC with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Somalia: Energy Sector Needs Assessment and Action/Investment Programme (2015) formulated by the Federal Government of Somalia and the African Development Bank (AfDB).2.', 'Such initiatives could reverse the deforestation and land degradation.Some of these remedial actions are indicated in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (2013) formulated by UNDP and UNFCCC with funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Somalia: Energy Sector Needs Assessment and Action/Investment Programme (2015) formulated by the Federal Government of Somalia and the African Development Bank (AfDB).2. Ready for Implementation and Planned Adaptation and Mitigation INDCs Projects 2.1. Project Profile 1: Adoption of Sustainable Land Management to Build Resilient Rural Livelihoods and Enable National Food Security RATIONALE Around 65% of the Somali population are rural and engaged in pastoral, agro-pastoral, subsistence agriculture, and charcoal production, as livelihood options.', 'Project Profile 1: Adoption of Sustainable Land Management to Build Resilient Rural Livelihoods and Enable National Food Security RATIONALE Around 65% of the Somali population are rural and engaged in pastoral, agro-pastoral, subsistence agriculture, and charcoal production, as livelihood options. All of these livelihoods are heavily reliant on - and severely deplete in the case of charcoal - the natural resource base and provision of ecosystem services.', 'All of these livelihoods are heavily reliant on - and severely deplete in the case of charcoal - the natural resource base and provision of ecosystem services. The sustainability of ecosystems to support pastoralist and agricultural livelihoods, are under threat from a combination of loss of vegetation and grazing land, deforestation due to charcoal production, loss of soil fertility, poor cultivation practices of productive land, insufficient dry season water supply, lack of alternative livelihoods, lack of alternative energy sources others than charcoal, physical access constraints, conflict over natural resources4, land tenure disputes, underinvestment in supporting activities such as rotational grazing and livestock production systems, and a lack of agricultural extension services.', 'The sustainability of ecosystems to support pastoralist and agricultural livelihoods, are under threat from a combination of loss of vegetation and grazing land, deforestation due to charcoal production, loss of soil fertility, poor cultivation practices of productive land, insufficient dry season water supply, lack of alternative livelihoods, lack of alternative energy sources others than charcoal, physical access constraints, conflict over natural resources4, land tenure disputes, underinvestment in supporting activities such as rotational grazing and livestock production systems, and a lack of agricultural extension services. The NAPA consultations underlined the vulnerability of Somalia’s traditional rural livelihoods systems to increasing climatic variability, particularly pastoralist activities across all of the country and agriculture activities in the south of the country.', 'The NAPA consultations underlined the vulnerability of Somalia’s traditional rural livelihoods systems to increasing climatic variability, particularly pastoralist activities across all of the country and agriculture activities in the south of the country. Concerns were raised over increases in the occurrence and severity of natural disasters, including extended drought events and flash flooding. Too little water is captured and stored during the wet season for use in the dry season. With existing pastoralist and farming systems and methods already under threat from poor land management, it was universally felt that existing climatic variability combined with longer term impacts of climate change would inevitably undermine the entire sector and result in increased rural to urban migration, increased conflict over natural resources and the continued loss of lives and livelihoods.', 'With existing pastoralist and farming systems and methods already under threat from poor land management, it was universally felt that existing climatic variability combined with longer term impacts of climate change would inevitably undermine the entire sector and result in increased rural to urban migration, increased conflict over natural resources and the continued loss of lives and livelihoods. For these reasons the need for comprehensive measures to reduce vulnerabilities of pastoralists to climatic variability while simultaneously increasing investment into sustainable agriculture and farming practices - both clearly linked by the provision of a strong natural resource base and ecosystem 4 UNDSS recorded 61 known conflicts to have occurred over natural resources in Somalia during 2012services with a sustainable land management approach- was ranked 1 in the list of NAPA priorities.', 'For these reasons the need for comprehensive measures to reduce vulnerabilities of pastoralists to climatic variability while simultaneously increasing investment into sustainable agriculture and farming practices - both clearly linked by the provision of a strong natural resource base and ecosystem 4 UNDSS recorded 61 known conflicts to have occurred over natural resources in Somalia during 2012services with a sustainable land management approach- was ranked 1 in the list of NAPA priorities. DESCRIPTION Component Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Policy and Planning Engage climate vulnerable pastoralists and farmers and other key stakeholders (i.e. clan elders) in the formulation of local and district development plans focused on tenure, governance and land use management. Introduce integrated land use management (rangeland, reforestation, agro-forestry and watershed management) planning principles to district and community stakeholders.', 'Introduce integrated land use management (rangeland, reforestation, agro-forestry and watershed management) planning principles to district and community stakeholders. Strengthen national and sub national capacity to engage with community and integrate climate risk analysis into community level development planning processes. Climate risks integrated into national sectoral strategies and district planning for rural development, food security and livestock and agricultural management Physical Investment and Demonstratio n Rehabilitation and reinstatement of degraded ecosystems, in particular rangeland areas, forests and areas with a high potential for cultivation, to provide sustainable grazing, forestry products, and agriculturally productive zones. Demonstrate, through localized interventions, sustainable land management measures (reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, reduce crop losses, reduce burning, enhanced forest, shrub and grazing vegetation) to increase resilience to climate risks.', 'Demonstrate, through localized interventions, sustainable land management measures (reduce erosion, increase soil fertility, reduce crop losses, reduce burning, enhanced forest, shrub and grazing vegetation) to increase resilience to climate risks. Rural stakeholders able to develop and apply adaptive practices to enhance food and livelihood security and promote economic diversification in rural livelihoods. Demonstrate models to diversify rural household income, including agro-forestry based livelihoods models, rangeland and wildlife protection schemes, and investment into production of sustainable household energy appliances such as fuel efficient stoves. Awareness and Information Sharing Community based (with a focus on pastoralists and farmers) education and awareness measures on climate risks, land management and food production. Provision of seasonal early warning system (easily accessible and understandable) and forecasting for pastoral livelihood security and farmers food security. Effective climate risk information supplied, understood and adopted by end users at the appropriate scale to protect rural livelihoods form the impacts of climate change.', 'Effective climate risk information supplied, understood and adopted by end users at the appropriate scale to protect rural livelihoods form the impacts of climate change. DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT The programmatic focus of this project profile supports the Federal Government of Somalia’s Six Pillar Policy: in particular, Pillar 2 – Economic Recovery for Livelihoods; Pillar 3 – Peace building and Social Reconciliation; and Pillar 4 – Service Delivery for Environment. It also supports the existing EC funded programme in the Puntland region aimed at strengthening livelihoods through improvements in rangelands and natural resources. It also supports all thirteen components of the Somalialnd 5 year development plan related to livelihoods, rangelands, the environment and management of natural resources.', 'It also supports all thirteen components of the Somalialnd 5 year development plan related to livelihoods, rangelands, the environment and management of natural resources. The primary target of this programme is pastoralists and farming communities with limited access to assets and resources, including an emphasis on women and youth among these communities.IMPLEMENTATION Project Duration: 4 years Lead Agency: Somalia Federal Government (SFG) Ministry of State for Environment, in the Office of the Prime Minister. Other Potential Key Stakeholders: SFG Department of Agriculture and Livestock; State Ministry of Environment; SFG Department of Water, Minerals and Energy; Ministry of Planning Puntland; Ministry of Environment Puntland; Ministry of Planning Somalnd; Ministry of Environment Somaliland; State Authorities; UN agencies, INGOs, Development Banks; NGOs; Academic and Research Institutions.', 'Other Potential Key Stakeholders: SFG Department of Agriculture and Livestock; State Ministry of Environment; SFG Department of Water, Minerals and Energy; Ministry of Planning Puntland; Ministry of Environment Puntland; Ministry of Planning Somalnd; Ministry of Environment Somaliland; State Authorities; UN agencies, INGOs, Development Banks; NGOs; Academic and Research Institutions. FINANCIAL RESOURCES Indicative Budget: 6.45 USD million Component Cost (USD) Policy and Planning 0.75 million Physical investment and demonstration 3.75 million Awareness and information sharing 0.75 million Project management 1.20 million Total 6.45 million2.2. Project Profile 2: Adaptation Using Integrated Water Resources Management to Ensure Water Access and Supply to Vulnerable Populations and Sectors RATIONALE As set out in section 2 of the Somalia NAPA document, climate change could result in a slight increase in the amount of rain received each year.', 'Project Profile 2: Adaptation Using Integrated Water Resources Management to Ensure Water Access and Supply to Vulnerable Populations and Sectors RATIONALE As set out in section 2 of the Somalia NAPA document, climate change could result in a slight increase in the amount of rain received each year. However, the variability of rainfall patterns is also set to increase from an existing very high variable range. Because of this high variability in rainfall patterns, it is not clear how seasonal rainfall (both wet and dry seasons alike) will change. El Nino events, which results in delayed onset of rainfall and less rainfall at certain times of the year, may also become more frequent and severe in effect.', 'El Nino events, which results in delayed onset of rainfall and less rainfall at certain times of the year, may also become more frequent and severe in effect. This may have far reaching implications on the incidents of drought, floods and water quality within the context of a sector, which in Somalia, remains largely under-developed. Progressive climate change is also likely to affect the yield of ground water and shallow water reservoirs, from year to year. In coastal areas sea level rise is likely to increasingly affect groundwater through coastal erosion, surface inundation and seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers.', 'In coastal areas sea level rise is likely to increasingly affect groundwater through coastal erosion, surface inundation and seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers. In relation to water resources management and protection, the NAPA consultations revealed a number of specific concerns, notably the inability to capture and contain rainfall - particularly intense rainfall events that lead to flash flooding creating damage to land, gullying, soil erosion and loss of soil fertility, existing water supply schemes and damage to infrastructure. This trend is combined with frequent and persistent water scarcity events across the whole of the country resulting from delays in rainfall onset and an extension in the dry season, sometimes lasting for many months.', 'This trend is combined with frequent and persistent water scarcity events across the whole of the country resulting from delays in rainfall onset and an extension in the dry season, sometimes lasting for many months. Consequently, the need for the protection of water resources through integrated and strategic approaches was ranked second in the list of NAPA priorities. Priority adaptation measures that emerged from the consultation included the need for protection of critical water resources through the construction of medium to large-scale water storage infrastructure (e.g. reservoirs) including diversions for irrigation, livestock watering points and boreholes. Also community level infrastructure including berkeds, shallow wells, and ponds were prioritized.', 'Also community level infrastructure including berkeds, shallow wells, and ponds were prioritized. Water resources protection, harvesting and storage is needed during extreme events to reduce vulnerability during dry season water shortages.DESCRIPTION Component Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Policy and Planning National, regional and community level water resources management policies and plans. Climate risk and vulnerability assessments with a specific focus on drought prone areas and conflict sensitive areas.', 'Climate risk and vulnerability assessments with a specific focus on drought prone areas and conflict sensitive areas. Groundwater and surface water resource data collection and monitoring Integrated Water Resource Management policy based on climate risk information and approaches Institutional Development Establishment of a government- led participatory mechanism for water sector coordination based on IWRM principles, with a specific focus on supporting the livestock and agricultural sectors and provision of reliable clean drinking water at the community level Capacity development in climate induced impacts on water resources for policy makers and planners at national and district level Institutions strengthened for cross sectoral formulation and implementation of climate resilient integrated water resources management, plans, policies and strategies Physical Investment and Demonstration Construction of large scale water capture and storage facilities and equitable distribution and access systems.', 'Groundwater and surface water resource data collection and monitoring Integrated Water Resource Management policy based on climate risk information and approaches Institutional Development Establishment of a government- led participatory mechanism for water sector coordination based on IWRM principles, with a specific focus on supporting the livestock and agricultural sectors and provision of reliable clean drinking water at the community level Capacity development in climate induced impacts on water resources for policy makers and planners at national and district level Institutions strengthened for cross sectoral formulation and implementation of climate resilient integrated water resources management, plans, policies and strategies Physical Investment and Demonstration Construction of large scale water capture and storage facilities and equitable distribution and access systems. Construction and rehabilitation of community level infrastructure including berkeds, shallow wells, ponds and other appropriate Improved access to safe water and sanitation under the conditions of changing climate by adoption of new technologies and participatory water management atComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes technologies, ensuring that a mechanism for maintenance of the schemes is in place Construction of embankments/gabions and check- dams to protect flood-prone areas Physical protection of critical water resources (rivers, springs, wells, groundwater) to provide safe water supply during climate change extreme events.', 'Construction and rehabilitation of community level infrastructure including berkeds, shallow wells, ponds and other appropriate Improved access to safe water and sanitation under the conditions of changing climate by adoption of new technologies and participatory water management atComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes technologies, ensuring that a mechanism for maintenance of the schemes is in place Construction of embankments/gabions and check- dams to protect flood-prone areas Physical protection of critical water resources (rivers, springs, wells, groundwater) to provide safe water supply during climate change extreme events. household and community level. DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT Water is a scarce and critical resource that is under-developed in Somalia. At the community level water is primarily supplied through shallow dug wells or through boreholes. Among the nomadic pastoralist communities, ensuring access to watering points is a matter of survival.', 'Among the nomadic pastoralist communities, ensuring access to watering points is a matter of survival. During the dry season water sources sometimes reduce significantly in flow and can lead to communities needing to travel far to reach alternative sources. Watering points have an inherent potential to act as conflict triggers between nomadic peoples, particularly during times of drought. The south of Somalia hosts the country’s only two permanent rivers, the Juba and Shabelle, which supply water for irrigation of the country’s most promising cultivatable land, and to urban centers including the capital Mogadishu. During intense rainfall events water is quickly lost to through gullying, while also removing valuable topsoil in the process. Groundwater resources (aquifers) are believed to exist though deep water aquifers are not currently accessed.', 'Groundwater resources (aquifers) are believed to exist though deep water aquifers are not currently accessed. Shallow water aquifers and wells are accessed ad-hoc with little understanding of downstream hydrological impacts. Often during periods of drought water is transported to areas of need. There is currently no coordinated oversight and understanding of Somalia’s water resources, access and supply. This proposed project profile intends to initiate a comprehensive approach to managing water resources in Somalia, through developing and implementing an integrated water resources management approach using participatory and community based decision making.IMPLEMENTATION Project Duration: 5 years Lead Agency: Somalia Federal Government (SFG) State Ministry of Environment.', 'This proposed project profile intends to initiate a comprehensive approach to managing water resources in Somalia, through developing and implementing an integrated water resources management approach using participatory and community based decision making.IMPLEMENTATION Project Duration: 5 years Lead Agency: Somalia Federal Government (SFG) State Ministry of Environment. Other Potential Key Stakeholders: SFG Department of Water, Minerals and Energy; SFG Department of Agriculture and Livestock; SFG Department of Environment and Wildlife; Ministry of Planning Puntland; Ministry of Environment Puntland; Ministry of Planning Somaliland; Ministry of Environment Somaliland; State Authorities; UN agencies, INGOs, Development Banks; NGOs; Academic and Research Institutions. FINANCIAL RESOURCES Indicative Budget: 8.1 USD million Component Cost (USD) Policy and Planning 0.75 million Institutional Development 0.50 million Physical investment and demonstration 5.50 million Project management 1.35 million Total 8.10 million2.3.', 'FINANCIAL RESOURCES Indicative Budget: 8.1 USD million Component Cost (USD) Policy and Planning 0.75 million Institutional Development 0.50 million Physical investment and demonstration 5.50 million Project management 1.35 million Total 8.10 million2.3. Project Profile 3: Adaptation by Reducing Risks among Vulnerable Populations from Natural Disasters RATIONALE The NAPA process has highlighted significant concerns that natural disasters (in particular severe drought events and flash flooding) already constitute a development risk that are becoming more frequent, widespread and intense across the country, with the potential to cause significant further loss of livelihoods and lives. Some 14 major drought events have been recorded in the last 50 years adversely affecting over 6 million people.', 'Some 14 major drought events have been recorded in the last 50 years adversely affecting over 6 million people. Specific issues raised during consultations include the potential for increases in injury and death as a result of drought, increase in incidence of conflict over diminishing natural resources such as water and grazing land, significant migration and displacement of people, and loss of primary assets such as livestock. To address the risks faced by vulnerable populations during natural disasters, a climate risk management approach needs to be put in place that focuses not just on recovery and response measures, but also at prevention measures though improved management of natural resources such as water, forests, grazing pasture and land.', 'To address the risks faced by vulnerable populations during natural disasters, a climate risk management approach needs to be put in place that focuses not just on recovery and response measures, but also at prevention measures though improved management of natural resources such as water, forests, grazing pasture and land. Specific measures are required to development and implement an early warning system and put in place a combination of planning engineering and design measures to reduce risk. This broader ‘preventative’ as well as responsive DRR approach will require strengthening national disaster management authority so that is also able to coordinate and direct cross-sectortal ministries and institutions to deliver joint planning activities.', 'This broader ‘preventative’ as well as responsive DRR approach will require strengthening national disaster management authority so that is also able to coordinate and direct cross-sectortal ministries and institutions to deliver joint planning activities. This approach both reinforces and adds value to the project outputs of NAPA project profiles 1 and 2 for Somalia.', 'This approach both reinforces and adds value to the project outputs of NAPA project profiles 1 and 2 for Somalia. DESCRIPTION Component Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Policy and Planning Strengthen the National and Regional Disaster Risk Management Authorities with a preventive as well as responsive remit Integrate the National Disaster Risk Management Policy Improved disaster prevention through expanded DRM within key sector policies, plans and budgets that incorporate climate risks and provideComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes principles into key GFS sectoral policies with a specific focus on climate risks Awareness raising for senior officials and policy makers in key sectors for linkages between disaster risk management and climate related risks Develop government strategies in responding to drought and flash flood events incentives for lower risk development Climate Risk Planning and Management Data collection and analysis on incidence of key climate related disaster events (droughts, floods, dusts storms, strong winds).', 'DESCRIPTION Component Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Policy and Planning Strengthen the National and Regional Disaster Risk Management Authorities with a preventive as well as responsive remit Integrate the National Disaster Risk Management Policy Improved disaster prevention through expanded DRM within key sector policies, plans and budgets that incorporate climate risks and provideComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes principles into key GFS sectoral policies with a specific focus on climate risks Awareness raising for senior officials and policy makers in key sectors for linkages between disaster risk management and climate related risks Develop government strategies in responding to drought and flash flood events incentives for lower risk development Climate Risk Planning and Management Data collection and analysis on incidence of key climate related disaster events (droughts, floods, dusts storms, strong winds). Institutional establishment of national early warning system with a focus on climate related risks in areas of high vulnerability.', 'Institutional establishment of national early warning system with a focus on climate related risks in areas of high vulnerability. Community level mapping of high vulnerability areas to risks of drought and flooding, dusts storms and strong winds, and integration into local disaster risk management plans and responses. Early warning systems for droughts (and floods) strengthened by incorporating and communicating climate risk information. Investment and Demonstration Identification, field demonstration and appraisal of targeted climate risk reduction measures including, inter alia: improved land and water management practices; livelihoods protection; improved settlement construction and physical infrastructure. National, district and community planners aware of and putting into practice improved and cost effective climate related disaster prevention measures throughComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Training programme for national, district, and community level professionals to support strengthened planning competencies for climate risk reduction. local level demonstration.', 'National, district and community planners aware of and putting into practice improved and cost effective climate related disaster prevention measures throughComponent Short-term Outputs Potential Long-term Outcomes Training programme for national, district, and community level professionals to support strengthened planning competencies for climate risk reduction. local level demonstration. Institutional Development Promote National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)- led coordination and information sharing and disaster risk management and climate risk reduction with key ministries and at a district level, including early warning response. Build capacity at regional and district level to enable building of community level awareness, disaster preparedness and response capacity. Establish relations with regional (east Africa) institutions to promote information exchange and joint action at national and district levels in Somalia. National and district institutions are able to provide a coordinated response in disaster risk reduction through the integration of climate risk information.', 'National and district institutions are able to provide a coordinated response in disaster risk reduction through the integration of climate risk information. DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT The frequency of occurrence and the severity of impacts from natural disasters, such as drought, is apparent across all Somalia and its significance is acknowledged throughout government. The programmatic focus of this project profile supports the Federal Government of Somalia’s Six Pillar Policy: in particular, Pillar 2 – Economic Recovery for Livelihoods; Pillar 3 – Peace building and Social Reconciliation; and Pillar 4 – Service Delivery for Environment. However the government currently has neither the institution itself - in the form of a national disaster risks management authority - or the human resource or intuitional capacity to address reducing risks to populations.', 'However the government currently has neither the institution itself - in the form of a national disaster risks management authority - or the human resource or intuitional capacity to address reducing risks to populations. Developing and implementing an early warning system will be a core component of this project.IMPLEMENTATION Project Duration: 4 years Lead Agency: Somalia Federal Government (SFG) Ministry of State for Environment, at the Office of the Prime Minister. Other Potential Key Stakeholders: SFG Department of Water, Minerals and Energy; SFG Department of Agriculture and Livestock; SFG Department of Environment and Wildlife; Ministry of Planning Puntland; Ministry of Environment Puntland; Ministry of Planning Somaliland; Ministry of Environment Somaliland; State Authorities; UN agencies, INGOs, Development Banks; NGOs; Academic and Research Institutions.', 'Other Potential Key Stakeholders: SFG Department of Water, Minerals and Energy; SFG Department of Agriculture and Livestock; SFG Department of Environment and Wildlife; Ministry of Planning Puntland; Ministry of Environment Puntland; Ministry of Planning Somaliland; Ministry of Environment Somaliland; State Authorities; UN agencies, INGOs, Development Banks; NGOs; Academic and Research Institutions. FINANCIAL RESOURCES Indicative Budget: 4.1 USD million Component Cost (USD) Policy and Planning 0.75 million Climate Risk Planning 0.50 million Investment and demonstration 1.50 million Institutional Development 0.75 million Project management 0.60 million Total 4.10 million2.4. Project Profile 4: UN Joint Programme on Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods (PROSCAL) to Mitigate Against Deforestation.', 'Project Profile 4: UN Joint Programme on Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods (PROSCAL) to Mitigate Against Deforestation. Programme timeframe: July 2015-June 2017 Project budget: US$ 23,671,610 PSG alignment PSG 4 Economic Foundations Priority 3 Promote the Sustainable Development and Management of Natural Resources by developing legal and regulatory frameworks and building capacity in key National Resources Management (NRM) Institutions. Sector context The breakdown of state institutions, protracted conflict, weakening of traditional systems of decision-making on access to resources, absence of alternative sources of energy and limited livelihoods options have led to unsustainable production and trade of charcoal, fuelled by constant demand for charcoal on the international market.', 'Sector context The breakdown of state institutions, protracted conflict, weakening of traditional systems of decision-making on access to resources, absence of alternative sources of energy and limited livelihoods options have led to unsustainable production and trade of charcoal, fuelled by constant demand for charcoal on the international market. The UN Security Council resolution (2036)2012 seeks international support to ban charcoal export from Somalia since charcoal exports fuel the war economy, generating revenue in excess of USD 15 million per annum for the benefit of militia groups and brokers/intermediaries who act as gatekeepers for exports.', 'The UN Security Council resolution (2036)2012 seeks international support to ban charcoal export from Somalia since charcoal exports fuel the war economy, generating revenue in excess of USD 15 million per annum for the benefit of militia groups and brokers/intermediaries who act as gatekeepers for exports. To address the challenges surrounding charcoal, the Federal Government of Somalia requested UN in 2013 to extend support for the implementation of comprehensive set of activities to curb illegal trade of charcoal, promote alternative sources of energy to reduce local consumption and provide alternative livelihoods to the charcoal value chain beneficiaries (CVCBs). The need for implementation of these interventions has been reiterated at the highest levels of the Federal and Regional Governments.', 'The need for implementation of these interventions has been reiterated at the highest levels of the Federal and Regional Governments. Working Group of PSG 4 flagged unsustainable charcoal production as the root cause of environmental degradation with negative consequences for the largely natural resources based economy of Somalia. The Working Group unanimously recommended the Joint Programme on Charcoal as priority flagship initiative under PSG4.Objectives The specific objectives of the Joint Programme are: 1) Support government in Somalia as well as countries in the region to produce pertinent legal instruments and strengthen enforcement mechanisms at national, regional and local levels; 2) Promote alternative sources of energy to reduce local charcoal consumption; 3) provide alternative livelihood options to households and communities dependent on charcoal production and trade; and, 4) reforestation and afforestation for the rehabilitation of degraded lands.', 'The Working Group unanimously recommended the Joint Programme on Charcoal as priority flagship initiative under PSG4.Objectives The specific objectives of the Joint Programme are: 1) Support government in Somalia as well as countries in the region to produce pertinent legal instruments and strengthen enforcement mechanisms at national, regional and local levels; 2) Promote alternative sources of energy to reduce local charcoal consumption; 3) provide alternative livelihood options to households and communities dependent on charcoal production and trade; and, 4) reforestation and afforestation for the rehabilitation of degraded lands. Beneficiaries Somali population dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and economic development Government counterparts Federal Government: Office of the Prime Minister – State Minister for Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Livestock, Rangeland and Forest; Ministry of Energy and Water; Relevant Institutions in the Member States Implementing partners Government; UN Agencies (UNEP, UNDP, FAO), NGOs and local communities Geographic coverage National Programme description The Joint Programme structure rests on three main components with mutually supporting and organically allied interventions.', 'Beneficiaries Somali population dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods and economic development Government counterparts Federal Government: Office of the Prime Minister – State Minister for Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Livestock, Rangeland and Forest; Ministry of Energy and Water; Relevant Institutions in the Member States Implementing partners Government; UN Agencies (UNEP, UNDP, FAO), NGOs and local communities Geographic coverage National Programme description The Joint Programme structure rests on three main components with mutually supporting and organically allied interventions. All the interventions address either the demand or supply side of the charcoal value chain.', 'All the interventions address either the demand or supply side of the charcoal value chain. The main activities under each component are: Component 1 - Capacity Building and Regional Cooperation \uf0fc Formulation and adoption of Regional Charcoal Policy Framework, Legally Binding Instrument and Rules of Business for Reducing Charcoal Production \uf0fc Establishment of Monitoring Systems of Charcoal Production, Reporting and Movement in Somalia \uf0fc Support to the development of enabling policies on Energy, Forestry and Natural Resources Management \uf0fc Establishment of Charcoal Trade Regulatory Committee at the Regional Level \uf0fc Capacity building of government institutions, communities and local governments\uf0fc Mass awareness on the impacts of charcoal on environment, livelihoods and national economy Component 2 - Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources \uf0fc Accelerated diffusion of energy efficient cook-stoves for reduction in charcoal consumption \uf0fc Sustainable and efficient production of charcoal (green charcoal) for local consumption \uf0fc Energy Plantations managed sustainably to meet the local demand of charcoal and fuel wood \uf0fc Establishment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) market and its accelerated diffusion to shift from charcoal to LPG in main urban centers \uf0fc Introduction of Biogas as an alternative source of energy in areas with heavy loads of biodegradable feedstock \uf0fc Establishment of Solar energy market and accelerated diffusion of solar energy equipment to reduce local charcoal production Component 3 – Alternative Livelihoods for Charcoal Value Chain Beneficiaries \uf0fc Support for community organisations and traditional decision-making structures in drafting Community Action Plans (CAPs) to strengthen Natural Resources Management (NRM) in charcoal production areas \uf0fc Diversification of income and asset building for vulnerable households dependent on charcoal business in order to facilitate transition to more resilient and sustainable livelihoods \uf0fc Improved local and export-oriented value chains in agriculture, horticulture, poultry, livestock and fisheries in target communities \uf0fc Reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded lands for environmental conservation and sustainable production of food, fuel and fodder 1.', 'The main activities under each component are: Component 1 - Capacity Building and Regional Cooperation \uf0fc Formulation and adoption of Regional Charcoal Policy Framework, Legally Binding Instrument and Rules of Business for Reducing Charcoal Production \uf0fc Establishment of Monitoring Systems of Charcoal Production, Reporting and Movement in Somalia \uf0fc Support to the development of enabling policies on Energy, Forestry and Natural Resources Management \uf0fc Establishment of Charcoal Trade Regulatory Committee at the Regional Level \uf0fc Capacity building of government institutions, communities and local governments\uf0fc Mass awareness on the impacts of charcoal on environment, livelihoods and national economy Component 2 - Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources \uf0fc Accelerated diffusion of energy efficient cook-stoves for reduction in charcoal consumption \uf0fc Sustainable and efficient production of charcoal (green charcoal) for local consumption \uf0fc Energy Plantations managed sustainably to meet the local demand of charcoal and fuel wood \uf0fc Establishment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) market and its accelerated diffusion to shift from charcoal to LPG in main urban centers \uf0fc Introduction of Biogas as an alternative source of energy in areas with heavy loads of biodegradable feedstock \uf0fc Establishment of Solar energy market and accelerated diffusion of solar energy equipment to reduce local charcoal production Component 3 – Alternative Livelihoods for Charcoal Value Chain Beneficiaries \uf0fc Support for community organisations and traditional decision-making structures in drafting Community Action Plans (CAPs) to strengthen Natural Resources Management (NRM) in charcoal production areas \uf0fc Diversification of income and asset building for vulnerable households dependent on charcoal business in order to facilitate transition to more resilient and sustainable livelihoods \uf0fc Improved local and export-oriented value chains in agriculture, horticulture, poultry, livestock and fisheries in target communities \uf0fc Reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded lands for environmental conservation and sustainable production of food, fuel and fodder 1. Abdiweli Sulaiman Abdi, 2013.', 'The main activities under each component are: Component 1 - Capacity Building and Regional Cooperation \uf0fc Formulation and adoption of Regional Charcoal Policy Framework, Legally Binding Instrument and Rules of Business for Reducing Charcoal Production \uf0fc Establishment of Monitoring Systems of Charcoal Production, Reporting and Movement in Somalia \uf0fc Support to the development of enabling policies on Energy, Forestry and Natural Resources Management \uf0fc Establishment of Charcoal Trade Regulatory Committee at the Regional Level \uf0fc Capacity building of government institutions, communities and local governments\uf0fc Mass awareness on the impacts of charcoal on environment, livelihoods and national economy Component 2 - Promotion of Alternative Energy Sources \uf0fc Accelerated diffusion of energy efficient cook-stoves for reduction in charcoal consumption \uf0fc Sustainable and efficient production of charcoal (green charcoal) for local consumption \uf0fc Energy Plantations managed sustainably to meet the local demand of charcoal and fuel wood \uf0fc Establishment of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) market and its accelerated diffusion to shift from charcoal to LPG in main urban centers \uf0fc Introduction of Biogas as an alternative source of energy in areas with heavy loads of biodegradable feedstock \uf0fc Establishment of Solar energy market and accelerated diffusion of solar energy equipment to reduce local charcoal production Component 3 – Alternative Livelihoods for Charcoal Value Chain Beneficiaries \uf0fc Support for community organisations and traditional decision-making structures in drafting Community Action Plans (CAPs) to strengthen Natural Resources Management (NRM) in charcoal production areas \uf0fc Diversification of income and asset building for vulnerable households dependent on charcoal business in order to facilitate transition to more resilient and sustainable livelihoods \uf0fc Improved local and export-oriented value chains in agriculture, horticulture, poultry, livestock and fisheries in target communities \uf0fc Reforestation and rehabilitation of degraded lands for environmental conservation and sustainable production of food, fuel and fodder 1. Abdiweli Sulaiman Abdi, 2013. Somalia s Road to Disaster Awareness, Prevention and Mitigationness_prevention_and_mitigation.aspx 3.', 'Somalia s Road to Disaster Awareness, Prevention and Mitigationness_prevention_and_mitigation.aspx 3. Hamza, Buri M., 2012. The Export of Charcoal: A Colossal Loss of Somali Forest, Hiiraan.com and Markacadeey Websites. 4. Said Ismail, 2011. Charcoal Trade Stripping Somalia of Trees. omalia_of_Trees 5. UNEP, 2005. The State of the Environment in Somalia, a Desk Study cs/somalia/dmb_somalia_report.pdf- 6. World Bank & UNDP, 2007. Somali Joint Needs Assessment, Productive and Environment Cluster Report. 7. World Bank, 2012. Forest Area Percentage. Project Profile 5: Rehabilitation of Fanoole Hydro-Electric Dam and Irrigation Infrastructure INTRODUCTION The Fanoole Hydro-Electric Dam and its supportive infrastructures were constructed with the assistance of China from 1977 to 1982 at a cost of about US $ 50 million. The dam and its canal system provided irrigation for to government owned rice and sesame farms.', 'The dam and its canal system provided irrigation for to government owned rice and sesame farms. The developed irrigated pre-war area was 1,800 ha of which 700 ha was in use for rice and sesame production. In addition, the project included the construction of a rice mill with an annual capacity of 10,000 tons and a main canal of 52 which were completed, while the construction of two other primary canals of 30 and 25 km were interrupted by the onset of the civil war. The potential and planned development area for the Fanoole project alone was 8,200 ha. In addition, the dam generated electricity and has a potential command capacity to eventually irrigate 8,000 ha of sugar cane and 5,000 ha of paddy rice.', 'In addition, the dam generated electricity and has a potential command capacity to eventually irrigate 8,000 ha of sugar cane and 5,000 ha of paddy rice. In addition, the area downstream of the Fanoole Dam, has one of the most fertile soils in the country.The dam provided electricity to the towns of Jilib and Marerey. The plan was to extend the electricity to Jamame and other towns downstream, including Kismayo. However, the onset of the civil war interrupted the initiative. Also, the path of the river flow was changed after 1998 El Nino rains as shown in the cover page photograph. Therefore, the rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam is priority for the reconstruction and development of Middle and Lower Jubba regions.', 'Therefore, the rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam is priority for the reconstruction and development of Middle and Lower Jubba regions. At the downstream of Fanoole, there were the important projects of Marerey Sugar, Mogambo Rice Project and the banana plantations in Lower Jubba. In addition, the Kismayo Port is the economic outlet for the Jubba Valley. The Fanoole project had 1,500 Somali staff and workers and 42 Chinese experts and technicians. The employee had living quarters of 70 houses and in addition, the project had 20 storage facilities for inputs and rice. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES The Fanoole Dam and agriculture land were one of the most important projects in the Jubba valley. The key objectives of its rehabilitation are: 1. Rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam’s hydroelectric infrastructures; 2.', 'Rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam’s hydroelectric infrastructures; 2. Provision of electricity to towns downstream of the dam and re-establishment of 2 standby generators with a capacity of 1,600 kw and a rice de-hulling machine with a daily capacity of 250 tons; 3. Rehabilitation of canals and irrigated farms; 4. Repairing and reversing the path of the river flow to its origin prior to damage done by El Nino in 1989; 5. Re-building of offices, stores and residential houses of about 50; and 6. Leasing of 90% the farm land to a joint company of potential foreign and local investors and 10% for farmers from the area who are currently utilizing small areas of the farms. Rehabilitation of the power plant would reestablish the generation of hydropower of 4.6 MW.', 'Rehabilitation of the power plant would reestablish the generation of hydropower of 4.6 MW. The plant would provide electricity for communities in Middle and Lower Juba Valley. Currently all electricity in this region is generated by diesel-fueled generators. Expected emission reductions from replacing this electricity by clean hydropower is therefore estimated to be around 23,000 t CO2/year. PROJECT COMPONENTS AND SUB-COMPONENTS The rehabilitation of the Fanoole Dam shall have the following components: Component 1: Rehabilitation of the Dam and its Hydroelectric Network.Sub-Component 1.1: Rehabilitation of the Dam and its hydroelectric equipment. The sub-component shall rehabilitate the major structure of the dam, the gates, and the turbines for hydroelectric generation, in order to regain its irrigation and electric generation capacity.', 'The sub-component shall rehabilitate the major structure of the dam, the gates, and the turbines for hydroelectric generation, in order to regain its irrigation and electric generation capacity. The dam had a capacity to generate 4,600 kw of electricity, which was back-stopped by standby 2 generators during low level river flows. Sub-Component 1.2: Provision of Electricity to Towns Downstream of the Dam. This sub-component is intended for the re-establishment of the electric network to provide electricity to the towns downstream of the dam. In the completed 1st phase the network reached close to Jamame and the plan was to reach to reach it, the banana plantations and the towns downstream, ending in Kismayo. In addition, two standby generators with 1,600 kw, shall be re-established.', 'In addition, two standby generators with 1,600 kw, shall be re-established. Component 2: Rehabilitation of Primary and Secondary Canals and Reversing of the Flow of River to its Origin, Prior the Damage Caused by El-Nino in 1998. Sub-Component 2.1: Rehabilitation of the Primary and Secondary Canals. This sub-component is intended for the repair and rehabilitation of the canal infrastructures of about 52 kms, to facilitate the irrigation of rice and sesame farms and to regain their productive capacity. Sub-Component 2.2: Reversing the Path of the River to its Course, Going Through the Dam to its Prior to the El-Nino of 1989.', 'Sub-Component 2.2: Reversing the Path of the River to its Course, Going Through the Dam to its Prior to the El-Nino of 1989. Once the dam is rehabilitate, the course of the river shall be re-directed to it course prior to the damage cause by the El Nino of 1989. Therefore, this sub-component shall restore the capacity of the dam for controlled irrigation and the supply of electricity as it did prior to the civil war. Component 3: Rebuilding of Offices and Residential Houses and Allocation of Land to Investors and Local Farming Community. Sub-Component 3.1: Rebuilding of Offices and Residential Houses. There is a need for the rebuilding of offices and residential area for the management and the staff of the project.', 'There is a need for the rebuilding of offices and residential area for the management and the staff of the project. This shall facilitate the task of regaining the productivity of the project. Sub-Component 3.2: The Rice Mill, Farm Machinery and Vehicles for the Implementation of the Project.The crop production machinery and equipment, transport vehicles and processing of rice shall be acquired to facilitate production of processing rice and other products. PROJECT COSTING SUMMARY The cost estimates of the components and sub-components for the rehabilitation of the Fanoole Hydroelectric Dam, farms, housing and storage are indicated in Table 1. Table 1: Project Costs Summary in USD million Activity Year 1 Year 2 Total Component 1: Rehabilitation of the dam and the hydroelectric network.', 'Table 1: Project Costs Summary in USD million Activity Year 1 Year 2 Total Component 1: Rehabilitation of the dam and the hydroelectric network. Sub-Component 1.1: Rehabilitation of Dam and its hydroelectric equipment. Sub-Component 1.2: Provision of electricity to towns downstream of the dam. Component 2: Component 2: Rehabilitation of Primary and Secondary Canals and Reversing of the Flow of River to its Origin, Prior the Damage Caused by El-Nino in 1998. Sub-Component 2.1: Rehabilitation of the Primary and Secondary Canals. Sub-Component 2.2: Reversing the Path of the River to its Course, Going Through the Dam to its Prior to the El-Nino of 1989. …… Component 3: Rebuilding of Offices and Residential Houses and Allocation of Land to Investors and Local Farming Community. Sub-Component 3.1: Rebuilding of Offices and Residential Houses.', 'Sub-Component 3.1: Rebuilding of Offices and Residential Houses. Sub-Component 3.2: The Rice Mill, Farm Machinery and Vehicles for the Implementation of the Project. PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), shall establish a Project Management Unit (PMU) headed by a General Manager (GM) with education and experience in agriculture andequally qualified lean staff and technicians, with main office on site and small office at MOA in Mogadishu. The donor agency may also have representative in the PMU. The PMU shall be supervised by the Ministry and the donor. The PMU in close consultation with the MOA and the donor shall carry out competitive bidding of the major components of the project.', 'The PMU in close consultation with the MOA and the donor shall carry out competitive bidding of the major components of the project. The PMU shall produce quarterly and annual progress report to be submitted to the MOA and donor. The annual report shall reflect the detail budgetary expenditure and audit report. In addition, an annual supervision mission can be carried out by the donor and MOA to assess the status of implementation and lesson learned. Upon the completion of the construction phase of the project, the MOA shall engage foreign and local investors and lease the land and the electrical network to manage.', 'Upon the completion of the construction phase of the project, the MOA shall engage foreign and local investors and lease the land and the electrical network to manage. Once the land is leased to a joint company of both foreign and local investors, such company shall manage the farms and electricity, while the PMU shall continue to manage the dam and the major irrigation infrastructures. MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN The MOA and the donor shall assess the status of the target project components at the initiation of the project and through periodic supervision shall evaluate the progress made.', 'MONITORING AND EVALUATION PLAN The MOA and the donor shall assess the status of the target project components at the initiation of the project and through periodic supervision shall evaluate the progress made. Such monitoring and evaluation shall be kept up by the MOA once the project is completed and the land and the electricity are leased to the private companies to maintain the proper functioning of the facilities for both private and public good.2.6.', 'Such monitoring and evaluation shall be kept up by the MOA once the project is completed and the land and the electricity are leased to the private companies to maintain the proper functioning of the facilities for both private and public good.2.6. Project Profile 6: Project for Domestication of Indigenous and the Introduction of Economically Important Plant Species EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project is intended to help with the domestication and introduction of economically important plant species as well as enable the communities to maximize the benefit through the planting, harvesting of commercial products from these species as well as processing and marketing.', 'Project Profile 6: Project for Domestication of Indigenous and the Introduction of Economically Important Plant Species EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project is intended to help with the domestication and introduction of economically important plant species as well as enable the communities to maximize the benefit through the planting, harvesting of commercial products from these species as well as processing and marketing. The initiative will also mitigate against land degradation and desertification which is wide spread in the country as indicated by numerous assessments and studies as indicate by the References section of this proposal (1-19). The project will also have positive environmental impact through (i) the reduction of the need for shifting cultivation; (ii) and the fact that most species under consideration are perennial shrubs and trees.', 'The project will also have positive environmental impact through (i) the reduction of the need for shifting cultivation; (ii) and the fact that most species under consideration are perennial shrubs and trees. The information of these species and their possible utilization are outlined in the proposal. INTRODUCTION The Somali inhabited areas of the Horn of Africa, has several economically important plant species that have products that are utilized for export or domestic use for human or livestock consumption. However, most of these species are endangered due to over grazing, charcoal production and export and desertification resulting from erratic rainfall, possibly, due to climate change.', 'However, most of these species are endangered due to over grazing, charcoal production and export and desertification resulting from erratic rainfall, possibly, due to climate change. In addition, there are economically important plant species that are suitable for the local environment that can be introduced to reap their benefit for the farming community as well as the entire population. The objective of this proposal is to initiate the domestication of economically important indigenous species and to introduce, test and disseminate equally important species from areas with similar agro-ecological conditions. This initiative would enable the farming communities in different ecological zones to cultivate, use and market the products of these species.', 'This initiative would enable the farming communities in different ecological zones to cultivate, use and market the products of these species. Domestication of Economically Important Indigenous Plant Species Forests and woodlands can play a central role in the fight against poverty and the quest for sustainable development. They provide a range of economic, social, cultural and environmental functions and services, ranging from biomass energy, timber and non- timber forest products that support livelihoods and trade, to the ecological role they play in mitigating land degradation and climate change among others. They also could play a critical role for pastoralist range management particularly during dry and drought time. Wood is the main sources of household energy and constructionmaterials for most people, and as a revenue sources.', 'Wood is the main sources of household energy and constructionmaterials for most people, and as a revenue sources. The importance of tree based products include:- frankincense from Boswellia species, which are naturally growing in the north-east, Commiphora myrrha which produces myrrh resins, Gum Arabic from Acacia Senegal and Cordeauxia edulis (now endangered) which produces yicib nuts in the central regions . In 1985 Somalia was the world’s largest producer of myrrh (over 2,000 tonnes) Frankincense used to be Somalia’s 4th largest foreign currency export earner with an annual production of 12,000 tonnes. Due to their value, Boswella careteri, B. frereana and B. sacra (the preferred species) are highly prized trees with associate tenure and management systems.', 'Due to their value, Boswella careteri, B. frereana and B. sacra (the preferred species) are highly prized trees with associate tenure and management systems. In recent years some Somali private sector companies initiated the extraction of essential oils from frankincense and myrrha resins through steam distillation in Nairobi, Kenya. However, the natural regeneration of these species is threatened by over grazing and land degradation. Other tree based products of potential economic value include henna (Lawsonia), various fruits (e.g.Tamarind) as well as many trees which produce important medical products.', 'Other tree based products of potential economic value include henna (Lawsonia), various fruits (e.g.Tamarind) as well as many trees which produce important medical products. The other economically important indigenous and introduced plants that grow in the forests and woodlands, but are not adequately utilized include: Azadirachta indica (neem/geed hendi) Acacia nilotica (maraa) Juniper – Juniperus carica (dayib) Fig, Ficus carica (berde) Aloe vera (dacar) Acacia tortilis (qurac) Acacia Senegal (galool)? Casuariana equisetifolia (shawri) Conocarpus lancifolius (damas, ghalab) Dobera glabra (garas) Tamarindus inidica (raqai) Leucaena leucophila Cadaba mirabilis and Cadaba heterotricha (higlo) Since the planting materials for these indigenous and introduced species is available in the country and their potential benefits are recognized, their domestication and dissemination could be achieved easily, because each has important uses.', 'Casuariana equisetifolia (shawri) Conocarpus lancifolius (damas, ghalab) Dobera glabra (garas) Tamarindus inidica (raqai) Leucaena leucophila Cadaba mirabilis and Cadaba heterotricha (higlo) Since the planting materials for these indigenous and introduced species is available in the country and their potential benefits are recognized, their domestication and dissemination could be achieved easily, because each has important uses. However, there is a need for a preliminary survey of the sources of the indigenous species, the location of nurseries and to determine key farming communities that could benefit from the initiative.Introduction and Adaptation of Suitable Species Pyrethrum: The pyrethrum daisy, which includes the two species of Tanacetum cinerarifolium and T. cucineum, has flowers that are used for the extraction of the safe organic insecticide called pyrethrin.', 'However, there is a need for a preliminary survey of the sources of the indigenous species, the location of nurseries and to determine key farming communities that could benefit from the initiative.Introduction and Adaptation of Suitable Species Pyrethrum: The pyrethrum daisy, which includes the two species of Tanacetum cinerarifolium and T. cucineum, has flowers that are used for the extraction of the safe organic insecticide called pyrethrin. The natural insecticide is made from the dried flower heads and it was used for centuries as insecticide and lice remedy. The flowers are dried and pulverized and the active component of pyrethrins contained in the seed cases, are extracted in the form of oleoresin. It can be applied as insecticide as suspension in water or oil or as powder.', 'It can be applied as insecticide as suspension in water or oil or as powder. Pyrthrins attack the nervous system of insects and inhibit female mosquitoes from biting. It has also an insect repellent effect. They are less toxic to mammals and birds and are also biodegradable and breaks down. Kenya is a major producer of pyrethrum and the product is export. However, meeting the local need alone could be adequate justification for introduction and dissemination to farmers. Moringa Tree: The moringa tree or Moringa olefera is a rapid growing with long tap roots and few lateral roots, minimal shade and large production of high protein biomass. In addition , it can grow in dry sandy soil and is drought resistant.', 'In addition , it can grow in dry sandy soil and is drought resistant. Therefore, the tree is well suited for use in alley cropping. Moringa leaves, flowers, pods and seeds are highly nutritious. The leaves have 7 times the vitamin C in orange, 4 times the calcium in milk, 4 times vitamin A in carrots, 2 times the protein in milk and 3 times the potassium in bananas. All the parts of the tree has beneficial uses as shown in Table 1. Table 1.', 'All the parts of the tree has beneficial uses as shown in Table 1. Table 1. The Uses of the Various Parts of Moringa Tree Plant Part Uses Leaves Being high in vitamins A, B, calcium, iron, and protein, the leaves boost the immune system, increase metabolism, nourishment of eyes and brain, regulates cholesterol and blood pressure and improve liver and kidney functions. Flowers The flowers are rich in calcium and potassium and juices from the flowers improve the production of and the value of breast milk. The juices also improve urination and are beneficial to urinary track disorders Pods The immature pods can be consumed raw or cooked as green bean and has an oil similar to olive oil. When consumed raw the pods act as de-wormer.', 'When consumed raw the pods act as de-wormer. They are also rich in protein and fiber, which alleviates diarrhea. Seeds Crushed seeds plus coconut oil make topical ointment and has useful medical properties including: antibiotic, anti-inflammatory which can be used for arthritis, rheumatism and gout, promote urination, calming effect on seizers and can be used for the purification of water. Roots and Bark The roots and the bark contain all nutrients that are in the seeds,but with higher quantities. They could be utilized in small quantities for: cardiac and circulatory ailments, inflammation, digestive disorders, promotion of appetite and ointment for rheumatism, lower back pain and kidney pain.', 'They could be utilized in small quantities for: cardiac and circulatory ailments, inflammation, digestive disorders, promotion of appetite and ointment for rheumatism, lower back pain and kidney pain. Karkade: Hibiscus sabdariffa: The red hibiscus flower is dried and made into Kerkade, a red drink, which can be consumed as cold or hot. Karkade contains about 15-30% organic acids such as cyaniding, delphinidin and citric acid, which gives it pleasant taste with the addition of sugar. The entire plant, except the roots are edible. Fresh leaves and young shoots are rich in vitamins. The leaves can be added to salads or soup. The flowers are the most important commercial product and are usually prepared as tea, jellies and sauces.', 'The flowers are the most important commercial product and are usually prepared as tea, jellies and sauces. Karkade tea is very useful, because it has anthocyanine with high vitamin content and strengthens the walls of blood vessels and regulates blood pressure. It also has flavonoids – kvertsitin that help clean the body and protects the liver and improves metabolism in general. Sudan is the major producer of karkade and it is locally as well as exported to Europe. Napier Grass – Pennisetum purpureum: Is a perennial grass that has high herbage yield throughout the year, it controls maize stock borer by trapping the moth that lays the eggs on maize plant if the Napier grass is planted around the maize field.', 'Napier Grass – Pennisetum purpureum: Is a perennial grass that has high herbage yield throughout the year, it controls maize stock borer by trapping the moth that lays the eggs on maize plant if the Napier grass is planted around the maize field. In addition, it can protect maize and companion crops from wend. However, its main importance is its high forage production, which can be sold as green or dried fodder that could be used for milk producing livestock as well as export animal at holding grounds and at sea. In combination with protein rich Leucaena leucophila, Napier grass can provide a valuable feed for livestock.', 'In combination with protein rich Leucaena leucophila, Napier grass can provide a valuable feed for livestock. Sudan Grass and Sorghum: Sorghum Sudanense and Sorghum bicolor: These two species can be grown as forage in association with Leucaena leucophila, a legume with high protein and which is now produced mainly in the country as ornamental tree. These could be grown in areas where Napier grass is not grown. Sisal: Agave sisalana: is a fiber crop, which is a renewable source of fiber that can contribute to the mitigation of climate change. It can be used for robes, baskets to replace plastic bags, pulp and paper, building materials, etc.', 'It can be used for robes, baskets to replace plastic bags, pulp and paper, building materials, etc. It has a life cycle of 7-10 years each plant may produce 200-250 useable leafs that are 1.5-2.0 meter long and a hardy plant that can grow in most parts of Somalia Establishment of Nurseries in Key Location In order to achieve successful introduction and testing of both the indigenous and imported species, there is a need for reasonably equipped and staffed nurseries in key locations thatare close to the target farming communities and the sources of the indigenous plants in North West, and Puntland as well as have permanent water sources in Shabelle and Juba rivers.', 'It has a life cycle of 7-10 years each plant may produce 200-250 useable leafs that are 1.5-2.0 meter long and a hardy plant that can grow in most parts of Somalia Establishment of Nurseries in Key Location In order to achieve successful introduction and testing of both the indigenous and imported species, there is a need for reasonably equipped and staffed nurseries in key locations thatare close to the target farming communities and the sources of the indigenous plants in North West, and Puntland as well as have permanent water sources in Shabelle and Juba rivers. The suggested locations would be in the areas of Shiekh, Erigavo, Qardho, Balad, Afgoi and Jilib.', 'The suggested locations would be in the areas of Shiekh, Erigavo, Qardho, Balad, Afgoi and Jilib. In order to achieve sustainability and reduce cost, for each nursery of approximate area of (0.2-0.5) hectare, an agreement will be reached with progressive farmers or institutions that are working in crop production or forestry in the target area. In addition, horticultural technicians in the private or institutional facilities will be given an allowance to top-up their payment. This will also reduce the running cost, use existing expertise and the host farmer or the institution that own the facility, would be among some of the primary beneficiaries.', 'This will also reduce the running cost, use existing expertise and the host farmer or the institution that own the facility, would be among some of the primary beneficiaries. The establishment of the nurseries will take into consideration: the agro-climatic condition of the target area, soil type, the availability of perennial irrigation facilities, area of land needed based on the estimated demand for seedlings and closeness to the target farming community in order to reduce the cost of transport and damage to seedlings. There is also a need for wind breaks and shade.', 'There is also a need for wind breaks and shade. Involvement of Local Communities in the Production and Marketing In order to assure success and sustainability, the local farmers and communities will be involved in the planning and the selection of priority species in their area. In addition, an attempt would be made to study the environmental and economic impact of the domestication of given species. An attempt would be made to determine the marketing and the potential for processing of the marketable products of the selected species. SUMMARY OF FIVE YEARS PROJECT COSTS No . Cost Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Survey 5.000 ----------- ------------ - ------------- ------------ 5,000 of Nurseries - ------------- - ------------ -- Technicians laborers ManagersEquipment Manager 9 Fencing of Nurseries Vehicles and Maintenance Fuel for 3 Vehicles Training and Extension n Cost REFERENCES 1. ADO. 2006.', 'Cost Item Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Total Survey 5.000 ----------- ------------ - ------------- ------------ 5,000 of Nurseries - ------------- - ------------ -- Technicians laborers ManagersEquipment Manager 9 Fencing of Nurseries Vehicles and Maintenance Fuel for 3 Vehicles Training and Extension n Cost REFERENCES 1. ADO. 2006. Agricultural Development Organization, Hargeisa, Environment Degradation Lessons and Experience, Somalia Land. 2. CBD. May 2010. Workshop on biodiversity fourth national report preparation, Bahrain. 3. CBD, May 2008. Workshop on biodiversity fourth national report preparation (for least developed countries). Addis Ababa. 4. FAO, August, 2007. SWALIM Report on Land Resources Assessment of Somalia. 5. FAO, October, 2007. SWALlM, Report on water resource of Somalia. 6. FAO/FEWS. 2004. Middle Shabelle on Maize and Sorghum in Somalia. 7. Horn of Africa, June, 2007. Horn of Africa Consultations on Food Security. 8. Horn Relief. February, 2006.', '8. Horn Relief. February, 2006. Environment Study of Degradation in Sool Plateau and Gebi Valley. Sanag Region of Northern Somalia. 9. IGAD. 2007. Environmental and Natural Resources Strategy. 10. IUCN. 1990. Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and its Island Conservation, Management and Sustainable Use. Stuart.S. N. and Adams. R. J. (Eds) IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 11. IUCN. 1990. Environment Synopsis of Somalia, E.C. and I.U.C.N, Brussels and Gland. 12. IUCN. 1990. March, 1999. Biodiversity Assessment of Somali Coast East of Berbera.13. IUCN. 1990a. Wood – Based Energy/ Dynamics in Somalia. IUCN East Africa Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. 14. IUCN, March/August, 2006. Country Environmental Profile for Somalia. 15. Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2009 and 2011. A Plan for Environmental Recovery in Somalia. 16. SPARA. 1993.', 'A Plan for Environmental Recovery in Somalia. 16. SPARA. 1993. Somali Professional and Research Association Needs Assessment, Lower Juba Region. 17. UNEP, December, 2005. The state of Environment in Somalia a Desk Study. 18. UNEP, 2006. Africa Environmental Outlook 2, Our Environment, Our Wealth. 19. World Bank and UNDP, 2007. Productive Sectors and Environment Cluster Report, Somali Joint Needs Assessment (JNA) Report.2.7. Project Profile 7: Project Proposal Charcoal Production from Prosopis and Replacement with Crop Production INTRODUCTION Prosopis juliflora is noxious and invasive plant species. It denies other plants water and sunlight.', 'It denies other plants water and sunlight. It is highly competitive due to the following factors: (i) it is fast growing and nitrogen-fixing; (ii) it is tolerant to arid conditions and saline soils; (iii) it is deep rooted and was found to reach a depth of 53.3 meters (175 feet); (iv) it contains chemicals that inhibits the germination and the spread of other plant species where it grows; and (v) its seeds are spread by animals that feed on its pods, although the leaves are not palatable. Due to its high competitiveness it has taken over farmland, rangeland and forests. It also reduces the access to land because of its thick vegetation and thorns. Its thorns also wound animals.', 'It also reduces the access to land because of its thick vegetation and thorns. Its thorns also wound animals. Therefore, there is a need to control it and use it for the benefit of affected communities. In several countries, starting in India, Prosopis juliflora was successfully use for charcoal production and the land under it can be recovered and used for agriculture (Reddy, 2007). Prosopis juliflora in Somalia The year of introduction into Somalia is not yet clear, however, there is little documentation that might give some ideas about the introduction. For example AFRICARE (1983) reported the introduction of Prosopis juliflora in Somalia as part of a reforestation project for sand dune stabilization in a refugee impacted areas in the Hiran region of central Somalia.', 'For example AFRICARE (1983) reported the introduction of Prosopis juliflora in Somalia as part of a reforestation project for sand dune stabilization in a refugee impacted areas in the Hiran region of central Somalia. In this study, eighteen tree/shrub species were planted and have become established. Among the tree species, Prosopis juliflora out-performed all other tree species. The testing of Prosopis chilences as part a reforestation project in southern Somalia was reported by Leslie (1989). The introduction of the Prosopis juliflora in Somaliland was reported in 1959 by Mooney, the first forest officer to the protectorate. Mooney (1959) noted small experimental planting at Sheikh, Gaan Libah, Lafarug, Berbera and Manjassah. The species listed are Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pinus halepensis, Prosopis sp. and Acacia sp.', 'The species listed are Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Pinus halepensis, Prosopis sp. and Acacia sp. Sand dunes stabilization program started in Marka and Shalanbood in 1973. Up to 1980 about 5,900 ha were claimed as stabilized (FAO,1984). The species used in the stabilization included Commiphora spp., and Anacardium occidental. No mention on Prosopis juliflora. The Somalis call the plant; “Keligii Noole” or “sole survivor” and “Gran Waa”, “the Unknown”, because of its aggressive take-over of range and forest lands.Charcoal Production This aggressive weed species can be cut with mechanical sow or sprayed with round-up herbicide, which will kill it completely. However, the round-up herbicide has some negative health factor and mechanical sows are better option.', 'However, the round-up herbicide has some negative health factor and mechanical sows are better option. The dry residual wood can be made into charcoal and be replaced by useful plants or crops, depending on the ecology of the target area. Communities in the affected area could be assisted to initiate the charcoal making and marketing as was done in some areas of India (Reddy, 2007). The communities could be provided with the mechanical sows at the initial stage, however, the system will become sustainable once the charcoal production become successful. Project costing and components need to be determined. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTING The project implementation and costing are yet to be determine and shall be finalized in consultation with the target communities and line ministries. REFERENCES AFROCARE.', 'PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTING The project implementation and costing are yet to be determine and shall be finalized in consultation with the target communities and line ministries. REFERENCES AFROCARE. 1986. c/o American Embassy, Mogadishu, Somalia, USAID, Washington. DC Bowen, M. Roderick, 1988. Tree Planting in Somalia 1925-1985. Oxford Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford in Collaboration with Somalia Ministry of Livestock, Forestry and Range and the National Range Agency. Leslie, A.D. 1989. Agroforestry Survey of Somalia. British Forestry Project. Somalia Research Station. Working Paper No. 9. Reddy, N. Sai Bhaskar, 2007. Prosopis Juliflora Making Charcoal in India. SATG, 2010). The Invasion of Prosopis Juliflora in Somalia and Piloting of Positive Utilization.2.8.', 'The Invasion of Prosopis Juliflora in Somalia and Piloting of Positive Utilization.2.8. Project Profile 8: Up scaling the Use of Solar Energy Solar energy including: street lighting, private homes use and plans of Benadir Electric Company (BECO) to add three solar sub-stations into its Mogadishu grid, are good beginning. In addition, in Somaliland and Puntland, the use of solar energy in private residences is on the increase. Therefore, given the high potential of solar energy in Somalia, with estimated capacity of 2,163,991,069 MWh/year, the government in partnership with the private sector should formulate policies and projects to extend the technology to rural towns and communities.', 'Therefore, given the high potential of solar energy in Somalia, with estimated capacity of 2,163,991,069 MWh/year, the government in partnership with the private sector should formulate policies and projects to extend the technology to rural towns and communities. Samples of the solar street lights, in Mogadishu, which could be replicated, are indicated below and costing need to be determined once project scope is known. Solar Street Lights in MogadishuThe solar panels installed on a high ground provide power to pump water distributed through a pipeline to the community, school and a health centre in Lasa-Dacawo Village. PROJECT COMPONENTS, IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTING The project components, implementation and costing require further studies and consultation with government agencies and private sector involving more in depth studies of needs and potential.2.9.', 'PROJECT COMPONENTS, IMPLEMENTATION AND COSTING The project components, implementation and costing require further studies and consultation with government agencies and private sector involving more in depth studies of needs and potential.2.9. Project Profile 9: Marine and Coastal Environmental Governance and Management of Somalia Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa; its Coastal line is 3,333 km long. The country has the potential for sustainable fish harvesting of about 200,000-300,000 tons per annum, however, prior to the civil war only 15,000 ton per annum were produced. In addition, as a result of the civil war the country experienced marine and coastal environmental degradation.', 'In addition, as a result of the civil war the country experienced marine and coastal environmental degradation. Coastal and marine habitats and resources of Somalia suffered from habitat destruction, pollution resulting from oil spillage, dumping waste and resource over exploitation by illegal foreign fishing vessels, rapid urbanization and coastal population growth. Climate change is further exacerbating pressures on marine and coastal areas. Therefore, taking into account to the above stated pressures, the Office of State Minister for the Environment in the Office of the Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Somalia will focus on: 1. Defining national research assessment in order to plan for coastal and marine environment management; 2. More effective and targeted dissemination of research findings; 3. Improving the accessibility of scientific data and information; 4.', 'Improving the accessibility of scientific data and information; 4. Promoting indigenous knowledge for management in order enhance the involvement of the coastal communities; 5. Improving the generation of knowledge through direct research programs and projects; 6. Support the development and consistency of periodic reporting of coastal and marine bordering State to the Federal and Regional Administrations levels; 7. Promoting the participation of experts, scientists, managers, decision and policy makers at Federal and Regional Administrations levels 8. Arranging National Environment on Marine and Coastal management symposia or conferences; POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SEA LEVEL RICE A rise of sea level occurs when the volume of water in ocean basin increases. For instance, an increase in atmospheric temperatures results in warming and expansion of oceans, which results in a sea level rise.', 'For instance, an increase in atmospheric temperatures results in warming and expansion of oceans, which results in a sea level rise. Sea level rise is therefore threatening coastal communities, through (a) flooding of low lying coastal lands, estuaries, deltas and salt marches; and ( b) affecting fish nesting and fishing grounds, e.g wetlands, and coral reefs, mangrove forests and marshes.ACTIONS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE REDUCTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change is becoming a global problem that calls for a global solution. International meetings have been held to discuss the phenomena and ways to address it. In case of Somalia to address these matters, it is necessary to take following measures: 1. Raising awareness among ordinary people would greatly minimize greenhouse gas emitting activities; 2.', 'Raising awareness among ordinary people would greatly minimize greenhouse gas emitting activities; 2. Saving energy- Turning off lights when not needed; 3. Recycling for wastes like paper, organic (food), plastic, battery, electronics, glass, metals; 4. Reforestation, and using trees to provide shade that helps keep the soil and local environment cooler; and 5. Enhancing agricultural productivity in order to reduce the expansion of inefficient farming.', 'Enhancing agricultural productivity in order to reduce the expansion of inefficient farming. INVESTMENT COST FOR IMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES In order to restore the Marine and Coastal Environment of Somalia, including the re- planting of mangroves, protecting marine species, preventing and halting coastal mining stones for urban construction through environmental policy, legal and regulatory actions, mass media awareness, arranging workshops, seminars and meetings to build up the capacity of the coastal communities to contribute to sustainable development of coastal and marine resources and to through remedial action regain depleted resources .', 'INVESTMENT COST FOR IMPROVEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES In order to restore the Marine and Coastal Environment of Somalia, including the re- planting of mangroves, protecting marine species, preventing and halting coastal mining stones for urban construction through environmental policy, legal and regulatory actions, mass media awareness, arranging workshops, seminars and meetings to build up the capacity of the coastal communities to contribute to sustainable development of coastal and marine resources and to through remedial action regain depleted resources . PROJECT COSTING Project Components Cost Million US $ Studies of the Status of the Marine Environment 3.0 Environmental Policies and Legal Framework Formulation and Implementation Establishment of 10 Coastal Nurseries 2.5 Protection and Replanting of Coastal Mangroves and Protection of Coral Reefs Media Awareness 0.5 Training Workshops and Seminars 0.5 Protection Against Illegal Fishing and Dumping of Waste and Oil Spill 5.0 Coastal Infrastructural Development 12.0 Grand Total 31.35Federal Government of Somalia, 2013.', 'PROJECT COSTING Project Components Cost Million US $ Studies of the Status of the Marine Environment 3.0 Environmental Policies and Legal Framework Formulation and Implementation Establishment of 10 Coastal Nurseries 2.5 Protection and Replanting of Coastal Mangroves and Protection of Coral Reefs Media Awareness 0.5 Training Workshops and Seminars 0.5 Protection Against Illegal Fishing and Dumping of Waste and Oil Spill 5.0 Coastal Infrastructural Development 12.0 Grand Total 31.35Federal Government of Somalia, 2013. The Somali Compact. conference/sites/default/files/the_somali_compact.pdf Federal Government of Somalia and African Development Bank, 2015. Somalia: Energy Sector Need Assessment and Action/Investment Programme. Final Draft. Federal Government of Somalia, UNDP, UNFCCC and GEF, 2013. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change. UNICEF, Somalia, 2013. Solar Power Brings Water to Rural Communities in Somalia. World Resources Institute (WRI), UNDP, 2015.', 'World Resources Institute (WRI), UNDP, 2015. Designing and Preparing Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs).'] | en-US |
303 | SOM | Somalia | Updated NDC | 2021-07-31 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Final%20Updated%20NDC%20for%20Somalia%202021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0.968434 | 0.464621 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ad15d94dfcaeb349fadcaef2295ecd088f9a7538f67b72224fd1c3c1dd643c7f.pdf | ['THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)Table of Content Foreword 2 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 1.1 National Circumstances 1 2.0 Methodological Approach 2 3.0 National Policies, Legal and institutional Frameworks 3 2.1 Policy and legal Frameworks . 3 2.2 Institutional Arrangements . 4 4.0 Somalia’s Contribution to addressing climate change 5 4.1 Mitigation contribution 5 4.1.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 7 4.2 Adaptation Contribution . 9 4.2.1 Adaptation actions and estimated cost . 9 4.4 Gender Mainstreaming 12 5.0 Means of Implementation for both Adaptation and Mitigation Actions 12List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AFOLU: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses BAU: Business As Usual Carbon dioxide DoECC: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change FGS: Federal Government of Somalia GHG: Greenhouse Gas IDP: Internally Displaced Persons INC: Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDC: Least developed Country eq: million tonnes (megatonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution NCCP: National Climate Change Policy NCCC: National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) NDP: National Development Plan NAP: National Adaptation Plan REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation SDG: Sustainable Development Goals UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1.1 National Circumstances Somalia has an estimated population of about 16 million, with 80 percent of the population being youth, almost 50.14 % being female and remaining being male1.', 'THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC)Table of Content Foreword 2 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 4 1.1 National Circumstances 1 2.0 Methodological Approach 2 3.0 National Policies, Legal and institutional Frameworks 3 2.1 Policy and legal Frameworks . 3 2.2 Institutional Arrangements . 4 4.0 Somalia’s Contribution to addressing climate change 5 4.1 Mitigation contribution 5 4.1.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 7 4.2 Adaptation Contribution . 9 4.2.1 Adaptation actions and estimated cost . 9 4.4 Gender Mainstreaming 12 5.0 Means of Implementation for both Adaptation and Mitigation Actions 12List of Abbreviations and Acronyms AFOLU: Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses BAU: Business As Usual Carbon dioxide DoECC: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change FGS: Federal Government of Somalia GHG: Greenhouse Gas IDP: Internally Displaced Persons INC: Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDC: Least developed Country eq: million tonnes (megatonnes) of carbon dioxide equivalent NDC: Nationally Determined Contribution NCCP: National Climate Change Policy NCCC: National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) NDP: National Development Plan NAP: National Adaptation Plan REDD+ Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation SDG: Sustainable Development Goals UNDP: United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change1.1 National Circumstances Somalia has an estimated population of about 16 million, with 80 percent of the population being youth, almost 50.14 % being female and remaining being male1. Roughly 60 percent of the population are nomadic and semi- nomadic pastoralists and 60 percent live in rural areas.', 'Roughly 60 percent of the population are nomadic and semi- nomadic pastoralists and 60 percent live in rural areas. The country is considered among the poorest countries in the world with more than 69% of the population living below the international poverty line.2 Somalia continues to grapple with a fragile political system, insecurity, high levels of poverty, climate change-related shocks coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic. The latter resulted in a GDP reduction by 1.5% in 2020 compared to the 2.9% growth experienced in 2019.3 Overall economic growth was also hampered by a reduction in Foreign Direct Investment (FD1) due to the contentious 2021 Federal Government of Somalia elections, livestock export bans by Gulf nations, shrinking remittances due to COVID 19 impact, and global recession.', 'The latter resulted in a GDP reduction by 1.5% in 2020 compared to the 2.9% growth experienced in 2019.3 Overall economic growth was also hampered by a reduction in Foreign Direct Investment (FD1) due to the contentious 2021 Federal Government of Somalia elections, livestock export bans by Gulf nations, shrinking remittances due to COVID 19 impact, and global recession. The country has little historical or current responsibility for global climate change but suffers disproportionately from the climate crisis. Climate change-related droughts, intermittent floods and desert locust infestation results in loss of livestock and agricultural production which account for more than 70% of GDP while employing millions directly and indirectly.', 'Climate change-related droughts, intermittent floods and desert locust infestation results in loss of livestock and agricultural production which account for more than 70% of GDP while employing millions directly and indirectly. The destruction of local communities’ main livelihood bases continues to increase the number of internally displaced persons and resultant humanitarian crises. Furthermore, climate change and variability impacts and conflicts are interlinked in Somalia and affects the affect the most vulnerable (particularly women and children) and resource-dependent communities. Somalia is showing progress with recently found stability albeit multi-faceted challenges in economic, political and social aspects. Therefore, Somalia’s priority for the next decade is to spur sustainable economic growth through leveraging its natural resources and enhancing living standards for its population.', 'Therefore, Somalia’s priority for the next decade is to spur sustainable economic growth through leveraging its natural resources and enhancing living standards for its population. The implementation of this NDC is consistent with Somalia’s National development agenda and reaffirms Somalia’s commitment to playing its role in addressing the climate change threat in line with the Principles and provisions of the UN Framework Convention and the Paris Agreement. It is under these aforementioned National circumstances and in line with Article 4.9 of the Paris Agreement that Somalia presents its updated NDC to the UNFCCC. The implementation of the NDC requires cooperation, support and investments from both National stakeholders and International partners.', 'The implementation of the NDC requires cooperation, support and investments from both National stakeholders and International partners. 3 African Development Bank, 2021 African Economic Outlook 2021Somalia submitted its first NDC in November 2015 and remains committed to achieve the targets despite its challenges and national circumstances. Sustainable development, peace building and adaptation to climate change remain the highest priority for Somalia. Consistent with UNFCCC decisions and guidelines, Somalia has taken steps to prepare and submit this revised NDC to guide its climate change action agenda for the next almost 10 years and contribute to the global efforts to combat climate change. Somalia has remained susceptible to climate change and resultant shocks due to its geographical setting with over 80% of the country considered Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALS).', 'Somalia has remained susceptible to climate change and resultant shocks due to its geographical setting with over 80% of the country considered Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALS). Much of the brunt has been felt in the agriculture and livestock sector which together account for more than 70% of livelihood base for majority of the population. Somalia is one of the poorest nations in Africa with 69% of the population living below the poverty line. Somalia’s current GHG emissions are relatively low estimated at an estimated 53.70 MtCO2eq, representing less than 0.03 percent of total global emissions. However, it is expected that the sustained stability and peace will demand reconstruction and development on a larger scale leading to increased GHG emissions(estimated to double) under business as usual scenario.', 'However, it is expected that the sustained stability and peace will demand reconstruction and development on a larger scale leading to increased GHG emissions(estimated to double) under business as usual scenario. Given the climate change impact on Somalia’s development agenda and the urgent need for assessing the global effort’s aggregated ambition included the updated NDC’s of all parties to the Paris Agreement, Somalia is pleased to submit information on its NDC update to the UNFCCC secretariat for consideration. 2.0 Methodological Approach Somalia’s updated NDC was prepared through an inclusive, consultative multi-stakeholders technical and policy dialogues. Broad-based Federal and State level consultative workshops and engagements involving Government institutions (both Federal and State level), NGOs, CBOs, private sector, academic, and research institutions were undertaken throughout the process.', 'Broad-based Federal and State level consultative workshops and engagements involving Government institutions (both Federal and State level), NGOs, CBOs, private sector, academic, and research institutions were undertaken throughout the process. UNFCCC decisions and Somalia’s National development policies, strategies and action plans guided the NDC update preparation process. Priority actions for both adaptation and mitigation sectors were identified through a review of various climate change and National development relevant documents/reports and in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. The Initial National Communication (INC) 2018 and recent technical mitigation analysis for NDC update were the foundation for the mitigation sector scenario analysis. Studies specific to Somalia were difficult to find for many mitigation options.', 'Studies specific to Somalia were difficult to find for many mitigation options. The overall potential of each mitigation option was estimated by reviewing the best available primary and secondary data on the existing prevalence of the practice or technology, then conducting research or making assumptions about the amount of deployment that was possible or reasonable.', 'The overall potential of each mitigation option was estimated by reviewing the best available primary and secondary data on the existing prevalence of the practice or technology, then conducting research or making assumptions about the amount of deployment that was possible or reasonable. Once this was determined, scenarios were developed that calculated the emissions impact of the mitigation option and its aggregate cost at the deployment scale determined to be appropriate with a start date of 2021 and an end date of 2030.It is important to note that in some cases the INC data was found unrealistic by experts considering in comparison with information from other neighbouring countries in the eastern Africa and other similar countries (in terms of fragility, economic and population sizes) and similar growth trajectories.', 'Once this was determined, scenarios were developed that calculated the emissions impact of the mitigation option and its aggregate cost at the deployment scale determined to be appropriate with a start date of 2021 and an end date of 2030.It is important to note that in some cases the INC data was found unrealistic by experts considering in comparison with information from other neighbouring countries in the eastern Africa and other similar countries (in terms of fragility, economic and population sizes) and similar growth trajectories. In these cases, other published international reports and data were utilized and average established. This information is likely to be further updated and verified through the next GHG inventory report and the ongoing first Biannual Update report project.', 'This information is likely to be further updated and verified through the next GHG inventory report and the ongoing first Biannual Update report project. The Adaptation component of the NDC was informed by recently conducted study on adaptation baseline covering key vulnerable sectors of the economy. The priorities builds on the National Adaptation Plan of Action( 2013), federal sectors plans and priorities as well as Federal member states priorities informed by the consultation processes for the NDC. The country is will further refine the adaptation priorities in the ongoing NAP process under the GCF Funded NAP Readiness Project implemented through the UNDP.', 'The country is will further refine the adaptation priorities in the ongoing NAP process under the GCF Funded NAP Readiness Project implemented through the UNDP. 3.0 National Policies and institutional Frameworks 2.1 Policy and legal Frameworks With recently found stability, Somalia has made progress in the development of policies and institutional frameworks relevant to climate change, Natural Resource Management and overall National development. The existence of policies and regulatory frameworks are steps in the right direction although implementation challenges still exist at both the Federal and State levels. These Nation policies, plans and strategies have set the foundation for the preparation of Somalia’s revised NDC. National Policy Documents Year 1. The Ninth National Development Plan 2020-2024 2. The Somalia National Climate Change Policy 2020 3.', 'The Somalia National Climate Change Policy 2020 3. The Power Master Plan for Somalia 2019 4. The National Adaptation Programme of Actions 2013 5. The National Environment Policy 2019 6. Draft National Environmental Management Bill 2020 7. Draft Environmental Social Impact Assessment Regulations 2020 8. Somali National Disaster Management Policy 2018 9. Integrated Water Resources Management Strategic Plan 2019-2023 10. Recovery and Resilience Framework 2018 11. The Initial National Communication to UNFCCC 2018 12. The National Electricity Bill 2019 14. National Voluntary Land Degradation Neutrality Targets 2020 2020 15. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015 16. Somalia National Water Policy and National Water Resource Law 2019 17. National Food Security and Nutrition Policy 2020 18. National Fertiliser Policy 201919. The UN Strategic Framework Somalia 2020 20. National Drought Plan 2020 22. National Pesticide Policy 2019 23.', 'National Drought Plan 2020 22. National Pesticide Policy 2019 23. Somalia National Action Programme for the UN Convention to Combat Desertification 24. National Voluntary Land Degradation Neutrality Targets 2020 25. National Capacity Assessment Towards Implementing the Environmental Treaties of the Rio Convention 2.2 Institutional Arrangements The National Climate Change Policy, 2020 recently approved by Somalia Cabinet provides for the institutional arrangements for climate change. Some of these institutions are yet to be fully operationalized. The main entities established by the policy include: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change(DoECC)- The office situated in the Office of the Prime Minister has the mandate of formulation of federal level climate policies, coordination of activities by federal institutions, Federal Member States, local governments, international partners, and other stakeholders in the climate change.', 'The main entities established by the policy include: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change(DoECC)- The office situated in the Office of the Prime Minister has the mandate of formulation of federal level climate policies, coordination of activities by federal institutions, Federal Member States, local governments, international partners, and other stakeholders in the climate change. The office also serves as UNFCCC National Focal point and the National Designated Authority(NDA) for Green Climate Fund. National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) - The NCCC has the mandate for coordinating and supervising the implementation of the climate change policy. The NCCC is a multi- stakeholder, high level policy coordination committee and is responsible for the overall coordination and supervision of climate change activities in Somalia.', 'The NCCC is a multi- stakeholder, high level policy coordination committee and is responsible for the overall coordination and supervision of climate change activities in Somalia. It comprises the Prime Minister (or his designate), DG of the Directorate of Environment & Climate Change, Sectoral Ministries, Directors of Governmental Agencies, Member States’ Ministers for Environment, the private sector and civil society organizations. Cross-Sectoral Committee on Climate Change (CSCC) – The CSCC brings together the officials from across government working on climate change; for information exchange, consultation, agreement and support among the spheres of government regarding climate change and government’s response to climate change. It will be chaired by the DG of the Directorate of Environment & Climate Change. Representatives could be at DG levels.', 'Representatives could be at DG levels. The primary roles of the CSCCC are as follows: a) Serve as a cross-sector forum for the exchange of ideas, including the provision of updates on ongoing and planned climate change initiatives. b) Coordinate and advise sector-specific and cross-sector implementation of activities, and advise on monitoring and evaluation outcomes as well as future directions of the NCCP; and c) Address the cross-cutting and social aspects of climate change. Key stakeholders in climate change planning and implementation in Somalia recognized by the policy include: Federal Sectoral Ministries Federal Member State Governments, Civil Society Organizations and private sector.A comprehensive analysis of the state of the country’s climate change institutions during the NDC updating process revealed structural and systemic weaknesses in the institutional bedrock.', 'Key stakeholders in climate change planning and implementation in Somalia recognized by the policy include: Federal Sectoral Ministries Federal Member State Governments, Civil Society Organizations and private sector.A comprehensive analysis of the state of the country’s climate change institutions during the NDC updating process revealed structural and systemic weaknesses in the institutional bedrock. This include lack the necessary capacity to address climate change and its associated challenges, financial weaknesses, the dearth of appropriate policies and inability to enforce laws. Moreover, most of the institutions suffer from a considerable deficiency in human, financial, organizational, and institutional capacity to manage the environment and natural resources and respond to the specific challenges that climate change brought to Somalia.', 'Moreover, most of the institutions suffer from a considerable deficiency in human, financial, organizational, and institutional capacity to manage the environment and natural resources and respond to the specific challenges that climate change brought to Somalia. 4.0 Somalia’s Contribution to addressing climate change Somalia’s update NDC comprises of both mitigation and adaptation components. Overall, the country’s priority remains sustainable development and poverty eradication while sustaining stability and peace and building resilience to climate change impacts. Key principles guiding Somalia’s NDC process include: Country-driveness, linkages with National development and peace building efforts, maximizing co-benefits, gender-responsiveness, conflict-sensitive, participatory, inclusive and transparent, Guided by the best available scientific information including traditional and Indigenous knowledge and coordination.', 'Key principles guiding Somalia’s NDC process include: Country-driveness, linkages with National development and peace building efforts, maximizing co-benefits, gender-responsiveness, conflict-sensitive, participatory, inclusive and transparent, Guided by the best available scientific information including traditional and Indigenous knowledge and coordination. To achieve effective implementation of the NDC, Somalia will continue to enhance the relevant policy and institutional frameworks while taking into consideration critical principles such as National Development plans, Sustainable development and gender mainstreaming. 4.1 Mitigation contribution Somalia’s current GHG emissions are relatively low estimated at 53.70 MtCO2eq, representing less than 0.03 percent of total global emissions. The Agriculture, Forestry, and Land-use sectors are the major contributors to its emissions.', 'The Agriculture, Forestry, and Land-use sectors are the major contributors to its emissions. As the country realizes its development aspirations, pursue stability and prosperity, with a growing population (estimated at 2.8% per annum growth) and economy with urbanization will mean increases in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The emissions under Business as Usual scenario are expected to almost double to over 107.40 MtCO2eq in 2030, with significant emissions expected from AFOLU and energy sectors. Other sectors with emissions growth include transport and waste. The GHG emissions and projections will be updated through the ongoing Biannual Update report(BUR) project. The resultant BAU growth will mean environmental and social conditions, including increased competition over resources, could intensify vulnerability to climate risks.', 'The resultant BAU growth will mean environmental and social conditions, including increased competition over resources, could intensify vulnerability to climate risks. Transitioning to low emissions, climate- resilient development will address future risks, thereby improving Somalia’s ability to prosper under a changing climate while reducing the emissions intensity of a growing economy. Somalia is thus committed to pursuing a low emission sustainable development pathway. Under the updated NDC, Somalia has set a target of achieving 30% emissions reductions against the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario estimate of 107.39 MtCO2eq by 2030. To achieve this target, Somalia will aim to reduce and avoid its GHG emissions by about 32.40MtCO2eq relative to the BAU scenario by 2030.', 'To achieve this target, Somalia will aim to reduce and avoid its GHG emissions by about 32.40MtCO2eq relative to the BAU scenario by 2030. The updated contributions are in line with Somalia’s National Planning processes, strategies and actions in the energy, agriculture, forestry, transport and Waste sectors.The country The overall costs of the mitigation actions for the NDC period is estimated at USD 6.96 Billion. The proposed actions and estimated emissions reductions are elaborated below: No Sector priorities and targets Estimated projected BAU emissions from the sector in 2030 (Mt eq Emissions reductions as per the NDC target (Mt eq) Costs/investment (USD million) for NDC period 1. Agriculture Sector • Implement Agroforestry practices • Rangeland restoration and rehabilitation • Implement Sustainable Land Management including climate smart agriculture practices 2.', 'Agriculture Sector • Implement Agroforestry practices • Rangeland restoration and rehabilitation • Implement Sustainable Land Management including climate smart agriculture practices 2. Energy Sector • Development of renewable energy electricity (Solar and Wind) including people centred decentralised solutions • Promotion of clean and energy efficient cooking • Promotion of distributed renewable lamps • Promotion of use of energy efficient light bulbs • Promote energy efficiency in electricity transmission 3. Forestry Sector • Afforestation and Reforestation of Degraded Forests including mangroves restoration • Promote programmes aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation including through REDD+ readiness activities and implementing charcoal policy 4.', 'Forestry Sector • Afforestation and Reforestation of Degraded Forests including mangroves restoration • Promote programmes aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation including through REDD+ readiness activities and implementing charcoal policy 4. Transport Sector • Improvement of road conditions through investments in road infrastructure • Improved vehicle stock efficiency including for the three wheeled Tuk-tuks 5 Waste Sector • Development of 2 sanitary land fills4.1.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding The table below provides further details about the country’s mitigation contributions as guided by UNFCCC decisions: Key issue Information on the Somalia to provide clarity, transparency and understanding Base Year and Implementation Period The base year for Somalia NDC is 2015, and the timeframe for implementing mitigation and adaptation actions is 2021 to 2030. Mitigation target Somalia committed to reduce and avoid its emissions 30% by 2030 compared to BAU scenario (107.40MtCO2 eq in 2030).', 'Mitigation target Somalia committed to reduce and avoid its emissions 30% by 2030 compared to BAU scenario (107.40MtCO2 eq in 2030). The emissions reduction targets reflect introduce policies, programs and technologies that drive the country to low emissions development pathway. Due to the unique national circumstances, the implementation of the mitigation target will require international public and private support including in the form of finance, investments, technology development & transfer and capacity building Scope of gases included in the contribution Gases covered in this updated NDC are CO2, CH4 and NO2. Other gases were not taken into account, considering that their use and associated emissions are extremely low. Sectors and GHG emissions reported within this document cover 99.9% of national emissions.', 'Sectors and GHG emissions reported within this document cover 99.9% of national emissions. Sectors covered The emission reduction focuses on three broad sectors namely (1) AFOLU sector emissions through sustainable reduction of deforestation, land degradation, afforestation and reforestation, and national REDD+ strategy (2) Energy sector (electricity, transport, and household emissions) and (3) Solid waste disposal on land. BAU emissions projections and assumptions Both the population and economy of Somalia is on the rise and this growth will have significant implications for future emissions. Following a review of 2015- 2028 GDP data and formal population projections, the BAU were developed as part of the development of this updated NDC. The scenario assumes an economic growth at 4.9% and the population growth of three percent per year by 2030.', 'The scenario assumes an economic growth at 4.9% and the population growth of three percent per year by 2030. Emissions are expected to increase in the forecasted maximum growth scenario, with economic growth of 7.5% by 2028. The BAU scenario also assumes that Somalia could exploit its massive untapped fossil fuels reserves(particularly oil and gas). Mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions Mitigation co-benefits associated with adaptation actions will be included. Some of the adaptation actions with the greatest mitigation co-benefit potential include the following: rangeland restoration, sustainable land management, agroforestry, reafforestation, clean energy investments, infrastructure development among others How Somalia considers its updated NDC contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances Somalia is one of the world’s least developed countries with poverty and conflict situations exacerbated by climate change.', 'Some of the adaptation actions with the greatest mitigation co-benefit potential include the following: rangeland restoration, sustainable land management, agroforestry, reafforestation, clean energy investments, infrastructure development among others How Somalia considers its updated NDC contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances Somalia is one of the world’s least developed countries with poverty and conflict situations exacerbated by climate change. The country believes that, although its contribution to climate change has always been marginal, global efforts to reduce GHGs emissions will need to be differentiated based on a Party’s ecological footprint, historical responsibility, development capacity, technological capacity and population. Based on the country’s national circumstances, this NDC is fair and ambitious. Somalia considers its updated NDC contribution is ambitious since it establishes an overall national vision for low emissions and climate resilientdevelopment.', 'Somalia considers its updated NDC contribution is ambitious since it establishes an overall national vision for low emissions and climate resilientdevelopment. The revised NDC goes beyond the pervious projects based NDC target to broad and quantified target for the period. This NDC is informed by technical mitigation and adaptation analysis and is comprehensive covering all key mitigation sectors. The country is also committing to establishing robust monitoring and verification system to support the implementation of the NDC. Carbon offsets Somalia shall not exclude the role of international market mechanisms to achieve its conditional 2030 targets, subject to the use of robust systems that enable real and verified emission reductions.', 'Carbon offsets Somalia shall not exclude the role of international market mechanisms to achieve its conditional 2030 targets, subject to the use of robust systems that enable real and verified emission reductions. The country expects that some investments in low-carbon, climate resilient infrastructure and some development options in its NDC can be funded in whole or in part through credit transfers /International carbon asset(s). Methodological approach The NDC was prepared in a consultative and inclusive manner. The NDC revision process was guided by technical mitigation analysis report. Broad based national and sub-national stakeholders’ consultative meetings were held during the process. The consultations brought together government institutions both national and sub-national levels, civil society organizations, academic and research institutions, the private sector across the country.', 'The consultations brought together government institutions both national and sub-national levels, civil society organizations, academic and research institutions, the private sector across the country. National policies, legislations, strategies, programmes and action plans together with UNFCCC decisions guided the updating process of the NDC. Priority sectors on both adaptation and mitigation were identified through a review of various climate change, social, environmental and economic development benefits and their feasibility. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The National GHG emissions may be updated with more country specific information and methodological improvements, including under the first BUR and second National communications Quality Control and Assurance To ensure the NDC quality compliance, the UNDP Climate Promise Quality Assurance Checklist has been applied.', 'Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The National GHG emissions may be updated with more country specific information and methodological improvements, including under the first BUR and second National communications Quality Control and Assurance To ensure the NDC quality compliance, the UNDP Climate Promise Quality Assurance Checklist has been applied. In additional national and international technical experts consulted on an ongoing basis throughout the updating process. The draft final report has also been subject to a technical peer review to verify the process and results. Accounting and verification system A measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system will be established and the technical capacity, research and coordination of stakeholders will be enhanced.', 'Accounting and verification system A measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) system will be established and the technical capacity, research and coordination of stakeholders will be enhanced. The achievement will be tracked on a biennial basis and reported as part of enhanced transparency framework under the Paris Agreement Institutional arrangement and Implementation process The implementation of the NDC will be undertake by both state and non-state actors in Somalia. Directorate of Environment and Climate Change(DoECC) at the Office of the Prime Minister of the Federal republic of Somalia is the main institution responsible for promoting implementation and coordination of the NDC in close collaboration with other ministries and stakeholders at federal and member states level.', 'Directorate of Environment and Climate Change(DoECC) at the Office of the Prime Minister of the Federal republic of Somalia is the main institution responsible for promoting implementation and coordination of the NDC in close collaboration with other ministries and stakeholders at federal and member states level. Capacity building, development of strategies, supportive mechanisms, monitoring and public awareness and participation for the NDC implementation will be undertaken by the DoECC with support from partners. Monitoring-Evaluation (M&E) a The Federal Government of Somalia, through the DoECC has the full responsibility to monitor and evaluate through regular stakeholders’ consultative engagement. This will ensure the effective coordination, resource mobilisation and implementation of NDC target. Monitoring and evaluation of the Mitigationand adaptation actions/projects will be harmonized.', 'Monitoring and evaluation of the Mitigationand adaptation actions/projects will be harmonized. Inconsistent data and systems will be synchronized across sectors of national and subnational institutions. This would provide a holistic view of the overall status of projects and outcomes/outputs. Furthermore, updated information and data analysis through the revised GHG inventory and first Biannual update report will inform the target. 4.2 Adaptation Contribution As a highly vulnerable country, adaptation and building resilience to climate change is the country’s highest priority.', '4.2 Adaptation Contribution As a highly vulnerable country, adaptation and building resilience to climate change is the country’s highest priority. Through the adaptation contribution of the NDC, Somalia aims to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change through mainstreaming climate adaptation to into sustainable development.The priority areas for climate change adaptation in Somalia from 2021 to 2030 are informed by its 2020 adaptation baseline assessment and based on Somalia s national and sub-national adaptation plans and policies, including NAPA, which provides a climate change adaptation strategy and a climate change risk mitigation plan.', 'Through the adaptation contribution of the NDC, Somalia aims to enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change through mainstreaming climate adaptation to into sustainable development.The priority areas for climate change adaptation in Somalia from 2021 to 2030 are informed by its 2020 adaptation baseline assessment and based on Somalia s national and sub-national adaptation plans and policies, including NAPA, which provides a climate change adaptation strategy and a climate change risk mitigation plan. The country has initiated its NAP process and has starting implementing a GCF funded NAP readiness project to enhance its capacity, establish legal and institutional frameworks and further define its medium term and long-term adaptation actions in priority sectors. The NAP will be the main guiding instrument to implement the country’s adaptation priorities.', 'The NAP will be the main guiding instrument to implement the country’s adaptation priorities. Somalia’s NDC estimates the cost of implementing the adaptation components of the NDC target at USD 55.5 Billion for the 10 years. This translates to financial resources needed for implementation of the identified adaptation contributions is about USD 5.55 billion per annum from 2021- 2030. It is important to note some of adaptation actions have mitigation co-benefits. The table below indicates the proposed adaptation actions and estimated costs: 4.2.1 Adaptation actions and estimated cost # Adaptation sectors/proposed actions Estimated investment required (in USD, 1.', 'The table below indicates the proposed adaptation actions and estimated costs: 4.2.1 Adaptation actions and estimated cost # Adaptation sectors/proposed actions Estimated investment required (in USD, 1. Agriculture and Food security: • Establish agricultural institutions to research drought resistant varieties • Provision of seeds and seedlings that are drought resistant to farming community • Developing irrigation systems including dams, channel & water reticulation system • Improving and establishing marketing systems & infrastructure eg cooperatives, cooling systems for perishable goods • Building marketing facilities and infrastructure for crops and livestock urban centres • Support SMEs to promote value addition of the crop and livestock products eg cooling facilities • Promote weather based insurance scheme for farmers and pastoralists • Investment in veterinary services to address climate related diseases• Establishment of disease free zones to enhance quality for export of livestock products • Build adaptation capacity in climate-resilient agronomic practices for smallholder farmers • Improve animal productivity and animal breeds to increase resilience to climate change • Manage the grazing areas, and rangelands in a sustainable manner and enhancing the development of livestock infrastructures and services including feed storage • Improve access to agro-weather information services 2.', 'Agriculture and Food security: • Establish agricultural institutions to research drought resistant varieties • Provision of seeds and seedlings that are drought resistant to farming community • Developing irrigation systems including dams, channel & water reticulation system • Improving and establishing marketing systems & infrastructure eg cooperatives, cooling systems for perishable goods • Building marketing facilities and infrastructure for crops and livestock urban centres • Support SMEs to promote value addition of the crop and livestock products eg cooling facilities • Promote weather based insurance scheme for farmers and pastoralists • Investment in veterinary services to address climate related diseases• Establishment of disease free zones to enhance quality for export of livestock products • Build adaptation capacity in climate-resilient agronomic practices for smallholder farmers • Improve animal productivity and animal breeds to increase resilience to climate change • Manage the grazing areas, and rangelands in a sustainable manner and enhancing the development of livestock infrastructures and services including feed storage • Improve access to agro-weather information services 2. Water resources management and public health • Assessment of the water system • Water conservation and management – institutional arrangements enhanced • Establish and maintain strategic water reserves mega-dams, shallow wells to capture runoffs • Develop solar powered boreholes • Invest in basic and portable water supply households for households • Construct and operationalise water pans • Promote rainwater harvesting and conservation of water, including improved water use efficiency • Development of drainage and storm water systems in urban centres especially Mogadishu, Baladweyne, Jowhar and Kismayu • Implement integrated Water resources Management strategy • Public health awareness campaign, targeting rural areas on climate change effects and public health related issues • Establish and operationalise public health facilities in rural areas 3.', 'Water resources management and public health • Assessment of the water system • Water conservation and management – institutional arrangements enhanced • Establish and maintain strategic water reserves mega-dams, shallow wells to capture runoffs • Develop solar powered boreholes • Invest in basic and portable water supply households for households • Construct and operationalise water pans • Promote rainwater harvesting and conservation of water, including improved water use efficiency • Development of drainage and storm water systems in urban centres especially Mogadishu, Baladweyne, Jowhar and Kismayu • Implement integrated Water resources Management strategy • Public health awareness campaign, targeting rural areas on climate change effects and public health related issues • Establish and operationalise public health facilities in rural areas 3. Disaster preparedness and management • Establish effective early warning systems and disaster risk management policies to improve resilience to extreme weather events • Establish he meteorological networks to enhance early warning systems • Increase resilience of communities, infrastructures and ecosystems to droughts and floods • Enhanced coordination and information-sharing between relevant ministries and stakeholders • Establishing disaster response for the country including facilities, settlements for IDPs • Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups including women, children, elderly persons and IDPS communities through social safety nets • Livelihood support for the vulnerable groups 4.', 'Disaster preparedness and management • Establish effective early warning systems and disaster risk management policies to improve resilience to extreme weather events • Establish he meteorological networks to enhance early warning systems • Increase resilience of communities, infrastructures and ecosystems to droughts and floods • Enhanced coordination and information-sharing between relevant ministries and stakeholders • Establishing disaster response for the country including facilities, settlements for IDPs • Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the most vulnerable groups including women, children, elderly persons and IDPS communities through social safety nets • Livelihood support for the vulnerable groups 4. Coastal, marine environment and fisheries • Develop and implement coastal zone policy, strategy and management plan; • Improve capacity for fisher folks in terms of equipment, nets and bots • Supporting private sector establish cooling systems for coast areas including appropriate equipment for transportation • Value addition investments for fisheries resources • Enhance the resilience of the fisheries value chains by promoting climate-smart fisheries development • Promote livelihood diversification for coastal communities.• Improve monitoring and early warning systems of both sea-level rise impacts and extreme weather events for building adaptive capacity.', 'Coastal, marine environment and fisheries • Develop and implement coastal zone policy, strategy and management plan; • Improve capacity for fisher folks in terms of equipment, nets and bots • Supporting private sector establish cooling systems for coast areas including appropriate equipment for transportation • Value addition investments for fisheries resources • Enhance the resilience of the fisheries value chains by promoting climate-smart fisheries development • Promote livelihood diversification for coastal communities.• Improve monitoring and early warning systems of both sea-level rise impacts and extreme weather events for building adaptive capacity. • Mangrove & shoreline restoration program.', '• Mangrove & shoreline restoration program. • Strengthen key fisheries management services for sound development and management of the fishery sector for resilience creation • Enhance energy investments to adopt diversified adaptive energy technologies for sustained livelihoods • Develop national grid systems and increase the generation capacity to address the energy poverty • Increase in production of non-forest biomass fuel briquettes, e.g. from agricultural waste, sawdust, and human waste, with emphasis on women and the youth • Improved kilns, jikos • Integrate climate change adaptation in energy investments and infrastructure • Develop and adopt policy and legislative frameworks to promote clean energy solutions 6.', 'from agricultural waste, sawdust, and human waste, with emphasis on women and the youth • Improved kilns, jikos • Integrate climate change adaptation in energy investments and infrastructure • Develop and adopt policy and legislative frameworks to promote clean energy solutions 6. Forestry and Environment • Increase in areas under agroforestry and reforestation of degraded forests • Enhance the participation of women and youth in activities related to adaptation and environmental conservation in order to empower them and enhance their adaptive capacity • Promote climate change resilient traditional and modern knowledge of sustainable pasture and range management systems • Climate change communication, education and public awareness raising 7.', 'Forestry and Environment • Increase in areas under agroforestry and reforestation of degraded forests • Enhance the participation of women and youth in activities related to adaptation and environmental conservation in order to empower them and enhance their adaptive capacity • Promote climate change resilient traditional and modern knowledge of sustainable pasture and range management systems • Climate change communication, education and public awareness raising 7. Human settlements • Promote green and climate resilient building industry • Enhance awareness on the impacts of climate change in the context of human settlements promoting sustainable land management systems and climate sensitive human settlement developments. • Facilitate provision of, and access to adequate, affordable and climate sensitive shelter to vulnerable groups including IDPS. 8.', '• Facilitate provision of, and access to adequate, affordable and climate sensitive shelter to vulnerable groups including IDPS. 8. Infrastructure including roads, bridges • Climate proof infrastructure developments including infrastructure • Establish road infrastructure networks and drainage systems. • Strengthen climate robustness of public and commercial sector buildings • Maintain and upgrade roads and other infrastructure with appropriate drainage systems to cope with flooding Total $48.5 Billion4.4 Gender Mainstreaming Somalia remains one of the most unequal countries with the Gender Index standing at 0.776(1 – complete inequality) placing Somalia at the fourth-highest position globally.', '• Strengthen climate robustness of public and commercial sector buildings • Maintain and upgrade roads and other infrastructure with appropriate drainage systems to cope with flooding Total $48.5 Billion4.4 Gender Mainstreaming Somalia remains one of the most unequal countries with the Gender Index standing at 0.776(1 – complete inequality) placing Somalia at the fourth-highest position globally. Climate Change has exacerbated gender inequality in Somalia, with women and children affected more by climate change effects due to lack of access and control of critical resources, biased labor division and absence from decision making processes from household to the National level.', 'Climate Change has exacerbated gender inequality in Somalia, with women and children affected more by climate change effects due to lack of access and control of critical resources, biased labor division and absence from decision making processes from household to the National level. For example, reports indicate that 70-80% of those in IDPs and refugee camps are women, who are exposed to gender based violence.4 On the other hand, women and youth can act as agents of change and play a key role in supporting the transition towards low emissions and climate resilient development in Somalia. There are critical gender issues across sectors and hence the promotion of gender equality is critical for effective climate adaptation and mitigation in Somalia.', 'There are critical gender issues across sectors and hence the promotion of gender equality is critical for effective climate adaptation and mitigation in Somalia. The country needs to be supported to undertake comprehensive and in-depth gender analysis to inform gender integration across climate adaptation and mitigation sectors. There is a need to build capacities of key stakeholders at all levels including decision-makers on mainstreaming gender in climate actions. 5.0 Means of Implementation for both Adaptation and Mitigation Actions The estimated cost of implementing Somalia’s NDC is approximately USD 55.5 billion for the period 2021- 2030. The Federal government of Somalia will strive to mainstream the NDC actions into the national development planning and budgeting processes.', 'The Federal government of Somalia will strive to mainstream the NDC actions into the national development planning and budgeting processes. As an LDC country with unique national circumstances, the Government of Somalia does not have the fiscal capacity to mobilize financial resources for the implementation of the NDC actions. The successful implementation of both adaptation and mitigation actions thus, require provisions of adequate and predictable financial resources, transfer of environmentally sound technologies and capacity building support. Financial support through multilateral and bilateral channels and sources will be critical to facilitate transparent and successful implementation of the NDC. The private sector is already involved in climate mitigation and adaptation interventions in the forestry, energy, waste, water, transport and disaster risk response among others.', 'The private sector is already involved in climate mitigation and adaptation interventions in the forestry, energy, waste, water, transport and disaster risk response among others. There is need for focus strategic efforts and engagements with private sector in order to leverage the potential of these entities to support a more resilient and green Somalia. Similarly, there is a need for enhanced capacity building of various institutions and strengthening policy and legislative frameworks to support Somalia enhance its adaptive capacities to climate change. In particular, the country requires support to enhance capacities to access multilateral and bilateral climate finance sources, address barriers and enhance private sector investments and establish effective institutional mechanisms to enhance mobilization and effective utilization of climate finance.', 'In particular, the country requires support to enhance capacities to access multilateral and bilateral climate finance sources, address barriers and enhance private sector investments and establish effective institutional mechanisms to enhance mobilization and effective utilization of climate finance. The country will require support to establish national MRV system and strengthen its institutional set-up with adequate infrastructure and human resources to track climate actions. 4 UNDP, 2014, Gender in Somalia Policy brief'] | en-US |
304 | ZAF | South Africa | LTS | 2020-09-23 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/South%20Africa%27s%20Low%20Emission%20Development%20Strategy.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 494.862334 | 55.795833 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3897ecc2896ac45485462bd5305dfcc0ae9d66c6daa1d3b26a7101b0ee0bec3a.pdf | ['O H AF ICA LO - EMISSION DEVELOPMENTi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS . IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . VIII 1.1 The global climate crisis 1 1.2 The Paris Agreement . 2 1.3 The Science of 1.5°C and what it means for the Paris goals . 3 1.4 Methodological elements for developing LEDS . 4 1.5 South Africa LEDS a living document . 6 2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY, EMISSIONS PROFILE AND POLICY LANDSCAPE . 8 2.1 South Africa s Economy. 8 2.1.1 Energy supply . 8 2.1.2 Mining and the industrial sector 10 2.1.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) . 11 2.1.4 Waste sector . 11 2.1.5 Other sectors 11 2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions profile 12 2.3 Policy, legislation and strategies that inform SA-LEDS 14 2.3.2 National Climate Change Response Policy 15 2.3.3 Climate Change Bill 17 2.4 The role of sub-national government and the private sector 17 2.4.1 Sub-national government 17 2.4.2 The contribution of the private sector 18 2.5 Vulnerability and resilience 18 3 VISION STATEMENT . 19 4 GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION MEASURES 21 4.1 Energy supply 21 4.1.1 Integrated Energy Plan . 21 4.1.2 Integrated Resource Plan . 23 4.1.3 Biofuels opportunities . 26ii 4.2 Energy demand . 27 4.2.1 National Energy Efficiency Strategy 27 4.2.2 Support for uptake of Solar Water Heaters . 31 4.2.3 National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act . 31 4.2.4 Promotion of Cleaner Mobility . 32 4.3.1 Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) 34 4.3.2 Tax incentives for green project development 35 4.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) 36 4.6 Cross-Cutting Measures 39 4.6.1 Carbon Tax . 39 4.6.2 Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) 40 4.6.3 Carbon Budgets 41 4.6.4 Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies/incentives 41 5 GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS . 42 5.1 Enhancing the vision for development . 43 5.2 Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition 44 5.3 Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth . 46 5.4 Providing broad access to funds 47 5.4.1 Climate finance flows to date 48 5.4.2 Formalising climate finance structures 50 5.4.3 Climate finance opportunities 51 5.5 Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture 54 5.6 Ensuring a just transition with jobs for all . 56 5.7 Promoting sustainable development through education and culture 57 5.8 Enhancing information and metrics . 57 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION 58 6.1 Detailed sectoral work to explore transformation pathways . 58 6.2 Creation of policy package roadmaps across three phases 59iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: SA-LEDS in the context of prior climate-related work in South Africa . 7 Figure 2: Key contributors to GDP 8 Figure 3: Contribution of main emission categories and energy emission categories to national gross greenhouse gas emissions in 2015 13 Figure 4: Total gross national GHG emissions by economic sector . 14 Figure 5: South Africa s Peak, Plateau, Decline Trajectory Range. 20 Figure 6: Sectoral energy demand . 22 Figure 7: Share of installed capacity in the 2019 IRP in MW 25 Figure 8: Domestic climate finance (2015 - 2017) 49 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Strategic interventions outlined in South Africa s National Adaptation Strategy . 19 Table 2: Energy efficiency targets outlined in the post-2015 NEES . 28 Table 3: Measures outlined in the post-2015 NEES . 29 Table 4: Current institutional arrangements to address climate change response actions . 45 Table 5: The three phases of the just transition . 61iv ACRONYMS ADP Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use BRT Bus Rapid Transport CA Conservation Agriculture CO2 Carbon dioxide CoP Conference of the Parties CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CTL Coal-to-Liquids DAFF Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DoE Department of Energy DSI Department of Science and Innovation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GJ Gigajoule GTL Gas-to-liquids (GTL) GTS Green Transport Strategy GWh Gigawatt hour HySA Hydrogen South Africa IDC Industrial Development Corporation IEP Integrated Energy Plan IGCCC Intergovernmental Committee on Climate Changev IMCCC Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer IRP Integrated Resource Plan KfW German KfW Development Bank LEDS Low-Emission Development Strategy LTAS Long Term Adaptation Scenarios LTMS Long Term Mitigation Scenarios MACC Marginal Abatement Cost Curve M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MINMEC Ministers and Members of Executive Councils MINTECH Ministerial Technical Advisory Body MPA Mitigation Potential Analysis MRF Material Recovery Facility Mt Megatonne Mt CO2-eq Megatonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent MW Megawatt NCCC National Committee on Climate Change NCCRP National Climate Change Response Policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NEES National Energy Efficiency Strategy NEM:WA National Environmental Management: Waste Actvi NERSA National Energy Regulator of South Africa NEVA National Employment Vulnerability Assessment NIPF National Industrial Policy Framework NPC National Planning Commission NTCSA National Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Assessment NWMS National Waste Management Strategy PAMs Policies and Measures PCCCC Presidential Climate Change Coordinating Commission PJ Petajoule PPD Peak, Plateau and Decline RE Renewable Energy REIPPPP Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SACCS South African Centre for Capture and Storage SANS South African National Standard SA-LEDS South Africa Low-Emission Development Strategy SDG Sustainable Development Goal SET Sectoral Emissions Target SJRP Sector Jobs Resilience Plan STEP Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project STI Science, Technology and Innovation SWH Solar Water Heater UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationvii UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WtE Waste-to-Energy ZAR South African Randviii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION South Africa, like the rest of the world, is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'O H AF ICA LO - EMISSION DEVELOPMENTi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS . IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . VIII 1.1 The global climate crisis 1 1.2 The Paris Agreement . 2 1.3 The Science of 1.5°C and what it means for the Paris goals . 3 1.4 Methodological elements for developing LEDS . 4 1.5 South Africa LEDS a living document . 6 2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY, EMISSIONS PROFILE AND POLICY LANDSCAPE . 8 2.1 South Africa s Economy. 8 2.1.1 Energy supply . 8 2.1.2 Mining and the industrial sector 10 2.1.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) . 11 2.1.4 Waste sector . 11 2.1.5 Other sectors 11 2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions profile 12 2.3 Policy, legislation and strategies that inform SA-LEDS 14 2.3.2 National Climate Change Response Policy 15 2.3.3 Climate Change Bill 17 2.4 The role of sub-national government and the private sector 17 2.4.1 Sub-national government 17 2.4.2 The contribution of the private sector 18 2.5 Vulnerability and resilience 18 3 VISION STATEMENT . 19 4 GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION MEASURES 21 4.1 Energy supply 21 4.1.1 Integrated Energy Plan . 21 4.1.2 Integrated Resource Plan . 23 4.1.3 Biofuels opportunities . 26ii 4.2 Energy demand . 27 4.2.1 National Energy Efficiency Strategy 27 4.2.2 Support for uptake of Solar Water Heaters . 31 4.2.3 National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act . 31 4.2.4 Promotion of Cleaner Mobility . 32 4.3.1 Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) 34 4.3.2 Tax incentives for green project development 35 4.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) 36 4.6 Cross-Cutting Measures 39 4.6.1 Carbon Tax . 39 4.6.2 Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) 40 4.6.3 Carbon Budgets 41 4.6.4 Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies/incentives 41 5 GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS . 42 5.1 Enhancing the vision for development . 43 5.2 Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition 44 5.3 Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth . 46 5.4 Providing broad access to funds 47 5.4.1 Climate finance flows to date 48 5.4.2 Formalising climate finance structures 50 5.4.3 Climate finance opportunities 51 5.5 Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture 54 5.6 Ensuring a just transition with jobs for all . 56 5.7 Promoting sustainable development through education and culture 57 5.8 Enhancing information and metrics . 57 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION 58 6.1 Detailed sectoral work to explore transformation pathways . 58 6.2 Creation of policy package roadmaps across three phases 59iii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: SA-LEDS in the context of prior climate-related work in South Africa . 7 Figure 2: Key contributors to GDP 8 Figure 3: Contribution of main emission categories and energy emission categories to national gross greenhouse gas emissions in 2015 13 Figure 4: Total gross national GHG emissions by economic sector . 14 Figure 5: South Africa s Peak, Plateau, Decline Trajectory Range. 20 Figure 6: Sectoral energy demand . 22 Figure 7: Share of installed capacity in the 2019 IRP in MW 25 Figure 8: Domestic climate finance (2015 - 2017) 49 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Strategic interventions outlined in South Africa s National Adaptation Strategy . 19 Table 2: Energy efficiency targets outlined in the post-2015 NEES . 28 Table 3: Measures outlined in the post-2015 NEES . 29 Table 4: Current institutional arrangements to address climate change response actions . 45 Table 5: The three phases of the just transition . 61iv ACRONYMS ADP Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use BRT Bus Rapid Transport CA Conservation Agriculture CO2 Carbon dioxide CoP Conference of the Parties CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research CTL Coal-to-Liquids DAFF Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DoE Department of Energy DSI Department of Science and Innovation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GJ Gigajoule GTL Gas-to-liquids (GTL) GTS Green Transport Strategy GWh Gigawatt hour HySA Hydrogen South Africa IDC Industrial Development Corporation IEP Integrated Energy Plan IGCCC Intergovernmental Committee on Climate Changev IMCCC Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPP Independent Power Producer IRP Integrated Resource Plan KfW German KfW Development Bank LEDS Low-Emission Development Strategy LTAS Long Term Adaptation Scenarios LTMS Long Term Mitigation Scenarios MACC Marginal Abatement Cost Curve M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MINMEC Ministers and Members of Executive Councils MINTECH Ministerial Technical Advisory Body MPA Mitigation Potential Analysis MRF Material Recovery Facility Mt Megatonne Mt CO2-eq Megatonne Carbon Dioxide Equivalent MW Megawatt NCCC National Committee on Climate Change NCCRP National Climate Change Response Policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDP National Development Plan NEES National Energy Efficiency Strategy NEM:WA National Environmental Management: Waste Actvi NERSA National Energy Regulator of South Africa NEVA National Employment Vulnerability Assessment NIPF National Industrial Policy Framework NPC National Planning Commission NTCSA National Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Assessment NWMS National Waste Management Strategy PAMs Policies and Measures PCCCC Presidential Climate Change Coordinating Commission PJ Petajoule PPD Peak, Plateau and Decline RE Renewable Energy REIPPPP Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SACCS South African Centre for Capture and Storage SANS South African National Standard SA-LEDS South Africa Low-Emission Development Strategy SDG Sustainable Development Goal SET Sectoral Emissions Target SJRP Sector Jobs Resilience Plan STEP Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project STI Science, Technology and Innovation SWH Solar Water Heater UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationvii UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WtE Waste-to-Energy ZAR South African Randviii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION South Africa, like the rest of the world, is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In unmitigated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios, warming of up to 5 to 8°C is projected over the interior of the country by the end of this century.', 'In unmitigated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios, warming of up to 5 to 8°C is projected over the interior of the country by the end of this century. Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others. The South African government thus regards climate change as a considerable threat to the country and its socio-economic development.', 'The South African government thus regards climate change as a considerable threat to the country and its socio-economic development. At the same time, if climate change is to be limited through limiting the growth in global GHG emissions, with South Africa contributing its fair share to emission reductions, there will be other implications for the country. As one of the top 20 global emitters, with a high dependency on fossil fuels, substantial emission cuts will be required. The rapid transition that will be required presents a potential risk to economic growth and sustainable development if not managed properly.', 'The rapid transition that will be required presents a potential risk to economic growth and sustainable development if not managed properly. Through the Paris Agreement, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have agreed to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels . Article 4 of the Agreement sets out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as the instrument countries must develop to present their part of the global effort to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible… on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty .', 'Article 4 of the Agreement sets out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as the instrument countries must develop to present their part of the global effort to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible… on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty . To help ensure that the Parties national contributions can jointly achieve the collective goal, the Article further states that Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances .', 'To help ensure that the Parties national contributions can jointly achieve the collective goal, the Article further states that Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances . This document has been prepared in response to that Article, and presents South Africa s first Low Emission Development Strategy (SA-LEDS). Through submitting this document to the UNFCCC our country reiterates its commitment to achieving the Paris goals. Implementation of the Strategy will also contribute directly and indirectly to the meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'Implementation of the Strategy will also contribute directly and indirectly to the meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SA-LEDS builds upon years of work on climate change in the country, which has contributed to the establishment of an important set of policy documents. Building on existing plans offers numerous benefits, such as optimizingix resources and ensuring buy-in of key stakeholders. Three key climate policy documents provide the foundation on which SA-LEDS has been developed. These are: The National Development Plan (NDP): With an overarching objective of eliminating poverty and reduce inequality by 2030, the NDP outlines a set of goals and actions to meet the country s environmental sustainability and resilience needs, and dedicates a full chapter to Environmental Sustainability An equitable transition to a low-carbon economy .', 'These are: The National Development Plan (NDP): With an overarching objective of eliminating poverty and reduce inequality by 2030, the NDP outlines a set of goals and actions to meet the country s environmental sustainability and resilience needs, and dedicates a full chapter to Environmental Sustainability An equitable transition to a low-carbon economy . The National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) represents government s comprehensive policy framework for responding to climate change, including provisions for adaptation and mitigation. The Climate Change Bill (forthcoming) will form the legislative foundation for the climate change adaptation and mitigation response.', 'The Climate Change Bill (forthcoming) will form the legislative foundation for the climate change adaptation and mitigation response. With respect to mitigation, the Bill provides for future review and determination of the national greenhouse gas emissions trajectory; determination of sectoral emissions targets for emitting sectors and subsectors; and allocation of carbon budgets. It also makes provision for the development of plans to phase down or phase out the use of synthetic greenhouse gases in line with the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol. Various other strategies, policies and sector plans have been developed for individual sectors of the economy, which will all contribute to driving emission reductions.', 'Various other strategies, policies and sector plans have been developed for individual sectors of the economy, which will all contribute to driving emission reductions. These are detailed in later sections of this document to outline the set of discrete measures which serve as a starting point for implementation of the LEDS. At the same time, many of these plans were developed prior to the adoption of the Paris Agreement and do not consider the long-term, global goals in a coordinated manner and address a shorter timeframe than mid-century. Keeping SA- LEDS as a dynamic and flexible document is important to ensure it keeps pace with domestic policy developments, research, development and innovation, and declining costs of emissions mitigation technologies.', 'Keeping SA- LEDS as a dynamic and flexible document is important to ensure it keeps pace with domestic policy developments, research, development and innovation, and declining costs of emissions mitigation technologies. Notable here is a process being undertaken by the National Planning Commission (NPC) to develop a common vision for the country in 2050. This vision will be instrumental in driving harmonisation of government plans and policies and so it is important that the NPC process and vision takes into account the Paris goals. In addition to policies and measures being implemented by national government, many sub-national (provincial and local) government departments are undertaking activities that contribute to the national mitigation, adaptation and resilience efforts.', 'In addition to policies and measures being implemented by national government, many sub-national (provincial and local) government departments are undertaking activities that contribute to the national mitigation, adaptation and resilience efforts. Sub-national activities have, however, not yet been aligned or coordinated, and different geographical locations see different levels of activity. A diverse range of actions that contribute to GHG emissions mitigation is also being seen across the private sector, with significant gains having been made in certain sectors on both energy efficiency and emissions mitigation.x Although this strategy focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, the vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as the need to build resilience to these impacts is noted, and will be further elaborated in future iterations of SA-LEDS.', 'A diverse range of actions that contribute to GHG emissions mitigation is also being seen across the private sector, with significant gains having been made in certain sectors on both energy efficiency and emissions mitigation.x Although this strategy focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, the vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as the need to build resilience to these impacts is noted, and will be further elaborated in future iterations of SA-LEDS. South Africa has developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy that highlights nine key vulnerability areas for the country which acts as a complement to this document.', 'South Africa has developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy that highlights nine key vulnerability areas for the country which acts as a complement to this document. VISION STATEMENT The stated vision for SA-LEDS is as follows: South Africa follows a low-carbon growth trajectory while making a fair contribution to the global effort to limit the average temperature increase, while ensuring a just transition and b ilding of he co n r s resilience o clima e change In the absence of an agreed quantitative articulation of the vision, the Peak, Plateau, Decline Emissions Trajectory Range, as reflected in the NCCRP and NDP, is used as the benchmark against which the performance of SA- LEDS will be measured.', 'VISION STATEMENT The stated vision for SA-LEDS is as follows: South Africa follows a low-carbon growth trajectory while making a fair contribution to the global effort to limit the average temperature increase, while ensuring a just transition and b ilding of he co n r s resilience o clima e change In the absence of an agreed quantitative articulation of the vision, the Peak, Plateau, Decline Emissions Trajectory Range, as reflected in the NCCRP and NDP, is used as the benchmark against which the performance of SA- LEDS will be measured. The Climate Change Bill, described later, makes provision for regular updates of this trajectory, through which it can be better placed within the context of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Climate Change Bill, described later, makes provision for regular updates of this trajectory, through which it can be better placed within the context of the Paris Agreement. The outcomes of the National Planning Commission process to develop a common vision for the country in 2050 will be used to update SA-LEDS once released. In the development of the vision, South Africa will give due consideration to the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C, which represents the latest available science regarding this goal. GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION MEASURES The strategy centres on measures currently being implemented by government to address mitigation across the four key sectors of the economy, namely energy, industry, AFOLU and waste. It also presents planned cross- sectoral measures that will contribute to driving mitigation action.', 'It also presents planned cross- sectoral measures that will contribute to driving mitigation action. As indicated previously, many of the measures address only the short term, and are not considered transformational. South Africa puts these forward as a starting point from which to ratchet up our future ambition towards more integrated, transformational strategy. Energy supply Decarbonisation of energy supply will largely be driven through the: Integrated Energy Plan, which analyses current energy supply and demand trends within the different sectors of the economy, across all energy carriers. It then uses this information along with assumptionsxi about future demand and technology evolution to project the country s future energy requirements under a variety of different scenarios, including those with emissions limits and carbon prices.', 'It then uses this information along with assumptionsxi about future demand and technology evolution to project the country s future energy requirements under a variety of different scenarios, including those with emissions limits and carbon prices. Integrated Resource Plan, which guides the evolution of the South African electricity supply sector, in that it identifies the preferred electricity generation technologies to be built to meet projected electricity demand. It thus provides a mechanism for Government to drive the diversification of the country s electricity generation mix and promote the use of renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies.', 'It thus provides a mechanism for Government to drive the diversification of the country s electricity generation mix and promote the use of renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies. Biofuels Opportunities, offered through the Biofuels Industrial Strategy of 2007 (yet to be implemented) and second and third generation biofuels technologies that could potentially increase the volumes of biofuel that could be produced, without competing with food products for feedstocks. Energy demand SA-LEDS supports the implementation of a selection of measures to reduce energy demand, or limit growth in energy demand, as the economy and population grows: The National Energy Efficiency Strategy: In 2005, the Department of Energy launched the first National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES).', 'Energy demand SA-LEDS supports the implementation of a selection of measures to reduce energy demand, or limit growth in energy demand, as the economy and population grows: The National Energy Efficiency Strategy: In 2005, the Department of Energy launched the first National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES). Building on this document, the Department of Minerals and Energy is finalizing the post-2015 NEES, which outlines a set of goals for energy efficiency improvements across the economy to 2030. The NEES also identifies a set of measures to be implemented in each sector to achieve the stated targets. The Post-2015 NEES makes provision for a review every five years.', 'The Post-2015 NEES makes provision for a review every five years. Support for increased uptake of Solar Water Heaters: Solar Water Heaters (SWH) partially offset use of electricity for water heating in middle- and high-income households, and can service low-income households that did not previously have ready access to hot water or used fuels other than electricity for water heating. Since 2005 a number of goals have been set, and associated support programmes have been established to drive uptake of SWH, with the NDP introducing a goal of five million SWHs by 2030.', 'Since 2005 a number of goals have been set, and associated support programmes have been established to drive uptake of SWH, with the NDP introducing a goal of five million SWHs by 2030. The National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act: To further efforts to decrease energy consumption and associated GHG emissions of new commercial and residential buildings, the government has implemented energy efficiency and energy consumption standards under the National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act. The first of these is South African National Standard (SANS) 204 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. This standard specifies the design requirements for energy efficiency in buildings and of services in buildings with natural environmental control and artificial ventilation or air conditioning systems.', 'This standard specifies the design requirements for energy efficiency in buildings and of services in buildings with natural environmental control and artificial ventilation or air conditioning systems. The second, SANS 10400-XA Energy Usage in Buildings, includes the provisions of SANS 204 and others, providing a standard for energy efficient buildings.xii Promotion of cleaner mobility: Emissions from energy supply in the transport sector are addressed through a number of policy documents. The 2007 Public Transport Strategy sets out an action plan for accelerated modal shifts and for the development of integrated rapid public transport networks. Since then, the successful implementation of the bus rapid transport (BRT) system in Johannesburg has led to it being adapted and implemented in other major South African cities, with further roll-outs being planned.', 'Since then, the successful implementation of the bus rapid transport (BRT) system in Johannesburg has led to it being adapted and implemented in other major South African cities, with further roll-outs being planned. In 2018 the Green Transport Strategy (GTS) to 2050 was launched. The GTS provides the strategic direction for the transport sector regarding the reduction of GHG emissions, the contribution of transport to the green economy and the promotion of sustainable mobility.', 'The GTS provides the strategic direction for the transport sector regarding the reduction of GHG emissions, the contribution of transport to the green economy and the promotion of sustainable mobility. The Strategy aims to support reductions in the contribution of the transport sector to national greenhouse gas emissions through interventions that include local electric vehicle and battery production and roll out of solar powered charging stations; continued use of fuel economy norms and standards for fuel efficiency and GHG emissions of vehicles; and facilitating a shift of freight from road to rail. In September 2010 a CO2 tax was introduced on the selling price of new motor vehicles that exceed a certain emissions limit.', 'In September 2010 a CO2 tax was introduced on the selling price of new motor vehicles that exceed a certain emissions limit. Industry Two sets of policies that directly and indirectly support emissions reductions in the industrial sector are identified, beyond those that target energy efficiency. The Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP), the implementation plan for the National Industrial Policy Framework, is revised at various intervals. The most recent revision, which covers the period 2018/19 to 2020/21, provides updates on key focus areas within the industrial sector, one of which is green industry investment. The implementation of technologies with potential for contribution to emissions reductions in the industrial sector is also supported by various tax incentives, contained in the Income Tax Act.', 'The implementation of technologies with potential for contribution to emissions reductions in the industrial sector is also supported by various tax incentives, contained in the Income Tax Act. Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) Mitigation actions identified in the AFOLU sector include Policies and Measures developed by line departments including the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)1. These include the draft Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan for the South African Agricultural and Forestry sectors, the Conservation Agriculture Policy and the Agroforestry Strategic Framework for South Africa. 1 Note that with a government restructure Forestry and Fisheries has now been combined with Environmental Affairs, while Agriculture has been combined with agriculture and the department of rural development and land reform.', '1 Note that with a government restructure Forestry and Fisheries has now been combined with Environmental Affairs, while Agriculture has been combined with agriculture and the department of rural development and land reform. The implications of this restructuring on policy implementation has not yet been considered.xiii Waste Waste management activities are legislated through the National Environmental Management: Waste Act, with further policy direction being provided through the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS). The Strategy adopts the waste management hierarchy of waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal, activities which potentially contribute to a reduction in emissions from material life cycles2.', 'The Strategy adopts the waste management hierarchy of waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal, activities which potentially contribute to a reduction in emissions from material life cycles2. Subsequent to the Waste Act and NWMS, twenty national waste management initiatives and annual targets have been established through a process known as the Waste Phakisa. Of the initiatives, five are likely to have direct and indirect impacts on the total national greenhouse gas emissions. The importance of circular economy thinking in guiding the Waste Phakisa initiatives is recognised. Cross-Cutting Measures In addition to the measures specific to individual sectors described, four cross-cutting measures that will support low carbon development are in various stages of being implemented.', 'Cross-Cutting Measures In addition to the measures specific to individual sectors described, four cross-cutting measures that will support low carbon development are in various stages of being implemented. Carbon Tax: The Carbon Tax Act was brought into effect from 1 June 2019, which gives effect to the polluter pays principle and aims to price carbon by internalising the negative costs of emitting GHGs. The tax rate is set at R120 per tonne of CO2-eq. To allow businesses time for transition, a basic tax-free allowance of 60% will initially apply to all emissions, with further allowances depending on the activities. The tax structure will be revised post-2021 to align with the proposed mandatory carbon budgets.', 'The tax structure will be revised post-2021 to align with the proposed mandatory carbon budgets. Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs): The national emissions trajectory will be translated into Sectoral Emission Targets or SETs, which are quantitative greenhouse gas emission targets allocated to an emitting sector or sub-sector, over a defined time period. Individual national government departments will be tasked with developing and implementing Policies and Measures (PAMs) to ensure emissions from within a sector or sub-sector remain within SET limits. Carbon Budgets: Carbon Budgets set a maximum volume of emissions from certain activities that individual entities are allowed to emit over three rolling five-year periods.', 'Carbon Budgets: Carbon Budgets set a maximum volume of emissions from certain activities that individual entities are allowed to emit over three rolling five-year periods. By assigning a Carbon Budget to an entity, a signal is provided as to the degree of GHG mitigation that is required within a specific time period, with a penalty being imposed if the budget allocation is exceeded.', 'By assigning a Carbon Budget to an entity, a signal is provided as to the degree of GHG mitigation that is required within a specific time period, with a penalty being imposed if the budget allocation is exceeded. Furthermore, by providing entities with an understanding of how budgets are likely to be assigned in future phases to keep overall 2 Emissions savings achieved through actions in the waste sector will not all be reflected in that sector s inventory, however they may contribute indirectly to national emissions savings.xiv national emissions within the bounds of the national emissions trajectory, which will continue to be revised downward in keeping with the Paris Agreement, they are sensitised to how mitigation requirements may change in the future.', 'Furthermore, by providing entities with an understanding of how budgets are likely to be assigned in future phases to keep overall 2 Emissions savings achieved through actions in the waste sector will not all be reflected in that sector s inventory, however they may contribute indirectly to national emissions savings.xiv national emissions within the bounds of the national emissions trajectory, which will continue to be revised downward in keeping with the Paris Agreement, they are sensitised to how mitigation requirements may change in the future. The system thereby provides an opportunity for entities to plan ahead.', 'The system thereby provides an opportunity for entities to plan ahead. Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies/incentives: As a member of the G20, where countries have committed to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, South Africa has indicated willingness to identify and minimise their harmful impacts, taking cognisance of its developmental state. South Africa should consider participating in a fossil fuel subsidy peer review within the G20 framework to facilitate the sharing of experience and mutual learning among G20 members as the next step in identifying inefficient fossil subsidies within the economy. GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS A set of stand-alone, sector-based policies and measures as well as a selection of cross-cutting interventions that government is busy implementing has been presented above.', 'GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS A set of stand-alone, sector-based policies and measures as well as a selection of cross-cutting interventions that government is busy implementing has been presented above. However, a broad range of structural changes will be necessary, in order to ensure the global economy achieves carbon neutrality within the second half of the century. Changes will be required in terms of service demand, technology fleet, infrastructure, operating practice, and energy sources, for all sectors of activity.', 'Changes will be required in terms of service demand, technology fleet, infrastructure, operating practice, and energy sources, for all sectors of activity. As South Africa continues to strengthen its response to climate change as part of a global effort, it will increase its focus on a range of strategic elements that will together promote the change to low carbon growth, while continuing to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'As South Africa continues to strengthen its response to climate change as part of a global effort, it will increase its focus on a range of strategic elements that will together promote the change to low carbon growth, while continuing to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement. These relate to: Enhancing the vision for development, including revising the emissions trajectory to reflect a fair contribution to the global achievement of the Paris Agreement Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth Providing broad access to funds Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture Ensuring a just transition with jobs for all Promoting sustainable development through education and culture Enhancing information and metrics Each of these is elaborated upon in the main body of the document.xv CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION SA-LEDS sets out a direction of travel for South Africa as we refine our low carbon emission development pathway to meet our commitments to the international community and address our developmental agenda/priorities and needs.', 'These relate to: Enhancing the vision for development, including revising the emissions trajectory to reflect a fair contribution to the global achievement of the Paris Agreement Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth Providing broad access to funds Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture Ensuring a just transition with jobs for all Promoting sustainable development through education and culture Enhancing information and metrics Each of these is elaborated upon in the main body of the document.xv CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION SA-LEDS sets out a direction of travel for South Africa as we refine our low carbon emission development pathway to meet our commitments to the international community and address our developmental agenda/priorities and needs. We know that success will require decades of dedicated effort.', 'We know that success will require decades of dedicated effort. Therefore, this Strategy is a living document, the beginning of our journey towards ultimately reaching a net zero carbon economy by 2050. The first step will thus be to ensure national targets are aligned with the Paris Agreement. Thereafter, planning teams with analytical and sectoral expertise will engage in detailed scenario work to develop transformation pathways towards achieving the national targets. Building a scenario is, however, not enough to plan for its delivery. The work of translating such a plan to policy is a challenge which all Parties will have to grapple with over the coming months and years. South Africa aims to inform rollout plans through the use of a dedicated change framework.', 'South Africa aims to inform rollout plans through the use of a dedicated change framework. SA-LEDS will thus be reviewed at least every five years or earlier, should there be significant changes in sectoral or national plans/programmes that can result in a big structural changes, growth or decay of the economy and major global events that impact on its content or implementation. Detailed sectoral work to explore transformation pathways The Paris Agreement sets out the long-term climate change goals for the international community. While countries establish their own goals in a nationally determined manner, sectoral details will have to be analyzed in significant detail, laying out different scenarios to understand trajectories of investment, technology take-up, emissions reduction, and market change.', 'While countries establish their own goals in a nationally determined manner, sectoral details will have to be analyzed in significant detail, laying out different scenarios to understand trajectories of investment, technology take-up, emissions reduction, and market change. This work has already commenced in South Africa through a number of studies: The Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA), the overall objective of which was to conduct an updated, bottom-up assessment of mitigation potential in key economic sectors to identify a set of viable options for reducing GHGs. Marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs) for key sectors and subsectors were constructed. The MACCs provide estimates of mitigation potential and marginal abatement costs for broad mitigation measures.', 'The MACCs provide estimates of mitigation potential and marginal abatement costs for broad mitigation measures. Estimates of national mitigation potential have been derived from the sectoral MACCs and ranked in terms of level of implementability at national level for each of the technologies. The Pathways study to explore the impact of alternative economic growth trajectories on the country s emissions trajectory, looking at the implementation of structural changes rather than the implementation of purely technical interventions. This study, which also used the single national emissions model, had not been released at the time of writing of this document.xvi The Policies and Measures (PAMs) analysis, which explored the impact of existing PAMs, many of which were identified previously, on the emissions trajectory.', 'This study, which also used the single national emissions model, had not been released at the time of writing of this document.xvi The Policies and Measures (PAMs) analysis, which explored the impact of existing PAMs, many of which were identified previously, on the emissions trajectory. It is recognized that detailed forecasting is unlikely to accurately predict the evolution of markets. However, failing to plan is planning to fail , which is why systematic planning is recommended for all sectors. Common characteristics between scenarios that succeed and those that do not will help policymakers identify those conditions which must be met in order for the transition to succeed, aligned with Paris in a manner consistent with the latest science from the IPCC.', 'Common characteristics between scenarios that succeed and those that do not will help policymakers identify those conditions which must be met in order for the transition to succeed, aligned with Paris in a manner consistent with the latest science from the IPCC. Based on the sectoral pathways work, which will identify the requirements of the different sectors, a cross-cutting analysis of such pathways will help identify common needs. An aggregate understanding of the evolution over time of such critical factors such as levels of capital investment, consumer prices of different energy options, and requirements for skilled workers in various industries (increasing and decreasing), will set out the parameters for the cross-cutting strategies described previously.', 'An aggregate understanding of the evolution over time of such critical factors such as levels of capital investment, consumer prices of different energy options, and requirements for skilled workers in various industries (increasing and decreasing), will set out the parameters for the cross-cutting strategies described previously. Creation of policy package roadmaps across three phases The likelihood of policy action leading to long-term transformation results would require the application of new planning techniques. Pathway planning is an analytical tool that can inform national policy development over time towards objectives that sit beyond a typical policy horizon. Pathways visualize the whole timespan between the present and the time for which a target is set, seeking to establish what steps make sense now in the context of reaching the long-term goal.', 'Pathways visualize the whole timespan between the present and the time for which a target is set, seeking to establish what steps make sense now in the context of reaching the long-term goal. When establishing potential pathways, the desired end-state should be linked to the present, by backcasting rather than forecasting. This means that requirements for intermediate steps between today and the long-term goal are deduced not on the basis of how compatible they may be with the current context, but rather in terms of what is required for the end-state to be achieved. This leads policy-makers to consider the question what would have to be true regarding short and medium-term checkpoints, deriving the answer from the evolution to the goal.', 'This leads policy-makers to consider the question what would have to be true regarding short and medium-term checkpoints, deriving the answer from the evolution to the goal. Once pathways are clearly drawn out, regulatory, institutional, or other structural changes which are required for the transformation can be identified, from which necessary changes can be deduced and used to suggest concrete policy action. In this manner, a rigorous pathway analysis towards a long-term target can produce a number of concrete actions which must be carried out by a certain time, to enable other actions. It can be helpful to structure the time interval into three parts: short, medium and long-term, organising and communicating such actions on a three-stage timeline.', 'It can be helpful to structure the time interval into three parts: short, medium and long-term, organising and communicating such actions on a three-stage timeline. These stages are:xvii Starting Right (to be completed prior to end of 2021 financial year) Turning the Corner (to begin in parallel with the Starting Right stage and continue to 2025) Massive Rollout (2025 to 2050) Starting Right will focus on actions relating to the current government administration, or perhaps also address the initial years of the following one. The most important aspect of this stage is to ensure that a true transition is kicked off.', 'The most important aspect of this stage is to ensure that a true transition is kicked off. On the one hand, rapid implementation must begin in all areas where pathways to achieving the Paris Goals are already clear while on the other, steps taken will need to enable future action at scale, as much as (or perhaps more than) drive immediate emissions reductions. Clearly, Starting Right cannot be successfully executed without a long-term pathways analysis to provide confidence on the Paris-compatibility of implemented measures as well as the overall direction of travel.', 'Clearly, Starting Right cannot be successfully executed without a long-term pathways analysis to provide confidence on the Paris-compatibility of implemented measures as well as the overall direction of travel. Indeed, the search for immediate emissions reductions in the short-term can often lead to investments in technologies or business models which, while emitting less than traditional options, are not on track to drive the large reductions demanded by the long-term transformation. Avoiding decisions which will lead to emissions lock-in is thus a core priority of the Starting Right stage. Turning the Corner would typically take five to seven years. This phase will begin to be implemented in parallel with the Starting Right stage, where appropriate, and continue to 2025.', 'This phase will begin to be implemented in parallel with the Starting Right stage, where appropriate, and continue to 2025. This period is decisive, since within it new decision and investment criteria are broadly applied, bringing about changes to the day-to-day operation of many sectors of the economy at the same time. Resistance to change can become challenging if not well handled, and must be anticipated and addressed with social acceptance and just transition actions. It is at this stage that multiple policies will need to work in concert for the new technological options to make economic sense for businesses and consumers.', 'It is at this stage that multiple policies will need to work in concert for the new technological options to make economic sense for businesses and consumers. An overall understanding of the sectoral narratives of change and how they collectively feed into the national vision will be core to the success of this stage. Massive rollout is the final phase, in which low-emissions climate resilient options have become the new normal. The constant application of transformative action will drive large volumes of investment towards transformational change.', 'The constant application of transformative action will drive large volumes of investment towards transformational change. Perseverance on the application of all aspects of change will be required to avoid imbalances or injustices which will compromise the change, and sectors which achieve important milestones must not be allowed to become complacent, but rather contribute to the broader change by supporting areas of natural synergy. Examples of activities that might be taken during the three phases of implementation of the transition are shown in the Table below.', 'Examples of activities that might be taken during the three phases of implementation of the transition are shown in the Table below. All along the way provision needs to be made for regular review of the Strategy and the implementation plan, and M&E of implementation.xviii Table E1: The three phases of the just transition Starting Right (start immediately and complete by end of 2020/21 financial year) Start the process of developing long term plans for each sector, to avoid lock-in to emissions intensive infrastructure and establish the basis for transformation at scale Develop approaches for allocation of Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) and carbon budgets to high emitting entities Develop Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs) to support the transition to the low carbon economy and climate resilient society in a Just manner Identify the institutional, legislative, finance and other changes required to achieve the transformation Develop an understanding of the relevant government decisions which need to be taken to achieve the long-term plans Develop a monitoring plan Turning the corner (start immediately, as appropriate, and complete by Develop and begin to implement detailed transformation plans for each sector, which is supported by the implementation of the SETs, carbon budgets and SJRPs Develop investment pathways to support the transformation Implement foundational changes to drive down the national trajectory Implement the institutional changes to accelerate the rate of transformation and remove barriers Massive roll-out Roll-out the implementation plans for each sector along with measures to support changes until they become the new reality Refine strategies as required, to account for changes in technologies, society and markets Successful rollout across the three stages will require policy action to be taken in a coordinated manner.', 'All along the way provision needs to be made for regular review of the Strategy and the implementation plan, and M&E of implementation.xviii Table E1: The three phases of the just transition Starting Right (start immediately and complete by end of 2020/21 financial year) Start the process of developing long term plans for each sector, to avoid lock-in to emissions intensive infrastructure and establish the basis for transformation at scale Develop approaches for allocation of Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) and carbon budgets to high emitting entities Develop Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs) to support the transition to the low carbon economy and climate resilient society in a Just manner Identify the institutional, legislative, finance and other changes required to achieve the transformation Develop an understanding of the relevant government decisions which need to be taken to achieve the long-term plans Develop a monitoring plan Turning the corner (start immediately, as appropriate, and complete by Develop and begin to implement detailed transformation plans for each sector, which is supported by the implementation of the SETs, carbon budgets and SJRPs Develop investment pathways to support the transformation Implement foundational changes to drive down the national trajectory Implement the institutional changes to accelerate the rate of transformation and remove barriers Massive roll-out Roll-out the implementation plans for each sector along with measures to support changes until they become the new reality Refine strategies as required, to account for changes in technologies, society and markets Successful rollout across the three stages will require policy action to be taken in a coordinated manner. It is helpful to present policies not as stand-alone actions but rather as parts of policy packages, combinations of measures which may include planning, regulatory, financial, and other instruments to collectively drive towards the desired outcome, providing capabilities and overcoming barriers to change.', 'It is helpful to present policies not as stand-alone actions but rather as parts of policy packages, combinations of measures which may include planning, regulatory, financial, and other instruments to collectively drive towards the desired outcome, providing capabilities and overcoming barriers to change. Complementarity and sequencing are both crucial to building effective policy packages. Proposed components of policy packages could include those that focus on planning; institutional / regulatory considerations; project implementation; financing; acceptance, skills and just transition; and avoiding lock-in.', 'Proposed components of policy packages could include those that focus on planning; institutional / regulatory considerations; project implementation; financing; acceptance, skills and just transition; and avoiding lock-in. Policy packages should be built up in sequence over time to ensure the full implementation of the pathway, in the form of a policy pathway which is required to implement the low-carbon transition.1.1 The global climate crisis Robust scientific evidence shows that the earth s climate system is changing as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have been rising steadily since the industrial revolution (circa 1760), mainly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation and agricultural activities.', 'Concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have been rising steadily since the industrial revolution (circa 1760), mainly as a result of the burning of fossil fuels, industrial processes, deforestation and agricultural activities. An extensive global body of research from climate scientists has confirmed the relationship between human-induced GHG emissions, higher global average surface temperatures and changes to the earth s climate system (IPCC, 2014; IPCC, 2018). If current trends continue, global average temperatures are likely to increase by at least 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels between 2030 and 2052. The impacts associated with such temperature increases are significant and far- reaching; threatening people and ecosystems.', 'The impacts associated with such temperature increases are significant and far- reaching; threatening people and ecosystems. The impacts, which become more severe the greater the temperature increase, include sea level rise as a result of melting polar ice and glaciers, increases in the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, changing ecosystems and desertification, ocean acidification, and loss of biodiversity. The knock-on effects on human populations include health risks due to increasing temperatures and heatwaves, water shortages, food insecurity, increased spread of diseases and pests as well as damage to infrastructure due to extreme weather events. All of these impacts have economic repercussions (IPCC, 2014).', 'All of these impacts have economic repercussions (IPCC, 2014). The severity of impacts is not only a function of the magnitude and rate of warming that is experienced, but also geographic location and levels of development and vulnerability. Along with other developing nations, South Africa is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. In unmitigated GHG emissions scenarios, warming of up to 5 to 8°C is projected over the interior of the country by the end of this century. Under a range of warming scenarios, drier conditions will be experienced in the west and south of the country and wetter conditions in the east. Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable.', 'Rainfall patterns will become more variable and unpredictable. These changes will impact on water resources and food production, and increase the vulnerability of impoverished communities, amongst others (DEA, 2013). For this reason, the South African government regards climate change as a considerable threat to the country and its socio-economic development, having the potential to undermine many of the advances made in recent years. At the same time, if climate change is to be limited through limiting the growth in global GHG emissions, with South Africa contributing its fair share to emission reductions, there will be other implications for the country. As one of the top 20 emitters globally, with a high dependency on fossil fuels, substantial emissioncuts will be required.', 'As one of the top 20 emitters globally, with a high dependency on fossil fuels, substantial emissioncuts will be required. The rapid transition that will be required presents a potential risk to economic growth and sustainable development if not managed properly. 1.2 The Paris Agreement The international community has a long history of working to address the climate challenge. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". All 197 member states of the UN are parties to the Convention, and South Africa ratified the Convention in August 1997.', 'All 197 member states of the UN are parties to the Convention, and South Africa ratified the Convention in August 1997. Annual Conferences of the Parties (or COPs) have achieved different milestones since the first meeting in 1994. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, set out the first concrete emissions reductions targets, which were adopted by some Annex I (developed) countries. However, these reductions were insufficient to stop climate change. A global deal, seeking to involve all countries, was pursued at COP15 in 2009 but was not achieved, leaving many Parties concerned about the complexity of agreeing such a deal.', 'A global deal, seeking to involve all countries, was pursued at COP15 in 2009 but was not achieved, leaving many Parties concerned about the complexity of agreeing such a deal. At COP 17, held in Durban, South Africa in 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) was established to "develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties". The work of the ADP culminated in the drafting of the text which was negotiated and ultimately adopted in 2015 by the Parties to the Convention, including South Africa, as the Paris Agreement.', 'The work of the ADP culminated in the drafting of the text which was negotiated and ultimately adopted in 2015 by the Parties to the Convention, including South Africa, as the Paris Agreement. In the Paris Agreement, Parties collectively agree to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels .', 'In the Paris Agreement, Parties collectively agree to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels . Article 4 of the Agreement sets out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as the instrument countries must develop to present their part of the global effort to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty (UNFCCC, 2015).', 'Article 4 of the Agreement sets out Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as the instrument countries must develop to present their part of the global effort to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty (UNFCCC, 2015). In order to help ensure that the Parties national contributions can jointly achieve the collective goal, the Article further states that Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilitiesand respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances .', 'In order to help ensure that the Parties national contributions can jointly achieve the collective goal, the Article further states that Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilitiesand respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances . This document has been prepared in response to that Article. 1.3 The Science of 1.5°C and what it means for the Paris goals At the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement there was limited scientific literature available regarding the goal of 1.5°C, making it difficult for Parties to gauge the effort required of their NDCs to achieve it.', '1.3 The Science of 1.5°C and what it means for the Paris goals At the time of adoption of the Paris Agreement there was limited scientific literature available regarding the goal of 1.5°C, making it difficult for Parties to gauge the effort required of their NDCs to achieve it. Parties therefore invited the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide a special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, and the related global greenhouse gas emission pathways. This Special Report, published in 2018, sets out the latest available science for countries to refer to when planning their implementation of the Agreement (IPCC, 2018).', 'This Special Report, published in 2018, sets out the latest available science for countries to refer to when planning their implementation of the Agreement (IPCC, 2018). The Special Report makes clear the scale of the challenge facing all Parties in achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. With regards to the temperature goal, it shows that every tenth of a degree centigrade in warming makes a significant difference to the impacts on people and ecosystems, making 1.5°C of warming much more closely aligned with the objective of the Convention, than 1.6°C, 1.6°C preferable to 1.7°C, and so on.', 'With regards to the temperature goal, it shows that every tenth of a degree centigrade in warming makes a significant difference to the impacts on people and ecosystems, making 1.5°C of warming much more closely aligned with the objective of the Convention, than 1.6°C, 1.6°C preferable to 1.7°C, and so on. Furthermore, the Special Report shows that, to be consistent with 1.5°C, global CO2 emissions by 2030 must be about 45% lower than those of 2010, reaching net zero emissions around 2050. Since global emissions have continued to grow practically every year since the convention was signed, despite climate efforts to date, a number of important in-depth changes will have to take place very quickly around the world for this to be credible.', 'Since global emissions have continued to grow practically every year since the convention was signed, despite climate efforts to date, a number of important in-depth changes will have to take place very quickly around the world for this to be credible. The IPCC describes these as deep emissions reductions in energy, industrial, urban, agricultural, and land management systems, which will transform key aspects of the world economy (IPCC, 2018). For this to succeed, the coming decade will be decisive. The challenge of incorporating this rapid transformation into country plans must be resolved in a nationally determined manner. Developed countries, which have committed to take the lead, must rapidly change the nature of their investments both nationally and internationally to avoid locking in emissions.', 'Developed countries, which have committed to take the lead, must rapidly change the nature of their investments both nationally and internationally to avoid locking in emissions. At the same time, the scale of the reductions required means developing countries must also start to implement transformational changes. For example, if a developing country were to commit to the target of 45% emissions reduction in double the time recommended by the IPCC (which could be consistent with the IPCC global scenario provided developed countries acted much earlier), and at the same time maintained a dynamic economic growth to reduce poverty, that country s emissions intensity per unit of GDP by the year 2042 would need to be under a quarter of its present value.', 'For example, if a developing country were to commit to the target of 45% emissions reduction in double the time recommended by the IPCC (which could be consistent with the IPCC global scenario provided developed countries acted much earlier), and at the same time maintained a dynamic economic growth to reduce poverty, that country s emissions intensity per unit of GDP by the year 2042 would need to be under a quarter of its present value. This has very clear implications: for developing as well as developed countries, before 2050 the coretechnologies in operation must be fundamentally different from today s. This is because there is no technological scenario possible which achieves such a reduction while maintaining electric power primarily generated from coal, oil or gas (without carbon capture), or in which passenger transport is provided primarily by petrol/diesel internal combustion engine vehicles.', 'This has very clear implications: for developing as well as developed countries, before 2050 the coretechnologies in operation must be fundamentally different from today s. This is because there is no technological scenario possible which achieves such a reduction while maintaining electric power primarily generated from coal, oil or gas (without carbon capture), or in which passenger transport is provided primarily by petrol/diesel internal combustion engine vehicles. Fossil fuel participation in power generation, where still present, will be only a minor share of the total, and will continue to decline.', 'Fossil fuel participation in power generation, where still present, will be only a minor share of the total, and will continue to decline. Urban infrastructure and planning will have reduced the demand for passenger kilometers travelled per person for a broad range of activities, and these will be provided far more through shared platforms than today (be these traditional public transport, or new asset types serving through innovative business models). The majority of these passenger kilometers will be provided by zero-emissions vehicles/platforms, with energy supplied from renewable sources. The availability of sustainable bioenergy and biomaterials will be limited by global constraints of forest coverage, biodiversity, and food security.', 'The availability of sustainable bioenergy and biomaterials will be limited by global constraints of forest coverage, biodiversity, and food security. These products must be channeled to applications with limited alternatives (such as long-haul aviation), reducing their potential availability as a drop-in substitute for fossil fuels in the bulk of traditional power, energy, or transport applications. Industrial and commercial energy use will incentivise resource efficiency at every turn, with service fulfilment models and product specification, design, and production processes all re-engineered to practically eliminate emissions. 1.4 Methodological elements for developing LEDS The broad scope of change required to achieve the Paris Agreement presents several important planning challenges and opportunities.', '1.4 Methodological elements for developing LEDS The broad scope of change required to achieve the Paris Agreement presents several important planning challenges and opportunities. The LEDS planning process provides a space for Parties to use to reflect upon how their national plans can achieve emissions pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement, within their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. While the timelines, targets and sectorial details of the transformation will vary by country, the expectation is that all targets should follow a downward trajectory.', 'While the timelines, targets and sectorial details of the transformation will vary by country, the expectation is that all targets should follow a downward trajectory. To achieve such a trajectory, transformational rather than incremental change is needed: while most national policies aim to effect limited change within one area of national life over a timeframe of one to five years, the transformation described in the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees will require planning over a 30-year timeframe to ensure broad-based change across all sectors in a coordinated manner. The decisive change of operating technologies requires a concerted, planned effort if it is to occur in an economically rational manner over such a short timeframe. The timing dimension is crucial.', 'The timing dimension is crucial. While 2050 may seem a long way off for citizens going about their daily life, or indeed in terms of changing government administrations, the speed of technological change is determined by the lifetime of assets and their rate of replacement. If weconsider power generation plants which consume coal, many of these can operate 30 or 40 years after commissioning, and while an internal combustion engine vehicle lifetime may extend to 15 years in the industrialized world, vehicles of 25 years of age or more can be regularly seen on the streets of Africa. Investments in city and transport infrastructure are also built with the expectation they should last for over 30 years.', 'Investments in city and transport infrastructure are also built with the expectation they should last for over 30 years. This means that the investments made today and during the current NDC period will determine much of the activity, and associated emissions, of 2050. Creating a LEDS which aligns with the Paris Agreement thus requires new planning approaches and tools. Clear, ambitious long-term targets must be set, consistent with the Paris goals. From these, policy makers must establish what are the medium and short-term requirements needed to ensure the achievement of the long-term goals, to inform actions taken on a much shorter timeframe so they can help rather than hinder success and avoid long- term lock-in to emissions intensive options.', 'From these, policy makers must establish what are the medium and short-term requirements needed to ensure the achievement of the long-term goals, to inform actions taken on a much shorter timeframe so they can help rather than hinder success and avoid long- term lock-in to emissions intensive options. Transformation pathways, which show how changes must occur over time, must be developed, linking the desired end-state with the current economic and technological structures. Enough is known about the direction of travel required in all sectors to identify some key components of such trajectories in parallel to the process of agreeing the long-term targets.', 'Enough is known about the direction of travel required in all sectors to identify some key components of such trajectories in parallel to the process of agreeing the long-term targets. Specialist analytical work should feed into the transformation pathways across all sectors of activity, so the credible projections of national emissions can be made, and to allow clear visibility of the trade-offs which will emerge. Once the technology scenario options have been outlined, specific policies must be considered to guide the transformation. Single policies will not be enough to effect such change, however: policy packages including regulatory, financial, planning, project execution, social justice, and lock-in considerations must be built up so their coordinated impact can achieve the transformation.', 'Single policies will not be enough to effect such change, however: policy packages including regulatory, financial, planning, project execution, social justice, and lock-in considerations must be built up so their coordinated impact can achieve the transformation. In addition, Parties must identify the enablers of the transition which are required but cannot be provided by the country alone, but rather by the international community through collaboration. The implementation of the policies and interventions can be thought of three stages. In the first stage, the in- depth plans and changes which will be required in order for the transformation to take place will be identified, and the most pressing lock-in threats avoided.', 'In the first stage, the in- depth plans and changes which will be required in order for the transformation to take place will be identified, and the most pressing lock-in threats avoided. The second is the inflection stage (beginning in parallel with the first stage where appropriate) in which climate policies become an ongoing consideration in an ever-larger number of decisions, changing the character of investments and policy decisions to leave behind development models which imply GHG emissions. The final rollout stage follows during which climate-compatible modalities are fully adopted in all sectors, and implemented continuously to achieve the transformation through ongoing technologyreplacement.', 'The final rollout stage follows during which climate-compatible modalities are fully adopted in all sectors, and implemented continuously to achieve the transformation through ongoing technologyreplacement. The benefits of economies of scale and the global transition will provide a positive feedback to the rollout, making Paris-compatible options the most viable throughout this stage. 1.5 South Africa LEDS a living document This document presents South Africa s first Low Emission Development Strategy (SA-LEDS) generated after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. Through submitting this document to the UNFCCC our country reiterates its commitment to achieving the Paris goals. It also highlights that implementation of the Strategy will contribute directly and indirectly to the meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'It also highlights that implementation of the Strategy will contribute directly and indirectly to the meeting of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SA-LEDS builds upon years of work on climate change in the country, which has culminated in the establishment of an important set of policy documents (Figure 1). Building on existing plans, policies and aligned research, and particularly the work that is supported by robust analytical and domestic engagement processes, offers numerous benefits, such as optimizing resources and ensuring buy-in of key stakeholders. At the same time, many of these plans were developed prior to the adoption of the Paris Agreement and therefore do not consider the long-term, global goals embedded therein in the coordinated fashion that is required.', 'At the same time, many of these plans were developed prior to the adoption of the Paris Agreement and therefore do not consider the long-term, global goals embedded therein in the coordinated fashion that is required. Furthermore, most of these pre-existing plans and policies address a shorter timeframe than mid-century. The National Planning Commission (NPC) is currently undertaking a process to develop a common vision for the country in 2050.', 'The National Planning Commission (NPC) is currently undertaking a process to develop a common vision for the country in 2050. This vision will be instrumental in driving harmonisation of government plans and policies and so in order to make these more aligned with the methodological elements of developing a LEDS presented in Section 1.4, it is important that the NPC process and the vision it develops takes into account the Paris goals.UNFCCC: Has an objective to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" Paris Agreement: Refers to post-2020 climate actions countries intend to take under the Agreement Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS): Communication of mid-century long-term low GHG emissions development strategies, towards the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and to pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C National Development Plan (NDP): Long-term development plan that aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030.', 'This vision will be instrumental in driving harmonisation of government plans and policies and so in order to make these more aligned with the methodological elements of developing a LEDS presented in Section 1.4, it is important that the NPC process and the vision it develops takes into account the Paris goals.UNFCCC: Has an objective to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" Paris Agreement: Refers to post-2020 climate actions countries intend to take under the Agreement Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS): Communication of mid-century long-term low GHG emissions development strategies, towards the goal of limiting global warming to well below 2°C and to pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C National Development Plan (NDP): Long-term development plan that aims to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. Recognises the need for a just low carbon transition NPC vision process (ongoing): Process to develop a low-carbon vision for the country to guide mitigation and adaptation action National Climate Change Response Policy (2011): Framework for South Africa s climate mitigation and adaptation response Carbon Tax: Sets a price on greenhouse gas emissions from certain activities Climate Change Bill (forthcoming): Establishes the legal framework for implementation instruments to drive mitigation and adaptation O he de a e c e : Other government policies across many departments either increase or decrease GHGs Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA): Projections of National Greenhouse Gas emissions under technically feasible mitigation action Pathways study: National emissions trajectories under alternative economic futures and enhanced/step change mitigation action Policies and Measures (PAMs) study: Impact of existing PAMs on the national emissions trajectory Figure 1: SA-LEDS in the context of prior climate-related work in South Africa Despite being based largely on current knowledge and legislative context, SA-LEDS will be updated as new and critical areas of work are completed by relevant government departments.', 'Recognises the need for a just low carbon transition NPC vision process (ongoing): Process to develop a low-carbon vision for the country to guide mitigation and adaptation action National Climate Change Response Policy (2011): Framework for South Africa s climate mitigation and adaptation response Carbon Tax: Sets a price on greenhouse gas emissions from certain activities Climate Change Bill (forthcoming): Establishes the legal framework for implementation instruments to drive mitigation and adaptation O he de a e c e : Other government policies across many departments either increase or decrease GHGs Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA): Projections of National Greenhouse Gas emissions under technically feasible mitigation action Pathways study: National emissions trajectories under alternative economic futures and enhanced/step change mitigation action Policies and Measures (PAMs) study: Impact of existing PAMs on the national emissions trajectory Figure 1: SA-LEDS in the context of prior climate-related work in South Africa Despite being based largely on current knowledge and legislative context, SA-LEDS will be updated as new and critical areas of work are completed by relevant government departments. Keeping SA-LEDS as a dynamic and flexible document is important to ensure that it keeps pace with domestic policy developments, research, development and innovation, and the declining costs of emissions mitigation technologies.', 'Keeping SA-LEDS as a dynamic and flexible document is important to ensure that it keeps pace with domestic policy developments, research, development and innovation, and the declining costs of emissions mitigation technologies. UNFCCC Paris Agreement Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) National Planning Instruments (overriding vision for SA) National Development Plan (NDP) NPC vision process (ongoing) National Policy (legal framework for action) National Climate Change Response Policy (2011) Carbon tax Climate Change Bill (forthcoming) Other departments’ policies Analytical Studies (evidence based planning and implementation) Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA) Pathways study Policies and Measures (PAMs) study2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY, EMISSIONS PROFILE AND POLICY LANDSCAPE An overview of the local economy, greenhouse gas emissions profile and relevant policy, legislation and strategies is provided to set the context in which SA-LEDS has been developed.', 'UNFCCC Paris Agreement Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS) National Planning Instruments (overriding vision for SA) National Development Plan (NDP) NPC vision process (ongoing) National Policy (legal framework for action) National Climate Change Response Policy (2011) Carbon tax Climate Change Bill (forthcoming) Other departments’ policies Analytical Studies (evidence based planning and implementation) Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA) Pathways study Policies and Measures (PAMs) study2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY, EMISSIONS PROFILE AND POLICY LANDSCAPE An overview of the local economy, greenhouse gas emissions profile and relevant policy, legislation and strategies is provided to set the context in which SA-LEDS has been developed. 2.1 S h Af ca Ec South Africa has the second largest economy in Africa, after Nigeria, with a nominal 2019 GDP of US$ 371.298 billion and nominal GDP per capita in that year of US$ 6,331 (IMF, 2019). Figure 2 shows the sectoral contributions to GDP.', 'Figure 2 shows the sectoral contributions to GDP. At the same time, South Africa is amongst the most economically unequal countries in the world, as reflected by the Gini Coefficient of 0.63 in 2014 (World Bank, 2019). Figure 2: Key contributors to GDP Source: (Stats-SA, 2017a) 2.1.1 Energy supply In 2016, the country s total primary energy supply was approximately 5,880 Petajoules (PJ), with fossil-fuels (coal, crude oil petroleum products and natural gas) supplying about 88% of the energy needs (IEA Bioenergy, 2018). According to the 2018 Energy Sustainability Index, developed by the World Energy Council, South Africa is ranked85th on the Energy Sustainability Index out of 125 countries.', 'According to the 2018 Energy Sustainability Index, developed by the World Energy Council, South Africa is ranked85th on the Energy Sustainability Index out of 125 countries. Low performance in environmental sustainability in this index is due to the electricity sector s heavy reliance on coal, while increasing petroleum prices, coupled with rising electricity tariffs, contributed to the low score on energy equity (WEC, 2014). While approximately 84% of households in South Africa are electrified, energy poverty is still a significant challenge. As many as 2 million South African households are still without access to electricity (Stats SA, 2017b). Universal access is a key priority for the South African government.', 'Universal access is a key priority for the South African government. More than 90% of the country s electricity is generated from coal by the national utility, Eskom. In recent years, a number of Independent Power Producers (IPPs) have entered the electricity market, predominately generating renewable energy. The main driver of growth in IPPs is the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP). The REIPPPP is a competitive tender process that is designed to incentivise renewable energy project development.', 'The REIPPPP is a competitive tender process that is designed to incentivise renewable energy project development. By the end of June 2019, the REIPPPP had achieved the following (DoE, 2019a): 6,422 MW of electricity had been procured from 112 Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers (IPPs) in seven bid rounds; 3,976 MW of electricity generation capacity from 64 IPP projects has been connected to the national grid; 35,669 GWh of energy has been generated by renewable energy sources procured under the REIPPPP since the first project became operational. Eskom also has an active research programme which looks at renewable energy development amongst topics. Eskom s efforts in this regard have mainly been centred on the development of wind energy, pumped storage and PV projects.', 'Eskom s efforts in this regard have mainly been centred on the development of wind energy, pumped storage and PV projects. The Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme is in commercial operation with four 333 MW generators. Furthermore, Eskom s Sere Wind Farm became fully commercially operational in 2015, with a capacity of 100 MW (DoE, 2019b). A number of South Africa s existing coal-fired power stations will be retired between 2030 and 2050, and so large investments in additional generation capacity will be needed in order to meet the projected electricity demand and sustain economic growth. Across the country favourable conditions for wind power are found, and the high levels of solar irradiation make it ideal for solar power.', 'Across the country favourable conditions for wind power are found, and the high levels of solar irradiation make it ideal for solar power. Biomass opportunities are available, many of which are along the east coast which is tropical and characterised by large wood and sugar plantations. There is also some potential for small and micro scale hydropower.South Africa s liquid fuels requirements are met through local refining of imported crude oil, sourced mainly from the Middle East and other African countries, through synthetic fuel produced from coal-to-liquids (CTL) and gas- to-liquids (GTL) processes and through refined product imports. The six main liquid fuel producers are Sapref, Enref, Natref and Chevref (refining crude oil) and Sasol and PetroSA (producing synthetic fuels from coal and gas) (SAPIA, 2017).', 'The six main liquid fuel producers are Sapref, Enref, Natref and Chevref (refining crude oil) and Sasol and PetroSA (producing synthetic fuels from coal and gas) (SAPIA, 2017). Apart from the production of liquid fuels, crude oil and coal are both used to produce a variety of petrochemical products such as lubricants, bitumen and solvents. Being a net crude oil importer leaves South Africa vulnerable to price fluctuations and volatility on global oil markets. Natural gas plays a relatively minor role in the primary energy supply. Local production is mainly from the Bredasdorp Basin, which lies offshore on the southern coastline. This basin supplies natural gas to PetroSA s Mossel Bay GTL facility.', 'This basin supplies natural gas to PetroSA s Mossel Bay GTL facility. The bulk of the country s natural gas demand is, however, met through imports from Mozambique s Temane and Pande gas fields. The gas is imported via a high-pressure pipeline and supplied to Sasol and other industrial and commercial customers mainly within Gauteng Province. The finalisation of the Gas Utilisation Master Plan, which has been under development for a number of years, will help to provide policy certainty on the role that gas will play in the energy mix moving into the future.', 'The finalisation of the Gas Utilisation Master Plan, which has been under development for a number of years, will help to provide policy certainty on the role that gas will play in the energy mix moving into the future. 2.1.2 Mining and the industrial sector South Africa accounts for a substantial proportion of the world s mineral resource reserves, with non-energy minerals having an estimated value of approximately US$ 2.5 trillion (DMR, 2011). Key mineral outputs include gold, coal, manganese, chrome, platinum and diamonds (dti, 2015). Domestically, coal provides over 70% of the country s primary energy supply (South African Government, 2012). South Africa is also major producer of non- ferrous metals (aluminium, copper, brass, lead, zinc and tin).', 'South Africa is also major producer of non- ferrous metals (aluminium, copper, brass, lead, zinc and tin). Non-ferrous metals and stainless steel accounts for about a third of all the country s manufactured products output. Minerals represent an important source of export revenue. Having said that, coal prices and markets are demonstrating volatility due in part to global decarbonisation efforts. This is likely to become even more relevant moving into the future. The chemical industry is dominated by the emissions-intensive synthetic coal and natural gas-based liquid fuels industry, as well as the petrochemicals industry. South Africa has the largest chemical industry in Africa and is the world leader in coal-based synthetic fuel and gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies.', 'South Africa has the largest chemical industry in Africa and is the world leader in coal-based synthetic fuel and gas-to-liquids (GTL) technologies. Other chemicals produced in South Africa include ammonia, nitric acid, carbide, titanium oxide and carbon black. South Africa also has an active manufacturing sector. However, liberalisation of the markets at the end of apartheid resulted in manufacturing industries in South Africa struggling to remain competitive against morediversified manufacturing industries in countries such as China, Vietnam and Bangladesh (Bhorat and Rooney, 2017). 2.1.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) South Africa s agricultural sector is diverse, with distinct farming regions that vary with climate, soil type and farming practices. The sector includes field crops, horticulture and animal products.', 'The sector includes field crops, horticulture and animal products. Animal products currently generate the highest proportion of gross farm sector income, although the contribution from horticulture products is growing (DAFF, 2017a). Commodities produced include maize, wheat, sugar, deciduous fruit and citrus, wine, beef, dairy, lamb, pork, poultry and game. Livestock farming is the biggest contributor to the sector, and also the largest contributor to AFOLU GHG emissions. Even though its contribution to total GDP is relatively small, and has declined over the years due to the rise of other economic sectors, agriculture, forestry and fishing remains a key provider of rural employment and export earnings (DAFF, 2017a).', 'Even though its contribution to total GDP is relatively small, and has declined over the years due to the rise of other economic sectors, agriculture, forestry and fishing remains a key provider of rural employment and export earnings (DAFF, 2017a). 2.1.4 Waste sector As in many other countries, a growing population, a growing middle class and increased rates of urbanisation are putting pressure on solid waste and waste water management facilities. Waste streams are also becoming increasingly diverse in their composition, which affects the complexity of management processes. The amount of waste landfilled in South Africa significantly exceeds the amount that is diverted, either through reuse or recycling.', 'The amount of waste landfilled in South Africa significantly exceeds the amount that is diverted, either through reuse or recycling. The recently published Draft South African State of Waste Report shows that around 42 Mt of general waste was generated in South Africa in 2017 (DEA, 2018a). Only about 11% of this was recycled, with the remainder being disposed of to landfill. Several landfills in the eight larger metropolitan areas are close to reaching their available air space or have already reached their limits. Rapid urbanisation and high costs of building new engineered landfills has led to less suitable landfill space being available. Moreover, the practice of landfilling is becoming less socially acceptable.', 'Moreover, the practice of landfilling is becoming less socially acceptable. As such, government is pursuing initiatives to reduce waste generation and divert waste from landfill. These initiatives are discussed further in Section 4.5 . 2.1.5 Other sectors Tourism remains a priority growth area due to it being highly labour intensive, supports for small businesses and generation of foreign direct investment (dti, 2015, South African Government, 2012). The trade sector is made upof several divisions, including retail and wholesale, motor, accommodation and catering, food and beverages (dti, 2017). The remaining sectors contributing towards the economy are finance, real estate and business services, government services, personal services and construction (dti, 2017). Finance real estate and business services in particular continue to contribute positively to GDP growth.', 'Finance real estate and business services in particular continue to contribute positively to GDP growth. 2.2 Greenhouse gas emissions profile The latest National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report (2015) shows that South Africa s total gross GHG emissions (excluding forestry and other land use) increased by 23% from 439 Mt CO2-eq in 2000 to 541 Mt CO2- eq in 2015 (DEA, 2019a). Forestry and land use are a CO2 sink and reduced gross emissions by 5% in 2015. South Africa s net GHG emissions are 512 Mt CO2-eq. The Energy sector accounted for 79.5% of the total gross emissions for South Africa in 2015 (Figure 3), with the percentage contribution of this sector to overall emissions growing by 25% between 2000 and 2015.', 'The Energy sector accounted for 79.5% of the total gross emissions for South Africa in 2015 (Figure 3), with the percentage contribution of this sector to overall emissions growing by 25% between 2000 and 2015. Energy industries (which includes electricity generation and liquid fuels production from both crude oil and coal) were the main contributor, accounting for 60.4% of emissions from the energy sector and almost half of gross emissions. This was followed by transport, other sectors, and manufacturing industries and construction. Fugitive emissions from fuels contributed another 5% to overall emissions in 2015.', 'Fugitive emissions from fuels contributed another 5% to overall emissions in 2015. Agriculture, Industrial Processes and Product Use and Waste contributed 9.0%, 7.7% and 3.6% to gross national GHG emissions in 2015 respectively.Figure 3: Contribution of main emission categories and energy emission categories to national gross greenhouse gas emissions If national emissions are expressed in terms of economic sectors rather than emission categories (see Figure 4), electricity generation contributes 42% of gross national emissions. Industry accounts for 27% of national emissions, with approximately a third of industry emissions associated with process emissions and the other two thirds are as a result of energy use. Emissions from transport and agriculture contribute 10% each, with the residential, commercial and waste sectors making up the remainder.', 'Emissions from transport and agriculture contribute 10% each, with the residential, commercial and waste sectors making up the remainder. Figure 4 also shows that 85% of greenhouse gas emissions in 2015 are in the form of CO2. Methane (CH4) contributes 9%, with over half of these emissions being from agriculture. IPPU AFOLU (excl. FOLU) WASTE Energy industries 48% Manufacturing Industires and Other sectors 9% Fugitive emissions from fuels 5% ENERGYFigure 4: Total gross national GHG emissions by economic sector The carbon intensity of the economy (tonnes CO2-eq per R1,000) and the energy intensity of the economy (tonnes oil equivalent (toe) of energy per R1,000) have decreased between 2000 and 2015, by 18.7% and 12.4% respectively.', 'FOLU) WASTE Energy industries 48% Manufacturing Industires and Other sectors 9% Fugitive emissions from fuels 5% ENERGYFigure 4: Total gross national GHG emissions by economic sector The carbon intensity of the economy (tonnes CO2-eq per R1,000) and the energy intensity of the economy (tonnes oil equivalent (toe) of energy per R1,000) have decreased between 2000 and 2015, by 18.7% and 12.4% respectively. This is attributed to growth in the less energy intensive services and financial sectors together with a decline in manufacturing and mining (DEA, 2019a). 2.3 Policy, legislation and strategies that inform SA-LEDS Three key climate policy documents provide the foundation on which SA-LEDS has been developed.', '2.3 Policy, legislation and strategies that inform SA-LEDS Three key climate policy documents provide the foundation on which SA-LEDS has been developed. These are: The National Development Plan (NDP) The National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) The Climate Change Bill (forthcoming) In addition to these three central documents, various strategies, policies and sector plans have been developed for individual sectors of the economy, which will all contribute to driving emission reductions. These documents Electricity generation Industry Transport Agriculture Commercial Residential Waste Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) HFCs, PFCsare detailed in later sections to outline a set of discrete measures which serve as a starting point for implementation of the LEDS. 2.3.1 National Development Plan 2030 The overarching objective of the National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) is to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030.', '2.3.1 National Development Plan 2030 The overarching objective of the National Development Plan 2030 (NDP) is to eliminate poverty and reduce inequality by 2030. Climate change impacts and mitigation are highlighted as critical issues throughout the document. Chapter 5 is dedicated to Environmental Sustainability An equitable transition to a low-carbon economy and addresses both the use of natural resources and mineral deposits to support the transition of the economy to a diverse, inclusive and low-carbon future, and tackling developmental challenges towards building resilience to the impacts of climate change, particularly in poorer communities. In Chapter 3, economic development and the key drivers of change are discussed one of which relates to the need for a just transition to a low carbon economy.', 'In Chapter 3, economic development and the key drivers of change are discussed one of which relates to the need for a just transition to a low carbon economy. Chapter 4 focuses on infrastructure, including energy infrastructure, noting the need for diversification of energy supply and for cleaner coal technologies (South African Government, 2012). The NDP outlines a set of goals and actions to meet the country s environmental sustainability and resilience needs. Those that contribute to climate mitigation include: Achieving the peak, plateau and decline trajectory for GHG emissions (See Section 3); Entrenching an economy-wide carbon price by 2030; Implementing zero emission building standards by 2030; and Achieving absolute reductions in the total volume of waste disposed to landfill each year.', 'Those that contribute to climate mitigation include: Achieving the peak, plateau and decline trajectory for GHG emissions (See Section 3); Entrenching an economy-wide carbon price by 2030; Implementing zero emission building standards by 2030; and Achieving absolute reductions in the total volume of waste disposed to landfill each year. The Plan also highlights co-benefits of mitigation action which include increasing energy security and enhancing socio-economic and environmentally sustainable growth. 2.3.2 National Climate Change Response Policy In 2011, the South African government published a National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP), which represents government s comprehensive policy framework for responding to climate change (DEA, 2011)3.', '2.3.2 National Climate Change Response Policy In 2011, the South African government published a National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP), which represents government s comprehensive policy framework for responding to climate change (DEA, 2011)3. The two key objectives of the NCCRP are: 3 Note that this document was published as a white paper but is now considered as a policy documentEffectively managing inevitable climate change impacts through interventions that build and sustain South Africa s social, economic and environmental resilience and emergency response capacity; and Making a fair contribution to the global effort to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that avoids dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, within a timeframe that enables economic, social and environmental development to proceed in a sustainable manner.', 'The two key objectives of the NCCRP are: 3 Note that this document was published as a white paper but is now considered as a policy documentEffectively managing inevitable climate change impacts through interventions that build and sustain South Africa s social, economic and environmental resilience and emergency response capacity; and Making a fair contribution to the global effort to stabilise greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that avoids dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, within a timeframe that enables economic, social and environmental development to proceed in a sustainable manner. The Policy presents a vision for an effective climate change response and the long-term transition to a climate- resilient, equitable and internationally competitive low carbon economy and society.', 'The Policy presents a vision for an effective climate change response and the long-term transition to a climate- resilient, equitable and internationally competitive low carbon economy and society. This vision is premised on government s commitment to sustainable development and a better life for all. In support of achieving these objectives and achieving the vision, the Policy outlines a strategic approach to both mitigation and adaptation. The mitigation components of the strategic approach were later captured in the Climate Change Bill, as discussed in Section 2.3.3 below.', 'The mitigation components of the strategic approach were later captured in the Climate Change Bill, as discussed in Section 2.3.3 below. The four key principles that underpin the approach are that actions need to be: Needs driven and customised: Employ a wide range of adaptation and mitigation approaches, policies, measures, programmes interventions and actions, including those that meet the special needs and circumstances of those most vulnerable; Developmental: Prioritise climate change responses that have both mitigation and adaptation benefits and that also have significant economic growth, job creation, public health, risk management and poverty alleviation benefits; Transformational, empowering and participatory: Include policies and measures to address climate change at a scale that enables and supports the required level of innovation, sector and skills development, finance and investment flows needed to realise the full benefit of a transition to a low carbon, efficient, job-creating, equitable and competitive economy; dynamic and evidence-based; and Balanced and cost effective: Incorporate a balanced approach to both climate change mitigation and adaptation responses in terms of cost-benefit, prioritisation, focus, action and resource allocation; and provide for the integration of sector-related climate change responses into the relevant sector planning processes and their developmental policies and measures.The Policy was the culmination of an iterative and participatory policy development process started in October 2005, that involved a wide range of stakeholders, including national departments, provincial and local governments, parastatals, academia, research institutions, business, civil society and labour.', 'The four key principles that underpin the approach are that actions need to be: Needs driven and customised: Employ a wide range of adaptation and mitigation approaches, policies, measures, programmes interventions and actions, including those that meet the special needs and circumstances of those most vulnerable; Developmental: Prioritise climate change responses that have both mitigation and adaptation benefits and that also have significant economic growth, job creation, public health, risk management and poverty alleviation benefits; Transformational, empowering and participatory: Include policies and measures to address climate change at a scale that enables and supports the required level of innovation, sector and skills development, finance and investment flows needed to realise the full benefit of a transition to a low carbon, efficient, job-creating, equitable and competitive economy; dynamic and evidence-based; and Balanced and cost effective: Incorporate a balanced approach to both climate change mitigation and adaptation responses in terms of cost-benefit, prioritisation, focus, action and resource allocation; and provide for the integration of sector-related climate change responses into the relevant sector planning processes and their developmental policies and measures.The Policy was the culmination of an iterative and participatory policy development process started in October 2005, that involved a wide range of stakeholders, including national departments, provincial and local governments, parastatals, academia, research institutions, business, civil society and labour. 2.3.3 Climate Change Bill The South African government is finalising its Climate Change Bill.', '2.3.3 Climate Change Bill The South African government is finalising its Climate Change Bill. Upon adoption, the Bill will form the legislative foundation for the climate change adaptation and mitigation response. With respect to the mitigation response, the Bill provides for future review and determination of the national greenhouse gas emissions trajectory; determination of sectoral emissions targets for emitting sectors and subsectors; and allocation of carbon budgets. Sectoral emissions targets and carbon budgets are discussed further in Section 4.6.3 and 4.6.4. The Bill also makes provision for the development of plans to phase down or phase out the use of synthetic greenhouse gases in line with the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol.', 'The Bill also makes provision for the development of plans to phase down or phase out the use of synthetic greenhouse gases in line with the Kigali Amendments to the Montreal Protocol. 2.4 The role of sub-national government and the private sector In addition to the policies and measures being implemented by national government, sub-national government and the private sector also have a role to play in achieving the vision of SA-LEDS. 2.4.1 Sub-national government Many of the sub-national (provincial and local) government departments are already undertaking activities that contribute to the national mitigation, adaptation and resilience efforts.', '2.4.1 Sub-national government Many of the sub-national (provincial and local) government departments are already undertaking activities that contribute to the national mitigation, adaptation and resilience efforts. Such activities include the development of urban low emissions development strategies and broader climate change strategies, and the implementation of a wide range of projects from embedded generation installations on their own buildings to implementing local building codes that support energy efficiency to interventions in the waste sector. Sub-national activities have, however, not yet been aligned or coordinated, and different geographical locations see different levels of activity. The Climate Change Act will seek to address this consideration. In terms of the Act, provincial and district municipality intergovernmental forums will be required to serve as Provincial Forums on Climate Change.', 'In terms of the Act, provincial and district municipality intergovernmental forums will be required to serve as Provincial Forums on Climate Change. The Forums will be responsible for coordinating climate change response actions and reporting in their jurisdictions. Furthermore, provinces and district and metropolitan municipalities are required to prepare climate change needs and response assessments (which are updated every five years), and thereafter develop and implement a climate change response implementation plan, which also requires five yearly updates.A number of Cities are also members of global City movements relating to climate action and city networks that contribute to the climate change agenda such as 100 Resilient Cities, ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, and C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.', 'Furthermore, provinces and district and metropolitan municipalities are required to prepare climate change needs and response assessments (which are updated every five years), and thereafter develop and implement a climate change response implementation plan, which also requires five yearly updates.A number of Cities are also members of global City movements relating to climate action and city networks that contribute to the climate change agenda such as 100 Resilient Cities, ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability, and C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group. Many have internal (through their statutory planning documents) and global carbon commitments and targets that apply to the functions of Transport planning, Urban development and Spatial planning, Infrastructure investment and service delivery.', 'Many have internal (through their statutory planning documents) and global carbon commitments and targets that apply to the functions of Transport planning, Urban development and Spatial planning, Infrastructure investment and service delivery. Furthermore, there is increasing regional coordination and horizontal integration of climate change responses as municipalities are sharing practice and learning with one another, such as through the Kwazulu-Natal Climate Change Compact. Some of South Africa s metros are pioneering Net Zero Carbon Building policy and regulations. This requires that buildings exceed the country s energy efficiency and energy consumption standards, and that their remaining energy demand is met by renewable energy. These initiatives are expected to scale the market for zero emission buildings and support the national pathway to net zero carbon buildings.', 'These initiatives are expected to scale the market for zero emission buildings and support the national pathway to net zero carbon buildings. 2.4.2 The contribution of the private sector A diverse range of actions that contribute to GHG emissions mitigation is being seen across the private sector in South Africa, with significant gains having been made in certain sectors on both energy efficiency and emissions mitigation. The private sector action is being driven by a growth in understanding of the business opportunities, local and global market pressure and existing and forthcoming legislation. Actions range from adopting new products and processes to new service offerings to retrofitting of existing operations to make them more energy efficient and less emissions intensive.', 'Actions range from adopting new products and processes to new service offerings to retrofitting of existing operations to make them more energy efficient and less emissions intensive. With suitable support this growth in action will continue. 2.5 Vulnerability and resilience Although this strategy focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, the vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as the need to build resilience to these impacts is noted, and will be further elaborated in future iterations of SA-LEDS.', '2.5 Vulnerability and resilience Although this strategy focuses primarily on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, the vulnerability to climate change impacts, as well as the need to build resilience to these impacts is noted, and will be further elaborated in future iterations of SA-LEDS. South Africa has already developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy that highlights nine key vulnerability areas for the country (DEA, 2019b): Unreliable and uncertain access to water; Risks to agricultural productivity and livestock; Human safety from climate related extreme events; Poor service delivery in human settlements; Vulnerable energy systems and other infrastructure;Diminished labour force productivity through exposure and health impacts; Risks to markets due to supply and demand volatility; Economic risks due to carbon intensity and dependence of the economy; and Impacts on ecosystems and challenges for conservation.', 'South Africa has already developed a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy that highlights nine key vulnerability areas for the country (DEA, 2019b): Unreliable and uncertain access to water; Risks to agricultural productivity and livestock; Human safety from climate related extreme events; Poor service delivery in human settlements; Vulnerable energy systems and other infrastructure;Diminished labour force productivity through exposure and health impacts; Risks to markets due to supply and demand volatility; Economic risks due to carbon intensity and dependence of the economy; and Impacts on ecosystems and challenges for conservation. The National Adaptation Strategy also outlines a set of six strategic interventions that will contribute to the vision of a climate resilient South Africa. The interventions and target outcomes are shown in Table 1.', 'The interventions and target outcomes are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Strategic interventions o ed S h Af ca National Adaptation Strategy Intervention Target outcome Achieve an effective adaptation planning regime that adequately responds to climate change threats Achieve an effective adaptation planning regime that covers at least 80% of the South African economy by Define adaptation practice that integrates biophysical and socio-economic aspects of vulnerability and resilience Define an adaptation vulnerability and resilience framework implemented from 2020 across 100% of key adaptation sectors Establish effective governance & legislative processes to integrate climate change in development planning Define and legislate for adaptation governance through the Climate Change Act by 2019 National and sectoral implementation of adaptation actions Achieve a 100% coverage of climate change considerations in sectoral operational plans by 2025 Achieve adequate and predictable financial resourcing of adaptation actions and needs, from a variety of sources Achieve 80% resourcing of national adaptation needs, primarily from national fiscus, including international sources Develop an M&E system that tracks implementation of adaptation actions and their effectiveness Development of a national M&E system to track vulnerability, resilience, implementation and resource allocation by 2025 3 VISION STATEMENT SA-LEDS is grounded in South Africa s climate change response as encapsulated in the documents described in the previous section, while taking cognisance of the country s international climate change commitments and aspirations.', 'Table 1: Strategic interventions o ed S h Af ca National Adaptation Strategy Intervention Target outcome Achieve an effective adaptation planning regime that adequately responds to climate change threats Achieve an effective adaptation planning regime that covers at least 80% of the South African economy by Define adaptation practice that integrates biophysical and socio-economic aspects of vulnerability and resilience Define an adaptation vulnerability and resilience framework implemented from 2020 across 100% of key adaptation sectors Establish effective governance & legislative processes to integrate climate change in development planning Define and legislate for adaptation governance through the Climate Change Act by 2019 National and sectoral implementation of adaptation actions Achieve a 100% coverage of climate change considerations in sectoral operational plans by 2025 Achieve adequate and predictable financial resourcing of adaptation actions and needs, from a variety of sources Achieve 80% resourcing of national adaptation needs, primarily from national fiscus, including international sources Develop an M&E system that tracks implementation of adaptation actions and their effectiveness Development of a national M&E system to track vulnerability, resilience, implementation and resource allocation by 2025 3 VISION STATEMENT SA-LEDS is grounded in South Africa s climate change response as encapsulated in the documents described in the previous section, while taking cognisance of the country s international climate change commitments and aspirations. The stated vision for SA-LEDS is as follows:South Africa follows a low-carbon growth trajectory while making a fair contribution to the global effort to limit the average temperature increase, while ensuring a just transition and building of the country s resilience to climate change .', 'The stated vision for SA-LEDS is as follows:South Africa follows a low-carbon growth trajectory while making a fair contribution to the global effort to limit the average temperature increase, while ensuring a just transition and building of the country s resilience to climate change . In the absence of an agreed quantitative articulation of the vision, the national GHG emissions trajectory, as reflected in the National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) and the NDP, is used as the benchmark against which the performance of SA-LEDS will be measured.', 'In the absence of an agreed quantitative articulation of the vision, the national GHG emissions trajectory, as reflected in the National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) and the NDP, is used as the benchmark against which the performance of SA-LEDS will be measured. The GHG trajectory, also referred to as the peak, plateau and decline (PPD), shown in Figure 5 below, indicates that SA s GHG emissions should peak in the period 2020 to 2025 in a range with a lower limit of 398 Mt CO2-eq and upper limits of 583 Mt CO2-eq and 614 Mt CO2- eq for 2020 and 2025 respectively.', 'The GHG trajectory, also referred to as the peak, plateau and decline (PPD), shown in Figure 5 below, indicates that SA s GHG emissions should peak in the period 2020 to 2025 in a range with a lower limit of 398 Mt CO2-eq and upper limits of 583 Mt CO2-eq and 614 Mt CO2- eq for 2020 and 2025 respectively. Emissions will then plateau for up to ten years after the peak within the range with a lower limit of 398 Mt CO2-eq and upper limit of 614 Mt CO2-eq. From 2036 onwards, emissions will decline in absolute terms to a range with a lower limit of 212 Mt CO2-eq and an upper limit of 428 Mt CO2-eq by 2050.', 'From 2036 onwards, emissions will decline in absolute terms to a range with a lower limit of 212 Mt CO2-eq and an upper limit of 428 Mt CO2-eq by 2050. The Climate Change Bill makes provision for regular updates of this trajectory, through which it can be better placed within the context of the Paris Agreement. Figure 5: S h Af ca Pea , P a ea , Dec e T a ec Range -eqAs indicated previously, a process is currently being undertaken by the National Planning Commission to develop a common vision for the country in 2050. The vision will be used to update SA-LEDS once released.', 'The vision will be used to update SA-LEDS once released. In the development of this vision, South Africa will give due consideration to the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C, which represents the latest available science regarding this goal. This report sheds new light on the global rate of emissions reductions required to keep warming to 1.5°C with no or low overshoot. While it is agreed that developed countries must take the lead in reducing emissions, in is also imperative that global totals not be exceeded, because developing countries will suffer most from the negative impacts of such a collective failure to limit global emissions.', 'While it is agreed that developed countries must take the lead in reducing emissions, in is also imperative that global totals not be exceeded, because developing countries will suffer most from the negative impacts of such a collective failure to limit global emissions. These challenges which the IPCC Special Report has presented so clearly to the international community will play a key role in setting our national goals. We thus commit to ultimately moving towards a goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, which will require various interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This goal, how it will be achieved to ensure a just transition, and how the economic advantages of the transition will be maximised, will be formally communicated in future iterations of this strategy.', 'This goal, how it will be achieved to ensure a just transition, and how the economic advantages of the transition will be maximised, will be formally communicated in future iterations of this strategy. 4 GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION MEASURES This section describes measures currently being implemented by government to address GHG emissions mitigation across the four key sectors of the economy, namely energy (supply and demand), industry, AFOLU and waste. It also presents further planned cross-sectoral measures that will contribute to driving mitigation action. It is recognised that many of the measures presented here address only the short term, and are not considered to be transformational.', 'It is recognised that many of the measures presented here address only the short term, and are not considered to be transformational. South Africa puts these forward as a starting point from which we will be able to ratchet up our future ambition towards more integrated, transformational strategy, through the approach described in Section 5 and 6 of this document. 4.1 Energy supply Energy supply is the mandate of the Department of Mineral Resources and Energy. Decarbonisation of energy supply will largely be driven through the Integrated Energy Plan, the Integrated Resource Plan and the Industrial Biofuels Strategy, issued by the Department of Energy, the predecessor of this Department. 4.1.1 Integrated Energy Plan Energy planning is guided by the Integrated Energy Plan (IEP).', '4.1.1 Integrated Energy Plan Energy planning is guided by the Integrated Energy Plan (IEP). The White Paper on Energy Policy of the Republic of South Africa of 1998 identified the requirement for development of the IEP, with the National EnergyAct of 2008 further defining the objectives thereof. The Energy Act also mandates the Minister of Energy to develop, review and publish the IEP. The IEP approach analyses current energy supply and demand trends within the different sectors of the economy, across all energy carriers. It then uses this information along with assumptions about future demand and technology evolution to project the country s future energy requirements under a variety of different scenarios, including those with emissions limits and different carbon prices.', 'It then uses this information along with assumptions about future demand and technology evolution to project the country s future energy requirements under a variety of different scenarios, including those with emissions limits and different carbon prices. Based on an analysis of the scenario outcomes, the IEP can define the future trajectories for electricity, liquid fuels and gas in the country. The current IEP dates from 2003, and the Department of Energy has been working on updates thereof, with a draft IEP outlining various energy scenarios having been issued in 2016 (DoE, 2016a). The draft IEP provides an indication of the sectoral energy demand, as shown in Figure 6.', 'The draft IEP provides an indication of the sectoral energy demand, as shown in Figure 6. This breakdown is relevant in this document in that it helps to contextualise the mitigation measures presented below. The IEP update with a clear trajectory for the energy sector is critical to guiding overall energy planning for the country, including in the context of this document to support a just transition away from fossil fuels towards a low carbon future. Figure 6: Sectoral energy demand Source: DoE, 2016a Industry Mining Agriculture Commerce Residential TransportThe Role of the Integrated Energy Plan The IEP provides the overall future direction for the energy mix in South Africa, and thus represents a key instrument for driving the move to a low carbon future.', 'Figure 6: Sectoral energy demand Source: DoE, 2016a Industry Mining Agriculture Commerce Residential TransportThe Role of the Integrated Energy Plan The IEP provides the overall future direction for the energy mix in South Africa, and thus represents a key instrument for driving the move to a low carbon future. The IEP update with a clear trajectory for the energy sector is critical to guiding overall energy planning for the country. 4.1.2 Integrated Resource Plan The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) guides the evolution of the South African electricity supply sector, in that it identifies the preferred electricity generation technologies to be built to meet projected electricity demand.', '4.1.2 Integrated Resource Plan The Integrated Resource Plan (IRP) guides the evolution of the South African electricity supply sector, in that it identifies the preferred electricity generation technologies to be built to meet projected electricity demand. It thus provides a mechanism for Government to drive the diversification of the country s electricity generation mix and promote the use of renewable energy and other low-carbon technologies. The 2019 IRP represents South Africa s current policy position, an update on the 2010 IRP (DoE, 2019c). The 2019 update includes: Extension of the period of analysis to look at the period to 2050 (the IRP 2010 only looked to 2030), however 2019 IRP only provides a build plan to 2030; Updated demand projections; and Updated technology costs.', 'The 2019 update includes: Extension of the period of analysis to look at the period to 2050 (the IRP 2010 only looked to 2030), however 2019 IRP only provides a build plan to 2030; Updated demand projections; and Updated technology costs. By extending the coverage to 2050, the impact of decommissioning Eskom s coal fired generation capacity on the long-term requirements for new capacity is clearer. According to the IRP, the decommissioning schedule shows that about 10,599 MW of Eskom s coal generation capacity will be decommissioned by 2030, with the figure increasing to 35,000 MW by 2050. For reference, the installed capacity in in 2018 was 37,149 MW.', 'For reference, the installed capacity in in 2018 was 37,149 MW. The IRP is developed by first projecting the country s long-term electricity demand, taking into account the impact of both population growth and economic development, and the role that energy-efficiency and demand-side interventions can play. It then presents a base case and a number of scenarios4 which all provide an electricity generation supply mix which can meet future electricity demand at least cost, taking into account the need for ensuring security of supply.', 'It then presents a base case and a number of scenarios4 which all provide an electricity generation supply mix which can meet future electricity demand at least cost, taking into account the need for ensuring security of supply. To explore how the build plan could contribute to a decline in South Africa s GHG 4 Scenarios explored included those which have no cap on annual build on renewables, changes to gas prices and the application of a carbon budgetemissions in line with the current commitments, modelling of the base case included a carbon constraint to account for the electricity sector s proportional contribution to meeting the PPD trajectory.', 'To explore how the build plan could contribute to a decline in South Africa s GHG 4 Scenarios explored included those which have no cap on annual build on renewables, changes to gas prices and the application of a carbon budgetemissions in line with the current commitments, modelling of the base case included a carbon constraint to account for the electricity sector s proportional contribution to meeting the PPD trajectory. A scenario was also tested in the 2019 IRP where the emissions space available to the sector under the PPD (5,470 Mt CO2) is divided into three ten-year carbon budgets. Drawing on the scenarios analysed in the IRP 2019, an emerging long-term plan to 2030 has been developed.', 'Drawing on the scenarios analysed in the IRP 2019, an emerging long-term plan to 2030 has been developed. The IRP proposes a set of policy adjustments to ensure a practical plan that will be flexible to accommodate new, innovative technologies that are not currently cost competitive, the minimization of the impact of decommissioning of coal power plants and the changing demand profile. It is noted that although demand projections and decommissioning profiles to 2050 are discussed, the 2019 IRP only provides an indicative generation build plan to 2030. This is attributed to technology uncertainties beyond that time frame. For the first time, a provision for embedded generation is included in the IRP.', 'For the first time, a provision for embedded generation is included in the IRP. Embedded Generation (also referred to as distributed generation) refers to electricity generation installations of capacities of between 1MW and 10MW that are connected to the national grid. Embedded generation using renewable technologies is attracting substantial investment and funding in both the private and public sector (with the latter typically being at sub- national government level), and is set to grow exponentially. In recognition of this growth potential, a provision for 4,000 MW of other generation by 2030 is made, which includes embedded generation as well as co-generation, biomass and landfill gas generation.', 'In recognition of this growth potential, a provision for 4,000 MW of other generation by 2030 is made, which includes embedded generation as well as co-generation, biomass and landfill gas generation. Government, through the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA) has been in the process of finalising the regulations governing embedded generation for an extended period, an activity which requires urgent resolution. Although this has not yet been resolved at the national level, number of individual municipalities have already put in place grid feed-in tariffs. The IRP also proposes a set of research and analysis activities to be undertaken to support the low carbon transition of the electricity supply sector.', 'The IRP also proposes a set of research and analysis activities to be undertaken to support the low carbon transition of the electricity supply sector. These include detailed studies on the impact of gas supply options on electricity supply, the appropriate level of penetration of RE in the South African national grid, the cost and economic benefits associated with other clean energy options as well as socio-economic impacts of communities affected by the decommissioning of coal fired power stations.', 'These include detailed studies on the impact of gas supply options on electricity supply, the appropriate level of penetration of RE in the South African national grid, the cost and economic benefits associated with other clean energy options as well as socio-economic impacts of communities affected by the decommissioning of coal fired power stations. Such activities can help contribute to low emissions transformation of the electricity sector in a manner that is informed, feasible and just.Transformation of the electricity supply sector The IRP (2019) makes provision for renewables being added to the electricity supply mix, both to meet growing demand and to replace power stations that will be decommissioned.', 'Such activities can help contribute to low emissions transformation of the electricity sector in a manner that is informed, feasible and just.Transformation of the electricity supply sector The IRP (2019) makes provision for renewables being added to the electricity supply mix, both to meet growing demand and to replace power stations that will be decommissioned. Short-term additions to the mix include: 2,500 MW of new hydro capacity being built by 2030 6,814 MW of new PV capacity being built between 2019 and 2030 15,762 MW of new wind capacity being built between 2019 and 2030 4,000 MW other generation being added to the grid between 2019 and 2030 300 MW of Concentrated Solar Power to be built in 2019 Provision is also made for 1,500 MW of new coal-fired power station capacity, beyond that which has already been committed to.', 'Short-term additions to the mix include: 2,500 MW of new hydro capacity being built by 2030 6,814 MW of new PV capacity being built between 2019 and 2030 15,762 MW of new wind capacity being built between 2019 and 2030 4,000 MW other generation being added to the grid between 2019 and 2030 300 MW of Concentrated Solar Power to be built in 2019 Provision is also made for 1,500 MW of new coal-fired power station capacity, beyond that which has already been committed to. The resulting electricity supply mix in 2030 is shown in Figure 7.', 'The resulting electricity supply mix in 2030 is shown in Figure 7. Figure 7: Share of installed capacity in the 2019 IRP in MW5 Through regular updates to the IRP, and making early commitments to deep transformation of the sector post 2030, ambition can be increased. However, including new coal-fired power stations in the build plan will result in further lock-in to carbon intensive electricity supply, or the potential for stranded assets in the sector. 5 Note that the figure excludes embedded generation, due to a lack of information on how much has already been installed. Coal Hydro Nuclear Storage PV Wind CSP Gas/dieselThe 2019 IRP is based on the current articulation of the PPD trajectory.', 'Coal Hydro Nuclear Storage PV Wind CSP Gas/dieselThe 2019 IRP is based on the current articulation of the PPD trajectory. Future updates to the IRP will need to take into account any future modifications to the emissions trajectory. In this way electricity supply planning will be aligned with the country s increasing national ambition. 4.1.3 Biofuels opportunities The Biofuels Industrial Strategy of the Republic of South Africa (DMR, 2007) outlines Government s approach to the development of a biofuel sector in the country. The primary aim of the Strategy is to address poverty and unemployment, although the role in climate change mitigation in the liquid fuels sector is recognised. The Strategy proposed a 2% penetration of biofuels in the national liquid fuel supply (400 million litres per annum), within five years of its publication.', 'The Strategy proposed a 2% penetration of biofuels in the national liquid fuel supply (400 million litres per annum), within five years of its publication. In support of the strategy, the Regulations Regarding the Mandatory Blending of Biofuels with Petrol and Diesel were published in the Government Gazette in August 2012. The Regulations describe the eligibility and process for purchasing biofuels for blending and specify the type of records that need to be kept. The Regulations also specify that (i) the minimum concentration to be allowed for biodiesel blending is 5% by volume; and (ii) the permitted range for bio-ethanol blending is between 2 and 10% by volume. Although the regulations were published in 2012, implementation has not yet begun.', 'Although the regulations were published in 2012, implementation has not yet begun. However, in 2019 the Energy Minister signalled a commitment to implementing the biofuels regulatory framework to support a local biofuels industry. Through inclusion in SA-LEDS the intention to support implementation of the Strategy is signalled. Since the development of the Strategy, advancements have been made on second and third generation biofuels technologies.6 These process routes could potentially increase the volumes of biofuel that could be produced in South Africa, without competing with food products for feedstocks. 6 Second generation biofuels are made from lignocellulosic feedstocks, and thus do not compete with food crops for feedstocks.', '6 Second generation biofuels are made from lignocellulosic feedstocks, and thus do not compete with food crops for feedstocks. Third generation biofuels are made from algae.Biofuels in mitigation of emissions from liquid fuels The Biofuels Industrial Strategy and Regulations provide an instrument that, once implemented, can later be ratcheted up to increase mitigation impact. Ongoing work will be required to ensure availability of feedstocks to meet increased demand without jeopardising food security (which is primarily a concern in the case of first-generation biofuels), and prioritise which sectors should be allocated limited biomass resources based on a lack of other mitigation options such as long-haul aviation.', 'Ongoing work will be required to ensure availability of feedstocks to meet increased demand without jeopardising food security (which is primarily a concern in the case of first-generation biofuels), and prioritise which sectors should be allocated limited biomass resources based on a lack of other mitigation options such as long-haul aviation. 4.2 Energy demand SA-LEDS supports the implementation of a selection of measures to reduce energy demand, or limit growth in energy demand, as the economy and population grows: The National Energy Efficiency Strategy; Support for increased uptake of Solar Water Heaters; The National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act; and Promotion of cleaner mobility. These measures not only contribute to reductions in emissions associated with fossil fuels, but also to energy security and energy access.', 'These measures not only contribute to reductions in emissions associated with fossil fuels, but also to energy security and energy access. 4.2.1 National Energy Efficiency Strategy In 2005, the Department of Energy launched the first National Energy Efficiency Strategy (2005). Building on this document, the Department of Minerals and Energy is finalizing the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES), which outlines a set of goals for energy efficiency improvements across the economy to 2030 (DoE, 2016b).', 'Building on this document, the Department of Minerals and Energy is finalizing the post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES), which outlines a set of goals for energy efficiency improvements across the economy to 2030 (DoE, 2016b). Table 2 captures the targets included in the NEES, with the explanation of how each of these targets was established being provided in the NEES document.Table 2: Energy efficiency targets outlined in the post-2015 NEES Sector/subsector Goal Public buildings sector - 50% reduction in specific energy consumption (measured as GJ annual energy consumption per m2 of occupied floor area), by 2030. Municipal services - 20% reduction in the energy intensity (measured as energy consumption per capita of population served) of municipal service provision, by 2030.', 'Municipal services - 20% reduction in the energy intensity (measured as energy consumption per capita of population served) of municipal service provision, by 2030. The specific services included are street lighting, traffic lights, water supply and waste water treatment. - 30% reduction in the fossil fuel intensity of municipality vehicle fleets (measured as total fossil fuel consumption by municipal vehicles per capita of population served), by 2030. Residential sector - 33% reduction in the average specific energy consumption of new household appliances purchased in South Africa, by 2030. - 20% reduction in the average specific energy consumption of the residential building stock, by 2030. Commercial sector - 37% reduction in the specific energy consumption (measured as GJ annual energy consumption per m2 of lettable/habitable floor area), by 2030.', 'Commercial sector - 37% reduction in the specific energy consumption (measured as GJ annual energy consumption per m2 of lettable/habitable floor area), by 2030. Industry sector - 16% reduction in the weighted mean specific energy consumption for the manufacturing industry, by 2030 - 40 PJ cumulative total annual energy saving from specific energy saving interventions undertaken by in the mining subsector. Agriculture sector - 1 PJ verified electricity saving from officially supported projects, annually Transport sector - 20% reduction in the average vehicle energy intensity (measured in MJ/km) of the South African road vehicle fleet, by 2030. The NEES also identifies a set of measures to be implemented in each sector to achieve the stated targets.', 'The NEES also identifies a set of measures to be implemented in each sector to achieve the stated targets. These are shown in Table 3.Table 3: Measures outlined in the post-2015 NEES Sector Measures Time frame Public sector Introduce mandatory Energy Performance Certificates in all rented properties and publicly accessible buildings Develop the public sector awareness raising campaign to facilitate the leading by example approach Introduce standards and labelling relevant for public sector appliances and equipment Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of the energy performance component of building standards and successively tighten standards Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data to the public sector 1 year Municipal sector Develop municipal energy efficiency strategies 3 years Support the implementation of energy savings measures 5 years Residential sector Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of minimum energy performance standards for household appliances and successively tighten standards Develop a strongly branded energy performance certification mark for household appliances (modelled on the Energy Star‟ brand), in addition to the planned energy efficiency labels.', 'These are shown in Table 3.Table 3: Measures outlined in the post-2015 NEES Sector Measures Time frame Public sector Introduce mandatory Energy Performance Certificates in all rented properties and publicly accessible buildings Develop the public sector awareness raising campaign to facilitate the leading by example approach Introduce standards and labelling relevant for public sector appliances and equipment Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of the energy performance component of building standards and successively tighten standards Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data to the public sector 1 year Municipal sector Develop municipal energy efficiency strategies 3 years Support the implementation of energy savings measures 5 years Residential sector Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of minimum energy performance standards for household appliances and successively tighten standards Develop a strongly branded energy performance certification mark for household appliances (modelled on the Energy Star‟ brand), in addition to the planned energy efficiency labels. Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of the energy performance component of building standards for residential buildings and successively tighten standards Build on the existing awareness-raising activities targeting households and the school curriculum Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the residential sector 1 year Support technology innovation and dissemination of energy efficient cookstove technologies Commercial sector Introduce mandatory Energy Performance Certificates in all rented properties and publicly accessible buildings Revise 12L to ensure it provides an incentive to commercial property owners 4 years Introduce standards and labelling relevant for commercial sector appliances and equipment Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the commercial sector 1 year Adjust the 12L tax incentive scheme 4 yearsSector Measures Time frame Industrial sector Develop minimum energy performance standards for motors and motor-driven systems Provide targeted support and advice on energy efficiency to enterprises 3 years Incentivise enterprises to introduce Energy Management Systems and achieve ISO50001 certification standards Roll-out the provision of energy and production data from the manufacturing sub- sector Develop standardised tools for voluntary reporting of energy savings from initiatives in the mining sector Create technology/ learning hubs for energy efficiency 2 years Agricultural sector Explore the potential for savings in agricultural vehicle use, and develop appropriate awareness-raising material Develop targeted awareness-raising and training material on potential savings in motor-driven systems Provide direct grants to small farmers / smallholders for all or part of the cost of interventions Transport sector Develop fuel efficiency standards for light and heavy vehicles to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle stock Improve systems for ensuring road worthiness 5 years Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the transport sector 1 year Production and distribution sector Develop the enabling framework for cogeneration and trigeneration 3 years Expand internal efficiency programmes for producers 3 years The Post-2015 NEES makes provision for a review every five years.', 'Announce a 15-year trajectory for the successive tightening of the energy performance component of building standards for residential buildings and successively tighten standards Build on the existing awareness-raising activities targeting households and the school curriculum Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the residential sector 1 year Support technology innovation and dissemination of energy efficient cookstove technologies Commercial sector Introduce mandatory Energy Performance Certificates in all rented properties and publicly accessible buildings Revise 12L to ensure it provides an incentive to commercial property owners 4 years Introduce standards and labelling relevant for commercial sector appliances and equipment Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the commercial sector 1 year Adjust the 12L tax incentive scheme 4 yearsSector Measures Time frame Industrial sector Develop minimum energy performance standards for motors and motor-driven systems Provide targeted support and advice on energy efficiency to enterprises 3 years Incentivise enterprises to introduce Energy Management Systems and achieve ISO50001 certification standards Roll-out the provision of energy and production data from the manufacturing sub- sector Develop standardised tools for voluntary reporting of energy savings from initiatives in the mining sector Create technology/ learning hubs for energy efficiency 2 years Agricultural sector Explore the potential for savings in agricultural vehicle use, and develop appropriate awareness-raising material Develop targeted awareness-raising and training material on potential savings in motor-driven systems Provide direct grants to small farmers / smallholders for all or part of the cost of interventions Transport sector Develop fuel efficiency standards for light and heavy vehicles to improve the overall efficiency of the vehicle stock Improve systems for ensuring road worthiness 5 years Roll-out the provision of energy and activity data from the transport sector 1 year Production and distribution sector Develop the enabling framework for cogeneration and trigeneration 3 years Expand internal efficiency programmes for producers 3 years The Post-2015 NEES makes provision for a review every five years. Energy efficiency in South Africa South Africa continues to support efficient energy utilisation, by setting of energy efficiency targets across the economy Five yearly reviews provide the opportunity to ratchet up ambition to align with South Africa s contribution to global mitigation goals, and to extend the Strategy to 2050.4.2.2 Support for uptake of Solar Water Heaters Solar Water Heaters (SWH) provide the opportunity to partially offset use of electricity for water heating in middle- and high-income households, and to service low-income households that did not previously have ready access to hot water or used fuels other than electricity for water heating.', 'Energy efficiency in South Africa South Africa continues to support efficient energy utilisation, by setting of energy efficiency targets across the economy Five yearly reviews provide the opportunity to ratchet up ambition to align with South Africa s contribution to global mitigation goals, and to extend the Strategy to 2050.4.2.2 Support for uptake of Solar Water Heaters Solar Water Heaters (SWH) provide the opportunity to partially offset use of electricity for water heating in middle- and high-income households, and to service low-income households that did not previously have ready access to hot water or used fuels other than electricity for water heating. Since 2005 a number of goals have been set, and associated support programmes have been established, to drive the uptake of SWH in South Africa, with the National Development Plan introducing a goal of five million SWHs by 2030.', 'Since 2005 a number of goals have been set, and associated support programmes have been established, to drive the uptake of SWH in South Africa, with the National Development Plan introducing a goal of five million SWHs by 2030. In 2015 Department of Energy (DoE) took over responsibility for the National SWH programme from Eskom, making 5,000 subsidies available (further to those that had already been granted). The DoE aims to roll out new, fully subsidised low-income installations as part of their Social Programme, and is seeking to drive an increase in localised manufacture to have the positive co-benefit of local economic development.', 'The DoE aims to roll out new, fully subsidised low-income installations as part of their Social Programme, and is seeking to drive an increase in localised manufacture to have the positive co-benefit of local economic development. In addition to government programmes that act as drivers, the uptake of SWH continues to be supported by rising energy prices and electricity supply challenges. Solar Water Heaters in South Africa SWH not only provide an opportunity for replacing fossil electricity or gas in water heating in middle- and high-income households, but also for provision of clean energy services to low income households. Ongoing implementation of and increased ambition in the SWH programme will drive uptake of these technologies.', 'Ongoing implementation of and increased ambition in the SWH programme will drive uptake of these technologies. The target of five million SWH installed by 2030 included in the NDP is ambitious in this regard. 4.2.3 National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act To further efforts to decrease energy consumption and the associated GHG emissions of new commercial and residential buildings, the South African government has implemented energy efficiency and energy consumption standards under the National Building Regulations and Buildings Standards Act. Compliance with the Standards is required in order to ensure compliance with the Act. The first of the relevant standards is South African National Standard (SANS) 204 Energy Efficiency in Buildings.', 'The first of the relevant standards is South African National Standard (SANS) 204 Energy Efficiency in Buildings. This standard specifies the design requirements for energy efficiency in buildings and of services in buildings with natural environmental control and artificial ventilation or air conditioning systems. It includes provisions for orientation, maximum energy demand and the maximum annual energy consumption for various kinds of buildingsin various climate zones across the country, and design provisions for all parts of buildings construction. The second standard, SANS 10400-XA Energy Usage in Buildings includes the provisions of SANS 204 and other standards, towards providing a standard for energy efficient buildings. Energy efficiency in buildings South Africa has standards, supported by legislation, to govern energy efficiency of buildings.', 'Energy efficiency in buildings South Africa has standards, supported by legislation, to govern energy efficiency of buildings. These standards are based on global best practice, but adapted to local context. However, capacity building and training of local councils is critical to ensure compliance with the standards. Consideration may be given to revising the standards over time, as new building materials and building requirements emerge, to make them more ambitious. Further revisions may also help to make these standards more understandable and readily implementable. 4.2.4 Promotion of Cleaner Mobility Emissions from energy supply in the transport sector are addressed through a number of policy documents.', '4.2.4 Promotion of Cleaner Mobility Emissions from energy supply in the transport sector are addressed through a number of policy documents. The Public Transport Strategy of 2007 set out an action plan for accelerated modal shifts and for the development of integrated rapid public transport networks (DoT, 2007). Since then, the successful implementation of the bus rapid transport (BRT) system in Johannesburg has led to it being adapted and implemented in other major South African cities, including Cape Town, Rustenburg, Ekurhuleni and Tshwane, with further roll-outs being planned. In 2018 the Green Transport Strategy (GTS) for 2018 to 2050 was launched (DoT, 2018).', 'In 2018 the Green Transport Strategy (GTS) for 2018 to 2050 was launched (DoT, 2018). The GTS provides the strategic direction for the transport sector regarding the reduction of GHG emissions, the contribution of transport to the green economy and the promotion of sustainable mobility. The Strategy aims to support reductions in the contribution of the transport sector to national greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% by 2050.', 'The Strategy aims to support reductions in the contribution of the transport sector to national greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% by 2050. Some examples of the measures in the GTS that are relevant to SA-LEDS include: Exploring the potential for local electric vehicle and battery production, and growing the number of public charging stations, powered by solar panels, by 40 stations per year7; 7 It is recognised that for the full mitigation benefit of electric vehicles to be realised, concurrent electricity grid decarbonisation is required.The continued use of fuel economy norms and standards for fuel efficiency and GHG emissions of vehicles.', 'Some examples of the measures in the GTS that are relevant to SA-LEDS include: Exploring the potential for local electric vehicle and battery production, and growing the number of public charging stations, powered by solar panels, by 40 stations per year7; 7 It is recognised that for the full mitigation benefit of electric vehicles to be realised, concurrent electricity grid decarbonisation is required.The continued use of fuel economy norms and standards for fuel efficiency and GHG emissions of vehicles. Baseline studies on the adoption of more stringent fuel standards will help to provide a platform for introducing cleaner fuel standards; and Facilitating a shift of freight from road to rail.', 'Baseline studies on the adoption of more stringent fuel standards will help to provide a platform for introducing cleaner fuel standards; and Facilitating a shift of freight from road to rail. This is in recognition that freight transport was previously moved off rail onto road as a result of constraints in the country s rail service, with road-based freight transport currently accounting for around 75% of total freight moved. The road-to-rail shift will be supported by the implementation of Transnet s8 Market Demand Strategy. The Market Demand Strategy aims to create a more balanced and appropriate market between road and rail freight transport, thereby reducing overloading of the road network and road infrastructure deterioration and contributing to a reduction in GHGs associated with rail transport.', 'The Market Demand Strategy aims to create a more balanced and appropriate market between road and rail freight transport, thereby reducing overloading of the road network and road infrastructure deterioration and contributing to a reduction in GHGs associated with rail transport. In September 2010 a CO2 tax was introduced on the selling price of new motor vehicles that exceed a certain emissions limit, in order to increase the move towards lower emissions vehicles. The levy has grown incrementally over time, and offers an established instrument that government could use for ratcheting up ambition in the transport sector.', 'The levy has grown incrementally over time, and offers an established instrument that government could use for ratcheting up ambition in the transport sector. Mitigation in the transport sector The Green Transport Strategy provides a comprehensive framework for introducing a wide range of interventions that can help to drive cleaner, lower emissions mobility in the sector. Other instruments that will be leveraged to support emissions reductions in this sector include the Public Transport Strategy and the CO2 tax on vehicles. Future work will, however, be required to accelerate implementation and increase ambition of these and other activities. Two sets of policies that directly and indirectly support emissions reductions in the industrial sector are identified, beyond those discussed in Section 4.2.1 that target energy efficiency.', 'Two sets of policies that directly and indirectly support emissions reductions in the industrial sector are identified, beyond those discussed in Section 4.2.1 that target energy efficiency. These are the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) and tax rebates for green project development. 8 Transnet is the state-owned entity responsible for managing rail infrastructure and operation, ports and pipelines4.3.1 Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP) The National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) was adopted as a broad framework governing industrial policy in South Africa, and thus articulates the overarching approach to industrial development (dti, 2007). The implementation plan for the framework is contained in the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP), which is revised at various intervals.', 'The implementation plan for the framework is contained in the Industrial Policy Action Plan (IPAP), which is revised at various intervals. The most recent revision of the IPAP, which covers the period 2018/19 to 2020/21, provides updates on key focus areas within the industrial sector, one of which is green industry investment.', 'The most recent revision of the IPAP, which covers the period 2018/19 to 2020/21, provides updates on key focus areas within the industrial sector, one of which is green industry investment. Some of the green industry Action Programmes that will contribute to climate mitigation in the short term included in the IPAP are: Developing a Policy Roadmap for Climate-Compatible Industrial Development; Systemised resource efficiency data collection and reporting; The Industrial Water Efficiency Project (which has a primary focus on water savings which is a resource efficiency/adaptation focus, but will have a mitigation benefit through saving energy associated with water supply); The Industrial Energy Efficiency Project; Resource-efficient and cleaner production skills development; and Specialist skills development in resource-efficiency and cleaner production. The IPAP also supports fuel cell industry development.', 'The IPAP also supports fuel cell industry development. How the IPAP can contribute to mitigation The IPAP defines key milestones to be reached in the implementation of the various industry support programmes. While the IPAP implementation period is short term, the Plan is updated regularly which provides the opportunity for ongoing reflection on both the Programmes themselves and their targets/milestones, and how they can be refined or expanded towards contributing to the national mitigation effort. This includes limiting support for interventions that could lead to a growth in emissions.', 'This includes limiting support for interventions that could lead to a growth in emissions. The IPAP provides the platform from which to drive step changes in the industrial sector, to ensure new installations follow global best practice, and to allow for adoption of new/alternative materials and process substitutions.4.3.2 Tax incentives for green project development The implementation of technologies with potential for contribution to emissions reductions in the industrial sector is supported by various tax incentives, contained in the Income Tax Act of South Africa: Section 12B allows companies to deduct the cost incurred from investing in assets that are used directly for the production of renewable energy from their taxable income; Section 12I offers support for both capital investment and training related to Greenfield (new) and Brownfield (expansions or upgrades) projects within South Africa s manufacturing sector.', 'The IPAP provides the platform from which to drive step changes in the industrial sector, to ensure new installations follow global best practice, and to allow for adoption of new/alternative materials and process substitutions.4.3.2 Tax incentives for green project development The implementation of technologies with potential for contribution to emissions reductions in the industrial sector is supported by various tax incentives, contained in the Income Tax Act of South Africa: Section 12B allows companies to deduct the cost incurred from investing in assets that are used directly for the production of renewable energy from their taxable income; Section 12I offers support for both capital investment and training related to Greenfield (new) and Brownfield (expansions or upgrades) projects within South Africa s manufacturing sector. A mandatory requirement for qualification for this incentive is that projects demonstrate use of energy efficient equipment (in the case of greenfield projects) or at least 15% energy improvement relative to a baseline (brownfield projects) Section 12K provides for tax exemptions on proceeds gained from the disposal of certified emission reductions derived from activities registered with the Clean Development Mechanism.', 'A mandatory requirement for qualification for this incentive is that projects demonstrate use of energy efficient equipment (in the case of greenfield projects) or at least 15% energy improvement relative to a baseline (brownfield projects) Section 12K provides for tax exemptions on proceeds gained from the disposal of certified emission reductions derived from activities registered with the Clean Development Mechanism. The tax window runs up to 31 December 2020, in line with termination of the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol; Section 12L provides for a tax incentive to support implementation of energy savings. Since its inception in 2013, major benefits have been realised in terms of energy savings of approximately 5.9 GWh, with associated avoidance of GHG emissions, through a spend of ZAR 3 billion by government.', 'Since its inception in 2013, major benefits have been realised in terms of energy savings of approximately 5.9 GWh, with associated avoidance of GHG emissions, through a spend of ZAR 3 billion by government. Major beneficiaries have been the mining and manufacturing subsectors. This incentive has been extended until the end of the first phase of the carbon tax (31 December 2022) in line with requests from stakeholders; and Section 37B allows companies to deduct the costs, incurred due to expenditures on environmental pollution control and monitoring equipment and/or disposal sites, from their taxable revenues.', 'This incentive has been extended until the end of the first phase of the carbon tax (31 December 2022) in line with requests from stakeholders; and Section 37B allows companies to deduct the costs, incurred due to expenditures on environmental pollution control and monitoring equipment and/or disposal sites, from their taxable revenues. Tax incentives and mitigation The National Treasury provides a range of tax incentives that contribute to mitigation activities in South Africa4.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) South Africa s land cover is dominated by open ecosystems in the form of shrublands (covering just under 40% of the total land area), savanna woodlands (33%) and grasslands (27%).', 'Tax incentives and mitigation The National Treasury provides a range of tax incentives that contribute to mitigation activities in South Africa4.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU) South Africa s land cover is dominated by open ecosystems in the form of shrublands (covering just under 40% of the total land area), savanna woodlands (33%) and grasslands (27%). Both indigenous forests and exotic forest plantations make up the remainder, with indigenous forests occupying less than 0.3% of South Africa s land area (GeoTerraImage, 2013) and forest plantations occupying 1% of the overall land area. Changes in land use can result in the release of carbon stocks.', 'Changes in land use can result in the release of carbon stocks. The National Terrestrial Carbon Sinks Assessment (NTCSA) (2015) indicated that transformation of land through land uses including crop agriculture can reduce soil carbon by 40 to 60% from what existed in a natural grassland and savannah. Further, urban expansion and mining reduces above and below ground carbon, as does degradation, which increases soil erosion. In terms of total carbon sequestration, despite the small overall land coverage by forests, over 90% of CO2 absorbed in 2015 was attributed to forest land, with the remainder being absorbed by grassland and savannah. Mitigation actions identified in the AFOLU sector include Policies and Measures developed by line departments including the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)9.', 'Mitigation actions identified in the AFOLU sector include Policies and Measures developed by line departments including the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)9. These include the draft Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan for the South African Agricultural and Forestry sectors, the Conservation Agriculture Policy (DAFF, 2017b) and the Agroforestry Strategic Framework for South Africa (DAFF, 2017c). In terms of the draft Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan, for mitigation in the agricultural sector it is proposed that a strategic and integrated approach is taken that addresses sustainable agriculture more broadly and to build synergies and avoid conflicts between climate change mitigation and other policy objectives, and to avoid offsetting mitigation efforts through intensification of production or land use change.', 'In terms of the draft Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Plan, for mitigation in the agricultural sector it is proposed that a strategic and integrated approach is taken that addresses sustainable agriculture more broadly and to build synergies and avoid conflicts between climate change mitigation and other policy objectives, and to avoid offsetting mitigation efforts through intensification of production or land use change. In the forestry sector, there is a specific objective to reduce GHG emissions through afforesting 100,000 hectares of land in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal as well as strengthening and expanding current initiatives including forest rehabilitation, working for woodlands and the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (STEP).', 'In the forestry sector, there is a specific objective to reduce GHG emissions through afforesting 100,000 hectares of land in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal as well as strengthening and expanding current initiatives including forest rehabilitation, working for woodlands and the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Project (STEP). The implementation of the national Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) will lead to conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of the forest carbon stocks. Protecting and preserving existing carbon stocks in other ecosystems (those with high organic soil carbon, wetlands and some grasslands) is also identified as a mitigation priority.', 'Protecting and preserving existing carbon stocks in other ecosystems (those with high organic soil carbon, wetlands and some grasslands) is also identified as a mitigation priority. 9 Note that with a government restructure Forestry and Fisheries has now been combined with Environmental Affairs, while Agriculture has been combined with agriculture and the department of rural development and land reform. The implications of this restructuring on policy implementation has not yet been considered.The DAFF Draft Conservation Agriculture Policy (DAFF, 2017b) provides a basis for national and sector policy support for increasing the uptake of conservation agriculture (CA), including no-till, conservation till, precision agriculture and meat production efficiency. GHG emission reduction occurs by reducing fuel consumption of farm vehicles, increasing yields and reduced fertiliser use.', 'GHG emission reduction occurs by reducing fuel consumption of farm vehicles, increasing yields and reduced fertiliser use. Current CA adoption by grain growers is between 20 and 30% at a national scale. Both the establishment of plantations and agroforestry could lead to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon in soils and biomass. The DAFF Agroforestry Strategic Framework for South Africa (DAFF, 2017c) presents a broad overview of the potential for agroforestry in a South African context by providing a set of principles and strategic themes and goals. It recognises the carbon sequestration potential role of agroforestry. Mitigation in the AFOLU sector The policy framework already provision for a selection of actions that will support emissions reductions and expansion of the carbon sink.', 'Mitigation in the AFOLU sector The policy framework already provision for a selection of actions that will support emissions reductions and expansion of the carbon sink. These include promotion of land afforestation, conservation agriculture farming methods and agroforestry. Further interventions in this sector are currently being explored by government. Waste management activities in South Africa are legislated through the National Environmental Management: Waste Act (NEM:WA) (DEA, 2009). To provide further policy direction in terms of establishing fully integrated waste management practices in the country, the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) was developed (DEA, 2012). The Strategy adopts the internationally accepted waste management hierarchy of waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal.', 'The Strategy adopts the internationally accepted waste management hierarchy of waste avoidance and reduction, re-use, recycling, recovery, treatment and disposal. Implementing activities in accordance with the prioritisation afforded by the hierarchy potentially contributes to a reduction in emissions from material life cycles10 as follows: Avoidance and reduction of waste avoids emissions with production and transport of the waste that would have been ultimately sent to landfill; 10 Emissions savings achieved through actions in the waste sector will not all be reflected in that sector s inventory, however they may contribute indirectly to national emissions savings.Reducing the quantity of recyclable waste sent to landfill, through the implementation of separation at source programmes in metropolitan municipalities and through the establishment of material recovery facilities (MRFs) for separation after the waste has been collected, avoids emissions with primary material production in the case of inert materials and avoids generation of methane in landfill in the case of organics; and Recovery of value through waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities avoids generation of methane from organics sent to landfill, and at the same time the electricity generated offsets electricity generation from fossil fuels.', 'Implementing activities in accordance with the prioritisation afforded by the hierarchy potentially contributes to a reduction in emissions from material life cycles10 as follows: Avoidance and reduction of waste avoids emissions with production and transport of the waste that would have been ultimately sent to landfill; 10 Emissions savings achieved through actions in the waste sector will not all be reflected in that sector s inventory, however they may contribute indirectly to national emissions savings.Reducing the quantity of recyclable waste sent to landfill, through the implementation of separation at source programmes in metropolitan municipalities and through the establishment of material recovery facilities (MRFs) for separation after the waste has been collected, avoids emissions with primary material production in the case of inert materials and avoids generation of methane in landfill in the case of organics; and Recovery of value through waste-to-energy (WtE) facilities avoids generation of methane from organics sent to landfill, and at the same time the electricity generated offsets electricity generation from fossil fuels. It is noted that, although included in the 2012 Strategy, WtE is no longer considered to be a preferred technology option, but is rather recognised to be a last resort for managing wastes for which higher value cannot be recovered.', 'It is noted that, although included in the 2012 Strategy, WtE is no longer considered to be a preferred technology option, but is rather recognised to be a last resort for managing wastes for which higher value cannot be recovered. Subsequent to the Waste Act and National Waste Management Strategy, twenty national waste management initiatives, with annual targets, have been established by the DEA through a process known as the Waste Phakisa. Jointly, these initiatives aim to achieve landfill diversion of 20 million tonnes of waste per year (75% industrial and 50% municipal).', 'Jointly, these initiatives aim to achieve landfill diversion of 20 million tonnes of waste per year (75% industrial and 50% municipal). Of the twenty initiatives, those that are likely to have direct and indirect impacts on the total national greenhouse gas emissions include (GreenCape, 2018): Achieving a minimum of 50% of households separating organics at source by 2023; Introduction of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and pelletising plants to increase plastic recycling rates, and formalising packaging industry producer responsibility plans; Developing capacity through a specialised programme which upskills agri-stakeholders to minimise food loss, and running a consumer awareness campaign to use and consume ugly food, towards saving 245,000 tonnes of food waste to landfill per year; Establishing refuse derived fuel plants across South Africa, towards diverting 120,000 tonnes of waste from landfill; and Establishing a refrigerant reclamation and reusable cylinder industry to reduce emissions of refrigerant gases.', 'Of the twenty initiatives, those that are likely to have direct and indirect impacts on the total national greenhouse gas emissions include (GreenCape, 2018): Achieving a minimum of 50% of households separating organics at source by 2023; Introduction of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) and pelletising plants to increase plastic recycling rates, and formalising packaging industry producer responsibility plans; Developing capacity through a specialised programme which upskills agri-stakeholders to minimise food loss, and running a consumer awareness campaign to use and consume ugly food, towards saving 245,000 tonnes of food waste to landfill per year; Establishing refuse derived fuel plants across South Africa, towards diverting 120,000 tonnes of waste from landfill; and Establishing a refrigerant reclamation and reusable cylinder industry to reduce emissions of refrigerant gases. The importance of circular economy thinking in guiding the Waste Phakisa initiatives was noted.', 'The importance of circular economy thinking in guiding the Waste Phakisa initiatives was noted. A circular economy framing has positive benefits in terms of reducing greenhouse gases.Mitigation in the waste sector The actions contained in NEM:WA provide a framework for implementation of actions that have the potential to reduce emissions from both the waste and other sectors such as electricity supply, industry and transport. The outcomes of the Waste Phakisa provide quantitative targets for implementation of these actions, albeit over the short term. These will need to be ramped up over time. Capacity for implementation at the local government level remains a significant hurdle that needs to be overcome to allow for effective implementation of the Act and realisation of the associated emissions savings benefit.', 'Capacity for implementation at the local government level remains a significant hurdle that needs to be overcome to allow for effective implementation of the Act and realisation of the associated emissions savings benefit. 4.6 Cross-Cutting Measures In addition to the measures specific to individual sectors, four cross-cutting measures that will support low carbon development are in various stages of being implemented. 4.6.1 Carbon Tax The Carbon Tax Act was brought into effect from 1 June 2019. The Act gives effect to the polluter pays principle and aims to price carbon by internalising the negative costs of emitting GHGs. The tax rate is set at R120 per tonne of CO2-eq produced.', 'The tax rate is set at R120 per tonne of CO2-eq produced. To allow businesses time for transition, a basic tax-free allowance of 60% will initially apply to all emissions, with a number of further allowances depending on the activities. These provide for maximum tax-free allowances of between 60 and 95%. The allowances include those on fugitive emissions; for trade exposure; for performance above the industry benchmark; for purchasing offsets; and for voluntarily being allocated a (non-enforceable) carbon budget. The allowances bring the effective tax rate to between ZAR 6 and ZAR 48 per tonne. Post-2020, the carbon tax and the carbon budgeting system (discussed in Section 4.6.3 below) will be aligned.', 'Post-2020, the carbon tax and the carbon budgeting system (discussed in Section 4.6.3 below) will be aligned. This may include the option of imposing a higher tax rate as a penalty for emissions exceeding the carbon budget. This interface option will help to ensure a credible price signal to drive mitigation and provide the required regulatory policy certainty. At this stage some of the allowances are likely to be reduced, and the voluntary carbon budget allowance will be completely removed.Emissions covered by the carbon tax are those that need to be reported in terms of the Department of Environmental Affairs Mandatory Reporting Regulations, although the tax is administered by the South African Revenue Services in the same way as other environmental levies.', 'At this stage some of the allowances are likely to be reduced, and the voluntary carbon budget allowance will be completely removed.Emissions covered by the carbon tax are those that need to be reported in terms of the Department of Environmental Affairs Mandatory Reporting Regulations, although the tax is administered by the South African Revenue Services in the same way as other environmental levies. The role of the carbon tax Through passing of the Carbon Tax Act, the government is providing a strong signal of an intention to implement the polluter pays principle . At present, with the prescribed allowances, the tax rate is low. However, the ratcheting of this policy intervention will be achieved through reducing the allowances and increasing the tax rate.', 'However, the ratcheting of this policy intervention will be achieved through reducing the allowances and increasing the tax rate. A higher rate of tax on emissions exceeding the carbon budgets, as is being proposed once the carbon budgets are mandatory, will further drive mitigation action. 4.6.2 Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) South Africa s national emissions trajectory will be translated into Sectoral Emission Targets or SETs, which are quantitative greenhouse gas emission targets allocated to an emitting sector or sub-sector, over a defined time period. The sectors or sub-sectors to which SETs are allocated are still being defined, but will be aligned with the IPCC (2006) emissions categories to facilitate alignment with other GHG reporting.', 'The sectors or sub-sectors to which SETs are allocated are still being defined, but will be aligned with the IPCC (2006) emissions categories to facilitate alignment with other GHG reporting. Individual national government departments will be tasked with developing and implementing Policies and Measures (PAMs) to ensure emissions from within a sector or sub-sector remain within SET limits. The allocation of the SETs will be based on the socio- economic benefits of introducing the Sectoral Emissions Targets; the best available science, evidence and information; and the mitigation options available to the sector. SETs will be determined for three rolling five-year periods.', 'SETs will be determined for three rolling five-year periods. Sectoral Emissions Targets Constraining the cumulative SETs applied across the sectors and sub-sectors within the GHG emissions trajectory will ensure that, as the trajectory is revised towards meeting the requirements of the Paris Agreement, a consistent message will be sent to all government departments about the requirements for implementation of PAMs to drive down emissions.4.6.3 Carbon Budgets Carbon Budgets set a maximum volume of emissions from certain activities that individual entities are allowed to emit over three rolling five-year periods. By assigning a Carbon Budget to an entity, a signal is provided as to the degree of GHG mitigation that is required within a specific time period, with a penalty being imposed if the budget allocation is exceeded.', 'By assigning a Carbon Budget to an entity, a signal is provided as to the degree of GHG mitigation that is required within a specific time period, with a penalty being imposed if the budget allocation is exceeded. Furthermore, by providing entities with an understanding of how the budgets are likely to be assigned in future phases to keep overall national emissions within the bounds of the national emissions trajectory, which will continue to be revised downward in keeping with the Paris Agreement, they are sensitised to how mitigation requirements may change in the future. The system thereby provides an opportunity for entities to plan ahead.', 'The system thereby provides an opportunity for entities to plan ahead. The first phase of the Carbon Budgets, which runs from 2016 to 2020, is currently being implemented, with the allocation of company-level Carbon Budgets for a small group of companies. This phase is voluntary as there is no legal basis to set emission limits for sectors or companies. The second and subsequent phases (i.e. the post- 2020 period) will become mandatory when the Climate Change Bill is formally approved by government. Carbon Budgets Carbon budgets provide a mechanism for driving mitigation action in the private sector. Penalties for not complying with the budgets (which will take the form of the carbon tax), will need to be sufficient to drive continued mitigation ambition.', 'Penalties for not complying with the budgets (which will take the form of the carbon tax), will need to be sufficient to drive continued mitigation ambition. 4.6.4 Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies/incentives Fossil fuels are used across a number of the economic sectors in South Africa. As a member of the G20, where countries have committed to phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies, South Africa has indicated willingness to identify and minimise their harmful impacts, taking cognisance of its developmental state. The subsidies undermine the competitiveness of renewable energy, divert financial resources from development of priority sectors and services such as education, health, and infrastructure; and encourage the extraction and overconsumption of fossil fuels (as they are under-priced).', 'The subsidies undermine the competitiveness of renewable energy, divert financial resources from development of priority sectors and services such as education, health, and infrastructure; and encourage the extraction and overconsumption of fossil fuels (as they are under-priced). Inefficient fossil fuel subsidies act as a negative fuel tax or work as a negative price on carbon, and hence their phase-out entails removing market distortions which would result in greater efficiencies in the economy, including restructuring taxes to reflect their environmental impacts. An economy-wide carbon tax has been implemented from 1 June 2019 (as described above) and this provides a price signal to nudge the economy towards low carbon development.', 'An economy-wide carbon tax has been implemented from 1 June 2019 (as described above) and this provides a price signal to nudge the economy towards low carbon development. South Africa should consider participating in a fossil fuel subsidy peer review within the G20 framework to facilitate the sharing of experienceand mutual learning among G20 members as the next step in identifying inefficient fossil subsidies within the economy. Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies South Africa will continue to participate in global forums, monitor global developments and consider their relevance within the domestic context given our developmental state, and make informed decisions in tandem with international developments.', 'Phasing out of inefficient fossil fuel subsidies South Africa will continue to participate in global forums, monitor global developments and consider their relevance within the domestic context given our developmental state, and make informed decisions in tandem with international developments. Implementation of appropriate pricing of carbon through an economy-wide carbon tax should help eliminate under-pricing of fossil fuels in the economy. 5 GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS Section 4 focused on a set of stand-alone, sector-based policies and measures as well as a selection of cross- cutting interventions that government is busy implementing.', '5 GOING FURTHER TO ACHIEVE THE PARIS GOALS Section 4 focused on a set of stand-alone, sector-based policies and measures as well as a selection of cross- cutting interventions that government is busy implementing. However, Section 1 highlighted that a broad range of structural changes will be necessary across economic sectors, in order to ensure the global economy achieves carbon neutrality within the second half of the century. Changes will be required in terms of service demand, technology fleet, infrastructure, operating practice, and energy sources, for all sectors of activity. Ensuring South Africa plays its role in the achievement of the Paris Agreement is the overarching purpose of this strategy.', 'Ensuring South Africa plays its role in the achievement of the Paris Agreement is the overarching purpose of this strategy. Therefore, as the science of climate change evolves, and our understanding matures to permeate our public awareness and policy processes, we will adjust our strategy accordingly. This is a living document, and ongoing work will ensure adequate updates are brought forward at appropriate times. As it continues to strengthen its response to climate change as part of a global effort, South Africa will increase its focus on a range of strategic elements that will together promote the change to low carbon growth, while continuing to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'As it continues to strengthen its response to climate change as part of a global effort, South Africa will increase its focus on a range of strategic elements that will together promote the change to low carbon growth, while continuing to align with the goals of the Paris Agreement. These are: Enhancing the vision for development Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth Providing broad access to funds Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture Ensuring a just transition with jobs for allPromoting sustainable development through education and culture Enhancing information and metrics Each of these is elaborated upon in the sections that follow.', 'These are: Enhancing the vision for development Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth Providing broad access to funds Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture Ensuring a just transition with jobs for allPromoting sustainable development through education and culture Enhancing information and metrics Each of these is elaborated upon in the sections that follow. 5.1 Enhancing the vision for development The SA-LEDS vision described in Section 3 is guided by the peak-plateau-decline trajectory as defined in the NCCRP and the NDC. The trajectory represents the contribution South Africa commits to the global response to climate change at this time, aligned with its vision of development.', 'The trajectory represents the contribution South Africa commits to the global response to climate change at this time, aligned with its vision of development. As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, South Africa subscribes to the view that a progression in climate ambition will be necessary to achieve the global long-term goals, with all parties taking part in this progression in ambition with regards to mitigation, adaptation, and means of implementation, in accordance with the principles of the Convention.', 'As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, South Africa subscribes to the view that a progression in climate ambition will be necessary to achieve the global long-term goals, with all parties taking part in this progression in ambition with regards to mitigation, adaptation, and means of implementation, in accordance with the principles of the Convention. As climate science continues to further our understanding of the challenges and potential solutions to climate change, and economic reality broadens the range of options and global willingness to invest in them, South Africa will continue to both strengthen its commitments and communicate in a compelling manner how they represent our fair contribution to the global achievement of the Paris Agreement.', 'As climate science continues to further our understanding of the challenges and potential solutions to climate change, and economic reality broadens the range of options and global willingness to invest in them, South Africa will continue to both strengthen its commitments and communicate in a compelling manner how they represent our fair contribution to the global achievement of the Paris Agreement. The IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C has provided significant new understanding on the targets of the Paris Agreement, as briefly discussed in Section 1.2.', 'The IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C has provided significant new understanding on the targets of the Paris Agreement, as briefly discussed in Section 1.2. It is clear that Parties must find a way to ensure that emissions over time decrease rapidly as part of a sustainable development pathway, consistent with the goal of carbon neutrality in the second half of this century. Changes in all productive sectors, and important enhancements of international cooperation, are required. All of these elements must be kept in mind as we enhance our long-term development vision. Determining a trajectory to carbon neutrality will require a number of processes. Sectoral scenario analyses will be required to inform on the range of options.', 'Sectoral scenario analyses will be required to inform on the range of options. For these, traditional incremental modeling techniques will be insufficient, so a transformational approach will be required. Uncertainties in speed of response and investments required should not limit the scenario work, but rather become part of the output, to enable policymakers to appreciate what conditions will be required to enable different trajectories. Creating a national picture out of sectoral pathways will be essential to ensure balance between the sectors can inform national deliberations.', 'Creating a national picture out of sectoral pathways will be essential to ensure balance between the sectors can inform national deliberations. Stakeholders from all sectors will play a vital part, providing insights into opportunities, challenges, trade-offs and requirements which will inform the national debate and also enrich ourposition with regards to the international community, be it as part of the UNFCCC negotiations or in discussions with donors and investors. The analyses will seek to determine requirements for enablers from other participants in the global community, as appropriate. As South Africa play its part within a global effort, a range of technical pathways will be developed for low carbon development.', 'As South Africa play its part within a global effort, a range of technical pathways will be developed for low carbon development. The strategy development process will evaluate the opportunities within a new model of development, and the benefits of achieving net zero carbon emissions by 2050, alongside the challenges to the transition and the international enablers available. National life, from local politics, business decisions, and mass media communications, will have to reflect these ideas, preparing citizens and decision-makers for a new perspective on economic development. The climate challenge will only be tackled under the paradigm of sustainable development.', 'The climate challenge will only be tackled under the paradigm of sustainable development. 5.2 Enhancing institutional capabilities and arrangements for the transition Regardless of the details of the path followed towards a carbon-neutral world, in-depth sectorial transformation plans will need to be developed over the coming years, with significant public and private sector collaboration, to lay out the transformation pathways which will lead South Africa to achieve its goals. Such planning requires political will, coordination, a participatory process, and specific analytical resources and expertise. Thus, a critical area in which institutional capabilities and arrangements should be enhanced is for the planning and policy-making processes themselves.', 'Thus, a critical area in which institutional capabilities and arrangements should be enhanced is for the planning and policy-making processes themselves. These processes will have to develop targets across the whole economy, plan detailed actions over several timescales, and ensure the right changes can take place in the right way. The institutional capabilities required for these planning efforts and their implementation will require improved capabilities, as well as closer links to the research community, civil society, and the business community.', 'The institutional capabilities required for these planning efforts and their implementation will require improved capabilities, as well as closer links to the research community, civil society, and the business community. As the sectoral pathways are fully identified, the required sequence of steps for their implementation should be mapped onto the current institutional framework in order to establish where current coordination arrangements, as shown in Table 4, are suitable, and where it would make sense to consider adjustments. It is important to recall that these will be pathways of transformation, spanning 30 years and requiring multi-step processes which should be mapped out in somewhat detailed sequence.', 'It is important to recall that these will be pathways of transformation, spanning 30 years and requiring multi-step processes which should be mapped out in somewhat detailed sequence. Topics such as ministerial attributions, levels of government, chains of command, and decision-making, as well as the scope for different institutions to access resources such as finance, skills, or regulatory authorization, should all be taken into consideration, as they can make a significant difference to the success of the transformation.Table 4: Current institutional arrangements to address climate change response actions Structure Function Parliament and Portfolio Committees Oversee and monitor the implementation of the national climate change responses Make laws to support climate change responses in the country Presidential Climate Change Coordinating Commission (PCCCC): (Yet to be established) Coordinate and oversee the low carbon and just transition, including how to maximise the opportunities for jobs.', 'Topics such as ministerial attributions, levels of government, chains of command, and decision-making, as well as the scope for different institutions to access resources such as finance, skills, or regulatory authorization, should all be taken into consideration, as they can make a significant difference to the success of the transformation.Table 4: Current institutional arrangements to address climate change response actions Structure Function Parliament and Portfolio Committees Oversee and monitor the implementation of the national climate change responses Make laws to support climate change responses in the country Presidential Climate Change Coordinating Commission (PCCCC): (Yet to be established) Coordinate and oversee the low carbon and just transition, including how to maximise the opportunities for jobs. The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC): Executive level committee.', 'The Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC): Executive level committee. The Minister of the Environment and Minister responsible for planning monitoring and Evaluation in the Presidency co-chair meetings Coordinate and align climate change response efforts, including statutory and regulatory needs Intergovernmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC): Consists of relevant national, provincial departments and local government Operationalise cooperative governance on the climate change issues Ministers and Members of Executive Councils (MINMEC) and the Ministerial Technical Advisory Body (MINTECH): Facilitate a high level of policy and strategy coherence among the three spheres of government national, provincial and local government Guide climate change work across the three spheres of government National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC): Multi-stakeholder Committee Consult with stakeholders from key sectors that impact on or are impacted by climate change academia, business, NGOs, labour, government and civil society Advise on matters relating to national responsibilities Advise on the implementation of climate change- related activities In addition to the institutional arrangements, training and capacity building that will be required to support the transition at the national government level, infrastructure and skills will need to be developed at the sub-nationallevel.', 'The Minister of the Environment and Minister responsible for planning monitoring and Evaluation in the Presidency co-chair meetings Coordinate and align climate change response efforts, including statutory and regulatory needs Intergovernmental Committee on Climate Change (IGCCC): Consists of relevant national, provincial departments and local government Operationalise cooperative governance on the climate change issues Ministers and Members of Executive Councils (MINMEC) and the Ministerial Technical Advisory Body (MINTECH): Facilitate a high level of policy and strategy coherence among the three spheres of government national, provincial and local government Guide climate change work across the three spheres of government National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC): Multi-stakeholder Committee Consult with stakeholders from key sectors that impact on or are impacted by climate change academia, business, NGOs, labour, government and civil society Advise on matters relating to national responsibilities Advise on the implementation of climate change- related activities In addition to the institutional arrangements, training and capacity building that will be required to support the transition at the national government level, infrastructure and skills will need to be developed at the sub-nationallevel. Many of the sub-national government structures are currently dysfunctional and lack the capacity to support implementation of and manage funding for the actions required to support the low carbon transition.', 'Many of the sub-national government structures are currently dysfunctional and lack the capacity to support implementation of and manage funding for the actions required to support the low carbon transition. 5.3 Creating the right financial environment through aligning fiscal strategy with sustainable growth The need for investment at scale and the change in purchasing choices of businesses and citizens over the coming years makes the fiscal regime of a country a determining factor in its ability to achieve the structural changes required by the joint objectives of achieving the Paris Agreement aims and eradicating poverty. The correct incentives will accelerate positive change, while misalignment can hold back action. Several considerations should inform fiscal adjustments over time.', 'Several considerations should inform fiscal adjustments over time. Overall tax revenue must be decoupled from volumes of fossil fuel sales and exports in order to ensure that financial sustainability of the state does not become a brake to the changes which are needed. Negative externalities should be considered for a greater share of intake, supported by detailed analysis including market responses over time, which itself should inform the pathway planning approach. Capital investment should be encouraged in technology and implementation choices to support Paris-compatible pathways. The incentives provided will have to be coherent with the long-term development pathway in order to ensure short-term mitigation actions do not lead to emissions lock-in, nor a boost for assets which may become stranded later.', 'The incentives provided will have to be coherent with the long-term development pathway in order to ensure short-term mitigation actions do not lead to emissions lock-in, nor a boost for assets which may become stranded later. Fossil fuels subsidies and incentives which have the effect of fostering inefficient management of resources such as water, food, fertilizers, or public goods should be reviewed to support the transition to cleaner development. While such a subsidy review may cause resistance in some sectors, it provides an opportunity to ensure the use of state funds is progressive in terms of its distribution and enhances growth through the development of new businesses and investments which align fully with national objectives.', 'While such a subsidy review may cause resistance in some sectors, it provides an opportunity to ensure the use of state funds is progressive in terms of its distribution and enhances growth through the development of new businesses and investments which align fully with national objectives. Support for renewable energy options must be considered to accelerate their market acceptance, without building excessive distortions which may limit future competitiveness or stagnate the transformation. Significant work will be required to create an environment which is nurturing and inviting to new business models.', 'Significant work will be required to create an environment which is nurturing and inviting to new business models. From shared ownership to provision of service/experience rather than goods/commodities, different ways of satisfying demand supported by ever more powerful and accessible digital platforms and networks will generate tremendous growth opportunities within a population increasing its per-capita income as poverty is reduced. A forward-looking fiscal strategy, aware of the options and flexible to the evolution of new markets, willenhance such opportunities for South Africa, which will in turn bring export opportunities to Africa and the rest of the world.', 'A forward-looking fiscal strategy, aware of the options and flexible to the evolution of new markets, willenhance such opportunities for South Africa, which will in turn bring export opportunities to Africa and the rest of the world. Additional opportunities for investment and growth will follow if the fiscal regime is inviting to new business which seek to on-shore significant portions of the value chain of the industries which will lead the sustainable transition; rather than zero-sum tariffs or restrictions, long-term policies which encourage investment, innovation, skills development, and early leadership of local markets which are likely to evolve later in neighboring countries, will all contribute to national wealth creation.', 'Additional opportunities for investment and growth will follow if the fiscal regime is inviting to new business which seek to on-shore significant portions of the value chain of the industries which will lead the sustainable transition; rather than zero-sum tariffs or restrictions, long-term policies which encourage investment, innovation, skills development, and early leadership of local markets which are likely to evolve later in neighboring countries, will all contribute to national wealth creation. Carbon prices must evolve over time to effectively discourage fossil fuel and other emissions, while providing clear market signals to investors in zero emission technologies that their investments will provide suitable returns over their useful lifetimes.', 'Carbon prices must evolve over time to effectively discourage fossil fuel and other emissions, while providing clear market signals to investors in zero emission technologies that their investments will provide suitable returns over their useful lifetimes. Visibility over future carbon prices, such as legislating for a ramp-up over several years, provides clarity that carbon-intense investments will become uncompetitive and thus stranded, thereby informing decisions which may lock the country into future emissions.', 'Visibility over future carbon prices, such as legislating for a ramp-up over several years, provides clarity that carbon-intense investments will become uncompetitive and thus stranded, thereby informing decisions which may lock the country into future emissions. In summary, fiscal strategy over time must reconsider the balance of taxation, planning for falling sales of fossil fuels and seeking to reduce negative externalities, while incentives will focus on both the emissions implications of investments, favoring the route to net zero, and stimulating investments which take advantage of the opportunities created by this transition, both in the short term (such as business creation) and in the medium to long term, (such as by favoring skills development, innovation, and research).', 'In summary, fiscal strategy over time must reconsider the balance of taxation, planning for falling sales of fossil fuels and seeking to reduce negative externalities, while incentives will focus on both the emissions implications of investments, favoring the route to net zero, and stimulating investments which take advantage of the opportunities created by this transition, both in the short term (such as business creation) and in the medium to long term, (such as by favoring skills development, innovation, and research). The fiscal strategy must therefore form its own pathway to 2050, balancing the needs of the transformation, economic and social development, with the viability of private sector companies and the state.', 'The fiscal strategy must therefore form its own pathway to 2050, balancing the needs of the transformation, economic and social development, with the viability of private sector companies and the state. 5.4 Providing broad access to funds Access to funds in sufficient volume to meet the investment needs across a broad range of activities will be crucial to the success of our efforts to tackle climate change. Significant work is already underway to illustrate this need and help facilitate such access. South Africa s National Climate Change Response Policy emphasises the importance of mobilising a wide range of financial and non-financial resources for both mitigation and adaptation. The Policy emphasises the need to draw on all available sources of domestic and international financing (DEA, 2011).', 'The Policy emphasises the need to draw on all available sources of domestic and international financing (DEA, 2011). South Africa s National Determined Contribution goes further, and frames the ability to catalyse, at an economy-wide scale, financing of and investment in the transition to a low carbon and climate resilient economy and society as a key challenge for South Africa (DEA, 2015). Both these documents highlight the importance of international support given SouthAfrica s status as a developing country, and the magnitude of the challenge.', 'Both these documents highlight the importance of international support given SouthAfrica s status as a developing country, and the magnitude of the challenge. Adaptation costs are difficult to quantify, but it could cost South Africa more than US$ 30 billion per annum to adapt to climate change for the period 2021-2030, and the incremental cost of mitigation action is estimated at more than US$ 1,350 billion in total over the period 2020-2050, or roughly US$ 44 billion per year (DEA, 2015; DEA, 2019b).', 'Adaptation costs are difficult to quantify, but it could cost South Africa more than US$ 30 billion per annum to adapt to climate change for the period 2021-2030, and the incremental cost of mitigation action is estimated at more than US$ 1,350 billion in total over the period 2020-2050, or roughly US$ 44 billion per year (DEA, 2015; DEA, 2019b). Furthermore, Diffenbaugh and Burke (2019) find that the 1°C increase in global temperatures over the last century has already reduced the size of the South African economy by between 10 and 20%.11 Internationally, it is estimated that an additional US$ 13.5 trillion (in 2014 dollars) is required to remain below two degrees of climate change from 2015 to 2030 (Meltzer, 2016; Bhattacharya et al, 2016).', 'Furthermore, Diffenbaugh and Burke (2019) find that the 1°C increase in global temperatures over the last century has already reduced the size of the South African economy by between 10 and 20%.11 Internationally, it is estimated that an additional US$ 13.5 trillion (in 2014 dollars) is required to remain below two degrees of climate change from 2015 to 2030 (Meltzer, 2016; Bhattacharya et al, 2016). This additional investment is, however, coupled with a reduction in investment in fossil fuel energy generation, transmission and distribution of US$ 5.7 trillion and US$ 3.7 trillion in upstream oil, coal and gas investments. A further US$ 5.1 trillion could also be saved in operating expenditure because of the reliance on low carbon technologies like renewables.', 'A further US$ 5.1 trillion could also be saved in operating expenditure because of the reliance on low carbon technologies like renewables. Meltzer (2016) points out that the challenge is thus how to deal with the high upfront cost of these investments, since they are likely to more than pay for themselves over time. 5.4.1 Climate finance flows to date Oliver et al (2018) find that US$ 472 billion of climate finance was deployed in 2015, US$ 455 billion in 2016 and between US$ 510 billion and US$ 530 billion in 2017.', '5.4.1 Climate finance flows to date Oliver et al (2018) find that US$ 472 billion of climate finance was deployed in 2015, US$ 455 billion in 2016 and between US$ 510 billion and US$ 530 billion in 2017. Of the US$ 463 billion average annual flow over 2015 and 2016, an average of US$ 45 billion flowed from developed to developing countries, and only US$ 12 billion per annum (including domestic resources) was deployed in Sub-Saharan Africa. Of the US$ 463 billion average annual value, more than 80% originated from domestic sources (US$ 162 billion from within OECD countries and US$ 214 billion from within non-OECD countries).', 'Of the US$ 463 billion average annual value, more than 80% originated from domestic sources (US$ 162 billion from within OECD countries and US$ 214 billion from within non-OECD countries). These numbers, however, cover all climate finance deployed, and are not comparable to the pledge by developed countries, first made at COP15 in Copenhagen, to provide US$ 100 billion of climate finance to developing countries by 2020. Timperley (2018) mentions that there is disagreement about how close this pledge is to being met. According to the UNFCCC (2018), US$ 74.5 billion of climate finance flowed to developing countries in 2016. International public climate finance flows to developing countries, however, averaged US$ 58 billion for 2015 and 2016.', 'According to the UNFCCC (2018), US$ 74.5 billion of climate finance flowed to developing countries in 2016. International public climate finance flows to developing countries, however, averaged US$ 58 billion for 2015 and 2016. Oxfam (2018) believes public climate finance flows from developed to developing countries are much lower at between US$ 16 billion to US$ 21 billion. The OECD (2019) estimated the value to be US$ 46.9 billion in 2016 and US$ 54.5 billion in 2017.', 'The OECD (2019) estimated the value to be US$ 46.9 billion in 2016 and US$ 54.5 billion in 2017. Using project-level 11 According to the World Bank Development Indicators the size of the South African Economy was US$ 366 billion in 2018.data which doesn t cover all climate finance flows, Timperley (2018), calculates a lower value for OECD climate finance to developing countries of US$ 37 billion in 2016. For 2015 to 2017, approximately US$ 160.7 million of bilateral and US$ 45.4 million of multilateral climate finance flowed to South Africa. Over the same period, however, the South African government deployed almost US$ 690 million of climate finance (DEA, 2019c).12 The distribution of local public sector climate finance is shown in Figure 8.', 'Over the same period, however, the South African government deployed almost US$ 690 million of climate finance (DEA, 2019c).12 The distribution of local public sector climate finance is shown in Figure 8. Even though South African climate finance deployment was small by international standards, it is nowhere near the levels that will be required from 2020 as discussed in the previous section. The percentage of climate finance generated from domestic versus international sources is in line with international trends over this period. Figure 8: Domestic climate finance (2015 - 2017) Source: DEA (2019c) 12South Africa s 3rd Biennial Update Report (BUR-3) mentions that lags in reporting may lead to an underestimate of 2017 values.', 'Figure 8: Domestic climate finance (2015 - 2017) Source: DEA (2019c) 12South Africa s 3rd Biennial Update Report (BUR-3) mentions that lags in reporting may lead to an underestimate of 2017 values. Climate finance information for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2014 can be found in BUR-1 and BUR-2.Even without considering the contribution of domestic private sector financing for climate change-related activities, which is likely to be significant given recent investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency in South Africa, it is clear that international support contributes a relatively small proportion of climate finance being utilised in South Africa.', 'Climate finance information for the periods 2000-2010 and 2010-2014 can be found in BUR-1 and BUR-2.Even without considering the contribution of domestic private sector financing for climate change-related activities, which is likely to be significant given recent investments in renewable energy and energy efficiency in South Africa, it is clear that international support contributes a relatively small proportion of climate finance being utilised in South Africa. The contribution of domestic climate finance is also likely to increase further given the broad- based carbon tax that was put in place during 2019. International support is also highly concentrated in the form of one bilateral and one multilateral development partner for the period under consideration.', 'The contribution of domestic climate finance is also likely to increase further given the broad- based carbon tax that was put in place during 2019. International support is also highly concentrated in the form of one bilateral and one multilateral development partner for the period under consideration. Germany contributed 55% of bilateral and 43% of total international climate finance to South Africa, while the Global Environment Facility accounted for 93% of multilateral and 20% of total international climate finance. The bulk of international climate finance was in the form of grants, with only US$ 950,000 (0.5%) originating from multilateral loans (DEA, 2019c).', 'The bulk of international climate finance was in the form of grants, with only US$ 950,000 (0.5%) originating from multilateral loans (DEA, 2019c). 5.4.2 Formalising climate finance structures While South Africa has made great strides in understanding its mitigation and adaptation challenge, and particularly in understanding the availability and attractiveness of mitigation policies and measures and the ways these will have to be combined to meet its international climate commitments, it has not been successful in accessing climate finance on a transformational scale. The climate finance that has been accessed is concentrated in two entities, and this creates risks in terms of the long-term certainty of flows and climate governance and independence. To address this shortcoming, South Africa is developing a comprehensive climate finance strategy.', 'To address this shortcoming, South Africa is developing a comprehensive climate finance strategy. The strategy will take a holistic view of climate finance activities and will cover all aspects of climate finance, including: the quantum of climate finance required; identifying stakeholders and activities along the climate finance value-chain; increasing climate finance flows from different types of finance providers (e.g. bilateral finance, multilateral finance, domestic public finance and private sector finance), monitoring and evaluation, and climate finance governance structures. The strategy will ensure that climate finance frameworks are compatible with local conditions and ambition.', 'The strategy will ensure that climate finance frameworks are compatible with local conditions and ambition. Furthermore, in order to best contribute to the strategy development process, it should seek to identify financing pathways commensurate with technology transformation pathways and economic development pathways required by the transformation to a low-emissions economy (see remarks on planning for implementation contained in Section 6). South Africa has a framework for tracking climate finance in place, which is being operationalised as part of the national integrated climate change monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system. The climate change M&E system,however, is still under development and monitoring and reporting activities will only be automated during the final phase of implementation (2021-2025) (DEA, 2017; DEA, 2019c).', 'The climate change M&E system,however, is still under development and monitoring and reporting activities will only be automated during the final phase of implementation (2021-2025) (DEA, 2017; DEA, 2019c). At present climate finance is therefore being tracked on an ad hoc basis via informal engagements between the Department of Environmental Affairs and the National Treasury. The national climate finance strategy will formalise local climate finance governance, coordination and reporting structures. M&E will be a key focus area of the strategy, and it will seek to strengthen the current climate finance M&E framework by extending monitoring and reporting to include all elements of the climate finance value chain, including private sector finance.', 'M&E will be a key focus area of the strategy, and it will seek to strengthen the current climate finance M&E framework by extending monitoring and reporting to include all elements of the climate finance value chain, including private sector finance. Furthermore, the strategy will consider the development of mechanisms for evaluating the outcomes of climate finance to understand the extent to which it is accelerating South Africa s climate change mitigation and adaptation responses. In addition to supporting climate change planning by the government, it will reassure the providers of finance that it is being effectively deployed. It will also serve to illustrate the positive impact that climate finance can have in South Africa.', 'It will also serve to illustrate the positive impact that climate finance can have in South Africa. 5.4.3 Climate finance opportunities South Africa s climate finance strategy will seek to quantify the financing requirements and identify areas where climate finance should be targeted. This will complement significant research that has been undertaken to identify sectors and activities that should be prioritised in terms of mitigation and adaptation actions. Research already undertaken includes the Technology Needs Assessment (which is currently being updated) (DST, 2007), the Long Term Adaptation Scenarios (LTAS), Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS), the latest GHG Inventory, the Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA), Climate Change Mitigation Technology Implementation Plan (DEA and DST, 2015), Global Change Research Plan and national government departmental plans (DEA, 2018b; DEA 2019c).', 'Research already undertaken includes the Technology Needs Assessment (which is currently being updated) (DST, 2007), the Long Term Adaptation Scenarios (LTAS), Long Term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS), the latest GHG Inventory, the Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA), Climate Change Mitigation Technology Implementation Plan (DEA and DST, 2015), Global Change Research Plan and national government departmental plans (DEA, 2018b; DEA 2019c). Explicitly linking climate finance requirements with mitigation and adaptation needs could also create the opportunity to use climate finance to support technology development and transfer. Both the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, for example, provide support for the development of Technology Needs Assessments and/or consider the results of these assessments in their lending programmes (Resende, 2019; Kaung-Idba, 2019).', 'Both the Green Climate Fund and the Global Environment Facility, for example, provide support for the development of Technology Needs Assessments and/or consider the results of these assessments in their lending programmes (Resende, 2019; Kaung-Idba, 2019). The climate finance strategy will also seek to understand why South Africa has not been successful in attracting more climate finance, and will attempt to significantly increase the amount of climate finance flowing to South Africa.', 'The climate finance strategy will also seek to understand why South Africa has not been successful in attracting more climate finance, and will attempt to significantly increase the amount of climate finance flowing to South Africa. As part of this process, a 5-year high-level climate finance implementation plan will be developed that will include a pipeline of financeable projects.One area where South Africa has demonstrated that it has the capacity to effectively absorb large amounts of climate finance, and where a scaling up of climate finance could have a positive mitigation impact relevant on a global scale, is the electricity supply sector (as outlined in Section 4.1.2).', 'As part of this process, a 5-year high-level climate finance implementation plan will be developed that will include a pipeline of financeable projects.One area where South Africa has demonstrated that it has the capacity to effectively absorb large amounts of climate finance, and where a scaling up of climate finance could have a positive mitigation impact relevant on a global scale, is the electricity supply sector (as outlined in Section 4.1.2). South Africa s electricity supply industry is set for significant change in coming years as a result of an electricity supply crisis and reform of the current poorly performing vertically integrated utility model.', 'South Africa s electricity supply industry is set for significant change in coming years as a result of an electricity supply crisis and reform of the current poorly performing vertically integrated utility model. South Africa has one of the most carbon-intensive electricity grids in the world, and recent research has shown that aggressive decarbonisation can have significant economic, social and environment benefits (Wright, et al., 2017; Steyn, Burton, & Steenkamp, 2017; Bischof-Niemz & Creamer, 2019). Significant decarbonisation of the electricity grid in the short term, however, is likely to incur significant transition costs, and may not happen without significant international support. The current situation, however, provides and unprecedented opportunity to avoid long-term carbon lock-in and significantly accelerate a just transition to a low carbon and inclusive economy.', 'The current situation, however, provides and unprecedented opportunity to avoid long-term carbon lock-in and significantly accelerate a just transition to a low carbon and inclusive economy. South Africa has a number of features that make it attractive as a destination for climate finance. The country has a well-developed financial system and a history of developing and rolling out innovative instruments for raising and deploying donor, public and private sector climate finance.', 'The country has a well-developed financial system and a history of developing and rolling out innovative instruments for raising and deploying donor, public and private sector climate finance. The well-regarded Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP), for example, managed to raise US$ 15.83 billion of finance for utility-scale renewable energy projects, 80% of which originated from domestic sources (IPPP Office, 2019).13 By the end of March 2019, the REIPPPP had procured 6,422 MW of capacity (3,976 MW of which had been connected to the national grid). 35,669 GWh of renewable electricity had been generated, saving 36.2 Mt of CO2 and 42.8 million kilolitres of water. 53,339 full-time equivalent (FTE)14 jobs were also created, 48,085 of which went to locals (DoE, 2019a).', '53,339 full-time equivalent (FTE)14 jobs were also created, 48,085 of which went to locals (DoE, 2019a). The economics of energy generation has changed in South Africa, and a growing body of evidence shows that renewable energy is now the cheapest form of electricity generation locally. Given the very carbon-intensive nature of South Africa s national grid, and local energy investment needs going forward, this creates an unprecedented opportunity for South Africa to absorb climate finance. South African banks have also started developing financing tools aimed at the smaller-scale renewables market (GreenCape, 2019).', 'South African banks have also started developing financing tools aimed at the smaller-scale renewables market (GreenCape, 2019). Tools for aggregating and effectively deploying public sector climate finance also exist in the form of, for example, the Green Fund managed by the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) and the 13 Calculated at the annual average South Africa Rand-US dollar exchange rate for 2018 from the South African Reserve Bank. 14 FTE means Full Time Employment Created. It refers to one person-year of employment. In the calculation of this number one person year is equivalent to 230 person days of work.Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA), and the Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management Fund managed by the Department of Energy.', 'In the calculation of this number one person year is equivalent to 230 person days of work.Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA), and the Energy Efficiency and Demand-side Management Fund managed by the Department of Energy. The REIPPPP is also an example of using green public procurement to raise climate finance. This is an approach that is also being considered in other countries (see, for example, the UK Government s Green Finance Strategy (HM Government, 2019)) and could be expanded in South Africa.', 'This is an approach that is also being considered in other countries (see, for example, the UK Government s Green Finance Strategy (HM Government, 2019)) and could be expanded in South Africa. Two municipal green bonds have been released in South Africa, by the City of Cape Town and the City of Johannesburg, and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange currently has three green bonds listed by financial institutions with a total value of US$ 385 million (PWC, 2019; Khumalo, 2019) South Africa has well capacitated development finance institutions, like the DBSA and the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) that routinely channel climate finance from multilateral and bilateral donors, and private sector banks have also partnered with international donors to roll out innovative climate finance vehicles.', 'Two municipal green bonds have been released in South Africa, by the City of Cape Town and the City of Johannesburg, and the Johannesburg Stock Exchange currently has three green bonds listed by financial institutions with a total value of US$ 385 million (PWC, 2019; Khumalo, 2019) South Africa has well capacitated development finance institutions, like the DBSA and the Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) that routinely channel climate finance from multilateral and bilateral donors, and private sector banks have also partnered with international donors to roll out innovative climate finance vehicles. An example of this is the US$ 98 million FIRST fund that offers long term debt finance to local small renewable energy projects (FIRST fund, undated).', 'An example of this is the US$ 98 million FIRST fund that offers long term debt finance to local small renewable energy projects (FIRST fund, undated). The fund is a collaboration between a local bank and the German KfW Development Bank (KfW), and is underpinned by a first-loss debt facility and grant-type funding from KfW (Hawarden, undated). Despite the sophistication and depth of South African financial markets, a number of barriers remain that restrict the flow of funding to climate change projects.', 'Despite the sophistication and depth of South African financial markets, a number of barriers remain that restrict the flow of funding to climate change projects. These are not unique to South Africa and include, amongst others, a relatively high degree of risk aversion among local financial institutions, difficulty in accessing longer-term financing, credibility of off-takers, high transaction costs for smaller projects, relatively long pay-back periods and a lack of attractive large low carbon investment options, difficulty in raising financing for technologies that have not been proven locally, a lack of concessionary wholesale finance, uncertainty about future electricity prices, complexity and regulatory burden of environmental regulation, a lack of public sector capacity in key areas, and an investment environment that is not conducive to investment due to policy uncertainty (Nicholls et al, 2015; Cloete et al, 2016; Cloete et al, 2018).', 'These are not unique to South Africa and include, amongst others, a relatively high degree of risk aversion among local financial institutions, difficulty in accessing longer-term financing, credibility of off-takers, high transaction costs for smaller projects, relatively long pay-back periods and a lack of attractive large low carbon investment options, difficulty in raising financing for technologies that have not been proven locally, a lack of concessionary wholesale finance, uncertainty about future electricity prices, complexity and regulatory burden of environmental regulation, a lack of public sector capacity in key areas, and an investment environment that is not conducive to investment due to policy uncertainty (Nicholls et al, 2015; Cloete et al, 2016; Cloete et al, 2018). These barriers, coupled with the scale of funding that is required to address mitigation and adaptation, means that there is a significant need for scaled-up international support to finance the transition to a climate-resilient inclusive low-carbon economy in South Africa.', 'These barriers, coupled with the scale of funding that is required to address mitigation and adaptation, means that there is a significant need for scaled-up international support to finance the transition to a climate-resilient inclusive low-carbon economy in South Africa. Positioning South Africa as an attractive destination for climate finance offers opportunities beyond enabling a transition to a just, sustainable and prosperous low carbon economy as discussed below. It also creates the opportunity to leverage its sophisticated and deep financial markets to serve as a gateway for climate finance to the rest of the continent, which, as mentioned earlier, is struggling to access its fair share of climate finance.', 'It also creates the opportunity to leverage its sophisticated and deep financial markets to serve as a gateway for climate finance to the rest of the continent, which, as mentioned earlier, is struggling to access its fair share of climate finance. Following the example of a country like the UK (see HM Government (2019)), South Africa should use its climatefinance strategy to support the local financial sector to develop a competitive advantage in accessing and channelling climate finance. To do this, however, the emphasis should be placed on greening the financial sector as a whole, and not just developing a climate finance niche. The reasons for this are multiple.', 'The reasons for this are multiple. Not only is the scale of the challenge such that countries cannot afford to misallocate capital, particularly while domestic sources still make up the bulk of climate finance, but carbon lock- in and a reluctance to allow stranded assets could jeopardise mitigation targets. Finance is a critical driver of the low carbon transition, and without targeting finance effectively, climate goals will not be achieved. Equally important, it is now well understood that neglecting to asses and price the risks inherent in climate change creates systemic risk within financial systems (see, for example, TCFD (2017), Vermeulen et al (2018), Poloz et al (2019), Giuzio et al (2019)).', 'Equally important, it is now well understood that neglecting to asses and price the risks inherent in climate change creates systemic risk within financial systems (see, for example, TCFD (2017), Vermeulen et al (2018), Poloz et al (2019), Giuzio et al (2019)). The Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosure has created a common language for considering both physical and transition risk related to climate change. It is important that the recommendations of the Task Force be mainstreamed into the South African financial sector to ensure that these risks are understood and managed, to provide the information required to effectively deploy finance in a climate compatible way (TCFD, 2017).', 'It is important that the recommendations of the Task Force be mainstreamed into the South African financial sector to ensure that these risks are understood and managed, to provide the information required to effectively deploy finance in a climate compatible way (TCFD, 2017). Furthermore, as illustrated by the UK s Green Finance Strategy, it is also important that all local financial regulators recognise climate-related financial factors as part of their mandate and actively monitor climate-related risk and exposure within the South African financial sector. During the transition it is critical that the financial sector enables the redirection of funds from the high-carbon activities that are no longer consistent with a just, sustainable and prosperous low carbon economy to the new industries and activities that will underpin it.', 'During the transition it is critical that the financial sector enables the redirection of funds from the high-carbon activities that are no longer consistent with a just, sustainable and prosperous low carbon economy to the new industries and activities that will underpin it. 5.5 Driving innovation, research, and skills for future value capture Boosting innovation, research and skills is a crucial lever to increase South Africa s international competitiveness, and to ensure that higher-value economic activity spearheads future growth by becoming an ever-greater proportion of GDP over time. The transitions required to support low-carbon development present clear opportunities for the innovation, research, and skills agenda, particularly given that global compliance with Paris implies a large, ongoing investment over decades.', 'The transitions required to support low-carbon development present clear opportunities for the innovation, research, and skills agenda, particularly given that global compliance with Paris implies a large, ongoing investment over decades. South Africa s existing research and industrial capabilities, as well as its natural resources, present a compelling starting point for such an expansion. The national research agenda is largely guided by the priorities set by national government and in particular the Department of Science and Innovation (DSI), as the national department responsible for provision of leadership, an enabling environment and resources for science, technology andinnovation. With 17% of funding for the South African climate change research and technology development system coming from international sources, international research agendas also have some impact on the local agenda.', 'With 17% of funding for the South African climate change research and technology development system coming from international sources, international research agendas also have some impact on the local agenda. The White Paper on Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) (DST, 2019) also emphasises the core themes of inclusivity, transformation, and partnerships, and recognises the important role that STI would play in mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts. The paper recognises the role of a circular economy in driving the shift to a green economy by accelerating eco-innovation. A range of existing research activities are already setting the basis for the low carbon transition.', 'A range of existing research activities are already setting the basis for the low carbon transition. These include: The Hydrogen South Africa (HySA) Research Programme, that aims to make South Africa a global player in fuel cell technology, through prototyping, demonstration and commercialisation of fuel cell technologies; The Renewable Energy Hub and Spokes initiative aims to develop national technical capacity in wind, solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power. Research capacity is built at various universities throughout the country. Research focusses on specific individual components, as well as system design and production. The Lithium Ion Battery Programme that was established to initiate the development of advanced energy storage technologies which play an essential role regarding the integration of solar and wind power.', 'The Lithium Ion Battery Programme that was established to initiate the development of advanced energy storage technologies which play an essential role regarding the integration of solar and wind power. The South African Centre for Capture and Storage (SACCS) was established to drive the activities required to realise commercial scale Carbon Capture and Storage in South Africa, towards sequestering a portion of the emissions from coal-fired power plants, iron and steel, cement and coal gasification. The Waste Research, Development and Innovation Roadmap implemented by the CSIR was developed to assist DEA in realising the ambitions of the NWMS through research, science, technology and innovation. If a recycling and circular economy is realised this will drastically reduce the volumes of waste to landfill and mitigate GHG emissions.', 'If a recycling and circular economy is realised this will drastically reduce the volumes of waste to landfill and mitigate GHG emissions. Over time, the scale of the planning related to the low-carbon transition will increase, and further research and innovation challenges will arise. Preliminary sectoral analyses have already suggested such specific research and innovation challenge areas that will need to be addressed. Examples of future research direction include: As mentioned in Section 4.1.2, the IRP proposes a set of research and analysis activities to be undertaken to support the low carbon transition of the electricity supply sector.', 'Examples of future research direction include: As mentioned in Section 4.1.2, the IRP proposes a set of research and analysis activities to be undertaken to support the low carbon transition of the electricity supply sector. These include detailed studies on the impact of gas supply options, the appropriate level of penetration of RE in the South African national grid,the cost and economic benefits associated with other clean energy options as well as socio-economic impacts of communities affected by the decommissioning of coal fired power stations. Developing robust data on the long-term implications of implementing mitigation policies and measures across the sectors, where such information does not exist. Notable here are the transport, waste and AFOLU sectors.', 'Notable here are the transport, waste and AFOLU sectors. A rigorous analysis of South Africa´s competitiveness in the different commercial and industrial sectors which are likely to present the greatest opportunities from the sustainable transformation should inform the specific support provided to this agenda. This analysis should look across a spectrum of economic benefits, from value-chain analysis of likely technology rollouts, to regional and global competitive advantages under different scenarios. Key to the innovation, skills and value capture strategy is the idea of a 30-year transition. The planning approach presented in Section 6 allows for a staged approach to building up the necessary policy environment, drive investment, and train a diverse workforce while supporting entrepreneurial activity.', 'The planning approach presented in Section 6 allows for a staged approach to building up the necessary policy environment, drive investment, and train a diverse workforce while supporting entrepreneurial activity. Coupling this planning with sectoral scenario analyses will help identify concrete areas of opportunity, for which additional work will be required to fully flesh out plans. 5.6 Ensuring a just transition with jobs for all South Africa s transition to a low-carbon society and economy will have uneven socio-economic impacts. The transition will bring about efficiencies, investment and growth, opening up many opportunities in new areas of activity. However, activity will also reduce in areas linked with GHG emissions, leading to declining operations, diminished returns for companies, and fewer jobs in specific sectors.', 'However, activity will also reduce in areas linked with GHG emissions, leading to declining operations, diminished returns for companies, and fewer jobs in specific sectors. Impacts will differ across scales, timeframes, and locations. The South African government is committed to ensuring that the transition is just; that its negative impacts are not disproportionally borne by the most vulnerable poor and working-class communities who are simultaneously bearing the brunt of the physical impacts of climate change. To ensure that government s commitment to a just transition is realised will require a clear vision around which the various initiatives, policies, sectors, geographical areas and communities can organize.', 'To ensure that government s commitment to a just transition is realised will require a clear vision around which the various initiatives, policies, sectors, geographical areas and communities can organize. The vision being developed by the National Planning Commission (NPC), through a consultative, bottom-up process, will help to define such an end-state, together with pathways to achieve this in the key areas of land, water and energy. Appropriate and sufficiently resourced plans and policies will be necessary. International examples exist of initiatives to support workers and communities who currently depend on fossil fuel and other industries, on which the South African government can draw. These include initiatives in training, re-tooling, relocation, earlyretirement, and other forms of support.', 'These include initiatives in training, re-tooling, relocation, earlyretirement, and other forms of support. A number of such initiatives are in the planning or pilot phase, led by various stakeholders. A broader macro-economic view is also important. Two key policy instruments are being developed to manage the just transition to a low carbon economy: the National Employment Vulnerability Assessment (NEVA), and Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs). The NEVA will assess the employment characteristics of key economic sectors in the context of the low carbon transition. The SJRPs will be tailored to address the job losses in each sector, together with future opportunities.', 'The SJRPs will be tailored to address the job losses in each sector, together with future opportunities. All policy measures targeting the low carbon transition should be aligned with the fulfilment of the country s developmental objectives, which include alleviating poverty and reducing inequality, creating sustainable jobs and increasing the provision of basic services to all South Africans. In addition, specific policies and interventions will be required to support vulnerable communities in particular locations and scales, at particular times. 5.7 Promoting sustainable development through education and culture Education can be a key factor in promoting sustainable development, by helping people develop knowledge, skills, values and behaviors which enhance their understanding and appreciation of how sustainability means a better life for them and their communities.', '5.7 Promoting sustainable development through education and culture Education can be a key factor in promoting sustainable development, by helping people develop knowledge, skills, values and behaviors which enhance their understanding and appreciation of how sustainability means a better life for them and their communities. Specific actions range vary the education curriculum, and must also include cultural and citizen awareness campaigns. Significant work is already underway globally to promote education surrounding climate change and sustainable development, and best practices are available, such as through the Education for Sustainable Development program of UNESCO.15 The concepts of economic transformation, pathways, and just transition must also be included into the educational and cultural work.', 'Significant work is already underway globally to promote education surrounding climate change and sustainable development, and best practices are available, such as through the Education for Sustainable Development program of UNESCO.15 The concepts of economic transformation, pathways, and just transition must also be included into the educational and cultural work. South Africa should see the opportunity to obtain support for education for sustainable development as a core element of its overall strategy to improve education, and so should urgently set about developing a comprehensive, integrated approach to realising this opportunity. 5.8 Enhancing information and metrics Ensuring availability of data is central to tracking the low carbon transition, and monitoring that this transition is being achieved in a way that is just to all.', '5.8 Enhancing information and metrics Ensuring availability of data is central to tracking the low carbon transition, and monitoring that this transition is being achieved in a way that is just to all. South Africa has already implemented mandatory reporting regulations to support reporting by emitters falling within certain emissions categories. Furthermore, the Department of Environmental Affairs is in the process of establishing the national M&E system, which will be used to monitor 15 See view/news/southern_africa_celebrates_awarding_of_unesco_japan_esd_priz/implementation of mitigation actions by stakeholders across the economy and ultimately to the implementation of this and subsequent versions of SA-LEDS.', 'Furthermore, the Department of Environmental Affairs is in the process of establishing the national M&E system, which will be used to monitor 15 See view/news/southern_africa_celebrates_awarding_of_unesco_japan_esd_priz/implementation of mitigation actions by stakeholders across the economy and ultimately to the implementation of this and subsequent versions of SA-LEDS. Future work needs to ensure that data is collected in a coherent, consistent and transparent manner, and that the right data to support decision making and planning is collected including towards informing future updates of this strategy. 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION This strategy sets out a direction of travel for South Africa as we refine our low carbon emission development pathway to meet our commitments to the international community and address our developmental agenda/priorities and needs.', '6 CONCLUDING REMARKS: PLANNING FOR IMPLEMENTATION This strategy sets out a direction of travel for South Africa as we refine our low carbon emission development pathway to meet our commitments to the international community and address our developmental agenda/priorities and needs. We know that success will require decades of dedicated effort. Therefore, we present this Strategy as a living document, the beginning of our journey towards ultimately reaching a net zero carbon economy by 2050. The first step will thus be to ensure national targets are aligned with the Paris Agreement, as stated in Section 5.1. Thereafter, planning teams with analytical and sectoral expertise will engage in detailed scenario work to develop transformation pathways towards achieving the national targets (see discussion in Section 6.1 below).', 'Thereafter, planning teams with analytical and sectoral expertise will engage in detailed scenario work to develop transformation pathways towards achieving the national targets (see discussion in Section 6.1 below). Building a scenario is, however, not enough to plan for its delivery. The work of translating such a plan to policy is a challenge which all Parties will have to grapple with over the coming months and years. South Africa aims to inform rollout plans through the use of a dedicated change framework (Section 6.2).', 'South Africa aims to inform rollout plans through the use of a dedicated change framework (Section 6.2). SA-LEDS will thus be reviewed at least every five years or at an earlier date, should there be significant changes in sectoral or national plans/programmes that can result in a big structural changes, growth or decay of the economy and major global events that impact on its content or implementation. 6.1 Detailed sectoral work to explore transformation pathways The Paris Agreement sets out the long-term climate change goals for the international community. While countries establish their own goals in a nationally determined manner, sectoral details will have to be analyzed in significant detail, laying out different scenarios to understand trajectories of investment, technology take-up, emissions reduction, and market change.', 'While countries establish their own goals in a nationally determined manner, sectoral details will have to be analyzed in significant detail, laying out different scenarios to understand trajectories of investment, technology take-up, emissions reduction, and market change. This work has already commenced in South Africa through a number of studies: The Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Potential Analysis (MPA), the overall objective of which was to conduct an updated, bottom-up assessment of mitigation potential in key economic sectors in order toidentify a set of viable options for reducing GHGs. Marginal abatement cost curves (MACCs) for key sectors and subsectors were constructed. The MACCs provide estimates of mitigation potential and marginal abatement costs for broad mitigation measures.', 'The MACCs provide estimates of mitigation potential and marginal abatement costs for broad mitigation measures. Estimates of national mitigation potential have been derived from the sectoral MACCs and ranked in terms of level of implementability at national level for each of the technologies. The Pathways study to explore the impact of alternative economic growth trajectories on the country s emissions trajectory, looking at the implementation of structural changes rather than the implementation of purely technical interventions. This study, which also used the single national emissions model, had not been released at the time of writing of this document. The Policies and Measures (PAMs) analysis, which explored the impact of existing PAMs, many of which were included in Section 4 of this document, on the emissions trajectory.', 'The Policies and Measures (PAMs) analysis, which explored the impact of existing PAMs, many of which were included in Section 4 of this document, on the emissions trajectory. It is recognized that detailed forecasting is unlikely to accurately predict the evolution of markets. However, failing to plan is planning to fail , which is why systematic planning is recommended for all sectors. Common characteristics between scenarios that succeed and those that do not will help policymakers identify those conditions which must be met in order for the transition to succeed, aligned with Paris in a manner consistent with the latest science from the IPCC.', 'Common characteristics between scenarios that succeed and those that do not will help policymakers identify those conditions which must be met in order for the transition to succeed, aligned with Paris in a manner consistent with the latest science from the IPCC. Based on the sectoral pathways work, which will identify the requirements of the different sectors, a cross-cutting analysis of such pathways will help identify common needs. An aggregate understanding of the evolution over time of such critical factors such as levels of capital investment, consumer prices of different energy options, and requirements for skilled workers in various industries (increasing and decreasing), will set out the parameters for the cross-cutting approaches detailed in Section 6.2.', 'An aggregate understanding of the evolution over time of such critical factors such as levels of capital investment, consumer prices of different energy options, and requirements for skilled workers in various industries (increasing and decreasing), will set out the parameters for the cross-cutting approaches detailed in Section 6.2. 6.2 Creation of policy package roadmaps across three phases The likelihood of policy action leading to long-term transformation results would require the application of new planning techniques. Pathway planning has emerged as an analytical tool that can inform national policy development over time towards objectives that sit beyond a typical policy horizon.', 'Pathway planning has emerged as an analytical tool that can inform national policy development over time towards objectives that sit beyond a typical policy horizon. Pathways aim to visualize the whole timespan between the present and the time for which a target is set, seeking to establish what steps make sense now in the context of reaching the long-term goal. When establishing potential pathways, the desired end-state should be linked to the present, but by backcasting rather than forecasting. This means that requirements for intermediate stepsbetween today and the long-term goal are deduced not on the basis of how compatible they may be with the current context, but rather in terms of what is required for the end-state to be achieved.', 'This means that requirements for intermediate stepsbetween today and the long-term goal are deduced not on the basis of how compatible they may be with the current context, but rather in terms of what is required for the end-state to be achieved. This leads policy-makers to consider the question what would have to be true regarding short and medium-term checkpoints, deriving the answer from the evolution to the goal. Since many actions have long lead times to achieve full effect, backcasting can help identify by when core changes must take place. Once pathways are clearly drawn out, regulatory, institutional, or other structural changes which are required for the transformation can be identified, from which necessary changes can be deduced and used to suggest concrete policy action.', 'Once pathways are clearly drawn out, regulatory, institutional, or other structural changes which are required for the transformation can be identified, from which necessary changes can be deduced and used to suggest concrete policy action. In this manner, a rigorous pathway analysis towards a long-term target can produce a number of concrete actions which must be carried out by a certain time, to enable other actions. It can be helpful to structure the time interval into three parts: short, medium and long-term, organising and communicating such actions on a three-stage timeline.', 'It can be helpful to structure the time interval into three parts: short, medium and long-term, organising and communicating such actions on a three-stage timeline. These stages are: Starting Right (to be completed prior to end of 2021 financial year) Turning the Corner (to begin in parallel with the Starting Right stage and continue to 2025) Massive Rollout (2025 to 2050) The Starting Right stage will focus on actions relating to the current government administration, or perhaps also address the initial years of the following one. The most important aspect of the Starting Right stage is to ensure that a true transition is kicked off.', 'The most important aspect of the Starting Right stage is to ensure that a true transition is kicked off. On the one hand, rapid implementation must begin in all areas where pathways to achieving the Paris Goals are already clear (such as investments in renewable energy power generation, solar water heaters, etc) while on the other, steps taken will need to enable future action at scale, as much as (or perhaps more than) drive immediate emissions reductions. Clearly, the Starting Right stage cannot be successfully executed without a long-term pathways analysis to provide confidence on the Paris-compatibility of implemented measures as well as the overall direction of travel.', 'Clearly, the Starting Right stage cannot be successfully executed without a long-term pathways analysis to provide confidence on the Paris-compatibility of implemented measures as well as the overall direction of travel. Indeed, the search for immediate emissions reductions in the short-term can often lead to investments in technologies or business models which, while emitting less than traditional options, are not on track to drive the large reductions demanded by the long-term transformation. Because of this, avoiding decisions which will lead to emissions lock-in is a core priority of the Starting Right stage. The second stage, Turning the Corner would typically take five to seven years. This phase will begin to be implemented in parallel with the Starting Right stage, where appropriate, and continue to 2025.', 'This phase will begin to be implemented in parallel with the Starting Right stage, where appropriate, and continue to 2025. This period is decisive, since within it new decision and investment criteria are broadly applied, bringing about changes to the day-to-day operation of many sectors of the economy at the same time. Resistance to change can becomechallenging if not well handled, and must be anticipated and addressed with social acceptance and just transition actions. It is at this stage that multiple policies will need to work in concert for the new technological options to make economic sense for businesses and consumers.', 'It is at this stage that multiple policies will need to work in concert for the new technological options to make economic sense for businesses and consumers. An overall understanding of the sectoral narratives of change and how they collectively feed into the national vision will be core to the success of this stage. Massive rollout is the final phase, in which the low-emissions climate resilient options have become the new normal. The constant application of transformative action will drive large volumes of investment towards transformational change.', 'The constant application of transformative action will drive large volumes of investment towards transformational change. Perseverance on the application of all aspects of change will be required to avoid imbalances or injustices which will compromise the change, and sectors which achieve important milestones must not be allowed to become complacent, but rather contribute to the broader change by supporting areas of natural synergy. Examples of activities that might be taken during the three phases of implementation of the transition are shown in Table 5. All along the way provision needs to be made for regular review of the Strategy and the implementation plan, and M&E of implementation.', 'All along the way provision needs to be made for regular review of the Strategy and the implementation plan, and M&E of implementation. Table 5: The three phases of the just transition Starting Right (start immediately and complete by end of 2020/21 financial year) Start the process of developing long term plans for each sector, to avoid lock-in to emissions intensive infrastructure and establish the basis for transformation at scale Develop approaches for allocation of Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) and carbon budgets to high emitting entities Develop Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs) to support the transition to the low carbon economy and climate resilient society in a Just manner Identify the institutional, legislative, finance and other changes required to achieve the transformation Develop an understanding of the relevant government decisions which need to be taken to achieve the long-term plans Develop a monitoring plan Turning the corner (start immediately, as appropriate, and complete by Develop and begin to implement detailed transformation plans for each sector, which is supported by the implementation of the SETs, carbon budgets and SJRPs Develop investment pathways to support the transformation Implement foundational changes to drive down the national trajectory Implement the institutional changes to accelerate the rate of transformation and remove barriers Massive roll-out Roll-out the implementation plans for each sector along with measures to support changes until they become the new reality Refine strategies as required, to account for changes in technologies, society and marketsSuccessful rollout of the pathway across the three stages will thus require policy action to be taken in a coordinated manner.', 'Table 5: The three phases of the just transition Starting Right (start immediately and complete by end of 2020/21 financial year) Start the process of developing long term plans for each sector, to avoid lock-in to emissions intensive infrastructure and establish the basis for transformation at scale Develop approaches for allocation of Sectoral Emissions Targets (SETs) and carbon budgets to high emitting entities Develop Sector Jobs Resilience Plans (SJRPs) to support the transition to the low carbon economy and climate resilient society in a Just manner Identify the institutional, legislative, finance and other changes required to achieve the transformation Develop an understanding of the relevant government decisions which need to be taken to achieve the long-term plans Develop a monitoring plan Turning the corner (start immediately, as appropriate, and complete by Develop and begin to implement detailed transformation plans for each sector, which is supported by the implementation of the SETs, carbon budgets and SJRPs Develop investment pathways to support the transformation Implement foundational changes to drive down the national trajectory Implement the institutional changes to accelerate the rate of transformation and remove barriers Massive roll-out Roll-out the implementation plans for each sector along with measures to support changes until they become the new reality Refine strategies as required, to account for changes in technologies, society and marketsSuccessful rollout of the pathway across the three stages will thus require policy action to be taken in a coordinated manner. It is helpful to present policies not as stand-alone actions but rather as parts of policy packages, that is to say, combinations of measures which may include planning, regulatory, financial, and other instruments to collectively drive towards the desired outcome, providing capabilities and overcoming barriers to change.', 'It is helpful to present policies not as stand-alone actions but rather as parts of policy packages, that is to say, combinations of measures which may include planning, regulatory, financial, and other instruments to collectively drive towards the desired outcome, providing capabilities and overcoming barriers to change. Complementarity and sequencing are both crucial to building effective policy packages. Proposed components of policy packages could include those that focus on: Planning; Institutional / regulatory; Project implementation; Financing; Acceptance, skills and just transition; and Avoiding lock-in. Policy packages should be built up in sequence over time to ensure the full implementation of the pathway, in the form of a policy pathway which is required to implement the low-carbon transition.Bhattacharya, A., Meltzer, J., Oppenheim, J., Qureshi, Z., Stern, N., (2016).', 'Policy packages should be built up in sequence over time to ensure the full implementation of the pathway, in the form of a policy pathway which is required to implement the low-carbon transition.Bhattacharya, A., Meltzer, J., Oppenheim, J., Qureshi, Z., Stern, N., (2016). Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate. Global Economy and Development at Brookings institution; The New Climate Economy; Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics. Washington, D.C. Bhorat, H. and Rooney, C., (2017). State of Manufacturing in South Africa. Development Policy Research Unit. Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Bischof-Niemz, T. & Creamer, T., (2019). South Africa s energy transition: a roadmap to a decarbonised. low-cost and job-rich future. First ed.', 'low-cost and job-rich future. First ed. New York, NY: Routledge. Cloete, B., Dane, A., Child, A., Russell, E., Cartwright, A., (2016). Market Analysis - Final Report, Pretoria: USAID/South African Low Emissions Development Program (SA-LED). Cloete, B., Cohen, B., Lewis, Y., Munro, S., Ramkolowan, Y., (2018). Barriers to Private Sector Finance for Low Carbon Activities in Industrial Sectors in South African. Working Paper Developed by DNA Economics with support from The Green House. DAFF, (2017a). Economic Review of the South African Agriculture 2017/2018. Available at: ion/Economic%20Review%202017%20-18.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DAFF, (2017b). Draft Conservation Agriculture Policy of 2017. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Available at: 2019]. DAFF, (2017c). Agroforestry Strategic Framework for South Africa. Pretoria: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Available at: ork%20Approved%20fourth%20Draft%20-%2009%20Feb%202017.pdf, [Accessed June 2019].', 'Available at: ork%20Approved%20fourth%20Draft%20-%2009%20Feb%202017.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA and DST, (2015). Mitigation Technology Plan Report: Development of the climate change mitigation technology implementation plan for South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Environmental Affairs and Department of Science and Technology. DEA, (2009). National Environmental Management: Waste Act (No. 59 of 2008). Government Gazette, No. 32000. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2011). National Climate Change Response White Paper. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: f, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2012). National Waste Management Strategy. Government Gazette, No. 35306. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Available at: June 2019]. DEA, (2013). Long-Term Adaptation Scenarios Phase One Technical Report. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. DEA, (2015). South Africa s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC).', 'South Africa s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Available at: df, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2017). South Africa s 2nd Biennial Update Report to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: annex_i_parties/biennial_update_reports/application/pdf/south_africa_2nd_bur.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2018a). South Africa State of Waste Report Draft Report. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2018b). South Africa s Third National Communication Under the UNFCCC, Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: CC_31%20Aug.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2019a). GHG National Inventory Report South Africa 2000 2015. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: Inventory-Report-SouthAfrica-2000-2015.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DEA, (2019b). Draft National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy. Government Gazette, No.42446. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs.', 'Government Gazette, No.42446. Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: Change, Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. Diffenbaugh, N.S. and Burke, M., (2019). Global warming has increased global economic inequality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116 (20), pp. 9808-9813. DMR, (2007). Biofuels Industrial Strategy of the Republic of South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. DoE, (2005). National Energy Efficiency Strategy. Department of Energy. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. DoE, (2016a). Draft Integrated Energy Plan.', 'DoE, (2016a). Draft Integrated Energy Plan. Available at: Energy-Plan-Report.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DoE, (2016b). Draft Post-2015 National Energy Efficiency Strategy. Government Gazette, No. 40515. Department of Energy. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Available at: content/uploads/2017/01/National-Energy-Efficiency-Strategy.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DoE, (2019a). The Independent Power Producers Procurement Programme: An Overview. 2018 Quarterly Report as at June 2019. Available at: 2c59e59ac9cd&fileName=20190821_IPP%20Office%20Q1_2019-20%20Overview.pdf.pdf, [Accessed October 2019]. DoE, (2019b). Draft IRP 2018 Update for NEDLAC Energy Task Team. Department of Energy. Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Available at: IRP2019-6-March-2019.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. DoE, (2019c). Integrated Resource Plan (IRP2019). Government Gazette, No. 42784. Pretoria: Department of Energy. Available at: [Accessed May 2020].DoT, (2007). Public Transport Strategy. Pretoria: Department of Transport. Available at:', 'Available at: Department of Transport. Available at: f/71e19f1d-259e-4c55-9b27-30db418f105a, [Accessed June 2019]. DST, (2007). South Africa s climate change technology needs assessment, a synthesis report, Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Science and Technology. Available at: page.org/file/1522/download?token=sHsSA_DE, [Accessed June 2019]. DST, (2019). White Paper on Science Technology and Innovation, Pretoria, South Africa: Department of Science and Technology. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. dti, (2007). National Industrial Policy Framework. Pretoria: Department of Trade and Industry. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. dti, (2017). Economic Review. Available at: b82878d651fa, [Accessed June 2019]. FIRST fund, (undated). What we do.', 'FIRST fund, (undated). What we do. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. GeoTerraImage, (2013). Modelling of Land-Cover Change in South Africa (2001 2010) in Support of Green House Gas Emissions Reporting: Summary report and metadata. Johannesburg: Wits Commercial Enterprise. Giuzio, M., Krusec, D., Levels, A., Melo, A.S., Mikkonen, A., Radulova, P., (2019). Climate change and financial stability. European Central Bank Financial Stability Review May 2019. Available at: cape.co.za/assets/Uploads/20180622-GreenCape-Waste-MIR-FA-LR.pdf, [Accessed September 2019]. GreenCape, (2019). Industry Brief - Financing Rooftop Solar PV, Cape Town, South Africa: GreenCape.Hawarden, H., (undated). SA s Small Renewable Energy Projects Receive Investment Boost From First Fund. Available at: first-fund, [Accessed June 2019]. HM Government, (2019).', 'Available at: first-fund, [Accessed June 2019]. HM Government, (2019). Green Finance Strategy: Transforming Finance for a Greener Future. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. IMF, (2019), World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019. Available at: PIPCH&grp=0&a=, [Accessed June 2019]. IPCC, (2006). Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland. IPCC, (2018). Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C.', 'In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. P an, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.). World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. Kaung-Idba, K., (2019). The GEF and its TNA related activities. Presentation at Side Event on Technology Needs Assessment at the Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB50).', 'Presentation at Side Event on Technology Needs Assessment at the Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB50). Khumalo, K., (2019). Investors snap up Nedbank green bonds. Business Report, 2 May. Meltzer, J.P., (2016). Financing Low Carbon, Climate Resilient Infrastructure: The Role of Climate Finance and Green Financial Systems. Brookings Institute Global Economy 7 Development Working Paper 96.National Terrestrial Carbon Sink Assessment (NTCSA), (2015) Department of Environmental Affairs, Pretoria, South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. Nicholls, S., Vermaak, M. & Moola, Z., (2015). Green Economy Finance Project Research Report - Project Overview: The power of collective action in green economy planning, Johannesburg: The National Business Initiative. OECD, (2019). Climate Finance Provided and Mobilised by Developed Countries in 2013-17, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available at: [Accessed June 2019].', 'Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. Oliver, P., Clark, A., Meattle, C., (2018). Global Climate Finance: An updated View 2018. Climate Policy Initiative. Available at: 2018/, [Accessed June 2019]. Oxfam, (2018). Climate Finance Shadow Report 2018. Oxford: Oxfam GB. Available at: en.pdf, [Accessed June 2019]. Poloz, S.S., Wilkins, C.A., Lane, T., Schembri, L.L., Patterson, L., Beaudry, P., (2019). Financial System Review Summary 2019. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. PWC, (2019). Africa Capital Markets Watch 2018 - March 2019. Available at: Resende, E., (2019). The GCF and its TNA related activities. Presentation at Side Event on Technology Needs Assessment at the Bonn Climate Change Conference (SB50). South Africa Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), (2017). Annual Report: Republic of South Africa South African Government, (2012). National Development Plan 2030.', 'Annual Report: Republic of South Africa South African Government, (2012). National Development Plan 2030. Our Future make it work. Pretoria: National Planning Commission, ISBN 978-0-621-41180-5. Available at: Stats SA, (2017a). Economic Sectors That Contribute to South Africa s GDP: Statistical Release P0302. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019].Stats SA, (2017b). General Household Survey: Statistical Release P0318. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. Steyn, G., Burton, J. & Steenkamp, M., (2017). Eskom s financial crisis and the viability of coal-fired power in South Africa: Implications for Kusile and the older coal-fired power stations, Cape Town, South Africa: Meridian Economics. TCFD, (2017). Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures. Available at: 2019]. Timperley, J., (2018).', 'Available at: 2019]. Timperley, J., (2018). Interactive: How Climate Finance Flows Around the World. Available at: recommendations by the Standing Committee on Finance on the 2018 Biennial Assessment and Overview of Climate Finance Flows. Available at: %20UNFCCC%20BA%202018%20-%20Summary%20Final.pdf [Accessed June 2019]. Vermeulen, R., Schets, E., Lohuis, M., Kölbl, B., Jansen, D., Heeringa, W., (2018). An energy transition risk stress test for the financial system of the Netherlands. Occasional Studies Volume 16 - 7De Nederlandsche Bank N.V: Amsterdam. Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. WEC, (2014).', 'Available at: [Accessed June 2019]. WEC, (2014). 2014 Energy Trilemma Index: Benchmarking the Sustainability of National Energy Systems. London: World Energy Council. World Bank, (2019). GINI index (World Bank estimate). Available at: Case and Observations 2016, Pretoria: CSIR.'] | en-US |
305 | ZAF | South Africa | 1st NDC | 2016-11-01 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/South%20Africa.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 494.862334 | 55.795833 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/5b56739e65a15e0d48574ad0d3d68028a57dacda9e3868541a1d2d0f9caf3a06.pdf | ['South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Introduction In accordance with decision 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework on Climate Change, South Africa hereby submits its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) on adaptation, mitigation as well as finance and investment requirements for both. This INDC has been developed on the understanding that the Paris Agreement will be binding, fair, effective and incorporate a “no-backsliding” and a “progressive” approach to enhance climate change mitigation and adaptation implementation and ambition. This implementation and ambition will be enabled by finance and technology and capacity building support. In this context, South Africa has transitioned its international mitigation commitment from a relative “deviation from Business-as-usual” to an absolute peak, plateau and decline greenhouse gas emissions trajectory range.', 'In this context, South Africa has transitioned its international mitigation commitment from a relative “deviation from Business-as-usual” to an absolute peak, plateau and decline greenhouse gas emissions trajectory range. South Africa is committed to addressing climate change based on science and equity. Climate change is already a measurable reality, and is primarily as a result of the rising concentration due to human induced cumulative emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution in the mid 1800’s. South Africa has observed and is projecting further trends of marked temperature increases, rainfall variation and rising sea levels as well as an increased frequency of severe weather events.', 'South Africa has observed and is projecting further trends of marked temperature increases, rainfall variation and rising sea levels as well as an increased frequency of severe weather events. South Africa’s response is informed by the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and the understanding that further mitigation efforts by all are needed to avoid high to very high risk of severe, widespread, and irreversible impacts globally. However, irrespective of any adequate mitigation efforts, the IPCC also concludes that, due to the inertia and long response time lags in the global climate system, adverse impacts of climate change are inevitable.', 'However, irrespective of any adequate mitigation efforts, the IPCC also concludes that, due to the inertia and long response time lags in the global climate system, adverse impacts of climate change are inevitable. Given that poor countries and communities have the least responsibility for the challenge of global climate change but are the most vulnerable to its impacts, adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change is also a global responsibility and concern. The nature of the climate change challenge is one characterised by the overuse of a global commons in an unequal world. Along with other developing countries, South Africa is especially vulnerable to its impacts, particularly in respect of water and food security, as well as impacts on health, human settlements, and infrastructure and ecosystem services.', 'Along with other developing countries, South Africa is especially vulnerable to its impacts, particularly in respect of water and food security, as well as impacts on health, human settlements, and infrastructure and ecosystem services. In this regard, South Africa is committed to cooperative efforts to adapt to the unavoidable adverse impacts of climate change. With regard to an ultimate solution to the global challenge of climate change, South Africa is firmly committed to working with others to ensure temperature increases are kept well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, which could include a further revision of the temperature goal to below 1.5°C in light of emerging science, noting that global average temperature increase of 2°C translates to up to 4°C for South Africa by the end of the century.', 'With regard to an ultimate solution to the global challenge of climate change, South Africa is firmly committed to working with others to ensure temperature increases are kept well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, which could include a further revision of the temperature goal to below 1.5°C in light of emerging science, noting that global average temperature increase of 2°C translates to up to 4°C for South Africa by the end of the century. This temperature goal is an essential starting point for our INDC, and we believe this goal should inform all countries’ contributions – in relation to both adaptation and mitigation. More and earlier mitigation means fewer unavoidable impacts, lessening the requirement for adaptation investment.', 'More and earlier mitigation means fewer unavoidable impacts, lessening the requirement for adaptation investment. Near zero emissions of CO2 and other long-lived GHGs are needed in the second half of the century to avoid even greater impacts that are beyond adaptation capability. The solution must lie in collective action.Context: National Priorities and Circumstances South Africa’s national response considers both development needs and climate change imperatives. South Africa faces the challenge of climate change as a developing country, with overriding priorities to eliminate poverty and eradicate inequality. Eliminating poverty and eradicating inequality requires addressing major challenges in creating decent employment, which in turn requires sustainable economic development, improving basic education, health and social welfare and many other basic needs such as access to food, shelter and modern energy services.', 'Eliminating poverty and eradicating inequality requires addressing major challenges in creating decent employment, which in turn requires sustainable economic development, improving basic education, health and social welfare and many other basic needs such as access to food, shelter and modern energy services. In addition, South Africa is presently facing acute energy challenges that hamper economic development. As a result of the historical development pathway of its energy sector, South Africa is currently heavily dependent on coal, with a fleet of old and inefficient coal-fired power plants that are nearing, but not yet at, the end of their design life- cycles as well as being reliant on a significant proportion of its liquid fuels being generated from coal.', 'As a result of the historical development pathway of its energy sector, South Africa is currently heavily dependent on coal, with a fleet of old and inefficient coal-fired power plants that are nearing, but not yet at, the end of their design life- cycles as well as being reliant on a significant proportion of its liquid fuels being generated from coal. Therefore, in the short-term (up to 2025), South Africa faces significant rigidity in its economy and any policy-driven transition to a low carbon and climate resilient society must take into account and emphasise its overriding priority to address poverty and inequality. South Africa’s INDC should be understood in the context of these and other national circumstances.', 'South Africa’s INDC should be understood in the context of these and other national circumstances. South Africa’s INDC was formulated in the context of, inter alia, the environmental right set out in section 24 of the Constitution, and its National Development Plan (NDP) (NPC, 2012), which provides a ‘2030 vision’ to guide the country’s sustainable development trajectory where poverty is eliminated and inequalities are reduced by 2030. The implementation of the 2030 NDP vision is further elaborated in its climate policy (the 2011 National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP)), climate-compatible sectoral plans and its National Sustainable Development Strategy.', 'The implementation of the 2030 NDP vision is further elaborated in its climate policy (the 2011 National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP)), climate-compatible sectoral plans and its National Sustainable Development Strategy. Good progress has been made in implementing climate- compatible sectoral plans, such as the integrated energy and electricity plans (IEP and IRP), industrial policy action plans (IPAP) and the new growth path (NGP). The full implementation of these policies and plans will bend the curve of South Africa’s GHG emissions towards a peak, plateau and decline trajectory range. South Africa is putting in place a mitigation system to realise the opportunities of a low-carbon economy while being mindful that an inclusive and just transition requires time and well planned low-carbon and climate resilient development.', 'South Africa is putting in place a mitigation system to realise the opportunities of a low-carbon economy while being mindful that an inclusive and just transition requires time and well planned low-carbon and climate resilient development. In order to ramp up implementation of these policies and plans over time, South Africa is investing heavily in transforming its energy sector. At the heart of this part of the transition to a low-carbon energy sector is a complete transformation of the future energy mix, which is designed to replace an inefficient fleet of ageing coal-fired power plants with clean and high efficiency technology going forward.', 'At the heart of this part of the transition to a low-carbon energy sector is a complete transformation of the future energy mix, which is designed to replace an inefficient fleet of ageing coal-fired power plants with clean and high efficiency technology going forward. To date, we have facilitated substantial investment in renewable energy and two new high- efficiency coal-fired power stations are nearing completion as part of the ageing plant replacement programme. In addition, programmes to increase efficiency and reduce emissions intensity across the economy are being rolled out. South Africa is developing a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Plan to be integrated into all relevant sector plans, and upon which its UNFCCC National Adaptation Plan (NAP) will be based.', 'South Africa is developing a National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and Plan to be integrated into all relevant sector plans, and upon which its UNFCCC National Adaptation Plan (NAP) will be based. This plan is informed by an assessment of sectoral, cross-sectoral and geographical vulnerabilities to the adverse impacts of climate change, and it will quantify and present pathways for adaptation, towards an inclusive and just transition to a climate resilient economy and society, taking into account local and indigenous knowledge, gender considerations, as well as social, economic and environmental implications. SouthAfrica considers its adaptation component of its INDC to be an important contribution to the global response to climate change.', 'SouthAfrica considers its adaptation component of its INDC to be an important contribution to the global response to climate change. Assumptions South Africa’s INDC is premised on the adoption of a comprehensive, ambitious, fair, effective and binding multilateral rules-based agreement under the UNFCCC at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris. It is assumed that this agreement will attract the full participation of all Parties to the Convention and, consistent with scientific requirements in the short, medium and long term, deliver the necessary ambitious mitigation and adaptation commitments, enabled and supported by significant climate finance and investment, accessible and affordable technology and substantial capacity building commitments. South Africa expects the Agreement will include effective arrangements for transparency of action and support.', 'South Africa expects the Agreement will include effective arrangements for transparency of action and support. It is further assumed that all of these commitments will give effect to the principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. It is assumed that this agreement will provide the multilateral rule-based infrastructure, mechanisms and tools to enhance international and regional cooperation on mitigation. Further, that this cooperative effort enables and supports Parties’ capability to transition to low carbon economies and societies in a manner that addresses the social, economic and environmental dimensions of their sustainable development. The adverse effects of climate change have been a stark reality for South Africa for many years.', 'The adverse effects of climate change have been a stark reality for South Africa for many years. The evidence clearly emphasises the need for Parties to build resilience and adaptive capacity to understand and respond to climate change risk and vulnerability, through developing and optimising climate change adaptation policy, planning, technology, practice and implementation coherence of developmental programmes and actions. It is assumed that the agreement will enhance international and regional cooperation on adaptation that enables and supports Parties capability to increasingly integrate adaptation into their climate resilient sustainable development planning and implementation processes, as well as to support their climate risk management, emergency and recovery responses to unavoidable climate and weather related adverse impacts.', 'It is assumed that the agreement will enhance international and regional cooperation on adaptation that enables and supports Parties capability to increasingly integrate adaptation into their climate resilient sustainable development planning and implementation processes, as well as to support their climate risk management, emergency and recovery responses to unavoidable climate and weather related adverse impacts. Adaptation component of the INDC (A-INDC) The adaptation component of South Africa’s INDC will address adaptation through six goals, underpinned by key elements of adaptation planning, costing of adaptation investment requirements, equity, and means of implementation. The table below outlines information on the adaptation component of South Africa’s INDC, based on the commitments of Parties provided for in Article 4 and the provisions of Article 12 of the Convention.', 'The table below outlines information on the adaptation component of South Africa’s INDC, based on the commitments of Parties provided for in Article 4 and the provisions of Article 12 of the Convention. This information enables Parties to meet commitments under Article 4.4 and the provisions of Article 12 of the Convention in relation to adaptation Element Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment Adaptation objectives and Goal 1: Develop a National Adaptation National Development Plan Vision 2030, sector plans and any $US 0.171 bn per annum 1 Currency exchange rate used is 10 South African Rand to 1 US dollarElement Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment planning for implementation Plan, and begin operationalisation as part of implementing the NCCRP for the period from 2020 to 2025 and for the Goal 2: Take into account climate considerations in national development, sub-national and sector policy frameworks for the Goal 3: Build the necessary institutional capacity for climate change response planning and implementation for the period 2020 to Goal 4: Develop an early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system for key climate future variants thereof are the underpinning foundation for sustainable development planning in South Africa.', 'This information enables Parties to meet commitments under Article 4.4 and the provisions of Article 12 of the Convention in relation to adaptation Element Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment Adaptation objectives and Goal 1: Develop a National Adaptation National Development Plan Vision 2030, sector plans and any $US 0.171 bn per annum 1 Currency exchange rate used is 10 South African Rand to 1 US dollarElement Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment planning for implementation Plan, and begin operationalisation as part of implementing the NCCRP for the period from 2020 to 2025 and for the Goal 2: Take into account climate considerations in national development, sub-national and sector policy frameworks for the Goal 3: Build the necessary institutional capacity for climate change response planning and implementation for the period 2020 to Goal 4: Develop an early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system for key climate future variants thereof are the underpinning foundation for sustainable development planning in South Africa. The NCCRP provides guiding principles and will form the basis for the integrative NAP focused on vulnerable sectors and geographic vulnerabilities.', 'The NCCRP provides guiding principles and will form the basis for the integrative NAP focused on vulnerable sectors and geographic vulnerabilities. Integrate flexible adaptation sector policies and measures into national and sub-national policy frameworks to enable implementation of climate change adaptation programmes and projects. Sector adaptation plans will be integrated into broader sector plans consistent with relevant sector planning or regulatory legislation. National and sub-national policy and legislation development and budget reprioritisation to enable institutional capability to plan and implement catalytic adaptation programmes and projects. Comprehensive adaptation related training of development planners, regulators and practitioners. Specific adaptation planning at sub-national level, taking into account specific or unique geographical circumstances, will be integrated into sub-national development frameworks, land use schemes and the planning authorisation system in terms of provisions of and standards set in the Spatial Land Use Management Act (SPLUMA). Development of national framework for early warning, vulnerability and needs assessment well before 2020.', 'Development of national framework for early warning, vulnerability and needs assessment well before 2020. Develop and support a climateElement Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment vulnerable sectors and geographic areas for the period 2020 to 2030, and reporting in terms of the National Adaptation Plan with rolling five- year implementation periods change early warning and vulnerability network with the involvement of relevant stakeholders, e.g. SA Weather Services, SA Earth Observation Network, the downscaling modelling and adaptation academic community etc. Adaptation needs and costs Goal 5: Development of a vulnerability assessment and adaptation needs framework by 2020 to support a continuous presentation of adaptation needs Biennial study of climate related impacts and responses detect through the early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system, with a view to determine cost effectiveness of responses and recommend improved or alternative responses.', 'Adaptation needs and costs Goal 5: Development of a vulnerability assessment and adaptation needs framework by 2020 to support a continuous presentation of adaptation needs Biennial study of climate related impacts and responses detect through the early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system, with a view to determine cost effectiveness of responses and recommend improved or alternative responses. Damage costs associated with severe climate related events (wild fires, storms, droughts and floods), including both direct and downstream costs were estimated for the present-day climate and for the near future under low and moderate-high mitigation scenarios. Emission scenarios considered are RCP 8.5 (low mitigation) and RCP 4.5 (moderate-high mitigation). The cost estimates provided are in terms of the 10th and 90th percentiles of annual costs occurring within the periods of interest. Annual costs were estimated for 2020-2030 and 2020-2050.', 'Annual costs were estimated for 2020-2030 and 2020-2050. Sectors covered; Water, Agriculture, Forestry, Energy, Settlements, Biodiversity, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Estimated annual costs range(s): $US 0.4 bn to $US 22.8 bn with a median value of Low mitigation scenario: $US 0.42 bn - $US 30.8 bn with a median value of $US2.9bn; Moderate-High mitigation scenario: $US 3.4 bn - $US 29.8 bn with a median value of $2.8bn Low mitigation scenario: US$ 0.2 bn - $US 53.1 bn with a median value of $US3bn High mitigation scenario: $US 0.2 bn– $US 50.0 bn with a median value of $US50 bn Adaptation investments Communication of past investments in adaptation for education and awareness as well as for international recognition Development & implementation of a climate change adaptation communication, education and awareness framework, with a view to drive behaviour change based on the early warning and vulnerability assessments and studies of response effectiveness.', 'Sectors covered; Water, Agriculture, Forestry, Energy, Settlements, Biodiversity, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Estimated annual costs range(s): $US 0.4 bn to $US 22.8 bn with a median value of Low mitigation scenario: $US 0.42 bn - $US 30.8 bn with a median value of $US2.9bn; Moderate-High mitigation scenario: $US 3.4 bn - $US 29.8 bn with a median value of $2.8bn Low mitigation scenario: US$ 0.2 bn - $US 53.1 bn with a median value of $US3bn High mitigation scenario: $US 0.2 bn– $US 50.0 bn with a median value of $US50 bn Adaptation investments Communication of past investments in adaptation for education and awareness as well as for international recognition Development & implementation of a climate change adaptation communication, education and awareness framework, with a view to drive behaviour change based on the early warning and vulnerability assessments and studies of response effectiveness. Specific indicators for tracking outcomes and scale of domestic Domestic investment into capacity to facilitate climate change adaptation increased from $US 0.29 million to $US 1.4 millionElement Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment investment and any international support will be developed and reported.', 'Specific indicators for tracking outcomes and scale of domestic Domestic investment into capacity to facilitate climate change adaptation increased from $US 0.29 million to $US 1.4 millionElement Undertaking for the Assumptions / Methodologies Adaptation investment investment and any international support will be developed and reported. Adaptation investments were gleaned from official annual reports. The years covered are 2010 – 2015. Implementation investment in adaptation programmes increased from $US 0.71 bn to $US to 2015. Support from the international financial mechanisms: Adaptation fund: $10 Million; UNEP: Equity considerations in adaptation South Africa views adaptation as a global responsibility in the light of Article 2 of the Convention as further codified in the UNFCCC as a temperature goal. Further understanding climate impacts as being driven by global inaction / action on mitigation, the adaptation burden is therefore a global responsibility.', 'Further understanding climate impacts as being driven by global inaction / action on mitigation, the adaptation burden is therefore a global responsibility. It is in that light that South Africa considers its investments in adaptation as a contribution to the global effort, which should be recognised as such. Further information is provided in the equity section of the INDC. Mitigation component of the INDC (M-INDC) In keeping with South Africa’s commitment to progress its contribution to the global effort to mitigate climate change in line with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, South Africa’s mitigation component of its INDC moves from a “deviation from business-as-usual” form of commitment and takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range.', 'Mitigation component of the INDC (M-INDC) In keeping with South Africa’s commitment to progress its contribution to the global effort to mitigate climate change in line with the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, South Africa’s mitigation component of its INDC moves from a “deviation from business-as-usual” form of commitment and takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range. South Africa’s emissions by 2025 and 2030 will be in a range between 398 and 614 Mt CO2–eq, as defined in national policy. This is the benchmark against which the efficacy of mitigation actions will be measured.', 'This is the benchmark against which the efficacy of mitigation actions will be measured. The table below outlines elements in para 14 of 1/CP.20, further specifying the mitigation component of South Africa’s INDC: Reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) Peak, plateau and decline (PPD) is a GHG emissions trajectory range after mitigation. The starting point for PPD considered here is 2020 year-end. Time frames and / or periods for implementation The time-frames within the PPD trajectory range that are communicated in South Africa’s INDC are 2025 and 2030, in which emissions will be in a range between 398 and 614 Mt CO2–eq. The INDC reflects SA’s full mitigation potential as assessed in 2014.', 'The INDC reflects SA’s full mitigation potential as assessed in 2014. The policy instruments under development include a carbon tax, desired emission reduction outcomes (DEROs) for sectors, company- level carbon budgets, as well as regulatory standards and controls for specifically identified GHG pollutants and emitters. South Africa will use five-year periods of implementation at the national level, specifically, 2016-2020 focused on developing and demonstrating the above mix of policies and measures in order to meet South Africa’sCancun pledge, and the periods 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 for this INDC. This level of effort will enable South Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions to peak between 2020 and 2025, plateau for approximately a decade and decline in absolute terms thereafter.', 'This level of effort will enable South Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions to peak between 2020 and 2025, plateau for approximately a decade and decline in absolute terms thereafter. Periodic domestic reviews will ensure a dynamic system, in which the stringency of short-term carbon budgets can be adjusted in successive implementation periods to ensure that South Africa remains within the overall carbon budget, which is the area under the PPD trajectory range. Depending on the latest available science, the success of this mix of mitigation policies and measures, new accessible and affordable technology, increased capability and emerging mitigation opportunities the PPD trajectory range may also be adjusted, without compromising the overall ambition of South Africa s long-term contribution to the global mitigation effort.', 'Depending on the latest available science, the success of this mix of mitigation policies and measures, new accessible and affordable technology, increased capability and emerging mitigation opportunities the PPD trajectory range may also be adjusted, without compromising the overall ambition of South Africa s long-term contribution to the global mitigation effort. Scope and coverage Economy-wide, all sectors, six greenhouse gases (GHGs), with a material focus on three GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous O). Sources considered are the ones in the latest GHG inventory (see below). IPCC major categories: energy, IPPU, waste and AFOLU (agriculture, forestry and other land use). Increased disaggregation over time will be enabled through the introduction of mandatory GHG reporting domestically, no later than 2016, with regular reporting to the UNFCCC as multi-laterally agreed.', 'Increased disaggregation over time will be enabled through the introduction of mandatory GHG reporting domestically, no later than 2016, with regular reporting to the UNFCCC as multi-laterally agreed. Planning processes, assumptions and methodological approaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals Planning processes: The approach to the current INDC is based on national climate policy (NCCRP) and the national development plan (NDP), and will be given effect through energy, industrial and other plans and legislation. Assumptions: In accordance with the Convention, it is assumed that the extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention relating to financial resources, development and transfer of technology, and capacity building.', 'Assumptions: In accordance with the Convention, it is assumed that the extent to which developing country Parties will effectively implement their commitments will depend on the effective implementation by developed country Parties of their commitments under the Convention relating to financial resources, development and transfer of technology, and capacity building. The INDC is put forward within the context of equitable access to sustainable development and will take fully into account that equity, economic and social development and poverty eradication are the first and overriding priorities. In this context, South Africa’s INDC assumes the finalisation of an ambitious, fair, effective and binding multilateral agreement under the UNFCCC at COP 21 in Paris that further elaborates these commitments.', 'In this context, South Africa’s INDC assumes the finalisation of an ambitious, fair, effective and binding multilateral agreement under the UNFCCC at COP 21 in Paris that further elaborates these commitments. PPD trajectory range: South Africa’s NCCRP “details the ‘peak, plateau and decline trajectory’ used as the initial benchmark against which the efficacy of mitigation actions will be measured”. This is the PPD trajectory range in the INDC. Values for key years are specified in the NCCRP. Mitigation potential: Initial detailed studies of mitigation potential (2007) informed the aforegoing, with a base year 2003 for projections; these have been updated (2014; base year 2010), with the intention of on-going updating and improvement.', 'Mitigation potential: Initial detailed studies of mitigation potential (2007) informed the aforegoing, with a base year 2003 for projections; these have been updated (2014; base year 2010), with the intention of on-going updating and improvement. Methodologies for Estimating Emissions: 2006 IPCC guidelines Metric applied: 100-year Global Warming Potential, as in the IPCC s 4th Assessment Report (AR4). Note that the current GHG inventory, consistent with the 2006 IPCC guideline reporting requirements, used GWPs from the Third Assessment Report (TAR) and indicated that future inventories will use GWP values from AR4.Approach to AFOLU: Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) are included as one of the major IPCC categories. The greater uncertainty in AFOLU emissions should be noted, as well as the intention to reduce uncertainty over time.', 'The greater uncertainty in AFOLU emissions should be noted, as well as the intention to reduce uncertainty over time. How the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 A relative fair share of aggregate commitments required to limit temperature increase to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels requires understanding of what others will do, and an equitable effort- sharing paradigm, such as the proposal for the Paris agreement to elaborate an equity reference framework.', 'How the Party considers that its intended nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious, in light of its national circumstances, and how it contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 A relative fair share of aggregate commitments required to limit temperature increase to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels requires understanding of what others will do, and an equitable effort- sharing paradigm, such as the proposal for the Paris agreement to elaborate an equity reference framework. In the absence of a multi-laterally agreed equity reference framework, South African experts, applying Convention principles of responsibility, capability and access to equitable sustainable development, determined a carbon budget that is larger than the PPD trajectory range outlined in this INDC.', 'In the absence of a multi-laterally agreed equity reference framework, South African experts, applying Convention principles of responsibility, capability and access to equitable sustainable development, determined a carbon budget that is larger than the PPD trajectory range outlined in this INDC. South Africa has used this evidence base to evaluate whether its INDC is a relative fair effort. In the context of this objective assessment of South Africa is of the view that its contribution is both fair and ambitious. The PPD trajectory range is an ambitious and fair effort in the context of national circumstances, and priorities to eliminate poverty and inequality, promote inclusive economic growth and reduce unemployment. It presents a trajectory that is consistent with a just transition to a low carbon and climate-resilient future.', 'It presents a trajectory that is consistent with a just transition to a low carbon and climate-resilient future. South Africa is committed to a response to climate change based on science and equity, which has informed this INDC and will continue to inform our climate change response. We consider that equity applies to mitigation, adaptation and support for both. Hence further details on equitable access to sustainable development are outlined below. IPCC AR5 has provided relevant scientific information on the limited remaining future global carbon budget consistent with achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2.', 'IPCC AR5 has provided relevant scientific information on the limited remaining future global carbon budget consistent with achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. Within the context of the Convention principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibility South Africa’s shift from a “deviation from business-as- usual” commitment to a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range in its INDC fully aligns with the IPPC AR5 future global carbon budget. Carbon budgets are an important form of flexibility at the national level; if emissions are below the benchmark trajectory range in a given year, they can exceed it in another year.', 'Carbon budgets are an important form of flexibility at the national level; if emissions are below the benchmark trajectory range in a given year, they can exceed it in another year. Support component of INDC (S-INDC) The key challenge for South Africa is to catalyse, at an economy-wide scale, financing of and investment in the transition to a low carbon and climate resilient economy and society. In this context, South Africa’s S-INDC comprises indicative scales of finance and investment required for both adaptation and mitigation, based on analyses of specific sectors and initiatives. The finance and investments are required to enable and support the deployment of low carbon and adaptation technology as well as building the capacity to govern, regulate, install and operate these technologies.', 'The finance and investments are required to enable and support the deployment of low carbon and adaptation technology as well as building the capacity to govern, regulate, install and operate these technologies. South Africa has already investing about 6% of what would be the upper end of the costs of its adaptation per annum for the period 2021 to 2030. Since 2010 South Africa has investedin adaptation, with an increasing national capacity building expenditure over time from US$0.28m in 2010 to US$1.2m in 2015 per year.', 'Since 2010 South Africa has investedin adaptation, with an increasing national capacity building expenditure over time from US$0.28m in 2010 to US$1.2m in 2015 per year. Over the same period, the total annual investment in implementation increased from US$0.18 to US$0.59 bn per year in the Agriculture and Forestry sectors; from US$ 0.23bn to US$0.36 bn in the Energy sector, from US$0.01 bn to $US 0.02 bn in Human Settlements sector; from US$ 0.03 bn to US$ 0.05 bn in Biodiversity sector; from US$ 0.17 bn to US$ 0.59 bn in the Water sector; and from US$0.02 bn to US$ 0.7 bn in the disaster risk reduction and emergency response sector.', 'Over the same period, the total annual investment in implementation increased from US$0.18 to US$0.59 bn per year in the Agriculture and Forestry sectors; from US$ 0.23bn to US$0.36 bn in the Energy sector, from US$0.01 bn to $US 0.02 bn in Human Settlements sector; from US$ 0.03 bn to US$ 0.05 bn in Biodiversity sector; from US$ 0.17 bn to US$ 0.59 bn in the Water sector; and from US$0.02 bn to US$ 0.7 bn in the disaster risk reduction and emergency response sector. The total investment in adaptation therefore increased from US$ 1.64 bn in 2010 to US$ 2.31 bn in 2015. Some of the key programmes that will have to be scaled up further, include: 1.', 'Some of the key programmes that will have to be scaled up further, include: 1. Working for Water (WfW) and Working on Fire estimated at US$1.2 bn per year. 2. Working on Wetlands estimated at US$0.12 bn per year. 3. Water Conservation and Demand Management estimated at US$5.3 bn per year. 4. Land restoration estimated at US$0.07 bn per year. South Africa seeks recognition of its national investments in adaptation as part of its relative fair global effort and analysis of future scenarios indicate a significant increase in requirements.', 'South Africa seeks recognition of its national investments in adaptation as part of its relative fair global effort and analysis of future scenarios indicate a significant increase in requirements. For the period 2021-2030 relative to 1971-2000, under RCP8.5 (low mitigation), an increase of 4% in the median of costs is projected, with a 35% increase in the 90th percentile of costs (that is, extreme years are already significantly more expensive). The corresponding figures are similar for RCP4.5 (medium-high mitigation): no change is projected in terms of the median of costs, but a 31% increase is projected in terms of the 90th percentile.', 'The corresponding figures are similar for RCP4.5 (medium-high mitigation): no change is projected in terms of the median of costs, but a 31% increase is projected in terms of the 90th percentile. For the period 2021-2050, the median of year-costs is projected to be 12% more expensive than the 1971-2000 value under low mitigation, with a 132% increase in the cost of extreme years (90th percentiles). For the case of medium-high mitigation these values are projected to be a 2% decrease in the cost of median-years, but with a similar increase of 119% in terms of the costs of extreme years. South Africa has already made significant investments in mitigation.', 'South Africa has already made significant investments in mitigation. As part of a Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P) has approved 79 renewable energy IPP projects, total 5 243MW, with private investment totalling ZAR 192 billion (approx. US$ 16 billion). Another 6300 MW are under consideration. Investment in public transport infrastructure was US$ 0.5 billion in 2012, and is expected to continue growing at 5% per year. South Africa established a South African Green Fund with an allocated US$ 0.11 billion in the 2011 to 2013 budgets to support catalytic and demonstration green economy initiatives. Resources for the Fund will have to be increased in future to enable and support the scaling up of viable and successful initiatives, including contributions from domestic, private sector and international sources.', 'Resources for the Fund will have to be increased in future to enable and support the scaling up of viable and successful initiatives, including contributions from domestic, private sector and international sources. Analysis of the incremental costs of mitigation actions indicates that significant finance and investment will be required in the long-term. The following estimates are of total incremental costs required: 1. Estimated incremental cost to expand REI4P in next ten years: US$3 billion per year. 2. Decarbonised electricity by 2050 - estimated total of US$349 billion from 2010. 3. CCS: 23 Mt CO2 from the coal-to-liquid plant - US$0.45 billion. 4. Electric vehicles - US$513 billion from 2010 till 2050. 5.', 'Electric vehicles - US$513 billion from 2010 till 2050. 5. Hybrid electric vehicles: 20% by 2030 - US$488 billion These costs are derived from energy systems and economic modelling. Further work is needed to prepare detailed business plans for finance and investment in mitigation. These numbers are presented for information to clarify the order of magnitude of mitigation finance and investment requirements.Some technologies that could help South Africa to further reduce emissions that have been identified include: Energy efficient lighting; variable speed drives and efficient motors; energy efficient appliances; solar water heaters; electric and hybrid electric vehicles; solar PV; wind power; carbon capture and sequestration; and advanced bio-energy.', 'These numbers are presented for information to clarify the order of magnitude of mitigation finance and investment requirements.Some technologies that could help South Africa to further reduce emissions that have been identified include: Energy efficient lighting; variable speed drives and efficient motors; energy efficient appliances; solar water heaters; electric and hybrid electric vehicles; solar PV; wind power; carbon capture and sequestration; and advanced bio-energy. South Africa is implementing a mitigation system to move from analysis of mitigation potential to full implementation, however, human and institutional capacity needs to be further enhanced. The information on investments estimated in energy and economic models indicate relatively small impacts on GDP.', 'The information on investments estimated in energy and economic models indicate relatively small impacts on GDP. Other socio-economic implications, notably any negative impacts on employment, need to be avoided and will be studied empirically as further mitigation measures are put in place. Current analysis of investments in renewable energy projects shows that these have a positive impact on the economy. Such analysis should further provide enhanced information through financial analysis and specific investment proposals. South Africa proposes that the COP should consider a process for improvement of information on finance and investments required, and how this can be integrated into existing reporting by developed and developing countries.', 'South Africa proposes that the COP should consider a process for improvement of information on finance and investments required, and how this can be integrated into existing reporting by developed and developing countries. The international frameworks should also effectively operationalize support for the enhancement of existing human, intellectual and institutional capacity, at the domestic and regional levels. Equitable access to sustainable development The core principles of equity, responsibility, capability and sustainable development are the basis of South Africa’s INDC. Equity relates to adaptation, mitigation and all forms of investment and support. Equity does not only relate to Parties’ respective mitigation actions, as those least responsible for the problem of global climate change, namely poor countries and communities, are most vulnerable to its impacts.', 'Equity does not only relate to Parties’ respective mitigation actions, as those least responsible for the problem of global climate change, namely poor countries and communities, are most vulnerable to its impacts. Those countries therefore need to take urgent and costly adaptation actions. If insufficient mitigation is implemented globally, and average global temperatures exceed 2 °C, even more adaptation will be required, effectively shifting the burden of climate action onto developing countries. Those who have a greater responsibility for cumulative emissions that have driven up GHG concentrations in the atmosphere should, as a matter of fairness, assist those less responsible. Furthermore, investments in adaptation represent a significant opportunity cost with respect to investments required to reduce poverty and inequality, create employment, improve education and address other development challenges.', 'Furthermore, investments in adaptation represent a significant opportunity cost with respect to investments required to reduce poverty and inequality, create employment, improve education and address other development challenges. Regarding mitigation, as noted in the table above, analysis by South African experts reports that a fairly apportioned overall carbon budget for South Africa for the period from 2015 to 2050 would exceed the budget implied by the upper limit of the PPD trajectory range, although other approaches to equity report a much lower number.2 South Africa considers the PPD range to be an equitable contribution to the global mitigation effort, given South Africa’s current and historical emissions and its national circumstances (especially its development challenges). The PPD emissions trajectory range focuses on the trend in emissions over time.', 'The PPD emissions trajectory range focuses on the trend in emissions over time. Additionally, defining a carbon budget or space over time provides 2 The carbon budget approach of Chinese (CASS / DRC joint project team 2011) and Indian researchers (Jayaraman , Kanitkar & dsouza 2011) allocates 7-11 Gt CO2 –eq to South Africa for the period 2000–2049, and a meta-analysis of different approaches shows that the analysis of different effort-sharing approaches yields carbon budgets for South Africa that are significantly smaller than the PPD trajectory range. Only the lower PPD is within the range calculated using the PRIMAP tool in 2020. In 2025 and 2030, none of the PPD values overlap with the calculated ranges.flexibility in emissions for a given year.', 'In 2025 and 2030, none of the PPD values overlap with the calculated ranges.flexibility in emissions for a given year. The national carbon budget range for the period -eq and for 2026-2030 is in the range of 1.99 to 3.07 Gt CO2 - eq. An assessment of equity also needs to take into account means of implementation. Generally, South Africa needs time for development, which is necessary to eliminate poverty, reduce inequality, increase employment and promote inclusive economic growth, while simultaneously seeking to contribute to mitigation and assist our vulnerable communities in adapting to climate impacts. Some specific finance and investment requirements for both adaptation and mitigation have been initially quantified above. Uncertainties Uncertainty should be noted in two respects.', 'Uncertainties Uncertainty should be noted in two respects. Firstly, the greater uncertainty in AFOLU emissions (relative to other sectors) has been noted above. South Africa’s current understanding is that our land sector is estimated to be a net sink. The intention is to reduce uncertainty in data over time, with a view to a comprehensive accounting approach for land- based emissions and removals. Secondly, trace gases are less material and data is more uncertain than for the three major gases. For the current GHG inventory, submitted to the UNFCCC as part of SA’s first biennial update report (2014), data was gathered for CO2 O. Certain HFCs and PFCs were reported on in the IPPU (industrial processes and product use) sectors.', 'Certain HFCs and PFCs were reported on in the IPPU (industrial processes and product use) sectors. Fluorinated gases are estimated to have contributed less than 0.3% to the total GHG budget over the period 2000 – 2010. A process is under way to estimate SF6 emissions from power generation. Uncertainties such as the above are to be bounded over time. In the on-going process of implementing the mitigation system, methodologies will be Uncertainties exist in the adaptation methodology used to estimate costs. These methodologies can be further improved and will benefit from exchanges with others using similar methodologies. 3 National policy indicates that the national GHG Emissions Trajectory Range may be reviewed in the light of monitoring and evaluation results, technological advances or new science, evidence and information.'] | en-US |
306 | ZAF | South Africa | Updated NDC | 2021-09-27 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/South%20Africa%20updated%20first%20NDC%20September%202021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 494.862334 | 55.795833 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/8fbe52ed341872a10351d2a78d08fa7cdb2831190ab976503f178b505b948d33.pdf | ['SOUTH AFRICA FIRST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION UNDER THE PARIS AGREEMENT Updated September 2021South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 1 Contents 1 (a) Mandate and scope 2 1 (b) Taking into account the Talanoa Dialogue, the IPCC Special Report on 1.5o C and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals . 2 1 (c) Progression and highest possible ambition, in the light of equity and national circumstances . 3 2. Context: national priorities and circumstances . 3 3. South Africa’s first Adaptation Communication, serving as the Adaptation component of the NDC 5 3 (a) The extent of climate change associated risk and vulnerability . 6 3 (b) Update to the first A-NDC . 7 4.', 'South Africa’s first Adaptation Communication, serving as the Adaptation component of the NDC 5 3 (a) The extent of climate change associated risk and vulnerability . 6 3 (b) Update to the first A-NDC . 7 4. Mitigation component of the NDC 14 4 (a) Approach to setting updated NDC target ranges . 14 4 (b) Methodological consistency in setting and accounting for NDC targets 14 4 (c) Mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 15 4 (d) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation 16 5. Support requirements under the Convention and Paris Agreement 28 6. Equitable access to sustainable development . 29 8.', 'Equitable access to sustainable development . 29 8. References and further information . 32 Tables TABLE 1 - SOUTH AFRICA S FIRST ADAPTATION COMMUNICATION . 8 TABLE 2 - SOUTH AFRICA S UPDATED NDC MITIGATION TARGETS . 15 TABLE 3 - INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTAND OF SOUTH AFRICA’S UPDATED NDC . 17South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 2 1 (a) Mandate and scope By this communication, South Africa updates and enhances its nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, meeting its obligation under Article 4.9 to communicate NDCs every five years, and responding to the requests in paragraphs 23 to 25 of decision 1/CP.21.', 'References and further information . 32 Tables TABLE 1 - SOUTH AFRICA S FIRST ADAPTATION COMMUNICATION . 8 TABLE 2 - SOUTH AFRICA S UPDATED NDC MITIGATION TARGETS . 15 TABLE 3 - INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTAND OF SOUTH AFRICA’S UPDATED NDC . 17South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 2 1 (a) Mandate and scope By this communication, South Africa updates and enhances its nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, meeting its obligation under Article 4.9 to communicate NDCs every five years, and responding to the requests in paragraphs 23 to 25 of decision 1/CP.21. South Africa’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) (RSA 2015) was submitted on 25 September 2015 prior to COP 21, and became our first NDC (RSA 2016) on 1 November 2016, following our ratification of the Paris Agreement.', 'South Africa’s intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) (RSA 2015) was submitted on 25 September 2015 prior to COP 21, and became our first NDC (RSA 2016) on 1 November 2016, following our ratification of the Paris Agreement. The INDC and first NDC are identical. For simplicity we refer to the “first NDC” in the following, and “update” means both updating and enhancing the first NDC1. This document is not our second NDC – this will be communicated in 2025. The structure of the update is consistent with the first NDC, including components on adaptation, mitigation as well as support requirements for both.', 'The structure of the update is consistent with the first NDC, including components on adaptation, mitigation as well as support requirements for both. We continue to assume “that implementation and ambition will be enabled by finance and technology and capacity building support”, as stated in the first NDC, and stipulated in the Paris Agreement. This update of the first NDC is consistent with the principles and provisions of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC.', 'This update of the first NDC is consistent with the principles and provisions of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. South Africa is not listed in Annex I of the UNFCCC, and is a developing country in terms of the Paris Agreement, and updates this NDC “[i]n pursuit of the objective of the Convention, and being guided by its principles, including the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances” (Paris Agreement, preamble). South Africa emphasises the importance of the provision of multilateral support in the implementation of this updated NDC as provided for in the Paris Agreement, to meet both both our adaptation and mitigation goals.', 'South Africa emphasises the importance of the provision of multilateral support in the implementation of this updated NDC as provided for in the Paris Agreement, to meet both both our adaptation and mitigation goals. South Africa’s second (next) NDC will be communicated in 2025 as specified in UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21. 1 (b) Taking into account the Talanoa Dialogue, the IPCC Special Report on 1.5oC and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals We have heeded the Call to Action issued by the COP 23 and COP 24 Presidencies following the Talanoa Dialogue, a facilitative dialogue in 2018 to take stock of the collective efforts towards the long-term global goal for mitigation (Article 4.1) and to inform updating of NDCs (Article 4.8) under the Paris Agreement.', '1 (b) Taking into account the Talanoa Dialogue, the IPCC Special Report on 1.5oC and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals We have heeded the Call to Action issued by the COP 23 and COP 24 Presidencies following the Talanoa Dialogue, a facilitative dialogue in 2018 to take stock of the collective efforts towards the long-term global goal for mitigation (Article 4.1) and to inform updating of NDCs (Article 4.8) under the Paris Agreement. South Africa has considered all the principles and provisions of the Paris Agreement in updating its first NDC. We affirm that successful implementation of the Paris Agreement requires implementation by the international community of measures to achieve all the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement, on temperature, capacity, mitigation, adaptation and finance.', 'We affirm that successful implementation of the Paris Agreement requires implementation by the international community of measures to achieve all the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement, on temperature, capacity, mitigation, adaptation and finance. South Africa takes the view that ambition should not only apply to setting goals, but also to their implementation. We have warmly welcomed the IPCC’s special report on global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. South Africa considers the IPCC reports to be of the highest importance in guiding our actions. Our approach has consistently been guided by science and equity.', 'Our approach has consistently been guided by science and equity. As the Call for Action by the Presidents of COP23 and COP24 states, “we must achieve a just transformation towards a better world.” We believe this to be true globally. In South Africa, a just transition is core to shifting our development pathway to increased sustainability, fostering climate resilient and low greenhouse gas emissions development, while providing a better life for all. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015, the same year as the Paris Agreement, and include urgent action to combat climate 1 “Updating” means updating the information in our NDC, to account for developments during the last five years since it was submitted; and “enhancing” means increasing the ambition of our NDC.', 'The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted in 2015, the same year as the Paris Agreement, and include urgent action to combat climate 1 “Updating” means updating the information in our NDC, to account for developments during the last five years since it was submitted; and “enhancing” means increasing the ambition of our NDC. We use the term “update” here to refer to both.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 3 change and its impacts. The context of development is critical to implementing and achieving climate goals in South Africa and elsewhere. As highlighted in our National Development Plan, South Africa faces a triple development challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment.', 'As highlighted in our National Development Plan, South Africa faces a triple development challenge of poverty, inequality and unemployment. 1 (c) Progression and highest possible ambition, in the light of equity and national circumstances It is in this context that the update of our first NDC must be understood. The update represents a progression within our first NDC, and reflects our highest possible level of ambition, based on science and equity, in light of our national circumstances. As communicated in section 4 (c) the updated mitigation targets demonstrate considerable progression. South Africa shifted from BAU-based targets for 2020 and 2025 in terms of the Cancun Agreement under the UNFCCC, to a fixed level target range under the Paris Agreement.', 'South Africa shifted from BAU-based targets for 2020 and 2025 in terms of the Cancun Agreement under the UNFCCC, to a fixed level target range under the Paris Agreement. This update demonstrates further progression, reducing the upper range of South Africa’s 2025 and 2030 targets. These near- to medium-term targets are further informed by a long-term perspective contained in South Africa’s recently-communicated Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS)2 to the UNFCCC, and sets the country on a pathway to implement this Strategy. South Africa’s updated NDC also contains our first adaptation communication in terms of Article 7 of the Paris Agreement in section 3, which serves as South Africa’s adaptation NDC.', 'South Africa’s updated NDC also contains our first adaptation communication in terms of Article 7 of the Paris Agreement in section 3, which serves as South Africa’s adaptation NDC. The adaptation communication provides detailed information on South Africa’s planned contribution to the global adaptation goal during the NDC period, anticipated climate impacts, a description of our recently- approved National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and details of planned adaptation actions over the next decades and their associated costs for key areas of the economy that are likely to be most impacted by climate change (health, agriculture and forestry, human settlements, biodiversity, and water).', 'The adaptation communication provides detailed information on South Africa’s planned contribution to the global adaptation goal during the NDC period, anticipated climate impacts, a description of our recently- approved National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and details of planned adaptation actions over the next decades and their associated costs for key areas of the economy that are likely to be most impacted by climate change (health, agriculture and forestry, human settlements, biodiversity, and water). The section also contains information on the extent of risk and vulnerability, recognition of how South Africa’s has responded to efforts towards addressing the impacts of climate change thus far, as South Africa’s contribution to the global adaptation goal.', 'The section also contains information on the extent of risk and vulnerability, recognition of how South Africa’s has responded to efforts towards addressing the impacts of climate change thus far, as South Africa’s contribution to the global adaptation goal. The section further outlines the adaptation priorities for South Africa, ranging from policy, planning, enhancing governance and implementation of adaptation programmes. 2. Context: national priorities and circumstances South Africa’s NDC will be implemented in a context in which significant development challenges need to be addressed. Low economic growth over the last decade has been accompanied by high levels of unemployment and persistent poverty and inequality.', 'Low economic growth over the last decade has been accompanied by high levels of unemployment and persistent poverty and inequality. The recent advent of the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated these challenges – in common with other countries, South Africa’s economy is expected to contract significantly before beginning to recover from 2021 onwards. At the same time, this has created an opportunity to, in the words of South Africa’s President Ramaphosa, “not merely return to where we were before the pandemic struck. We are instead looking at actions that will build a new, inclusive economy that creates employment and fosters sustainable growth” (President Ramaphosa in a letter to the nation on climate change, 24 August 2020).', 'We are instead looking at actions that will build a new, inclusive economy that creates employment and fosters sustainable growth” (President Ramaphosa in a letter to the nation on climate change, 24 August 2020). South Africa is already experiencing the impacts of climate change, and faces multiple challenges in relation to climate change over the next decade. Since 1990, the national average temperature has increased at a rate of more than twice that of global temperature increases, which is already resulting in more frequent droughts and extreme weather events (Wolski 2019; Engelbrecht, Adegoke, Bopape, Naidoo, Garland, Thatcher, McGregor, et al. 2015).', 'Since 1990, the national average temperature has increased at a rate of more than twice that of global temperature increases, which is already resulting in more frequent droughts and extreme weather events (Wolski 2019; Engelbrecht, Adegoke, Bopape, Naidoo, Garland, Thatcher, McGregor, et al. 2015). South Africa’s economy and energy system is one 2 South Africa has recently communicated its long-term Low greenhouse gas Emission Development Strategy (LEDS), pursuant to Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, building on national and sectoral climate change policies. The LEDS is available atSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 4 of the most coal-dependent in the world, and features a large stock of high-carbon infrastructure, particularly in the energy sector.', 'The LEDS is available atSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 4 of the most coal-dependent in the world, and features a large stock of high-carbon infrastructure, particularly in the energy sector. South Africa is also fortunately blessed with abundant renewable energy resources, and developments in the economics of renewable energy technologies over the last decade are very favourable to low-carbon development in the country, but a well-resourced just transition strategy will be needed to shift to low-carbon technologies, to maximize benefits and minimize adverse impacts on communities, workers and the economy. Programmes to achieve this will require climate finance and other forms of support provided to developing countries as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Programmes to achieve this will require climate finance and other forms of support provided to developing countries as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement. The revisions and enhancements in South Africa’s NDC are a reflection of several trends in the country with respect to climate change. First, more information is available on climate change impacts and the costs of addressing these, which is reflected in South Africa’s first adaptation communication, included here as the adaptation component of the updated NDC. Climate impacts have become a reality over the last decade rather than purely a risk to be prepared for.', 'Climate impacts have become a reality over the last decade rather than purely a risk to be prepared for. Second, lower than expected GHG emissions have been estimated over the last decade, which are partly a result of lower economic growth, but also a result of a drop in GHG intensity in the economy. The latter suggests the start of the process of relative decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions, which is as a result of increased energy efficiency, investment in renewable energy and a shift in economic growth to less energy- intensive sectors.', 'The latter suggests the start of the process of relative decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions, which is as a result of increased energy efficiency, investment in renewable energy and a shift in economic growth to less energy- intensive sectors. South Africa aims to capitalise on the national and global shift to the green economy, through green industrialisation and by creating new opportunities for South Africa’s rich mineral endowment, many of which are vital for low emission and climate resilient development. Since 2015, South Africa has made significant progress in implementing its response to climate change. The mitigation system continues to be further developed. Our national energy efficiency strategy has been updated for post-2015, and will be reviewed every five years.', 'Our national energy efficiency strategy has been updated for post-2015, and will be reviewed every five years. Procurement of renewable energy since 2015 has seen rapidly falling prices for wind and solar photovoltaics. On legislation, in 2016 GHGs were formally declared priority air pollutants under the existing National Environmental Management Act. This was followed in 2017 by the gazetting of GHG reporting regulations, together with the requirement that large emitters submit annual pollution prevention plans detailing plans to cut GHG emissions, and progress made in doing so. Company-level carbon budgets were introduced for large emitters on a voluntary basis in a first phase, as indicated in the first NDC.', 'Company-level carbon budgets were introduced for large emitters on a voluntary basis in a first phase, as indicated in the first NDC. Our Green Transport Strategy was adopted in 2018, including policies to promote bus rapid transit, road to rail and electric vehicles. South Africa convened a Job Summit in 2018, which agreed to establish a Presidential Climate Commission to oversee South Africa’s just transition. The Commission has been approved by Cabinet and is in the process of being established through the Climate Change Bill. More details on the implementation of climate change policy in South Africa and its impacts can be found in South Africa’s Fourth Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC.', 'More details on the implementation of climate change policy in South Africa and its impacts can be found in South Africa’s Fourth Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC. The Climate Change Bill, which has been considered by both houses of Parliament from 2018, is planned to be finalised in 2021, and as framework legislation, will provide a firm legal basis for further action, including mandatory second and subsequent phases of the carbon budget programme, as well as the establishment of sectoral emissions targets (SETs). In 2019, South Africa passed a Carbon Tax Act, and started pricing GHG emissions in all sectors other than waste and AFOLU. South Africa’s 2014 national mitigation potential analysis is in the process of being updated, and is now maintained within government.', 'South Africa’s 2014 national mitigation potential analysis is in the process of being updated, and is now maintained within government. Planning for the decarbonization of the electricity sector advanced with the gazetting of an updated Integrated Resource Plan in 2019, considering climate change mitigation amongst multiple objectives, and allocating large shares of the future energy mix to renewable energy technologies. Further details on sectoral policies and measures are reported in South Africa’s Fourth Biennial Update Report, summarised in its Table ES-3.', 'Further details on sectoral policies and measures are reported in South Africa’s Fourth Biennial Update Report, summarised in its Table ES-3. By implementing these domestic measures, South Africa is showing that implementation is part of our ambition.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 5 The long-term decarbonization of the South African economy will in the 2020s focus primarily on the electricity sector; in the 2030s, a deeper transition will take place in the electricity sector, coupled with a transition in the transport sector towards low emission vehicles; while the 2040s and beyond will be characterized by the decarbonization of the hard-to-mitigate sectors.', 'By implementing these domestic measures, South Africa is showing that implementation is part of our ambition.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 5 The long-term decarbonization of the South African economy will in the 2020s focus primarily on the electricity sector; in the 2030s, a deeper transition will take place in the electricity sector, coupled with a transition in the transport sector towards low emission vehicles; while the 2040s and beyond will be characterized by the decarbonization of the hard-to-mitigate sectors. The key challenge during the implementation periods of this first NDC (2021 to 2025, and 2026 to 2030) will be the transition in the electricity sector, seeking early investment in and preparing for mitigation in harder-to-mitigate sectors, and addressing the economic and social consequences resulting from this transition in coal- producing areas.', 'The key challenge during the implementation periods of this first NDC (2021 to 2025, and 2026 to 2030) will be the transition in the electricity sector, seeking early investment in and preparing for mitigation in harder-to-mitigate sectors, and addressing the economic and social consequences resulting from this transition in coal- producing areas. South Africa’s electricity is currently mostly provided by a number of large coal plants located in the Mpumalanga province, where most of the country’s coal resources are to be found. Implementing the NDC will require the implementation of South Africa’s Integrated Resource Plan (most recently finalised in 2019), which contemplates a massive investment in renewable energy over the next decade.', 'Implementing the NDC will require the implementation of South Africa’s Integrated Resource Plan (most recently finalised in 2019), which contemplates a massive investment in renewable energy over the next decade. This will also result in a number of co-benefits, such as reduced air pollution in the key pollution hot spots of the country, with health co-benefits; lower water use in a water-scarce country; and rapidly adding additional electricity generation capacity to the South African electricity system, which is currently capacity constrained. A just transition means leaving no-one behind. It requires procedural equity to lead to equitable outcomes. A just transition is at the core of implementing climate action in South Africa, as detailed in both the mitigation and adaptation goals presented below.', 'A just transition is at the core of implementing climate action in South Africa, as detailed in both the mitigation and adaptation goals presented below. As South Africa indicated at the UN Secretary General’s Climate Action Summit in 2019, as part of ensuring a just transition we will need to put measures in place that plan for workforce reskilling and job absorption, social protection and livelihood creation, incentivising new green sectors of our economy, diversifying coal dependent regional economies, and developing labour and social plans as and when ageing coal-fired power plants and associated coal production infrastructure are decommissioned. Similar measures will be necessary to adapt to the impacts of climate change.', 'Similar measures will be necessary to adapt to the impacts of climate change. Our National Planning Commission undertook extensive consultations over two years to develop a draft ‘2050 vision and pathways for a just transition to a low carbon, climate resilient economy and society’. Based on this process, we will be finalising our Just Transition Plan, including defining pathways compatible with pursuing efforts to limit temperature increase to 1.5 °C. The just transition will also need international cooperation, and requires solidary and concrete support. Ensuring that no one is left behind as we move from a high GHG emission, low- employment energy development pathway to a low emission, climate-resilient and job-rich pathway, is central to our national work on development and climate change. 3.', 'Ensuring that no one is left behind as we move from a high GHG emission, low- employment energy development pathway to a low emission, climate-resilient and job-rich pathway, is central to our national work on development and climate change. 3. South Africa’s first Adaptation Communication, serving as the Adaptation component of the NDC South Africa submits its first adaptation communication as a component of its Nationally Determined Contribution (A-NDC) in line with the Paris Agreement in Article 7, paragraph 11. Furthermore, this update to the South African A-NDC outlines goals that are aligned to Elements A-D as contained in the Annex to decision 9/CMA.1.', 'Furthermore, this update to the South African A-NDC outlines goals that are aligned to Elements A-D as contained in the Annex to decision 9/CMA.1. As a developing country, the A-NDC further presents information in respect of adaptation efforts for recognition as provided for in Element E (ii) of decision 9/CMA.1. In following the guidelines of decision 9/CMA.1 on further guidance in relation to adaptation communications, South Africa emphasizes the relevance of information contained in this A-NDC as an input to the global stocktake outlined in paragraphs 23(b) and 36(c) of decision 19/CMA.1.', 'In following the guidelines of decision 9/CMA.1 on further guidance in relation to adaptation communications, South Africa emphasizes the relevance of information contained in this A-NDC as an input to the global stocktake outlined in paragraphs 23(b) and 36(c) of decision 19/CMA.1. The adoption of the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) in 2020 by the South African government is a milestone responding to this challenge, in order to inform climate change adaptation planning in the country (DEFF 2020a). The NCCAS will serve as South Africa’s National Adaptation Plan and fulfils South Africa’s commitment to its obligations in terms of Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The NCCAS will serve as South Africa’s National Adaptation Plan and fulfils South Africa’s commitment to its obligations in terms of Article 7.9 of the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It will further provideSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 6 a policy instrument in which national climate change adaptation objectives for the country can be articulated to provide overarching guidance to all sectors of the economy in implementing adaptation. The NCCAS is aligned with the country’s policy and legislation, building on principles contained therein, including international agreements South Africa is party to.', 'The NCCAS is aligned with the country’s policy and legislation, building on principles contained therein, including international agreements South Africa is party to. Relevant domestic legislation and policy include the National Climate Change Response Policy (NCCRP) (DEA 2011a), National Development Plan (NDP) (NPC 2011), National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSSD) (DEA 2011b), sector adaptation strategies/plans, as well as provincial and municipal adaptation strategies/plans. The NCCAS is grounded in the South African Constitution, particularly Section 24, of the Bill of Rights which includes, the right to a safe and healthy environment. The draft Climate Change Bill provides a legislative basis for the implementation of the NCCAS, as such will foster institutional coherence and enhance climate change adaptation governance across the spheres, national and sub-national layers of government in South Africa.', 'The draft Climate Change Bill provides a legislative basis for the implementation of the NCCAS, as such will foster institutional coherence and enhance climate change adaptation governance across the spheres, national and sub-national layers of government in South Africa. 3 (a) The extent of climate change associated risk and vulnerability The global average temperature reached 1.2oC above pre-industrial levels in 20203. South Africa is already experiencing significant impacts of climate change, particularly as a result of increased temperatures and rainfall variability, and is warming at more than twice the global rate of temperature increase (Wolski 2019)(Engelbrecht, Adegoke, Bopape, Naidoo, Garland, Thatcher, Mcgregor, et al. 2015) This increase is more pronounced for the western parts and the northeast of the country.', '2015) This increase is more pronounced for the western parts and the northeast of the country. There is evidence that extreme weather events in South Africa are increasing, with heatwave conditions found to be more frequent, dry spell durations lengthening slightly, and rainfall intensity increasing. In the near future, average rainfall accumulation is expected to remain within historical ranges over most of South Africa, except for a decline over the Western Cape and some increases over the far eastern parts of Kwa-Zulu Natal. The country is projected to experience increased severity and frequency of drought in the central interior area. The water sector is likely to be impacted specifically in the south-western Cape and West Coast making lower priority water users (e.g. irrigation) more vulnerable.', 'The water sector is likely to be impacted specifically in the south-western Cape and West Coast making lower priority water users (e.g. irrigation) more vulnerable. While groundwater supplies are generally more robust, warmer temperatures and lower river levels during drought are likely to lead to deteriorating water quality. The frequency of heavy precipitation events is also projected to increase in most of the country with increased chances of flooding risk. A plausible increase in “extremely hot days” (a hazard indicating an increase in days where health will be at risk from exposure to high temperature) is projected in the north, north-east and north-east interior of the country.', 'A plausible increase in “extremely hot days” (a hazard indicating an increase in days where health will be at risk from exposure to high temperature) is projected in the north, north-east and north-east interior of the country. For human health, “modifying factors” such as age, nutritional status, access to services and underlying health conditions are known to exacerbate the impacts of climate, and these call for adaptation actions in the sector. The projected changes in temperature extremes put additional strain on the health system, including the increasing burden of disease, and affect aspects such as infrastructure, services, availability of medicines and medical supplies and emergency services.', 'The projected changes in temperature extremes put additional strain on the health system, including the increasing burden of disease, and affect aspects such as infrastructure, services, availability of medicines and medical supplies and emergency services. Vulnerability and risk assessment for the health sector positions subgroups such as the elderly and children as the most vulnerable to temperature extremes. It especially recognizes rural livelihoods and outdoor labour, including women, as the most exposed to extreme temperature hazards leading to adverse effects such as heat stroke.', 'It especially recognizes rural livelihoods and outdoor labour, including women, as the most exposed to extreme temperature hazards leading to adverse effects such as heat stroke. South African settlements are susceptible to the effects of climate variability, and since 1980 have recorded 86 noticeable weather-related disasters that have affected more than 22 million SouthSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 7 Africans and have cost the economy in excess of R113 billion (US$6.81 billion) in economic losses. It is anticipated that a growing number of South African cities and towns will be exposed to the impacts of weather-induced hazards such as flooding, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and storms.', 'It is anticipated that a growing number of South African cities and towns will be exposed to the impacts of weather-induced hazards such as flooding, heatwaves, droughts, wildfires, and storms. This is partly due to the projected increase in the frequency and intensity of weather-related hazards, but also due to the high socioeconomic vulnerability inherent within communities, as well as poor land-use practices, growing informality, and a failure to rapidly deploy resilient infrastructure associated with accommodating a growing urbanising population. It is undeniably the poor and vulnerable communities that will experience the most severe setbacks from the impacts of climate change, eroding their livelihoods, and thus threatening their resilience.', 'It is undeniably the poor and vulnerable communities that will experience the most severe setbacks from the impacts of climate change, eroding their livelihoods, and thus threatening their resilience. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sectors are critical in attracting foreign exchange, job creation and production of raw material for the economy. Across South Africa, the increase in temperatures and changing rainfall patterns will bring about distinct risks for different crops and commodities in different growing areas. The most important impacts in the near future will be on crops, tree species and livestock produced in marginal growing areas where growing conditions are already close to temperature and water availability thresholds.', 'The most important impacts in the near future will be on crops, tree species and livestock produced in marginal growing areas where growing conditions are already close to temperature and water availability thresholds. More significant changes are expected in average maximum and minimum temperatures, as well as the frequency of extremes such as heatwaves. This will have major implications for crops, tree species, livestock, game and fisheries as well as the prevalence of pests and diseases. The current projections show a considerable increase in temperature and more erratic rainfall leading to biodiversity loss within the biodiversity sector, which contributes about 418 000 jobs (NBA, 2018).', 'The current projections show a considerable increase in temperature and more erratic rainfall leading to biodiversity loss within the biodiversity sector, which contributes about 418 000 jobs (NBA, 2018). The risk to biodiversity is expected to increase in future, as explained by various projected climatic variables in the form of increased fire frequency and severity, erratic rainfall and increased evaporative demand on account of elevated temperatures. These are compounded by land use and exchange patterns. Limpopo, Western Cape, Mpumalanga, Free State and KwaZulu Natal provinces experienced the highest biodiversity loss. The highest risk of biodiversity loss has been evident both currently and in future in these provinces. Fynbos and the Indian coastal belt experienced high biodiversity losses relative to their sizes.', 'Fynbos and the Indian coastal belt experienced high biodiversity losses relative to their sizes. About 3 and 4.5 per cent of habitat was lost between 1990 and 2018 in the fynbos and the Indian coastal belt biomes respectively, whilst a higher risk of biodiversity loss is projected in the Savanna and Grasslands. Some of this biodiversity loss is occurring in the vicinity of protected areas. 3 (b) Update to the first A-NDC The NCCAS, having been developed post the conclusion of the 2015 Paris Agreement and its Work Programme adopted in 2018, is aligned with the Paris Agreement’s Article 7 and the associated aspects of the Paris Rulebook. The Strategy further outlines nine strategic objectives to which sectoral responses need to be aligned.', 'The Strategy further outlines nine strategic objectives to which sectoral responses need to be aligned. The NCCAS, therefore, is the key domestic policy instrument to guide implementation, and informs this update to South Africa’s first A-NDC (RSA 2016). The goals submitted herein (see Table 1 below) are largely informed by the strategic objectives of the NCCAS.and are consistent with elements of decision 9/CMA.1.', 'The goals submitted herein (see Table 1 below) are largely informed by the strategic objectives of the NCCAS.and are consistent with elements of decision 9/CMA.1. The columns in Table 1 provide information as follows: • Elements - these correspond to the elements of the Annex to decision 9/CMA.1 on “Elements of an adaptation communication” • Undertaking for the period 2021-2030 – these goals comprise South Africa’s contribution to the global goal for adaptation, in light of the country’s projected risk and vulnerability for the period • Assumptions / Methodology / Context – contextual information, including any further information on methodological approaches and assumptions • Efforts – actions to be taken / measures to be implemented in achieving the goals outlined in the “undertakings” column • Adaptation investment – total national estimated investments required to adapt to climate change and repair damages induced by climate change and associated extreme events.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 8 Table 1 - South Africa s First Adaptation Communication Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (a) of the Annex to decision National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks.', 'The columns in Table 1 provide information as follows: • Elements - these correspond to the elements of the Annex to decision 9/CMA.1 on “Elements of an adaptation communication” • Undertaking for the period 2021-2030 – these goals comprise South Africa’s contribution to the global goal for adaptation, in light of the country’s projected risk and vulnerability for the period • Assumptions / Methodology / Context – contextual information, including any further information on methodological approaches and assumptions • Efforts – actions to be taken / measures to be implemented in achieving the goals outlined in the “undertakings” column • Adaptation investment – total national estimated investments required to adapt to climate change and repair damages induced by climate change and associated extreme events.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 8 Table 1 - South Africa s First Adaptation Communication Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (a) of the Annex to decision National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks. Enhance climate change adaptation governance and legal frameworks South Africa has a three-tier system of government, which includes national, provincial and local tiers.', 'Enhance climate change adaptation governance and legal frameworks South Africa has a three-tier system of government, which includes national, provincial and local tiers. The national Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries4 is the focal point for climate change and is responsible for climate change adaptation planning. Sector departments, provincial and local government have the concurrent responsibility of developing and implementing adaptation strategies and plans. Three key climate change adaptation institutional structures in the Climate Change Bill – namely the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC); the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMC) and the Provincial Forum on Climate Change – are designed to improve both coherence coordination, as well as the implementation of adaptation responses across government, and in engaging with business, civil society and research institutions. 1.', 'Three key climate change adaptation institutional structures in the Climate Change Bill – namely the Presidential Climate Commission (PCC); the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMC) and the Provincial Forum on Climate Change – are designed to improve both coherence coordination, as well as the implementation of adaptation responses across government, and in engaging with business, civil society and research institutions. 1. Enhancement of institutional arrangements laid out in the Climate Change Bill for adaptation, including the establishment of the Presidential Climate Commission and Inter- Ministerial Committee on Climate Change by 2. Provincial Forum on Climate Change and Municipal Forums on Climate Change to be completed in 2025. 3. Implementation of the provisions of the Climate Change Bill, effective operationalization of climate change adaptation governance frameworks and systems by 2025. USD13 million to build evidence-based support for policy implementation for the period 2021 to 2030.', 'USD13 million to build evidence-based support for policy implementation for the period 2021 to 2030. 4 The Department changed its name to DFFE with effect from 1 April 2021; changing the sequence from DEFF. In 2019, there had been a merger of the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) with the forestry and fisheries components of the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Various documents are referenced to DEA, DEFF and DFFE, referring to the same national Department.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 9 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (b) of the Annex to decision Impacts, risk and vulnerability.', 'Various documents are referenced to DEA, DEFF and DFFE, referring to the same national Department.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 9 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (b) of the Annex to decision Impacts, risk and vulnerability. Develop an understanding of the impacts on South Africa of C global warming and the underlying global emission pathways through geo-spatial mapping of the physical climate hazards, and adaptation needs in the context of strengthening the key sectors of the economy.', 'Develop an understanding of the impacts on South Africa of C global warming and the underlying global emission pathways through geo-spatial mapping of the physical climate hazards, and adaptation needs in the context of strengthening the key sectors of the economy. This will constitute the scientific basis for strengthening the national and provincial governments’ readiness to respond to climate risk as driven by the change in climate parameters, including extreme rainfall, temperature events, and extreme events in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication Climate change risk vulnerability assessments are presently based on a prevailing global emissions trajectory, RCP 8.5, taking into account extreme climate indices and developing sector-specific climate-based risk and vulnerability matrices for the period 2011 – 2040. Future assessments will take into account the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) scenarios in the projection of the impacts of local impacts of the 1.5 and 2o C global warming levels.', 'Future assessments will take into account the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) scenarios in the projection of the impacts of local impacts of the 1.5 and 2o C global warming levels. An adaptation needs costing methodology is described in the technical document (CSIR 2020). The methodology used in determining adaptation needs is based on the projection of physical climate hazards include extreme events (wildfires, storms, droughts and floods). Costs functions associated with high impact climate events (wildfires, storms, droughts and floods), including both direct and downstream costs were calculated. These adaptation needs were estimated based on the cost functions for the present- day climate and for the near future under the low mitigation scenarios. The costs estimated are in terms of the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles covering uncertainties with a multi-model ensemble .', 'The costs estimated are in terms of the 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles covering uncertainties with a multi-model ensemble . Sectors covered are Water, Agriculture, Forestry, Settlements, Biodiversity, Disaster Risk Reduction. Prioritise understanding of impacts, risk and vulnerability for the key sectors, and the development of climate response plans. The specific sectors recommended for prioritisation are health, water, biodiversity, agriculture and human settlements. The following efforts will lead to the realization of the goal: 1. Development of the climate change planning tools and systems to guide and support national climate change adaptation across tiers of government through mainstreaming in growth and development strategies, Integrated Development Plans (IDP) and the development of provincial and local Adaption Plans; 2. Update of the country’s Long-Term Adaption Scenarios; 3. Undertake Climate Change Needs and Response Assessments; 4. Operationalise the National Climate Risk & Vulnerability Assessment Framework (DEFF 5.', 'Operationalise the National Climate Risk & Vulnerability Assessment Framework (DEFF 5. Rollout of specific tools such as the CSIR Green Book, and Let’s Respond Toolkits, National Climate Change Information systems; National Framework on Climate Services System USD 8 million for developing tools, strategies and rollout for the period 2021 toSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 10 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (c) of the Annex to National adaptation priorities, strategies, plans, goals and actions Goal 3: Implementation of NCCAS adaptation interventions for the period 2021 to 20305 The local government plays a key role in climate change response, and therefore building the capacity of the local sphere of government will be significant in achieving adaptation goals. This capacity support should be inclusive of human resources; institutionalisation of climate change response; financial resources and technological and/or technical support.', 'This capacity support should be inclusive of human resources; institutionalisation of climate change response; financial resources and technological and/or technical support. The cities will play a pivotal role in leading climate change response in the country by virtue of urbanisation trends and services offered to the community. The National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) which was approved by Cabinet in 2020 for implementation identifies priorities, which are also informed by the Global Framework on Climate Services (GFCS). The priority sectors are identified as, biodiversity and ecosystems; water; health; energy; settlements (coastal, urban, rural); disaster risk reduction, transport infrastructure, mining, fisheries, forestry and agriculture. The NCCAS identifies interventions that are used as the basis for meeting South Africa’s obligations to meet and outlined adaptation goals. The interventions address both highly vulnerable sectors as well as geographic areas.', 'The interventions address both highly vulnerable sectors as well as geographic areas. The NDC will prioritise specific sectors and work towards the development of climate response plans to address the specific sector priorities. The priority sectors are health, water, biodiversity, agriculture and human settlements. Water sector: enhance water security; effectively deploy flood protection measures, and hydro-metrological monitoring systems. Agriculture: development of early warning systems for small scale farmers; and supporting climate-smart agriculture. The development of a multi-hazard early warning system; capacity building for the farming sector on climate change; and full implementation of a climate- smart agriculture framework should be prioritised. Health: monitoring, surveillance and early warning systems for climate-induced diseases. Biodiversity: Enhance the Monitoring of Climate Change impacts on Biodiversity and Ecological Infrastructure, Human Settlements: ensure urban planning and design incorporates climate change concerns.', 'Biodiversity: Enhance the Monitoring of Climate Change impacts on Biodiversity and Ecological Infrastructure, Human Settlements: ensure urban planning and design incorporates climate change concerns. Consideration of climate risk in the new settlement and mainstreaming of climate science into the building standards will be catalytic to facilitate climate-resilient human settlement. Coastal Settlement: urban and rural USD 3 - 4 billion required for the implementation of the NCCAS for a period 2021 to 2030 to support South Africa. 5 Goals and actions are covered in each elements contained in this NDC as per the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy published on: www.environment.gov.zaSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 11 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment settlements should be prioritised in addressing climate risks such as sea-level rise and flooding.', '5 Goals and actions are covered in each elements contained in this NDC as per the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy published on: www.environment.gov.zaSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 11 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment settlements should be prioritised in addressing climate risks such as sea-level rise and flooding. Infrastructure: Ensure the development and deployment of climate-resilient infrastructure that enhance water and energy security. Integration of climate information into infrastructure development planning. South Africa should ensure that climate-proof of all new infrastructure development projects and facilities retrofitting of old infrastructure to achieve climate-resilient society. 1. Enhance early warning, vulnerability and adaptation monitoring system for period of 2. Promote research and development in application, localization, transfer and adoption of technology within key climate-sensitive sector for the period 2021- 2030; 3.', 'Promote research and development in application, localization, transfer and adoption of technology within key climate-sensitive sector for the period 2021- 2030; 3. Enhance the national system of reporting as part of the BTR on climate change adaptation for the period of 2021 -2030; 4. Mainstream and integrate climate considerations in national development, sub- national and sector policy frameworks for the 5. Strengthen the institutional capacity for climate change response planning and implementation for the period 2021 to 2030; 6. Improve the understanding and awareness of climate change impacts and capacity to respond to these impacts for the period of 2021 to 2030;South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 12 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment 7.', 'Improve the understanding and awareness of climate change impacts and capacity to respond to these impacts for the period of 2021 to 2030;South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 12 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment 7. Develop pipeline of climate change adaptation activities for the period 2021 to 2030 to Support South Africa’s Just Transition to a climate resilient economy and society. Element (d) of the Annex to decision Implementation and support needs of, and provision of adaptation support to South Africa Goal 4: Access to funding for adaptation implementation through multilateral funding mechanisms The 2009 UNFCCC report estimates that developing countries such as South Africa will require between U$23-67 billion by 2030 to adapt to climate change.', 'Element (d) of the Annex to decision Implementation and support needs of, and provision of adaptation support to South Africa Goal 4: Access to funding for adaptation implementation through multilateral funding mechanisms The 2009 UNFCCC report estimates that developing countries such as South Africa will require between U$23-67 billion by 2030 to adapt to climate change. The domestic financial sector should play a pivotal role in terms of helping investors in adaptation space to satisfy funding requirements to meet the NDC goals. Direct unilateral access to advance adaptation finance by the private sector is still a major major issue. The National Treasury, South African Reserve Bank, financial sector regulators and Department of Forestry and Environment (DFFE) work collaboratively on issues of Sustainable finance initiatives in the sphere of private finance. This initiative considers climate and green finance as well as the social issues, governance, and financial stability considerations.', 'This initiative considers climate and green finance as well as the social issues, governance, and financial stability considerations. Treasury will provide coordination and leadership in this initiative to develop the necessary requirements, starting with an understanding of climate risks. Consistent investment requirements are put in place to reduce transaction costs and enable financial market participants to identify and respond to investment opportunities that contribute positively to green objectives. Progress still needs to be made towards direct unilateral access to adaptation finance in the face of decline dept free funding such as grants. Development of climate change adaptation investment pipeline projects. Adaptation needs and costs for the period USD 267 billion.', 'Adaptation needs and costs for the period USD 267 billion. Adaptation needs and costs adapted by a minimum of 4% GDP impact is USD 122 billion by 2025 and USD 37 5 billion by 2030.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 13 Elements Undertaking for the period Assumptions / Methodologies / Context Efforts Adaptation investment Element (e) of the Annex to decision Implementation of adaptation action and plans including (ii) Adaptation efforts of developing countries for recognition. Goal 5: Quantification and acknowledgement of the national adaptation and resilience efforts. The adaptation efforts have been quantified using the core sub-programmes adaptation expenditure. The sub-programmes support the implementation of policy instruments, enhancement of adaptation governance and implementation of adaptation interventions. The national records on expenditure on adaptation, within the past five year period, reflect that the country spent approximately USD 6 billion on adaptation efforts.', 'The national records on expenditure on adaptation, within the past five year period, reflect that the country spent approximately USD 6 billion on adaptation efforts. This includes expenditure on national and provincial programs on adaptation and extreme events responses. In particular: •The National core sub-programs adaptation spent for the period 2015 – 2020 is USD 3.1 billion. •The provincial core sub-programs adaptation spent for the period 2017 – 2020 is USD 2.9 billion. (not applicable to historical efforts up to Equity The Paris Agreement in its Article 2 and 7.1 provides for increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change in line with the goals towards limiting global average temperature increases; the agreement further in Article 7.2 recognizes the global nature of the adaptation responsibility.', '(not applicable to historical efforts up to Equity The Paris Agreement in its Article 2 and 7.1 provides for increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change in line with the goals towards limiting global average temperature increases; the agreement further in Article 7.2 recognizes the global nature of the adaptation responsibility. In this respect, Africa and South Africa, are warming at a rate that is about twice the global average temperature increase (Wolski 2019).', 'In this respect, Africa and South Africa, are warming at a rate that is about twice the global average temperature increase (Wolski 2019). The driver of this trend is the collective effect of global emissions, as such South Africa and the African continent bear a disproportionate share of the adaptation burden, both because of the uneven global distribution of climate impacts and because of the skewed historical responsibility for GHG emissions.', 'The driver of this trend is the collective effect of global emissions, as such South Africa and the African continent bear a disproportionate share of the adaptation burden, both because of the uneven global distribution of climate impacts and because of the skewed historical responsibility for GHG emissions. Equity in adaptation, therefore, requires a strong multilateral response in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, including the provision of support to developing countries for adaptation and the detailed evaluation of progress against the global goal for adaptation in the global stocktake and in the work of relevant constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 14 4.', 'Equity in adaptation, therefore, requires a strong multilateral response in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, including the provision of support to developing countries for adaptation and the detailed evaluation of progress against the global goal for adaptation in the global stocktake and in the work of relevant constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 14 4. Mitigation component of the NDC In addition to the narrative account below, more specific details on South Africa’s updated mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 are provided in Table 3 below, in accordance with the guidance specified in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1.', 'Mitigation component of the NDC In addition to the narrative account below, more specific details on South Africa’s updated mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 are provided in Table 3 below, in accordance with the guidance specified in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1. 4 (a) Approach to setting updated NDC target ranges The mitigation component of this update of South Africa’s first NDC is our contribution to the long- term goal for mitigation, as stated in Article 4.1: “In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.” Parties agreed in Paris that this goal is to inform the preparation of NDCs (decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 20).', '4 (a) Approach to setting updated NDC target ranges The mitigation component of this update of South Africa’s first NDC is our contribution to the long- term goal for mitigation, as stated in Article 4.1: “In order to achieve the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2, Parties aim to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century, on the basis of equity, and in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty.” Parties agreed in Paris that this goal is to inform the preparation of NDCs (decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 20). As noted above, South Africa’s mitigation NDC target is also informed by the Talanoa Dialogue and the IPCC special report on 1.5°C.', 'As noted above, South Africa’s mitigation NDC target is also informed by the Talanoa Dialogue and the IPCC special report on 1.5°C. South Africa has updated its NDC target ranges taking into account our status as a developing county, our national circumstances and common but differentiated responsibility and respective capability, and the long-term temperature goal, as specified in the Paris Agreement’s Article 2, in the light of the latest science. South Africa considers these updated mitigation goals as our highest possible ambition in the light of our national circumstances, and as South Africa’s fair contribution to the long-term mitigation goal.', 'South Africa considers these updated mitigation goals as our highest possible ambition in the light of our national circumstances, and as South Africa’s fair contribution to the long-term mitigation goal. Targets have been set on the assumption that support will be provided to South Africa as a developing country as set out in the Paris Agreement’s Articles 9, 10, 11 and 13 for implementation of the targets, for the required just transition policies and measures, and for both developing capacity to report on implementation and achievement of the targets. 4 (b) Methodological consistency in setting and accounting for NDC targets Coverage, scope and the methodological basis for estimating and projecting emissions to inform South Africa’s NDC targets are based on the national GHG inventory.', '4 (b) Methodological consistency in setting and accounting for NDC targets Coverage, scope and the methodological basis for estimating and projecting emissions to inform South Africa’s NDC targets are based on the national GHG inventory. Our initial NDC communicated in 2015 referred to South Africa’s GHG inventory in terms of scope and coverage, and indicated the use of IPCC methodologies, as well as reflecting some uncertainties. The NDC target range was methodologically based on the latest national inventory report at the time (covering emissions for the years 2000-2010), submitted to the UNFCCC as part of SA’s first Biennial Update Report (2014). The mitigation component of the NDC has been updated consistent with our latest GHG inventory in terms of coverage, scope and methodological approaches.', 'The mitigation component of the NDC has been updated consistent with our latest GHG inventory in terms of coverage, scope and methodological approaches. South Africa communicated its latest National Inventory Report (NIR) (reporting emissions for the year 2000-2017) as part of its Fourth Biennial Update Report, with one notable exception, noted below in respect of the land sector. As with the first NDC, coverage and scope of the mitigation targets in this updated NDC are on the same basis as the most recent National Inventory Report (as above). Coverage of the NDC is thus economy-wide, including the land sector (see note below), and includes the five gases currently covered by the NIR (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs).', 'Coverage of the NDC is thus economy-wide, including the land sector (see note below), and includes the five gases currently covered by the NIR (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs). The current NIR uses Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report, which have been used for setting the updated NDC targets.', 'The current NIR uses Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report, which have been used for setting the updated NDC targets. In accounting for NDC targets, South Africa will use an inventory-based approach for all sectors, which is described in more detail in the ‘information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding’ (contained in Table 3 below).South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 15 The NDC targets will be accounted for on the basis of national GHG inventories for the relevant years (2025 and 2030) compiled and submitted to the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement with South Africa’s Biennial Transparency Reports, in accordance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement and decision 18/CMA.1, and any subsequent relevant CMA decisions.', 'In accounting for NDC targets, South Africa will use an inventory-based approach for all sectors, which is described in more detail in the ‘information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding’ (contained in Table 3 below).South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 15 The NDC targets will be accounted for on the basis of national GHG inventories for the relevant years (2025 and 2030) compiled and submitted to the UNFCCC under the Paris Agreement with South Africa’s Biennial Transparency Reports, in accordance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement and decision 18/CMA.1, and any subsequent relevant CMA decisions. Target levels have been set considering that these will be accounted for using GWP values as specified in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1, from the Assessment Report.', 'Target levels have been set considering that these will be accounted for using GWP values as specified in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1, from the Assessment Report. Use of updated GWP values in place of the current values is expected to increase South Africa’s total emissions estimate in the target years by 10-20 Mt CO2-eq. For accounting against our NDC target, land sector emissions arising from natural disturbances will be excluded from total land sector emissions/sinks (IPCC 2006 guidelines categories 3B and 3D). This is expected to reduce South Africa’s total emissions estimate in the target years by 5-30 Mt CO2-eq, depending on the occurrence of wildfires during these years.', 'This is expected to reduce South Africa’s total emissions estimate in the target years by 5-30 Mt CO2-eq, depending on the occurrence of wildfires during these years. South Africa intends to take this approach to accounting for land sector emissions/sinks to take into account significant interannual variations in emissions from natural disturbances – in the case of South Africa, stemming mainly from wildfires. Emissions from this source vary considerably and unpredictably from year to year, and this variability is likely to grow with further climate change.', 'Emissions from this source vary considerably and unpredictably from year to year, and this variability is likely to grow with further climate change. The overall target will therefore be accounted for by comparing the target value with the GHG emissions total without the land sector (excluding categories 3B and 3D), plus the values for these categories excluding emissions from natural disturbances, which will be reported separately for each corresponding land sector category, in the NIRs accompanying South Africa’s Biennial Transparency Reports. 4 (c) Mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 South Africa’s first NDC placed mitigation targets in the context of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and “takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range.', '4 (c) Mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 South Africa’s first NDC placed mitigation targets in the context of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and “takes the form of a peak, plateau and decline GHG emissions trajectory range. South Africa’s emissions by 2025 and 2030 will be in a range between 398 and 614 Mt CO2 eq, as defined in national policy”, containing mitigation targets for two years (2025 and 2030), corresponding to two periods of implementation (2021-2025, and 2026-2030). This update contains targets for the same two years, corresponding to the same periods of implementation.', 'This update contains targets for the same two years, corresponding to the same periods of implementation. South Africa’s updated mitigation targets are contained in Table 2 below, with further information contained in Table 3, which contains the information to facilitate transparency, clarity and understanding as specified in Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 : Table 2 - South Africa s updated NDC mitigation targets Year Target Corresponding period of implementation 2025 South Africa’s annual GHG emissions will be in a range from 398-510 Mt CO2-eq. 2030 South Africa’s annual GHG emissions will be in a range from 350-420 Mt CO2-eq. Note: “GHG emissions” are defined as total net GHG emissions as specified in the national inventory report for 2025, including all sectors, and excluding emissions from natural disturbances in the land sector.', 'Note: “GHG emissions” are defined as total net GHG emissions as specified in the national inventory report for 2025, including all sectors, and excluding emissions from natural disturbances in the land sector. By comparison to the targets contained in South Africa’s first NDC submitted in 2015, South Africa’s updated mitigation targets represent a very significant progression. The upper end of the target range in 2025 has been reduced by 17%, and the upper end of the target range in 2030 has been reduced by 32%, and the lower range by 12%. The range between upper and lower bounds narrows significantly, from 216 Mt to 112 Mt in 2025 and 70 Mt CO2-eq in 2030.', 'The range between upper and lower bounds narrows significantly, from 216 Mt to 112 Mt in 2025 and 70 Mt CO2-eq in 2030. Meeting these targets will require South Africa to implement a range of policies and measures, including a very ambitious power sector investment plan as set out in the 2019 Integrated Resource Plan, the Green Transport Strategy,South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 16 enhanced energy efficiency programmes, and the recently-implemented carbon tax. As stated in section 1, the implementation of these ambitious mitigation targets will require substantial multilateral support, as provided for in the Paris Agreement. South Africa is updating these mitigation targets in the expectation that such support will be available.', 'South Africa is updating these mitigation targets in the expectation that such support will be available. Our Low Emissions Development Strategy provides a long-term perspective on these near- and medium-term mitigation targets. 4 (d) Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of mitigation In communicating this update of our first NDC, South Africa is voluntarily providing information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) as specified in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1, responding to the strong encouragement to apply ICTU guidance when updating NDCs by 2020, pursuant to paragraph 7 of the decision (UNFCCC 2018a). South Africa will account for its NDC in accordance with Annex II of the same decision, from time of submission of its first Biennial Transparency Report in terms of decision 18/CMA.1.', 'South Africa will account for its NDC in accordance with Annex II of the same decision, from time of submission of its first Biennial Transparency Report in terms of decision 18/CMA.1. The table presenting ICTU below enhances the information provided when communicating the INDC in 2015. We note that ICTU as agreed shall be provided for the second and subsequent NDCs, and look forward to all Parties doing so. South Africa submitted its Third Biennial Update Report in 2019, will be submitting its Fourth Biennial Update Report in 2021, and will continue submitting Biennial Update Reports until transitioning to Biennial Transparency Reports (under the Paris Agreement, in terms of decision 18/CMA.1) in 2024.', 'South Africa submitted its Third Biennial Update Report in 2019, will be submitting its Fourth Biennial Update Report in 2021, and will continue submitting Biennial Update Reports until transitioning to Biennial Transparency Reports (under the Paris Agreement, in terms of decision 18/CMA.1) in 2024. In the first Biennial Transparency Report, we will specify indicators consistent with the modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for reporting on the implementation and achievement of our NDC (UNFCCC 2018b) and account for the NDC, including in reporting tables once those are agreed in on-going negotiations. South Africa will continue to pursue domestic mitigation measures to achieve its NDCs (see also section 2 above). This update to South Africa’s first NDC is consistent with provisions of the Paris Agreement and associated decisions.', 'This update to South Africa’s first NDC is consistent with provisions of the Paris Agreement and associated decisions. ICTU has been provided in Table 3 below. Each row in the table corresponds to a provision / sub- provision of Annex 1 to decision 4/CMA.1. “Not applicable” has been entered against sub-provisions which do not apply to the South African NDC, with an explanation provided as to why these do not apply.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 17 Table 3 - Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understand of South Africa’s updated NDC Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 1.', '“Not applicable” has been entered against sub-provisions which do not apply to the South African NDC, with an explanation provided as to why these do not apply.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 17 Table 3 - Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understand of South Africa’s updated NDC Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): This section is not applicable to the South African NDC, since the first NDC and this update, do not define mitigation targets in relation to a reference point, but as a fixed level GHG emissions range in 2025 and 2030. Therefore, each entry below is marked “Not applicable”.', 'Therefore, each entry below is marked “Not applicable”. (a) reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Not applicable, as above. (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Not applicable, as above. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph Not applicable, as above. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Not applicable, as above. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Not applicable, as above.', '(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Not applicable, as above. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Not applicable, as above. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); The South African NDC is defined as having two time frames of five years each (2021- 2025 and 2026-2030). This update maintains the same two periods of implementation: 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2030. (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', '(b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. South Africa’s NDC contains mitigation targets for two single years, 2025 and 2030.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 18 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 3. Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target South Africa’s NDC updated mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030 are specified in section 4 (c) above. Details are replicated here for transparency, clarity and understanding. In 2025, South Africa’s annual GHG emissions will be in a range from 398-510 Mt CO2- eq. In 2030, South Africa’s annual GHG emissions will be in a range from 350-420 Mt CO2-eq.', 'In 2030, South Africa’s annual GHG emissions will be in a range from 350-420 Mt CO2-eq. Note that “GHG emissions” are defined as total net GHG emissions as specified in the national inventory report for 2030, including all sectors, and excluding emissions from natural disturbances in the land sector. These targets for 2025 and 2030 correspond to two five-year time frames, and corresponding periods of implementation, from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2025, and 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2030.', 'These targets for 2025 and 2030 correspond to two five-year time frames, and corresponding periods of implementation, from 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2025, and 1 January 2026 to 31 December 2030. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines South Africa’s first NDC covers sectors, gases, categories and pools consistent with our national inventory report (NIR) submitted together with SA’s Fourth Biennial Update Report, excluding emissions from natural disturbances in the land sector. Sectors covered: • Energy • IPPU, • AFOLU • Waste The NDC is economy-wide. A few subcategories are not estimated due to either activities not occurring in South Africa or lack of data. These are reported in the NIR.', 'These are reported in the NIR. Gases: all gases covered in the NIR as above, which includes five greenhouse gases – CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs and PFCs. The South African NDC does not include SF6 or NF3 for these implementation periods due to lack of data. If data becomes available, inclusion of additional gases will be considered for the 2026-2030 implementation period, or for the next NDC. The land sector is included in the NDC, excluding emissions from natural disturbances.', 'The land sector is included in the NDC, excluding emissions from natural disturbances. The NIR takes a land-based approach.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 19 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC Pools: All carbon pools are included in the NDC and NIR, with the exception of dead organic matter – litter is included but dead wood is not currently included, as stated in the NIR.', 'The NIR takes a land-based approach.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 19 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC Pools: All carbon pools are included in the NDC and NIR, with the exception of dead organic matter – litter is included but dead wood is not currently included, as stated in the NIR. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; South Africa’s approach is inventory-based, hence all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals included in the national inventory report (NIR) are included in the NDC, with the exception of emissions arising from natural disturbances in the land sector.', '(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; South Africa’s approach is inventory-based, hence all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals included in the national inventory report (NIR) are included in the NDC, with the exception of emissions arising from natural disturbances in the land sector. Table H in the NIR transparently reports the “Activities in the 2017 inventory which are not estimated (NE), included elsewhere (IE) or not occurring (NO).” A common reason for ‘not estimated’ is lack of data, and detailed explanations are provided in the NIR. South Africa has used the same approach for its previous NAMAs under the UNFCCC for 2020 and 2025.', 'South Africa has used the same approach for its previous NAMAs under the UNFCCC for 2020 and 2025. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable to South Africa’s NDC, which is not defined in terms of mitigation co- benefits of adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. 4.', 'Not applicable to South Africa’s NDC, which is not defined in terms of mitigation co- benefits of adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. 4. Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; if available, information provided on a Party’s implementation plans Institutional arrangements and planning process for the NDC: The Department of Forestry, Fisheries & the Environment (DFFE) is the focal point for climate change in South Africa, and led the planning process in preparing this update to South Africa’s first NDC.', 'Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; if available, information provided on a Party’s implementation plans Institutional arrangements and planning process for the NDC: The Department of Forestry, Fisheries & the Environment (DFFE) is the focal point for climate change in South Africa, and led the planning process in preparing this update to South Africa’s first NDC. The process for updating SA’s first NDC had five parts: technical analysis (UCT 2021b; CSIR 2021), consultation within government, consultation with broader stakeholders, provincial public stakeholder workshops, and finalisation in government and Cabinet.', 'The process for updating SA’s first NDC had five parts: technical analysis (UCT 2021b; CSIR 2021), consultation within government, consultation with broader stakeholders, provincial public stakeholder workshops, and finalisation in government and Cabinet. Public consultation and participation: DFFE conducted stakeholder consultations by way of a hybrid model (due to challenges brought about by the COVID pandemic) using in-person consultations and virtual participation in all nine provinces, accessible to local government and undertaken in a gender-responsive manner.', 'Public consultation and participation: DFFE conducted stakeholder consultations by way of a hybrid model (due to challenges brought about by the COVID pandemic) using in-person consultations and virtual participation in all nine provinces, accessible to local government and undertaken in a gender-responsive manner. The stakeholderSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 20 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC consultations were launched at the National Climate Change Committee, and the NDC was presented to the Presidential Climate Commission; and to stakeholders across business, labour and civil society, including women and youth constituencies. Plans implemented since 2015 are outlined in section 2 above. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a.', '(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; See section 2 above. (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. South Africa has not reached any agreement to implement its NDC jointly with any other country.', 'South Africa has not reached any agreement to implement its NDC jointly with any other country. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Since South Africa’s NDC and the current update were completed before the first global stocktake, due to be held in 2023, South Africa has taken into account the outcome of the Talanoa Dialogue and the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5 degrees. This informed the update of our first NDC, and consideration of fair share and levels of ambition.', 'This informed the update of our first NDC, and consideration of fair share and levels of ambition. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable. (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 21 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', '(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 21 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5.', '(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 21 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; South Africa will use a GHG inventory-based approach in accounting for its mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; South Africa will use a GHG inventory-based approach in accounting for its mitigation targets for 2025 and 2030. Currently, South Africa’s national inventory reports are produced using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement (for guidance on accounting for harvested wood products), and GWP-100 values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report.', 'Currently, South Africa’s national inventory reports are produced using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement (for guidance on accounting for harvested wood products), and GWP-100 values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report. South Africa will apply the modalities, procedures and guidelines contained in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1 in estimating GHG emissions from the first Biennial Transparency Report onwards (due in December 2024), and will use guidelines and GWP values as specified in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1 (or subsequent CMA decisions) to estimate emissions for it national inventory report.', 'South Africa will apply the modalities, procedures and guidelines contained in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1 in estimating GHG emissions from the first Biennial Transparency Report onwards (due in December 2024), and will use guidelines and GWP values as specified in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1 (or subsequent CMA decisions) to estimate emissions for it national inventory report. Progress and achievement will be accounted for by comparing the target ranges in 2025 and 2030 with the annual emissions contained in South Africa’s GHG inventory for all sectors, excluding emissions arising from natural disturbances in the land sector.', 'Progress and achievement will be accounted for by comparing the target ranges in 2025 and 2030 with the annual emissions contained in South Africa’s GHG inventory for all sectors, excluding emissions arising from natural disturbances in the land sector. Emissions arising from natural disturbances will be disaggregated in the NIR for each relevant IPCC category and reported separately, and used as the basis for accounting for implementation and achievement of the NDC targets.', 'Emissions arising from natural disturbances will be disaggregated in the NIR for each relevant IPCC category and reported separately, and used as the basis for accounting for implementation and achievement of the NDC targets. South Africa intends to perform corresponding adjustments in accounting for its NDC targets in accordance with relevant decisions taken by the CMA in relation to Article 6South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 22 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC and the structured summary for implementation and achievement of its NDC, both currently being negotiated under the Paris Agreement.', 'South Africa intends to perform corresponding adjustments in accounting for its NDC targets in accordance with relevant decisions taken by the CMA in relation to Article 6South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 22 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC and the structured summary for implementation and achievement of its NDC, both currently being negotiated under the Paris Agreement. The target range for 2026-2030 may be updated when SA communicates its second NDC in 2025, in accordance with relevant decisions and provisions of the Paris Agreement, and in response to changes in the GHG inventory, its national circumstances, and to the latest science, the 2023 global stocktake, and the availability of support for implementation.', 'The target range for 2026-2030 may be updated when SA communicates its second NDC in 2025, in accordance with relevant decisions and provisions of the Paris Agreement, and in response to changes in the GHG inventory, its national circumstances, and to the latest science, the 2023 global stocktake, and the availability of support for implementation. South Africa will account for its first NDC in accordance with the guidance contained in Annex II to decision 4/CMA.1. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable to South Africa’s NDC. South Africa’s NDC target is expressed in GHG emissions terms rather than in terms of policy goals.', 'South Africa’s NDC target is expressed in GHG emissions terms rather than in terms of policy goals. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Information on accounting is contained in 5(a) above. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC methodologies: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; 2013 Kyoto Protocol Supplement (for harvested wood products). Metrics: South Africa currently uses 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report.', 'Metrics: South Africa currently uses 100-year Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 2nd Assessment Report. South Africa will switch to using GWPs from the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report for future reports under the Paris Agreement (from 2024 onwards), as specified in the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1, or as specified in subsequent CMA decisions. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands: In South Africa’s NIR, South Africa’s entire land area is considered “managed” for purposes of estimating emissions and removals from the land sector.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands: In South Africa’s NIR, South Africa’s entire land area is considered “managed” for purposes of estimating emissions and removals from the land sector. CO2 emissions from biomass burning are included under losses due to disturbance in the land section (3B) and not in the biomass burning (3C1) section of the national inventory report at present. Emissions from wildfires are estimated and included in each relevant landSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 23 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC category.', 'Emissions from wildfires are estimated and included in each relevant landSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 23 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC category. For the purposes of accounting for South Africa’s NDC target, emissions from natural disturbances will be excluded from the total. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; South Africa uses a production approach, following the updated guidance provided in the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement (IPCC, 2014). (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable – South Africa does not use this approach.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable – South Africa does not use this approach. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable – South Africa does not have a reference indicator. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable – South Africa does not include non-GHG components in its NDC mitigation target.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable – South Africa does not include non-GHG components in its NDC mitigation target. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable – South Africa does not include black carbon, since it is not a substance controlled by the UNFCCC or Paris Agreement. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes to other Parties will be accounted for as specified in decisions of the CMA.', 'Any international transfers of mitigation outcomes to other Parties will be accounted for as specified in decisions of the CMA. South Africa currently hosts a number of CDM projects under the Kyoto Protocol. Whether these will be recognised in terms of Article 6 of the Paris Agreement is still a subject of ongoing negotiations. It is expected that South Africa will host Article 6.4 projects under the Paris Agreement, and may enter into co-operative approaches under Article 6.2 with other countries.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 24 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 6.', 'It is expected that South Africa will host Article 6.4 projects under the Paris Agreement, and may enter into co-operative approaches under Article 6.2 with other countries.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 24 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The updated NDC has outlined how SA considers its contribution to be fair and ambitious, in sections on adaptation, mitigation and support, as well as a dedicated section on equitable access to sustainable development, below.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The updated NDC has outlined how SA considers its contribution to be fair and ambitious, in sections on adaptation, mitigation and support, as well as a dedicated section on equitable access to sustainable development, below. How the NDC relates to fairness, science, ambition, progression and other elements of the Paris Agreement should be considered holistically. Here, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of fairness and ambition is provided.', 'Here, information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of fairness and ambition is provided. South Africa is strongly of the view that equity should be a primary consideration when considering countries’ fair shares of remaining global emissions space. Analysis of relative fair shares for South Africa in relation to mitigation was reviewed in the process of updating the NDC (UCT 2021a). The analysis reviewed relevant literature and drew on two publicly available tools.', 'The analysis reviewed relevant literature and drew on two publicly available tools. First, the independent Climate Equity Reference Calculator (CERC) was used, on account of its transparency, ease of access and usability, as well as its alignment with the equity principles South Africa values and prioritises – taking into account responsibility and capability, as well as the right to promote sustainable development and the need to prioritise development for those living in poverty. This was augmented and validated by referring, secondly, to the aggregation of multiple current and historic effort-sharing studies that have been compiled by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT), whilst identifying certain caveats regarding CAT’s methodology.', 'This was augmented and validated by referring, secondly, to the aggregation of multiple current and historic effort-sharing studies that have been compiled by the Climate Action Tracker (CAT), whilst identifying certain caveats regarding CAT’s methodology. A range of GHG emissions levels for 2025 and 2030 were derived from these tools as a guide to South Africa’s “fair share” of global emissions, based on long-term emission pathways which are consistent with global temperature limits of “well below 2 °C” (assuming a 66% probability below 2 °C) and 1.5 °C, i.e. the long-term temperature limits contained in Article 2.1(a) of the Paris Agreement. It should be noted that these relative fair shares for South Africa imply corresponding fair shares for other countries.', 'It should be noted that these relative fair shares for South Africa imply corresponding fair shares for other countries. The upper end of South Africa’s target range for 2025 lies above the CERC 2 degree allocation (adjusted to include land use), and below the CERC 2 degree allocation forSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 25 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC 2030 (adjusted to include land use). 6 South Africa’s whole updated target range for 2030 (as contained in Table 2) lie within the 2 °C fair share range based on the post- September 2020 version of CAT (UCT 2021a).', '6 South Africa’s whole updated target range for 2030 (as contained in Table 2) lie within the 2 °C fair share range based on the post- September 2020 version of CAT (UCT 2021a). The lower end of South Africa’s 2030 target range lies within CERC’s 1.5 degree assessment (UCT 2021a). South Africa bears a disproportionate burden of adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change (CSIR 2020). It is an injustice that with a relatively small share of historical cumulative emissions, our economy has been disproportionately negative affected by climate change. Poor communities have low capacity to adapt and thus suffer the most from impacts. Nevertheless, we have invested in adaptation, and thus made a fair contribution to the global effort (see section 3).', 'Nevertheless, we have invested in adaptation, and thus made a fair contribution to the global effort (see section 3). South Africa expects that the global stock-take will take into account the adequacy and effectiveness of adaptation and the support provided for adaptation. South Africa expect that adequate international support will be provided for both adaptation and mitigation, as a matter of fairness, as provided for in the Paris Agreement. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; As above, in 6(a).', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; As above, in 6(a). (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; (Article 4.3 states that “Each Party’s successive nationally determined contribution will represent a progression beyond the Party’s then current nationally determined contribution and reflect its highest possible ambition, reflecting its common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.”) South Africa’s updated mitigation targets as contained in Table 2 represent a significant progression. The upper end of the target range in 2025 has been reduced by 17%, and the upper end of the target range in 2030 has been reduced by 32%, and the lower range by 12%.', 'The upper end of the target range in 2025 has been reduced by 17%, and the upper end of the target range in 2030 has been reduced by 32%, and the lower range by 12%. The range between upper and lower bounds narrows significantly, from 216 Mt to 112 Mt in 2025 and 70 Mt CO2-eq in 2030. In communicating its second NDC in 2025, SA will consider whether the level of ambition for 2030 can be increased further, in the light of national circumstances, technology developments, and the availability of international support.', 'In communicating its second NDC in 2025, SA will consider whether the level of ambition for 2030 can be increased further, in the light of national circumstances, technology developments, and the availability of international support. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; (Article 4.4 states that “Developed country Parties should continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide absolute emission reduction South Africa has updated its mitigation targets, which are economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets for 2025 and 2030. 6 It is understood that the CERC calculator will be updated with post-COVID growth rates in the latter part of 2021, and that this will very likely have an impact on SA’s fair share range according to CERC.', '6 It is understood that the CERC calculator will be updated with post-COVID growth rates in the latter part of 2021, and that this will very likely have an impact on SA’s fair share range according to CERC. A comparison of the expected updated values (provided by the CERC team) with existing values and sensitivity analysis, can be found in (UCT 2021a).South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 26 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC targets.', 'A comparison of the expected updated values (provided by the CERC team) with existing values and sensitivity analysis, can be found in (UCT 2021a).South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 26 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC targets. Developing country Parties should continue enhancing their mitigation efforts, and are encouraged to move over time towards economy-wide emission reduction or limitation targets in the light of different national circumstances.”) (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. (Article 4.6 states that “6.', '(Article 4.6 states that “6. The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances.”) Not applicable, since South Africa is neither a least developed country, nor a small island developing state. 7.', 'The least developed countries and small island developing States may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting their special circumstances.”) Not applicable, since South Africa is neither a least developed country, nor a small island developing state. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; (Article 2 of the UNFCCC states that “The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; (Article 2 of the UNFCCC states that “The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the Conference of the Parties may adopt is to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”) South Africa reaffirms its commitment to the objective of the Convention, as indicated in our first NDC.', 'Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.”) South Africa reaffirms its commitment to the objective of the Convention, as indicated in our first NDC. NDC targets have been chosen to reflect South Africa’s fair contribution towards the long-term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement, as detailed above, in the context of equitable access to sustainable development. In the context of COVID-19, we highlight the importance of global solidarity, in fighting the virus and climate change.', 'In the context of COVID-19, we highlight the importance of global solidarity, in fighting the virus and climate change. In recommitting ourselves to the multi-lateral rules based system, we highlight the importance of ensuring that “food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.” We also reaffirm that the achievement of the objective of the Convention must be guided by its principles, as stated in the preamble of the Paris Agreement. Parties to the Paris Agreement are Parties to the Convention. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. This update of our first NDC is South Africa’s contribution to the global temperature goal of keeping temperature well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to 1.5 °C below pre- industrial levels. Both of these agreed global temperature limits have informed our analysis of fairness and ambition, as explained above. Clearly, Article 2.1 (a) of the Paris Agreement contains two global temperature limits – limiting global temperature increase to “well below 2°C”, and “pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C”. There is a single aim, to limit global temperature increase, with two quantified goals – well below 2 and 1.5 °C.', 'There is a single aim, to limit global temperature increase, with two quantified goals – well below 2 and 1.5 °C. In our first NDC, weSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 27 Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in respect of the updated South African NDC referred to findings from the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report on global temperature limits. Since then, the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C has made clear the small remaining future global carbon budget, even smaller than for 2°C.', 'Since then, the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C has made clear the small remaining future global carbon budget, even smaller than for 2°C. We note that the special report assessed “the comparison between global warming of 1.5°C and 2°C above pre- industrial levels”, but did not assess the agreed global temperature limit of “well below 2 °C” explicitly, and look forward to more information on “well below 2 °C” in the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report. The recently-released IPCC 6th Assessment Report’s Working Group I Report found that that global temperature in the last decade is already 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20] °C higher than preindustrial levels, due to 2390 ± 240 Gt CO2 emitted historically.', 'The recently-released IPCC 6th Assessment Report’s Working Group I Report found that that global temperature in the last decade is already 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20] °C higher than preindustrial levels, due to 2390 ± 240 Gt CO2 emitted historically. We note that there is still no internationally-agreed equity reference framework, with takes into account historical emissions and responsibility for the future. Within the context of the Paris Agreement’s principles of equity and common but differentiated responsibility, in the light of different national circumstances, we update the first NDC to reflect our highest possible ambition. The long-term global goal for mitigation in Article 4.1 refers to global peaking, recognising this will take longer for developing countries.', 'The long-term global goal for mitigation in Article 4.1 refers to global peaking, recognising this will take longer for developing countries. The reference to a balance of sources and sinks highlight the importance of sinks, globally and in South Africa. Our National Planning Commission undertook an extensive process to develop a vision 2050, considering goals of net zero or zero emissions for South Africa. In our long-term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), communicated voluntarily under Article 4.19, South Africa committed “to ultimately moving towards a goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, which will require various interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'In our long-term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), communicated voluntarily under Article 4.19, South Africa committed “to ultimately moving towards a goal of net zero carbon emissions by 2050, which will require various interventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This goal, how it will be achieved to ensure a just transition, and how the economic advantages of the transition will be maximised, will be formally communicated in future iterations of this strategy.” Consistent with the emphasis in Article 4.1 on equity, and the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, our national process aims at a just transition. We have established a Presidential Climate Commission to oversee the just transition.', 'We have established a Presidential Climate Commission to oversee the just transition. It is by leaving no-one behind that South Africa collectively will contribute to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. We urge all Parties to treat with the utmost seriousness the considerations of equity, sustainable development and poverty eradication.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 28 5. Support requirements under the Convention and Paris Agreement Effective multilateral co-operation was identified by the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C as a key factor in achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement.', 'Support requirements under the Convention and Paris Agreement Effective multilateral co-operation was identified by the IPCC’s Special Report on 1.5°C as a key factor in achieving the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. South Africa’s NDC is premised on continued effective multilateral cooperation in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, and the provision of support, both for implementation by developing countries, and for the UNFCCC Secretariat and constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, by developed countries and others in a position to do so.', 'South Africa’s NDC is premised on continued effective multilateral cooperation in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, and the provision of support, both for implementation by developing countries, and for the UNFCCC Secretariat and constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, by developed countries and others in a position to do so. The role which the constituted bodies and other bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, supported by the UNFCCC Secretariat, play in providing support to the implementation of climate policy in developing countries will be critical if developing countries are to implement their NDCs effectively over the next decade.', 'The role which the constituted bodies and other bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, supported by the UNFCCC Secretariat, play in providing support to the implementation of climate policy in developing countries will be critical if developing countries are to implement their NDCs effectively over the next decade. These include the Adaptation Committee, the Adaptation Fund Board, the Executive Committee for the Warsaw Mechanism for Loss and Damage, the Consultative Group of Experts, the Katowice Committee of Experts on the Impacts of the Implementation of Response Measures, the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, the Facilitative Working Group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform, the Standing Committee on Finance, the Technology Executive Committee, the Paris Committee on Capacity-Building and bodies of the Financial Mechanism, including the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund.', 'These include the Adaptation Committee, the Adaptation Fund Board, the Executive Committee for the Warsaw Mechanism for Loss and Damage, the Consultative Group of Experts, the Katowice Committee of Experts on the Impacts of the Implementation of Response Measures, the Least Developed Countries Expert Group, the Facilitative Working Group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform, the Standing Committee on Finance, the Technology Executive Committee, the Paris Committee on Capacity-Building and bodies of the Financial Mechanism, including the Global Environment Facility and the Green Climate Fund. The Paris Agreement specifies that support be provided to developing countries in relation to mitigation (Article 4.5, “recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions”), the conservation and enhancement of sinks (Article 5.1), adaptation (Article 7.13), loss and damage (Article 8.3) and transparency (Articles 13.14 and 13.15), through the provision of finance (Article 9), technology development and transfer (Article 10) and capacity-building (Article 11).', 'The Paris Agreement specifies that support be provided to developing countries in relation to mitigation (Article 4.5, “recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions”), the conservation and enhancement of sinks (Article 5.1), adaptation (Article 7.13), loss and damage (Article 8.3) and transparency (Articles 13.14 and 13.15), through the provision of finance (Article 9), technology development and transfer (Article 10) and capacity-building (Article 11). The basis for South Africa’s NDC is the assumption that support will be provided for the implementation of the targets and goals specified above, for mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage. South Africa expects developed countries to continue to provide and mobilize climate finance and to support country-driven strategies, consistent with Article 9.', 'South Africa expects developed countries to continue to provide and mobilize climate finance and to support country-driven strategies, consistent with Article 9. South Africa will require support for a just transition towards net zero CO2. We also expect developed countries to show progression beyond previous efforts, to set a new collective quantified goal from a floor of USD 100 billion per year, taking into account the needs and priorities of developing countries. The overall costs of implementing South Africa’s climate policies associated with the achievement of this NDC’s targets and goals are partially estimated above and below. A detailed description of current policy implementation-related needs is provided in South Africa’s Biennial Update Reports under the Convention and in the forthcoming Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement.', 'A detailed description of current policy implementation-related needs is provided in South Africa’s Biennial Update Reports under the Convention and in the forthcoming Biennial Transparency Reports under the Paris Agreement. This update increases South Africa’s level of mitigation ambition. While some investments are already being made domestically and will continue, international support will be required. The key to this increased level of mitigation ambition is the electricity sector. So far, South Africa’s Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REI4P) has, as of March 2020, approved 112 renewable energy IPP projects, with a total of 6422 MW procured in four large-scale and three small- scale bid windows. 4201 MW of electricity generating capacity has been connected to the grid. This has attracted investments of ZAR 209.7 billion (ca.', 'This has attracted investments of ZAR 209.7 billion (ca. USD13 bn), of which 80% was domestic and 20% foreign investment The REI4P has created 50 984 job-years in SA; contributed ZAR1 200 million (USD 75m) in socio-economic development contributions, reduced carbon emissions of 47.7 Mt CO2 and saved 56.3 million litres of water (IPP office 2020). Over the next decade, the NDC will require a much greater investment programme, as specified in IPR 2019, of between R860 billion and R920 billion (in 2019 Rands; USD60-64 billion). The shift away from coal that IRP 2019 requires, will require support in the form of transition finance, and associated technology and capacity-building.', 'The shift away from coal that IRP 2019 requires, will require support in the form of transition finance, and associated technology and capacity-building. In addition, South Africa will invest in energy efficiency, a range of green transport measures including electric and hybridSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 29 vehicles, mode shifting and the enhanced provision of safe and affordable public transport. All of these measures will be accompanied by just transition programmes to ensure that the costs of these measures to workers and communities are minimised and the benefits maximized. The just transition in South Africa will require international cooperation and support. In the first NDC, South Africa identified various technologies that could help us to further reduce emissions.', 'In the first NDC, South Africa identified various technologies that could help us to further reduce emissions. In addition to these, we update to indicate the need for support in the form of concessional finance for low carbon projects; debt restructuring; support by the international climate and development and finance community for non-fossil-fuel development in Mpumalanga and elsewhere, and infrastructure to support energy efficiency, transmission and green hydrogen in support of electric vehicles, and public transport. South Africa will seek to develop small, medium and micro-enterprises, including energy service companies, to implement innovative technologies and create sustainable employment.', 'South Africa will seek to develop small, medium and micro-enterprises, including energy service companies, to implement innovative technologies and create sustainable employment. In addition to implementation of emissions reductions in the 2020s pursuant to the updated NDC target ranges contained in Table 2 above, support will also be required for longer term decarbonization, which will require investments in the 2020s in infrastructure, technology development and capacity-building. The projected costs of adaptation over the 2021-2030 period are detailed in the adaptation communication above, and include the costs of adaptation measures themselves, as well as the costs of building the relevant human and institutional capacity.', 'The projected costs of adaptation over the 2021-2030 period are detailed in the adaptation communication above, and include the costs of adaptation measures themselves, as well as the costs of building the relevant human and institutional capacity. In addition, South Africa will face significantly higher costs as a result of climate impacts which cannot be avoided during this period, and further work is underway to accurately quantify the costs. Support required for implementation includes the building of institutional and human capacity. Capacity-building is a continuous activity and initially focusing on the period of implementation – in our case, 2021-2025 and 2026-2030. A long-term perspective is important, to continue to build capacity for deep and rapid decarbonisation, and for adaptation to the impacts climate change.', 'A long-term perspective is important, to continue to build capacity for deep and rapid decarbonisation, and for adaptation to the impacts climate change. Long and deep transformations, for example in producing green steel, require international cooperation and support. In such transformations, we will seek to raise further awareness of the financial and technical support available for promoting the strengthening of gender integration into climate policies, including good practices to facilitate access to climate finance for grassroots women s organizations and indigenous peoples and local communities. Support for implementation of transparency and building of transparency-related capacity should be provided on a continuous basis, pursuant to Article 13.14 and 13.15 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Support for implementation of transparency and building of transparency-related capacity should be provided on a continuous basis, pursuant to Article 13.14 and 13.15 of the Paris Agreement. As detailed in South Africa’s 4th BUR, during the years 2018-2019, South Africa received USD4.886 billion in climate finance, or around USD2.4 billion per year, the majority of which was in the form of loans (11.% of this total was received in the form of grant finance, and the remainder in the form of loans). The overwhelming majority of this support was provided for mitigation projects.', 'The overwhelming majority of this support was provided for mitigation projects. South Africa’s key goal for its updated first NDC is to access significantly higher levels of climate finance during the periods of implementation of the first NDC, with a view to achieving a floor of USD 8 billion per year by 2030. This is in line with Article 4.3 of the Convention and Article 9.1 of the Paris Agreement. These resources will be equally distributed balanced between adaptation and mitigation, in line with Article 9.4 of the Paris Agreement. Additional finance will be mobilized on this basis, including Article 9.3 of the Paris Agreement as well as other forms of support from bilateral and multilateral sources as required. 6.', 'Additional finance will be mobilized on this basis, including Article 9.3 of the Paris Agreement as well as other forms of support from bilateral and multilateral sources as required. 6. Equitable access to sustainable development The core principles of equity, responsibility, capability and sustainable development are the basis of South Africa’s first NDC. Equity relates to adaptation, mitigation and all forms of investment and support. Equity does not only relate to Parties’ respective mitigation actions, as those least responsible for the problem of global climate change, namely poor countries and communities, areSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 30 most vulnerable to its impacts.', 'Equity does not only relate to Parties’ respective mitigation actions, as those least responsible for the problem of global climate change, namely poor countries and communities, areSouth Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 30 most vulnerable to its impacts. The Paris Agreement recognises “that the current need for adaptation is significant and that greater levels of mitigation can reduce the need for additional adaptation efforts, and that greater adaptation needs can involve greater adaptation costs” (Article 7.4). Those who have a greater responsibility for cumulative emissions that have driven up GHG concentrations in the atmosphere should, as a matter of fairness, assist those less responsible. An assessment of equity also needs to take into account means of implementation.', 'An assessment of equity also needs to take into account means of implementation. Generally, South Africa needs time for sustainable development, which is necessary to eliminate poverty, reduce inequality, increase employment and promote inclusive economic growth, while simultaneously seeking to contribute to mitigation and assist our vulnerable communities in adapting to climate impacts. South Africa has developed policies in key sectors on mitigation and adaptation focused on both reaching climate goals and ensuring a just transition in which no-one is left behind. It is assumed that international support will be available as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement to ensure that both development and climate goals can be met within the timeframe of this NDC, for mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage.', 'It is assumed that international support will be available as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement to ensure that both development and climate goals can be met within the timeframe of this NDC, for mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage. Regarding mitigation, South Africa has undertaken further detailed analysis of its relative fair share, updating the information provided in the first NDC. A fair share framework was developed, as a lens on how South Africa’s mitigation contribution represents a fair share of global mitigation efforts (see Table 3, section 6a above; and UCT 2021a).', 'A fair share framework was developed, as a lens on how South Africa’s mitigation contribution represents a fair share of global mitigation efforts (see Table 3, section 6a above; and UCT 2021a). The Paris Agreement in its Article 2 and 7.1 provides for increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impact of climate change in line with the goals towards limiting global average temperature increases; the agreement further in Article 7.2 recognizes the global nature of the adaptation responsibility. In this respect, Africa and South Africa, are warming at a rate that is above twice the global average temperature increase (Wolski 2019).', 'In this respect, Africa and South Africa, are warming at a rate that is above twice the global average temperature increase (Wolski 2019). The driver of this trend is the collective effect of global emissions, as such South Africa and the African continent bear a disproportionate share of the adaptation burden, both because of the uneven global distribution of climate impacts, and because of the skewed historical responsibility for GHG emissions.', 'The driver of this trend is the collective effect of global emissions, as such South Africa and the African continent bear a disproportionate share of the adaptation burden, both because of the uneven global distribution of climate impacts, and because of the skewed historical responsibility for GHG emissions. Equity in adaptation therefore requires a strong multilateral response in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, including the provision of support to developing countries for adaptation and the detailed evaluation of progress against the global goal for adaptation in the global stocktake and in the work of relevant constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement Fairness and adequacy of the South African NDC should therefore be looked at holistically, where the contributions by the country are not only looked at from an emissions reduction perspective but also an adaptation perspective.', 'Equity in adaptation therefore requires a strong multilateral response in the context of the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement, including the provision of support to developing countries for adaptation and the detailed evaluation of progress against the global goal for adaptation in the global stocktake and in the work of relevant constituted bodies under the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement Fairness and adequacy of the South African NDC should therefore be looked at holistically, where the contributions by the country are not only looked at from an emissions reduction perspective but also an adaptation perspective. With COVID-19, there has been a reduction in GHG emissions globally, but there is very high uncertainty on how long it may take the economy to recover, and for emissions to potentially rise again.', 'With COVID-19, there has been a reduction in GHG emissions globally, but there is very high uncertainty on how long it may take the economy to recover, and for emissions to potentially rise again. While these factors have been taken into account as far as possible, this has added additional uncertainties to emissions projections for the 2020s. Another key implication relates to support. While the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 are highly uncertain, it is very likely that South Africa will be more highly indebted than prior to the crisis, which will add additional strain to the South African fiscus, constrain local capital markets and potentially increase the cost of borrowing.', 'While the socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 are highly uncertain, it is very likely that South Africa will be more highly indebted than prior to the crisis, which will add additional strain to the South African fiscus, constrain local capital markets and potentially increase the cost of borrowing. While the South African greenhouse gas inventory system has consistently improved in its coverage and in the detail and quality of estimation of greenhouse gases, considerable uncertainties remain in estimating GHGs, especially in the land sector.', 'While the South African greenhouse gas inventory system has consistently improved in its coverage and in the detail and quality of estimation of greenhouse gases, considerable uncertainties remain in estimating GHGs, especially in the land sector. As South Africa improves its systems for estimating land sector emissions, recalculations may result in significant changes in previously reported GHG estimates.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 31 In addition, more accurate land sector reporting will lead to higher variability in GHG emissions from natural disturbances from wildfires, which will also become more common in South Africa as a result of climate change. The extent to which adaptation measures will need to be implemented will depend on what is achieved globally in terms of mitigation.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 32 8.', 'The extent to which adaptation measures will need to be implemented will depend on what is achieved globally in terms of mitigation.South Africa’s First NDC, 2020/21 Update 32 8. References and further information CSIR. 2021. “Nationally Determined Contributions Update: Adaptation Component.” Pretoria. DEA. 2011a. “National Climate Change Response White Paper.” Pretoria: Department of Environmental Affairs, South Africa. ———. 2011b. “National Strategy for Sustainable Development and Action Plan.” Tshwane: DEA. DEFF. 2020a. “National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy.” Tshwane. ———. 2020b. “National Climate Risk & Vulnerability (CRV) Assessment Framework.” Tshwane. Engelbrecht, Francois, Jimmy Adegoke, Mary-Jane Bopape, Mogesh Naidoo, Rebecca Garland, Marcus Thatcher, John Mcgregor, et al. 2015.', 'Engelbrecht, Francois, Jimmy Adegoke, Mary-Jane Bopape, Mogesh Naidoo, Rebecca Garland, Marcus Thatcher, John Mcgregor, et al. 2015. “Environmental Research Letters Projections of Rapidly Rising Surface Temperatures over Africa under Low Mitigation Related Content Projections of Rapidly Rising Surface Temperatures over Africa under Low Mitigation.” Environ. Res. Lett. Engelbrecht, Francois, Jimmy Adegoke, Mary-Jane Bopape, Mogesh Naidoo, Rebecca Garland, Marcus Thatcher, John McGregor, et al. 2015. “Projections of Rapidly Rising Surface Temperatures over Africa under Low Mitigation.” Environmental Research Letters 10 (8): 085004. 31 March 2020.” Centurion. NPC. 2011. National Development Plan 2030: Our Future - Make It Work. Pretoria: National Planning Commission, The Presidency, South Africa. RSA. 2015. “South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC).', '“South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Online 25 September 2015.” Pretoria: Republic of South Africa. Documents/South Africa/1/South Africa.pdf. ———. 2016. “South Africa’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). 1 November.” Tshwane. UCT. 2021a. “South Africa’s ‘Fair Share’: Mitigation Targets in the Updated First NDC in an International Context.” Cape Town. ———. 2021b. “Technical Analysis to Support the Update of South Africa’s First NDC’s Mitigation Target Ranges.” Cape Town: Energy Systems Research Group, University of Cape Town. UNFCCC. 2018a. “Decision 4/CMA.1: Further Guidance in Relation to the Mitigation Section of Decision 1/CP.21. Document FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.1.” Katowice. ———. 2018b. “Decision 18/CMA.1, with Annex: Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines for the Transparency Framework for Action and Support Referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. Document FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2 .” Katowice.', '“Decision 18/CMA.1, with Annex: Modalities, Procedures and Guidelines for the Transparency Framework for Action and Support Referred to in Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. Document FCCC/PA/CMA/2018/3/Add.2 .” Katowice. Wolski, Piotr. 2019. “Twice the Global Rate.” CSAG Blog. University of Cape Town.'] | en-US |
307 | SSD | South Sudan | 2nd NDC | 2021-09-21 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/South%20Sudan's%20Second%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/2dfe6f57f39fe1ad831ba94a3473651304af48ba078e5ab92cb8221d537dd4bb.pdf | ['The Republic of South Sudan South Sudan s Second Nationally Determined Contribution© SOUTH SUDAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTRY, 2021, JUBA UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME CLIMATE PROMISE UNDP is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality and climate change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lasting solutions for people and planet. Learn more at undp.org or follow at @UNDP. DONOR AND PARTNER ACKNOWLEDGMENT This product was developed under UNDP’s Climate Promise, with generous funding from the governments of Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy, the European Union and UNDP’s other core contributors.South Sudan s Second Nationally Determined Contribution2 Second Nationally Determined Contribution CONTENTSLISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES 5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 13 2.', 'DONOR AND PARTNER ACKNOWLEDGMENT This product was developed under UNDP’s Climate Promise, with generous funding from the governments of Germany, Sweden, Spain, Italy, the European Union and UNDP’s other core contributors.South Sudan s Second Nationally Determined Contribution2 Second Nationally Determined Contribution CONTENTSLISTS OF TABLES AND FIGURES 5 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 13 2. ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT 29 3.2 Climate and climate change impacts 35 3.3 Environment and natural resources 39 4. MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (METABOLIC 4.1 National trends and development 47 4.2 Historical trends of resource use and emissions 49 4.3 Waste processing and recycling 50 4.4 Mapping resource flows, stocks and outputs 50 4.5 Circular opportunities for South Sudan 53 6.', 'MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (METABOLIC 4.1 National trends and development 47 4.2 Historical trends of resource use and emissions 49 4.3 Waste processing and recycling 50 4.4 Mapping resource flows, stocks and outputs 50 4.5 Circular opportunities for South Sudan 53 6. NDC SECTOR LINKAGES WITH IPCC4 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.1 Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 70 7.2 Infrastructure (construction and 7.4 Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 89 7.8 Tourism and recreation 108 7.9 Mining and quarrying 112 7.12 Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 123 7.14 Disaster risk management 128 8.1 The policy environment 131 8.3 Institutional framework for NDC 9. CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY 11.', 'NDC SECTOR LINKAGES WITH IPCC4 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.1 Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 70 7.2 Infrastructure (construction and 7.4 Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 89 7.8 Tourism and recreation 108 7.9 Mining and quarrying 112 7.12 Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 123 7.14 Disaster risk management 128 8.1 The policy environment 131 8.3 Institutional framework for NDC 9. CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY 11. NDC FINANCING REQUIREMENTS 151 11.1 Proposed finance required 151 11.2 Financial instruments for NDCTABLES Table 1: Leading causes of death in South Sudan 41 Table 2: SCP-HAT parameters 46 Table 7: Circular opportunities for South Sudan 57 Table 8: Scores for sector prioritization 62 Table 9: NDC prioritization matrix 65 Table 10: Mitigation strategies for the agriculture sector 72 Table 11: Adaptation strategies for agriculture and fisheries 74 Table 12: Mitigation strategies for the infrastructure sector 81 Table 13: Adaptation strategies for the infrastructure sector 82 Table 14: Mitigation strategies for the forestry sector 85 Table 15: Adaptation strategies for the forestry sector 88 Table 16: Mitigation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 90 Table 17: Adaptation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 91 Table 18: Mitigation strategies for the electricity sector 97 Table 19: Mitigation strategies for the water sector 100 Table 20: Adaptation strategies for the water sector 101 Table 21: Mitigation strategies for the waste sector 105 Table 22: Adaptation strategies for the waste sector 107 Table 23: Mitigation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector 110 Table 24: Adaptation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector 111 Table 25: Mitigation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector 114 Table 26: Adaptation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector 114 Table 27: Mitigation strategies for the transport sector 118 Table 28: Mitigation strategies for the industrial sector 121 Table 29: Mitigation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 124 Table 30: Adaptation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 125 Table 31: Status of the health sector in South Sudan 126 Table 32: Adaptation strategies for the health sector 1276 Second Nationally Determined Contribution FIGURES Figure 1: Map of South Sudan 34 Figure 2: Average monthly temperature and rainfall in South Sudan, 1901–2016 35 Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 36 Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 37 Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 37 Figure 6: Climate Change Vulnerability Index, 2017 38 Figure 7: Population growth of South Sudan 40 Figure 8: Sector briefs 47 Figure 9: Social, economic and environmental parameters 48 Figure 10: Material use decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 11: GHG emissions decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 12: Land use and biodiversity loss decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 13: Resource consumption in South Sudan 50 Figure 14: Resource consumption by sector, 2015 51 Figure 16: GHG emissions by sector, 2015 53 Figure 17: Resource flows, stocks and outputs 55 Figure 18: The DISRUPT framework 56 Figure 19: GHG emissions from domestic production in the agriculture sector, 2012–2015 70 Table 33: Adaptation strategies for the disaster risk management sector 129 Table 34: Climate change strategies outlined in the Fisheries Policy 134 Table 35: Major administrative bodies for climate change 135 Table 36: Stakeholders active in climate change 139 Table 37: NDC implementing entities 140 Table 38: Implementing entities across sectors 141 Table 39: Strategies for gender inclusion in the NDC 149 Table 40: Financing requirements for NDC adaptation strategies 152 Table 41: Financing requirement for NDC mitigation strategies 154 Table 42: Climate funds supporting sub-Saharan Africa 157Figure 20: GHG emissions from domestic production in the fishing sector, 2012–2015 71 Figure 21: Emission reduction scenarios for the agriculture sector, 2012–2030 71 Figure 22: Employment in the agriculture sector, 2012–2015 78 Figure 23: Employment in the fishing sector, 2012–2015 78 Figure 24: GHG emissions consumption footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 79 Figure 25: GHG emissions domestic footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 79 Figure 26: GHG emission scenarios for the infrastructure sector, 2016–2030 80 Figure 27: Employment in the construction sector, 2012–2015 83 Figure 28: GHG emissions and sinks in land use, land-use change and forestry, 2015 83 Figure 29: GHG emission sequestration scenarios for the forestry sector, 2018–2030 84 Figure 30: Installed electricity generation capacity (MW) in South Sudan, 2018 95 Figure 31: GHG emissions from domestic production of electricity, gas and water, 2012–2015 95 Figure 32: GHG emission scenarios for electricity generation, 2018–2030 95 Figure 33: Employment in the electricity, gas and water sectors, 2012–2015 99 Figure 34: Composition of municipal solid waste in Juba 103 Figure 35: Sources of solid waste in Juba 103 Figure 36: GHG emissions from the waste sector, 2012–2015 103 Figure 37: Domestic production of GHG emissions from recycling, 2012–2015 104 Figure 38: GHG emission scenarios for the waste sector, 2012–2030 104 Figure 40: Hotel and restaurant sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 109 Figure 41: GHG emission reduction scenarios for the hotel and restaurant sector, 2010–2030 109 Figure 42: Employment in hotels and restaurants, 2012–2015 111 Figure 43: Mining and quarrying sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 113 Figure 44: Employment in the mining and quarrying sector, 2012–2015 115 Figure 45: GHG emissions from the transport sector, 2012–2015 116 Figure 46: GHG emission scenarios for the transport sector, 2012–2030 117 Figure 47: Employment in the transport sector, 2012–2015 119 Figure 48: GHG emissions of the industrial sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 120 Figure 49: Share of industry sub-sectors to GHG emissions from domestic production, Figure 50: Employment in the industrial sector, 2012–2015 122 Figure 51: GHG emissions in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 123 Figure 52: Employment in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Figure 53: Institutional framework for NDC implementation 1388 Second Nationally Determined ContributionFOREWORD This document presents South Sudan’s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC); it updates the first NDC to include the country’s changing climate and its development considerations.', 'NDC FINANCING REQUIREMENTS 151 11.1 Proposed finance required 151 11.2 Financial instruments for NDCTABLES Table 1: Leading causes of death in South Sudan 41 Table 2: SCP-HAT parameters 46 Table 7: Circular opportunities for South Sudan 57 Table 8: Scores for sector prioritization 62 Table 9: NDC prioritization matrix 65 Table 10: Mitigation strategies for the agriculture sector 72 Table 11: Adaptation strategies for agriculture and fisheries 74 Table 12: Mitigation strategies for the infrastructure sector 81 Table 13: Adaptation strategies for the infrastructure sector 82 Table 14: Mitigation strategies for the forestry sector 85 Table 15: Adaptation strategies for the forestry sector 88 Table 16: Mitigation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 90 Table 17: Adaptation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 91 Table 18: Mitigation strategies for the electricity sector 97 Table 19: Mitigation strategies for the water sector 100 Table 20: Adaptation strategies for the water sector 101 Table 21: Mitigation strategies for the waste sector 105 Table 22: Adaptation strategies for the waste sector 107 Table 23: Mitigation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector 110 Table 24: Adaptation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector 111 Table 25: Mitigation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector 114 Table 26: Adaptation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector 114 Table 27: Mitigation strategies for the transport sector 118 Table 28: Mitigation strategies for the industrial sector 121 Table 29: Mitigation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 124 Table 30: Adaptation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products 125 Table 31: Status of the health sector in South Sudan 126 Table 32: Adaptation strategies for the health sector 1276 Second Nationally Determined Contribution FIGURES Figure 1: Map of South Sudan 34 Figure 2: Average monthly temperature and rainfall in South Sudan, 1901–2016 35 Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 36 Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 37 Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 37 Figure 6: Climate Change Vulnerability Index, 2017 38 Figure 7: Population growth of South Sudan 40 Figure 8: Sector briefs 47 Figure 9: Social, economic and environmental parameters 48 Figure 10: Material use decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 11: GHG emissions decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 12: Land use and biodiversity loss decoupling trend, 2012–2015 49 Figure 13: Resource consumption in South Sudan 50 Figure 14: Resource consumption by sector, 2015 51 Figure 16: GHG emissions by sector, 2015 53 Figure 17: Resource flows, stocks and outputs 55 Figure 18: The DISRUPT framework 56 Figure 19: GHG emissions from domestic production in the agriculture sector, 2012–2015 70 Table 33: Adaptation strategies for the disaster risk management sector 129 Table 34: Climate change strategies outlined in the Fisheries Policy 134 Table 35: Major administrative bodies for climate change 135 Table 36: Stakeholders active in climate change 139 Table 37: NDC implementing entities 140 Table 38: Implementing entities across sectors 141 Table 39: Strategies for gender inclusion in the NDC 149 Table 40: Financing requirements for NDC adaptation strategies 152 Table 41: Financing requirement for NDC mitigation strategies 154 Table 42: Climate funds supporting sub-Saharan Africa 157Figure 20: GHG emissions from domestic production in the fishing sector, 2012–2015 71 Figure 21: Emission reduction scenarios for the agriculture sector, 2012–2030 71 Figure 22: Employment in the agriculture sector, 2012–2015 78 Figure 23: Employment in the fishing sector, 2012–2015 78 Figure 24: GHG emissions consumption footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 79 Figure 25: GHG emissions domestic footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 79 Figure 26: GHG emission scenarios for the infrastructure sector, 2016–2030 80 Figure 27: Employment in the construction sector, 2012–2015 83 Figure 28: GHG emissions and sinks in land use, land-use change and forestry, 2015 83 Figure 29: GHG emission sequestration scenarios for the forestry sector, 2018–2030 84 Figure 30: Installed electricity generation capacity (MW) in South Sudan, 2018 95 Figure 31: GHG emissions from domestic production of electricity, gas and water, 2012–2015 95 Figure 32: GHG emission scenarios for electricity generation, 2018–2030 95 Figure 33: Employment in the electricity, gas and water sectors, 2012–2015 99 Figure 34: Composition of municipal solid waste in Juba 103 Figure 35: Sources of solid waste in Juba 103 Figure 36: GHG emissions from the waste sector, 2012–2015 103 Figure 37: Domestic production of GHG emissions from recycling, 2012–2015 104 Figure 38: GHG emission scenarios for the waste sector, 2012–2030 104 Figure 40: Hotel and restaurant sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 109 Figure 41: GHG emission reduction scenarios for the hotel and restaurant sector, 2010–2030 109 Figure 42: Employment in hotels and restaurants, 2012–2015 111 Figure 43: Mining and quarrying sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 113 Figure 44: Employment in the mining and quarrying sector, 2012–2015 115 Figure 45: GHG emissions from the transport sector, 2012–2015 116 Figure 46: GHG emission scenarios for the transport sector, 2012–2030 117 Figure 47: Employment in the transport sector, 2012–2015 119 Figure 48: GHG emissions of the industrial sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 120 Figure 49: Share of industry sub-sectors to GHG emissions from domestic production, Figure 50: Employment in the industrial sector, 2012–2015 122 Figure 51: GHG emissions in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 123 Figure 52: Employment in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Figure 53: Institutional framework for NDC implementation 1388 Second Nationally Determined ContributionFOREWORD This document presents South Sudan’s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC); it updates the first NDC to include the country’s changing climate and its development considerations. South Sudan has come a long way since it published its first NDC with the development of its detailed greenhouse gas inventory (published in its National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), the establishment of its National Adaptation Programme of Action, and the development of other climate-related sectoral plans and policies.', 'South Sudan has come a long way since it published its first NDC with the development of its detailed greenhouse gas inventory (published in its National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), the establishment of its National Adaptation Programme of Action, and the development of other climate-related sectoral plans and policies. In addition to these elements, South Sudan, as part of this NDC revision process, has also carried out a detailed science-based metabolic and circularity assessment to inform its revised climate-related strategies. All of this progress is presented in detail in this document. South Sudan, through this second NDC, reiterates its commitment to the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while making efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius.', 'South Sudan, through this second NDC, reiterates its commitment to the Paris Agreement goal of limiting global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while making efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. It details how South Sudan has significantly increased its climate ambition of reducing emissions across its sectors by 109.87 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent while sequestering an additional 45.06 million tonnes by 2030. As part of South Sudan’s increased ambition, this second NDC has also increased the country’s sectoral coverage, and instituted additional mitigation and adaptation measures in sectors that were included in the first NDC.', 'As part of South Sudan’s increased ambition, this second NDC has also increased the country’s sectoral coverage, and instituted additional mitigation and adaptation measures in sectors that were included in the first NDC. These strategies have been designed to ensure that South Sudan adopts a sustainable and low-carbon growth pathway while also supporting the country’s vision to ‘transition from a least developed country to a middle-income country by 2030 supported by inclusive, stable and sustainable economic growth whilst alleviating poverty’. Thus, recognizing the importance of this document in ascertaining South Sudan’s sustainable economic future, it covers energy- and emission- intensive sectors such as petroleum and mining, which are key economic drivers for the country.', 'Thus, recognizing the importance of this document in ascertaining South Sudan’s sustainable economic future, it covers energy- and emission- intensive sectors such as petroleum and mining, which are key economic drivers for the country. In this regard, a detailed exercise was carried out to identify and prioritize the top 14 sectors that would have a significant impact on South Sudan’s economic and low-carbon future. This second NDC explores each sector in granular detail, providing an in-depth assessment of its individual adaptive or mitigative potential together with the strategies required to meet that potential. Furthermore, addressing the need to view climate- related activities through a holistic lens, it goes beyond the element of emission reductions; this second NDC also accounts for impacts on various social aspects, such as gender responsiveness and employment opportunities, for each NDC sector.', 'Furthermore, addressing the need to view climate- related activities through a holistic lens, it goes beyond the element of emission reductions; this second NDC also accounts for impacts on various social aspects, such as gender responsiveness and employment opportunities, for each NDC sector. This document has been developed through an extensive participatory process wherein stakeholders representing government institutions, and developmental and financing mechanisms throughout every level of governance, and those representing civil society, have incorporated their views and aspirations within it. Thus, South Sudan’s second NDC document is a truly national document that will govern South Sudan’s future in an economically and environmentally sustainable manner. H.E. Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit President of the Republic of South Sudan10 Second Nationally Determined ContributionPREFACE South Sudan is a least-developed country located in East-Central Africa.', 'Gen. Salva Kiir Mayardit President of the Republic of South Sudan10 Second Nationally Determined ContributionPREFACE South Sudan is a least-developed country located in East-Central Africa. It is the world’s newest country, having gained independence from Sudan in July 2011 after a prolonged civil war. In addition to the negative impacts of long-term conflict, communities in South Sudan are facing the negative effects of a changing climate. In general, the country is experiencing substantially warmer and drier weather, and more droughts. In addition, rainfall is becoming more erratic, and the frequency and severity of floods is increasing. These effects of climate change, in turn, decrease agricultural productivity, upon which the majority of the population depends for their livelihoods. Unless communities adapt, climate change will hinder socio-economic development and contribute to existing tensions and conflicts over natural resources in South Sudan.', 'Unless communities adapt, climate change will hinder socio-economic development and contribute to existing tensions and conflicts over natural resources in South Sudan. Therefore, in response to the negative impacts of climate change, the Republic of South Sudan, in its second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), has identified key sectors, climate actions (mitigation and adaptation), strategies and plans that are aimed at contributing to ambitious international long-term goals of limiting global warming and building resilience to climate impacts in the context of sustainable development. In addition, South Sudan has developed strategies to mobilize resources and for communication to help achieve the climate-change actions and strategies identified under the NDC. Implementation of these measures and policies will achieve a low- carbon development pathway while reducing the vulnerability of its population, environment and economy, thereby building resilience and ensuring national ownership and commitment.', 'Implementation of these measures and policies will achieve a low- carbon development pathway while reducing the vulnerability of its population, environment and economy, thereby building resilience and ensuring national ownership and commitment. The NDC should be mainstreamed in the development planning process across different government sectors to ensure climate-centric development for long-term resilience and to interrupt the poverty cycle. The processes followed in implementing the NDC will allow South Sudan to tackle the impacts of climate change that threaten humankind. Lastly, it has been my honour and pleasure to write these introductory remarks and endorse the Republic of South Sudan’s second NDC. This document, and the process that it represents, is the first step on the road to a prosperous and climate-resilient future for all South Sudanese. Hon.', 'This document, and the process that it represents, is the first step on the road to a prosperous and climate-resilient future for all South Sudanese. Hon. Josephine Napwon Cosmas Minister of Environment and Forestry Republic of South Sudan12 Second Nationally Determined Contribution ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We extend our sincere gratitude to His Excellency Taban Deng Gai, the Vice President of the Republic of South Sudan, for his support and encouragement throughout the process of revising the country’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). We would also like to thank Mr John Payai Manyok, the Deputy Director and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change National Focal Point for South Sudan, and his supporting staff from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for their continual guidance and support during the preparation and validation of this NDC.', 'We would also like to thank Mr John Payai Manyok, the Deputy Director and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change National Focal Point for South Sudan, and his supporting staff from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry for their continual guidance and support during the preparation and validation of this NDC. As representatives of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, we would like to express our gratitude and appreciation to all stakeholders who shared their valuable time and provided valuable input and information during consultations and the NDC validation workshop, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes government line ministries; the local governments of Central and Eastern Equatoria states; academic and research institutions; non-governmental and community- based organizations; representatives of women, youth and the general public of South Sudan; and the media.', 'This includes government line ministries; the local governments of Central and Eastern Equatoria states; academic and research institutions; non-governmental and community- based organizations; representatives of women, youth and the general public of South Sudan; and the media. We extend special gratitude to Ambassadors to South Sudan Marc Trouyet of France, Naohiro Tsutsumi of Japan, Jelta van Wieren of The Netherlands, S.D. Moorthy of India and Jonny Baxter of the United Kingdom for their precious time and inputs based on their NDC experiences in their respective countries. Sincere thanks and appreciation to all the UNDP team members, including Ms Alexandra Soezer, Mr Daniel Kiir and Mr Jose Manzano, who led the development of this new, comprehensive NDC document.', 'Sincere thanks and appreciation to all the UNDP team members, including Ms Alexandra Soezer, Mr Daniel Kiir and Mr Jose Manzano, who led the development of this new, comprehensive NDC document. Finally, special thanks go to UNDP’s Climate Promise for funding the revision of South Sudan’s NDC, and to KPMG for producing South Sudan’s second NDC. Hon.', 'Finally, special thanks go to UNDP’s Climate Promise for funding the revision of South Sudan’s NDC, and to KPMG for producing South Sudan’s second NDC. Hon. Joseph Africano Bartel Undersecretary of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of South SudanAbbreviations and acronyms 13 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank CAMP Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan CH methane CO carbon dioxide ER emission reduction ESIA environmental and social impact assessment EV electric vehicle FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FY financial year GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF land use, land use change and forestry m2 square metre MW megawatt N O nitrous oxide NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NATCOM Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDS National Development Strategy °C degree Celsius Ramsar Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCP-HAT Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool SDG Sustainable Development Goal t tonne (metric ton) tCO e tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization $ United States dollar % percent14 Second Nationally Determined Contribution SUMMARYExecutive summary 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of South Sudan became a new nation after more than 50 years of civil war that took over 3 million lives and displaced over a million people.', 'Joseph Africano Bartel Undersecretary of Environment, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Republic of South SudanAbbreviations and acronyms 13 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AfDB African Development Bank CAMP Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan CH methane CO carbon dioxide ER emission reduction ESIA environmental and social impact assessment EV electric vehicle FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FY financial year GDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LULUCF land use, land use change and forestry m2 square metre MW megawatt N O nitrous oxide NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action NATCOM Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDS National Development Strategy °C degree Celsius Ramsar Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCP-HAT Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool SDG Sustainable Development Goal t tonne (metric ton) tCO e tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization $ United States dollar % percent14 Second Nationally Determined Contribution SUMMARYExecutive summary 15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of South Sudan became a new nation after more than 50 years of civil war that took over 3 million lives and displaced over a million people. South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa.', 'South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa. The protracted conflict destroyed the limited infrastructure and governance structures that existed before the conflict. In December 2013 and July 2016, renewed conflicts undermined the development gains made since independence and exacerbated the humanitarian crisis. The gradual implementation of the peace agreement of September 2018, which included establishing a unity government in February 2020 and an agreement on the number of states, gave a positive economic outlook in early 2020. Along with the negative impacts of long-term conflicts, the adverse effects of changing climate are also being faced by the inhabitants of South Sudan. The country is experiencing an increasingly warm and dry climate with erratic rainfall.', 'The country is experiencing an increasingly warm and dry climate with erratic rainfall. This is resulting in degradation of ecosystems and decreased agricultural productivity that is negatively impacting the livelihoods of a majority of the population. Political and economic instability, including limited access to capital, markets, infrastructure and technology, along with changing climate, are hindering the growth of the country. Recognizing this, and to achieve sustainable economic development, South Sudan aims to transition from a least developed country to a middle-income country by 2030, supported by inclusive, stable and sustainable economic growth, while alleviating poverty.', 'Recognizing this, and to achieve sustainable economic development, South Sudan aims to transition from a least developed country to a middle-income country by 2030, supported by inclusive, stable and sustainable economic growth, while alleviating poverty. Promoting environmental sustainability, climate-resilient communities and appropriate land use has been identified as a critical enabler that will complement the eight strategic priorities of the National Development Strategy (NDS) 2018–2021 (South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning, South Sudan aims to transition from a least developed country to a middle- income country by 2030.16 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 2018). To accomplish these goals, South Sudan has developed multiple sectoral policies and plans. This report presents the country’s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), putting forward the next generation of targets with the overarching goal of transitioning to a low-carbon economy by 2030.', 'This report presents the country’s second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), putting forward the next generation of targets with the overarching goal of transitioning to a low-carbon economy by 2030. MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (METABOLIC ASSESSMENT) Decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures requires a combination of low-carbon development and efficiency in the use of resources. To achieve this efficiency, it is important to understand how these resources flow within an economy to produce requisite goods and services. Mapping out the flows and stocks1 of a country helps bring efficiency in resource and energy use into the overall economic system. South Sudan’s history of economic growth trends against its resource consumption and emissions profile were studied as part of this assessment. It was found that South Sudan consumes fewer material resources than other countries.', 'It was found that South Sudan consumes fewer material resources than other countries. Given that it has a low rate of material consumption, South Sudan is likely to regenerate or renew its resources at a comparatively high rate. However, with increased economic growth and development this scenario could change. Growth and development in South Sudan are currently significantly dependent on primary material consumption, i.e., biomass, fossil fuel, metal ores and non-metallic minerals. There is minimal decoupling between material use and the wider economy. Similarly, in the case of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, minimal decoupling is seen between South Sudan’s economic growth and its GHG emissions. A summary of South Sudan’s resource flows within sectors, likely change in stock, and outputs (GHG emissions) has been provided below: 1 Stocks refer to any natural and/or physical asset of a country.', 'A summary of South Sudan’s resource flows within sectors, likely change in stock, and outputs (GHG emissions) has been provided below: 1 Stocks refer to any natural and/or physical asset of a country. • Resource flows: Biomass is the most consumed resource (57 percent) in the country. The majority of biomass is consumed by the industrial sector, followed by agriculture and public services (education, health and public administration). Fossil fuel is the second most consumed (41 percent) resource in the country and is primarily used in the construction and industrial sectors, followed by public services (education, health and public administration) and the petroleum sector itself. • Stocks: All materials that flow in an economy have an origin and a destination and interact with various stocks in the process.', '• Stocks: All materials that flow in an economy have an origin and a destination and interact with various stocks in the process. Since the infrastructure base (physical stock) in the country is currently underdeveloped, the most used stocks in the country are its natural assets, i.e., arable land and forests. Both arable land under agriculture and physical infrastructure stock are likely to increase in the future. However, given the current annual rate of deforestation (2 percent), land under forestry is likely to reduce. • GHG emissions: A gradual increase of GHG emissions has been observed over the years in South Sudan, from both a domestic production and resource consumption perspective. Emissions due to domestic production and resource consumption have been increasing at rates of 1.22 percent and 1.14 percent per annum, respectively.', 'Emissions due to domestic production and resource consumption have been increasing at rates of 1.22 percent and 1.14 percent per annum, respectively. The slow rise in GHG emissions over the years parallels South Sudan’s slow economic and population growth. GHG emissions from domestic production are mostly from the agriculture and livestock sector, followed by the petroleum and service sectors. In terms of resource consumption, industry and hotels, restaurants and other service sectors account for the greatest amount of GHG emissions, along with the agriculture and livestock sector.Executive summary 17 While the population in South Sudan is increasing, the intensity of use of materials, carbon emissions and land use are observed to be decreasing. This signifies that South Sudan’s environmental resources are increasingly being placed under pressure due to an increasing population.', 'This signifies that South Sudan’s environmental resources are increasingly being placed under pressure due to an increasing population. Furthermore, with the lack of decoupling between its environmental resources and economic growth, it is imperative that the country increasingly adopt a sustainable and circular lifestyle when it comes to utilizing its resources. This will have the dual impact of helping South Sudan decouple its economic growth from its resource use, while at the same time reducing the pressure of an increasing population on its resources. The output of this assessment was used to identify circular opportunities for South Sudan in key economic sectors that include agriculture and livestock, forestry, energy, industry, infrastructure construction and waste. These strategies will help South Sudan move towards establishing a more circular economy.', 'These strategies will help South Sudan move towards establishing a more circular economy. SECTOR PRIORITIZATION A sector prioritization exercise was conducted to identify sectors for further assessment and inclusion in the NDC. Sectors were prioritized based on economic, environmental and socio- economic parameters that are key for South Sudan’s development. The sectors were scored against each parameter and, based on their overall scores, were prioritized. Based on the final scores and their individual significance to South Sudan’s development, eight sectors were identified. In addition to these sectors, additional sectors were included, based on the inputs of all relevant South Sudanese stakeholders, making a total of 14 sectors. These are as follows:18 Second Nationally Determined Contribution SECTORAL STRATEGIES After finalizing the sectors to be included in the NDC, a detailed assessment of each sector was conducted.', 'These are as follows:18 Second Nationally Determined Contribution SECTORAL STRATEGIES After finalizing the sectors to be included in the NDC, a detailed assessment of each sector was conducted. This assessment, along with the outputs of the material flow analysis, was used to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for each individual sector. The timeframe that will be required for implementation of NDC strategies was also determined. The proposed sectoral strategies, if implemented, will move South Sudan onto an ambitious decarbonization pathway compatible with the Paris Agreement’s goal of holding global temperature rise to well below 2°C, with efforts to limit temperature rise to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels. The table below summarizes the emission reduction pathway and estimated potential of emission reduction for each of the 10 mitigation sectors.', 'The table below summarizes the emission reduction pathway and estimated potential of emission reduction for each of the 10 mitigation sectors. In total, by implementing these strategies South Sudan can reduce an estimated 109.87 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e) and sequester 45.06 million tCO e by 2030. 1. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 2. Infrastructure (construction and buildings) 4. Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management 8. Tourism and recreation 9. Mining and quarrying 12. Petroleum, chemicals and non-metallic mineral products 14.', 'Petroleum, chemicals and non-metallic mineral products 14. Disaster risk management Sector Emission reduction pathway Potential emission reduction (million tCO e) Potential emission sequestration (million tCO e) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 18% reduction in GHG emissions compared to Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Procurement of green cement Forestry 70% reduction in deforested area – 45.06 Electricity Installation of 2,729.5 MW of renewable energy- based power plants (including hydropower) 11.90 – Waste 30% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline 10.94 – Tourism and recreation 66% reduction in GHG emissions related to hotels and restaurants compared to baseline 0.02 – Mining and quarrying – – – Transport 44% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline 2.43 – Industry – – – Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products – – –Executive summary 19 A summary of NDC sectoral strategies that will be implemented to achieved emission reduction targets is provided below.', 'Disaster risk management Sector Emission reduction pathway Potential emission reduction (million tCO e) Potential emission sequestration (million tCO e) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 18% reduction in GHG emissions compared to Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Procurement of green cement Forestry 70% reduction in deforested area – 45.06 Electricity Installation of 2,729.5 MW of renewable energy- based power plants (including hydropower) 11.90 – Waste 30% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline 10.94 – Tourism and recreation 66% reduction in GHG emissions related to hotels and restaurants compared to baseline 0.02 – Mining and quarrying – – – Transport 44% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline 2.43 – Industry – – – Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products – – –Executive summary 19 A summary of NDC sectoral strategies that will be implemented to achieved emission reduction targets is provided below. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Agriculture and livestock The agriculture sector is one of the largest emitters of GHG emissions in South Sudan, with around 74 percent of the emissions coming from the sector in 2015.', 'Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Agriculture and livestock The agriculture sector is one of the largest emitters of GHG emissions in South Sudan, with around 74 percent of the emissions coming from the sector in 2015. On the other hand, this sector is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The majority of the population in South Sudan is dependent on agriculture and livestock for their livelihoods, yet agricultural productivity remains low in the country. Currently, a large proportion of the population of South Sudan is food insecure and with changes in the climatic pattern, this problem is likely to intensify. Therefore, growth of the agriculture sector and enhancing food security are key priority areas for both climate-related and development policies of South Sudan.', 'Therefore, growth of the agriculture sector and enhancing food security are key priority areas for both climate-related and development policies of South Sudan. However, most plans and projects are either in the implementation stage or are yet to be implemented. Given the current status of the sector, agriculture will be considered to be a priority from both the climate change mitigation and adaptation standpoints in the second NDC. South Sudan aims to cumulatively reduce agricultural emissions by 23 percent by 2030 compared to baseline levels. To reduce its emissions footprint, South Sudan will focus on promotion and implementation of activities like crop rotation, reduced tillage, zero grazing and rotational grazing to allow carbon to remain in the soil, thereby reducing GHG emissions.', 'To reduce its emissions footprint, South Sudan will focus on promotion and implementation of activities like crop rotation, reduced tillage, zero grazing and rotational grazing to allow carbon to remain in the soil, thereby reducing GHG emissions. South Sudan will use its high agricultural production potential to create targeted agricultural hubs2 promoting closed agricultural loops. This will not only allow for efficient growth in the sector but also enable waste management and recycling, resulting in a reduction in GHG emissions. 2 Agricultural hubs are interconnected agricultural market spaces that are established in close proximity to agricultural land allowing for quicker and more efficient transportation of agricultural produce and waste between the field and the market.', '2 Agricultural hubs are interconnected agricultural market spaces that are established in close proximity to agricultural land allowing for quicker and more efficient transportation of agricultural produce and waste between the field and the market. The second NDC will also focus on strategies for proper management of livestock, since enteric fermentation contributes significantly to overall agricultural emissions. From a climate change adaptation standpoint, promotion of climate- resilient agricultural and livestock management practices, water harvesting and diversification of livelihoods of pastoralists and communities dependent on agriculture will be key aspects of the second NDC. Fisheries As is the case with agriculture and livestock, fisheries are depended on by a large proportion of South Sudan’s population for their livelihood.', 'Fisheries As is the case with agriculture and livestock, fisheries are depended on by a large proportion of South Sudan’s population for their livelihood. Employment in the sector has been steadily increasing, but overall there is a decreasing trend in fish production, which is indicative of inefficient harvesting practices and lack of infrastructure (e.g., cold storage). With climate change, the negative impact on fish production is likely to intensify. The Government of South Sudan, through its current NDC, Fisheries Policy and National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2016) therefore aims to enhance productivity through community-based adaptation strategies, while promoting alternate livelihood options. The sector is also considered to fall under other development policies, such as the Vision 2040 (South Sudan, 2011) and the NDS.', 'The sector is also considered to fall under other development policies, such as the Vision 2040 (South Sudan, 2011) and the NDS. The sector seems to be lagging in meeting its targets and utilizing the country’s annual fish production potential. The second NDC will continue to focus on enhancing climate-resilient fish production by promoting activities like the cultivation of indigenous fish species, fish farming and restoration of fishery habitats. It will also aim at enhancing the supply chain of the fisheries industry (e.g., supporting transport activities and cold storage). Furthermore, the second NDC will consider enhancing the capacity of communities20 Second Nationally Determined Contribution on climate change and promote aquaculture as an alternate livelihood option. Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Currently, South Sudan lacks access to basic infrastructure (e.g., roads, water supply and sewerage).', 'Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Currently, South Sudan lacks access to basic infrastructure (e.g., roads, water supply and sewerage). Therefore, development of infrastructure is currently a high priority area for the Government of South Sudan. The NDS provides three-year targets for infrastructure development (e.g., construction of transport, water and sanitation facilities) while the current NDC aims to consider climate change criteria in any new construction activity and promote development of climate- resilient infrastructure. The second NDC will continue to promote the development of climate-resilient infrastructure for reducing South Sudan’s vulnerability to climatic changes in future. It will also promote the adoption of national building codes to incorporate climate change criteria in the construction of new buildings.', 'It will also promote the adoption of national building codes to incorporate climate change criteria in the construction of new buildings. Since South Sudan is largely dependent on imported construction materials, the second NDC includes the development of sustainable and low-carbon procurement policies to regulate the importation of high-carbon construction materials to reduce their embedded emissions. By implementing such policies, South Sudan could achieve cumulative emission reduction of 9.5 million tCO e (26 percent lower than the baseline) by 2030. Furthermore, South Sudan will promote the reuse of construction waste, such as debris, wood or furniture. In the long term, this will reduce accumulation of construction waste and promote the use of secondary sources in construction, such as tiles made of recycled plastics.', 'In the long term, this will reduce accumulation of construction waste and promote the use of secondary sources in construction, such as tiles made of recycled plastics. From an adaptation standpoint, South Sudan will encourage the development of climate-resilient infrastructure and develop regulations around conducting mandatory environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA), ensuring that large infrastructure projects have minimal environmental and social impact. Forestry The majority of the population in South Sudan is dependent on forest products for their energy needs and livelihood. With a growing population and increasing developmental activities, the natural forests are increasingly under pressure from human activities, such as over-extraction and deforestation. The current rate of deforestation is estimated to be 2 percent.', 'The current rate of deforestation is estimated to be 2 percent. The Government of South Sudan has developed various policies, such as the National Forest Policy, the current NDC and the NAPA, to prevent deforestation and manage natural forest reserves. However, there seems to be lack of action in this area. Currently only 3 percent of the total forest area is gazetted as forest reserve, while the government’s target is 30 percent. The rapid conversion of forest areas is also resulting in the net emission of GHGs. To address this issue, the second NDC will support initiatives to improve forest management activities, including implementing policies and plans to reduce deforestation; encouraging regular monitoring of forest cover; and sustainable management of forest through community involvement.', 'To address this issue, the second NDC will support initiatives to improve forest management activities, including implementing policies and plans to reduce deforestation; encouraging regular monitoring of forest cover; and sustainable management of forest through community involvement. It will also encourage increased participation in international frameworks, such as the REDD+ programme, to gain access to international climate finance by reducing GHG emissions. The second NDC also focuses on introducing a community-based forest management approach for conserving forests and providing alternate livelihood options to communities. By implementing these initiatives, South Sudan aims to reduce the total deforested area by 70 percent by 2030 compared to 2018 levels. Reducing deforestation will increase the country’s emission sequestration potential by 45 million tCO e compared to the baseline by 2030.', 'Reducing deforestation will increase the country’s emission sequestration potential by 45 million tCO e compared to the baseline by 2030. Biodiversity, ecosystems and sustainable wetland management South Sudan is home to a wide variety of animal and plant species and globally important ecosystems. The diversity of these ecosystems is threatenedExecutive summary 21 by the growing number of people, expansion of urban areas, high human dependence on natural ecosystems and increasing industrial activities such pollution and over-extraction of resources. As a result, the number of wildlife species has reduced significantly, and many wetlands have started degrading. Moreover, due to changes in water influx in the Sudd wetland, it is considered to be a major contributor of methane emissions globally.', 'Moreover, due to changes in water influx in the Sudd wetland, it is considered to be a major contributor of methane emissions globally. To address these concerns, the Government of South Sudan has developed various strategies, including the Wildlife Conservation and Protected Area Policy, current NDC and NAPA for protection of biodiversity, natural ecosystems and wetlands. Despite the sector being a priority, there is currently a lack of studies and baseline data to assess the status of biodiversity and to validate the results of a study on methane emissions from the Sudd wetlands. Climate variability with increased deforestation will further intensify negative impacts on biodiversity, wildlife and wetlands.', 'Climate variability with increased deforestation will further intensify negative impacts on biodiversity, wildlife and wetlands. Therefore, the second NDC will support the development of wetland inventory, carry out ground research to monitor changes and promote measures for sustainable management of wetlands for improved carbon sequestration. It will also support conservation and management of biodiversity and ecosystems by promoting biodiversity mapping; implementing measures to reduce the deforestation rate by introducing alternate sources of energy and livelihood; and developing policies for effective waste management to prevent discharge of untreated waste into water bodies. Electricity Access to grid electricity is very limited in South Sudan, with installed capacity being much lower than the demand. As a result, people are dependent on diesel power generators for electricity.', 'As a result, people are dependent on diesel power generators for electricity. Although South Sudan has high potential for renewable energy-based electricity generation, currently it is completely dependent on thermal power production. The government has identified and is carrying out feasibility studies for installation of various solar energy and hydropower-based projects as part of its NDC and other developmental policies. Moreover, the government has also started investing in multiple projects, which on completion are expected22 Second Nationally Determined Contribution to increase the share of renewable energy by 8 percent in total. South Sudan will continue to focus on increasing the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix. By increasing the share of solar, wind, hydro and biomass, South Sudan aims at achieving cumulative emission reduction of 69 percent by 2030 compared to the baseline.', 'By increasing the share of solar, wind, hydro and biomass, South Sudan aims at achieving cumulative emission reduction of 69 percent by 2030 compared to the baseline. South Sudan will also promote the use of energy-efficient technologies and decentralized renewable energy grids, which can be both time- and cost-effective, to increase electricity access in rural areas. In addition to its other benefits, increasing the contribution of renewable energy will enable South Sudan to gain access to international climate finance through carbon markets. Water South Sudan does not have efficient water supply systems and wastewater management infrastructure. As a result, half the population does not have access to safe drinking water and access to sanitation facilities is even lower. This makes communities highly vulnerable to water-borne diseases and negative health impacts.', 'This makes communities highly vulnerable to water-borne diseases and negative health impacts. The problem is likely to be exacerbated by the impact of climate change on water availability and reliability. Although South Sudan’s climate-related and development policies focus on improving access to drinking water and restoration of natural resources, given the current status, there seems to be a severe lack of action in the sector. South Sudan will continue to focus on restoring its natural water resources, such as rivers and wetlands, which also provide a source of livelihood to a large number of people. To maintain water quality and reduce the transmission of water- borne diseases, the country will also consider the development of wastewater and effluent treatment plants; installing proper water supply infrastructure; and promoting the reuse and recycling of wastewater.', 'To maintain water quality and reduce the transmission of water- borne diseases, the country will also consider the development of wastewater and effluent treatment plants; installing proper water supply infrastructure; and promoting the reuse and recycling of wastewater. It will also support development of water harvesting measures, rehabilitation of irrigation schemes and integrated water catchment management for ensuring adequate availability of water, especially in sectors such as agriculture and livestock.Executive summary 23 Waste Most of the waste that is generated in South Sudan is either illegally dumped or openly burned. Moreover, the wastewater treatment facilities and sewer systems in the country are very underdeveloped. Due to growing population, lack of infrastructure and inefficient policies, waste management in South Sudan is becoming a serious environmental concern. The waste sector is also one of the highest contributors of GHG emissions.', 'The waste sector is also one of the highest contributors of GHG emissions. While the Government of South Sudan, through its current NDC and NAPA, focuses on enhancing solid and liquid waste management infrastructure, there seems to be a lack of on-ground action in the area. South Sudan therefore considers waste a priority sector from both climate change mitigation and adaptation standpoints. The government aims to cumulatively reduce 19 percent of waste emissions by 2030 compared to the baseline level. For this the country will develop and implement a national level policy/plan for waste management. For this, South Sudan aims at utilizing the mitigation opportunities provided by the waste sector, which include composting, utilisation of methane from landfill, recycling and energy generation from waste.', 'For this, South Sudan aims at utilizing the mitigation opportunities provided by the waste sector, which include composting, utilisation of methane from landfill, recycling and energy generation from waste. The second NDC will continue to promote the development of solid and liquid waste treatment facilities (effluent treatment plants in industry) to reduce the vulnerability of communities to negative health impacts by providing proper sanitation facilities and hygienic surroundings.', 'The second NDC will continue to promote the development of solid and liquid waste treatment facilities (effluent treatment plants in industry) to reduce the vulnerability of communities to negative health impacts by providing proper sanitation facilities and hygienic surroundings. South Sudan will also promote waste prevention, minimization, recycling and reuse in different sectors, such as agriculture, hotels and restaurants, construction and industry (e.g., urban waste can be made into briquettes; crop residue can be composted; plastic waste can generate refuse-derived fuels, which can be used in industry; methane captured during flaring or biogas plants can be used to generate electricity; and construction material, such as wood, bricks and iron, can be recycled and reused). In addition, South Sudan will regulate extraction and use of primary sources to catalyse adoption of waste recycling.', 'In addition, South Sudan will regulate extraction and use of primary sources to catalyse adoption of waste recycling. With a reduction in supply of primary resources, demand for recycled or reused resources will increase. Tourism and recreation The tourism and recreation sector in South Sudan is currently in a phase of development. The government has developed a tourism policy that aims to promote tourism based on a variety of attractions in the country, such as natural forests and wildlife. The Vision 2040 and NDS documents also emphasize developing the tourism industry, particularly wildlife tourism facilities. While tourism is not a priority sector in the current NDC or NAPA, these plans do consider the development of climate-resilient tourism infrastructure and promotion of ecotourism.', 'While tourism is not a priority sector in the current NDC or NAPA, these plans do consider the development of climate-resilient tourism infrastructure and promotion of ecotourism. However, there seems be a lack of action on the ground in the sector due to a lack of finance and other resources. South Sudan aims to ensure that the development of the tourism and recreation industry occurs in a low-carbon and sustainable manner. It also targets cumulative emission reduction of 40 percent by 2030 compared to the baseline. Since most of the tourist spots in South Sudan are of environmental importance, the second NDC will promote sustainable nature-based tourism to protect biodiversity and provide livelihood opportunities to local communities.', 'Since most of the tourist spots in South Sudan are of environmental importance, the second NDC will promote sustainable nature-based tourism to protect biodiversity and provide livelihood opportunities to local communities. As the sector grows, the second NDC will also promote efficient waste management (e.g., composting), increasing the share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency in hotels and restaurants to reduce GHG emissions. Furthermore, South Sudan will promote collaboration between the local tourism industry and sustainable food producers to improve the livelihoods of local communities, as well to reduce emissions from food production.', 'Furthermore, South Sudan will promote collaboration between the local tourism industry and sustainable food producers to improve the livelihoods of local communities, as well to reduce emissions from food production. South Sudan will also ensure that development of recreational infrastructure occurs in a sustainable manner with no negative impacts on the ecosystems and biodiversity of the region.24 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Mining and quarrying While South Sudan has abundant mineral wealth, commercial exploration activities are limited due to a lack of investment, minimal domestic industrial activity and a dearth of trained human resources. With a decline in oil production in recent years, the government is now promoting mining and quarrying activities, which are focused on in the Vision 2040 document.', 'With a decline in oil production in recent years, the government is now promoting mining and quarrying activities, which are focused on in the Vision 2040 document. Mining is increasingly becoming a source of employment, with people in South Sudan moving from agriculture to mining, and with illegal small-scale mining for minerals like gold on the rise. This proliferation of illegal mining, which is not governed by limiting regulations or policies, could result in significant negative environmental impacts from increased, uncontrolled deforestation, soil erosion and open dumping of waste. While the government has developed a mining policy and mining act to regulate the growth of the sector and to minimize the harmful impacts of mining, this sector does not currently feature in the country’s climate change policies.', 'While the government has developed a mining policy and mining act to regulate the growth of the sector and to minimize the harmful impacts of mining, this sector does not currently feature in the country’s climate change policies. With a push for growth in mining, emissions from the sector are likely to increase. This sector, if unchecked, will also have adverse impacts on land and water resources. Therefore, the second NDC will ensure that activities in the sector are controlled and regulated by the development of ESIA frameworks, environmental management plans and sustainable mining closure plans. They will also focus on developing efficient institutional and governance mechanisms to restrict illegal mining.', 'They will also focus on developing efficient institutional and governance mechanisms to restrict illegal mining. Another important aspect of the NDC will be the development of environmental regulations and standards for air quality, water management, and effluent and hazardous waste management at mining sites. Transport The transport infrastructure in South Sudan is underdeveloped, with most roads being inaccessible during the rainy season. This not only increases the cost of transportation but also has an impact on the economic growth of the country. Therefore, the government is currently focusing on development of transport infrastructure, which is a priority in most of South Sudan’s development policies. The NDS provides three-year targets for development of road infrastructure and the current NDC focuses on the development of vehicular emission standards and exhaust testing centres to regulate the importation of old and inefficient vehicles.', 'The NDS provides three-year targets for development of road infrastructure and the current NDC focuses on the development of vehicular emission standards and exhaust testing centres to regulate the importation of old and inefficient vehicles. This will be supplemented by ambient air pollution standards and/or vehicular emission standards developed under the ambit of the second NDC. Since the sector is expected to grow in the future, the second NDC will support sustainable growth by promoting the use of low-carbon transport technologies, such as electric vehicles (EVs). South Sudan will also focus on the development of policies to restrict the importation of inefficient vehicles to reduce GHG emissions and air pollution. Implementing these initiatives will help South Sudan reduce its transport emissions by 31 percent by 2030 compared to the baseline level.', 'Implementing these initiatives will help South Sudan reduce its transport emissions by 31 percent by 2030 compared to the baseline level. Industry Most manufacturing industries in South Sudan are small scale. The country is largely dependent on imported goods and services and has minimal local manufacturing. Therefore, the majority of emissions from the industrial sector are embedded emissions from imported goods, with the maximum emissions being from the food and beverage industry. Emissions from industry are likely to rise in the future, with an increase in industrial activity as the country develops. However, as far as the current NDC and other policies are concerned, no consideration has been given to green growth of the sector. Since industry is currently at a nascent stage in South Sudan, there is room for sustainable and green growth.', 'Since industry is currently at a nascent stage in South Sudan, there is room for sustainable and green growth. Therefore, in its second NDC South Sudan will focus on implementation of GHG mitigation strategies to promote sustainable growth of the sector. These include developing policies to regulate the importation of energy-efficient goodsExecutive summary 25 to reduce the share of embedded emissions, promoting composting of organic waste in the food and beverage industry and promoting the use of alternate sources of energy, such as biofuels and refuse-derived fuel, in energy- intensive industries. As the sector develops, South Sudan will steadily increase the adoption of energy-efficient technologies to reduce energy requirements in industrial processes, as well as increase the share of renewable energy in industrial office and building operations.', 'As the sector develops, South Sudan will steadily increase the adoption of energy-efficient technologies to reduce energy requirements in industrial processes, as well as increase the share of renewable energy in industrial office and building operations. Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic products South Sudan’s economy is largely dependent on oil production, which contributes around 60–80 percent of the country’s revenue. However, oil production has declined in recent years as a result of a natural decline in oil reserves and global macroeconomic challenges. Since the sector is of major economic importance, significant efforts are being made by the government to improve its current status. Such efforts include plans to carry out studies to select the best oil wells for increasing oil production. While this sector is not governed by climate-related policies, the petroleum policy calls for environmental protection in the petroleum industry.', 'While this sector is not governed by climate-related policies, the petroleum policy calls for environmental protection in the petroleum industry. As it plays an important role in the economic development of the country, the second NDC will ensure implementation of low-carbon measures in the sector to enable its sustainable growth. To this end, South Sudan will target maintaining its current emission intensity of 8.4 grams of carbon dioxide per megajoule (which is 58 percent lower than the International Energy Agency projection for 2050 with the 2°C scenario). This will be achieved by reducing emissions from flaring (burning) and venting of gas by developing measures to either capture it or reduce the amount of gas flared.', 'This will be achieved by reducing emissions from flaring (burning) and venting of gas by developing measures to either capture it or reduce the amount of gas flared. In the long term, South Sudan will consider gradually phasing out the use of petroleum products in favour of alternative sources of energy. Health Currently, access to health care facilities in South Sudan is poor, with a shortage of medical facilities and skilled health workers and limited supplies of medical equipment and drugs. Malnutrition; water-borne diseases; vector-borne diseases, such as malaria; and acute respiratory infections26 Second Nationally Determined Contribution are common in the country. Increased incidence of water- and vector-borne diseases resulting from climate variability can have severe implications on the already poor health status of the country.', 'Increased incidence of water- and vector-borne diseases resulting from climate variability can have severe implications on the already poor health status of the country. The current NDC focuses on strengthening climate- resilient health systems and highlights the need for conducting vulnerability assessments related to human health with future climatic scenarios. The NDS has three-year targets aimed at improving accessibility to health facilities, but it is evident from the current status of the health sector that the country is lagging behind in meeting these targets. The second NDC will continue to focus on conducting research to understand the relationships between health and climate change. Developing adequate health systems, enhancing early warning systems and developing awareness and capacities of local communities about likely health risks and adequate response measures will also be key aspects of the second NDC.', 'Developing adequate health systems, enhancing early warning systems and developing awareness and capacities of local communities about likely health risks and adequate response measures will also be key aspects of the second NDC. Disaster risk management South Sudan faces serious risks of floods and droughts, which damage infrastructure and cause food and water shortages. Erratic rainfall, floods and droughts can lead to significant losses of crops and livestock, making communities that are dependent on agriculture and livestock highly vulnerable. The government therefore considers this sector a priority in South Sudan’s Vision 2040, NAPA and current NDC. Both the NDC and NAPA focus on strengthening drought and flood early warning systems. The disaster management policy of South Sudan also focuses on implementing preventive measures while strengthening adequate response mechanisms.', 'The disaster management policy of South Sudan also focuses on implementing preventive measures while strengthening adequate response mechanisms. While the sector is a priority, there seems to be a lack of action in this area, primarily due to a lack of capacity and unavailability of funds in the sector. The second NDC will continue to focus on developing and enhancing early warning systems by gaining access to international climate finance for building the requisite infrastructure. Means of educating and raising awareness among stakeholders regarding climate risks and response action will also be developed. The second NDC will also focus on building the capacity of communities on response preparedness, especially among women. Furthermore, development of climate- resilient infrastructure will be a key aspect of the second NDC.', 'Furthermore, development of climate- resilient infrastructure will be a key aspect of the second NDC. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS South Sudan has established various policies and plans to ensure sustainable development and management of its natural resources. It has laid down various frameworks to cater for development of the economy while taking into account sustainable development objectives. These policies include the National Environment Policy, Environmental Protection Bill, NAPA, South Sudan National Electricity Policy and Forest Policy, amongst others. Government organizations that play a lead role in implementing climate change and environment policies in South Sudan include the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Electricity and Dams, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, amongst others.', 'Government organizations that play a lead role in implementing climate change and environment policies in South Sudan include the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Ministry of Electricity and Dams, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning and Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, amongst others. Apart from the regulatory bodies and ministries, the implementation of the NDC will also need to involve international donor agencies and regional stakeholders (e.g., educational institutions, non- governmental organizations and private players, such as in industries). A domestic institutional arrangement has been developed for South Sudan’s NDC implementation, describing the roles and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders, such as ministries, non- governmental organizations, research institutions and private players, in the implementation process.', 'A domestic institutional arrangement has been developed for South Sudan’s NDC implementation, describing the roles and responsibilities of all relevant stakeholders, such as ministries, non- governmental organizations, research institutions and private players, in the implementation process. The framework also assigns roles for organizations in key entities (e.g., the National NDC Focal Point, NDC implementing entities,Executive summary 27 NDC executing entities, technical assistance and capacity-building agencies, and financing bodies) that will be required to be set up for NDC implementation. CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER The Government of South Sudan has identified capacity-building and technology transfer needs that will be required for implementing NDC interventions. As part of capacity-building, South Sudan will need to increase the awareness of individuals, government institutions, communities and other stakeholders on climate change.', 'As part of capacity-building, South Sudan will need to increase the awareness of individuals, government institutions, communities and other stakeholders on climate change. To this end, the second NDC will support the development of the institutional and technical capacities of government institutions. Moreover, key aspects of the second NDC will include utilizing the capacities of existing research institutions and universities for carrying out climate-related research; developing and implementing awareness raising programmes; and incorporating climate change and topics related to environmental management in school curricula to increase awareness among youth. Areas where technology transfer will be required in South Sudan include renewable energy; access to climate information systems and technologies to set up hydrometeorological and early warning systems; methodologies and tools for assessing sector-specific climate-related risks; and advanced technologies that support water treatment, recycling and development of climate-resilient infrastructure, amongst others.', 'Areas where technology transfer will be required in South Sudan include renewable energy; access to climate information systems and technologies to set up hydrometeorological and early warning systems; methodologies and tools for assessing sector-specific climate-related risks; and advanced technologies that support water treatment, recycling and development of climate-resilient infrastructure, amongst others. GENDER RESPONSIVENESS OF THE NDC While women play a crucial role in addressing climate change, they are also disproportionately affected by the adverse impacts of climate change. To reduce the vulnerability of women and to ensure that implementation of climate strategies occurs in a gender-responsive manner, the second NDC will support the integration of gender perspectives into national-level climate-change policies and strategies. South Sudan will target 35 percent representation of women in climate- change decision-making.', 'South Sudan will target 35 percent representation of women in climate- change decision-making. The second NDC will encourage increased participation of women in climate action, particularly when it comes to adaptation planning in sectors such as agriculture, fisheries and forestry. The second NDC will also ensure that the burden of climate change and opportunities created by climate-change mitigation and adaptation interventions are distributed amongst all genders in an equitable and unbiased manner. FINANCING REQUIREMENTS Access to new and sustained sources of climate finance will play a crucial role in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and implementing NDC mitigation and adaptation activities in South Sudan. To enable implementation of interventions that are identified in this NDC document, it is important that South Sudan be provided with opportunities to access technical and financial support from the international community.', 'To enable implementation of interventions that are identified in this NDC document, it is important that South Sudan be provided with opportunities to access technical and financial support from the international community. It is estimated that South Sudan will require a total of US$100 billion for the implementation of all NDC interventions and strategies over a period of 10 years. Of this, international investments of $93.5–93 billion will be required, while $6.5–7 billion will be financed domestically by the Government of South Sudan. These are preliminary estimates and full-scale assessment of international climate finance needs must still be carried out.', 'These are preliminary estimates and full-scale assessment of international climate finance needs must still be carried out. In addition to the support of multi- and bilateral organizations, South Sudan envisages accessing financial, technical and capacity-building support from international climate funds, such as the Green Climate Fund, United Nations Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Country Fund, Global Environment Facility, Clean Technology Fund and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience, amongst others, and financing instruments, such as grants, concessional/non-concessional loans and regional/ international carbon markets, amongst others.28 Second Nationally Determined Contribution DOCUMENTAbout this document 29 ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT This document, the Republic of South Sudan Second Nationally Determined Contribution, describes the groundwork done for the development of South Sudan’s Nationally Determined Contribution. This document contains the following: • National circumstances (Chapter 3) is a detailed review of the current socio-economic, environmental, geographic, administrative and political situation of the country.', 'This document contains the following: • National circumstances (Chapter 3) is a detailed review of the current socio-economic, environmental, geographic, administrative and political situation of the country. • Metabolic assessment (Chapter 4) shows how flows of biomass, fuels, metals, minerals, and water in the country’s assets and socio- economic activities interact to support its development. The assessment identifies key sectors that have the potential for supporting the development of a circular and green economy. Key hotspots within each sector are identified for future strategic development. The outputs were used to identify circular opportunities for South Sudan to ensure sustainable extraction of materials, manage existing and future stocks, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution and increase levels of end-of use processing and recycling. • Sector prioritization (Chapter 5) identifies key sectors that should be included in the second NDC document.', '• Sector prioritization (Chapter 5) identifies key sectors that should be included in the second NDC document. This exercise was conducted using the results of the metabolic assessment along with a few additional parameters. Based on this exercise, as well as on inputs received from key stakeholders in South Sudan, 14 sectors were identified for inclusion in the NDC. These are: 1. Agriculture, livestock and fisheries 2. Infrastructure (construction and buildings)30 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 4. Biodiversity, ecosystems and sustainable wetland management 8. Tourism and recreation 9. Mining and quarrying 12. Petroleum, chemicals and non-metallic mineral products 14. Disaster risk management. • NDC sector linkages with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) classification (Chapter 6) is given for the benefit of the reader.', '• NDC sector linkages with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) classification (Chapter 6) is given for the benefit of the reader. • Sectoral strategies (Chapter 7) evaluates progress by sector with respect to the current NDC, strategies and other policies, along with their expected growth trajectory (where possible). This chapter provides sectoral mitigation and adaptation strategies (incorporating circular opportunities identified as part of the metabolic assessment) along with opportunities for each sector to contribute to the development of a circular economy in South Sudan. The timeframe that will be required for their implementation is also included.About this document 31 • Institutional arrangements (Chapter 8) provides a detailed overview of the supporting policies and stakeholders responsible for implementation of policies and programmes related to the environment and climate change. A detailed institutional framework for implementation of the second NDC is included.', 'A detailed institutional framework for implementation of the second NDC is included. • Capacity-building and technology transfer (Chapter 9) provides details of the capacity- building needs and technologies that South Sudan will require to implement the interventions and measures included in the second NDC. • Gender responsiveness of the NDC (Chapter 10) provides details of strategies that will be implemented by the Government of South Sudan to ensure that the principles of gender equality are embodied in climate mitigation and adaptation interventions. • NDC financing requirements (Chapter 11) details investments, by sector, required for implementation of proposed NDC mitigation and adaptation strategies (using the financing estimates of the Government of South Sudan for implementation). Financing requirements for additional strategies proposed have also been provided, along with the assumptions and estimation methodology used.', 'Financing requirements for additional strategies proposed have also been provided, along with the assumptions and estimation methodology used. • International cooperation (Chapter 12) gives an estimation of the finances that will be required through international cooperation. These are preliminary estimates that will need further detailed analysis and assessment in the years ahead.32 Second Nationally Determined Contribution CIRCUMSTANCESNational circumstances 33 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES The Republic of South Sudan became a new nation after more than 50 years of civil war that took over three million lives and displaced over a million people. South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 as the outcome of a 2005 agreement and became the 55th country in Africa. The protracted conflict destroyed what little infrastructure and governance structures had existed before the conflict.', 'The protracted conflict destroyed what little infrastructure and governance structures had existed before the conflict. In December 2013 and July 2016, renewed conflicts undermined the development gains made since independence and exacerbated the humanitarian situation. The gradual implementation of the peace agreement of September 2018, which included establishing a unity government in February 2020 and an agreement on the number of states, gave a positive economic outlook in early 2020 (World Bank, 2020a). The inhabitants of South Sudan are having to face not only the negative impacts of long-term conflicts, but also the adverse effects of changing climate. The country is facing an increasingly warmer and drier climate with erratic rainfall, resulting in the degradation of ecosystems and decreased agricultural productivity, threatening the livelihoods of a majority of the population.', 'The country is facing an increasingly warmer and drier climate with erratic rainfall, resulting in the degradation of ecosystems and decreased agricultural productivity, threatening the livelihoods of a majority of the population. Political and economic instability and limited access to capital, markets, infrastructure and technology, along with changing climate, are hindering the growth of the country. 3.1 GEOGRAPHIC PROFILE South Sudan covers an area of around 619,745 square kilometres and is situated at 7.863 degrees north and 29.695 degrees east (WorldAtlas, 2020). South Sudan is located in eastern central Africa, landlocked by six countries, Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south-west and the Central African Republic to the west (Figure 1).', 'South Sudan is located in eastern central Africa, landlocked by six countries, Sudan to the north, Ethiopia to the east, Kenya to the southeast, Uganda to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south-west and the Central African Republic to the west (Figure 1). The inhabitants of South Sudan are having to face not only the negative impacts of long-term conflicts, but also the adverse effects of changing climate.34 Second Nationally Determined Contribution South Sudan’s landscape includes extensive grassland, swamps and tropical rainforest, which stretches along both banks of the Nile River. The Nile River system is the dominating physical feature of the country. It runs from south to north through the country joined by its major tributaries, the Bahr el Ghazal, the Bahr al-Arab and the Sobat.', 'It runs from south to north through the country joined by its major tributaries, the Bahr el Ghazal, the Bahr al-Arab and the Sobat. The centre of the country is dominated by the Sudd wetland, a large swampy area occupying the heart of South Sudan. It is one of the largest freshwater ecosystems (wetland) in the world, incorporating an area of approximately 57,000 square kilometres. The wetland is rich in biodiversity and around one million agropastoralists inhabit the area (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2017). Two distinct highland areas exist in the country. Along South Sudan’s border with Uganda is the Imatong Mountain Range, which includes the country’s highest peak, Mount Kinyeti, which is 3,187 metres (10,456 feet) above sea level.', 'Along South Sudan’s border with Uganda is the Imatong Mountain Range, which includes the country’s highest peak, Mount Kinyeti, which is 3,187 metres (10,456 feet) above sea level. Another elevated portion of the region, the Ironstone Plateau, is between the clay plain and the Nile-Congo watershed, to the west and south of South Sudan. With suddenly rising isolated hills called inselbergs, this area features relatively flat elevated land. The country lies entirely within the Nile River basin, which makes its land suitable for agriculture. Around 75 per cent of the country’s land area is suitable for agriculture, where an area of approximately 330,000 square kilometres is estimated to be fit for cultivation. In spite of more than 50 percent IMATONG MTS.', 'In spite of more than 50 percent IMATONG MTS. IRO NSTO N E PLATEAU SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA JONGLEI LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL ABYEI REGION Wau Bor Juba Aweil Torit Rumbek Yambio Malakal Bentiu/Rubkona R. Phow (Bahr el-Zeraf) R. Moch R. Pongo R. Jur R. Gel R. Fulu s White Nile W hite Nile R. Phow (Bahr el-Zeraf) R. Moch R. Pongo R. Jur R. Gel R. Loll R. Fulu s White Nile W hite Nile Machar Marches Lotagipi Swamp Sudd Swamps Figure 1: Map of South Sudan Disclaimer: The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The final boundary between the Republic of South Sudan and the Republic of Sudan has not yet been determined. The final status of Abyei area is not yet determined.National circumstances 35 of its land mass being prime agricultural land, only 5 percent of this land is currently cultivated continually or periodically. Thirty-four percent of the national cropland is located in the western flood plains.', 'Thirty-four percent of the national cropland is located in the western flood plains. The greenbelt and eastern flood plains are the other two important crop production regions, accounting for 18 percent and 26 percent of national cropland, respectively. In South Sudan, the major portion of land is under forest cover. In 2012, the South Sudan Government reported that 405,629 square kilometres of land was covered by forest, which represented 62.6 percent of South Sudan’s total national land area (United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2018a). The local communities use the forests to extract timber for construction purposes, fuelwood for cooking and making charcoal and non-timber forest products like food, medicines, oil, gum and resin for their daily needs.', 'The local communities use the forests to extract timber for construction purposes, fuelwood for cooking and making charcoal and non-timber forest products like food, medicines, oil, gum and resin for their daily needs. With increasing popu- lation, the forests of South Sudan are degrading as a result of factors that include continual use of wood for cooking, seasonal burning of forests by pastoralists to regenerate pastures and conversion of natural forest into urban or rural settlement areas. The large-scale degradation of forest areas has resulted in soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and altered hydrological and nutrient cycles. South Sudan is vulnerable to many natural disasters, the most common being weather-related disasters, such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, outbreaks of disease and earthquakes.', 'South Sudan is vulnerable to many natural disasters, the most common being weather-related disasters, such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, outbreaks of disease and earthquakes. In recent years, all these threats have been exacerbated by climate change, which is increasing in terms of severity, frequency, and complexity, leaving behind trails of infrastructure destruction, human suffering and loss of livelihoods (ReliefWeb, 2017). 3.2 CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS The climate of South Sudan is predominantly tropical savannah, although there is a warm semi-arid climate in the far northern and south- eastern areas. The country has a high rainfall season, followed by a drier season. The single long rainy season lasts from March to November, and peaks from May to September, leading to seasonal flooding (Figure 2).', 'The single long rainy season lasts from March to November, and peaks from May to September, leading to seasonal flooding (Figure 2). The rainfall regions of South Sudan stretch outside the country’s border into Ethiopia to the east, Sudan to the north and Uganda to the south (African Development Bank (AfDB), 2018). Annual rainfall ranges from 200 millimetres in the southeast to 1,200–2,200 millimetres in the forested areas in Western Equatoria and the Equatorian highlands. In the northern states, rainfall varies between 700 and 1,300 millimetres (United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 2016). Historical data of rainfall show that the highest rainfall occurs in the southwest and is lowest in the northeast, especially in the greenbelt along the border with the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda.', 'Historical data of rainfall show that the highest rainfall occurs in the southwest and is lowest in the northeast, especially in the greenbelt along the border with the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. Climate change has considerably impacted the rainfall pattern in terms of temporal and spatial variation within the same year due to bimodal and unimodal rainfall regimes (The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2018). The country has been experiencing a 10–20 percent decrease in long rains since the mid-1970s. As a result, the area of regions receiving adequate rainfall of over 500 millimetres to support the livelihoods of agropastoralists has been reduced by 18 percent (ibid.).', 'As a result, the area of regions receiving adequate rainfall of over 500 millimetres to support the livelihoods of agropastoralists has been reduced by 18 percent (ibid.). Furthermore, future rainfall projections for the years 2010–2039 show reductions of over 150 millimetres in rainfall between June and September in some parts of the country (Figure 3) (The Netherlands Ministry Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall (mm, right axis) Temperature (°C, left axis) Figure 2: Average monthly temperature and rainfall in South Sudan, 1901–2016 Source: World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal36 Second Nationally Determined Contribution of Foreign Affairs, 2018; UNEP, 2018a). This will exacerbate negative impacts on communities dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods.', 'This will exacerbate negative impacts on communities dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fishing for their livelihoods. In the last 30 years, South Sudan has been among the most rapidly warming countries globally, with an increase in temperature of as much as 0.4 degrees Celsius (°C) per decade, especially in the central and southern regions (Figure 4) (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018). General circulation model projections indicate that temperatures may increase by 0.6–1.7°C by 2030 and by 1.1–3.1°C by 2060 relative to the baseline period of 1961–1990 (ibid.). A simultaneous decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature will amplify the impact of droughts; warming of more than 1°C is equivalent to another 10–20 percent reduction in rainfall through increased evaporation, which would further reduce the availability of water (The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2018).', 'A simultaneous decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature will amplify the impact of droughts; warming of more than 1°C is equivalent to another 10–20 percent reduction in rainfall through increased evaporation, which would further reduce the availability of water (The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2018). People are distressed by both droughts and floods, which respectively affected approximately 7,900,000 and 1,140,000 people during the period 1996–2016 (AfDB, 2018). If current rainfall trends continue, the drying impacts could extend into Western and Northern Bahr al Ghazal, Warrap, Unity, Al Buhairat (Lakes) and Central Equatoria by 2025 (Niang et al., 2014; Funk et al., 2011). Most of the agriculture in South Sudan is rainfed and therefore depends on seasonal rainfall for optimal crop production, making the sector vulnerable to climate variability.', 'Most of the agriculture in South Sudan is rainfed and therefore depends on seasonal rainfall for optimal crop production, making the sector vulnerable to climate variability. Extended dry seasons (droughts) and increasing precipitation variability negatively impact the economy and the nutrition status Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA JONGLEI LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL +50 mm to -50 mm 50 mm to -100 mm decrease 100 mm to 150 mm decrease 150 mm or more decrease Legend Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018aNational circumstances 37 LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL ABYEI REGION JONGLEI Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA < +0.7° C < +0.9° C < +1.1° C < +1.3° C Legend Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018a Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 Source: Global Forest Watch, 2020 Thousands per hectare38 Second Nationally Determined Contribution of residents who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods.', 'Extended dry seasons (droughts) and increasing precipitation variability negatively impact the economy and the nutrition status Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA JONGLEI LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL +50 mm to -50 mm 50 mm to -100 mm decrease 100 mm to 150 mm decrease 150 mm or more decrease Legend Figure 3: Projected change in precipitation in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018aNational circumstances 37 LAKES UPPER NILE UNITY WARRAP WESTERN EQUATORIA EASTERN EQUATORIA WESTERN BAHR EL GHAZAL CENTRAL EQUATORIA NORTHERN BAHR EL GHAZAL ABYEI REGION JONGLEI Juba SUDAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ETHIOPIA KENYA UGANDA < +0.7° C < +0.9° C < +1.1° C < +1.3° C Legend Figure 4: Projected change in temperature in South Sudan, 1960–2039 Source: UNEP, 2018a Figure 5: Reduction in tree cover, 2001–2009 Source: Global Forest Watch, 2020 Thousands per hectare38 Second Nationally Determined Contribution of residents who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. According to Taha et al.', 'According to Taha et al. (2013), there is likely to be a reduction in sorghum production, one of the staple grains of most of the population, by 5–25 percent between 2000 and 2050. From 2001 to 2019, South Sudan has also witnessed a loss of around 12.3 square kilometres of relative tree cover, equivalent to an average annual decrease of 2 percent since 2000 (Figure 5) (UNEP, 2018a; Global Forest Watch, 2020). The major drivers for deforestation are commodity-driven deforestation, shifting agriculture and an increase in demand for fuelwood and charcoal (UNEP, 2018b). A study by Salih et al. (2013) in South Sudan suggests that reduction in vegetation cover significantly affects precipitation and surface temperature.', '(2013) in South Sudan suggests that reduction in vegetation cover significantly affects precipitation and surface temperature. The study further proposes that the impact of precipitation reduction is not only local but will also extend to central Sudan and neighbouring regions, suggesting that deforestation has both local and wider regional climatic impacts. As South Sudan is one of the world’s newest countries, there is little current and historical data available; consequently, the country is either not included at all or is included with Sudan for international assessments and reports. One such assessment index is the Notre Dame Global Adaptation (ND-Gain) Index. Sudan (including South Sudan) was ranked 176th out of 181 countries, inferring it to be extremely vulnerable and the 14th least ready country to combat climate change effects.', 'Sudan (including South Sudan) was ranked 176th out of 181 countries, inferring it to be extremely vulnerable and the 14th least ready country to combat climate change effects. In 2017, the Verisk Maplecroft Climate Change Vulnerability Index (CCVI) (2017) included South Sudan independently in the assessment and ranked it 5th out of 191 countries with regard to climate change vulnerability (Figure 6). The CCVI evaluates the sensitivity of populations, the physical exposure of nations and governmental capacity to adapt to climate change over the next 30 years. Its rank conveys that South Sudan is likely to witness significant economic impact due to climate change in the future.', 'Its rank conveys that South Sudan is likely to witness significant economic impact due to climate change in the future. Extreme risk High risk Medium risk Low risk No data South Sudan Figure 6: Climate Change Vulnerability Index, 2017 Source: Verisk Maplecroft, 2017National circumstances 39 3.3 ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES There is an abundance of water, forest and mineral resources in South Sudan. The Nile River is the dominant feature and includes Africa’s second- largest wetland, the Sudd, and East Africa’s largest intact savannah ecosystem. The swamps, floodplains and grasslands of South Sudan contain rich biodiversity of flora and fauna (LandLinks, 2013). The protected areas of South Sudan include wildlife, forests and Ramsar sites.3 The country has an extensive system of game reserves, some of which date back to the 1930s, and national parks.', 'The protected areas of South Sudan include wildlife, forests and Ramsar sites.3 The country has an extensive system of game reserves, some of which date back to the 1930s, and national parks. In total, South Sudan’s protected area occupies approximately 87,030 square kilometres, which is about 13 percent of the country’s surface. It is estimated that national parks cover an area of 51,760 square kilometres, game reserves cover 34,110 square kilometres, and forest reserves cover 1,160 square kilometres (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2015). The wide variety of ecosystems in the country supports a very diverse range of animals and plant species. Some of the country’s endemic fauna include the Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros), Hoogstral’s striped grass mouse (Lemniscomys barbarus), Nile sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii spekii) and Dendromus ruppi.', 'Some of the country’s endemic fauna include the Nile lechwe (Kobus megaceros), Hoogstral’s striped grass mouse (Lemniscomys barbarus), Nile sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii spekii) and Dendromus ruppi. In Africa, South Sudan is considered to be the only country with both eland species – the common eland (Taurotragus oryx) and the Lord Derby (or giant) eland (Taurotragus derbianus). The Imatong Forest, one of the most extensive intact podocarp forests in Africa, is a significant biodiversity hotspot that supports over 2,000 vascular plants and 500 bird species. Other endemic fauna include Barbus tongaensis, Chloroselas taposana and Lepidochrysops nigritia. Aloe diolii, Aloe macleayi, Encephalartos mackenziei (a cycad), Chlorophytum superpositum, Scilla chlorantha and Panicum bambusiculme are amongst the vascular plant species restricted to South Sudan.', 'Aloe diolii, Aloe macleayi, Encephalartos mackenziei (a cycad), Chlorophytum superpositum, Scilla chlorantha and Panicum bambusiculme are amongst the vascular plant species restricted to South Sudan. Flora and fauna are an invaluable 3 A Ramsar site is a wetland site designated to be of international importance under the Ramsar Convention. natural resource and could attract significant tourism to the country in the future. Along with diverse biodiversity, South Sudan is also rich in mineral resources. The primary mineral resources are (Owuor, 2019): • Petroleum: Around 85 percent of Sudanese oil was produced by South Sudan before it became independent from Sudan. Crude oil accounts for 98 percent of the total revenue generated by the country and it is estimated that South Sudan has oil reserves of 428.2 million tonnes.', 'Crude oil accounts for 98 percent of the total revenue generated by the country and it is estimated that South Sudan has oil reserves of 428.2 million tonnes. In 2019, it produced 140,000 barrels per day, and it is predicted to pump 350,000 barrels per day by the end of next year. The Bentiu field is rich in oil, and there are potential reserves in areas such as Warrap and Jonglei. • Marble/dolomite: There are several marble deposits in the Kapoeta region, totalling about 7.3 million tonnes. The largest deposit is located approximately 4 kilometres northeast of Kapoeta town. Marble deposit consists of 52.6 percent calcium oxide, 0.8 percent magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, and nitrogen oxide. Several dolomite deposits were also recorded in large quantities in the district of Torit.', 'Several dolomite deposits were also recorded in large quantities in the district of Torit. These deposits are suitable for processing and manufacturing cement, fertilizer, glass, and flux. • Aluminium: The exact extent of the country’s aluminium reserves is not known, but is estimated to be significant, at approximately 9.1 million tonnes. Deposits are found up to the Democratic Republic of the Congo border in conflict zones such as Juba, Raga-Wau-Rumbek and Yambio. Weak road networks and conflicts have constrained access to some of these regions. • Iron ore: Deposits of iron ore are found in a broad area stretching from Yambio to the area bordering South Darfur. The highest concentration (8 percent) is found in the Wau area.', 'The highest concentration (8 percent) is found in the Wau area. Deep deposits in the Wau–Raga area40 Second Nationally Determined Contribution cover approximately 80,000 square kilometres, with iron ore concentrations varying from 22 to 90 percent. Because of the lack of adequate facilities and disputes, the mineral ore remains mostly untapped. • Gold: The eastern portion of South Sudan, which includes Anakanak, Nyangea, Karomi, Lauro and Buno, has gold deposits. While the principal source of income for people in the Kapoeta district is gold mining, the nation as a whole does not profit significantly from it because of ongoing disputes that have impeded exploration work. 3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS Around 78 percent of households earn their living from agriculture, fishing and pastoralism, or a combination of the three. Farming is mostly rainfed, and farmers use handheld tools to cultivate their small plots.', 'Farming is mostly rainfed, and farmers use handheld tools to cultivate their small plots. Pineapple, cotton, groundnuts, sorghum, millet, wheat, cotton, sweet potatoes, mangoes, pawpaw, sugarcane, cassava and sesame are some of the commonly-grown agricultural products. Around eight million cattle are owned by pastoralists, and there are millions of chickens, goats, pigs, horses, donkeys and sheep (UNEP, 2019). In 2019, the total population of South Sudan was 11,062,113. Over the past five years, the rate of population growth rate has been slow (1 percent per year). The country experiences national conflicts, communal clashes and natural disasters, leading to internal displacement and migration of people to other countries, like Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2020).', 'The country experiences national conflicts, communal clashes and natural disasters, leading to internal displacement and migration of people to other countries, like Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2020). Since 2014, 15 percent of the people have been internally displaced, primarily because of natural disasters exacerbated by changing climate (Migration Data Portal, 2020). Most of the population is rural (8,860,863), and the urban population is relatively small (2,201,250) (Figure 7) (World Bank, 2020c). Approximately 95.6 percent of urban residents live in slum settlements (AfDB, 2018). The gender ratio is 52 percent male to 48 percent female. The population is primarily young, with 72 percent of the total population being under 30 years of age (World Life Expectancy; South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics).', 'The population is primarily young, with 72 percent of the total population being under 30 years of age (World Life Expectancy; South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics). A young population can play a pivotal role in transforming societies for a climate-resilient future. Youth have an important part to play in raising environmental awareness, promoting sustainable lifestyles, adopting environment-friendly practices and conserving nature and its resources. South Sudan can encourage its youth to work towards creating an environmentally sustainable and climate-resilient society. South Sudan has a poor World Life Expectancy ranking of 173, with the life expectancy of males and females being 57.7 and 59.6 years, respectively. As per World Life Expectancy 2020 data (World Bank, 2020c), the predominant reasons for death in South Sudan are HIV/AIDS, influenza and pneumonia, and diarrhoeal diseases (Table 1).', 'As per World Life Expectancy 2020 data (World Bank, 2020c), the predominant reasons for death in South Sudan are HIV/AIDS, influenza and pneumonia, and diarrhoeal diseases (Table 1). Gradual climate changes that affect the quality of water, food and air also have a negative effect on human health across the globe (World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal). The human health sector has strong ties to climate change, Figure 7: Population growth of South Sudan Source: World Bank, 2020 Total Urban Rural ThousandsNational circumstances 41 by means of both direct exposure and indirect pathways. Extreme climate events, such as heat waves, hurricanes and storms, floods and droughts, have direct detrimental health impacts, whereas climate change and global warming have indirect effects on infectious and vector-borne diseases.', 'Extreme climate events, such as heat waves, hurricanes and storms, floods and droughts, have direct detrimental health impacts, whereas climate change and global warming have indirect effects on infectious and vector-borne diseases. Diarrhoea and malaria are among the top five causes of deaths in South Sudan (Table 1), and these are likely to increase under the influence of climate change. South Sudan also has the world’s highest maternal mortality rate; 1 in 7 women die from childbirth or pregnancy. Infant mortality rates are also exceptionally high, with 75 children per 1,000 dying before their first birthday (CARE, 2020). It is believed that climate change will further increase infant and maternal mortality and birth complications and exacerbate poor reproductive health in tropical developing countries.', 'It is believed that climate change will further increase infant and maternal mortality and birth complications and exacerbate poor reproductive health in tropical developing countries. In particular, the effect of infectious diseases, extreme environmental conditions, malnutrition and heat exposure will lead to serious health risks for mothers and children (Rylander et al., 2013). Thus, the overall impact of climate change on the population of South Sudan will be detrimental as it will lead to extreme weather events, increased infectious diseases and poor maternal and child health. South Sudan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. The education system consists of around 8,000 primary schools (Grades 1–8), about 120 secondary schools (Grades 9–12) and only one university (Global Partnership for Education, 2020).', 'The education system consists of around 8,000 primary schools (Grades 1–8), about 120 secondary schools (Grades 9–12) and only one university (Global Partnership for Education, 2020). According to USAID, although the number of school enrolments has increased to 1.4 million from 300,000 in the year 2000 there are still 1 million children out of school. The same source highlights an acute shortage of trained qualified teachers, with the ratio of pupil to qualified teachers being 100 to 1. It is estimated that only around 8 percent of women are literate, possibly the lowest female literacy rate in the world (USAID, 2012).', 'It is estimated that only around 8 percent of women are literate, possibly the lowest female literacy rate in the world (USAID, 2012). Women in poor and developing countries are affected by the adverse Table 1: Leading causes of death in South Sudan Cause of death Historical average Influenza and pneumonia 11,674 Diarrhoeal diseases 9,623 Birth trauma 5,371 Low birthweight 4,634 Coronary heart disease 4,621 Road traffic accidents 3,524 Maternal conditions 3,034 Diabetes mellitus 1,504 Lung disease 1,018 Alzheimer’s disease and dementia Cervical cancer 715 Breast cancer 657 Source: World Life Expectancy42 Second Nationally Determined Contribution effects of climate change because of their limited capacity to adapt. For various reasons, women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, including illiteracy, few socio-economic skills, poor access to assets, social isolation, limited access to decision-making and few economic assets (United Nations WomenWatch, 2009).', 'For various reasons, women are more vulnerable to climate change than men, including illiteracy, few socio-economic skills, poor access to assets, social isolation, limited access to decision-making and few economic assets (United Nations WomenWatch, 2009). Similarly, women in South Sudan are at the bottom of the social hierarchy, which creates imbalances that leave them highly exposed to climate change disasters. They are less resilient, rely more on natural resources, and have a high rate of illiteracy, few skills and inadequate access to professional employment. This makes them more vulnerable than men to climate change disasters, and households headed by women are more susceptible (Mai et al., 2018). However, women can make a significant contribution to climate change adaptation and mitigation if empowered. Education services are also impacted by climate change.', 'Education services are also impacted by climate change. Flooding in South Sudan impacts around 60 percent of the country and persists for half a year (South Sudan Ministry of General Education and Instruction, 2018), and seasonal flooding severely impacts the functioning of the schools and colleges. The South Sudanese education system faces several challenges, which include limited government funding, low teacher remuneration, inadequate numbers of qualified teachers, inadequate school infrastructure and gaps between policy formulation and implementation. The World Bank’s education status report (2012) highlights the demand for education among people, which would require more educated citizens to support these efforts in the country. Petroleum is the lifeblood of the South Sudanese economy, followed in importance by services and agriculture (AfDB, 2020).', 'Petroleum is the lifeblood of the South Sudanese economy, followed in importance by services and agriculture (AfDB, 2020). Oil alone accounts for more than half of the total gross domestic product (GDP), 95 percent of exports, 90 percent of government revenues and a significant share of private sector employment (Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2020b). Although South Sudan engages in primary fossil fuel production, it does not have an active refinery to manufacture secondary petroleum products, and the majority of the produced crude oil is exported. The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 (World Bank, 2020a).', 'The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 (World Bank, 2020a). In 2019, GDP growth was estimated to be 5.8 percent compared to 0.5 percent in 2018; recovery of the economy was driven by the reopening of oil fields and resumption ofNational circumstances 43 production after the peace agreement was signed in September 2018. These statistics highlight the dependence of South Sudan’s economy on its output of petroleum. However, adoption of climate change mitigation measures will influence the global energy consumption pattern, which will affect the economy of the nation. Climate policies and measures supported by the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent negotiations will see a reduction in the consumption of crude oil in developed countries, leading to a decline in global oil demand.', 'Climate policies and measures supported by the Kyoto Protocol and subsequent negotiations will see a reduction in the consumption of crude oil in developed countries, leading to a decline in global oil demand. The combination of demand shocks driven by energy efficiency, substitution effects driven by renewable energy subsidies and market distortion driven by carbon tax may affect oil prices in the long term. With such uncertainties linked to the crude oil market, the oil-dependent economy of South Sudan is particularly at risk. Livelihoods outside the oil sector are concentrated in unpaid agriculture and pastoralism with low productivity. The nation also has about 38 million cattle, goats and sheep, which provide livelihoods to around 80 percent of the inhabitants (USAID, 2016).', 'The nation also has about 38 million cattle, goats and sheep, which provide livelihoods to around 80 percent of the inhabitants (USAID, 2016). Based on the international poverty line of $1.90 a day in 2011 purchasing power parity, approximately 82 percent of the population in South Sudan is poor (World Bank, 2020a). Poverty is intricately related to vulnerability to climate change, reducing capacity to adapt and mitigate its consequences. Poor people have limited access to water, food, infrastructure, health, housing, livelihood and services, and their situation is predicted to worsen under future climate change scenarios. Therefore, limited resources and poverty are likely to increase local conflicts for sustenance among the population. Thus, South Sudan’s economy is exposed to various climate change challenges, including changing weather, fluctuating oil prices and local conflicts for resources.', 'Thus, South Sudan’s economy is exposed to various climate change challenges, including changing weather, fluctuating oil prices and local conflicts for resources. Recognizing this, and to achieve sustainable economic development, South Sudan aims to transition from a least developed country to a middle-income country by 2040, supported by inclusive, stable and sustainable economic growth, while alleviating poverty. The promotion of environmental sustainability, climate-resilient communities and appropriate land use has been identified as a critical enabler that will complement the eight strategic priorities of the NDS 2018–2021. To accomplish this goal, South Sudan has developed multiple sectoral policies and plans.', 'To accomplish this goal, South Sudan has developed multiple sectoral policies and plans. In addition, through this report, it now presents its second NDC, setting out the next generation of targets with the overarching goal of transitioning to a low-carbon economy by 2030.44 Second Nationally Determined Contribution FLOW ANALYSIS (METABOLIC ASSESSMENT)Material flow analysis 45 To carry out the assessment, various public data sources were used, particularly the SCP-HAT. MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS (METABOLIC ASSESSMENT) Decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures requires a combination of low-carbon development and resource-use efficiency. To achieve resource-use efficiency, it is important to understand how resources flow within an economy to produce goods and services (Circle Economy, 2020). Mapping the flows and stocks of a country helps us understand and identify resource- and energy-intensive hotspots that can be transformed to increase efficiency and improve the performance of the overall economic system.', 'Mapping the flows and stocks of a country helps us understand and identify resource- and energy-intensive hotspots that can be transformed to increase efficiency and improve the performance of the overall economic system. The metabolic assessment (i.e., material flow analysis) detailed in this report is intended to help the reader understand how flows of biomass, fuels, metals, minerals and water in South Sudan’s assets and socio-economic activities interact to support the development of the country. To carry out the assessment, various public data sources were used, particularly the United Nations’ Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool (SCP-HAT). The tool uses national-level environmental and social data, along with trade information, to provide information on environmental pressure and impact indicators. The metabolic assessment was conducted using the following steps: 1.', 'The metabolic assessment was conducted using the following steps: 1. Extraction of data on South Sudan’s economy from SCP-HAT • Perspectives: The tool provides data on numerous socio-economic and environmental parameters, such as raw material consumption, GHG emissions, air pollution, land and biodiversity, from two different perspectives. These are: º Domestic production, which helps in understanding the pressures and impacts from production of material for the purpose of domestic consumption and export.46 Second Nationally Determined Contribution º Consumption footprint, which helps in understanding the pressures and impacts from consumption of material (domestic and imported). • Key terminologies: Key parameters used for input-output analysis for each sector were understood to assess their usage for the purpose of sector assessment and prioritization.', '• Key terminologies: Key parameters used for input-output analysis for each sector were understood to assess their usage for the purpose of sector assessment and prioritization. These terminologies were studied through resources on the SCP-HAT website, as well as the sources referred to for development of the SCP-HAT methodology, such as the Eurostat Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts and System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012. These parameters have been defined for further reference (Table 2). • Sector classifications: All 24 economic sectors in SCP-HAT were studied to understand what has been included under each sector.', '• Sector classifications: All 24 economic sectors in SCP-HAT were studied to understand what has been included under each sector. These sectors include agriculture and livestock; fishing; mining and quarrying; food and beverages; textiles and wearing apparel; wood and paper; petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products; metal products; electrical and machinery; transport equipment; other manufacturing; recycling; electricity, gas and water; construction; maintenance and repair; wholesale trade; retail trade; hotels and restaurants; transport; post and telecommunications; financial intermediation and business activities; public administration; education, health and other services; and private households. The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 3 was studied to provide an understanding of the components within each sector (e.g., understanding whether petroleum extraction has been classified under mining and quarrying, or petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products).', 'The International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities Revision 3 was studied to provide an understanding of the components within each sector (e.g., understanding whether petroleum extraction has been classified under mining and quarrying, or petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products). • Data: Datasets for all sectors were extracted from SCP-HAT Module 2 for further analysis. The parameters used under both the perspectives for further assessment include: º raw material use º climate change short term º employment (men and women) º output/final demand. • Data sources and availability: All data sources referred to in the SCP-HAT were further explored to assess availability of the latest information. It was found that the most recent information was for 2015. 2. Review of the current status of South Sudan’s economy from the perspective of climate change.', '2. Review of the current status of South Sudan’s economy from the perspective of climate change. A detailed review of all sectors was conducted to gain an understanding of their status, vulnerability to climate change, GHG emissions profile, current NDC alignment, existing policies and strategies and key stakeholders involved in the sector. Sector briefs were developed for each individual sector (Figure 8). The sector briefs include an information gap analysis that lists the datasets that are currently not available publicly. The Table 2: SCP-HAT parameters Parameter Definition Climate change short term – GHG emissions Shorter-term environmental and human health consequences from the rate of temperature change with global warming potential within 100 years (SCP-HAT, 2019).', 'The Table 2: SCP-HAT parameters Parameter Definition Climate change short term – GHG emissions Shorter-term environmental and human health consequences from the rate of temperature change with global warming potential within 100 years (SCP-HAT, 2019). This information has been used to understand the key hotspots within each sector and sector efficiency, as well as substitutes for assessing growth of the sector (where trends are unavailable). Output Value produced by sectors in the national economy (United Nations, 2014) Final demand Value of products consumed (produced domestically and/or exported) within South Sudan (ibid. )Material flow analysis 47 country will start monitoring and reporting on these, enabling it to successfully track the implementation of various sectoral climate measures. 3. Use of information and data gathered to map material flows within South Sudan’s economy.', 'Use of information and data gathered to map material flows within South Sudan’s economy. The data for each parameter for all sectors for the year 2015 were used from SCP-HAT, along with other publicly available data, to conduct a detailed metabolic assessment which provides details on national as well as sector resource use and GHG emissions trends. The following sections provide the outcomes of the assessment. 4.1 NATIONAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENT The United Nations country classification identifies South Sudan as being among the lowest developing countries in the world. The country declared its independence from Sudan in July 2011, following six years of autonomy and 20 years of war. Industry and infrastructure in South Sudan are currently underdeveloped and people live in extreme poverty as a result of several decades of civil war with Sudan.', 'Industry and infrastructure in South Sudan are currently underdeveloped and people live in extreme poverty as a result of several decades of civil war with Sudan. In 2019, the population of South Sudan was 11,062,113, with the majority of the people (80 percent) living in rural areas. Of the small urban population, a majority (95 percent) live in slum settlements (AfDB, 2018). The country has had an annual population growth rate of 1 percent over the past five years. The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 as a result of a decline in oil production.', 'The country’s GDP per capita dropped from $1,111 in 2014 to less than $200 in 2017 as a result of a decline in oil production. With the resumption of oil production in 2017, the economy started to recover, showing a GDP growth of 0.5 percent in 2018, which further increased to 5.8 percent in 2019 (World Bank, 2020a). In 2018, the country imported goods worth $811 million while exports were valued at $1.71 billion, representing a trade surplus of $1.46 billion (Observatory of Economic Complexity). While the country’s key suppliers are China, Uganda, Kenya, the Netherlands, Thailand, Pakistan, the United States of America and Germany, it primarily exports goods to China, Pakistan, India, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda and Germany.', 'While the country’s key suppliers are China, Uganda, Kenya, the Netherlands, Thailand, Pakistan, the United States of America and Germany, it primarily exports goods to China, Pakistan, India, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda and Germany. • Exports: The top exports of South Sudan are crude petroleum ($1.63 billion), forage crops ($32.1 million), raw cotton ($13.8 million), gold ($12.4 million) and dried legumes ($9.98 million), exported mainly to China ($1.59 billion), Figure 8: Sector briefs Agriculture • Area: Out of the 30 million hectares of arable land, only less than 5 percent is under cultivation • According to FAO and WFP data, only 2.6 percent of agriculture land accounted for cereals production in 2017, with five states accounting for 70 percent of country’s cropland are Upper Nile (19%); Warrap (15%), Jonglei (14%), Western Equatoria (11%), and Central Equatoria (11%).', '• Exports: The top exports of South Sudan are crude petroleum ($1.63 billion), forage crops ($32.1 million), raw cotton ($13.8 million), gold ($12.4 million) and dried legumes ($9.98 million), exported mainly to China ($1.59 billion), Figure 8: Sector briefs Agriculture • Area: Out of the 30 million hectares of arable land, only less than 5 percent is under cultivation • According to FAO and WFP data, only 2.6 percent of agriculture land accounted for cereals production in 2017, with five states accounting for 70 percent of country’s cropland are Upper Nile (19%); Warrap (15%), Jonglei (14%), Western Equatoria (11%), and Central Equatoria (11%). The livelihood zones of South Sudan are presented in the picture below: Livelihood zones of South Sudan1 • Key crops: With diverse soil and climatic conditions, the country produces various crops including sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, sesame, beans, fruits and vegetables, as well as coffee, tea, cotton and sugar cane1.', 'The livelihood zones of South Sudan are presented in the picture below: Livelihood zones of South Sudan1 • Key crops: With diverse soil and climatic conditions, the country produces various crops including sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, sesame, beans, fruits and vegetables, as well as coffee, tea, cotton and sugar cane1. • Livestock: The total number of livestock (cattle, sheeps and goats) across various states were equivalent to 36,222,802 in 2016. It contributes to GHG emissions through enteric emissions and manure decomposition. • Imports: Out of total country s imports valued at 811.4 million in 2018, value of imports of commodities (cereal flour, dried legumes, sorghum, wheat flour, corn, rice etc.) equals US$137.6 million.', '• Imports: Out of total country s imports valued at 811.4 million in 2018, value of imports of commodities (cereal flour, dried legumes, sorghum, wheat flour, corn, rice etc.) equals US$137.6 million. 1 NATCOM report, accessed on 9 October 2020 Quantity of key crops produced in South Sudan Fishing Fishing provides a source of food security and livelihood for the people of South Sudan. • About 1.7 million people depend on fisheries for their livelihood, food security or income34 • The sector produces only 140,000 tonnes/year, however the annual potential is equivalent to 200,000 tonnes. It is attributed due to inadequate infrastructure like lack of cold storage facilities which leads to a significant loss.', 'It is attributed due to inadequate infrastructure like lack of cold storage facilities which leads to a significant loss. • The annual consumption of fish is equivalent to 17kg/person • There are about 220,000 fishermen in the country, with 12,000 being commercial and the remaining as subsistence35. • Among the livelihood zones in the country, the fishing activities are primarily carried out in Nile basin area, Sobat basin, Sudd swamps in Jonglei, and in the bordering areas of Central Equatoria, Lakes, Unity and Upper Nile states.2,36 • There are about 115 different species of fish found in the Nile basin, most of which are of economic importance.', '• Among the livelihood zones in the country, the fishing activities are primarily carried out in Nile basin area, Sobat basin, Sudd swamps in Jonglei, and in the bordering areas of Central Equatoria, Lakes, Unity and Upper Nile states.2,36 • There are about 115 different species of fish found in the Nile basin, most of which are of economic importance. The most important species inlcude Tilapia, Nile Perch, Gymnarchus niloticus, Heterotus niloticus, Synodontis, Lates nilotica, Alestes, Hyrocynus, Labeo, Barbus, Distichodus, Citharinus, Clarias, Protopterus, Mormyrus, Bagrus, and Shilbe. • Imports: While the country previously imported fish from Uganda at high prices, the World Vison Programmes have now introduced fishponds within the communities, making fish a source of income for the people.', '• Imports: While the country previously imported fish from Uganda at high prices, the World Vison Programmes have now introduced fishponds within the communities, making fish a source of income for the people. The species raised is Tilapia that grows rapidly and is easily cared for by the trained 34 South Sudan resilience strategy 2019-21, FAO report, accessed on 10 Sep 2020 35 CAMP final report, accessed on 5 October 2020 36 Livelihoods zone map and descriptions for South Sudan, accessed on 5 October 2020 37 Fishing for a solution to hunger in South Sudan, Global Citizen website, accessed on 10 Sep 2020 Livelihood zones of South Sudan1 Petroleum, Chemical and Non-metallic Minerals Oil is currently the backbone of South Sudan’s economy, with two basins, i.e., Melut and Muglad basins accounting for most of the country’s oil reserves.62 In the Melut basin, the Great Palogue oil field has an estimated reserve of 900 million barrels.', 'The species raised is Tilapia that grows rapidly and is easily cared for by the trained 34 South Sudan resilience strategy 2019-21, FAO report, accessed on 10 Sep 2020 35 CAMP final report, accessed on 5 October 2020 36 Livelihoods zone map and descriptions for South Sudan, accessed on 5 October 2020 37 Fishing for a solution to hunger in South Sudan, Global Citizen website, accessed on 10 Sep 2020 Livelihood zones of South Sudan1 Petroleum, Chemical and Non-metallic Minerals Oil is currently the backbone of South Sudan’s economy, with two basins, i.e., Melut and Muglad basins accounting for most of the country’s oil reserves.62 In the Melut basin, the Great Palogue oil field has an estimated reserve of 900 million barrels. In addition, the oil fields i.e., Heglig and Unity, are located in the Muglad basin.', 'In addition, the oil fields i.e., Heglig and Unity, are located in the Muglad basin. Although South Sudan engages in primary fossil fuel production (i.e., of crude oil), it does not have an active refinery to manufacture secondary petroleum products like diesel, gasoline, liquid petroleum gas, as a result it imports these products. Furthermore, most of the crude oil produced is exported (95 percent in 2015). The figure represents the quantity of crude oil produced in the country during 2012-2016. Key materials input: About 5% of the total raw materials consumed in the country are consumed in this sector. Fossil fuels (86%) and biomass (13%) are the two most consumed materials. The sector showcases a gradual decrease in the raw material consumption from 2012.', 'The sector showcases a gradual decrease in the raw material consumption from 2012. However, more data beyond 2015 will be required for further trend assessment. Key material inputs from resource consumption side (million tonne): 62 South Sudan, UNEP report, accessed on 14 Sep 2020 Production of crude oil in South Sudan2 Biomass Fossil Fuels Metal Ores Non- metallic Minerals % Break-up Biomass Fossil Fuels Metal Ores Non-metallic Minerals48 Second Nationally Determined Contribution the United Arab Emirates ($48.3 million), India ($44.4 million), Pakistan ($24.2 million) and Uganda ($3.19 million) (Observatory of Economic Complexity).', 'Key material inputs from resource consumption side (million tonne): 62 South Sudan, UNEP report, accessed on 14 Sep 2020 Production of crude oil in South Sudan2 Biomass Fossil Fuels Metal Ores Non- metallic Minerals % Break-up Biomass Fossil Fuels Metal Ores Non-metallic Minerals48 Second Nationally Determined Contribution the United Arab Emirates ($48.3 million), India ($44.4 million), Pakistan ($24.2 million) and Uganda ($3.19 million) (Observatory of Economic Complexity). • Imports: The top imports of South Sudan are motor cars ($60.2 million), raw sugar ($51.4 million), delivery trucks ($43.8 million), cereal flours ($36.3 million) and palm oil ($28.2 million), importing mostly from Uganda ($301 million), the United Arab Emirates ($162 million), Kenya ($128 million), China ($76.7 million) and the United States of America ($21.7 million) (ibid.). Apart from oil, other sectors that are important for South Sudan’s growth are agriculture and livestock, industry, infrastructure, tourism, health and education.', 'Apart from oil, other sectors that are important for South Sudan’s growth are agriculture and livestock, industry, infrastructure, tourism, health and education. Petroleum and agriculture contribute the most to South Sudan’s exports, but on the domestic front service sectors (financial, post and telecommunications, education and health) generate the highest value, followed by the industrial sector. As far as employment is concerned, the education and health service sectors employ the highest numbers of people, along with the agriculture sector. While the industrial sector generates significant value with low rates of employment, it is relatively underdeveloped and inefficient. The sector currently is characterized by high emissions and a high degree of resource consumption.', 'The sector currently is characterized by high emissions and a high degree of resource consumption. Given that it is a focal point for South Sudan’s growth plans, in its current state, any push for growth in the sector is likely to be highly resource- and emission-intensive. The situation of South Sudan’s agricultural sector is the opposite to that of the industrial sector, in that it employs a high proportion of the workforce (25 percent) but has significantly low outputs (SCP- HAT, 2015). The sector also has a high resource consumption and emissions profile, making it rather inefficient.', 'The sector also has a high resource consumption and emissions profile, making it rather inefficient. Figure 9: Social, economic and environmental parameters Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Output Employment Production- based GHG emissions Consumption- based GHG emissions Consumption- based resource use Agriculture and livestock Construction Education, health and other services Electricity, gas and water Financial intermediation and business activities Fishing Industry Mining and quarrying Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Posts and telecommunications Private households Public administration Tourism (hotels and restaurants) Transport Retail trade Wholesale trade Waste (recycling)Material flow analysis 49 4.2 HISTORICAL TRENDS OF RESOURCE USE AND EMISSIONS South Sudan’s historical trends of economic growth against its resource consumption and emissions profile were studied as part of this assessment. It was found that the country consumes relatively fewer material resources than other countries.', 'It was found that the country consumes relatively fewer material resources than other countries. In the year 2015, its raw material use per capita was 1.32 tonnes against the global average of 11.9 tonnes per capita 4 The ‘land footprint’ accounts for the total land area used to produce the goods and services consumed in a country. In South Sudan, the land is used mainly for agriculture and forestry. (SCP-HAT, 2015). Material use in neighbouring countries such as Sudan and Kenya was also higher than in South Sudan, at 4.2 and 3.3 tonnes per capita, respectively (ibid.). Given this low rate of material consumption, South Sudan is likely to regenerate or renew its resources at a comparatively higher rate. However, with increased economic growth and development this scenario could change.', 'However, with increased economic growth and development this scenario could change. Figure 10 illustrates how growth and development in South Sudan is significantly dependent on its material consumption. This is evident from South Sudan’s material footprint which observes a trend in line with the trend in the GDP. Thus, there is minimal decoupling between material use and the wider economy. Similarly, in the case of GHG emissions, the change in GHG emissions productivity follows the same trend as the GDP. With the growth in the economy, GHG emissions are also likely to continue to increase in the future. Thus, there is minimal decoupling between South Sudan’s economic growth and GHG emissions.', 'Thus, there is minimal decoupling between South Sudan’s economic growth and GHG emissions. As with material use and GHG emissions, there is minimal decoupling when it comes to South Sudan’s economic growth and its corresponding land use footprint.4 Decreasing land use intensity, Figure 10: Material use decoupling trend, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population Material footprint (MF) Material productivity (GDP/MF) Material use intensity (MF/capita) Percentage change Figure 11: GHG emissions decoupling trend, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population GHG emissions (GE) GHG emissions productivity (GDP/GE) GHG emissions intensity (GE/capita) Percentage change Figure 12: Land use and biodiversity loss decoupling Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population Land footprint (LF) Land use productivity (GDP/LF) Land use intensity (LF/capita) Species loss Percentage change50 Second Nationally Determined Contribution signifying greater stressors on South Sudan’s land due to increasing population, is also leading to a gradual loss of biodiversity.', 'As with material use and GHG emissions, there is minimal decoupling when it comes to South Sudan’s economic growth and its corresponding land use footprint.4 Decreasing land use intensity, Figure 10: Material use decoupling trend, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population Material footprint (MF) Material productivity (GDP/MF) Material use intensity (MF/capita) Percentage change Figure 11: GHG emissions decoupling trend, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population GHG emissions (GE) GHG emissions productivity (GDP/GE) GHG emissions intensity (GE/capita) Percentage change Figure 12: Land use and biodiversity loss decoupling Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Gross domestic product (GDP) Population Land footprint (LF) Land use productivity (GDP/LF) Land use intensity (LF/capita) Species loss Percentage change50 Second Nationally Determined Contribution signifying greater stressors on South Sudan’s land due to increasing population, is also leading to a gradual loss of biodiversity. Overall, while the population in South Sudan is increasing, the intensity of material use, carbon emissions and land use are observed to be decreasing.', 'Overall, while the population in South Sudan is increasing, the intensity of material use, carbon emissions and land use are observed to be decreasing. This signifies that South Sudan’s environmental resources are increasingly being placed under pressure as a result of the increasing population. With the lack of decoupling between its environmental resources and economic growth, it is imperative that the country increasingly adopts a sustainable and circular lifestyle when it comes to utilizing its resources. This will have the dual impact of helping South Sudan decouple its economic growth from its resource use, while at the same time reducing the pressure of an increasing population on its resources.', 'This will have the dual impact of helping South Sudan decouple its economic growth from its resource use, while at the same time reducing the pressure of an increasing population on its resources. 4.3 WASTE PROCESSING AND RECYCLING South Sudan has an underdeveloped waste management system wherein most of the waste that is generated either goes to a landfill site or is openly burnt. There are very limited formal waste management systems or waste reprocessing facilities in South Sudan. However, there is a growing informal waste recycling market in the country. Informal waste pickers collect recyclable materials from dumping sites, such as plastics, metal scrap and tyres, which they sell to private companies. Around 15 private companies operate in the city of Juba.', 'Around 15 private companies operate in the city of Juba. They deal with four different types of waste, which they export to the neighbouring countries of Uganda and Kenya. These are: • scrap metals (collected and exported) • hard plastic (shredded and sold) • plastic bottles (defective bottles are exported) • aluminium (either melted and converted into decorative items or exported). In 2018, South Sudan exported plastic waste worth $5,230, used clothes and textiles worth $1,667 and ferrous scrap worth $2.34 million to Uganda. Of the ferrous scrap, materials exported Figure 13: Resource consumption in South Sudan Metal Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuel Biomass included cast iron (29.6 percent), stainless steel (0.7 percent) and tinned iron or steel (69.7 percent) (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018).', 'Of the ferrous scrap, materials exported Figure 13: Resource consumption in South Sudan Metal Non-metallic minerals Fossil fuel Biomass included cast iron (29.6 percent), stainless steel (0.7 percent) and tinned iron or steel (69.7 percent) (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018). 4.4 MAPPING RESOURCE FLOWS, STOCKS AND OUTPUTS 4.4.1 Resource flows Materials consumed have been mapped for all key economic sectors in South Sudan. The material flows mapped are discussed below. Biomass includes crops, crop residue, fish and wood, which are used to make food products, animal products and wood products (e.g., furniture, construction materials and packaging). Biomass is the most consumed resource in the country (Figure 13). The majority is consumed by the industrial sector, followed by agriculture and public services (education, health and public administration) (Figure 14).', 'The majority is consumed by the industrial sector, followed by agriculture and public services (education, health and public administration) (Figure 14). All crops, crop residue and fish produced in the country are consumed within the country itself, demonstrating the existence of a circular economy for this material (International Resource Panel, 2020). Some of the wood produced in the country is exported to Uganda, Jordan, Pakistan and China. Wood is also imported from Sweden, Uganda, China and Japan (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018). Table 3 shows biomass consumed in South Sudan in 2015.Material flow analysis 51 Fossil fuels include petroleum and its products. They are primarily used in the construction and industrial sectors, followed by public services (education, health and public administration) and the petroleum sector itself (Figure 14).', 'They are primarily used in the construction and industrial sectors, followed by public services (education, health and public administration) and the petroleum sector itself (Figure 14). The majority of the crude oil extracted in the country is exported to China while petroleum products like heavy oil, diesel oil and petrol are imported from countries that include Sudan, Uganda, China, Canada, Russia and Ukraine (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018). Metal ores include raw and processed metals, as well as products made from them. These range from iron plates and copper wiring to vehicles, machinery and metal building structures.', 'These range from iron plates and copper wiring to vehicles, machinery and metal building structures. Metal Figure 14: Resource consumption by sector, 2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Biomass Fossil fuel Metal ores Non-metallic minerals Agriculture and livestock Construction Education, health and other services Electricity, gas and water Financial intermediation and business activities Fishing Hotels and restraurants Industry Mining and quarrying Others Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Posts and telecommunications Private households Public administration Recycling Re-export and re-import Retail trade Transport Wholesale trade Table 3: Biomass consumption, 2015 Category Domestic extraction (kilotonnes) Domestic consumption (kilotonnes) Fish (wild catch Source: International Resource Panel, 2020 Table 4: Fossil fuel consumption, 2015 Category Domestic extraction (kilotonnes) Domestic consumption (kilotonnes) Petroleum, crude 7,424 – Petroleum, refined – 6,394 Source: International Resource Panel, 2020; SCP-HAT, 2015; Atlas of Economic Complexity52 Second Nationally Determined Contribution ores are used primarily in the industrial, mining and quarrying sectors, followed by public services (education, health and public administration) and construction (Figure 14). Metal ores are imported from countries like Uganda, China, Pakistan, Japan, Saudi Arabia and Sweden.', 'Metal ores are imported from countries like Uganda, China, Pakistan, Japan, Saudi Arabia and Sweden. Some of these ores are passed through and further exported to Uganda and Algeria (ibid.). Table 5: Metal ore consumption, 2015 Category Domestic extraction (kilotonnes) Domestic consumption (kilotonnes) Metal ore – 105.81 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Non-metallic minerals include salt, sulphur, limestone, cement, quartz and clay construction materials (e.g., cement and lime). They also include products like chemicals, fertilizers and bitumen, which is used in road construction. Non-metallic minerals are used primarily in the industrial sector, followed by public services (education, health and public administration) and construction (Figure 14). These materials are mostly imported from the neighbouring countries of Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan. Other countries from which they are imported include China, Ukraine, Pakistan and Sweden (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018).', 'Other countries from which they are imported include China, Ukraine, Pakistan and Sweden (Atlas of Economic Complexity, 2018). Table 6: Non-metallic minerals consumption, 2015 Category Domestic extraction (kilotonnes) Domestic consumption (kilotonnes) Non-metallic minerals Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 All materials that flow in an economy have an origin and a destination and interact with various stocks in the process. Stocks refer to any natural and/or physical asset within a country. Since the infrastructure base in South Sudan is currently underdeveloped, the most used stocks in the country are its natural assets (land and forests). The material that is most used in the country, biomass, is primarily domestically produced from agricultural land and forests. While South Sudan has around 300,000 square kilometres of arable land, less than 5 percent is currently being cultivated (UNEP, 2018a).', 'While South Sudan has around 300,000 square kilometres of arable land, less than 5 percent is currently being cultivated (UNEP, 2018a). As a large proportion of the population is dependent on agriculture and livestock, there is likely to be an increase in this percentage in the future. By contrast, forest areas in South Sudan are reducing at an annual rate of 2 percent, as a result of changes in land use for development purposes, or deforestation for firewood or other wood products (ibid.). With this continual decline in forest area, availability of biomass from forest stocks is also likely to decrease in the future. Petroleum products are the second most consumed material in the country and mostly used by physical stocks, such as industry, buildings (commercial and residential) and infrastructure.', 'Petroleum products are the second most consumed material in the country and mostly used by physical stocks, such as industry, buildings (commercial and residential) and infrastructure. Given the current push for economic growth and development in the country, these physical stocks are likely to increase by 2030. This could also lead to an increase in the Domestic production Consumption footprint Figure 15: GHG emissions trends, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Material flow analysis 53 consumption of petroleum and petroleum-related products. 4.4.3 GHG emissions A gradual increase in GHG emissions in South Sudan has been observed over the years, from both a domestic production and resource consumption perspective. Emissions resulting from domestic production and resource consumption have been increasing at rates of 1.22 percent and 1.14 percent per annum, respectively (SCP-HAT, 2015).', 'Emissions resulting from domestic production and resource consumption have been increasing at rates of 1.22 percent and 1.14 percent per annum, respectively (SCP-HAT, 2015). The slow rise in GHG emissions over the years parallels South Sudan’s slow economic and population growth. GHG emissions from domestic production are mostly from agriculture and livestock, followed by the petroleum and service sectors. In terms of resource consumption, industry, hotels and restaurants and other service sectors account for the maximum amount of GHG emissions, along with the agriculture and livestock sector. This illustrates that while the agricultural sector is the biggest contributor to South Sudan’s territorial emissions (emissions from domestic processes), other economic sectors have significant amounts of embedded emissions (emissions that occur in other countries and are associated with imported goods), which contribute to South Sudan’s overall GHG emissions footprint.', 'This illustrates that while the agricultural sector is the biggest contributor to South Sudan’s territorial emissions (emissions from domestic processes), other economic sectors have significant amounts of embedded emissions (emissions that occur in other countries and are associated with imported goods), which contribute to South Sudan’s overall GHG emissions footprint. 4.5 CIRCULAR OPPORTUNITIES FOR SOUTH SUDAN Making an economy circular is key if the world is to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. In this regard, the agendas of circular and low-carbon economies are complementary in nature and mutually supportive. Making economies circular helps reduce high rates of material extraction, manage existing and future stocks, and increase levels of end-of-use processing and recycling (Circle Economy, 2020).', 'Making economies circular helps reduce high rates of material extraction, manage existing and future stocks, and increase levels of end-of-use processing and recycling (Circle Economy, 2020). Domestic production (Gg) Consumption footprint (Gg) Agriculture and livestock Construction Education, health and other services Electricity, gas and water Financial intermediation and business activities Fishing Hotels and restraurants Industry Mining and quarrying Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Post and telecommunications Private households Public administration Recycling Retail trade Transport Wholesale trade Figure 16: GHG emissions by sector, 2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 201554 Second Nationally Determined ContributionMaterial flow analysis 55 Figure 17: Resource flows, stocks and outputs Source: SCP-HAT, 2015; International Resource Panel, 2020 SOURCE Extracted Fossil fuel Metal ores Minerals Water SECTOR Agriculture and livestock Electricity, gas and water Fishing Private households Public administration Tourism Retail trade Wholesale trade Waste Vented Infrastructure Manure Enteric fermentation Dumped Burned Export Long term use Cycled Solid waste Export Discharged Wastewater Imported RESOURCE TYPE Biomass Construction Education, health and other services Financial intermediation and business activities Industry Mining and quarrying Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Post and telecommunications Transport END OF LIFE WASTE MANAGEMENT56 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7 key elements of a circular economy Design for the future Adopt a systemic perspective during the design process, to employ the right materials for appropriate lifetime and extended future use and optimal recovery.', 'Domestic production (Gg) Consumption footprint (Gg) Agriculture and livestock Construction Education, health and other services Electricity, gas and water Financial intermediation and business activities Fishing Hotels and restraurants Industry Mining and quarrying Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Post and telecommunications Private households Public administration Recycling Retail trade Transport Wholesale trade Figure 16: GHG emissions by sector, 2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 201554 Second Nationally Determined ContributionMaterial flow analysis 55 Figure 17: Resource flows, stocks and outputs Source: SCP-HAT, 2015; International Resource Panel, 2020 SOURCE Extracted Fossil fuel Metal ores Minerals Water SECTOR Agriculture and livestock Electricity, gas and water Fishing Private households Public administration Tourism Retail trade Wholesale trade Waste Vented Infrastructure Manure Enteric fermentation Dumped Burned Export Long term use Cycled Solid waste Export Discharged Wastewater Imported RESOURCE TYPE Biomass Construction Education, health and other services Financial intermediation and business activities Industry Mining and quarrying Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Post and telecommunications Transport END OF LIFE WASTE MANAGEMENT56 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7 key elements of a circular economy Design for the future Adopt a systemic perspective during the design process, to employ the right materials for appropriate lifetime and extended future use and optimal recovery. Incorporate digital technology Track and optimize resource use and strengthen connections between supply-chain actors through digital, online platforms and technologies.', 'Incorporate digital technology Track and optimize resource use and strengthen connections between supply-chain actors through digital, online platforms and technologies. Sustain and extend what’s already there Maintain, repair and upgrade resources in use to maximize their lifetime and give them a second life through take-back strategies, where applicable. Rethink the business model Consider opportunities to create greater value and align incentives through business models that build on the interaction between products and services. Use waste as resource Utilize waste streams as a source of secondary resources and recover waste for reuse and recycling. Prioritize regenerative resources Ensure renewable, reusable, non-toxic resources are utilized as materials and energy in an efficient way.', 'Prioritize regenerative resources Ensure renewable, reusable, non-toxic resources are utilized as materials and energy in an efficient way. Team up to create joint value Work together throughout the supply chain, internally within organizations and with the public sector, to increase transparency and create shared value. South Sudan is a developing nation with a low material footprint compared to other low and middle income economies; about 57 percent of the material being consumed in the country is renewable or regenerative in nature (biomass as of 2015) (SCP-HAT, 2015). Additionally, South Sudan’s growing industrial and infrastructure base provides tremendous potential for incorporating circular elements within its low-carbon growth plans. Integrating circular interventions at the onset will help the country achieve its NDC targets without compromising its developmental needs.', 'Integrating circular interventions at the onset will help the country achieve its NDC targets without compromising its developmental needs. When considering the integration of circularity into its economy, South Sudan needs to deliberate on the following factors (Circle Economy, 2020): • Design circularity into new stocks: Given that South Sudan presently has minimal physical stock levels, green and circular strategies (e.g., green construction) should be integrated at the onset of development to enable a transition towards an asset base that is green, sustainable and cost effective in the long term. • Empower the informal economy: A large part of South Sudan’s economy is decentralized and informal. One example is seen in the handling of waste.', 'One example is seen in the handling of waste. There are no formal systems for waste collection in the country, but the informal sector actively collects and sells used material, such as plastic and metals, to the private sector, which resells it to neighbouring Figure 18: The DISRUPT framework Source: Circularity Gap Report 2020Material flow analysis 57 countries. This potential of the informal sector needs to be harnessed. • Build and maintain a sizeable, sustainable bioeconomy: South Sudan should focus on maintaining its current biodiversity, particularly its forests, while increasing the use and/or recycling of wastes and/or residues from its vast existing bioeconomy (i.e., the agricultural and agroforestry industry).', '• Build and maintain a sizeable, sustainable bioeconomy: South Sudan should focus on maintaining its current biodiversity, particularly its forests, while increasing the use and/or recycling of wastes and/or residues from its vast existing bioeconomy (i.e., the agricultural and agroforestry industry). 5 Agricultural hubs are interconnected agricultural market spaces that are established in close proximity to agricultural land, allowing for quicker and more efficient transportation of agriculture produce and waste between the field and the market. The aforementioned factors can be crystalized into the seven distinct elements that comprise the DISRUPT framework, as defined in the Circularity Gap Report (2020). The proposed circular strategies in Table 7 were developed using this framework and, on incorporation, will help South Sudan move towards establishing a more circular economy.', 'The proposed circular strategies in Table 7 were developed using this framework and, on incorporation, will help South Sudan move towards establishing a more circular economy. The strategies are proposed for sectors that have high resource consumption and GHG emission footprints. They have also been incorporated into the NDC strategies (Chapter 7). Table 7: Circular opportunities for South Sudan Sector Circular opportunities Element coverage Agriculture, livestock and fisheries • Given that there is tremendous potential for growth and development in the agriculture sector, with only 5 percent of total arable land currently being under use, South Sudan should use this opportunity to create targeted agricultural hubs5 promoting closed agricultural loops.', 'Table 7: Circular opportunities for South Sudan Sector Circular opportunities Element coverage Agriculture, livestock and fisheries • Given that there is tremendous potential for growth and development in the agriculture sector, with only 5 percent of total arable land currently being under use, South Sudan should use this opportunity to create targeted agricultural hubs5 promoting closed agricultural loops. This would not only allow for efficient growth in the sector but also enable waste management and recycling, resulting in a reduction in GHG emissions (Circle Economy, 2020; Louis Dreyfus Foundation, 2020). • Creating such hubs will also help South Sudan cope with the impacts of inefficient markets which, because of wastage, lead to significant post-harvest loss.', '• Creating such hubs will also help South Sudan cope with the impacts of inefficient markets which, because of wastage, lead to significant post-harvest loss. In addition to bringing markets closer to reduce these losses, South Sudan should focus on preservation by establishing adequate transport and cold-storage solutions. However, given the costly nature of these interventions, this will have to be achieved by exploring innovative business models encouraging increased private sector participation. This will not only help reduce the waste created due to post-harvest losses but also increase the sector’s contribution to the country’s growth (Circle Economy, 2020; Louis Dreyfus Foundation, 2020). • South Sudan should focus on development and adoption of digital solutions to help farmers stay informed about agricultural markets, including their locations, along with price information.', '• South Sudan should focus on development and adoption of digital solutions to help farmers stay informed about agricultural markets, including their locations, along with price information. Digital platforms will also help keep farmers informed about climatic conditions that could impact their crops. Use of digital technology will thus enable optimization of resource use and actively contribute to reducing wastage. • South Sudan can also collaborate with non-governmental organizations and donor agencies such as the World Food Programme that are already working towards reducing post-harvest losses, as well as educating farmers (Louis Dreyfus Foundation, 2020).', '• South Sudan can also collaborate with non-governmental organizations and donor agencies such as the World Food Programme that are already working towards reducing post-harvest losses, as well as educating farmers (Louis Dreyfus Foundation, 2020). • Developing infrastructure and exploiting the potential of agriculture in the country will need to go hand in hand to ensure that resource extraction happens within the regeneration limit, that minimum waste is produced by the sector and that maximum economic benefit is achieved. Design for the future Incorporate digital technology Sustain and extend what is already there Rethink the business model Use waste as resource Prioritize regenerative resources Team up to create joint value58 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Sector Circular opportunities Element coverage Agriculture, livestock and fisheries (continued) • The agriculture sector is the highest consumer of raw materials and the largest emitter of GHG emissions in South Sudan.', 'Design for the future Incorporate digital technology Sustain and extend what is already there Rethink the business model Use waste as resource Prioritize regenerative resources Team up to create joint value58 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Sector Circular opportunities Element coverage Agriculture, livestock and fisheries (continued) • The agriculture sector is the highest consumer of raw materials and the largest emitter of GHG emissions in South Sudan. This indicates that the sector is currently highly inefficient (SCP-HAT, 2015). The sector is also vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as floods and droughts. Integrating circular interventions in the sector will help it not only become efficient but also reduce the impacts of climate change and strengthen the livelihoods of communities.', 'Integrating circular interventions in the sector will help it not only become efficient but also reduce the impacts of climate change and strengthen the livelihoods of communities. These interventions could include: º Promoting water conservation strategies; º Replacing diesel generators with renewable energy technology (e.g., solar pumps); º Promoting use of agricultural residue and livestock waste as fertilizer; and º Designing seed distribution programmes to ensure high quality and drought-sensitive seeds. Forestry • With the growing demand for fuelwood, the rate of deforestation in South Sudan has been observed to be increasing (UNEP, 2018a). Changes in land use for economic activities is also adding to deforestation and loss of biodiversity.', 'Changes in land use for economic activities is also adding to deforestation and loss of biodiversity. • It is therefore important for South Sudan to understand the patterns of deforestation and biodiversity loss that are currently affecting the country and build conservation strategies to counteract them. • Furthermore, it is imperative that these strategies and actions are embedded into the policy and regulatory framework of the country, ensuring that they are viewed and used as long-term, country-wide interventions. • South Sudan should also leverage international programmes, such as the REDD+ programme and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, that focus on implementing measures for conserving forest cover and reducing emissions from deforestation.', '• South Sudan should also leverage international programmes, such as the REDD+ programme and Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, that focus on implementing measures for conserving forest cover and reducing emissions from deforestation. Sustain and extend what is already there Team up to create joint value Energy • Currently, South Sudan’s electricity grid, which is minimal, is run completely on fossil fuel. Decentralized diesel generators are the most widely used source of electricity in the country. Given these circumstances, the country should focus on utilizing its significant stock of renewable and regenerative sources of energy, such as hydro, solar and wind power, for future centralized and/or decentralized electricity solutions. • South Sudan should also explore options like biomethanization and the use of agricultural residues, and/or natural gas produced and collected at the time of flaring.', '• South Sudan should also explore options like biomethanization and the use of agricultural residues, and/or natural gas produced and collected at the time of flaring. • Growing demand for firewood is leading to an increase in the rate of deforestation in the country. Given that firewood is a critical source of energy in the country, South Sudan needs to focus on developing highly energy-efficient technologies, such as energy efficient cooking stoves, that can extract more energy from less material. This will actively contribute to decreasing deforestation resulting from the need for firewood. • All the aforementioned measures can be used to leverage climate finance from international carbon markets through the generation and sale of carbon offsets arising from these projects.', '• All the aforementioned measures can be used to leverage climate finance from international carbon markets through the generation and sale of carbon offsets arising from these projects. Rethink the business model Use waste as resource Prioritize regenerative resourcesMaterial flow analysis 59 Sector Circular opportunities Element coverage Industry • A significant proportion of fossil fuel is consumed by the industrial sector (SCP-HAT, 2015). The currently underdeveloped industrial base provides an opportunity for development of policies to encourage energy efficiency (e.g., waste heat recovery from boilers) and replacement of fossil fuel with renewable fuels such as biofuels and refuse-derived fuel. • In addition to energy-related measures, South Sudan should establish policies around efficient resource management that enable optimal use of material resources like water, while also encouraging reuse and/or recycling of waste.', '• In addition to energy-related measures, South Sudan should establish policies around efficient resource management that enable optimal use of material resources like water, while also encouraging reuse and/or recycling of waste. Use waste as resource Prioritize regenerative resources Infrastructure construction • Given that the majority of GHG emissions from the construction sector result from the use of imported goods like cement, clay and limestone (SCP-HAT, 2015), South Sudan should develop policies encouraging sustainable procurement. For example, instead of procuring regular cement, South Sudan can incentivize the procurement of cement mixed with fly ash, which will have a smaller emissions footprint. • South Sudan should focus on the development of productive physical stocks (i.e., stocks that last and provide value for many years), such as buildings and infrastructure.', '• South Sudan should focus on the development of productive physical stocks (i.e., stocks that last and provide value for many years), such as buildings and infrastructure. This will help reduce short-term construction waste accumulation (Circle Economy, 2020). • At the same time, promoting reuse of construction materials like waste, wood and furniture would further reduce accumulation of construction waste in the long term (Circle Economy, 2020). • South Sudan should update its building regulations and design practices to incorporate green construction norms and standards (e.g., directives for use of sustainable and recycled construction material, installation of water harvesting structures, recycling and reuse of waste outputs and installation of renewable energy).', '• South Sudan should update its building regulations and design practices to incorporate green construction norms and standards (e.g., directives for use of sustainable and recycled construction material, installation of water harvesting structures, recycling and reuse of waste outputs and installation of renewable energy). • South Sudan should promote the use of secondary sources in construction of new stocks, such as recycling plastics into tiles. Use waste as resource Prioritize regenerative resources Design for the future Waste • The most common way for an economy to become circular is to use waste as a resource and increase its recycling rate. This helps an economy reduce its primary material extraction and increase use of secondary sources.', 'This helps an economy reduce its primary material extraction and increase use of secondary sources. To achieve this, South Sudan will need to create the requisite infrastructure and policy environment to enable a high rate of material recovery and reuse. • Furthermore, South Sudan will need to assess and set up a market for reuse of recovered material. This may require interventions such as regulating reduced costs of recycled material, tax incentives or subsidy schemes (Circle Economy, 2020). • Another intervention for moving faster towards recycling would be regulating extraction and use of primary resources. With a reduction in supply of primary resources, demand for recycled or reused resources will increase. • Recycling is a labour-intensive exercise (Circle Economy, 2020).', '• Recycling is a labour-intensive exercise (Circle Economy, 2020). Apart from policies and infrastructure, South Sudan’s public entities (e.g., urban local bodies and municipalities) will need to explore business models to team up with the informal sector and private recyclers to facilitate the process of recycling and reuse (e.g., improving digital access of the informal sector could help bring supply and demand together). • Additionally, efforts will be required from the government to up-skill and organize the informal sector, as well as improve their working conditions. Rethink the business model Use waste as resource Incorporate digital technology Team up to create joint value Prioritize regenerative resources60 Second Nationally Determined Contribution PRIORITIZATIONSector prioritization 61 SECTOR PRIORITIZATION The sector prioritization exercise was conducted to identify and finalize sectors for further assessment and inclusion in the NDC. The steps for sector prioritization are detailed below. 1.', 'The steps for sector prioritization are detailed below. 1. Finalizing sectors for prioritization: Of the 24 sectors evaluated during the metabolic assessment, the following eight were included under ‘Industry’, leaving a total of 17 sectors for assessment: • Electrical and machinery • Metal products • Wood and paper • Food and beverages • Transport equipment • Maintenance and repair • Textiles and wearing apparel • Other manufacturing. 2. Finalizing parameters for prioritization: Because South Sudan aims to transition to a middle-income economy and has been experiencing significant growth in some economic sectors, it is essential to consider socio-economic parameters in addition to climate change parameters for assessment. Therefore, the following parameters were finalized for prioritization of sectors: • Economic (output and final demand): Since GDP information was not available for all sectors, output and final demand values from SCP-HAT data were used.', 'Therefore, the following parameters were finalized for prioritization of sectors: • Economic (output and final demand): Since GDP information was not available for all sectors, output and final demand values from SCP-HAT data were used. • Environment (GHG emissions): Since sector classification in South Sudan’s Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (NATCOM) (South Sudan Ministry of Envi- ronment, 2018)and SCP-HAT was different and detailed sector breakdowns were not available in the NATCOM, SCP-HAT data on GHG emissions from domestic production and resource consumption were used. It is essential to consider socio- economic parameters in addition to climate change parameters for assessment.62 Second Nationally Determined Contribution • Socio-economic (employment): Since employment information for all sectors was not publicly available for all sectors, SCP-HAT data were used for this assessment.', 'It is essential to consider socio- economic parameters in addition to climate change parameters for assessment.62 Second Nationally Determined Contribution • Socio-economic (employment): Since employment information for all sectors was not publicly available for all sectors, SCP-HAT data were used for this assessment. • NDC alignment: The inclusion of each sector in the current NDC was assessed to understand the importance it holds for the second NDC. • Potential for green growth: Each sector’s possible future growth trajectory with respect to low-carbon development was assessed.', '• Potential for green growth: Each sector’s possible future growth trajectory with respect to low-carbon development was assessed. For this, each sector was classified as follows: º Green: A sector that will allow for green development; º Non-green: A sector that is important for the country’s development but will not contribute to green development; and º Neutral: A sector that is important for the country’s development and is likely to become green as a result of initiatives in green sectors. 3. Normalization of datasets for each parameter: Given that all data were available in different units, the data were normalized to make them comparable with other parameters. 4. Finalizing weights and scoring methods for each parameter: Weights were assigned to parameters based on their importance with respect to the NDC and the country’s growth.', 'Finalizing weights and scoring methods for each parameter: Weights were assigned to parameters based on their importance with respect to the NDC and the country’s growth. A scoring method was devised based on the datasets for each parameter and was assigned to each sector. Sectors with higher GHG emissions were allocated higher scores as developing strategies for reducing emissions in these sectors should be a priority for the country. Similarly, sectors with high potential for green growth were given higher scores as they will enable South Sudan’s progress towards a low-carbon economy. 5. Estimating the final score and sector prioritization: The final score for each sector was estimated by adding the scores of all parameters. The eight sectors with the highest scores were prioritized for further assessment.', 'The eight sectors with the highest scores were prioritized for further assessment. They are: • Industry • Agriculture, including livestock (agriculture) • Tourism (hotels and restaurants) • Construction • Transport • Waste (recycling) • Electricity, gas and water • Fishing. The sector prioritization matrix is shown in Table 9, page 65. The results were discussed with South Sudan’s key stakeholders, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Ministry of Environment, for finalization of prioritized sectors for further assessment and inclusion in the NDC. Based on inputs from the stakeholders, the following changes were made to the final list of sectors: Table 8: Scores for sector prioritization GHG emissions % of emissions Score Potential for green growth Category Score Green growth 2 Non-green growth 0Sector prioritization 63 • Two sectors, mining and quarrying and petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products, were included in the list.', 'Based on inputs from the stakeholders, the following changes were made to the final list of sectors: Table 8: Scores for sector prioritization GHG emissions % of emissions Score Potential for green growth Category Score Green growth 2 Non-green growth 0Sector prioritization 63 • Two sectors, mining and quarrying and petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products, were included in the list. Even if they do not have potential for greening the economy, they are extremely important from the country’s development standpoint. It is also important to ensure that they are in sync with the country’s low-carbon pathways. • Other cross-cutting sectors that do not directly contribute to the development of the country but hold equal importance from the standpoint of the environment and communities were included. These three sectors were forestry, biodiversity and ecosystems; health; and disaster risk management.', 'These three sectors were forestry, biodiversity and ecosystems; health; and disaster risk management. • The names of some sectors, such as hotels and restaurants, agriculture and recycling were changed to tourism, agriculture and livestock, and waste, respectively, to make them consistent with the country’s urban sector classification, as well as with IPCC classification, which has also been used in the current NDC. Five sectors were added to the above-mentioned eight priority sectors as a result of stakeholders’ input, making a total of 13 sectors to be prioritized for detailed assessment. The detailed assessments of each of the 13 sectors were then discussed with relevant stakeholders in South Sudan, such as national-level ministries, research institutions, universities and non-governmental organizations active in the climate change space.', 'The detailed assessments of each of the 13 sectors were then discussed with relevant stakeholders in South Sudan, such as national-level ministries, research institutions, universities and non-governmental organizations active in the climate change space. Based on the inputs received from these stakeholders, the following changes were made in the prioritized sector classification: • The agriculture and livestock sector was combined with the fishing sector to form a single sector, agriculture, livestock and fisheries. • The forestry, biodiversity and ecosystem sector was disaggregated into two sectors, forestry, and biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management. • The electricity, gas and water sector was disaggregated into two sectors, electricity and water. • The tourism sector was renamed as tourism and recreation.', '• The tourism sector was renamed as tourism and recreation. A final total of 14 sectors was arrived at; these were assessed to understand the status of each sector, set emission reduction targets (wherever applicable) and develop mitigation and adaptation strategies. These 14 sectors and their linkages to the IPCC’s sector classification has been provided in Chapter 6.64 Second Nationally Determined ContributionSector prioritization 65 Table 9: NDC prioritization matrix S. No.', 'These 14 sectors and their linkages to the IPCC’s sector classification has been provided in Chapter 6.64 Second Nationally Determined ContributionSector prioritization 65 Table 9: NDC prioritization matrix S. No. Sector Economic Climate change Socio-economic Others Overall Score Output (domestic production) Demand (resource consumption) GHG emissions (domestic production) GHG emissions (resource consumption) Employment (domestic production) NDC align- ment Potential for green growth [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [Yes/no] [Green growth/ neutral/non-green growth] Score 3 Education, health and other 4 Financial intermediation and 16 Petroleum, chemical and 17 Mining and quarrying * Normalized values66 Second Nationally Determined Contribution LINKAGES WITH IPCC SECTOR CLASSIFICATIONNDC sector linkages with IPCC classification 67 Agriculture, rice cultivation, livestock, soil, manure management, other agricultural sources, land use change and forestry IPCC sector classification Processes and use Electricity and heat production; fossil fuel combustion in sectors such as manufacturing and construction; transport and fugitive emissions Agriculture, horticulture, animal rearing, fishing, fish hatcheries and aquaculture Site preparation, building construction, using/renting construction equipment Forestry, logging, a orestation and reforestation Flora, fauna and ecosystems such as wetlands Production, transmission and distribution of electricity Collection, treatment and distribution of water Solid waste and wastewater management (collection, treatment, recycling and reuse) Tourism sites and infrastructure (hotels and restaurants) Mining and extraction of fossil fuels, minerals (metallic and non-metallic, salt, stones, etc.', 'Sector Economic Climate change Socio-economic Others Overall Score Output (domestic production) Demand (resource consumption) GHG emissions (domestic production) GHG emissions (resource consumption) Employment (domestic production) NDC align- ment Potential for green growth [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [%]* Score [Yes/no] [Green growth/ neutral/non-green growth] Score 3 Education, health and other 4 Financial intermediation and 16 Petroleum, chemical and 17 Mining and quarrying * Normalized values66 Second Nationally Determined Contribution LINKAGES WITH IPCC SECTOR CLASSIFICATIONNDC sector linkages with IPCC classification 67 Agriculture, rice cultivation, livestock, soil, manure management, other agricultural sources, land use change and forestry IPCC sector classification Processes and use Electricity and heat production; fossil fuel combustion in sectors such as manufacturing and construction; transport and fugitive emissions Agriculture, horticulture, animal rearing, fishing, fish hatcheries and aquaculture Site preparation, building construction, using/renting construction equipment Forestry, logging, a orestation and reforestation Flora, fauna and ecosystems such as wetlands Production, transmission and distribution of electricity Collection, treatment and distribution of water Solid waste and wastewater management (collection, treatment, recycling and reuse) Tourism sites and infrastructure (hotels and restaurants) Mining and extraction of fossil fuels, minerals (metallic and non-metallic, salt, stones, etc. Transportation through land, water, railways and airways Manufacturing, processing and associated industrial activities Manufacturing and processing of petroleum, chemical and non-metallic products Health services and infrastructure Disaster risk reduction and management services and infrastructure Landfills, sewage and industrial e uent treatment Forests Electricity Water Waste Tourism and recreation Mining and quarrying Transport Industries Health Mitigation Energy Waste Adaptation sectors Industrial processes and product use Agriculture, forestry and land use Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Biodiversity, ecosystems and sustainable wetland management Petroleum, chemical and nonmetallic mineral products Disaster risk management Second NDC sectors IPCC sector classification68 Second Nationally Determined Contribution STRATEGIESSectoral strategies 69 SECTORAL STRATEGIES After finalizing the sectors to be included in the NDC, a detailed assessment of all prioritized sectors was conducted.', 'Transportation through land, water, railways and airways Manufacturing, processing and associated industrial activities Manufacturing and processing of petroleum, chemical and non-metallic products Health services and infrastructure Disaster risk reduction and management services and infrastructure Landfills, sewage and industrial e uent treatment Forests Electricity Water Waste Tourism and recreation Mining and quarrying Transport Industries Health Mitigation Energy Waste Adaptation sectors Industrial processes and product use Agriculture, forestry and land use Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Biodiversity, ecosystems and sustainable wetland management Petroleum, chemical and nonmetallic mineral products Disaster risk management Second NDC sectors IPCC sector classification68 Second Nationally Determined Contribution STRATEGIESSectoral strategies 69 SECTORAL STRATEGIES After finalizing the sectors to be included in the NDC, a detailed assessment of all prioritized sectors was conducted. This assessment along with the outputs of the material flow analysis and inputs received from various stakeholders were used to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for each individual sector.', 'This assessment along with the outputs of the material flow analysis and inputs received from various stakeholders were used to develop mitigation and adaptation strategies for each individual sector. These adaptation and mitigation strategies are further classified into three types based on the time-frame that will be required for each individual strategy’s inception and countrywide deployment: • Short-term strategies (0–3 years) include interventions and/or activities that can be readily implemented in the short term, such as the establishment of policies, guidelines or regulatory frameworks and/or building the capacity of key stakeholders. • Medium-term strategies (4–7 years) include commercially viable measures and interventions that require policies and regulations for their implementation. • Long-term strategies (8–10 years) include advanced technological interventions that are likely to become more feasible with economic development, growth and increased awareness of the population.', '• Long-term strategies (8–10 years) include advanced technological interventions that are likely to become more feasible with economic development, growth and increased awareness of the population. Implementation of all sectoral adaptation and mitigation strategies in South Sudan will depend on a strong governance and institutional framework in the country to support the execution of NDC interventions. After finalizing the sectors to be included in the NDC, a detailed assessment of all prioritized sectors was conducted.70 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.1 AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES 7.1.1 Current status Agriculture and livestock South Sudan has about 300,000 square kilometres of arable land; less than 5 percent of this is currently under cultivation. With diverse soil and climatic conditions, the country produces a variety of crops including sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, sesame, beans, fruits and vegetables, as well as coffee, tea, cotton and sugar cane (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018).', 'With diverse soil and climatic conditions, the country produces a variety of crops including sorghum, maize, rice, cassava, sesame, beans, fruits and vegetables, as well as coffee, tea, cotton and sugar cane (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018). Most agriculture is rain fed, and the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is insignificant. Cultivation and livestock rearing are the main livelihood activities for most households in South Sudan; about 81 percent of households cultivate land and 74 percent owns livestock. Even though agriculture and livestock rearing employ a large number of people, agricultural productivity remains low because traditional and inefficient agricultural practices are followed. For instance, South Sudan’s cereal production has been declining since 2013; in 2017 cereal production was estimated to be 765,000 tonnes, 25 percent lower than in 2013 (FAO, 2017).', 'For instance, South Sudan’s cereal production has been declining since 2013; in 2017 cereal production was estimated to be 765,000 tonnes, 25 percent lower than in 2013 (FAO, 2017). Furthermore, more than 50 percent (6.5 million) of South Sudan’s population was food insecure in 2020 (Food Security Information Network, 2020). Food insecurity is likely to exacerbate with climate change, making farmers and pastoralists extremely vulnerable. Increasing climate variability and extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, impact water availability and make croplands and rangelands more susceptible to degradation. This will disrupt food production and contribute to food insecurity and malnutrition. Agriculture is also the largest emitter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in South Sudan. The share of emissions from the sector was about 74 percent – 26.8 million tCO e – of the total emissions in 2015.', 'The share of emissions from the sector was about 74 percent – 26.8 million tCO e – of the total emissions in 2015. The majority of these emissions originated from agricultural soils and enteric fermentation, which together made up more than 90 percent of the agriculture sector’s total GHG emissions (Figure 19). Given this scenario, the Government of the Republic of South Sudan has implemented various policies and plans to increase agriculture productivity and address environmental impacts to improve the livelihoods of its people. These policies and plans include, amongst others, the Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP), 2015–2040; the National Policy on Food Security; the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA); the National Development Strategy (NDS); and South Sudan’s Vision 2040.', 'These policies and plans include, amongst others, the Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP), 2015–2040; the National Policy on Food Security; the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA); the National Development Strategy (NDS); and South Sudan’s Vision 2040. The CAMP (South Sudan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Industries, 2017) is an investment plan that aligns with national policies and identifies key focus areas and associated investments required for the growth of the agriculture sector. The NAPA (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2016) aims to promote climate-smart agricultural practices and enable implementation of projects identified in the agriculture master plan.', 'The NAPA (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2016) aims to promote climate-smart agricultural practices and enable implementation of projects identified in the agriculture master plan. Both the NDS (South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2018) and Enteric fermentation Manure management Agriculture soil Prescribed burning of savannahs Field burning of agricultural residue Figure 19: GHG emissions from domestic production in the agriculture sector, 2012–2015 Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018Sectoral strategies 71 South Sudan’s Vision 2040 (2011) aim to enhance agricultural productivity to increase food security in the country. The three-year target for the NDS was to increase food security to 80 percent by 2021. Fisheries Fishing provides a source of food security and a livelihood to a large number of people in South Sudan. Most fishing takes place in the Sudd wetland, the (White) Nile River, other rivers and floodplains.', 'Most fishing takes place in the Sudd wetland, the (White) Nile River, other rivers and floodplains. There are about 115 different species of fish found in the Nile basin including Nile tilapia, Nile perch and African catfish, which are high-value target species. Although the fishing sector provides employment to a large number of people, fish production remained constant between 2012 and 2015 at 37,020 tonnes per year, and declined by 5 percent in 2016 to 35,020 tonnes (World Bank, 2016). These figures indicate inefficient or poor harvest conditions, and a lack of facilities such as cold storage and refrigerated transport. Greenhouse gas emissions from the fishing sector (from domestic production) also declined by 7 percent in 2015 compared to 2014 (Figure 20). The fishing sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'The fishing sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Over the years, South Sudan has witnessed losses in a variety of fish species. Five of 15 fish species in the Lol River have disappeared and fish size has also declined (UNEP, 2018a). A combination of factors, including deforestation, forest fires and over-extraction are responsible for these losses. Future changes in climatic patterns, both long term and seasonal, will also have a detrimental effect on fisheries, since changes in temperature directly influence the reproductive cycle of fish. These changes will have social and economic impacts on the communities dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. The Government of South Sudan has implemented various policies to address these issues, including the Fisheries Policy and the NAPA.', 'The Government of South Sudan has implemented various policies to address these issues, including the Fisheries Policy and the NAPA. The Fisheries Policy of South Sudan highlights the need for monitoring environmental changes affecting fisheries, including climate change, to develop appropriate strategies for responding to climate change and natural disasters. The adaptation programme promotes aquaculture as an alternative livelihood option. The fishing sector is also considered under South Sudan’s development policies, including the NDS, Vision 2040 and CAMP to enhance fish production in the country. 7.1.2 Emission reduction potential To estimate potential emission reduction from the agriculture sector, two scenarios have been developed on which projections are made for the period 2016–2030, and are illustrated in Figure 21.', '7.1.2 Emission reduction potential To estimate potential emission reduction from the agriculture sector, two scenarios have been developed on which projections are made for the period 2016–2030, and are illustrated in Figure 21. Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projects GHG emissions for the agriculture sector based only on the existing policies in South Sudan. Figure 20: GHG emissions from domestic production in the fishing sector, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 21: Emission reduction scenarios for the agriculture sector, 2012–203072 Second Nationally Determined Contribution The emission trajectory does not reflect any new policies or financing that might be implemented in the sector. Under this scenario, emissions from the agriculture sector rise by 34 percent to 35.6 million tCO e by 2030 compared to 2012.', 'Under this scenario, emissions from the agriculture sector rise by 34 percent to 35.6 million tCO e by 2030 compared to 2012. This emission trajectory has been sourced from South Sudan’s Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018). Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario represents the decarbonization pathway that South Sudan will have to follow until 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5ºC. This scenario aims to reduce agriculture production emissions by 18 percent from 2017 levels by 2030, in line with the World Resources Institute emission reduction estimates for sub-Saharan Africa (Lebling et al., 2020).', 'This scenario aims to reduce agriculture production emissions by 18 percent from 2017 levels by 2030, in line with the World Resources Institute emission reduction estimates for sub-Saharan Africa (Lebling et al., 2020). Under this scenario, emissions from the agriculture sector are estimated to be 22.6 million tCO e by 2030, which results in 23 percent cumulative emission reduction by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the agriculture sector are detailed in the section below. Key strategies The majority of South Sudan’s population depends on traditional and inefficient agriculture and livestock management practices, which result in high GHG emissions and low crop productivity. Agriculture accounts for the highest emissions (74 percent) among all the sectors.', 'Agriculture accounts for the highest emissions (74 percent) among all the sectors. To reduce the share of agricultural emissions and achieve the emission reduction targets, South Sudan aims to implement the climate mitigation measures described in Table 10 as priority; these measures focus on reducing methane (CH ) and nitrous oxide (N O) emissions in particular. Table 10: Mitigation strategies for the agriculture sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Agriculture and livestock Implement initiatives to reduce emissions related to agricultural soils. Agricultural soils are a major emitter of GHGs, contributing more than 50% to total agricultural emissions (in 2015). Thus, introducing measures for reducing soil emissions will be a key aspect for South Sudan. • Promote measures such as crop rotation that require less fertilizer and hence reduce the risk of nitrate leaching into surface and subsurface waters.', '• Promote measures such as crop rotation that require less fertilizer and hence reduce the risk of nitrate leaching into surface and subsurface waters. Yet to be implemented Short term • Promote reduced tillage and modern grazing practices such as zero grazing, to allow carbon to remain in the soil as a result of less microbial activities. Yet to be implemented Long term Promote measures to reduce crop- residue burning. Field burning of agricultural residue had with a compound annual growth rate of 17.5%. Thus, South Sudan will introduce measures to reduce the rate of field burning and increase the use of crop residue as manure and/or fodder. • Interventions such as awareness raising and/or incentivization will be implemented to promote reuse of crop residue (as manure and/or fodder).', '• Interventions such as awareness raising and/or incentivization will be implemented to promote reuse of crop residue (as manure and/or fodder). The constant use of crop residue as manure, as well as reduced tillage, helps reduce emissions by increasing the organic content of the soil, enhancing the amount of carbon sequestered, such that the soil becomes a net carbon sink. Yet to be implemented Short termSectoral strategies 73 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote sustainable and climate-smart livestock management. Since livestock emissions are influenced by the inadequate and poor quality of feed, South Sudan will focus on improving livestock feed quality and adopt practices that reduce livestock methane emissions. • Disseminate the National Livestock Feed Guide to all the key stakeholders (FAO, 2021). The final draft of the National Livestock Feed Guide has been developed.', 'The final draft of the National Livestock Feed Guide has been developed. Short term • Increase uptake of leguminous fodder shrubs; improve grassland management; greater use of locally available supplements to help improve livestock feed. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Implement grazing management strategies, such as rotational grazing, common grazing and zero grazing, that will allow carbon to remain intact in the soil. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Carry out continuous monitoring (with regard to duration and frequency) of grazing of animals to reduce soil emissions and erosion. Yet to be implemented Medium term Create agricultural hubs with closed agricultural loops. There is tremendous potential for growth and development in the agriculture sector with only 5% of total arable land currently under use.', 'There is tremendous potential for growth and development in the agriculture sector with only 5% of total arable land currently under use. South Sudan will use this opportunity to create targeted agricultural hubs promoting closed agricultural loops.6 Creating such hubs will also help South Sudan address the impacts of inefficient marketing, which lead to significant post-harvest loss due to wastage. • Establishing markets closer to production areas will allow quicker and more efficient transportation of produce, thus helping reduce post-harvest losses. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Promote reuse and recycling of waste generated within agricultural systems to ensure efficient waste management and reduction in emissions. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Establish adequate transport and cold-storage solutions to reduce post-harvest losses. Given the costly nature of these interventions, this will have to be achieved by exploring innovative business models that encourage increased private-sector participation.', 'Given the costly nature of these interventions, this will have to be achieved by exploring innovative business models that encourage increased private-sector participation. This will not only help reduce the waste created due to post-harvest losses, but also increase the sector’s contribution to the country’s growth. Yet to be implemented Long term Improve or build biogas generators in slaughterhouse facilities. To reduce dependency on fossil fuels, South Sudan will use clean energy alternatives for reducing emissions, such as biogas generation from slaughterhouse facilities. • Conduct a national feasibility study on the generation and use of biogas in slaughterhouse facilities. Biogas is being used on a small scale in slaughterhouse facilities in Warrap and Aweil states.', 'Biogas is being used on a small scale in slaughterhouse facilities in Warrap and Aweil states. Short term 6 Agricultural hubs are interconnected agricultural market spaces that are established in close proximity to agricultural land allowing for quicker and more efficient transportation of agriculture produce and waste between the field and the market.74 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Considering that the impacts of climate change on the agriculture and fisheries sector are likely to exacerbate in the future, the following adaptation strategies have been proposed to strengthen the farmers’ and system’s resilience. Table 11: Adaptation strategies for agriculture and fisheries Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Agriculture and livestock Promote climate-smart agriculture and livestock techniques.', 'Table 11: Adaptation strategies for agriculture and fisheries Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Agriculture and livestock Promote climate-smart agriculture and livestock techniques. The agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, in terms of human and economic costs, with long-lasting effects on livelihoods and food security. Therefore, South Sudan will promote climate-smart agriculture and livestock management techniques to increase productivity, reduce vulnerability to droughts and other climate-related risks while reducing GHG emissions. • Assessment of specific climate- related risks and vulnerabilities on food producing sectors. Yet to be implemented Short term • Develop climate-smart projects on building resilience of livestock and pastoral communities, especially, in rural areas. Few projects implemented Short term • Build the capacity of local communities on climate change. Yet to be implemented Short term • Implement control measures for crop pests and diseases to prevent crop loss.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term • Implement control measures for crop pests and diseases to prevent crop loss. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Promote the use of climate-resilient seeds and crops. Given the climate-sensitive nature of the agriculture sector, South Sudan will particularly focus on developing seeds that can withstand droughts and floods (for example, utilizing varieties of flood- resilient rice in flood-prone areas). • Implement the Seed Policy that was drafted in 2012 by the Ministry of Animal Resources and Fisheries that focuses on establishing a Seed Testing and Certification Agency to control the quality of seed in the country. The policy has been enacted, but little progress has been made with respect to its implementation. Short to medium term • Development of a seed breeding and seed bank centre to provide climate- resilient seed varieties to farmers across the country.', 'Short to medium term • Development of a seed breeding and seed bank centre to provide climate- resilient seed varieties to farmers across the country. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Adoption of digital solutions to keep farmers informed about agricultural markets. Digital solutions would help inform farmers about agricultural markets – their locations and price information. Digital platforms would also help inform farmers on various climate conditions that might impact their crops. Use of digital technology would optimize resource use and actively contribute towards reducing wastage. • Conduct a feasibility study for the development and adoption of digital solutions to enable farmers’ access to information on agricultural hubs and climate-related information. Yet to be implemented Medium to long termSectoral strategies 75 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote community-based watershed management.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long termSectoral strategies 75 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote community-based watershed management. Establishing rainwater harvesting structures and encouraging communities to participate in watershed management initiatives for maintaining water quantity and quality will be key aspects of the second NDC. • Excavate haffirs (local rainwater harvesting structures) in strategic locations. Few projects implemented Short term • Community-managed construction of boreholes and maintenance of existing ones for use of livestock and their owners. Short term Conduct rangeland mapping to control overgrazing. To ensure availability of fodder for livestock in a changing climate, South Sudan will conduct rangeland mapping and implement rangeland management plans to control overgrazing. • Disseminate the National Livestock Feed Guide to all key stakeholders and build the capacity of livestock owners to adopt good practices for managing livestock feed. The final draft of the National Livestock Feed Guide has been developed.', 'The final draft of the National Livestock Feed Guide has been developed. Short term • Reseed and introduce high-quality grass seeds in rangelands; encourage communities to produce fodder for commercial purposes. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Promote the adoption of modern grazing techniques such as rotational grazing, common grazing and zero grazing. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Implement water management initiatives for livestock in regions prone to droughts. To reduce vulnerability of pastoralist communities during dry seasons, South Sudan will implement water conservation and management initiatives ensuring future water availability. • Conduct research and develop maps that indicate the rangelands of South Sudan. Few rangeland maps have been developed for South Sudan by FAO. Short term • Utilize the results of studies to construct water harvesting structures and boreholes in states prone to droughts and conflicts over natural resources.', 'Short term • Utilize the results of studies to construct water harvesting structures and boreholes in states prone to droughts and conflicts over natural resources. At least 10 water harvesting structures and boreholes will be constructed in each state, especially in areas with high livestock concentrations and along cattle routes. (The project is expected to benefit 20,000 households by 2030.) Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Establish quarantine project systems. The government will establish quarantine project systems to reduce the risk of the transboundary spread of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (which can have serious socio-economic implications in terms of livestock mortality and costs related to control measures). • Establish five quarantine points along the national border. A few, disorganized border quarantine points have been established.', 'A few, disorganized border quarantine points have been established. Short term76 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Focus on improving the livelihoods of pastoralist communities and promoting sustainable livestock management practices. Grazing conflicts between farmers and cattle keepers, irregular movements of livestock across states and the national border to access pastures and water, and incidents of cattle raiding are increasing in the country. To address these issues, South Sudan will focus on formulating a pastoral development policy and on encouraging farmers and livestock keepers to adopt efficient livestock management practices. • Develop a breeding policy with the aim of improving local breeds of livestock and improving management of resources for haymaking. A regional livestock breeding strategy has been developed to guide the national-level policy.', 'A regional livestock breeding strategy has been developed to guide the national-level policy. Short term • Formulate a pastoral development policy to ensure sustainable use of pastoral resources for efficient livestock management and improving the livelihoods of pastoral communities. Included in the National Livestock Development Policy Short term • Develop an action plan for implementing the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Protocol on Transhumance to allow pastoralists, especially in water-scarce regions, to access pastures and water across borders of IGAD member states. The action plan is currently in draft form. Short term Introduce an index-based livestock insurance system in the country. South Sudan will introduce an index- based livestock insurance system to protect livestock keepers and pastoralists in drought-prone and arid regions by providing monetary support to them for predicted livestock mortality in times of drought and severe shortages of fodder. • Conduct a feasibility study for an index-based livestock insurance system.', '• Conduct a feasibility study for an index-based livestock insurance system. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Build traditional knowledge to support community-based adaptation. The government will engage with local communities to exchange knowledge and use indigenous skills and knowledge in adaptation planning. • Conduct and document a study on ethno-veterinary knowledge. Few sporadic works done Short term • Utilize traditional knowledge of rural and local communities into modern plans to support climate adaptation in the sector. Short term Establish herder institutions to train and build the capacity of herders. South Sudan will build the capacity of pastoralists to promote the adoption of climate-smart livestock farming and community-managed disaster risk reduction measures. • Development of institutions to train pastoralists on climate-smart livestock management and response measures for community-managed disaster risk reduction. A pastoral livelihoods and education project has been implemented in Lakes State. Short term Prioritize the diversification of livelihoods.', 'Short term Prioritize the diversification of livelihoods. Given the climate-sensitive nature of the sector, any changes in climatic conditions will negatively impact large numbers of people dependent on agriculture. Therefore, promoting alternative livelihood options becomes paramount to reducing the vulnerability of communities dependent on this sector. • Implement a bee-keeping project for providing an alternative livelihood option to communities. The project is likely to benefit about 3,000 farmers in the Greater Upper Nile Region, 5,000 farmers in the Bahr el Gazal states and 6,000 farmers in the Equatorial states by 2030. Yet to be implemented Short to medium termSectoral strategies 77 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Establish early warning systems. South Sudan will establish early warning systems to help reduce crop losses, as well as strengthen existing livestock early warning systems. • Develop conflict-mitigation measures to address conflicts on natural resources.', '• Develop conflict-mitigation measures to address conflicts on natural resources. Predictive livestock early warning systems are being piloted in Eastern Equatoria State. Medium to long term Fisheries Enhance climate-resilient fish production. Fisheries are an important source of livelihood and provide nutritional security to large numbers of people. Therefore, South Sudan will focus on enhancing climate-resilient fish production by promoting activities such as restoring fish habitats that would contribute to protecting a large number of people dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. • Restore and sustainably manage fish habitats, especially wetlands such as the Sudd swamps and Nile basin. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote alternative livelihood options. South Sudan will promote small-scale aquaculture to improve food security by empowering 10% of the farmers across the country by 2030. • Develop an action plan to implement the National Aquaculture Development Strategy. The strategy is yet to be enacted in Parliament.', 'The strategy is yet to be enacted in Parliament. Short term Enhance the supply chain for the fisheries industry. Enhancing the supply chain will support communities by minimizing losses (as currently most fish catches are kept in open spaces) due to extreme weather events and will help fishing communities to increase sales and earn more. • Develop transport infrastructure and cold-storage facilities. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Build the capacity of communities. Increase awareness of communities in the fisheries supply chain on climate change and risk management. • Enhance the capacity of communities on climate change through workshops, training modules and by providing services such as early warning systems. Yet to be implemented Short term Carry out research to assess the impacts of climate change on fisheries and develop knowledge on this.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term Carry out research to assess the impacts of climate change on fisheries and develop knowledge on this. As highlighted in the South Sudan Fisheries Policy, the country will conduct research and develop a monitoring and reporting framework to assess the impacts of climate change on fisheries. • Utilize existing academic and research institutions within the country (e.g., Juba University, Yei Agricultural Research Centre) to carry out various studies and review associated literature on the impacts of climate change on key food- producing sectors such as agriculture and fisheries. Yet to be implemented Short term78 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.1.4 Potential for job creation Agriculture and livestock A large proportion of South Sudan’s population is dependent on cultivation and livestock for their livelihoods.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term78 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.1.4 Potential for job creation Agriculture and livestock A large proportion of South Sudan’s population is dependent on cultivation and livestock for their livelihoods. In 2015, the sector provided employ- ment to more than 1,657,000 workers (Figure 22), 25 percent of the total working population. Traditionally, women and girls perform most of the cultivation-related activities. Furthermore, around 35 percent of the total female workforce was employed in the agriculture sector in 2015, second only after the education, health and ‘other services’ sector (SCP-HAT, 2018). South Sudan has large areas of arable land and has great potential for improving agricultural production. Realizing this potential by implementing climate-smart agricultural practices will provide enormous potential to improve livelihoods, especially in rural areas.', 'Realizing this potential by implementing climate-smart agricultural practices will provide enormous potential to improve livelihoods, especially in rural areas. Climate-change mitigation and adaptation activities in agriculture can make existing jobs more stable by enhancing productivity and profitability of the farmers, and also generate opportunities for new jobs. Furthermore, climate-smart agriculture also considers gender issues, thus reducing social differences and gender inequality, which would in turn enhance sustainability of the measures. Some of the areas where jobs could potentially be created in the agriculture sector are: • Skilled pest management; • Climate-smart livestock management; and • Businesses involved in agricultural supply chains, including packaging, transportation, distribution and marketing services. In addition, investments into sectors such as ecotourism, promotion of local food products in the tourism industry and development of transport infrastructure providing farm-to-market accessibility could further improve employment opportunities in agriculture sector.', 'In addition, investments into sectors such as ecotourism, promotion of local food products in the tourism industry and development of transport infrastructure providing farm-to-market accessibility could further improve employment opportunities in agriculture sector. Fisheries According to SCP-HAT data, 14 percent of South Sudan’s population is dependent on fisheries for their livelihood. As shown in Figure 23, employment in the fisheries sector increased by 7 percent per year between 2012 and 2015. Similar to cultivation and livestock, the fisheries sector also has higher female representation, with women making up 62 percent of the total workforce in 2015. Global demand for fish is expected to increase by 30 percent by 2030 (World Bank, 2020b).', 'Global demand for fish is expected to increase by 30 percent by 2030 (World Bank, 2020b). Since South Sudan has good fish production potential, the efficient implementation of sustainable initiatives and the promotion of aquaculture could enhance food security and ensure that fisheries contribute towards the country’s economy. Aquaculture is a source of better-paying, full-time jobs in many Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 22: Employment in the agriculture sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 23: Employment in the fishing sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 79 African countries, for example, Madagascar, Zambia and Zimbabwe (FAO, 2020a). South Sudan could create more jobs by enhancing its supply chain and training farmers (especially, small-scale farmers) on fish farming, as well as on seed and feed production and providing technical knowledge on sustainable farming practices.', 'South Sudan could create more jobs by enhancing its supply chain and training farmers (especially, small-scale farmers) on fish farming, as well as on seed and feed production and providing technical knowledge on sustainable farming practices. (CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDINGS) 7.2.1 Current status South Sudan currently lacks basic infrastructure such as roads, sewer and electricity supply networks. Therefore, development of basic infrastructure is one of the main priorities of the growth strategies of South Sudan. The government is planning to invest a significant share of its spending towards infrastructure development. The budget allocated to the sector went up many fold in the 2019/2020 financial year when government spending increased from 3 percent of total spending in 2018/2019 to 55 percent in 2019/2020 (South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning and the United Nations Children’s Fund, 2019).', 'The budget allocated to the sector went up many fold in the 2019/2020 financial year when government spending increased from 3 percent of total spending in 2018/2019 to 55 percent in 2019/2020 (South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning and the United Nations Children’s Fund, 2019). Thus, with the implementation of planned investments and projects, the sector represents increased growth opportunities along with great potential for GHG mitigation (SCP-HAT, 2018). Currently, most of the raw materials required for construction, such as cement and iron sheets, are imported from neighbouring countries such as Kenya and Uganda. Only small-scale manufacturing of construction materials, such as bricks, is carried out by local enterprises in South Sudan. As a result, most of the GHG emissions in the infrastructure sector are embedded emissions in imported products.', 'As a result, most of the GHG emissions in the infrastructure sector are embedded emissions in imported products. In 2015, the share of GHG emissions from the consumption footprint perspective was 4 percent (2.51 million tCO e; Figure 24) of the total consumption footprint of GHG emissions (61.9 million tCO e). Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic production, however, was only 0.05 million of carbon dioxide equivalent (Figure 25), contributing 0.07 percent of the total domestic production GHG emissions (67.6 million tCO e). Apart from becoming a high emitter, the construction industry is also becoming increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For instance, floods that hit Eastern Equatoria in 2019 destroyed over 440 houses and affected more than 10,000 households (ReliefWeb, 2019).', 'For instance, floods that hit Eastern Equatoria in 2019 destroyed over 440 houses and affected more than 10,000 households (ReliefWeb, 2019). The extent of damage to infrastructure is likely to increase in future, since long-term climatic projections for South Sudan suggest increasing variability in rainfall and increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as floods and droughts. Given this scenario, the Government of South Sudan through its adaptation plan (the NAPA) highlights the need to construct climate-resilient infrastructure as an adaptation to manage disaster risk in the country.', 'Given this scenario, the Government of South Sudan through its adaptation plan (the NAPA) highlights the need to construct climate-resilient infrastructure as an adaptation to manage disaster risk in the country. Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Figure 24: GHG emissions consumption footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 Figure 25: GHG emissions domestic footprint for the infrastructure sector, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 201580 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.2.2 Emission reduction potential As discussed above, South Sudan currently lacks basic infrastructure and is highly dependent on imports of construction material such as cement, iron sheets, etc. As a result, GHG emissions from domestic production in the infrastructure sector are minimal. Given the marginal contribution of this sector to total GHG emissions (0.07 percent) and unavailability of data on likely growth trajectories, it is difficult to estimate emission reduction targets for the infrastructure sector as a whole.', 'Given the marginal contribution of this sector to total GHG emissions (0.07 percent) and unavailability of data on likely growth trajectories, it is difficult to estimate emission reduction targets for the infrastructure sector as a whole. However, there is potential for reducing the sector’s share of embedded GHG emissions in imported construction materials such as cement, which is imported in large quantities (approximately 1.8 million tonnes in 2018). To illustrate the potential of reducing embedded emissions, two scenarios have been developed based on historical cement consumption in South Sudan. Embedded GHG emission values are estimated for the period 2016–2020, and projections are made for 2021–2030 using a statistical model. The two scenarios that are considered for estimating emission reduction potential are the baseline and emission reduction scenario, and are illustrated in Figure 26.', 'The two scenarios that are considered for estimating emission reduction potential are the baseline and emission reduction scenario, and are illustrated in Figure 26. 7 The use of alternative materials such as fly ash in cement reduces the clinker-to-cement ratio and thereby results in lower GHG emissions and lower energy use in cement production. Emissions are avoided due to the reduced amount of clinker required for cement production. Baseline scenario: The baseline scenario represents a case of no action, i.e., the government will not implement any policy or mitigation strategy to reduce the share of embedded GHG emissions in South Sudan. In the baseline scenario, it is assumed that only ordinary Portland cement is imported.', 'In the baseline scenario, it is assumed that only ordinary Portland cement is imported. Ordinary Portland cement is the most commonly used cement; it contains up to 95 percent clinker, while the remaining 5 percent is gypsum. In this scenario, embedded GHG emissions in imported cement increases to 4.9 million tCO e in 2030 from 0.9 million tonnes in 2016 (Figure 26). Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario assumes that the Government of South Sudan will implement policies to regulate that low-carbon cement is imported into the country. It assumes that only green cement is imported to South Sudan, which has average clinker factor of 70 percent.7 In this scenario, embedded emissions would be 3.61 million tCO e in 2030 compared to 4.9 million tonnes in the baseline scenario (Figure 26).', 'It assumes that only green cement is imported to South Sudan, which has average clinker factor of 70 percent.7 In this scenario, embedded emissions would be 3.61 million tCO e in 2030 compared to 4.9 million tonnes in the baseline scenario (Figure 26). The emission reduction scenario achieves a cumulative emission reduction of 9.5 million tCO e by 2030, which is 26 percent lower than the baseline scenario. This emission reduction scenario only assumes the use of low-carbon cement. However, the inclusion of other green construction materials would result in even higher emission reductions for the infrastructure sector. Consequently, South Sudan will implement GHG mitigation strategies that will not only focus on reducing domestic emissions but will also reduce embedded emissions. These strategies are described in the section below.', 'These strategies are described in the section below. Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 26: GHG emission scenarios for the infrastructure sector, 2016–2030Sectoral strategies 81 7.2.3 Key strategies As South Sudan transitions from a low- to middle-income economy, it is likely that GHG emissions from the infrastructure sector will increase from domestic production and through its consumption footprint. To address these potential increases, South Sudan will implement the strategies provided in Table 12 to ensure that the sector grows in a sustainable manner. Table 12: Mitigation strategies for the infrastructure sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Regulate the importation of construction material for low-carbon alternatives.', 'Table 12: Mitigation strategies for the infrastructure sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Regulate the importation of construction material for low-carbon alternatives. Given that most of the emissions in the infrastructure sector are embedded emissions in imported construction materials, South Sudan will regulate to ensure that green construction materials are imported, which will significantly reduce the sector’s share of embedded emissions. • Develop policy to ensure the importation of low-carbon construction materials (such as mandating that imported cement has a certain proportion of fly ash, which makes it greener). Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Adopt policies, guidelines and national building codes that incorporate climate- change adaptation criteria in any new construction. Basic infrastructure in South Sudan is currently under development, so South Sudan will adopt policies to incorporate climate-change adaptation criteria in new buildings.', 'Basic infrastructure in South Sudan is currently under development, so South Sudan will adopt policies to incorporate climate-change adaptation criteria in new buildings. • Develop policies and/or national building codes that promote green and low-carbon buildings, for example, by increasing the share of renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and developing waste-management and water-harvesting structures, etc. Building codes will also incorporate regulations on using secondary stocks, such as tiles created from plastics. Yet to be implemented Short term Promote use of low-carbon construction materials. South Sudan will promote the use of low- carbon materials in construction to reduce GHG emissions of the infrastructure sector and to contribute towards efficient waste management. • The use of materials with industrial by-products (such as fly ash, recycled sand) will be promoted for the construction of buildings.', '• The use of materials with industrial by-products (such as fly ash, recycled sand) will be promoted for the construction of buildings. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term82 Second Nationally Determined Contribution An increase in riverine floods in the future due to changing climate can have serious impacts on infrastructure. Therefore, the following adaptation strategies have been proposed to strengthen the sector’s resilience. Table 13: Adaptation strategies for the infrastructure sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Mainstream climate resilience in construction activities. The government will prioritize awareness creation and promote the use of climate- resilient construction materials to adapt infrastructure to expected changes in climate. Long-term climatic projections for South Sudan suggest increases in the frequency of rainfall and floods and therefore, the focus will be on developing flood-proof infrastructure and increased planning for floods.', 'Long-term climatic projections for South Sudan suggest increases in the frequency of rainfall and floods and therefore, the focus will be on developing flood-proof infrastructure and increased planning for floods. • Integrated planning of town and cities to develop sustainable and climate-resilient urban settlements. Included as part of the NDS Short term • Ensure that land-use plans and building codes reflect the expected impacts of climate change. Included as part of the NDS Short term Strengthen land-use policy. The government will aim to strengthen land-use policies to ensure the sustainable use of natural resources in South Sudan. • Develop a strategic action plan for the implementation of the National Land Use Policy. Review of National Land Use Policy is ongoing Short term Develop regulations to ensure environmental and social impact assessments for large infrastructure projects.', 'Review of National Land Use Policy is ongoing Short term Develop regulations to ensure environmental and social impact assessments for large infrastructure projects. Develop regulations around conducting mandatory environmental and social impact assessments to ensure that infrastructure projects have minimal negative impacts. The introduction of such policies and regulations in the infrastructure sector, will allow South Sudan to increasingly gain access to international developmental finance. • Carry out a comprehensive environmental and social impact assessment before the construction of any new infrastructure project. Yet to be implemented Short term Invest in water supply and wastewater treatment infrastructure. South Sudan will invest in the construction of water supply and wastewater treatment systems (in urban and industrial areas) to ensure efficient water supply while maintaining water quality, thereby reducing water pollution and negative health impacts. • Establish wastewater treatment and effluent treatment plants.', '• Establish wastewater treatment and effluent treatment plants. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term 7.2.4 Potential for job creation Employment in the construction sector saw a compound annual growth rate of 11 percent between 2012 and 2015 (Figure 27). Given the nature of work, the sector is largely dominated by a male workforce (97 percent).Sectoral strategies 83 According to estimates by the International Labour Organization, efforts implemented in the construction sector for limiting temperature rise to 2ºC will have a net positive impact on employment. Employment in the sector will be driven by a higher demand for labour for the construction of climate-resilient infrastructure, and other necessary adaptations. For example, the construction of dykes, elevated roads and stronger buildings will be necessary to withstand increasingly extreme weather events.', 'For example, the construction of dykes, elevated roads and stronger buildings will be necessary to withstand increasingly extreme weather events. The total number of direct, indirect and induced employment effects of investment in adaptation infrastructure depends on a number of factors and may vary between countries. The employment multipliers are generally higher in developing countries, for instance, for every $1 million invested in the construction sector, close to 650 jobs are expected to be created in India compared to 120 jobs in Russia (International Labour Organization, 2018a). Similarly, a high potential for job creation is expected in South Sudan. 7.3.1 Current status South Sudan has a total forest cover of 192,000 square kilometres, which represents around 30 percent of the country’s total land area. This includes natural forests, hills, national parks and game reserves in the country.', 'This includes natural forests, hills, national parks and game reserves in the country. Of the total forested area, only 3.1 percent (6,400 square kilometres) are gazetted forest reserves. These forest resources play an important role in the economic development of the country and in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities. However, the forest cover of South Sudan has been severely degraded in some areas of the country. This is because local communities are heavily dependent on forest products, such as timber, fuel wood and non-timber products (for example, food and medicinal resources). Around 81 percent of the population is dependent on fuel wood and 14 percent on charcoal for cooking. South Sudan also witnesses extensive conversion of forests and woodlands into grasslands, pastures and agricultural lands.', 'South Sudan also witnesses extensive conversion of forests and woodlands into grasslands, pastures and agricultural lands. The current deforestation rate is estimated to be 2 percent per year (UNEP, 2018a). As a result of continual deforestation and rapid conversion of forestlands, land use, land-use change and forestry was a net positive emitter of GHG emissions between 2005 and 2015, with net emissions equal to 2.76 million tCO e in 2015 (Figure 28).', 'As a result of continual deforestation and rapid conversion of forestlands, land use, land-use change and forestry was a net positive emitter of GHG emissions between 2005 and 2015, with net emissions equal to 2.76 million tCO e in 2015 (Figure 28). Apart from deforestation, other major challenges to sustainable forest management in South Sudan include a lack of coordination between the state and national governments on forest management and a knowledge gap on the current status of natural forest resources at national and regional Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 27: Employment in the construction sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 GHG emissions Net emissions Forest land Land converted to cropland Land converted to grassland Figure 28: GHG emissions and sinks in land use, land-use change and forestry, 2015 Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 201884 Second Nationally Determined Contribution levels.', 'Apart from deforestation, other major challenges to sustainable forest management in South Sudan include a lack of coordination between the state and national governments on forest management and a knowledge gap on the current status of natural forest resources at national and regional Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 27: Employment in the construction sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 GHG emissions Net emissions Forest land Land converted to cropland Land converted to grassland Figure 28: GHG emissions and sinks in land use, land-use change and forestry, 2015 Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 201884 Second Nationally Determined Contribution levels. As a result, the illegal exploitation of resources is common in the country. Given this scenario, the sustainable management and conservation of forests is a priority for South Sudan.', 'Given this scenario, the sustainable management and conservation of forests is a priority for South Sudan. The government has developed various policies for enhancing forest governance and for promoting sustainable forest management, including the National Forest Policy, the National Environmental Policy and the NAPA. The National Forest Policy provides a nationwide framework for managing forests at all levels across the country and gives responsibility to individual state governments to implement state forest action plans. The National Environmental Policy aims to carry out an extensive afforestation project of planting 100 million trees over a period of 10 years. Furthermore, the current national adaptation plan also stresses the conservation of forests by improving degraded forestlands, promoting agroforestry and emphasizing the need to diversify livelihoods to reduce the dependence of local communities on forests.', 'Furthermore, the current national adaptation plan also stresses the conservation of forests by improving degraded forestlands, promoting agroforestry and emphasizing the need to diversify livelihoods to reduce the dependence of local communities on forests. 7.3.2 Emission reduction potential Two GHG emission scenarios – a baseline scenario and emission sequestration scenario – have been developed for the forestry sector for estimating the GHG sequestration potential of natural forests and woodlands in South Sudan for the period 2018–2030. Baseline scenario: South Sudan currently has 192,000 square kilometres of forestlands, which is declining at an average rate of 2 percent per annum. The baseline scenario represents a case of no action, i.e., the government will not implement a policy to reduce the current rate of deforestation in South Sudan.', 'The baseline scenario represents a case of no action, i.e., the government will not implement a policy to reduce the current rate of deforestation in South Sudan. Hence, the scenario assumes that 2 percent of the forest area will be deforested annually. Under this scenario, more than 40,000 square kilometres of forest area would be lost by 2030, resulting in a loss of GHG sequestration potential of 38 million tCO e (Figure 29). Emission sequestration scenario: The emission reduction scenario represents a decarbonization pathway that South Sudan will have to follow till 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5ºC. The emission sequestration scenario targets a 70 percent reduction in deforested area in South Sudan by 2030 compared to 2019 levels.', 'The emission sequestration scenario targets a 70 percent reduction in deforested area in South Sudan by 2030 compared to 2019 levels. (This is in line with the 1.5ºC-compatible target estimated by the World Resources Institute (Lebling et. al., 2020) for the forest sector globally.) Under this scenario, the deforested area is estimated to reduce to 1,152 square kilometres in 2030 (63 percent lower than the 2030 baseline value). The emission sequestration scenario will generate additional sequestration potential of 45 million tCO e by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. To achieve the potential GHG-sequestration target, South Sudan will implement various strategies which are outlined in the section below. 7.3.3 Key strategies The forestry sector in South Sudan has a high potential for mitigation. However, due to increased land-use change, the sector became a net emitter of GHG emissions in 2015.', 'However, due to increased land-use change, the sector became a net emitter of GHG emissions in 2015. Deforestation and land-use change will lead to a greater loss in the country’s carbon sequestration potential. Furthermore, increased depletion of forest cover will also increase the vulnerability of rural communities to climate variability, as the goods Baseline scenario Emission sequestration scenario Figure 29: GHG emission sequestration scenarios for the forestry sector, 2018–2030Sectoral strategies 85 and services provided by these ecosystems buffer communities against crop failures associated with erratic rainfall, floods and droughts. Deforestation will also have a negative impact on biodiversity and wildlife in the country. In this regard, South Sudan will focus on promoting the initiatives described in Table 14 to reduce deforestation and improve forest management.', 'In this regard, South Sudan will focus on promoting the initiatives described in Table 14 to reduce deforestation and improve forest management. Table 14: Mitigation strategies for the forestry sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Reduce deforestation. South Sudan aims to declare approximately 30% of its natural forests as reserve forests to reduce the high rate of deforestation. • Delineate natural forest areas in the states and administrative boundaries of the country for the formation of protected areas. Survey and inventory units will map forested areas. Short term • Plant valuable tree species in open spaces within protected areas to enrich these areas. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Monitor changes in forest cover and vegetation either through ground surveys, or by using technologies such as satellite imagery and geographic information systems for regular monitoring.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Monitor changes in forest cover and vegetation either through ground surveys, or by using technologies such as satellite imagery and geographic information systems for regular monitoring. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Introduce fire protection and management plans for forested areas. This will also be complemented with establishing stringent rules and regulations to control setting of bush fires. Yet to be implemented Short term86 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Implement afforestation and reforestation projects. South Sudan aims to implement an ambitious reforestation and afforestation project of planting 100 million trees over a period of 10 years. • Map degraded areas in the country. Yet to be implemented Short term • Procure seeds of important tree species and the necessary tools and equipment for tree planting.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term • Procure seeds of important tree species and the necessary tools and equipment for tree planting. Yet to be implemented Short term • Establish central tree nurseries in states and administrative areas to supply plants for implementation of the tree-planting project. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Invest in forest-related research. The government will invest in carrying out forest-related research to identify tree species and breeds that can withstand extreme weather events, such as cyclones and floods, as well as other fast-growing tree species that could be used for rapid expansion of forest cover. • Engage with existing research and academic institutions in South Sudan to identify tree species that can be used for supporting the country’s afforestation project. Yet to be implemented Short term Restore degraded areas.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term Restore degraded areas. South Sudan aims to replant trees in degraded areas, especially in water catchment areas. • Map water catchment areas in the country. The project is being implemented near Imatong catchment of the Kinety River, however, there has been no progress due to lack of financial resources. Short to medium term • Identify suitable tree species and plant these species in predetermined water catchments. Short to medium term Plant trees in urban spaces. Trees will also be planted outside the forest areas, such as in cities and towns. • Map urban areas for tree planting. This project is in its initial stage; minimal work has been done. Progress has halted due to a lack of financial resources. Short to medium term • Identify and select suitable tree species for urban forestry. Short to medium term Promote agroforestry.', 'Short to medium term • Identify and select suitable tree species for urban forestry. Short to medium term Promote agroforestry. South Sudan will promote agroforestry, which will not only help sequester carbon but will also provide other benefits such as reduced soil erosion and enhanced agricultural productivity by maintaining soil fertility. • Raise awareness and build the capacity of key stakeholders on agroforestry practices. The project is in the initial stage and minimal work has been done. Short term • Identify suitable multi-purpose tree species based on parameters such as landscape and climatic conditions in different parts of the country. Short term • Establish central tree nurseries in states and administrative areas to supply plants for the project. Short to medium term Review the Forest Policy to integrate climate-change concerns. South Sudan will carry out a review of its Forest Policy to integrate climate- change strategies into national and regional plans.', 'South Sudan will carry out a review of its Forest Policy to integrate climate- change strategies into national and regional plans. • As part of the Forest Policy, develop regulations to reduce the rate of deforestation by strengthening land- use management planning at the national and local levels, particularly for the mining and logging sectors, which are responsible for extensive deforestation globally. Yet to be implemented Short termSectoral strategies 87 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote the use of alternative fuels. To reduce dependence on forest resources, especially fuel wood, South Sudan will develop regulations to promote the use of alternate sources of fuel. • Encourage use of biofuels, such as those derived from refuse and agriculture residue. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Install biogas plants in rural areas to meet energy needs for cooking.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Install biogas plants in rural areas to meet energy needs for cooking. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote measures such as payment for ecosystem services and benefit sharing. To avoid depletion of natural resources, South Sudan will participate in international frameworks such as the United Nations REDD+ programme that focuses on implementing measures for reducing emissions from deforestation, for afforestation and the sustainable management of forests, etc. These international programmes will not only increase access to international climate finance but also contribute towards development of national-level land and forest management systems, processes and capacities. • Implement REDD+ programmes such as beekeeping and aquaculture and to improve charcoal and briquettes production to provide alternate livelihood options to communities. South Sudan has developed a strategy and action plan for REDD+.', 'South Sudan has developed a strategy and action plan for REDD+. Medium to long term • Raise awareness amongst various stakeholders regarding REDD+ and build the capacities of communities on forest management activities. Short term Increase awareness of communities on climate change. To further prevent destruction of forests, South Sudan will raise awareness among different stakeholders, such as local communities and government institutions, regarding climate change and the role of forests in mitigating the impacts of climate change. • Conduct workshops, seminars and talks on television and radio on climate change. Yet to be implemented Short term Note: REDD+ is a United Nations framework that aims to curb climate change by stopping the destruction of forests.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term Note: REDD+ is a United Nations framework that aims to curb climate change by stopping the destruction of forests. REDD stands for ‘Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation’; the ‘+’ signifies the role of conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.88 Second Nationally Determined Contribution A high rate of deforestation makes communities dependent on this sector for their livelihoods extremely vulnerable. Therefore, the following adaptation strategies have been proposed to reduce the deforestation rate and strengthen community resilience. Table 15: Adaptation strategies for the forestry sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Sustainable management of forests through community involvement. South Sudan will promote the sustainable management of forests through decentralized systems of state ownership and community responsibility.', 'South Sudan will promote the sustainable management of forests through decentralized systems of state ownership and community responsibility. Such joint forest management initiatives will enable efficient and equitable distribution of forest resources and economic benefits (including carbon credits). • Enable community members to participate in the management of forest lands under the jurisdiction of relevant forest departments. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Establish early warning systems. Incidences of pest and disease outbreaks are common in South Sudan; these negatively impact the country’s vegetation. Therefore, the government will establish early warning systems dedicated to predicting incidences of pest and disease outbreaks. • Develop early warning systems and response measures to control widespread pest and/or disease outbreaks to reduce their negative impacts on vegetation.', '• Develop early warning systems and response measures to control widespread pest and/or disease outbreaks to reduce their negative impacts on vegetation. Yet to be implemented Short to long term 7.3.4 Potential for job creation Industries based on forests and natural ecosystems are increasingly recognized as key elements of economic development. Effective implementation of forest management and climate-change strategies in South Sudan will maximize economic and employment benefits in the sector. Since South Sudan plans to carry out an extensive afforestation project of planting 100 million trees, activities such as land preparation, production of planting material and maintenance adapted to local conditions could be important sources of employment in the country. Afforestation and reforestation activities, including the reclamation of degraded land, will provide high employment opportunities.', 'Afforestation and reforestation activities, including the reclamation of degraded land, will provide high employment opportunities. This is also evident from estimates that suggest that afforestation, reforestation and the control of desertification of 5,000 square kilometres of land annually, could potentially create 4–5 million full-time-equivalent jobs (Nair and Rutt, 2009). In addition, promotion of community-based forest management and ecotourism in South Sudan will contribute to a more diverse employment base. It will provide more opportunities to the local workforce that has the capacity and traditional knowledge to carry out forest management work, which is needed to improve and restore forest ecosystems. Since women are traditionally engaged in collecting fuel wood and food from forests, they have more knowledge of the trees and forests in terms of biological diversity, sustainable management and conservation practices (FAO, 2014).', 'Since women are traditionally engaged in collecting fuel wood and food from forests, they have more knowledge of the trees and forests in terms of biological diversity, sustainable management and conservation practices (FAO, 2014). Thus, if agroforestry and forest management programmes are implemented while recognizing the role of women, it will accelerate female representation in the forestry sector.Sectoral strategies 89 7.4 BIODIVERSITY, ECOSYSTEM AND SUSTAINABLE WETLAND MANAGEMENT 7.4.1 Current status South Sudan has large areas of natural forests and is rich in biological resources. These include a wide range of animal and plant species and globally important ecosystems such as wetlands (which cover 14.7 percent of the country’s land area). South Sudan is home to the Sudd wetland, which is one of the world’s largest Ramsar sites and has also been designated as a cultural and natural world heritage site by UNESCO.', 'South Sudan is home to the Sudd wetland, which is one of the world’s largest Ramsar sites and has also been designated as a cultural and natural world heritage site by UNESCO. The majority of South Sudan’s population is directly dependent on forests, woodlands and wetlands for fuel wood, food and various other forest products for their livelihoods. As a result, the diversity of ecosystems and species in the country are under continual threat of human pressures. These ecosystems are continually degrading because of expansion of urban areas and increasing developmental and industrial activities, such as pollution and land conversion. This has a direct impact on the biodiversity of the region. The number of wildlife species has decreased significantly in key wildlife areas of the country.', 'The number of wildlife species has decreased significantly in key wildlife areas of the country. For instance, elephant populations have declined from 20,000 in 1980 to less than 2,500 in 2007, and giraffe populations declined from 96,000 to less than 500 during the same period (UNEP, 2018a). Increasing climate variability exacerbates this existing stress on South Sudan’s ecosystems. Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall have led to floods and droughts in the region, which negatively impact natural ecosystems, especially the ecologically sensitive zones such as the Sudd wetland. According to recent published research, methane emissions from wetlands in East Africa, especially the Sudd wetland, were responsible for about a third of the growth in global emissions between 2010 and 2016.', 'According to recent published research, methane emissions from wetlands in East Africa, especially the Sudd wetland, were responsible for about a third of the growth in global emissions between 2010 and 2016. Increased influx of water entering the Sudd wetland, due to dam releases upstream on the Nile River and its tributaries, resulted in increased soil microbial activity and release of methane emissions (Lunt et al., 2019). While this study has been carried out using advanced and reliable technologies (such as geographic information systems and satellite imagery), no ground surveys have been conducted to validate these findings.', 'While this study has been carried out using advanced and reliable technologies (such as geographic information systems and satellite imagery), no ground surveys have been conducted to validate these findings. Given these circumstances, the Government of South Sudan would like to invite international researchers to the country to study and better understand the phenomenon surrounding the wetlands, and assist local stakeholders in developing robust measures and interventions to conserve and control emissions from these areas. Controlling emissions emanating from the wetlands due to anthropogenic activities and protecting biodiversity and natural ecosystems are key priority areas for South Sudan. South Sudan’s NDS highlights the need for biodiversity conservation and management. The NAPA provides details of specific projects for biodiversity management that South Sudan will implement, for example, establishing water points for wildlife in protected areas and promoting alternative sources of livelihoods.', 'The NAPA provides details of specific projects for biodiversity management that South Sudan will implement, for example, establishing water points for wildlife in protected areas and promoting alternative sources of livelihoods. The Government of South Sudan has also drafted the Wildlife Conservation and Protected Area Policy, which provides a legal framework for addressing issues related to landscape management in the country, and guides the sustainable management of natural resources and wildlife. South Sudan joined the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in 2014.', 'South Sudan joined the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity in 2014. 7.4.2 Key strategies South Sudan will implement the strategies described in Table 16 for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands in the country to improve carbon sequestration.90 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table 16: Mitigation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands for improved carbon sequestration. South Sudan will collaborate with international research institutes and agencies to conduct ground research on the release of methane emissions from the Sudd wetland and develop measures to sustainably manage and mitigate high emissions coming from the country’s wetlands. • Build the capacity of government and research institutions on wetland processes and associated GHG emissions. Yet to be implemented Short term • Identify and classify wetlands, and assess their biodiversity.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term • Identify and classify wetlands, and assess their biodiversity. Yet to be implemented Short term • Bring wetlands under protection for sustainable management. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Monitor wetland inventory and biodiversity hotspots. Similar to forest cover monitoring, South Sudan will monitor and develop an inventory of its wetland and biodiversity hotspots through ground surveys or by using other technologies such as geographic information systems and satellite imagery. • Identify and classify wetlands. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Assess threats to wetlands by conducting a vulnerability assessment Establish buffer zones around wetlands. Establish buffer zones around wetlands to limit human activities that negatively impact the value of natural resources. The buffer zones will allow government to cost-effectively manage ecosystems and maintain water quality while protecting human habitat from flood-related damages. • Assess wetland services.', 'The buffer zones will allow government to cost-effectively manage ecosystems and maintain water quality while protecting human habitat from flood-related damages. • Assess wetland services. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Assess wetland areas of use. Reclaim wetlands. The government will also focus on restoring degraded wetlands in South Sudan with the aim of reducing their emissions by increasing carbon sequestration and building long-term carbon stock. • Identify degraded wetlands in the country. Yet to be implemented Short term • Improve wetland resource use. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Develop integrated management plans for wetlands. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Educated and create awareness amongst the general public for the sustainable management of wetlands.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Educated and create awareness amongst the general public for the sustainable management of wetlands. Yet to be implemented Short termSectoral strategies 91 As discussed above, a significant proportion of South Sudan’s population relies heavily on natural resources such as fuel wood, charcoal and fish, exacerbating the current stresses on ecosystems. Furthermore, ecosystems in South Sudan are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of increasing industrial activities, including pollution, water abstraction for agriculture, aquaculture and land-use change. Thus, South Sudan will focus on the conservation and management of its biodiversity, ecosystems and wetlands. This will involve the measures described in Table 17. Table 17: Adaptation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Conduct a biodiversity mapping study.', 'Table 17: Adaptation strategies for biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Conduct a biodiversity mapping study. South Sudan will focus on understanding native and endangered species in various regions in the country through a biodiversity mapping study and/or a census. This will enable South Sudan to direct and prioritize conservation resources in a structured manner. • Utilize the capacity of existing research institutions and universities in the country to conduct a biodiversity mapping study throughout the country. Yet to be implemented Short term Strengthen the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. South Sudan will declare commitment to the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2018–2027) by showcasing its current implementation status and a roadmap for future implementation. • Build more comprehensive and strengthened action plans for conserving the biodiversity of South Sudan.', '• Build more comprehensive and strengthened action plans for conserving the biodiversity of South Sudan. The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been developed for South Sudan. Short term Reduce the rate of deforestation by promoting alternative sources of energy. The government will develop suitable regulations and measures for reducing the deforestation rate by increasing access to electricity, introducing alternative sources of energy and strengthening land-use management policies and planning. • Assess available energy sources. Yet to be implemented Short to long term • Select suitable energy sources that can be sustainably used by communities that are currently dependent on fuel wood. • Develop a roadmap and implementation plan for introducing alternative energy sources. • Monitor and evaluate project performance. Develop waste management policies.', '• Monitor and evaluate project performance. Develop waste management policies. South Sudan will develop regulations in line with proposed waste management policies to reduce the disposal of solid wastes and/or untreated wastewater into water bodies or onto open land. • Develop and implement a waste management policy. Yet to be implemented Short to long term Promote agroforestry. South Sudan will promote agroforestry for diversifying land production systems and also to promote alternative livelihood options. • Assessment of available production systems and the tree and crop species involved. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Utilize indigenous and scientific know- ledge to identify combinations of tree species that could provide improved livelihood opportunities to people, while also acting as a carbon sink. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term92 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote afforestation of degraded landscapes.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term92 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote afforestation of degraded landscapes. South Sudan will promote afforestation of degraded landscapes and of watersheds using multi-purpose tree species to increase community safety nets and to diversify livelihoods. Planning phase: • Identify degraded sites for afforestation. • Organize a tender to carry out afforestation works. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Implementation phase: • Develop baselines. • Select tree species and design planting protocols. • Establish forest nursery for seedling production. • Prepare soil. • Implement planting and tending activities. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Monitoring phase: • Monitor overall project performance. • Monitor carbon levels in trees and soil. • Create project database. • Build capacity and raise awareness of various levels of involved stakeholders. Yet to be implemented Short to long term Develop a management plan to protect watersheds.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to long term Develop a management plan to protect watersheds. The government will develop forest reserves and management plans to protect natural watersheds to maintain water availability and quality. • Study the existing literature and information available for the country. Yet to be implemented Short to long term • Conduct field studies and stakeholder consultations to gather insight on forest reserves and watershed management practices. • Outline the country’s biodiversity targets. • Carry out monitoring and evaluation. • Draft management plans for forest reserves and watershed protection. Introduce wildfire management plans. South Sudan will introduce fire management plans to prevent and control the spread of wildfires during dry periods and to reduce damage to forest resources and wildlife. • Plan, implement and monitor. • Research. • Build capacity. • Raise awareness.', '• Build capacity. • Raise awareness. Yet to be implemented Short to long term Establish wildlife conservancies and protected areas. South Sudan will establish wildlife conservancies, protected areas and national parks to prevent degradation of forest areas and conserve wildlife. • Engage with key government stakeholders and communities living adjacent to forestlands to gather their views and consent on changes to protected areas. Yet to be implemented Short term • Assess the status of existing protected areas and national parks, and determine their sizes. Yet to be implemented Short term • Draw an implementation plan to bring forestlands under conservation. Yet to be implemented Short to medium termSectoral strategies 93 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Establish water points for wildlife. The government will establish water holes for wildlife in protected areas to ensure that water is available during dry seasons, thus reducing negative impacts on animals.', 'The government will establish water holes for wildlife in protected areas to ensure that water is available during dry seasons, thus reducing negative impacts on animals. • Identify and select sites for creation of water holes in protected areas. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Introduce integrated natural resources management. Government will promote an integrated natural resources management approach whereby coordination between different stakeholders and development efforts are integrated to address human and institutional factors affecting the conservation of natural resources, as well as affecting livelihoods. • Identify and select different natural resource management approaches that best fit the context in South Sudan. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Implement, monitor and evaluate the performance of identified management approaches. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote ecotourism services.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote ecotourism services. South Sudan will promote sustainable community-based ecotourism services (for example, in the Southern National Park), including wildlife tourism, to provide improved or alternative livelihood opportunities to rural communities while also protecting biodiversity. • Engage with communities living near protected areas to increase awareness on the environmental and economic benefits associated with ecotourism. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Improve national parks and protected areas. The government will focus on improving the current conditions and landscapes of protected areas to conserve wildlife. • Engage with communities and seek consent from communities for any changes to the sizes of protected areas. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Increase awareness and build the capacity of key stakeholders.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Increase awareness and build the capacity of key stakeholders. South Sudan will focus on building capacity of institutions for conducting baseline surveys to record and monitor changes in environmental pollution, biodiversity loss and natural resources management. In addition, increasing awareness and knowledge among communities regarding climate change and environmental concerns will also be a key focus area. • Organize interactive and informative talks on radio and television. Yet to be implemented Short term • Organize talks at clubs and schools to spread awareness among youth. Yet to be implemented Short term Strengthen institutional and governance frameworks for implementation of environmental regulations. The government will focus on strengthening and improving governance mechanisms and institutional frameworks for efficient enforcement of environmental regulations in the country. • Review the existing environmental regulations to identify areas for improvement.', '• Review the existing environmental regulations to identify areas for improvement. Yet to be implemented Short term • Identify the drivers of law enforcement. Yet to be implemented Short term94 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.4.3 Potential for job creation A large part of the population of South Sudan is dependent on ecosystem-based services for their livelihoods. Overexploitation of these services will compromise their livelihoods. Therefore, investing in the sustainable management and restoration of ecosystems, such as wetlands and watersheds, will not only keep these ecosystems healthy but such investments will also provide economic and social benefits to the communities dependent on these ecosystems. Ecosystem restoration activities (including conservation activities) tend to create localized employment benefits through well paying jobs.', 'Ecosystem restoration activities (including conservation activities) tend to create localized employment benefits through well paying jobs. Various studies indicate that ecosystem restoration supports an average of 33 jobs per million of United States dollars invested (but up to 39.7 jobs, depending on geographic scale and type of restoration activity) compared to only 5.2 jobs created in the oil and gas sector for similar investment. The employment multiplier of restoration activities ranges between 1.5 and 3.8 jobs, which is similar to that of various industries and agriculture and livestock sectors (BenDor et al., 2015). Therefore, investments made in conserving, restoring and sustainably managing wetlands, water catchments, forests, etc., will create employment opportunities and provide a means for sustained jobs in South Sudan while maintaining biodiversity and protecting communities dependent on these ecosystems.', 'Therefore, investments made in conserving, restoring and sustainably managing wetlands, water catchments, forests, etc., will create employment opportunities and provide a means for sustained jobs in South Sudan while maintaining biodiversity and protecting communities dependent on these ecosystems. 7.5.1 Current status South Sudan does not have an extensive electricity generation and supply infrastructure. There is no national grid for electricity supply, forcing people to depend on diesel-powered generators for electricity. Access is low with only 3 percent of the total population having access to electricity, mainly in the capital city of Juba and the towns of Wau, Kapoeta and Malakal. Electricity demand is estimated to be 300 megawatts (MW) but, in 2018, the installed generation capacity of the country A CBERS4 satellite image of the southern part of the Sudd swamp. The black areas are open water surfaces.', 'The black areas are open water surfaces. The brown lines crossing the image diagonally are the White Nile and tributaries. The dark green areas are flooded vegetated lowlands (mostly tall grasses and cyperaceae (reeds). The light green shows short grasses on higher ground and exposed soil is orange.Sectoral strategies 95 was only 131.43 MW of which 42 MW is used to power the oil field at Paloch (Figure 30). Estimated GHG emissions for the electricity sector of South Sudan are unavailable. However, data for overall emissions from domestic production of the electricity, gas and water sectors (combined) gradually increased over the period 2012–2015 (Figure 31). The emissions increased from 0.17 million tCO e in 2012 to 0.20 million tonnes in 2015.', 'The emissions increased from 0.17 million tCO e in 2012 to 0.20 million tonnes in 2015. Although South Sudan is completely dependent on thermal power generation, it has great potential for generating electricity through renewable energy sources. Most areas of the country receive 10–12 hours of sunshine a day, with a solar potential of approximately 6.9 gigajoules per square metre per year. Currently, solar-based energy generation is insignificant in the country and it is estimated that only about 45,000 households have some form of lighting or electrical appliance powered by solar energy. South Sudan also has huge potential for hydropower, with more than 200 suitable sites for small-scale hydropower generation plants. The hydropower potential is estimated to be 4,860 MW with an annual production of 24,132 gigawatt-hours (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018).', 'The hydropower potential is estimated to be 4,860 MW with an annual production of 24,132 gigawatt-hours (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018). The Government of South Sudan has identified various short- and long-term strategies to develop the electricity sector and to increase the share of renewable energy in the total energy mix. The government has invested in multiple projects (including a 100 MW thermal power project in Juba and a 20 MW solar park in Nesitu), which are expected to be completed by 2021. Once completed, these projects are expected to increase total installed capacity to 251.43 MW (from 131.43 MW) and increase the share of renewable energy to 8 percent in the total energy mix. 7.5.2 Emission reduction potential Electricity demand in South Sudan is expected to increase from 300 MW to 1,450 MW by 2035.', '7.5.2 Emission reduction potential Electricity demand in South Sudan is expected to increase from 300 MW to 1,450 MW by 2035. To meet this growing demand, South Sudan has identified multiple electricity generation projects and the associated investment requirements. Using this information, two scenarios have been developed for estimating the emission reduction potential of the electricity sector and are illustrated in Figure 32.', 'Using this information, two scenarios have been developed for estimating the emission reduction potential of the electricity sector and are illustrated in Figure 32. Juba Juba (Ezra) Yambio Wau Rumbek Bor Malakal Renk Paloch Figure 30: Installed electricity generation capacity (MW) in South Sudan, 2018 Source: Ministry of Electricity and Dams, 2018 Figure 31: GHG emissions from domestic production of electricity, gas and water, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 32: GHG emission scenarios for electricity96 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario estimates GHG emissions from the electricity generation sector based only on the existing strategies and projects that have already been implemented in South Sudan (i.e., a 20 MW solar power plant is considered in this scenario).', 'Juba Juba (Ezra) Yambio Wau Rumbek Bor Malakal Renk Paloch Figure 30: Installed electricity generation capacity (MW) in South Sudan, 2018 Source: Ministry of Electricity and Dams, 2018 Figure 31: GHG emissions from domestic production of electricity, gas and water, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 32: GHG emission scenarios for electricity96 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario estimates GHG emissions from the electricity generation sector based only on the existing strategies and projects that have already been implemented in South Sudan (i.e., a 20 MW solar power plant is considered in this scenario). The emission trajectory does not reflect any new renewable energy policies or financing that might be implemented in the sector. Thus, the baseline scenario assumes that beyond 2021, only oil-based power plants will be installed for electricity supply.', 'Thus, the baseline scenario assumes that beyond 2021, only oil-based power plants will be installed for electricity supply. Under this scenario, the share of renewable energy in the total installed capacity would be less than 1 percent in 2030. Greenhouse gas emissions in the baseline scenario are estimated to increase from 0.2 million tCO e in 2018 to 6.7 million tCO e in 2030. Emission reduction (ER) scenario: The emission reduction scenario assumes that any new power- plant installation will be based on renewable energy only; no power plants that use carbon- based fossil fuels will be installed beyond 2021. The emission reduction scenario takes into account all the projects and investments that are planned by the Government of South Sudan to estimate the total installed capacity of renewable energy in the country by 2030.', 'The emission reduction scenario takes into account all the projects and investments that are planned by the Government of South Sudan to estimate the total installed capacity of renewable energy in the country by 2030. Thus, the emission reduction scenario is based on the following: • Over the next 10 years, six hydropower plants that have been planned by the government, will be installed: Fula hydro (1,800 MW), and small hydropower plants in Shukoli (210 MW), Beden (400 MW), Lakki (210 MW), Sue (12 MW) and Kentti (3.5 MW). • Investments of $500 million will be made for solar- based power generation, which translates to 57 MW (at the cost of $1 per kilowatt-hour; Mozersky and Kammen, 2018) of new solar-powered plants installed by 2030.', '• Investments of $500 million will be made for solar- based power generation, which translates to 57 MW (at the cost of $1 per kilowatt-hour; Mozersky and Kammen, 2018) of new solar-powered plants installed by 2030. • Investments of $100 million will be made for power generation using wind energy, which translates to a total of 11.41 MW (at the cost of $1 kilowatt-hour; Mozersky and Kammen, 2018) by 2030. • Investments of $1.5 million will be made for biogas-based power generation, which translates to 5.7 MW (at the cost of $30 per megawatt-hour; International Energy Agency, 2020) by 2030.Sectoral strategies 97 In the emission reduction scenario, the share of renewable energy will be more than 92 percent including hydropower plants (but 3 percent excluding hydropower) by 2030.', '• Investments of $1.5 million will be made for biogas-based power generation, which translates to 5.7 MW (at the cost of $30 per megawatt-hour; International Energy Agency, 2020) by 2030.Sectoral strategies 97 In the emission reduction scenario, the share of renewable energy will be more than 92 percent including hydropower plants (but 3 percent excluding hydropower) by 2030. Greenhouse emissions in 2030 are estimated to be 0.53 million tCO e, 92 percent lower than the baseline scenario (Figure 32, page 95). Thus, the emission reduction scenario will achieve a cumulative emission reduction of 11.9 million tCO e by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the targets for emission reduction in the electricity sector are detailed in the section below.', 'The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the targets for emission reduction in the electricity sector are detailed in the section below. 7.5.3 Key strategies Electricity demand in South Sudan is expected to rise above 1,450 MW by 2035. As estimated above, heavy reliance on fossil fuels for power generation to meet this demand will result in significant emissions from the sector. Given the increasing demand and South Sudan’s high potential for electricity generation from renewable sources, there is significant room for green growth in this sector. Thus, South Sudan will implement the following strategies (described in Table 18) to achieve emission reductions in electricity generation. Table 18: Mitigation strategies for the electricity sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Increase the use of clean and renewable energy.', 'Table 18: Mitigation strategies for the electricity sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Increase the use of clean and renewable energy. South Sudan will continue to increase the use of clean energy and would aim at improving the share of renewable energy in its total energy mix by utilizing South Sudan’s high potential for solar (6.9 gigajoules per square metre per year) and wind (285–380 watts per square meter) energy generation. Increases in renewable energy for power generation will not only reduce emissions in the electricity generation sector, but these will also enable low-carbon development of most of the other secondary sectors (such as public administration, education, health services and business activities that require electricity for operations).', 'Increases in renewable energy for power generation will not only reduce emissions in the electricity generation sector, but these will also enable low-carbon development of most of the other secondary sectors (such as public administration, education, health services and business activities that require electricity for operations). • Install Fula hydro (1,800 MW) and small hydropower plants in Shukoli (210 MW), Beden (400 MW), Lakki (210 MW), Sue (12 MW) and Kentti (3.5 MW). Feasibility study for Grand Fula, along with environmental impact assessment, has been carried out. Medium to long term • Install wind turbines in Eastern Equatoria, Greater Upper Nile and Jonglei states. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Install a 20 MW solar photovoltaic plant to supply electricity to Juba. Engineering, construction and procurement work for the plant is ongoing. Medium to long term • Promote the environmentally sustainable use of biogas for electricity generation.', 'Medium to long term • Promote the environmentally sustainable use of biogas for electricity generation. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Improve the efficiency of biomass use. South Sudan will focus on improving energy efficiency in the use of biomass, in particular, fuel wood and charcoal in the traditional energy sector. • Design improved cooking stoves to achieve energy-efficient cooking systems. Awareness-raising campaigns on the economic use of biomass have been conducted. Short to medium term Reduce carbon intensity of existing power plants. South Sudan will encourage a reduction in emissions from existing fossil-fuel power plants. • Assess the emission intensity of existing thermal power plants. The Azra independent-power- producers, 33 MW heavy-fuel-oil diesel plant has been notified to calculate emission levels. Short to long term98 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Improve electrification in rural areas using decentralized grids.', 'Short to long term98 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Improve electrification in rural areas using decentralized grids. South Sudan will focus on improving electrification in rural areas through solar photovoltaic distribution. The country will also make use of mini-grids or decentralized renewable energy grids, which can be a time and cost- efficient measure for providing access to electricity until a centralized grid is installed. Timely and affordable access to energy would reduce the opportunity costs associated with improved livelihood options and will be fundamental for South Sudan to meet its goals under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7: Affordable and Clean Energy. • Sign a memorandum of understanding with investors for rural, solar photovoltaic projects in each of the ten states in the country. Currently, this activity is stalled due to security concerns and inter-communal conflicts.', 'Currently, this activity is stalled due to security concerns and inter-communal conflicts. Medium to long term, depending on improvement in internal security conditions Increase renewable energy to access climate finance. An increase in the contribution of renewable energy in the electricity mix will also enable South Sudan to access international climate finance through market-based mechanisms (such as carbon markets or result-based climate finance). • Participate in carbon markets to trade offsets generated from renewable energy projects. Offsets can be traded not just globally, but also regionally (African countries such as Ethiopia have started building domestic emission trading schemes). Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Improve energy efficiency in the formal energy sector. South Sudan will focus on increasing the efficiency of electricity usage in the formal energy sector and will promote optimal usage of hydropower by careful management of water resources. • Improve energy efficiency of lighting and appliances for power saving.', '• Improve energy efficiency of lighting and appliances for power saving. South Sudan is a member of the East African Centre of Excellence for Renewable Energy and Efficiency. Progress has also been made by including South Sudan on the priority list by the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program to develop mini hydropower plants as part of the rural electrification project. Short to medium term Construct a national grid and interconnected transmission lines. Currently, South Sudan does not have a national grid, therefore construction of central grid and transmission and distribution infrastructure is a priority area for the country. The government has also planned to construct interconnected transmission lines with Sudan, Uganda and Ethiopia. • Conduct feasibility study for the construction of national grid. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Conduct feasibility study for the construction of transmission lines with neighbouring countries.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Conduct feasibility study for the construction of transmission lines with neighbouring countries. Yet to be implemented Medium to long termSectoral strategies 99 7.5.4 Potential for job creation Similar to GHG emissions, employment data for the electricity sector in South Sudan are unavailable. However, SCP-HAT provides total employment in combined electricity, gas and water sectors (Figure 33). Employment continuously increased for the period 2012–2015 with a compound annual growth rate of 24 percent. Employment for men and women observed an increasing compound annual growth rate of 23 percent and 27 percent, respectively. Employment in the electricity sector is expected to continue growing in the future with an increasing share of renewable energy in the total energy mix.', 'Employment in the electricity sector is expected to continue growing in the future with an increasing share of renewable energy in the total energy mix. This is because renewable energy technologies tend to be more labour intensive than conventional energy generation, and create more jobs per unit of energy produced. Examples from developed countries also suggest an increasing employment trend in the renewable energy sector. For instance, employment in clean energy in the United States grew by 3.6 percent in 2018, adding about 110,000 new jobs. Moreover, it is estimated that the United States’ two fastest growing jobs to 2026 will be those of solar installers (105 percent growth) and wind technicians (96 percent growth) (Marcacci, 2019).', 'Moreover, it is estimated that the United States’ two fastest growing jobs to 2026 will be those of solar installers (105 percent growth) and wind technicians (96 percent growth) (Marcacci, 2019). Furthermore, recent studies show that renewable energy projects can offset job losses from a decline in extractive industries and can, in turn, create a net employment gain (International Labour Organization, n.d.). With regard to gender representation in the renewable energy sector, women currently represent 32 percent of the renewable energy workforce globally, which is higher than the 22 percent average reported for the oil and gas industry (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2019).', 'With regard to gender representation in the renewable energy sector, women currently represent 32 percent of the renewable energy workforce globally, which is higher than the 22 percent average reported for the oil and gas industry (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2019). Therefore, increasing the share of renewable energy in South Sudan will be pivotal to job creation and, if the dividend of this growth is equally distributed, it can provide increased career development opportunities to both men and women. 7.6.1 Current status South Sudan’s water resources are distributed unevenly within the country, both spatially and temporally. Quantities of water vary significantly between years, depending on major floods and drought events. Due to its relatively small population and limited industrial development, water demand is low in South Sudan compared to its neighbouring countries.', 'Due to its relatively small population and limited industrial development, water demand is low in South Sudan compared to its neighbouring countries. However, demand is expected to rise significantly with increasing population and industrial activities. The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation reported, in 2007, that the impact of human activities on the quantity and quality of water resources was already evident and of growing concern. Moreover, it has been observed that once-perennial rivers in South Sudan are becoming seasonal. Climate change is likely to exacerbate this problem, impacting water availability and reliability. Another critical issue in South Sudan is the absence of wastewater management infrastructure. Untreated municipal wastewater, sludge and industrial effluents run directly into water bodies, since most towns lack water treatment and adequate sanitation facilities.', 'Untreated municipal wastewater, sludge and industrial effluents run directly into water bodies, since most towns lack water treatment and adequate sanitation facilities. Only 13 percent of the population had access to sanitation facilities in 2017. This makes the communities, especially in rural areas, vulnerable to water-borne diseases and in 2017, for instance, more than 16,000 people were affected by a cholera outbreak, with a mortality rate of 2.3 percent (World Health Organization (WHO), 2017). Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 33: Employment in the electricity, gas and water sectors, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015100 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Around 50 percent of the population in South Sudan does not have access to safe drinking water (USAID, 2017).', 'Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 33: Employment in the electricity, gas and water sectors, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015100 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Around 50 percent of the population in South Sudan does not have access to safe drinking water (USAID, 2017). Most of the urban population (except in Juba and other state capitals) are dependent on undeveloped water supply systems similar to those of rural areas, such as water yards, motorized community handpumps and unprotected wells. Thus, the major policies of South Sudan, i.e., the NAPA, the NDS and Vision 2040, focus on improving drinking-water accessibility and conserving natural water resources. 7.6.2 Emission reduction potential Emissions from the water sector come mainly from the use of electricity for collection, treatment and distribution of water to residential and commercial sectors (represented in Figure 31).', '7.6.2 Emission reduction potential Emissions from the water sector come mainly from the use of electricity for collection, treatment and distribution of water to residential and commercial sectors (represented in Figure 31). The low-carbon development of these services is directly dependent on the use of renewable energy and the low-carbon development of the electricity sector. Thus, water being a secondary sector, its emission reduction potential has already been accounted for in the electricity sector (refer Figure 32, page 95). 7.6.3 Key strategies To maintain water quality and reduce the transmission of water-borne diseases, it is important to ensure that untreated wastewater is not directly discharged into water bodies. This can be achieved through implementation of the strategies described in Table 19. Table 19: Mitigation strategies for the water sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Development of water supply infrastructure.', 'Table 19: Mitigation strategies for the water sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Development of water supply infrastructure. To ensure access to safe drinking water and to enhance water resources management practices, South Sudan will invest in establishing efficient water supply infrastructure. • Finalize the draft Water Bill. No progress has been made due to lack of financial resources. Short to medium term • Ensure coordination between national, transboundary and international water-sector activities. Develop wastewater treatment infrastructure. South Sudan will invest in developing and improving urban and industrial wastewater treatment infrastructure to improve water quality. • Implement the urban water development project supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Yet to be implemented Medium termSectoral strategies 101 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote the reuse and recycling of wastewater.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium termSectoral strategies 101 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Promote the reuse and recycling of wastewater. The government will promote the reuse and recycling of wastewater to reduce environmental impact and stress on freshwater resources. • Encourage recycling of industrial wastewater. Yet to be implemented Medium term Develop regulations to reduce water pollution. South Sudan will develop and implement mechanisms such as penalties for industries and/or individuals responsible for polluting water sources. • Impose and collect fines or penalties for polluting freshwater resources. Not yet implemented Short term To implement the interventions provided in Table 19, South Sudan will require increased access to climate and development finance to set up adequate water management infrastructure. This will also help South Sudan to meet its goals under SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation.', 'This will also help South Sudan to meet its goals under SDG 6: Clean Water and Sanitation. Table 20 showcases adaptation actions that will be taken in order to reduce the adverse impacts of changing water availability and water quality on communities. Table 20: Adaptation strategies for the water sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Rehabilitate irrigation schemes. The majority of South Sudan’s population is dependent on agriculture and livestock for their livelihoods. These communities are highly vulnerable to climatic changes that impact water availability and quality. Therefore, South Sudan aims to rehabilitate irrigation schemes to provide improved access to water for agriculture. • Rehabilitation of northern Upper Nile State irrigation infrastructure to benefit about 20% of all the farmers in the area by 2030. No progress has been made due to the lack of financial resources.', 'No progress has been made due to the lack of financial resources. Short to long term Develop water infrastructure to support livestock farming. South Sudan aims to establish rainwater- harvesting measures for livestock production to reduce vulnerability of cattle keepers and pastoralist communities in water-scarce regions. • Construct and rehabilitate water- harvesting and storage infrastructures (such as haffirs and pans) and develop flood-control works (such as barriers and dykes). Not yet implemented Short to medium term Conserve wetlands. South Sudan has many important wetlands that support the livelihoods of a large number of people (especially through fishing and extracting timber) and, in some cases, supply communities with water. These wetlands are vulnerable to changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as over-extraction. Therefore, protection of these wetlands is another important focus area. • Generate awareness among government and institutions for sustainable wetland management practices.', '• Generate awareness among government and institutions for sustainable wetland management practices. Yet to be implemented Short term • Build the capacity of communities living around wetlands to adapt and diversify their livelihoods, thereby preventing excessive exploitation of wetland resources. Yet to be implemented Short term102 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Implement projects identified under water-related policies that incorporate climate-change criteria. The government will put in efforts towards implementing and executing projects that are included in the CAMP and the Irrigation Development Master Plan. Moreover, climate-adaptation criteria will be incorporated in public investment in these water-related projects. • Review projects identified in the agriculture and irrigation master plans to consider likely impacts of climate change in project planning and implementation. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Implement the planned Jebel Lado Irrigation Scheme. The government is currently setting up an agreement with the World Bank.', 'The government is currently setting up an agreement with the World Bank. Short to medium term Rehabilitate the hydrometeorological monitoring network. South Sudan will invest in establishing and rehabilitating hydrometeorological monitoring stations to collect climate information and provide early warnings for events such as floods and droughts. • Strengthen and upgrade the operations of the Water Information Management System for collecting and monitoring water-related information. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Rehabilitate existing water pumps and install new pumps. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Introduce integrated water catchment management. To maintain water quality and quantity for the future, the Government of South Sudan is prioritizing an integrated water catchment management approach. This involves recognizing the complex relationships between existing ecosystems, hydrology and human dependencies on these resources to identify and adopt measures for sustainably managing and reducing threats to water resources.', 'This involves recognizing the complex relationships between existing ecosystems, hydrology and human dependencies on these resources to identify and adopt measures for sustainably managing and reducing threats to water resources. • Implement the Nyimur Multipurpose Water Resources Project to improve socio-economic development through water resources management for increased water availability. A study for project implementation has been carried out. Short to medium term 7.6.4 Potential for job creation Jobs in the water sector serve as building blocks for a wide array of water-dependent job opportunities in sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, energy, mining and industry. Access to safe drinking water for households and commercial sectors, along with adequate hygiene, is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive workforce across all sectors.', 'Access to safe drinking water for households and commercial sectors, along with adequate hygiene, is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive workforce across all sectors. Thus, investment in water-related infrastructure is not only necessary for creating jobs in the sector directly, but is also critical in providing an enabling environment for economic growth and employment generation in other water-dependent sectors. Estimating the potential of economic growth and direct job creation is particularly challenging for the water sector due to the current unavailability of data on jobs that are dependent on water. However, there are few studies that find a strong positive correlation between investments in the water sector and national income, as well as between water storage capacity and economic growth (UNESCO, 2016).', 'However, there are few studies that find a strong positive correlation between investments in the water sector and national income, as well as between water storage capacity and economic growth (UNESCO, 2016). For instance, investment in small-scale projects in Africa that focus on increasing access to safe water and basic sanitation could potentially provide an estimated economic return of about $28.4 billion per year (UNESCO, n.d.). These high economic returns will have positive impacts on direct and indirect employment as well. If the planned NDC interventions for the water sector are implemented in a coordinated manner in conjunction with those for other sectors (i.e., agriculture, energy and industry), South Sudan could maximize positive economic and employment benefits.Sectoral strategies 103 7.7.1 Current status Currently, the waste management system of South Sudan is inefficient and underdeveloped.', 'If the planned NDC interventions for the water sector are implemented in a coordinated manner in conjunction with those for other sectors (i.e., agriculture, energy and industry), South Sudan could maximize positive economic and employment benefits.Sectoral strategies 103 7.7.1 Current status Currently, the waste management system of South Sudan is inefficient and underdeveloped. There are no national level policies or strategies that have been implemented for waste management in the country. Most of the waste that is generated either goes to landfill sites or is openly burned. The city of Juba generates approximately 1,337 tonnes of solid waste per day, which breaks down to a daily per-capita waste of 0.68 kilograms made up mostly of plastics and food waste (Figure 34). Figure 35 shows that much of this waste comes from households (72 percent) followed by markets (11 percent).', 'Figure 35 shows that much of this waste comes from households (72 percent) followed by markets (11 percent). In Juba, the city council, collects 34.3 tonnes of waste a day (2.6 percent of the total waste generated), indicating low coverage of waste collection services (JICA, 2018). The remaining waste is disposed by households, most of which is illegally dumped along riverbanks, in vacant spaces or burned in open air. In addition to a low waste-collection ratio, South Sudan does not have large waste processing or recycling industries. Informal collection of waste materials such as aluminium, scrap metal, hard plastic and plastic bottles is carried out. These materials are exported to Uganda and Kenya for recycling by small-scale private companies. There are no recycling or wastewater treatment plants and sewer systems in the country.', 'There are no recycling or wastewater treatment plants and sewer systems in the country. Municipal wastewater, sewage and industrial effluents run directly into natural water bodies due to the lack of sanitation and wastewater management infrastructure. This contaminates surface waters and groundwater resulting in serious health risks to local communities. Unmanaged and untreated waste not only impacts human and ecosystem health, but also results in high and increasing GHG emissions (Figure 36). According to the NATCOM, the waste sector contributed 11 percent (4.1 million tCO e) to the country’s total GHG emissions in 2015 (South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018). The major GHG emissions from the waste sector are landfill- generated methane and wastewater-generated methane and nitrous oxide.', 'The major GHG emissions from the waste sector are landfill- generated methane and wastewater-generated methane and nitrous oxide. Paper Textiles Wood Nappies Plastic and other materials Figure 34: Composition of municipal solid waste in Juba Source: JICA, 2018 Households Markets Restaurants Hotels and institutions Small shops and others Figure 35: Sources of solid waste in Juba Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018 Solid waste disposal on land Domestic and commercial wastewater Figure 36: GHG emissions from the waste sector, Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018104 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic recycling, however, did not increase over the 2012–2015 period (Figure 37). Instead, there is a slight decrease of emissions (by 1 percent) between 2014 and 2015. Recycling of waste material contributed marginally, 0.1 percent (0.07 million tCO e), to the total domestic production of GHG emissions in 2015.', 'Recycling of waste material contributed marginally, 0.1 percent (0.07 million tCO e), to the total domestic production of GHG emissions in 2015. A lack of effective waste management infrastructure and policies has led to waste becoming a major environmental problem in South Sudan. To address these issues, the Environment Protection Bill requires the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to issue guidelines on solid and hazardous waste management. Moreover, the government developed the Solid Waste Management Plan for Juba (city) with technical support from JICA. The city declared a target collection rate of 34 percent by 2023, and to strengthen the capacity of solid waste management. However, due to lack of budget and the rapid population increase in the city, the plan is not making progress as scheduled (JICA, 2018).', 'However, due to lack of budget and the rapid population increase in the city, the plan is not making progress as scheduled (JICA, 2018). 7.7.2 Emission reduction potential To estimate the potential for GHG emission reduction from the waste sector, two scenarios have been developed, and projections made for the years 2016–2030. The two scenarios are described below and illustrated in Figure 38. Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projects GHG emissions for the waste sector based only on the existing policies in South Sudan. The emission trajectory does not reflect any new policies or financing that Figure 37: Domestic production of GHG emissions from recycling, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 38: GHG emission scenarios for the wasteSectoral strategies 105 might be implemented in the sector; i.e., the baseline scenario represents the case of no action.', 'The emission trajectory does not reflect any new policies or financing that Figure 37: Domestic production of GHG emissions from recycling, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 38: GHG emission scenarios for the wasteSectoral strategies 105 might be implemented in the sector; i.e., the baseline scenario represents the case of no action. Projections for the amount of waste generated are based on population growth rate and urbanization. Under this scenario, emissions from the waste sector continually increase and reach 6.6 million tCO e by 2030. Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario represents a decarbonization pathway for South Sudan, in which the government implements policies such as landfill methane recovery, increased recycling and incineration.', 'Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario represents a decarbonization pathway for South Sudan, in which the government implements policies such as landfill methane recovery, increased recycling and incineration. The emission reduction target in this scenario is based on estimates of the IPCC, which suggest that the waste sector has a potential of mitigating 30 percent of its emissions by 2030, compared to the baseline levels (Figure 38). Under this scenario, emissions from the waste sector are estimated to be 4.6 million tCO e by 2030, which results in a cumulative emission reduction of 10.9 million tCO e (19 percent lower) by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the waste sector are detailed in the section below.', 'The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the waste sector are detailed in the section below. 7.7.3 Key strategies The following table showcases mitigation actions that will be taken up in order to ensure proper management and treatment of waste and reduce GHG emissions. Table 21: Mitigation strategies for the waste sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Develop national-level waste management policy. There are minimal regulatory systems for effective waste management and for regulating waste management activities in South Sudan. Therefore, the foremost focus of the government would be development and implementation of a national-level policy and plan for waste management. A major aspect of this policy will be to enable transition towards a circular economy by promoting the use of waste as a resource and enhancing recycling rates.', 'A major aspect of this policy will be to enable transition towards a circular economy by promoting the use of waste as a resource and enhancing recycling rates. This will help South Sudan reduce primary material extraction and increase the use of secondary sources. • Develop a national-level plan for solid and liquid waste management with a focus on a circular economy. This plan could be implemented at state level first and subsequently cascaded down to each municipality. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Increase awareness and disseminate information regarding waste management among communities at national, state and county levels. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Increase private-sector participation. Currently, there is minimal participation of private players in the waste management sector, with major responsibilities lying with the municipality.', 'Currently, there is minimal participation of private players in the waste management sector, with major responsibilities lying with the municipality. Therefore, an important aspect of the waste management plan would be to encourage involvement of private sector in waste management activities. This would ensure improved coverage of waste collection and management services. • Increase awareness regarding the global carbon markets and associated climate finance among private players. (Waste management is one of the potential sectors for generating carbon credits. Thus, implementation of efficient waste management practices can reduce GHG emissions and potentially generate emission-reduction credits in carbon markets. The revenue generated from the sale of such carbon credits can provide economic incentives to private players for development and implementation of effective mitigation technologies.)', 'The revenue generated from the sale of such carbon credits can provide economic incentives to private players for development and implementation of effective mitigation technologies.) Yet to be implemented Short to long term106 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Reduce, reuse, recycle to minimize waste and use waste as a resource. To transition from a linear to a circular economy, South Sudan will promote waste prevention, minimization, recycling and reuse in various sectors such as agriculture, hospitality, construction and industry. This represents a growing potential to reduce GHG emissions through decreased waste generation, not only in the waste sector but in other sectors as well.', 'This represents a growing potential to reduce GHG emissions through decreased waste generation, not only in the waste sector but in other sectors as well. • Promote waste prevention from different sectors by utilization of urban waste for making briquettes; plastic waste to generate refuse-derived fuel, which could be used in industry; methane capture during flaring for biogas electricity-generating plants; and reuse and recycle construction material, such as wood, bricks, iron, etc. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Create green belts in sewage treatment sites. These plans are included in the NDS as priority actions. Medium to long term • Procure compactors, excavators, dumper trucks and shredders to manage waste disposal; train staff to manage waste facilities. Short term • Establish laboratories to test quality of water resources and wastewater. Short to medium term Regulate the extraction of primary resources.', 'Short to medium term Regulate the extraction of primary resources. South Sudan will regulate the extraction and use of primary sources to catalyse an adoption of waste recycling. • Reduce supply of primary resources to increase demand for recycled or reused resources. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote composting of organic waste. Large quantities of organic waste are generated in the country, for instance, food waste (29%) and wood waste (3.8%), which form a significant portion of municipal solid waste in Juba. South Sudan thus will promote the composting of organic waste as a circular economy strategy. Depending on the compost quality, it could have many potential applications, such as manure in agriculture and production of biogas for cooking and lighting.', 'Depending on the compost quality, it could have many potential applications, such as manure in agriculture and production of biogas for cooking and lighting. • Enhance composting by mandating segregation of waste (at source) to enable composting of segregated organic waste from markets, hotels, restaurants, households and sewage sludge. Yet to be implemented Short term • Increase awareness on the generation of carbon credits through composting and the associated economic incentives. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Development of urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Most GHG emissions from the waste sector come from domestic and commercial wastewater. Therefore, South Sudan will target the development of wastewater treatment and effluent treatment plants to reduce GHG emissions. Efficient implementation of wastewater treatment will also promote water conservation by preventing pollution and reducing the volume of pollutants flowing into water bodies.', 'Efficient implementation of wastewater treatment will also promote water conservation by preventing pollution and reducing the volume of pollutants flowing into water bodies. In this regard, access to international technology will be paramount due to limited domestic manufacturing facilities. Thus, to a great degree, the achievement of these particular goals for wastewater management will be conditional on receiving international financing and technology. • Construct solid and liquid waste management facilities in Juba, Wau and Malakal. The plan has been included in the NDS as a priority action. Medium term • Access international technology, for example, zero liquid discharge technology. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Build capacity on the use of international technology extensively. (Capacity-building will be crucial since experiences in other countries, such as India, have shown that technology implementation without requisite knowledge is likely to be unsuccessful.)', '(Capacity-building will be crucial since experiences in other countries, such as India, have shown that technology implementation without requisite knowledge is likely to be unsuccessful.) Yet to be implemented Short to medium termSectoral strategies 107 Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Introduce decentralized waste management options. South Sudan will also explore decentralized waste management options, especially in rural areas. • Introduce decentralized waste management options, such as using livestock waste for biogas generation, which could be further used for cooking and lighting in households; and installation of pit latrines, decentralized wastewater treatment systems, septic tanks, etc. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken up in order to ensure proper management and treatment of waste.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken up in order to ensure proper management and treatment of waste. Table 22: Adaptation strategies for the waste sector Strategies Activities under consideration Current progress Time-frame Improve access to sanitation facilities and improve urban sanitation practices. In South Sudan, access to basic sanitation facilities is low, especially in rural areas where only 6% of the rural population uses basic sanitation services. Development of solid and liquid waste management facilities will strengthen local communities’ coping capacities by ensuring clean and hygienic surroundings and by reducing the likelihood of health impacts to communities that could arise during floods due to the prevalence of unhygienic practices. • Include housing infrastructure in new urban planning centres. Yet to be implemented Medium term Development of small or decentralized wastewater treatment systems.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium term Development of small or decentralized wastewater treatment systems. Development of small or decentralized wastewater treatment systems would improve access to sanitation facilities while reducing water pollution and vulnerability to water-borne diseases and associated health impacts. • Develop septic tanks for decentralized waste treatment. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Improve the performance of waste management facilities. South Sudan will improve the efficiency of solid and liquid waste management facilities to ensure proper treatment and disposal of waste, thus reducing land and water pollution. • Establish solid and liquid waste treatment plants and develop laboratories for testing treated waste. A plan included in the NDS. Medium to long term Establish an integrated waste management system.', 'Medium to long term Establish an integrated waste management system. South Sudan will target sustainable management of waste by taking into account all sources, treatment, disposal and recycling, with an emphasis on waste prevention and increasing the efficiency of resource use. • Map stakeholders involved in solid and liquid waste management at all levels of government. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term108 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.7.4 Potential for job creation Currently, the majority of waste management activities are carried out by the informal sector in South Sudan, so overall employment trends in the sector are not available. However, employment data for recycling in the country (recycling of metal waste and scrap) saw an overall positive growth rate between 2012 and 2015 (Figure 39), with a compound annual growth rate of 10 percent.', 'However, employment data for recycling in the country (recycling of metal waste and scrap) saw an overall positive growth rate between 2012 and 2015 (Figure 39), with a compound annual growth rate of 10 percent. This positive rate was reflected for men and women at 9 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Formalizing the waste sector will generate opportunities for increased formal employment and will ensure higher wages for unskilled workers. Implementation of waste management policies will increase the demand for waste management services in South Sudan. While solid waste management is a highly mechanized process that requires minimal labour, recycling of waste is a highly labour-intensive process. Thus, high job-creation potential in the waste sector will be mainly driven by the recycling industry.', 'Thus, high job-creation potential in the waste sector will be mainly driven by the recycling industry. It is estimated that waste collection and landfill disposal create less than one job per 1,000 tonnes of waste managed, while collection, processing and manufacturing of products from recycled materials create 6–13 jobs per 1,000 tonnes of waste recycled (National Resources Defence Council, 2014). Thus, the implementation of waste management policies (mentioned above) in South Sudan with a focus on enhancing recycling rates would create job opportunities in the sector. 7.8 TOURISM AND RECREATION 7.8.1 Current status South Sudan has numerous tourist destinations, including a wide variety of flora and fauna, and diverse cultural and historical sites. The country has 14 national parks and protected areas and is home to the world’s second largest animal migration (UNEP, 2018a).', 'The country has 14 national parks and protected areas and is home to the world’s second largest animal migration (UNEP, 2018a). Besides wildlife-based attractions, South Sudan has many rivers and wetlands, including the Sudd, which is the most extensive wetland in the Nile River basin. These tourist sites are an important source of carbon sequestration, watershed protection and biodiversity conservation. While data for GHG emissions from the tourism and recreation sector as a whole are not available, the data for emissions from hotels and restaurants show a gradual increasing trend from a domestic production perspective for 2012–2015. The share of GHG emissions from domestic production was 0.0036 million tCO e, contributing marginally (0.005 percent) to total domestic production GHG emissions (67.6 million tCO e).', 'The share of GHG emissions from domestic production was 0.0036 million tCO e, contributing marginally (0.005 percent) to total domestic production GHG emissions (67.6 million tCO e). Other environmental impacts of hotels and restaurants are observed in terms of natural resource consumption, such as water, and waste generation. In 2017, hotels and institutions in Juba generated 62 tonnes per day (5 percent of total waste generated) (JICA, 2018). 7.8.2 Emission reduction potential Globally, the tourism sector contributed 8 percent to emissions between 2009–2013 (Dunne, 2018). The majority of these emissions (more than 50 percent) came from aviation and road transport, followed by accommodation (World Tourism Organization, 2019). Since emissions related to domestic transport (both road and aviation) for South Sudan are accounted for in the transport sector, here the focus is only on emission reduction from the hotel industry.', 'Since emissions related to domestic transport (both road and aviation) for South Sudan are accounted for in the transport sector, here the focus is only on emission reduction from the hotel industry. The tourism and recreation sector is in a nascent stage of development in South Sudan, and there are therefore limitations with respect to data availability for the sector as a whole. Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 39: Employment in recycling, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 109 Figure 40: Hotel and restaurant sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Two scenarios have been developed to estimate potential emission reduction in the hotel industry, based on historical data and projections for the years 2016–2030 using a statistical model. Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projects GHG emissions for hotels under existing policies in South Sudan.', 'Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projects GHG emissions for hotels under existing policies in South Sudan. The emissions trajectory does not reflect new policies or financing that might be implemented in the sector. Under this scenario, emissions from the sector rise by 74 percent from 2012 to reach 0.0054 million tCO e by 2030. Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario represents the decarbonization pathway that South Sudan will have to follow until 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature rise to a maximum of 2ºC. This scenario aims to reduce hotel industry emissions by of 66 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, in line with the 2ºC target estimated by International Tourism Partnership for the global hotel industry (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2018).', 'This scenario aims to reduce hotel industry emissions by of 66 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, in line with the 2ºC target estimated by International Tourism Partnership for the global hotel industry (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2018). Under this scenario, emissions from this sector are estimated to be 0.0018 million tCO e in 2030 and there will Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 41: GHG emission reduction scenarios for the hotel and restaurant sector, 2010–2030110 Second Nationally Determined Contribution be a cumulative emission reduction of 40 percent (0.02 million tCO e) by 2030. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for hotels have been detailed in the section below.', 'The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for hotels have been detailed in the section below. These strategies focus on the entire tourism and recreation sector, rather than just hotels and restaurants, to ensure that as the tourism industry develops, it grows with low-carbon emissions and in a sustainable manner. 7.8.3 Key strategies With the expected future growth of the tourism and recreation sector, the pressure on resources such as energy and water is likely to rise, as are associated GHG emissions. South Sudan will consider the strategies in Table 23 for the mitigation of GHG emissions and low-carbon development of the sector.', 'South Sudan will consider the strategies in Table 23 for the mitigation of GHG emissions and low-carbon development of the sector. Table 23: Mitigation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Manage waste efficiently in hotels and restaurants Hotels and restaurants generate huge quantities of waste (62 tonnes per day in Juba). South Sudan will implement efficient waste management measures to help reduce GHG emissions. • Promote composting of organic waste generated by hotels and restaurants (since most of this waste is likely to be food waste). Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Utilize opportunities from composting of waste for installation of biogas units as an alternate source of energy for cooking and lighting in hotels.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Utilize opportunities from composting of waste for installation of biogas units as an alternate source of energy for cooking and lighting in hotels. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Increase the share of renewable energy South Sudan will focus on increasing the share of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency in hotels and restaurants as the sector grows. • Promote use of energy-efficient appliances in hotels and restaurants and use of clean energy for cooking and lighting. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Use low-carbon transport for tourism and recreational activities Tourism and recreation is interconnected with the transport sector, so promotion of the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and low-carbon transport will help reduce transport-related emissions in tourism and recreation as well.', 'Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Use low-carbon transport for tourism and recreational activities Tourism and recreation is interconnected with the transport sector, so promotion of the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and low-carbon transport will help reduce transport-related emissions in tourism and recreation as well. • Use EVs, particularly for transit to and from airports, and using buses to pick up a large number of passengers at one time instead of individual cars. Yet to be implemented Long term • Use EVs for recreational transport (e.g., safaris).', 'Yet to be implemented Long term • Use EVs for recreational transport (e.g., safaris). Yet to be implemented Long term Promote the use of locally produced sustainable food in the tourism and recreation sector As food production is one of the largest emitters of GHG emissions, increasing demand for locally produced sustainable food in the tourism and recreation sector will reduce GHG emissions from agriculture activities (e.g., transportation of food) and will help improve the livelihoods of farmers and rural communities. This will contribute towards achieving Target 8.9 of SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth (“By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products”). • Promote collaboration between the local tourism industry and sustainable food producers in the country.', '• Promote collaboration between the local tourism industry and sustainable food producers in the country. Yet to be implemented Short to medium termSectoral strategies 111 The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken in order to ensure sustainable growth of tourism activities. Table 24: Adaptation strategies for the tourism and recreation sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Integrate ecotourism into existing plans. The tourism policy of South Sudan aims to promote tourism to the variety of attractions in the country, including natural forests and wildlife. If the industry develops unsustainably, it will increase pressure on natural resources and cause significant adverse impacts to wildlife, forests and ecosystems. This in turn will have an adverse impact on the livelihoods of communities that are dependent on them.', 'This in turn will have an adverse impact on the livelihoods of communities that are dependent on them. Therefore, South Sudan will integrate ecotourism into existing plans, ensuring responsible travel to natural areas. • Promote sustainable nature-based tourism, including wildlife tourism, to provide improved livelihood opportunities to rural communities while protecting biodiversity. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Community-based tourism in Southern National Park. South Sudan will establish community-based ecotourism, particularly in Southern National Park. • Engage with communities in Western Lakes and Gbudwe states for managing the park. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Ensure sustainable growth of recreational activities. As its economy develops and demand for recreational activities increases, South Sudan will ensure that development of any new recreational infrastructure is climate resilient and occurs in a sustainable manner with no negative impacts on the ecosystems and biodiversity of the region.', 'As its economy develops and demand for recreational activities increases, South Sudan will ensure that development of any new recreational infrastructure is climate resilient and occurs in a sustainable manner with no negative impacts on the ecosystems and biodiversity of the region. • Development of sustainable and climate-resilient parks, gardens, water activities and other recreational infrastructure. Yet to be implemented Short to long term 7.8.4 Potential for job creation The tourism and recreation sector in South Sudan is currently in a phase of development. Individual entrepreneurs and a few corporates, especially from East Africa, have started building establishments for tourism. While data with respect to the number of businesses and employment are not available for the tourism and recreation sector, a few sources, such as the National Bureau of Statistics and SCP-HAT, provide data for hotels and restaurants.', 'While data with respect to the number of businesses and employment are not available for the tourism and recreation sector, a few sources, such as the National Bureau of Statistics and SCP-HAT, provide data for hotels and restaurants. In 2010, 1,045 businesses (14.5 percent of total businesses) were registered Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 42: Employment in hotels and restaurants, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015112 Second Nationally Determined Contribution as hotels or restaurants (South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics, 2010). According to SCP-HAT, employment in hotels and restaurants grew at a compound annual growth rate of 8 percent in 2012–2015. The employment rate for both men and women also increased over the same period, with a compound annual growth rate of 8 percent and 11 percent, respectively.', 'The employment rate for both men and women also increased over the same period, with a compound annual growth rate of 8 percent and 11 percent, respectively. The potential of the tourism and recreation sector to contribute to the economic and social development of the country is significant. As the sector is linked to various others, it is a major creator of employment, particularly for women, youth, migrant workers and rural communities. The global tourism sector generates 1 in every 11 jobs in the world (International Labour Organization, 2016). There is evidence from other African countries (e.g., South Africa) that a booming tourism sector creates many more jobs than other sectors because of its labour-intensive nature.', 'There is evidence from other African countries (e.g., South Africa) that a booming tourism sector creates many more jobs than other sectors because of its labour-intensive nature. Effective implementation of initiatives like those mentioned in Chapter 7.8.3 to strengthen the sector’s linkages with other sectors throughout the supply chain (e.g., transport, agriculture and promotion of locally produced goods) will enhance local employment opportunities and contribute towards reducing poverty in South Sudan. The future growth of the tourism and recreation sector in South Sudan will also have a positive impact on women’s employment, since tourism is one of the few sectors in which the participation of women is already above parity in some regions. Women account for up to 70 percent of all workers in the global tourism industry (World Bank, 2018).', 'Women account for up to 70 percent of all workers in the global tourism industry (World Bank, 2018). Furthermore, promotion and implementation of sustainable wildlife tourism strategies with effective planning, stakeholder collaboration and community participation will provide income-generating opportunities for communities that live adjacent to protected areas, especially for their women. Tourism employment will likely change the social and gender dynamics in these communities as more women become empowered. 7.9 MINING AND QUARRYING 7.9.1 Current status South Sudan has more than 16 minerals, including gold, copper, zinc, lead, manganese, silver, tin, uranium, diamonds, tungsten, mica, iron ore, marble, limestone, dolomite, clay and asbestos. However, commercial exploration is currently constrained by the lack of industrial activity in the country, limited investments and few trained human resources.', 'However, commercial exploration is currently constrained by the lack of industrial activity in the country, limited investments and few trained human resources. Domestic production output in the sector has been observed to be increasing, but most of the minerals currently produced are exported to neighbouring countries. According to SCP-HAT data, domestic output increased by 1.48 percent per annum from respectively). Oil production, which has been the major source of revenue for the country, has been declining in recent years. The government is therefore now promoting mining and quarrying, which are focused on in South Sudan’s Vision 2040, as an alternative source of revenue. Illegal small-scale and artisanal mining for minerals like gold has been increasing, especially in the rural areas.', 'Illegal small-scale and artisanal mining for minerals like gold has been increasing, especially in the rural areas. Artisanal gold mining accounted for approximately 85 percent of the total gold extracted (about 280 million tonnes) up to 2015 (Ibrahim, 2015). The vast majority of those involved in artisanal mining are poor rural individuals for whom alluvial gold mining provides critical income to supplement their subsistence livelihoods of farming and cattle rearing. However, an increase in artisanal mining could lead to adverse environmental impacts like increased shifting of land use (from forestry to mines), deforestation, soil erosion and open dumping of waste. The Government of South Sudan has therefore developed a mining policy and mining act to regulate the growth of the sector and formalize mining activities, including small-scale artisanal mining.', 'The Government of South Sudan has therefore developed a mining policy and mining act to regulate the growth of the sector and formalize mining activities, including small-scale artisanal mining. The Mining Policy recognizes the need to ensure that mining operations are conducted in aSectoral strategies 113 socially and environmentally responsible manner by minimizing the harmful impacts of mining. It also ensures that the interests of local communities are considered and protected. The policy does not focus in particular on climate change mitigation and adaptation in the sector. While small-scale mining has been formalized through the Mining Act and its regulations, illegal and damaging practices are still prevalent in the country. This sector is not currently included in relevant climate change policies in the country.', 'This sector is not currently included in relevant climate change policies in the country. While mining and quarrying is carbon-intensive, the share of GHG emitted by the sector is low (0.01 percent of total GHG emissions in 2015, according to SCP-HAT domestic production data). However, emissions from the sector are likely to increase with further growth. Growth in the sector is also likely to lead to adverse impacts on land and water resources, as well as on biodiversity, especially if illegal small-scale and artisanal mining continues to grow. 7.9.2 Emission reduction potential While South Sudan has abundant mineral wealth, it has not been extensively explored because of limited industrial activities and lack of trained human resources.', '7.9.2 Emission reduction potential While South Sudan has abundant mineral wealth, it has not been extensively explored because of limited industrial activities and lack of trained human resources. Currently, the mining and quarrying industry is in a development stage and the share of GHG emissions from the sector is marginal. This makes it difficult to project the future trajectory of emissions for the sector accurately. However, as South Sudan transitions from a low- income economy to a middle-income economy, an increase in industrial mining and quarrying is expected. As a result, GHG emissions from the Figure 43: Mining and quarrying sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015114 Second Nationally Determined Contribution sector are expected to increase and contribute significantly to the country’s overall emissions.', 'As a result, GHG emissions from the Figure 43: Mining and quarrying sector GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015114 Second Nationally Determined Contribution sector are expected to increase and contribute significantly to the country’s overall emissions. Therefore, South Sudan, through its second NDC, commits to implementing low-carbon interventions within the sector to help reduce its negative impacts on the environment while contributing to the country’s economic growth. 7.9.3 Key strategies As already mentioned, the sector has significant importance from an economic development standpoint and will contribute to the growth of the country’s industrial sector. This is likely to result in an increase in the amount of GHG emissions released by the sector, in addition to adverse impacts on land and water resources.', 'This is likely to result in an increase in the amount of GHG emissions released by the sector, in addition to adverse impacts on land and water resources. South Sudan will therefore implement the interventions described in Table 25 to ensure that growth of the mining and quarrying sector occurs in an environmentally sustainable manner. The following table showcases mitigation actions that will be taken up in order to ensure sustainable growth in the mining sector. Table 25: Mitigation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Reduction in carbon emissions from mining activities. South Sudan will implement strategies that focus on reduction of GHG emissions from the sector through reduction of energy consumption in processes and operations.', 'South Sudan will implement strategies that focus on reduction of GHG emissions from the sector through reduction of energy consumption in processes and operations. • Promote integration of aspects of energy efficiency in the process design (during crushing and grinding) of small to large mines, and increase efficiency of energy consumption in vehicles at mining sites. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Reduce deforestation due to mining. As part of its Forest Policy, South Sudan will focus on developing regulations to reduce the rate of deforestation due to mining by strengthening land-use management planning and policies at the national and local levels. • Integrate land use management into the Forest Policy, especially for the mining sector.', '• Integrate land use management into the Forest Policy, especially for the mining sector. Yet to be implemented Short term The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken up in order to build resilience from the impacts of climate change in the mining sector. Table 26: Adaptation strategies for the mining and quarrying sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Strengthen governance and institutional mechanisms for the mining sector. Stronger institutional and governance mechanisms will enable strict enforcement of the policy and ensure compliance with its requirements. • Strengthen the governance framework to ensure miners’ compliance with ESIA, environment management plans and sustainable mining closure plans submitted for obtaining licenses as mandated under existing mining regulations. Yet to be implemented Short term • Restrict illegal small-scale mining, which is still prevalent in the country, thereby preventing negative environmental impacts.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term • Restrict illegal small-scale mining, which is still prevalent in the country, thereby preventing negative environmental impacts. Yet to be implemented Short to medium termSectoral strategies 115 Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Develop environmental regulations. South Sudan will develop of environmental regulations and standards for air quality, water management, and effluent and hazardous waste management at mining sites, and set up mechanisms for ensuring the regular monitoring of mining sites and compliance with regulations. This will help manage and reduce impacts on surrounding land and water resources, along with detrimental effects on the health and livelihoods of surrounding communities. • Develop national-level plans and regulations focused on reducing negative environmental impacts resulting from mining activities.', '• Develop national-level plans and regulations focused on reducing negative environmental impacts resulting from mining activities. Yet to be implemented Short term Develop regulations to promote sustainable mine closure Develop standards for sustainable closure of mining sites and making the land usable for other purposes, such as forestry and recreation, in the future. • Adopt globally accepted environmental health and safety standards and guidelines for covering up mine entrances, replanting grass and trees, and testing surrounding water, soil and air for contaminants, and implementing measures to prevent contamination. Yet to be implemented Short term • Develop strict guidelines to ensure prevention of environmental disasters due to failure of mining infrastructures such as tailings dams.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term • Develop strict guidelines to ensure prevention of environmental disasters due to failure of mining infrastructures such as tailings dams. Yet to be implemented Short term 7.9.4 Potential for job creation Employment in the mining and quarrying sector has been increasing at a compound annual growth rate of 2.45 percent, with a positive growth trend of employment for both men and women at 2 percent and 4.7 percent per annum, respectively. Many people have been observed to be shifting their livelihoods from agriculture to mining. SCP- HAT data shows that employment in the agriculture sector has been decreasing by 0.7 percent per annum; this may correlate with the increase in employment in the mining sector, given that there is limited industrial development in the country and oil exploration activities have also declined.', 'SCP- HAT data shows that employment in the agriculture sector has been decreasing by 0.7 percent per annum; this may correlate with the increase in employment in the mining sector, given that there is limited industrial development in the country and oil exploration activities have also declined. Implementation of policies to restrict artisanal and small-scale mining will result in a large number of people who depend on informal mining activities losing employment. However, the expected growth of the mining sector and increase in formal mining activities will drive economic growth while providing local employment opportunities. In addition to direct jobs, mining creates indirect and induced jobs, the number of which could be much greater than direct jobs in mining.', 'In addition to direct jobs, mining creates indirect and induced jobs, the number of which could be much greater than direct jobs in mining. Furthermore, implementation of policies such as mandatory compliance with ESIA will not only mitigate the negative environmental impacts but Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 44: Employment in the mining and quarrying Source: SCP-HAT, 2015116 Second Nationally Determined Contribution will also provide social and economic benefits to local communities that live near mine sites. Local employment in the sector can further be strengthened with government efforts to improve the competitiveness of local workers and locally produced goods and services. 7.10.1 Current status South Sudan has four main modes of transport – road, rail, river and air transport. However, these are currently neither efficient nor reliable.', 'However, these are currently neither efficient nor reliable. Road transport is the single largest mode of transport, with most goods being transported by road. However, most roads (including highways) are unpaved and are inaccessible during the rainy season due to poor maintenance. The poor infrastructure results in freight tariffs being almost four times higher than those in neighbouring countries. Vehicle ownership remains low as a result of the country’s low average income and poor road infrastructure. Most of the vehicles imported are used and old and are therefore inefficient. South Sudan has 248 kilometres of narrow-gauge single-track railway, stretching from Babonosa in north Sudan to Wau. However, the rail network has not been operational since 2009/2010. The country has one heliport and about 85 airports, of which only three have paved runways.', 'The country has one heliport and about 85 airports, of which only three have paved runways. There are seven main river ports in the country and commercial transportation services are fairly regular along the White Nile. The overall cost of transporting goods remains high in South Sudan. This places a significant cost burden on transport users and suppliers and has direct consequences on the country’s economy. Therefore, the Government of South Sudan is currently focusing on the development of the country’s transport infrastructure (especially road transport) and the issue is also a key priority in most of the development policies of South Sudan. The NDS targets for 2018–2021 include constructing and rehabilitating 1,000 kilometres of feeder road and 500 kilometres of highway.', 'The NDS targets for 2018–2021 include constructing and rehabilitating 1,000 kilometres of feeder road and 500 kilometres of highway. Data of GHG emissions from the transport sector show a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2014, followed by an increase of 12 percent in 2015 (compared to 2014). Transportation contributed 1.2 percent to total GHG emissions in 2015. Of this, road transport contributed to 0.42 million tCO e (94 percent of total transport emissions) and civil aviation 0.03 million tCO e (6 percent of total emissions). While currently the share of transport emissions is low, it is expected that it will grow rapidly as South Sudan improves its transport network for economic activities and for meeting the demands of a growing population. Therefore, there is a need to focus on mitigation strategies to ensure green growth of the sector.', 'Therefore, there is a need to focus on mitigation strategies to ensure green growth of the sector. 7.10.2 Emission reduction potential To estimate the potential of GHG emission reduction in the transport sector, two scenarios have been developed with projections for the years 2016–2030. Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projections of GHG emissions for the transport sector are based only on existing policies, with no new policies or financing being introduced in the sector (i.e., the baseline scenario represents a case of no action).', 'Baseline scenario: The baseline emission scenario projections of GHG emissions for the transport sector are based only on existing policies, with no new policies or financing being introduced in the sector (i.e., the baseline scenario represents a case of no action). The trajectory of emissions by this sector has been sourced from South Sudan’s NATCOM, which estimates growth in fuel consumption for road transport using GDP, passenger and freight growth Road transportation Civil aviation Figure 45: GHG emissions from the transport sector, Source: South Sudan Ministry of Environment, 2018Sectoral strategies 117 rates; increase in overall vehicle stock and use of vehicles; and the change in average fuel efficiency over time. In the baseline scenario, emissions from the transport sector increase gradually and reach 0.9 million tCO e (29 percent higher than the 2012 level) by 2030.', 'In the baseline scenario, emissions from the transport sector increase gradually and reach 0.9 million tCO e (29 percent higher than the 2012 level) by 2030. Emission reduction scenario: The emission reduction scenario includes the decarbonization pathway that South Sudan will have to follow until 2030 to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting global temperature rise to 1.5ºC above pre-industrial levels. Since more than 90 percent of emissions in the transport sector are from road transport, the emission reduction scenario concentrates on GHG mitigation from road transport. This scenario aims to reduce transport emissions from the baseline level by 2030, in line with the Paris Process on Mobility and Climate estimates for emission reduction required from land transport globally to achieve levels compatible with a 1.5°C scenario (Gota et al., 2016).', 'This scenario aims to reduce transport emissions from the baseline level by 2030, in line with the Paris Process on Mobility and Climate estimates for emission reduction required from land transport globally to achieve levels compatible with a 1.5°C scenario (Gota et al., 2016). Under this scenario, emissions from the transport sector are estimated to be 0.5 million tCO e in 2030. The emission reduction scenario achieves cumulative emission reduction of 2.43 million tCO e by 2030, which is 31 percent lower than the baseline scenario. The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the transport sector are detailed in the section below.', 'The strategies that will be implemented to achieve the emission reduction targets for the transport sector are detailed in the section below. Baseline scenario Emission reduction scenario Figure 46: GHG emission scenarios for the transport118 Second Nationally Determined Contribution 7.10.3 Key strategies Development of the transport sector is one of the main priorities of most development strategies in South Sudan. Therefore, the sector is expected to grow rapidly and is likely to be a major contributor of GHG emissions. The government will implement sustainable and low-carbon measures (Table 27) that will support improved mobility and at the same time contribute to achieving South Sudan’s emission reduction targets. Table 27: Mitigation strategies for the transport sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Regulate importation of inefficient vehicles.', 'Table 27: Mitigation strategies for the transport sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Regulate importation of inefficient vehicles. Most vehicles in South Sudan, such as cars and delivery trucks, are imported into the country. Low incomes and no age restrictions on the importation of vehicles result in the majority of imported vehicles being old and inefficient. South Sudan will therefore develop and implement import policies and strategies focusing on the type of vehicle imported to minimize emissions in the country. • Review import policies to include criteria for types of vehicles that can be imported. Yet to be implemented Short term Incentivize the importation and use of EVs. South Sudan will implement measures to incentivize the importation and use of (old or new) EVs.', 'South Sudan will implement measures to incentivize the importation and use of (old or new) EVs. This could either involve importing complete EVs or EV parts that can be assembled within the country. Use of EVs will help reduce GHG emissions and control air pollution levels in the country. • Introduce tax rebate or lower import duty on EVs. Yet to be implemented Medium term Introduce electric railways and improve the rail network. South Sudan will invest in improving the existing rail network and will also introduce electric railways into the country. • Specific activities will be determined over the course of NDC implementation. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Develop guidelines and standards to control vehicular air pollution.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Develop guidelines and standards to control vehicular air pollution. South Sudan will focus on developing national ambient air quality standards or vehicular emission standards to control the problem of air pollution caused by the transportation sector. These standards can also be used as a measure to regulate the importation of old and inefficient vehicles. • Establish exhaust testing centres: vehicles that fail tests by emitting fumes above allowable emissions levels will be subjected to mandatory repairs or scrapped. Yet to be implemented Short term Promote high volume transportation. The government will explore policies encouraging high volume transport options such as buses and carpooling. • Increase awareness among the general public regarding benefits associated with using mass transportation.', '• Increase awareness among the general public regarding benefits associated with using mass transportation. Yet to be implemented Short termSectoral strategies 119 Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Coordinate the development plans of the transport and renewable energy sectors. The transport sector is directly linked to the development of renewable energy infrastructure in the country. Therefore, effective coordination mechanisms between the two sectors will be established. • Increased deployment of EVs will contribute towards increased electrification, especially adoption of modern renewable energy systems (to mitigate emissions from power source). • At the same time, RE systems, especially decentralised RE systems, need to be complemented by the use of storage in the form of batteries. The technology used for these batteries are also the same used for EVs.', 'The technology used for these batteries are also the same used for EVs. Thus, increased adoption of RE will lead to the establishment of battery manufacturers who can supply batteries to both RE systems as well as EVs. Yet to be implemented Long term 7.10.4 Potential for job creation According to SCP-HAT data, employment in the transport sector has been increasing steadily from 2012. Total employment grew at a compound annual growth rate of 10 percent in 2012–2015, with an annual growth rate in employment of men and women of 10 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Future job creation potential will remain uncertain if adoption of EVs in South Sudan is largely dependent on imports, with no focus on local market development. Nevertheless, increasing adoption of EVs could have a positive impact on indirect and induced jobs.', 'Nevertheless, increasing adoption of EVs could have a positive impact on indirect and induced jobs. This is because the use of EVs will require development of adequate transport and electricity infrastructure, which will provide increased employment and career development opportunities (as discussed in the infrastructure (constructions and buildings) and electricity sections). While it is difficult to estimate the net impact of planned policies, it is likely that effective implementation strategies, such as vehicular emission standards, will generate additional jobs in automobile maintenance and exhaust testing centres. 7.11.1 Current status Currently, most manufacturing in South Sudan is carried out by small-scale enterprises and the country is largely dependent on the importation of produced goods and services. Small-scale manufacturing of products such as potato crisps, beverages, metal products, electric motors and bricks takes place in the country.', 'Small-scale manufacturing of products such as potato crisps, beverages, metal products, electric motors and bricks takes place in the country. Domestic production output is highest in the electrical and machinery sub-sector, which generates 32 percent of total industrial output. This is followed by the food and beverages sub-sector, which accounted for 18 percent of total industrial output in 2015. Since local manufacturing of goods in South Sudan is minimal, GHG emissions from domestic production are insignificant. In 2015, domestic Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 47: Employment in the transport sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015120 Second Nationally Determined Contribution production emissions from the industrial sector were 0.14 million tCO e, 0.21 percent of total emissions. As is the case with domestic production output, most of these emissions were from the electrical and machinery, and food and beverages sub-sectors.', 'As is the case with domestic production output, most of these emissions were from the electrical and machinery, and food and beverages sub-sectors. As far as consumption is concerned, however, the industrial sector is the largest contributor to GHG emissions, indicating heavy dependence on imports. The sector’s consumption contributed 39.6 percent (24.52 million tCO e) to total emissions in 2015. As South Sudan transitions to a middle-income economy, these emissions are likely to rise with an increase in industrial activity. However, currently there are minimal to no national policies or strategies to regulate industrial activities and monitor their impact on the environment. 7.11.2 Emission reduction potential As discussed above, the industrial sector in South Sudan is currently at a nascent stage and the country is largely dependent on importation of manufactured goods and services.', '7.11.2 Emission reduction potential As discussed above, the industrial sector in South Sudan is currently at a nascent stage and the country is largely dependent on importation of manufactured goods and services. As a result, the share of GHG emissions from domestic industrial activities is marginal (0.21 percent of total emissions). South Sudan has minimal policies that Figure 48: GHG emissions of the industrial sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Food and beverages Electrical and machinery Metal products Transport equipment Maintenance and repair Wood and paper Textiles and wearing apparel Other manufacturing Figure 49: Share of industry sub-sectors to GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 121 focus on industrial development in the country and given the uncertainty of how the sector might grow in future, it is difficult to project the likely trajectory of future emissions in the sector.', 'South Sudan has minimal policies that Figure 48: GHG emissions of the industrial sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 Food and beverages Electrical and machinery Metal products Transport equipment Maintenance and repair Wood and paper Textiles and wearing apparel Other manufacturing Figure 49: Share of industry sub-sectors to GHG emissions from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 121 focus on industrial development in the country and given the uncertainty of how the sector might grow in future, it is difficult to project the likely trajectory of future emissions in the sector. However, as South Sudan transitions to a middle- income economy, it is expected to witness an increase in industrial activity.', 'However, as South Sudan transitions to a middle- income economy, it is expected to witness an increase in industrial activity. Therefore, South Sudan, through its second NDC, commits to implementing low-carbon interventions in the sector to ensure that it contributes to economic growth while adopting energy-efficient and green technologies in a timely and cost-efficient manner. 7.11.3 Key strategies Since industry is currently at a nascent stage in South Sudan, there is room for sustainable and green growth of the sector and a number of opportunities for mitigating GHG emissions. South Sudan will focus on the implementation of the strategies described in Table 28. Table 28: Mitigation strategies for the industrial sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Promote importation of energy-efficient goods. Most of the emissions in the industrial sector are embedded emissions in imported goods.', 'Most of the emissions in the industrial sector are embedded emissions in imported goods. Therefore, a key area of focus for South Sudan is to create policies that will encourage the importation of highly energy-efficient goods. This will contribute towards decreasing the share of embedded emissions. • Review import policies to incorporate criteria for importation of green and low-carbon products. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Promote efficient waste management, particularly in the food and beverage industry. The food and beverage industry contributes significantly to GHG emissions in the industrial sector, with emissions increasing at a compound annual growth rate of 5%. This indicates that there is increased consumption of food and beverages within the country.', 'This indicates that there is increased consumption of food and beverages within the country. Given the nature of the goods produced and consumed (e.g., dairy products, meat, fish, beverages, tobacco), an increase in consumption will lead to an increase in production of organic waste. Therefore, waste management in the food and beverage industry will be a priority in the country. • Given that much of the waste generated in the food and beverage industry is likely to be organic in nature, composting of waste, particularly in this industry, will be encouraged. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Promote the use of energy-efficient technologies and renewable energy. As industry in South Sudan is currently in the development stage, any future industrial development can be based on the adoption and promotion of energy- efficient technologies.', 'As industry in South Sudan is currently in the development stage, any future industrial development can be based on the adoption and promotion of energy- efficient technologies. This will result in more favourable costs than for a developed economy to retrofit increased efficiency. • Promote the use of energy-efficient technologies to reduce energy requirements of industrial processes (for example, waste heat recovery from utilities such as boilers, chillers and air compressors). Yet to be implemented Medium to long term • Increase share of or integrate renewable energy in industrial office/building operations (captive electricity) as the industrial sector in South Sudan grows. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term122 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Promote the use of alternate sources of energy.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term122 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Promote the use of alternate sources of energy. In more energy-intensive industries or processes (such as heating equipment, boilers and kilns) fossil fuels can be replaced with alternate sources of energy. This will convert South Sudan’s waste streams into usable fuel, ensuring transition from a linear to a circular economy (e.g., the cement industry would be a prime candidate for the use of refuse-derived fuel which would then contribute towards emission reductions in not just the cement sector but also the waste and construction sectors). • Use alternate sources of energy such as biofuels and refuse-derived fuel in different sectors. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Develop regulations and guidelines to reduce the negative environmental impact of industrial activities.', 'Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Develop regulations and guidelines to reduce the negative environmental impact of industrial activities. South Sudan will develop environmental regulations to regulate the impact of industrial activities on the health of the environment and ecosystems. • Develop standards for effluent treatment and management of solid and hazardous waste and air pollution. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term 7.11.4 Potential for job creation According to the SCP-HAT data, total employment in the industrial sector grew at a compound annual growth rate of 3 percent in 2012–2015, with data for both men and women showing an increasing trend in employment. Of the industrial sectors, the electrical and machinery sub-sector provided employment to the most people (38 percent of all people employed in the industrial sector). Industrial development is an engine of economic growth and a major source of employment.', 'Industrial development is an engine of economic growth and a major source of employment. Manufacturing industries provide employment diversification opportunities, reduce dependence on imports by enhancing productive capacity and reduce poverty. While industrial development is crucial for economic growth and job creation, there is uncertainty with respect to how manufacturing industries will grow in South Sudan. This is because structural transformation in the majority of East African countries has moved from agriculture to information and technology-based industries, tourism, etc. (Asmal et al., 2020). The labour- intensive manufacturing sectors such as textiles and apparel and leather products play a rather limited role in African countries (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2013).', 'The labour- intensive manufacturing sectors such as textiles and apparel and leather products play a rather limited role in African countries (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2013). If South Sudan also follows a similar route, bypassing manufacturing, the employment rate will be lower in the industrial manufacturing sector than other sectors like tourism, information and communications technology, education and health care services. Given the uncertainty of how industrialization might take place in South Sudan, it is difficult to estimate future job creation potential in the industrial sector. Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 50: Employment in the industrial sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 123 7.12 PETROLEUM, CHEMICAL AND NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS 7.12.1 Current status Oil has been the backbone of South Sudan’s economy and generates about 60–80 percent of the country’s revenue.', 'Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 50: Employment in the industrial sector, Source: SCP-HAT, 2015Sectoral strategies 123 7.12 PETROLEUM, CHEMICAL AND NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTS 7.12.1 Current status Oil has been the backbone of South Sudan’s economy and generates about 60–80 percent of the country’s revenue. However, as a result of a natural decline in oil reserves and geological challenges (increasing floods), oil production has decreased by about 62 percent in recent years, from about 325,000 barrels per day in 2011 to 123,000 barrels per day in 2017 (South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning, 2018). Floods have significantly impacted oil producing capacity by covering wells with water and further slowing the production process. Production has also been affected by the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, which has increased travel costs and the time it takes to transport equipment and materials to oil fields.', 'Production has also been affected by the ongoing COVID-19 crisis, which has increased travel costs and the time it takes to transport equipment and materials to oil fields. Domestic production output in the sector, as per the SCP-HAT data, is observed to be decreasing by 0.42 percent per annum (from $1,484 million in 2012 to $1,466 million in 2015). While the sector’s domestic production output decreased in 2012–2015, the GHG emissions from domestic production increased by 8 percent per annum. The sector is significantly important for economic development and the government is making considerable efforts to improve its current status. Amongst these are plans to conduct studies to select the best oil wells in order to increase production.', 'Amongst these are plans to conduct studies to select the best oil wells in order to increase production. The government has also developed the National Petroleum Policy (2013) and the Petroleum Act (2012) for regulating growth in the sector. Furthermore, in October 2020 the government announced that it wants to focus on deploying technologies to track oil and allow more recovery from existing fields. While the sector has not been included in climate policies in the country, the Petroleum Policy calls for environmental protection in the petroleum industry through environmental and social impact assessments, and environmental auditing and management planning. In February 2020, the government announced plans to invite bids from international companies to undertake an environmental audit to assess pollution levels and the source of pollution, and put systems in place to prevent it.', 'In February 2020, the government announced plans to invite bids from international companies to undertake an environmental audit to assess pollution levels and the source of pollution, and put systems in place to prevent it. 7.12.2 Emission reduction potential South Sudan’s economy is highly dependent on oil production and significant efforts are being made by the government to improve this sector. However, the sector is highly vulnerable to both physical and transitional climate-related risks and these factors can impact negatively on the country’s oil- producing capacity and costs. Ensuring low-carbon development of the petroleum sector is critical if negative implications for South Sudan’s economy are to be avoided and GHG emissions reduced. It is estimated that oil production in South Sudan is lower than other countries.', 'It is estimated that oil production in South Sudan is lower than other countries. This means that the carbon intensity value to be attained to achieve the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting temperature rise to 2°C is also relatively low. According to the International Energy Agency, the carbon intensity of global energy supply will be around 20 grams of carbon dioxide per megajoule in 2050 using the 2°C scenario, while in 2015 emission intensity for South Sudan was estimated to be 8.4 grams of carbon dioxide per megajoule (58 percent lower than the International Energy Agency projection for 2050).', 'According to the International Energy Agency, the carbon intensity of global energy supply will be around 20 grams of carbon dioxide per megajoule in 2050 using the 2°C scenario, while in 2015 emission intensity for South Sudan was estimated to be 8.4 grams of carbon dioxide per megajoule (58 percent lower than the International Energy Agency projection for 2050). South Sudan, through its second NDC, aims Figure 51: GHG emissions in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015124 Second Nationally Determined Contribution to maintain (or further reduce) current emission intensity levels to ensure the sector contributes to the sustainable and economic growth of the country.', 'South Sudan, through its second NDC, aims Figure 51: GHG emissions in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products sector from domestic production, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015124 Second Nationally Determined Contribution to maintain (or further reduce) current emission intensity levels to ensure the sector contributes to the sustainable and economic growth of the country. As South Sudan also understands the importance of shifting energy consumption from conventional to renewable energy-based sources, it will focus in the long term on phasing out the use of petroleum products in the country. The strategies that will be implemented to reduce GHG emissions from the sector are detailed in the section below.', 'The strategies that will be implemented to reduce GHG emissions from the sector are detailed in the section below. 7.12.3 Key strategies In the petroleum sector, South Sudan will focus on implementing sustainable and low-carbon measures during extraction and refining processes that will reduce its emission footprint while also supporting the growth of the sector. The measures will be implemented around the areas described in Table 29. Table 29: Mitigation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Introduce regulations to reduce emission intensity of oil extraction. Flaring (burning) and venting of gas is the most carbon-intensive process in crude oil extraction. Currently, natural gas in South Sudan is either flared, vented or reinjected into oil fields.', 'Currently, natural gas in South Sudan is either flared, vented or reinjected into oil fields. Regulations and/ or measures to either reduce the amount of gas flared or capture and use it will be put in place. • Develop regulations to use/reduce the amount of gas flared. Yet to be implemented Short term • Invest in development of supporting infrastructure (e.g., gas pipelines) and creation of a market for supply (e.g., to industries or households) to ensure the economic feasibility of the process as well as to avoid the release of gas into the atmosphere. Yet to be implemented Medium to long termSectoral strategies 125 Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Improve the energy efficiency of the extraction process overall. Measures to reduce energy use at operating sites will be encouraged to reduce emissions. • Mandate the use of energy-efficient pumps and gas turbines.', '• Mandate the use of energy-efficient pumps and gas turbines. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Decrease amount of fuel consumed in transportation. Yet to be implemented Medium to long term Replace petroleum products with alternate energy sources. In the long term, the government will focus on gradually phasing out the use of petroleum products in the country, replacing them with alternative sources of energy. • Use of fuels such as biofuels, refuse- derived fuel, solar and wind to replace fossil fuel in various sectors (e.g., industry, construction, hotels and restaurants). Yet to be implemented Long term The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken up in order to build resilience in the petroleum sector. Table 30: Adaptation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Construct climate-resilient infrastructure.', 'Table 30: Adaptation strategies for petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Construct climate-resilient infrastructure. This sector is directly impacted by climate change, particularly by flooding events when excessive water prevents access to existing oil wells, reducing their output potential. Therefore, instituting climate- resilient infrastructure planning will be a primary concern. • Develop flood management plans and construct flood-resilient infrastructure. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term Men Women Total Thousand workers Figure 52: Employment in the petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products sector, 2012–2015 Source: SCP-HAT, 2015 7.12.4 Potential for job creation The petroleum, chemical and non-metallic product sector has witnessed a decreasing trend in overall employment, which declined at a compound annual growth rate of 1 percent in 2012–2015. Employment for both men and women decreased in 2015.', 'Employment for both men and women decreased in 2015. One of the potential reasons for this could be the decline in the country’s oil reserves, resulting in a decrease in oil production and therefore needing fewer employees. Given the role of this sector in the economic development of South Sudan, oil extraction activities will continue in the near term, and will continue to provide employment. In the long term, achieving the 1.5°C goal will entail more aggressive decarbonization of the energy126 Second Nationally Determined Contribution sector, implying more rapid replacement of fossil fuel-based energy production with renewables. Thus, in the long run, phasing out the use of petroleum and oil products will result in negative impacts on jobs in the petroleum industry.', 'Thus, in the long run, phasing out the use of petroleum and oil products will result in negative impacts on jobs in the petroleum industry. According to International Labour Organization estimates, extraction of crude petroleum and services related to crude oil extraction will witness one of the strongest declines in job demand by 2030 because of transition to sustainability in the energy sector. However, employment loss in this sector will be compensated by creation of green jobs in other sectors, such as renewable energy and construction, resulting in a net positive effect on job creation (International Labour Organization, 2018b). 7.13.1 Current status People in South Sudan have poor access to health care services, with only 25 percent of the population having access to health facilities.', '7.13.1 Current status People in South Sudan have poor access to health care services, with only 25 percent of the population having access to health facilities. There is a shortage of medical facilities and skilled health workers and a limited supply of medical equipment and drugs. The distribution of numbers of health workers among the different states is also inequitable, with Central Equatoria having the highest number of physicians (51 percent) in South Sudan (South Sudan Ministry of Health, 2010). Because of the lack of proper health care services, preventable diseases such as malaria and acute respiratory infections are common. Food insecurity, malnutrition and lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are also responsible for poor health and widespread disease (e.g., 16,706 people were affected by a cholera outbreak in 2017).', 'Food insecurity, malnutrition and lack of safe drinking water and sanitation facilities are also responsible for poor health and widespread disease (e.g., 16,706 people were affected by a cholera outbreak in 2017). Climate change can potentially have serious implications for the already poor health status of South Sudan. Extreme weather events such as increasingly variable rainfall and floods can heighten the risk of water-borne diseases and physical injury. Malaria cases in the country have seen an increasing trend (from 323,113 cases in July–September 2011 to 359,741 in July–September 2012) during the peak rainy season in the country. Deaths in the country due to malaria accounted for about 1,300 cases in 2012 compared to about 590 in 2011.', 'Deaths in the country due to malaria accounted for about 1,300 cases in 2012 compared to about 590 in 2011. The Government of South Sudan aims to improve the health status of the country through its current policies (the South Sudan Health Policy, NDS and Vision 2040, amongst others). These policies aim for a healthy and productive population for the people of South Sudan by strengthening the national health system. The NDS contains three- year targets for the improvement of the health sector within the country. The targets and current status are provided in Table 31. Table 31: Status of the health sector in South Sudan Parameter NDS target (2018–2021) Current status Government expenditure 7% (of total expenditure) The budget decreased from 3% in 2019).', 'Table 31: Status of the health sector in South Sudan Parameter NDS target (2018–2021) Current status Government expenditure 7% (of total expenditure) The budget decreased from 3% in 2019). Number of doctors 1/10,000 people 1/65,574 people (Global Health Workforce Alliance, 2021) Number of nurses and trained staff 2/10,000 people 1/39,088 people (ibid.) Child mortality 30/1,000 live births 79/1,000 live births (ibid.) Maternal mortality 400/100,000 live births Not availableSectoral strategies 127 7.13.2 Key strategies High food insecurity in South Sudan has led to severe malnutrition among the population and has been responsible for several instances of acute food shortages in the country. This insecurity is deepened by climate change, which frequently gives rise to droughts and floods, impacting the food production capability of the region.', 'This insecurity is deepened by climate change, which frequently gives rise to droughts and floods, impacting the food production capability of the region. Thus, climate change can have a direct and severe impact on the nutritional health of South Sudan’s population. Moreover, rural communities that have limited access to clean drinking water and sanitation facilities are impacted by both water- and vector-borne diseases such as malaria, cholera, diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. Climate risks such as increased flooding further exacerbate existing health problems, as many water- and vector-borne diseases increase with higher temperatures and rainfall. This is seen in the increase in numbers of people affected by malaria and deaths caused by the disease during the peak rainy season. South Sudan will focus on the implementation of adaptation actions to reduce the vulnerability of communities (Table 32).', 'South Sudan will focus on the implementation of adaptation actions to reduce the vulnerability of communities (Table 32). Table 32: Adaptation strategies for the health sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Conduct research on climate change and human health and well-being. Funnel climate finance into research that details the interactions between climate change and various health- related impacts under different scenarios in South Sudan. • Annual assessment of impact of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, kala-azar and trypanosomiasis on human health. South Sudan provides a weekly integrated disease surveillance and response bulletin and monthly vector-transmitted disease burden report. Short to long term • Annual assessment of impact of water-borne diseases on human health.128 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Strengthen early warning systems. Improve early warning systems to provide timely warning to the local population about disease outbreaks and epidemics.', 'Improve early warning systems to provide timely warning to the local population about disease outbreaks and epidemics. • Develop a robust climate monitoring and forecast system in collaboration with the Department of Meteorology to identify and predict occurrences of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. Weekly, monthly and seasonal meteorological forecast reports are available. Measures such as mass distribution of long-lasting insecticidal nets, indoor residual spraying and larval source management are being carried out. Short to long term Capacity-building of communities on response measures. Develop capacities of local communities about likely health risks and appropriate response measures to reduce their vulnerability during outbreaks of climate-related diseases. • Train different levels of stakeholders such as government staff and communities on response preparedness measures through workshops, interactive talks, etc. Yet to be implemented Short term Implement disease, vector surveillance and control projects.', 'Yet to be implemented Short term Implement disease, vector surveillance and control projects. South Sudan will continue to implement disease, vector surveillance and control projects for eradication of water-borne diseases in the country. • Assess progress achieved in controlling the spread of malaria through the Malaria Indicator Survey. There have been reports on progress achieved in key malaria indicators since the 2013 survey was released in 2017. Short term • Conduct a vector susceptibility study in the country. A report on vector susceptibility has been published for South Sudan. Short term Develop climate-resilient health systems. South Sudan will invest in building hospitals and train doctors and staff on treating climate-related diseases. • Specific activities will be determined over the course of NDC implementation.', '• Specific activities will be determined over the course of NDC implementation. Yet to be implemented Short to long term 7.14 DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT 7.14.1 Current status South Sudan faces a high risk of floods (more than 1 in 100 people are at risk) and a medium risk of droughts (Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas). About 78 percent of households (primarily rural communities) are reliant on crop farming (mostly rain-fed) and animal husbandry as their main sources of livelihood. Droughts, floods and erratic rainfall impact the livelihoods of these communities, as they lead to significant losses of crops and livestock. Furthermore, floods have destroyed forests, especially in the low-lying areas, and this has had negative impacts on biodiversity and the livelihoods of communities dependent on forestry.', 'Furthermore, floods have destroyed forests, especially in the low-lying areas, and this has had negative impacts on biodiversity and the livelihoods of communities dependent on forestry. percent of the total population) were affected by floods that inundated homes and left them without food, water and shelter. The sector is a priority in South Sudan’s Vision 2040 and the NAPA. The NAPA stresses improving collection, analysis and dissemination of weather information and strengthening drought and flood early warning systems. South Sudan’s Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Strategic Plan 2018–2020Sectoral strategies 129 focuses on a holistic approach that includes implementing preventive and/or development measures to reduce vulnerability in addition to emergency responses for saving lives and livelihoods.', 'South Sudan’s Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Strategic Plan 2018–2020Sectoral strategies 129 focuses on a holistic approach that includes implementing preventive and/or development measures to reduce vulnerability in addition to emergency responses for saving lives and livelihoods. These measures include developing a disaster risk management policy, developing risk assessment and management tools, improving community preparedness and ensuring increased investments in the sector. While the sector is a priority for the country and has been included in key adaptation plans and documents, there is no information on the likelihood and intensity of occurrences of weather events in the country. Only about five of the 28 hydrometeorological stations set up for weather monitoring and forecasting are functional. This is primarily due to lack of capacity and availability of funds in the sector.', 'This is primarily due to lack of capacity and availability of funds in the sector. 7.14.2 Key strategies The following table showcases adaptation actions that will be taken up in order to reduce the impacts of climate change related risks such as floods and droughts and ensure preparedness of communities and the government when it comes to handling extreme weather events. Table 33: Adaptation strategies for the disaster risk management sector Strategies Activities being considered Current progress Timeframe Strengthen early warning systems. In the absence of efficient early warning and disaster management systems communities remain highly vulnerable to climate-induced disasters. There is a strong need for setting up or upgrading weather monitoring stations to predict weather patterns so that appropriate measures may be taken. • Rehabilitate five national disaster risk management centres in Juba, Wau, Malakal, Renk and Raja.', '• Rehabilitate five national disaster risk management centres in Juba, Wau, Malakal, Renk and Raja. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Carry out research to map disaster- prone areas in the country. Yet to be implemented Medium term • Strengthen the information and communications technology and telecommunications sector to enable the provision of timely warnings to relevant stakeholders, including government stakeholders, private players and communities. Yet to be implemented Medium term Awareness raising and capacity-building of stakeholders. Means of increasing knowledge and awareness amongst various stakeholders, such as government officials and communities, will be developed to enable their understanding of the risks of predicted climate-related events so that they may take suitable measures to protect lives and property. • Raise awareness regarding possible outbreaks of events and measures to be undertaken to reduce associated risks.', '• Raise awareness regarding possible outbreaks of events and measures to be undertaken to reduce associated risks. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term • Build capacity on response- preparedness of communities that are involved in agriculture and fishing activities, especially among the women. Response-preparedness will include measures such as planting drought-resilient crops, establishing farm ponds and improving water infiltration. Yet to be implemented Short to medium term130 Second Nationally Determined Contribution ARRANGEMENTSInstitutional arrangements 131 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 8.1 THE POLICY ENVIRONMENT South Sudan has published various polices and plans to ensure sustainable development and management of its natural resources. These include frameworks to cater for the development of the economy while taking into account sustainable development objectives. The instruments that mainstream environment and/or climate change issues are provided in the section below. 8.1.1 National Environment Policy The National Environment Policy seeks to protect and conserve the environment and ensures use of natural resources in a sustainable manner.', '8.1.1 National Environment Policy The National Environment Policy seeks to protect and conserve the environment and ensures use of natural resources in a sustainable manner. The aim of the policy is to create public awareness regarding the protection of the environment and provide a basis for the formulation of environment protection and management policies, laws and guidelines. The policy oversees the implementation of international, national or regional environmental law in South Sudan. The main objectives of the policy are to: • Develop regulations and set guidelines for sustainable management of the environment; • Integrate environmental concerns into developmental policies and programmes at different levels, i.e., government, community and individual/private sector levels; • Build the capacity of state and regional institutions, communities and other stakeholders in efficient environmental management; and • Promote public participation in conservation and sustainable management of resources.', 'The main objectives of the policy are to: • Develop regulations and set guidelines for sustainable management of the environment; • Integrate environmental concerns into developmental policies and programmes at different levels, i.e., government, community and individual/private sector levels; • Build the capacity of state and regional institutions, communities and other stakeholders in efficient environmental management; and • Promote public participation in conservation and sustainable management of resources. The Environment Policy recognizes climate change as a concern that is likely to have an adverse impact on the livelihoods of South Sudanese people. It identifies the climate change impacts that South Sudan is witnessing, such as changes in rainfall South Sudan has published various polices and plans to ensure sustainable development and management of its natural resources.132 Second Nationally Determined Contribution patterns, increasing temperature and frequency of floods and droughts and provides measures to address climate change issues.', 'It identifies the climate change impacts that South Sudan is witnessing, such as changes in rainfall South Sudan has published various polices and plans to ensure sustainable development and management of its natural resources.132 Second Nationally Determined Contribution patterns, increasing temperature and frequency of floods and droughts and provides measures to address climate change issues. It advocates for the development of national-level climate change policy in South Sudan, together with strategies and measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation, with the aim of supporting efforts to reduce the vulnerability of communities to climate hazards. 8.1.2 Environmental Protection Bill The Environment Protection Bill was developed to provide a legal framework to cover all matters and concerns related to the environment in South Sudan.', '8.1.2 Environmental Protection Bill The Environment Protection Bill was developed to provide a legal framework to cover all matters and concerns related to the environment in South Sudan. The bill empowers the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to act as a lead institution for implementing all policies related to the environment, including climate change, biodiversity, air and water pollution and monitoring land use patterns, to determine their impact on the quality and quantity of natural resources. 8.1.3 National Adaptation Programme of Action The NAPA for South Sudan is the most significant of the various documents that chart the adaptation needs of the country. The NAPA identifies priority projects that will address South Sudan’s urgent need for adapting to climate change.', 'The NAPA identifies priority projects that will address South Sudan’s urgent need for adapting to climate change. These priority projects have been identified under five thematic areas, namely environment; water resources; agriculture; disaster risk reduction and policy; and institutional framework. It lists potential adaptation activities under each thematic area to lay the foundation for climate change adaptation in South Sudan in the medium and long term. 8.1.4 National Policy on Food Security The National Policy on Food Security recognizes climate change and natural disasters as threats to food security. The policy aims to implement measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change on food security in the medium and long term. Its key objectives are to: • Understand the likely impacts of climate change on resilience of key crops, agroforestry, tree species, etc.', 'Its key objectives are to: • Understand the likely impacts of climate change on resilience of key crops, agroforestry, tree species, etc. ; • Enhance the adaptive capacity of communities in drought- and flood-prone areas; and • Support measures to protect vulnerable communities against diseases and pest outbreaks related to climate change. Some of the implementation strategies that are proposed as part of this policy are to: • Collaborate with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to identify key activities that respond to immediate needs to adapt to climate change; • Support and promote the development of intensive agriculture and diversified crops adapted to extreme climate risks; • Map and intensify research on crops and livestock most adapted to changing climatic conditions in different agroecological zones; and • Prevent water, soil and air pollution from agrochemicals.', 'Some of the implementation strategies that are proposed as part of this policy are to: • Collaborate with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry to identify key activities that respond to immediate needs to adapt to climate change; • Support and promote the development of intensive agriculture and diversified crops adapted to extreme climate risks; • Map and intensify research on crops and livestock most adapted to changing climatic conditions in different agroecological zones; and • Prevent water, soil and air pollution from agrochemicals. 8.1.5 Comprehensive Agricultural Master The CAMP was approved by the Government of South Sudan in March 2017.', '8.1.5 Comprehensive Agricultural Master The CAMP was approved by the Government of South Sudan in March 2017. It is an investment plan that was developed to align with the national policies, plans and strategies of various ministries, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security, the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. The CAMP has developed over 110 sub-sector project profiles with the aim of ensuring food security, improving livelihoods of communities and promoting sustainable agriculture and livestock rearing practices. The development themes under the CAMP and corresponding focus areas where investments are planned are as follows.', 'The development themes under the CAMP and corresponding focus areas where investments are planned are as follows. Reconstruction and recovery • This theme looks at the reconstruction and recovery of the agriculture sector from internal conflict, insecurity and lack of innovation with aInstitutional arrangements 133 view to developing the sector and supporting production and market activities, particularly in the areas that have been most affected. • It aims to build trust between economic players and the government to reduce transaction costs. • It also focuses on restoration of law and order by strengthening legal frameworks and their enforcement. Food and nutrition security • This theme focuses on improvement in agricultural production and productivity, which will result in increased household cash income.', 'Food and nutrition security • This theme focuses on improvement in agricultural production and productivity, which will result in increased household cash income. • It aims to promote a cash-based economy as a rural agricultural labour market is likely to increase farmers’ options to generate income for asset development and investment for production. Economic growth and livelihood improvement • The theme focuses on providing support to farmers in the transition from subsistence to commercial farming. • With government support, input and output activities and import and export markets will be addressed, with the aim of increasing the supply of and demand for agricultural goods. Agriculture sector transformation • This theme aims to increase the value of agricultural products, both processed and unprocessed, by making outputs competitive in both international and regional markets.', 'Agriculture sector transformation • This theme aims to increase the value of agricultural products, both processed and unprocessed, by making outputs competitive in both international and regional markets. • It focuses on establishment of a non-agricultural manufacturing and service sector with accumulated capital and other direct foreign investment. Institutional development • The theme aims to build a trusted public financial management system and legal and regulatory framework to mobilize external and internal financial resources for CAMP implementation (South Sudan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperative and Rural Development and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Industries, 2015). 8.1.6 Forest Policy The Forest Policy lays down a clear institutional and governance framework for forests across the country. It recognizes the importance of forests for commerce, communities and conservation and sets out a series of implementation and institutional measures to protect forest reserves in the country.', 'It recognizes the importance of forests for commerce, communities and conservation and sets out a series of implementation and institutional measures to protect forest reserves in the country. The policy emphasizes the need for the implementation of sustainable forest management measures to enable South Sudan to gain access to international financing under mechanisms such as REDD+. It also proposes establishing a designated national authority so that the country can participate in the Clean Development Mechanism and facilitate the flow of climate change benefits to South Sudan. 8.1.7 National Electricity Policy The South Sudan National Electricity Policy, produced by the Ministry of Electricity and Dams, outlines the framework for developing and running the electricity supply industry. It focuses on the use of indigenous energy sources, such as crude oil and hydropower, for meeting household energy demand.', 'It focuses on the use of indigenous energy sources, such as crude oil and hydropower, for meeting household energy demand. The policy outlines priorities for the development of the sector, including the scope for public-private partnerships. The government has identified medium- and long-term strategies for the development of the electricity sector.', 'The government has identified medium- and long-term strategies for the development of the electricity sector. These include: • Expanding the country’s generation capacity to around 580 MW by 2025; • Increasing urban households’ access to electricity to 75 percent by 2025; • Expanding the national transmission and distribution grid to link all 10 state capitals; • Connecting South Sudan with the grids of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda; and • Strengthening the environment for private investments in the power sector.134 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Renewable energy projects that are planned as part of the policy include: • Importing 50–100 MW of power from Ethiopian hydropower plants; • Developing the Fula Rapids 40 MW hydropower project; and • Developing the Sue 15 MW mini hydropower project.', 'These include: • Expanding the country’s generation capacity to around 580 MW by 2025; • Increasing urban households’ access to electricity to 75 percent by 2025; • Expanding the national transmission and distribution grid to link all 10 state capitals; • Connecting South Sudan with the grids of Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda; and • Strengthening the environment for private investments in the power sector.134 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Renewable energy projects that are planned as part of the policy include: • Importing 50–100 MW of power from Ethiopian hydropower plants; • Developing the Fula Rapids 40 MW hydropower project; and • Developing the Sue 15 MW mini hydropower project. 8.1.8 Fisheries Policy The aim of the Fisheries Policy is to maximize fish production while avoiding overfishing and preventing degradation of wetlands. It focuses on strengthening areas like governance, research and aquaculture in the fishing sector.', 'It focuses on strengthening areas like governance, research and aquaculture in the fishing sector. It also outlines objectives rated to climate change, along with corresponding strategies, institutions responsible, and timelines (Table 34).', 'It also outlines objectives rated to climate change, along with corresponding strategies, institutions responsible, and timelines (Table 34). Table 34: Climate change strategies outlined in the Fisheries Policy Objectives Strategies Timeframe Governance To respond appropriately to climate change and natural disasters Research climate change and disaster management and develop policy advice to contribute to wider government responses As and when necessary To maintain a healthy environment and ecosystems Ensure that compulsory ESIAs are undertaken for all developments that affect fisheries, including large-scale aquaculture developments Ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Observe all international treaties and protocols on the environment and biodiversity Immediate implementation, then ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Research To monitor environmental changes affecting fisheries, including climate change Improve monitoring of changes in the environment and their effect on fisheries and aquaculture Ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Establish a hydrology section in the Fisheries Research Unit, with sufficient equipment and staff to undertake routine environmental monitoring Aquaculture To address environmental concerns regarding aquaculture Include guidance on the mitigation of the effects of aquaculture on the environment in the Codes of Practice for aquacultureInstitutional arrangements 135 8.2 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS 8.2.1 Major administrative bodies for climate change The following table details the government organizations/ministries that will play a lead role in implementing climate change/environment policies in South Sudan.', 'Table 34: Climate change strategies outlined in the Fisheries Policy Objectives Strategies Timeframe Governance To respond appropriately to climate change and natural disasters Research climate change and disaster management and develop policy advice to contribute to wider government responses As and when necessary To maintain a healthy environment and ecosystems Ensure that compulsory ESIAs are undertaken for all developments that affect fisheries, including large-scale aquaculture developments Ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Observe all international treaties and protocols on the environment and biodiversity Immediate implementation, then ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Research To monitor environmental changes affecting fisheries, including climate change Improve monitoring of changes in the environment and their effect on fisheries and aquaculture Ongoing as routine activity of the Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development Establish a hydrology section in the Fisheries Research Unit, with sufficient equipment and staff to undertake routine environmental monitoring Aquaculture To address environmental concerns regarding aquaculture Include guidance on the mitigation of the effects of aquaculture on the environment in the Codes of Practice for aquacultureInstitutional arrangements 135 8.2 MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS 8.2.1 Major administrative bodies for climate change The following table details the government organizations/ministries that will play a lead role in implementing climate change/environment policies in South Sudan. Table 35: Major administrative bodies for climate change Organization Suborganization Roles and responsibilities Ministry of Environment and Forestry – The Ministry of Environment and Forestry is the lead institution responsible for formulation of policies, regulations and plans for the environment, forestry and biodiversity protection and management in South Sudan.', 'Table 35: Major administrative bodies for climate change Organization Suborganization Roles and responsibilities Ministry of Environment and Forestry – The Ministry of Environment and Forestry is the lead institution responsible for formulation of policies, regulations and plans for the environment, forestry and biodiversity protection and management in South Sudan. The ministry is also the technical and operational focal point for international environmental conventions and treaties. Ministry of Electricity and Dams – The Ministry of Electricity and Dams, the regulatory body for the power sector, is responsible for the development of electricity sector policies and regulations in South Sudan. It looks after the implementation of plans, strategies and projects in electricity generation, distribution, transmission and dams for irrigation.', 'It looks after the implementation of plans, strategies and projects in electricity generation, distribution, transmission and dams for irrigation. South Sudan Electricity Corporation The South Sudan Electricity Corporation is the only electricity utility, responsible for generation, transmission, distribution and sales of electrical energy to consumers in Juba, Malakal and Wau. The South Sudan Electricity Corporation, an implementing body of the Ministry of Electricity and Dams, is responsible for the execution of the ministry’s policies and strategies. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation – The ministry is responsible for water resource management in South Sudan, looking after the management of rivers, watersheds and supply of water.', 'Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation – The ministry is responsible for water resource management in South Sudan, looking after the management of rivers, watersheds and supply of water. Ministry of Transport South Sudan Road Authority South Sudan Civil Aviation Authority The Ministry of Transport is responsible for overall policy and regulation of the transport sector, as well as the administration of all modes of transportation – road, rail, air and river. South Sudan Meteorological Department The South Sudan Meteorological Department operates under the Ministry of Transport (as part of the South Sudan Civil Aviation Authority) to provide weather-related and aeronautical information for air navigation. Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism South Sudan Wildlife Service The mandate of the Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism is to protect areas in South Sudan (national parks and game reserves).', 'Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism South Sudan Wildlife Service The mandate of the Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism is to protect areas in South Sudan (national parks and game reserves). It protects, conserves and manages these through the South Sudan Wildlife Service. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security – The ministry is responsible for enhancing agricultural productivity with the aim of improving food security, driving economic growth, and facilitating and encouraging sustainable development for improved livelihoods. Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries – This ministry is charged with livestock and fisheries development policies.', 'Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries – This ministry is charged with livestock and fisheries development policies. The ministry’s roles include preparing and enforcing regulations and guidelines related to livestock disease tracking and control and ensuring the safety of food of animal origin.136 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Organization Suborganization Roles and responsibilities Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management – The ministry is responsible for developing policy and decision- making on disaster risk reduction at the national level. Its mandate is to oversee all humanitarian work in South Sudan. Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning – The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning is responsible for developing South Sudan’s finance policies, as well as for public financial management, tax and revenue collection, procurement and legislation.', 'Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning – The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning is responsible for developing South Sudan’s finance policies, as well as for public financial management, tax and revenue collection, procurement and legislation. It is also responsible for allocating financial resources to government agencies, thus enabling them to implement sectoral plans and policies. Ministry of Petroleum – The Ministry of Petroleum is responsible for formulating legislation and regulations for the management and development of South Sudan’s oil and gas sector, as well as for the supply of petroleum products for power generation. Ministry of Mining – The Ministry of Mining is responsible for developing and implementing policies, regulations and legal frameworks for the development and sustainable management of mineral resources in South Sudan.', 'Ministry of Mining – The Ministry of Mining is responsible for developing and implementing policies, regulations and legal frameworks for the development and sustainable management of mineral resources in South Sudan. National Bureau of Statistics – The National Bureau of Statistics is responsible for collecting and analysing national-level economic, social and demographic statistics in South Sudan. Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning – The Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning is the national- level institution responsible for land governance, land use planning and urban development in South Sudan. Ministry of Roads and Bridges – The Ministry of Roads and Bridges is responsible for carrying out research related to roads and developing affordable, efficient, and safe road transportation infrastructure in the country.', 'Ministry of Roads and Bridges – The Ministry of Roads and Bridges is responsible for carrying out research related to roads and developing affordable, efficient, and safe road transportation infrastructure in the country. Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs – The ministry is responsible for defending and protecting citizens, maintaining peace and sustaining the conditions that will enable stability, unity and economic growth in the country. The ministry is also responsible for helping civilian authorities in cases of emergency and natural disaster. Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs – The Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs is responsible for representing the Government of South Sudan in legal matters, drafting statutory laws, informing the general public of legal frameworks and documents, and overseeing the legal profession in South Sudan.', 'Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs – The Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs is responsible for representing the Government of South Sudan in legal matters, drafting statutory laws, informing the general public of legal frameworks and documents, and overseeing the legal profession in South Sudan. Ministry of General Education and Instruction – The Ministry of General Education and Instruction is mandated to develop policies and regulations with the aim of providing basic education to all children, eradicating illiteracy, improving the status of women and providing equitable access to learning opportunities for all South Sudanese people.', 'Ministry of General Education and Instruction – The Ministry of General Education and Instruction is mandated to develop policies and regulations with the aim of providing basic education to all children, eradicating illiteracy, improving the status of women and providing equitable access to learning opportunities for all South Sudanese people. Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare – The ministry is responsible for developing and implementing policies that promote gender equality, social inclusion and justice, and safeguard the rights of women, children and other vulnerable groups.Institutional arrangements 137 Organization Suborganization Roles and responsibilities South Sudan Land Commission – South Sudan Land Commission is responsible for developing and coordinating policies such as the Land Act and other legal frameworks related to land, land governance and land rights in the country.', 'Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare – The ministry is responsible for developing and implementing policies that promote gender equality, social inclusion and justice, and safeguard the rights of women, children and other vulnerable groups.Institutional arrangements 137 Organization Suborganization Roles and responsibilities South Sudan Land Commission – South Sudan Land Commission is responsible for developing and coordinating policies such as the Land Act and other legal frameworks related to land, land governance and land rights in the country. Ministry of Interior – The Ministry of Interior is responsible for law enforcement and maintenance of order in South Sudan. Ministry of Trade and Industry – The Ministry of Trade and Industry is responsible for development and management of industries and commercial activities in the country.', 'Ministry of Trade and Industry – The Ministry of Trade and Industry is responsible for development and management of industries and commercial activities in the country. Ministry of Health – The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing and managing health facilities across the country, training and education of health workers, and ensuring robust systems are in place to achieve its responsibilities.138 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 53: Institutional framework for NDC implementation FINANCING BODIES Regional/international carbon markets Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning International donor agencies Private sector KEY Communication channel Financial channel NATIONAL NDC FOCAL POINT Ministry of Environment and Forestry IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs Ministry of Electricity \x03 and Dams Ministry of Health Ministry of Gender, Child \x03and Social Welfare Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning Ministry of General Education and Instruction Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Ministry of Livestock \x03 and Fisheries Ministry of Mining Ministry of Petroleum Ministry of Roads and \x03Bridges Ministry of Trade \x03and Industry Ministry of Transport Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism South Sudan Land \x03Commission TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CAPACITY- BUILDING AGENCIES Research institutions and universities Non-governmental organizations Independent consultants Developmental institutions EXECUTING ENTITIES State government County government Local urban development \x03 authorities Public and private \x03industriesInstitutional arrangements 139 8.2.2 International donor agencies and regional stakeholders Besides regulatory bodies and ministries, international donor agencies and regional stakeholders (e.g., educational institutions, non-governmental organizations and private players, such as industries) will need to be involved for NDC implementation (Table 36).', 'Ministry of Health – The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing and managing health facilities across the country, training and education of health workers, and ensuring robust systems are in place to achieve its responsibilities.138 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 53: Institutional framework for NDC implementation FINANCING BODIES Regional/international carbon markets Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning International donor agencies Private sector KEY Communication channel Financial channel NATIONAL NDC FOCAL POINT Ministry of Environment and Forestry IMPLEMENTING ENTITIES Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs Ministry of Electricity \x03 and Dams Ministry of Health Ministry of Gender, Child \x03and Social Welfare Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning Ministry of General Education and Instruction Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Ministry of Interior Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs Ministry of Livestock \x03 and Fisheries Ministry of Mining Ministry of Petroleum Ministry of Roads and \x03Bridges Ministry of Trade \x03and Industry Ministry of Transport Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Ministry of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism South Sudan Land \x03Commission TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND CAPACITY- BUILDING AGENCIES Research institutions and universities Non-governmental organizations Independent consultants Developmental institutions EXECUTING ENTITIES State government County government Local urban development \x03 authorities Public and private \x03industriesInstitutional arrangements 139 8.2.2 International donor agencies and regional stakeholders Besides regulatory bodies and ministries, international donor agencies and regional stakeholders (e.g., educational institutions, non-governmental organizations and private players, such as industries) will need to be involved for NDC implementation (Table 36). Table 36: Stakeholders active in climate change Organizations Roles and responsibilities Research institutions and universities The implementation of the NDC will require inputs from research institutions and/or universities that are actively working in the climate change space, on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, amongst others.', 'Table 36: Stakeholders active in climate change Organizations Roles and responsibilities Research institutions and universities The implementation of the NDC will require inputs from research institutions and/or universities that are actively working in the climate change space, on agriculture, forestry and fisheries, amongst others. Examples of these institutions include the Yei Agricultural Research Centre, the Palataka Agricultural Research Centre and the Halima Agricultural Research Centre. International donor agencies International donor agencies such as the AfDB, Japan International Corporation Agency, World Bank, United Nations Development Programme and USAID are actively involved in implementing projects related to development and climate change in South Sudan. These organizations will play a significant role in implementation of the NDC, especially in providing access to financial resources and technical assistance.', 'These organizations will play a significant role in implementation of the NDC, especially in providing access to financial resources and technical assistance. Private sector NDC implementation will require support from local, regional and other large private players in the country, such as industries and private businesses. 8.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION The institutional framework for NDC implementation will include the following bodies: • National NDC Focal Point • NDC implementing entities • NDC executing entities • Technical assistance and capacity-building agencies • Financing bodies The following section provides an in-depth understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the bodies shown in Figure 53. National NDC Focal Point The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will act as the national NDC Focal Point for the implementation of the NDC in South Sudan.', 'National NDC Focal Point The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will act as the national NDC Focal Point for the implementation of the NDC in South Sudan. A separate environmental authority/department, which will be responsible for coordination and harmonization of NDC activities with all other relevant ministries, will be created within the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The responsibilities of the NDC Focal Point will include: • The overall administration of NDC implementation; • Coordinating with implementing agencies regarding implementation of sectoral plans and strategies; • Approving implementation of sectoral targets, projects and interventions; • Acting as a monitoring body to track the progress of implemented projects; • Acting as a primary contact point for both national and international financing agencies; and • Disbursing funds to implementing entities, technical assistance bodies and capacity- building agencies and supervising financial flows between different agencies.', 'The responsibilities of the NDC Focal Point will include: • The overall administration of NDC implementation; • Coordinating with implementing agencies regarding implementation of sectoral plans and strategies; • Approving implementation of sectoral targets, projects and interventions; • Acting as a monitoring body to track the progress of implemented projects; • Acting as a primary contact point for both national and international financing agencies; and • Disbursing funds to implementing entities, technical assistance bodies and capacity- building agencies and supervising financial flows between different agencies. NDC implementing entities National-level government bodies and ministries will act as implementing entities – the main bodies looking after the operations of planned projects and strategies.', 'NDC implementing entities National-level government bodies and ministries will act as implementing entities – the main bodies looking after the operations of planned projects and strategies. The tasks that will be performed by the implementing entities are given below: • Support the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in implementation of planned interventions.140 Second Nationally Determined Contribution • Develop sectoral policies and regulations in coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. • Ensure proper disbursement of funds to executing entities. • Coordinate with executing entities to provide and/or facilitate the necessary technical support, training, etc., required for the implementation of NDC interventions. • Regularly monitor the implementation of interventions and prepare reports on targets achieved and use of funds. Table 37 provides details of the ministries that will be implementing entities for developing and implementing NDC sectoral interventions.', 'Table 37 provides details of the ministries that will be implementing entities for developing and implementing NDC sectoral interventions. In addition to the ministries listed in Table 37 that are responsible for implementation of sectoral NDC activities, other national-level ministries will provide support across all sectors (Table 38). Table 37: NDC implementing entities Sector Implementing entity Agriculture, livestock and fisheries The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, with the support of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, will be responsible for development and implementation of policies for the agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector in South Sudan.', 'Table 37: NDC implementing entities Sector Implementing entity Agriculture, livestock and fisheries The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and the Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, with the support of the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, will be responsible for development and implementation of policies for the agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector in South Sudan. Infrastructure (construction and buildings) The Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning will be the main implementing entity responsible for the formulation and development of policies (e.g., national building codes, ESIA guidelines) to ensure low-carbon and climate-resilient development of any new infrastructure in South Sudan.', 'Infrastructure (construction and buildings) The Ministry of Housing, Land and Physical Planning will be the main implementing entity responsible for the formulation and development of policies (e.g., national building codes, ESIA guidelines) to ensure low-carbon and climate-resilient development of any new infrastructure in South Sudan. The ministry will be supported by other sectoral ministries for which development of infrastructure is a priority, such as the Ministry of Transport for construction of climate-resilient transport infrastructure, the Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism for construction of tourism infrastructure and the South Sudan Land Commission for development of large infrastructure projects. Forestry The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will act as implementing entity for this sector.', 'Forestry The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will act as implementing entity for this sector. The ministry, with the support of the state forest departments and the Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism, will be responsible for implementation of sustainable forest management, reforestation and afforestation projects, as well as the promotion of the REDD+ programme. Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management The Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism will act as implementing entity for this sector. The ministry will be responsible for developing and implementing ecosystem and biodiversity management measures. The ministry will be supported by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation for planning and execution of wetland and other water resource management projects.', 'The ministry will be supported by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation for planning and execution of wetland and other water resource management projects. Electricity The Ministry of Electricity and Dams will act as the implementing entity for feasibility and development projects for renewable energy-based electricity generation in South Sudan. Water The Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation will be the main implementing entity for execution of water-related projects. The ministry will be supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security for implementation of water harvesting projects targeted at the agriculture sector. Waste The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will be the implementing entity for this sector.', 'Waste The Ministry of Environment and Forestry will be the implementing entity for this sector. Its role will be to develop waste management, promote waste recycling and invest in solid and liquid waste management infrastructure in South Sudan. Tourism and recreation The Ministry of Wildlife Conservation and Tourism will be the implementing entity for the tourism and recreation sector. It will be responsible for integrating ecotourism in existing tourism policies and developing regulations for efficient waste management in the tourism and recreation sector.', 'It will be responsible for integrating ecotourism in existing tourism policies and developing regulations for efficient waste management in the tourism and recreation sector. The ministry will be supported in promoting the use of EVs by the Ministry of Transport, and sustainable food consumption by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security.Institutional arrangements 141 Sector Implementing entity Mining and quarrying The Ministry of Mining will be the implementing entity for the mining and quarrying sector. The ministry will be responsible for strengthening institutional and governance mechanisms to restrict illegal mining and ensure compliance with ESIAs, environment management plans and sustainable mining closure plans. The ministry will also promote energy efficiency measures to reduce the carbon footprint of mining and quarrying processes.', 'The ministry will also promote energy efficiency measures to reduce the carbon footprint of mining and quarrying processes. Transport The Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Roads and Bridges will be the main implementing entities responsible for formulation and development of policies for the transport sector, such as vehicular emission standards and regulations for promoting the use of EVs in the country. The South Sudan Roads Authority will support the development of climate-resilient road infrastructure in South Sudan. Industry The Ministry of Trade and Industry will act as implementing entity for this sector.', 'Industry The Ministry of Trade and Industry will act as implementing entity for this sector. The ministry will be responsible for the formulation of policies and regulations to ensure green growth of industries, such as in the reduction of environmental pollution, efficient waste management, and use of alternative fuels and energy-efficient technologies in industrial operations. The ministry will be supported by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the planning and execution of industrial waste management programmes. Petroleum, chemical and non-metallic mineral products The Ministry of Petroleum will be the implementing entity for this sector. It will be responsible for implementation of sustainable and low-carbon measures to reduce the carbon footprint of petroleum extraction and refining processes.', 'It will be responsible for implementation of sustainable and low-carbon measures to reduce the carbon footprint of petroleum extraction and refining processes. Health The Ministry of Health will be the implementing entity responsible for research on climate change and its health impacts on the South Sudanese people. It will also be responsible for early warning and building capacities for adequate response during disease outbreaks. Disaster risk management The Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management will be the implementing entity for this sector. It will be responsible for improving early warning systems, raising awareness among various stakeholders and capacity-building on community response measures. The South Sudan Meteorological Department (which operates under the Ministry of Transport) will support the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs in improving early warning systems in South Sudan.', 'The South Sudan Meteorological Department (which operates under the Ministry of Transport) will support the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs in improving early warning systems in South Sudan. Table 38: Implementing entities across sectors Sector Implementing entity Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare The Ministry of Gender, Child and Social Welfare will be responsible for ensuring integration of gender perspectives and social justice in relevant climate mitigation and adaptation interventions across all NDC sectors. It will promote women’s empowerment and target improving the status of the most vulnerable groups in the country. Ministry of General Education and Instruction The Ministry of General Education and Instruction will support other ministries in creating awareness around climate change and capacity-building of various stakeholders, including government institutions and local communities.', 'Ministry of General Education and Instruction The Ministry of General Education and Instruction will support other ministries in creating awareness around climate change and capacity-building of various stakeholders, including government institutions and local communities. Ministry of Interior The Ministry of Interior will ensure enforcement of the NDC for its effective implementation across all sectors and regions. Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs The Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs will ensure that the NDC and the NDC interventions are legally adopted and enacted by the Parliament of South Sudan. Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs The Ministry of Defence and Veteran Affairs will ensure implementation of NDC interventions and coordination across all sectors. In particular, it will support the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in reducing the rate of deforestation in the country.', 'In particular, it will support the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in reducing the rate of deforestation in the country. It will also be responsible for ensuring that a safe and secure environment is available for the implementation of NDC projects.142 Second Nationally Determined Contribution NDC executing entities Local-level government bodies (e.g., county bodies, Urban Development Authority), public and private businesses and non-governmental organizations will act as NDC executing entities, and will be responsible for on-the-ground implementation and operations of the planned NDC interventions. Executing entities will perform the following tasks: • Support implementing entities in execution of planned interventions. • Prepare regular reports on progress and performance of interventions and use of funds to keep implementing entities updated on the status of projects.', '• Prepare regular reports on progress and performance of interventions and use of funds to keep implementing entities updated on the status of projects. Technical assistance and capacity-building agencies Implementation of the South Sudan NDC will require technical support and capacity-building for government bodies and other institutions involved in the implementation framework. It will also require the development of an outreach programme to attract the private sector to adopt the NDC. The technical assistance and capacity-building programme will be carried out by research institutions and universities, non-governmental organizations, development agencies and independent consultants. The main tasks of technical assistance and capacity-building agencies will include: • Supporting government bodies (NDC Focal Point and implementing entities) in carrying out feasibility studies for project implementation. • Providing sector and stakeholder-specific technical support and guidance in development and implementation of the NDC projects.', '• Providing sector and stakeholder-specific technical support and guidance in development and implementation of the NDC projects. • Providing stakeholder-oriented training to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, implementing entities and executing entities, tailored to their needs through interactive seminars and workshops. • Developing an outreach programme to engage the private sector in NDC implementation.Institutional arrangements 143 Financing bodies The manner in which funds for implementation of the NDC will flow from a financing body to the implementing or executing entity will depend on the source of financing. The National NDC Focal Point will act as a primary contact in the case of financing sourced from international developmental financial institutions. However, financing can be offered directly to the project proponent on the ground in the case of direct sources such as private investors and/or carbon markets.', 'However, financing can be offered directly to the project proponent on the ground in the case of direct sources such as private investors and/or carbon markets. The funds can come from the following sources: • Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning: The ministry will provide domestic funding to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry who will disburse it to the relevant implementing entities. • International donor agencies: The Ministry of Environment and Forestry can also access funding from international donor agencies, such as the United Nations Development Programme, World Bank and AfDB.', '• International donor agencies: The Ministry of Environment and Forestry can also access funding from international donor agencies, such as the United Nations Development Programme, World Bank and AfDB. • Regional/international carbon markets: Individual private players and other executing entities of GHG emission reduction projects can access international climate finance by trading carbon credits through participation in regional carbon markets (e.g., Ethiopia’s planned carbon market) or global voluntary carbon markets (e.g., the Gold Standard and Verified Carbon Standard). • Private sector: The private sector provides funds from actors operating at international, national and local levels. South Sudan can increasingly engage with the private sector to promote green growth along supply chains that they manage.', 'South Sudan can increasingly engage with the private sector to promote green growth along supply chains that they manage. The country can also deploy different approaches to mobilize private finance in climate change mitigation and adaptation (e.g., by developing policy to create feed-in tariffs for specific renewable energy technologies, which in turn increases the profitability of clean energy investments).144 Second Nationally Determined Contribution BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERCapacity-building and technology transfer 145 CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER Capacity-building and knowledge transfer play a crucial role in implementation of NDC interventions and achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. For effective implementation of the NDC, South Sudan will need to increase the awareness of individuals, government institutions, communities and other stakeholders on the importance of addressing climate change, and enhance their ability to access climate-related information, enabling improved decision-making at national, state and individual levels.', 'For effective implementation of the NDC, South Sudan will need to increase the awareness of individuals, government institutions, communities and other stakeholders on the importance of addressing climate change, and enhance their ability to access climate-related information, enabling improved decision-making at national, state and individual levels. In this regard, South Sudan plans to carry out the following interventions: • Develop climate-change awareness programmes to disseminate information amongst the wider public. • Update school curricula to include climate change, environmental management and other relevant topics with the aim of increasing awareness among youth. • Utilize the capacities of universities and research institutions such as the Sudd Institute, Yei Agricultural Research Centre, Palataka Agricultural Research Centre and Halima Agricultural Research Centre to support the government in carrying out research and developing and implementing capacity-building plans at national, state and county levels.', '• Utilize the capacities of universities and research institutions such as the Sudd Institute, Yei Agricultural Research Centre, Palataka Agricultural Research Centre and Halima Agricultural Research Centre to support the government in carrying out research and developing and implementing capacity-building plans at national, state and county levels. These institutions can support the government by: º Conducting vulnerability assessments and identifying climate-related risks; º Developing and implementing community- based adaptation plans; º Conducting cost-benefit analyses of adaptation options and sharing best practices to prioritize implementation of interventions; º Developing climate-change awareness programmes and dissemination of information; and º Collecting, analysing and applying hydrometeorological and climate data for decision-making and broadcasting of early warnings. • Access international support to build the technical capacity of government institutions (or NDC implementing and executing entities) for implementation of NDC interventions.', '• Access international support to build the technical capacity of government institutions (or NDC implementing and executing entities) for implementation of NDC interventions. • Focus on enhancing institutional capacity and governance mechanisms to enhance cross- sectoral and interministerial coordination for climate action in the country. Strong governance will also enable South Sudan to access climate finance from the international donor community. Apart from capacity-building needs, the Government of South Sudan has also identified areas where international technology transfer will be required for execution of mitigation and adaptation interventions.', 'Apart from capacity-building needs, the Government of South Sudan has also identified areas where international technology transfer will be required for execution of mitigation and adaptation interventions. These include: • Renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies; • Access to climate information systems to carry out real time monitoring of hydrometeorological events and establish early warning systems; • Technologies that can be used for water recycling, harvesting, irrigation and sustainable management of water resources; • Availability of tools and methodologies to assess climate vulnerability, risks and impacts, and to identify adaptation options; • Transportation technologies that are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change, particularly roads and large-scale transportation of goods; and • Technologies for the protection and development of climate-resilient infrastructure, especially for development of flood-proof infrastructure.146 Second Nationally Determined Contribution GENDER- RESPONSIVENESSNDC gender-responsiveness 147 NDC GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS Women play a vital role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, given their significant involvement in climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry and health.', 'These include: • Renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies; • Access to climate information systems to carry out real time monitoring of hydrometeorological events and establish early warning systems; • Technologies that can be used for water recycling, harvesting, irrigation and sustainable management of water resources; • Availability of tools and methodologies to assess climate vulnerability, risks and impacts, and to identify adaptation options; • Transportation technologies that are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change, particularly roads and large-scale transportation of goods; and • Technologies for the protection and development of climate-resilient infrastructure, especially for development of flood-proof infrastructure.146 Second Nationally Determined Contribution GENDER- RESPONSIVENESSNDC gender-responsiveness 147 NDC GENDER-RESPONSIVENESS Women play a vital role in climate change mitigation and adaptation, given their significant involvement in climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry and health. Women’s traditional and local knowledge on the use and sustainable management of natural resources is a valuable resource, especially when it comes to adaptation planning.', 'Women’s traditional and local knowledge on the use and sustainable management of natural resources is a valuable resource, especially when it comes to adaptation planning. However, women are disproportionately affected by the negative impacts of climate change while suffering from unequal access to economic resources, climate information and decision-making power, which makes them even more vulnerable. Understanding the gender-differentiated impacts of climate change and empowering and utilizing the knowledge of all people, regardless of gender, will lead to the development of effective responses for the management of climate risks in a fair and just manner. To ensure that women are at the centre of climate action, South Sudan intends to adopt a multitude of interventions (Table 39).', 'To ensure that women are at the centre of climate action, South Sudan intends to adopt a multitude of interventions (Table 39). This will also enable South Sudan to access international climate finance (e.g., from Global Environment Facility and Green Climate Fund), which recognize the importance of women in addressing the challenge of climate change. To ensure that women are at the centre of climate action, South Sudan intends to adopt a multitude of interventions.148 Second Nationally Determined ContributionNDC gender-responsiveness 149 Table 39: Strategies for gender inclusion in the NDC Strategies Target group Current progress Integrate a gender perspective into national- level climate change policies and strategies. South Sudan will target 35% representation of women in decision-making related to climate change – as per the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan.', 'South Sudan will target 35% representation of women in decision-making related to climate change – as per the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan. Women A gender focal point has been nominated from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. Integrate a gender perspective into climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions. Principles of gender equality and women empowerment will be included in climate financing. Women Climate-related programmes that directly impact women’s health and well-being are increasingly being taken up in the country (e.g., introducing improved cooking stoves, which contribute to a variety of benefits apart from emission reduction, such as energy security for the family and improved health due to a reduction in indoor air pollution).', 'Women Climate-related programmes that directly impact women’s health and well-being are increasingly being taken up in the country (e.g., introducing improved cooking stoves, which contribute to a variety of benefits apart from emission reduction, such as energy security for the family and improved health due to a reduction in indoor air pollution). Consider inclusion of women and other vulnerable groups when carrying out vulnerability assessments to ensure that evaluations do not focus solely on economic sectors dominated by men. Women, men, girls and boys Specific considerations are given to issues that impact women. Engage with men and women to build adaptation plans by utilizing their indigenous knowledge. This particularly involves working with women in community-based adaptation planning, using their skills and knowledge on natural resource management.', 'This particularly involves working with women in community-based adaptation planning, using their skills and knowledge on natural resource management. Women, men, girls and boys; and women’s social networks Both men and women are informed about appropriate response measures to extreme climatic change. The government involves women’s groups in planning and implementation of community-based adaptation projects. Ensure that the burdens and opportunities created by climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions are equitable. Women (ensure 35% representation of women in climate action, as per the Revitalised Agreement on the Resolution of the Conflict in the Republic of South Sudan) Women participate equally with men and contribute to climate change adaptation projects in the country. Strengthen adaptive capacity of communities using a gender and human rights approach. This will involve making information, training and technologies for climate change adaptation and mitigation accessible to and relevant for all stakeholders.', 'This will involve making information, training and technologies for climate change adaptation and mitigation accessible to and relevant for all stakeholders. Community members Awareness training on climate change adaptation and mitigation and disaster risk management has been conducted.150 Second Nationally Determined Contribution REQUIREMENTSNDC financing requirements 151 NDC FINANCING REQUIREMENTS 11.1 PROPOSED FINANCE REQUIRED Access to finance plays a critical role in making the transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient economy. The government of South Sudan has estimated that the country will require financing worth $100 billion to make the country resilient over the coming decades.', 'The government of South Sudan has estimated that the country will require financing worth $100 billion to make the country resilient over the coming decades. In order to achieve the targets set within the second NDC, initial estimates suggest that South Sudan will require $376.3 million for implementing adaptation actions in the agriculture, livestock and fisheries; infrastructure (construction and buildings); forests; biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management; water; tourism and recreation; health; and disaster risk management sectors. With regard to mitigation, a total of $10,356.1 million is required for GHG reduction in the agriculture, livestock and fisheries; forestry; electricity; waste; infrastructure (construction and buildings); transport; and tourism and recreation sectors. The total, amounting to $10,732.4 million, is required for a period of 10 years. Table 40 indicates proposed investment by sector required for implementation of NDC adaptation strategies.', 'Table 40 indicates proposed investment by sector required for implementation of NDC adaptation strategies. These financial estimates were provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.152 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table 40: Financing requirements for NDC adaptation strategies8 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Initiate bee-keeping project Cover 3,000 farmers in Upper Nile Region, 5,000 farmers in Bahr el Ghazal Region and 6,000 farmers in Greater Equatorial 10 Initiate rangeland mapping and water management project Cover 20,000 farmer households in Upper Nile Region, Bahr El Gazal Region and Greater Equatorial 5 Initiate quarantine system project for pastoralists – Initiate crop pest and disease control project for farmers across the country – Promote climate-smart agriculture – 3 Establish seed breeding and seed bank centre – Promote small-scale aquaculture Improve food security by empowering 10% of farmers across the country 1 Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Develop climate resilience and green infrastructure (in human settlements in urban areas) – Establish urban drainage water channels Cover Juba city and the three capitals of the former three regions (Malakal, Wau and Juba) 0.8 Forestry Develop agroforestry (in Western Equatorial State) – Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management Develop inventory of wetlands and carry out biodiversity hotspot mapping – Carry out integrated natural resources management – Water Launch a water supply project to provide clean drinking water in urban and rural areas – Develop livestock water catchment and water harvesting techniques in water-scarce areas – Rehabilitate northern Upper Nile irrigation scheme Cover 20% of farmers in the area 8 Data provided by the Government of South Sudan.NDC financing requirements 153 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Tourism and recreation Promote community-based ecotourism in Southern National Park – Disaster risk management Strengthen the early warning system Rehabilitate existing five centres (Juba, Wau, Malakal, Renk and Raja) 10 Health Launch disease and vector surveillance and control project Eradicate water-borne diseases Table 41 indicates proposed investment by sector required for implementation of NDC mitigation (for existing and additional) strategies.', 'These financial estimates were provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.152 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table 40: Financing requirements for NDC adaptation strategies8 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Initiate bee-keeping project Cover 3,000 farmers in Upper Nile Region, 5,000 farmers in Bahr el Ghazal Region and 6,000 farmers in Greater Equatorial 10 Initiate rangeland mapping and water management project Cover 20,000 farmer households in Upper Nile Region, Bahr El Gazal Region and Greater Equatorial 5 Initiate quarantine system project for pastoralists – Initiate crop pest and disease control project for farmers across the country – Promote climate-smart agriculture – 3 Establish seed breeding and seed bank centre – Promote small-scale aquaculture Improve food security by empowering 10% of farmers across the country 1 Infrastructure (construction and buildings) Develop climate resilience and green infrastructure (in human settlements in urban areas) – Establish urban drainage water channels Cover Juba city and the three capitals of the former three regions (Malakal, Wau and Juba) 0.8 Forestry Develop agroforestry (in Western Equatorial State) – Biodiversity, ecosystem and sustainable wetland management Develop inventory of wetlands and carry out biodiversity hotspot mapping – Carry out integrated natural resources management – Water Launch a water supply project to provide clean drinking water in urban and rural areas – Develop livestock water catchment and water harvesting techniques in water-scarce areas – Rehabilitate northern Upper Nile irrigation scheme Cover 20% of farmers in the area 8 Data provided by the Government of South Sudan.NDC financing requirements 153 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Tourism and recreation Promote community-based ecotourism in Southern National Park – Disaster risk management Strengthen the early warning system Rehabilitate existing five centres (Juba, Wau, Malakal, Renk and Raja) 10 Health Launch disease and vector surveillance and control project Eradicate water-borne diseases Table 41 indicates proposed investment by sector required for implementation of NDC mitigation (for existing and additional) strategies. The financial requirements for existing mitigation actions are based on inputs provided by the Government of South Sudan.', 'The financial requirements for existing mitigation actions are based on inputs provided by the Government of South Sudan. The costs for additional strategies have been estimated using global marginal abatement cost curves (Gillingham and Stock, 2018).154 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table 41: Financing requirement for NDC mitigation strategies9 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Electricity Scale up the use of renewable energy Installation of the following hydropower plants: • Fulla (1800 MW) • Shukoli (3.5 MW) • Beden (400 MW) • Lakki (210 MW) • Sue (12 MW) • Kentti (3.5 MW) 4,000 Launch rural solar photovoltaic electrification project – Promote environmentally sustainable use of biogas (for electricity generation and cooking) – Construct wind power plant Installation of wind turbine in Eastern Equatoria, Upper Nile and Jonglei 100 Introduce the use of energy-saving cooking stoves – Transport Establish emissions standards for vehicles – Improve transport infrastructure and integrated national transportation system (introduce electrical railway and cars) – Waste Establish an integrated waste management system, including all waste sources (forest, agricultural, domestic and crude oil waste) Improve urban and industrial wastewater treatment, ensuring adequate quantity and quality of water in human settlements.', 'The costs for additional strategies have been estimated using global marginal abatement cost curves (Gillingham and Stock, 2018).154 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Table 41: Financing requirement for NDC mitigation strategies9 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Electricity Scale up the use of renewable energy Installation of the following hydropower plants: • Fulla (1800 MW) • Shukoli (3.5 MW) • Beden (400 MW) • Lakki (210 MW) • Sue (12 MW) • Kentti (3.5 MW) 4,000 Launch rural solar photovoltaic electrification project – Promote environmentally sustainable use of biogas (for electricity generation and cooking) – Construct wind power plant Installation of wind turbine in Eastern Equatoria, Upper Nile and Jonglei 100 Introduce the use of energy-saving cooking stoves – Transport Establish emissions standards for vehicles – Improve transport infrastructure and integrated national transportation system (introduce electrical railway and cars) – Waste Establish an integrated waste management system, including all waste sources (forest, agricultural, domestic and crude oil waste) Improve urban and industrial wastewater treatment, ensuring adequate quantity and quality of water in human settlements. Use urban waste as a high-value resource stream (e.g., in making briquettes) Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste Forestry Afforestation – 10 Conserve forests through implementation of REDD+ programme and promote alternate livelihoods – Reforestation (in degraded areas and outside forest areas) – 9 Data provided by the Government of South SudanNDC financing requirements 155 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Forestry Awareness raising and capacity- building on forest conservation and REDD+ – Review Forest Policy – Conduct forestry research (identification and development of fast-growing tree species, information dissemination) – Promote agroforestry – 8 Biodiversity, ecosystem and wetland management Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands for improved carbon sequestration Wetland survey and mapping 10 Create buffer zones along wetland areas Financing for additional mitigation strategies (estimated using marginal abatement cost curves) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Efficient soil and livestock management 18% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2017 levels Waste Landfill gas recovery, composting of organic waste and engineered wastewater management 30% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline in 2030 Tourism and recreation Composting of organic waste, promotion of sustainable food and EVs in the sector 66% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline in 2030 Marginal abatement cost curves showcase the marginal costs of achieving a cumulative level of emission abatement in order, from least to most expensive mitigation technology or measures (Gillingham and Stock, 2018).', 'Use urban waste as a high-value resource stream (e.g., in making briquettes) Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste Forestry Afforestation – 10 Conserve forests through implementation of REDD+ programme and promote alternate livelihoods – Reforestation (in degraded areas and outside forest areas) – 9 Data provided by the Government of South SudanNDC financing requirements 155 Sector Actions Specific 2030 target Financing required (million $) Forestry Awareness raising and capacity- building on forest conservation and REDD+ – Review Forest Policy – Conduct forestry research (identification and development of fast-growing tree species, information dissemination) – Promote agroforestry – 8 Biodiversity, ecosystem and wetland management Conservation and sustainable use of wetlands for improved carbon sequestration Wetland survey and mapping 10 Create buffer zones along wetland areas Financing for additional mitigation strategies (estimated using marginal abatement cost curves) Agriculture, livestock and fisheries Efficient soil and livestock management 18% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2017 levels Waste Landfill gas recovery, composting of organic waste and engineered wastewater management 30% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline in 2030 Tourism and recreation Composting of organic waste, promotion of sustainable food and EVs in the sector 66% reduction in GHG emissions compared to baseline in 2030 Marginal abatement cost curves showcase the marginal costs of achieving a cumulative level of emission abatement in order, from least to most expensive mitigation technology or measures (Gillingham and Stock, 2018). The financial requirements for the three sectors have been calculated using the estimated cumulative emission reduction potential for these sectors (Chapter 7) and cost per tonne of emission reduction possible using the mitigation technology and/or intervention being considered.', 'The financial requirements for the three sectors have been calculated using the estimated cumulative emission reduction potential for these sectors (Chapter 7) and cost per tonne of emission reduction possible using the mitigation technology and/or intervention being considered. For instance, emission reduction potential for the agriculture, livestock and fisheries sector is estimated to be 75.08 million tCO e by 2030 and the marginal abatement cost of livestock management policies is $71 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. Using this information, the financing requirement for implementation of livestock management policies is calculated to be $5,330.2 million. 11.2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION South Sudan can receive financing through diverse resource streams to implement prioritized climate change mitigation and adaptation activities.', '11.2 FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR NDC IMPLEMENTATION South Sudan can receive financing through diverse resource streams to implement prioritized climate change mitigation and adaptation activities. The following are some of the key financial instruments and mechanisms.156 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Multilateral and bilateral grants: Grants play an integral role in multilateral and bilateral financing. They can be used for implementation of non-revenue generating activities that do not generate financial returns (e.g., capacity- building programmes, technical assistance and ongoing activities). Grants can be used to help capitalize financial mechanisms related to ecosystem management, forestry and biodiversity conservation. Sources of grants include the World Bank and AfDB. Non-concessional loans: Non-concessional loans, which generally are received from private sector players at market-based interest rates, can be used for the development of climate-resilient infrastructure or for other revenue-generating projects in sectors such as electricity and tourism.', 'Non-concessional loans: Non-concessional loans, which generally are received from private sector players at market-based interest rates, can be used for the development of climate-resilient infrastructure or for other revenue-generating projects in sectors such as electricity and tourism. Concessional loans: Concessional loans are characterized by longer repayment terms and lower or zero interest rates for climate change activities. These loans can be directed towards low-carbon technologies that are economically viable but face market- and finance-related challenges (e.g., energy efficient technologies). Development financial institutions are the main sources of concessional loans. Regional and international carbon markets: Regional and international carbon markets can play a significant role in increasing private sector participation in NDC implementation by providing economic incentives through trading emission reduction credits. Carbon markets can be used particularly by the waste and renewable energy sectors in South Sudan.', 'Carbon markets can be used particularly by the waste and renewable energy sectors in South Sudan. Table 42 provides details of funds that actively support climate change mitigation and adaptation activities in sub-Saharan Africa and could therefore serve as channels for finance flows for NDC implementation in South Sudan.NDC financing requirements 157 Table 42: Climate funds supporting sub-Saharan Africa Name of fund Focal sector Description Financial instrument United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change climate finance mechanisms Green Climate Fund Adaptation and mitigation Provides financial support to developing countries to enable climate action Grants and concessional loans United Nations Adaptation Fund Adaptation Supports implementation of adaptation projects in developing countries that are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change Grants The Least Developed Country Fund Adaptation Supports least developed countries in the preparation and implementation of their NAPAs Grants Global Environment Facility Adaptation and mitigation Provides funds for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to meet the objectives of international environmental conventions and agreements Grants and co-financing Others Clean Technology Fund Mitigation Promotes scaled-up financing for deployment of low-carbon technologies.', 'Table 42 provides details of funds that actively support climate change mitigation and adaptation activities in sub-Saharan Africa and could therefore serve as channels for finance flows for NDC implementation in South Sudan.NDC financing requirements 157 Table 42: Climate funds supporting sub-Saharan Africa Name of fund Focal sector Description Financial instrument United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change climate finance mechanisms Green Climate Fund Adaptation and mitigation Provides financial support to developing countries to enable climate action Grants and concessional loans United Nations Adaptation Fund Adaptation Supports implementation of adaptation projects in developing countries that are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change Grants The Least Developed Country Fund Adaptation Supports least developed countries in the preparation and implementation of their NAPAs Grants Global Environment Facility Adaptation and mitigation Provides funds for developing countries and countries with economies in transition to meet the objectives of international environmental conventions and agreements Grants and co-financing Others Clean Technology Fund Mitigation Promotes scaled-up financing for deployment of low-carbon technologies. Grants, concessional loans Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience Adaptation Supports developing countries to integrate climate resilience into national goals and strategies Grants and concessional loans Forest Investment Programme Mitigation Provides finance to developing countries for managing forest resources and reducing deforestation and degradation.', 'Grants, concessional loans Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience Adaptation Supports developing countries to integrate climate resilience into national goals and strategies Grants and concessional loans Forest Investment Programme Mitigation Provides finance to developing countries for managing forest resources and reducing deforestation and degradation. Grants Scaling-up Renewable Energy Programme Mitigation Provides technical assistance to USAID partner countries for scaling up renewable and clean energy Grants Global Climate Change Alliance (European Union) Adaptation and mitigation Helps climate-vulnerable countries increase their resilience Grants, technical assistance, official development assistance United Nations REDD Programme (multi- donor trust fund) Mitigation Supports developing countries in reducing deforestation and builds the capacity of governments to prepare and implement national REDD strategies Grants158 Second Nationally Determined Contribution COOPERATIONInternational cooperation 159 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION South Sudan is the youngest least-developed country in the world. As a result of long-term conflicts and continued instability, the country lacks efficient socio- economic infrastructure and has limited capacity to develop policies and programmes to boost economic growth.', 'As a result of long-term conflicts and continued instability, the country lacks efficient socio- economic infrastructure and has limited capacity to develop policies and programmes to boost economic growth. Poverty rates are very high and subsistence agriculture remains the main source of income for the majority of the population. South Sudan’s economy is highly dependent on natural resources and the country is already facing serious challenges due to climate change, such as floods and droughts. According to the Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017, South Sudan is the fifth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world.', 'According to the Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017, South Sudan is the fifth most vulnerable country to climate change in the world. This is because the majority of the population is dependent on climate- sensitive sectors for their livelihoods (e.g., agriculture, forestry resources and fisheries) and likely changes in temperature and rainfall intensity may have long-lasting negative impacts on the already poor health, nutrition and economic status of the country. To reduce the vulnerability of communities, immediate climate action is required, but South Sudan has limited domestic capacity to tackle climate-change concerns. Therefore, financial, technological and capacity-building support will be necessary to enable and accelerate national climate action.', 'Therefore, financial, technological and capacity-building support will be necessary to enable and accelerate national climate action. Access to new and sustained sources of climate finance will play a crucial role in achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement and in implementing NDC mitigation and adaptation activities in South Sudan. To enable the implementation of interventions that are identified as part of this NDC document it is important that South Sudan is provided with opportunities to access technical and financial support from the international community. South Sudan is willing to finance $6.5–7 billion while international investments of $93–93.5 billion will be required over a period of 10 years. These are preliminary estimates; full-scale assessment of international climate finance needs will be carried out as implementation of the NDC begins.', 'These are preliminary estimates; full-scale assessment of international climate finance needs will be carried out as implementation of the NDC begins. South Sudan is willing to finance while international investments of $93–93.5 billion will be required over a period of 10 years.160 Second Nationally Determined Contribution REFERENCES AfDB (2018). South Sudan: National Climate Change Profile. www.afdb.org/en/documents/south- sudan-national-climate-change-profile. Accessed 11 December 2020. AfDB (2020). South Sudan Economic Outlook. www. afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/south-sudan/ south-sudan-economic-outlook. Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas. applications/aqueduct/water-risk-atlas/#/?a dvanced=false&basemap=hydro&indicator ation=DEF&predefined=false&projection=ab solute&scenario=optimistic&scope=baseline &timeScale=annual&year=baseline&zoom=3. Accessed 21 November 2020. Asmal, Z., H. Bhorat and J. Page (2020). Leveraging Demographic Trends for Economic Transformation. Brookings. www.brookings. edu/research/exploring-new-sources-of- large-scale-job-creation-the-potential-role-of- industries-without-smokestacks/. Accessed 29 November 2020. Atlas of Economic Complexity (2018). atlas.cid.harvard.edu/explore?coun- ductClass=HS&target=Product&partner=un- defined&startYear=undefined>. Accessed 8 December 2020. BenDor, T., et al. (2015). Estimating the Size and Impact of the Ecological Restoration Economy. PLoS ONE, vol. 10, No. 6 (June). 2021. CARE (2020). Gender in Brief: South Sudan.', 'Gender in Brief: South Sudan. www. Gender20in20Brief20South20Sudan20.pdf. Accessed 12 December 2020. Circle Economy (2020). The Circularity Gap Report December 2020. Dunne, D. (2018). Tourism Responsible for 8% of Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Study Finds, 7 May. www.carbonbrief.org/tourism- emissions-study-finds. Accessed 9 December 2020. FAO (2014). Women in Forestry: Challenges and opportunities. www.fao.org/3/i3924e/i3924e. pdf. Accessed 26 November 2020. FAO (2017). Crisis in South Sudan. www.fao.org/ emergencies/crisis/south-sudan/intro/en/. Accessed 26 November 2020. FAO (2020a). Job Creation in Aquaculture Sector in Southern Africa Takes Centre Stage, 14 January. www.fao.org/africa/news/detail-news/ en/c/1257648/. Accessed 29 November 2020. FAO (2020b). Special Report: 2019 FAO/WFP crop and food security assessment mission (CFSAM) to the Republic of South Sudan. www.fao. December 2020. FAO (2021). Feed Management and Utilization Guidelines for Pastoral and Agropastoral Areas of South Sudan. Rome. cb2394en. Accessed 14 April 2021.', 'cb2394en. Accessed 14 April 2021. Food Security Information Network (2020). 2020 Global Report on Food Crises: Joint analysis for better decisions. org/sites/default/files/resources/files/ 26 November 2020. Funk, C., et al. (2011). A Climate Trend Analysis of Sudan. Famine Early Warning Systems Network – Informing Climate Change Adaptation Series no. 2011–3072. United States Geological Survey. Gillingham, K. and J. H. Stock (2018). The Cost of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 32, No. 4 (Fall), pp. 53–72. December 2020.Global Forest Watch (2020). South Sudan Deforestation Rates and Statistics. rb.gy/6ksdxb. Global Health Workforce Alliance (2021). South Sudan. WHO. www.who.int/workforcealliance/ countries/ssd/en/. Global Partnership for Education (2020). Education in South Sudan, 21 May. www.globalpartnership. org/where-we-work/south-sudan. Accessed 12 December 2020. Gota, S., C. Huizenga and K. Peet (2016).', 'Gota, S., C. Huizenga and K. Peet (2016). Implications of 2DS and 1.5DS for Land Transport Carbon Emissions in 2050: Paris Process on Mobility and Climate. www.ppmc-transport.org/wp- 2020. Ibrahim, M. S. (2015). Artisanal Mining in South Sudan: Opportunities, challenges and impacts. Juba: Ministry of Minerals. International Energy Agency (2020). Outlook for Biogas and Biomethane: Prospects for organic growth. Paris. www.iea.org/reports/outlook- for-biogas-and-biomethane-prospects-for- organic-growth/sustainable-supply-potential- and-costs. Accessed 9 December 2020. International Labour Organization (n.d.). Green Jobs and Renewable Energy: Low carbon, high public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/ November 2020. International Labour Organization (2016). Sustainable Tourism: A driving force of job creation, economic growth and development, 17 May. www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/ news/WCMS_480824/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed 29 November 2020. International Labour Organization (2018a). The Employment Impact of Climate Change Adaptation: Input document for the G20 Climate Sustainability Working Group. Geneva. emp/documents/publication/wcms_645572. pdf. Accessed 26 November 2020. International Labour Organization (2018b). World Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Greening the jobs.', 'World Employment and Social Outlook 2018: Greening the jobs. www.ilo.org/weso-greening/ web.pdf. Accessed 29 November 2020. International Renewable Energy Agency (2019). Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual review 2019. Abu Dhabi. www.irena.org/-/media/ 29 November 2020. International Resource Panel (2020). Global Material Flows Database. UNEP. JICA (2018). Data Collection Survey on Solid Waste Management in Juba, Republic of South Sudan. Juba. 2020. LandLinks. South Sudan (2013). land-links.org/country-profile/south-sudan/. Accessed 3 December 2020. Lebling, K., et al. (2020). State of Climate Action: Assessing progress toward 2030 and 2050. Washington, D.C.: World Resources public/state-climate-action-assessing- progress-toward-2030-and-2050.pdf?b. t67NZeeztoDpk5xPAdcZ7xaw6egqra. Accessed 9 December 2020. Louis Dreyfus Foundation (2020). Fighting Poverty Through Improved Post-Harvest Management. www.louisdreyfusfoundation.org/our-work/ micro-farming/projects/Fighting-poverty- through-improved-post-harvest-management. Accessed 14 December 2020. Lunt, M. F., et al. (2019). An Increase in Methane Emissions from Tropical Africa Between 2010 and 2016 Inferred from Satellite Data. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol.', 'Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, vol. 19, No. 23 (December), pp. 14721–14740. acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/14721/2019/. Accessed 12 April 2021. Mai, N. J. H., N. Tiitmamer and J. M. Jok (2018). Climate Change and Gender in South Sudan. Juba: The Sudd Institute. www.africaportal. org/publications/climate-change-and-gender- low%20access%20to.162 Second Nationally Determined Contribution Marcacci, S. (2019). Renewable Energy Job Boom Creates Economic Opportunity As Coal Industry Slumps, 22 April. www.forbes. renewable-energy-job-boom-creating- economic-opportunity-as-coal-industry- November 2020. Migration Data Portal (2020). Migration Data in Eastern Africa. Berlin. org/de/regional-data-overview/eastern- 12 December 2020. Mozersky, D. and D. M. Kammen (2018). South Sudan’s Renewable Energy Potential. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. www. south-sudans-renewable-energy-potential- a-building-block-for-peace.pdf. Accessed 9 December 2020. Nair, C. T. S. and R. Rutt (2009). Creating Forestry Jobs to Boost the Economy and Build a Green Future. Rome: FAO. www.fao.org/3/i1025e/ 2020. National Resources Defence Council (2014).', 'National Resources Defence Council (2014). From Waste to Jobs: What achieving 75 percent recycling means for California. New York. www. nrdc.org/sites/default/files/green-jobs-ca- recycling-report.pdf. Accessed 3 December 2020. Niang, I., et al. (2014). Africa. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, IPCC 5th Assessment Report, V. R. Barros et al., eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Observatory of Economic Complexity. South Sudan. Accessed 12 December 2020. Owuor, S. (2019). What are the Major Natural Resources of South Sudan, 27 August. WorldAtlas. www.worldatlas.com/articles/what- are-the-major-natural-resources-of-south- sudan.html. Accessed 12 December 2020. ReliefWeb (2017). Building Capacity in Disaster Risks in South Sudan, 1 September. int/report/south-sudan/building-capacity- December 2020. ReliefWeb (2019). South Sudan Floods 2019. 2019.). Accessed 26 November 2020. Rylander, C., J. Ø. Odland and T. M. Sandanger (2013).', 'Rylander, C., J. Ø. Odland and T. M. Sandanger (2013). Climate Change and the Potential Effects on Maternal and Pregnancy Outcomes: An assessment of the most vulnerable – the mother, fetus, and newborn child. Global Health Action, vol. 6, No. 19538 (March). Salih, A. A., H. Körnich and M. Tjernström (2013). Climate Impact of Deforestation Over South Sudan in a Regional Climate Model. International Journal of Climatology, vol. 33, No. 10 (August), pp. 2362–2375. South Sudan (2011). Vision 2040. southsudanhealth.info/PublicData/Library/ Vision%202040.pdf. South Sudan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Industries (2015). Comprehensive Agricultural Development Master Plan Final Report, Annex IV: Situation analysis report 2013/2015. openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12233656_01. pdf. Accessed 29 September 2020.', 'pdf. Accessed 29 September 2020. South Sudan Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Cooperatives and Rural Development and Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries Industries (2017). Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan, 2015–2040. November 2020. South Sudan Ministry of Environment (2015). Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Juba. www.cbd.int/ December 2020.South Sudan Ministry of Environment (2016). National Adaptation Programme of Action. int/files/adaptation/workstreams/national_ adaptation_programmes_of_action/application/ 2016.pdf. Accessed 26 November 2020. South Sudan Ministry of Environment (2018). Initial National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Juba. Accessed 1 December 2020. South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning (2018). National Development Strategy. NDS-4-Print-Sept-5-2018.pdf. South Sudan Ministry of Finance and Planning and United Nations Children’s Fund (2019). South Sudan Citizen’s Enacted Budget 2019/20. Juba. www.unicef.org/southsudan/ Budget-2019-2020.pdf. South Sudan Ministry of General Education and Instruction (2018).', 'South Sudan Ministry of General Education and Instruction (2018). The General and Education Strategic Plan. 2020. South Sudan Ministry of Health (2010). Health Strategic Plan (2011–2015). who.int/workforcealliance/countries/ssd_ 2020. South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics. Data. Accessed 12 December 2020. South Sudan National Bureau of Statistics (2010). South Sudan Business Survey 2010. Juba. SCP-HAT (2015). Module 2: Hotspots identification. UNEP. December 2020. SCP-HAT (2018). UNEP. org/. Accessed 26 November 2020. SCP-HAT (2019). National Hotspots Analysis to Support Science-Based National Policy Frameworks for Sustainable Consumption and Production: Technical documentation of the Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspots Analysis Tool. scp-hat.lifecycleinitiative.org/wp-content/ documentation_v2019_20190930.pdf. Accessd 10 December 2020. Taha, A., T. S. Thomas and M. Waithaka (2013). Sudan. In East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis, M. Waithaka et al., eds.', 'In East African Agriculture and Climate Change: A comprehensive analysis, M. Waithaka et al., eds. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute. The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2018). Climate Change Profile: South Sudan. The Hague. sudan/climate-change-profile-south-sudan. Accessed 11 December 2020. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2013). The State of Industrial Development in Africa. org/system/files/official-document/ November 2020. United Nations (2014). System of Environmental- Economic Accounting 2012: Central framework. New York. unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_ Final_en.pdf. UNESCO (n.d.). Water Drives Job Creation and Economic Growth, Says New UN Report. creation-and-economic-growth-says-new- report. Accessed 13 April 2021. UNESCO (2016). Water and Jobs. Paris. reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/ 2021. UNESCO (2017). Sudd Wetland, 4 October. whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6276/. Accessed 11 December 2020. UNEP (2018a). South Sudan: First state of environment and outlook report. Nairobi. surrounding%20areas.164 Second Nationally Determined Contribution UNEP (2018b).', 'surrounding%20areas.164 Second Nationally Determined Contribution UNEP (2018b). South Sudan Cracks Down on Charcoal Trade, 2 August. www.unep.org/news-and- stories/story/south-sudan-cracks-down- charcoal-trade. UNEP (2019). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2018–2027). Nairobi. www.cbd.int/ 12 December 2020. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (2018). UN Works with Global Hotel Industry to Reduce Emissions, 31 January. hotel-industry-to-reduce-emissions. Accessed 9 December 2020. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020). Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2019. www.unhcr.org/globaltrends2019/. Accessed 6 December 2020. United Nations WomenWatch (2009). Women, Gender Equality and Climate Change. www. un.org/womenwatch/feature/climate_change/ downloads/Women_and_Climate_Change_ Factsheet.pdf. USAID (2012). Education in South Sudan. www.usaid. SouthSudanInfo.pdf. Accessed 10 December 2020. USAID (2016). Climate Risk Profile: South Sudan. Sheet%20-%20South%20Sudan_0.pdf. Accessed 3 December 2020. USAID (2017). Water and Development Country Plan. Juba. www.globalwaters.org/sites/default/files/ south_sudan_country_plan.pdf. Accessed 29 November 2020. Verisk Maplecroft (2017). Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017. int/files/resources/verisk%20index.pdf.', 'Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017. int/files/resources/verisk%20index.pdf. Accessed 3 December 2020. WHO (2017). WHO in Collaboration with the Ministry of Health Established Water Quality Control Testing Hub within the National Public Health Laboratory to Guide Water Safety Management and Prevent Water-Borne Diseases in South Sudan, 22 November. Juba. www.afro.who. int/news/who-collaboration-ministry-health- established-water-quality-control-testing-hub- within. Accessed 29 November 2020. WorldAtlas (2020). Maps of South Sudan. www. worldatlas.com/maps/south-sudan. Accessed 10 December 2020. World Bank (2012). Education in the Republic of South Sudan: Status and challenges for a new system. Washington, D.C. 986/13136?show=full&locale-attribute=en. Accessed 6 December 2020. World Bank (2016). Total Fisheries Production (Metric Tons): South Sudan. indicator/ER.FSH.PROD.MT?locations=SS. World Bank (2018). Supporting Sustainable Livelihood Through Wildlife Tourism. Washington, D.C. www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/ Tourism.pdf. Accessed 29 November 2020. World Bank (2020a). The World Bank in South Sudan. www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/ overview#1. Accessed 10 December 2020.', 'www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/ overview#1. Accessed 10 December 2020. World Bank (2020b). Africa Program on Fisheries. www.worldbank.org/en/programs/africa- program-for-fisheries. Accessed 29 November 2020. World Bank (2020c). South Sudan Data. data.worldbank.org/country/south- sudan?view=chart. Accessed 12 December 2020. World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. South Sudan. worldbank.org/country/south-sudan/climate- sector-health. World Life Expectancy. Health Profile: South Sudan. www.worldlifeexpectancy.com/country-health- profile/south-sudan. Accessed 12 December 2020. World Tourism Organization (2019). Transport- Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector: Modelling results. Madrid.', 'Transport- Related CO2 Emissions of the Tourism Sector: Modelling results. Madrid. www.e-unwto.org/ 9 December 2020.Photo credits 165 PHOTO CREDITS Cover | © UNEP 2 | © Klublu/Shutterstock 3 | (left) © UNMISS/JC McIlwaine; (right) © UNEP 4 | (left) © UNMISS/Moses Pasi; (right) © UNDP/ Julie Pudlowski 8 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 10 | © FAO/Lieke Visser 14 | © UNEP 17 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 21 | © UNEP 22 | © UNEP 25 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 28 | ©UNEP 30 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 32 | © UNEP 42 | © UNMISS/Isaac Billy 43 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 44 | © UNEP 54 | © UNDP 60 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 63 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 64 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 66 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 68 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 81 | © UNMISS/Isaac Billy 85 | © UNEP 87 | © UNEP 94 | © China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 4 96 | © UNMISS/Moses Pasi 100 | © UNMISS/JC McIlwaine 104 | © UNEP 109 | © UNMISS/Amanda Voisard 113 | © UNEP/Peter Gilruth 117 | © UNEP 120 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 124 | © Dreamshot/Dreamstime 127 | © <No intersecting link> 130 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 134 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 137 | © UNMISS/Gregório Cunha 137 | © UNMISS/Gregório Cunha 138 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 142 | © UNEP 144 | © UNEP 146 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 148 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 150 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 153 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski 156 | © UNMISS/Martine Perret 158 | © UNDP/Julie Pudlowski'] | en-US |
308 | SSD | South Sudan | 1st NDC | 2021-02-23 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/South%20Sudan%20Intended%20Nationally%20Determined%20%20%20%20Contribution.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ee7028a83a195d6d9af4ea2f9a46e6182b804f4fafa2b2e1f1bb72c01f1337bc.pdf | ['1 | P a g e Republic of South Sudan Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (Draft) Introduction 1. The Republic of South Sudan gained its independence from Sudan on 9 July 2011 after more than 50 years of a protracted war that claimed over 3 million lives and displaced over a million people. The long conflict destroyed the little infrastructure and governance structures that existed prior to the conflict. Thus, South Sudan is the one of the least developed countries in Africa, and as such is highly vulnerable to climate change. 2. South Sudan is vulnerable to climate change and associated socio-economic losses and damages due to the dependence of its population on climate-sensitive natural resources for their livelihoods.', 'South Sudan is vulnerable to climate change and associated socio-economic losses and damages due to the dependence of its population on climate-sensitive natural resources for their livelihoods. Furthermore, there is currently limited institutional and technical capacity, appropriate technologies and financial resources to support the implementation of interventions for adaptation to climate change. 3. The Ministry of Environment has developed an Environment Policy Framework and Environmental Bill that will regulate the exploitation of natural resources and all forms of socio-economic development in the country. The Policy and Bill, when operationalized, will address the drivers of environmental degradation and contribute towards the mitigation of climate change while ushering the country towards a path of environmentally sustainable development. 4.', 'The Policy and Bill, when operationalized, will address the drivers of environmental degradation and contribute towards the mitigation of climate change while ushering the country towards a path of environmentally sustainable development. 4. To respond to the negative impacts of climate change, the Ministry of Environment, other line ministries and civil society stakeholders – with the support of UNEP – is currently developing a National Adaptation Program of Actions (NAPA, 2015). This will form the basis for adapting to the new realities of climate change impacts. 5. Within the context of these national circumstances, South Sudan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are based on a cross-sectoral consultative process involving multiple stakeholders that was conducted in parallel to the NAPA preparatory work and associated meetings.', 'Within the context of these national circumstances, South Sudan’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are based on a cross-sectoral consultative process involving multiple stakeholders that was conducted in parallel to the NAPA preparatory work and associated meetings. The INDCs will also contribute towards the attainment of South Sudan Vision 2040 and the South Sudan Development Plan, both of which aim to, amongst other objectives, ensure that economic development is environmentally sustainable. National Circumstances 6. South Sudan, the world’s newest nation, is a landlocked country located in north-eastern Africa, with a total area of 619,745 km2 and a population of approximately 12,340,000 (2015 estimates). South Sudan is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'South Sudan is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The country’s population is highly dependent on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture (that is mainly rain-fed) for their2 | P a g e livelihoods. Moreover, climate change is expected to have impacts on the energy, tourism, water and health sectors. Climate hazards have caused considerable losses across the country’s sectors over the years. The most frequently occurring climate hazards include droughts and floods, which cause economic losses to the country. For example, the East African drought of 2011 resulted in famine, loss of life and loss of livelihoods in South Sudan. In addition, flooding in July–August 2014 resulted in deaths, displacement of over 40,000 people, destruction of property and a widespread malaria epidemic. In September 2015, flooding displaced 2,000–3,000 households.', 'In September 2015, flooding displaced 2,000–3,000 households. 7. South Sudan is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its poor infrastructure and a range of development challenges resulting from over 50 years of conflict. While the export of oil is the main economic sector accounting for over 98% of the GDP, 95% of the population depend on climate-sensitive natural resources, particularly rain-fed, subsistence agriculture and total dependence on forests as a source of energy (fuel wood and charcoal) and other environmental goods and services. 8. Climate change has impacted these socio-economic activities, particularly as unpredictable rain patterns, recurrent droughts, flash flooding and excessive heat have resulted to crop failures causing food insecurity and famine. 9. South Sudan has the among the largest livestock populations in Africa.', 'South Sudan has the among the largest livestock populations in Africa. Climate change threatens the existence of these livestock as well as the livelihoods of pastoralist communities due to the loss of pasture lands and reduced access to water resources. This has further resulted in deadly conflicts among the pastoralist communities that have claimed many lives. The impacts of climate change thus also cause national security issues. 10. There are limited data on GHG emissions available in South Sudan, due to the history of conflict, limited capacity and a lack of financial resources. However, as an under-developed country with limited industrial activities, South Sudan’s total GHG emissions are estimated to be relatively low. Emissions are mainly from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and agriculture sectors.', 'Emissions are mainly from the land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and agriculture sectors. This may be explained by the reliance on wood fuel by an estimated 96% of the population (National Baseline Household Survey, 2009) coupled with the increasing demand for agricultural land and urban development. In the energy sector, emissions are mainly from diesel generators. The other significant emissions are from the transport sector, with the waste and industrial processes contributing negligible amounts. South Sudan strives to be a newly- industrialised, middle-income country by 2040. This development trajectory is expected to result in increased emissions from the energy sector. However, South Sudan intends to develop clean energy whenever possible, with deliberate efforts by the Government towards enhancing hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solar and other clean energy development.', 'However, South Sudan intends to develop clean energy whenever possible, with deliberate efforts by the Government towards enhancing hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, solar and other clean energy development. Climate change impacts continue to slow down the attainment of its national development goals. South Sudan will continue making investments with both domestic and international resources to adapt to climate change and realise its abatement potentials. Scope of Contributions 11. The climate vulnerability of South Sudan’s abundant, unexploited natural resources makes it pertinent for the country’s INDC to comprise both Mitigation and Adaptation components, based on its national circumstances and in alignment with decisions 1/CP 19 and 1/CP20.3 | P a g e Mitigation 12.', 'The climate vulnerability of South Sudan’s abundant, unexploited natural resources makes it pertinent for the country’s INDC to comprise both Mitigation and Adaptation components, based on its national circumstances and in alignment with decisions 1/CP 19 and 1/CP20.3 | P a g e Mitigation 12. As a post-conflict nation and one of the least developed countries, South Sudan is embarking on a sustainable development path and would like to employ the latest clean technologies to realize a low carbon, climate-resilient development outcome. 13. South Sudan commits to undertake a national GHG inventory, as part of it’s Initial National Communication, in 2016. This will allow a better assessment of potential for mitigation and quantify the emission reductions possible through actions listed here. 14.', 'This will allow a better assessment of potential for mitigation and quantify the emission reductions possible through actions listed here. 14. South Sudan aims to undertake the policies and actions in following sectors: energy generation and use; Land Use and Land use Change; and Transport, to address its future emissions that are likely to result from growth strategies. These efforts are contingent on availability of technical assistance to develop the necessary regulations, policies, and standards as well as financial support for investing in low carbon options. 15. Energy generation and Energy Use: i. Increase the use of clean and carbon-neutral energy: ii. Construction of a hydroelectricity plant at the Fulla rapids. iii. Increase the use country’s high potential for solar and wind energy to meet energy demand. iv.', 'Increase the use country’s high potential for solar and wind energy to meet energy demand. iv. Increase the efficiency of biomass use (particularly fuel wood and charcoal) in the traditional energy sector. v. Increase efficiency of electricity usage in the formal energy sector and ensuring the best use of hydropower by careful management of the water resources. 16. Reforestation and Deforestation: i. With its abundant natural forests, South Sudan aims to declare approximately 20% of its natural forests as reserve forests to protect it from deforestation. ii. It also aims on an ambitious reforestation and afforestation project to plant 20 million trees over a period of ten years (2 million trees in each of its 10 states) as outlined in the National Environmental Policy.', 'It also aims on an ambitious reforestation and afforestation project to plant 20 million trees over a period of ten years (2 million trees in each of its 10 states) as outlined in the National Environmental Policy. This will contribute towards restoring watershed and water catchment areas during the post-2020 period as well as sequestering carbon and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 17. Transport Sector: i. Establish emissions standards for vehicles ii. Establish exhaust testing centers and cars that fail the tests by emitting fumes above allowable emissions levels will be subjected to mandatory repairs or scrapped. iii. Consider measures to restrict importation of vehicles that do not adhere to allowable emissions levels. 18.', 'Consider measures to restrict importation of vehicles that do not adhere to allowable emissions levels. 18. To maintain a clean and green environment, South Sudan will encourage payment for ecosystem services, access to resources and benefit sharing to avoid depletion of important natural resources. This would contribute towards the4 | P a g e sustainability and viability of initiatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 19. Summary information on Mitigation contribution is provided below: 2. Type of Contribution Policies and actions in identified sectors of economy. The mitigation contribution is contingent upon availability of international support for means of implementation. 3.', 'The mitigation contribution is contingent upon availability of international support for means of implementation. 3. GHG reductions In absence of detailed analysis the assessment of BAU emissions and impacts of identified policies and actions of GHG emissions reductions below shall be presented at a later date. 4. Sectors Energy generation and energy end use; Transport; and Land Use and Land Use Change Adaptation 20. With the effects of climate change already being felt in South Sudan in the form of erratic and reduced rainfall periods and consequent increased frequency of droughts and floods, the country is currently in an advanced stage of developing its National Adaptation Plan of Action. The NAPA document will be launched on 12 November 2015. The NAPA and the INDC will form the basis of South Sudan’s adaptation strategy.', 'The NAPA and the INDC will form the basis of South Sudan’s adaptation strategy. 21. A sectoral approach has been adopted in this INDC, though in South Sudan, the technical assessments on vulnerabilities, hazards, and priority sectors is limited. Priority actions are based on observed adverse effects of climate change on the sectors. Further assessments into specific actions and needs is required. INDC includes priority actions in the following sectors: Agriculture and livestock 22. Agriculture and livestock are the main livelihood of the majority of the population. South Sudan will thus embark on promoting sustainable, climate- smart agriculture and livestock production and management.', 'South Sudan will thus embark on promoting sustainable, climate- smart agriculture and livestock production and management. The country will prioritise the enhancement of climate resilience in the agricultural sector (crop production, livestock, fisheries) through the promotion of climate-smart agriculture, livestock improvement, enhancement of fisheries productivity and soil erosion control. This will be achieved by building upon traditional knowledge and supporting community- based adaptation strategies. 23. Given the frequent droughts experienced in the country, a major priority is promoting the harvesting and retention of water for different uses. This will be implemented through community-based watershed management with a focus on maintaining the quality and quantity of water resources for multiple uses and stakeholders. Health:5 | P a g e 24.', 'Health:5 | P a g e 24. To accurately identify climate change impacts in the health sector, South Sudan will conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments concerning human health and well-being under current and future climate scenarios. This will inform actions to improve early warning systems for climate-related disease outbreaks (e.g. malaria) and establishing contingency plans to develop climate change- resilient health systems. Public health systems will be strengthened by building hospitals (including regional referral hospitals) and supplying them with medicine, equipment and personnel trained on treating climate-related diseases. Adapting Vulnerable Communities to Climate Change 25. Poverty is a determining factor of climate change vulnerability in South Sudan. Poverty is widespread, particularly in the rural areas – which are home to more than 6.9 million people.', 'Poverty is widespread, particularly in the rural areas – which are home to more than 6.9 million people. Approximately 51% of South Sudan’s population lives below the national consumption poverty line. People living in poverty do not have the financial capacity to cope with climate change. Furthermore, these people are often compelled to live in high-risk areas that are prone to floods and droughts. This also has to take into account gender equality and human rights. 26. Actions to reduce vulnerability of the population to climate induced hazards are the following: i. Enhance access to water in light of growing climate threats through integrated watershed management, wetland management and improved waste management. ii. Enhance food security under a changing climate through the introduction of climate-smart agricultural techniques and irrigated agriculture. iii.', 'Enhance food security under a changing climate through the introduction of climate-smart agricultural techniques and irrigated agriculture. iii. Ensure capacity building and participation of the society, local communities, indigenous peoples, women, men, youth, civil organizations and private sector in national and subnational climate change planning. iv. Establish/rehabilitate the hydro-meteorological monitoring network to collect climatic information and provide flood and drought early warning. v. Strengthen the adaptive capacity of the population through transparent and inclusive mechanisms of social participation in the implementation of adaptation interventions, designed with a gender and human rights approach. vi. Reduce vulnerability of population by integrating climate change considerations into land use planning. vii. Increase investments in disaster prevention mechanisms, such as early warning systems, rather than disaster response mechanisms. viii.', 'Increase investments in disaster prevention mechanisms, such as early warning systems, rather than disaster response mechanisms. viii. Improve environmental health-related infrastructure to reduce the spread of water-borne diseases which will be exacerbated by climate change. ix. Create buffer zones and relocate vulnerable communities away from flood-prone areas. Forests, Biodiversity and Ecosystems 27. In South Sudan, there is a large diversity of ecosystems that provide society with a wide range of environmental services such as carbon sequestration, provision and maintenance of water resources, flood mitigation, provision of food and NTFPs, and the formation and maintenance of soils. These ecosystem services are seriously threatened by human activities and by the effects of climate change.6 | P a g e 28.', 'These ecosystem services are seriously threatened by human activities and by the effects of climate change.6 | P a g e 28. South Sudan is home to the largest designated Ramsar wetland of environmental importance, the Sudd, which is pivotal in regulating the weather patterns in the Sahel, the Horn of Africa and the greater East Africa region. The Sudd acts as a barrier to the southward encroachment of the Sahara desert and its preservation and management is consequently expected to be South Sudan’s most significant contribution toward buffering against the impacts of climate change at the regional level. 29.', 'The Sudd acts as a barrier to the southward encroachment of the Sahara desert and its preservation and management is consequently expected to be South Sudan’s most significant contribution toward buffering against the impacts of climate change at the regional level. 29. Ecosystem-based adaptation consists of the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an integrated adaptation strategy to assist human communities to adapt to the adverse effects of climate change. 30. Given the reliance of the majority of the population on forest resources, adaptation priorities in this sector include supporting forest governance, reducing over reliance on forest products by providing alternative income- generating activities and encouraging planting of climate-resilient tree species.', 'Given the reliance of the majority of the population on forest resources, adaptation priorities in this sector include supporting forest governance, reducing over reliance on forest products by providing alternative income- generating activities and encouraging planting of climate-resilient tree species. This will be further supported by the development of mechanisms to ensure equitable sharing of benefits accrued from the forest resources. 31. Actions for the sector: i. Promote agro-forestry practices as a way of diversifying land production systems and promoting alternative livelihood options. ii. Promote afforestation of degraded landscapes/watersheds using multi- use forest species to increase community safety-nets and diversify livelihoods. iii. Develop forest reserves and management plans to protect watersheds and improve future water availability. iv.', 'Develop forest reserves and management plans to protect watersheds and improve future water availability. iv. Promote alternative sources of energy to reduce deforestation and the consequent loss of livelihood options. v. Improve the enforcement of environmental regulations. vi. Establish conservancies and protected areas to buffer local communities and biodiversity against climate change impacts. vii. Establish water points for wildlife in protected areas to reduce the negative effects of droughts on animal populations. viii. Increase awareness of local communities on climate change and environmental protection. ix. Introduce fire management plans to prevent the spread of wildfires during periods of drought. x. Introduce an integrated natural resource management approach. Infrastructure 32.', 'Introduce an integrated natural resource management approach. Infrastructure 32. Strategic infrastructure – including communications, transport, tourism, energy, sanitation, water and waste management – is vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate climate change criteria as part of its design, construction and throughout its useful life span, in order to reduce its vulnerability and increase its resilience. 33. To address potential impacts related to damages to infrastructure, South Sudan will invest in making existing and new buildings more climate resilient. This will be achieved through inter alia ensuring that land-\xad‐use plans and building codes reflect the expected impacts of climate change and the need to make public and private buildings more climate-\xad‐resilient. 34. Actions for infrastructure:7 | P a g e i.', 'Actions for infrastructure:7 | P a g e i. Improve urban and industrial waste water treatment, ensuring quantity and good quality of water in human settlements. ii. Incorporate adaptation criteria for public investment projects, particularly those to be carried out under the Comprehensive Agriculture Development Plan and the Irrigation Development Master Plan. iii. Ensure that land-use plans and building codes reflect the expected impacts of climate change. Institutional and policy actions 35. At the institutional and policy level, there is a need to coordinate climate change actions and mainstream climate change concerns into all sectors through capacity building and the development of policies, strategies and action plans to adapt to climate change. 36.', 'At the institutional and policy level, there is a need to coordinate climate change actions and mainstream climate change concerns into all sectors through capacity building and the development of policies, strategies and action plans to adapt to climate change. 36. To support decision-making for climate change adaptation, South Sudan will implement actions to assemble, analyze, predict and disseminate climate information through improve climate monitoring and data management systems. Based on this, the relevant data and information will be used to develop early warning systems and inform appropriate responses to extreme climatic events. Capacity Building and Transfer of Technology 37. South Sudan will encourage innovations in technologies which are appropriate to climate change at all levels and the inclusion of climate change issues in the national curriculum.', 'South Sudan will encourage innovations in technologies which are appropriate to climate change at all levels and the inclusion of climate change issues in the national curriculum. This will be complemented by the development of climate change awareness programmes for dissemination to the wider public. 38. The Government of South Sudan has identified a number of areas where technology transfer could be of benefit of the country for mitigation and adaptation, including through: i. Renewable energy technologies. ii. Access to climate information systems in order to monitor hydro- meteorological events in real time and establish early warning systems. iii. Water technologies for water savings, recycling, harvesting, irrigation and sustainable management for agricultural purposes. iv.', 'Water technologies for water savings, recycling, harvesting, irrigation and sustainable management for agricultural purposes. iv. Availability of methods and tools to assess climate impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in specific sectors and regions. v. Transportation technologies that are resilient to the adverse effects of climate change in particular for roads and large-scale transportation of goods. Technologies for the protection of infrastructure, particularly infrastructure in flood-prone areas. 39. Capacity building of this nature would require cooperation between developed countries and developing countries as well as south-south cooperation. This international support would facilitate the development of South Sudan’s own technologies as well as enable technology transfer and innovation to increase adaptive capacity within the country. 40. Capacity-building priorities relate largely to planning and implementation of climate change actions at all levels, i.e.', 'Capacity-building priorities relate largely to planning and implementation of climate change actions at all levels, i.e. national, state and local/community. This needs to involve inter alia government officials, private sector agents, civil society, NGOs and local communities. Capacity needs across all levels include:8 | P a g e i. Conducting vulnerability assessments and identifying climate risks and adaptation options. ii. Mainstreaming climate change into policies, strategies and action plans. iii. Developing and implementing community-based adaptation plans. iv. Enhancing cross-sectoral and inter-ministerial coordination of climate change actions. v. Sharing of best practices and lessons learned to inform the selection of adaptation interventions to address specific climate threats. vi. Conducting cost-benefit analyses of adaptation options to prioritise implementation of interventions. vii.', 'Conducting cost-benefit analyses of adaptation options to prioritise implementation of interventions. vii. Collecting, analyzing and applying hydro-meteorological and climate data for decision-making and dissemination of early warnings. Summary of Needs 41. As a post-conflict country, it is imperative for South Sudan to ensure sustainable and climate-resilient development across all sectors. South Sudan is one of the least developed countries of the world and the development policies have to go hand in hand with the climate change initiatives for a more resilient population. Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate platforms for the exchange of knowledge and information related to mitigation and adaptation, as well as to strengthen networks with academic institutions and civil society.', 'Therefore, it is imperative to consolidate platforms for the exchange of knowledge and information related to mitigation and adaptation, as well as to strengthen networks with academic institutions and civil society. Furthermore, it is fundamental to incorporate a gender and human rights approach into capacity building, prioritizing the most vulnerable groups in order to reduce social inequality. Within the context of the current economic circumstances, low levels of capacity and limited availability of climate technologies, South Sudan will only be able to embark on achieving its INDCs with the financial, capacity building and technical support from the international community in its efforts at all levels. The implementation of the above mentioned mitigation and adaptation actions for the period 2016 – 2030 requires the continuous development and strengthening of South Sudan’s capacities.', 'The implementation of the above mentioned mitigation and adaptation actions for the period 2016 – 2030 requires the continuous development and strengthening of South Sudan’s capacities. 42. Regarding climate finance, South Sudan has yet to access the same level of financial resources as other least developed countries owing to its recent existence. It is therefore of utmost importance that South Sudan is extended the opportunity to obtain support from the international donor community and other sources of climate finance to design and implement initiatives aimed at addressing the mitigation and adaptation priorities outlined here within the country’s INDCs. South Sudan has begun the process of unlocking access to climate finance through the initiation of the NAPA process that is due to conclude in November 2015.', 'South Sudan has begun the process of unlocking access to climate finance through the initiation of the NAPA process that is due to conclude in November 2015. South Sudan also aims to access finance through international carbon markets, and will pursue CDM and REDD+ activities, including the establishment is a Designated National Authority. Subsequent to this, it will require concerted and coordinated effort between the Government of South Sudan and their international development partners to accelerate the process of designing and implementing climate change projects to address both immediate and urgent priorities as well as medium- and long-term climate change risks. 43. It is estimated that investment of over USD 50 billion is required for mitigation and adaptation actions across sectors up to 2030.', 'It is estimated that investment of over USD 50 billion is required for mitigation and adaptation actions across sectors up to 2030. These are approximate estimates and further analysis is planned to identify support requirements for implementing the policies and actions listed above.9 | P a g e Implementation arrangements, including monitoring and reporting progress 44. Planning Processes: The INDC was developed through a consultative process. Stakeholders from various institutions, including line ministries, NGOs, academia and civil society, attended a series of national workshops in Juba to discuss and develop the INDC. The process was led by the Ministry of Environment. 45. Institutional Arrangements: The INDC was endorsed by the Minister of Environment and various stakeholders at a validation workshop in Juba.', 'Institutional Arrangements: The INDC was endorsed by the Minister of Environment and various stakeholders at a validation workshop in Juba. The Ministry of Environment will lead the implementation of the INDC. Cross- sectoral contributions will be discussed and implemented through the National Council of Ministers. 46. Monitoring and reporting: South Sudan, through the Ministry of Environment, has the full responsibility to monitor and evaluate the implementation of INDCs through regular stakeholder consultative engagement. This will ensure the effective updating and implementation of both mitigation and adaption plans.'] | en-US |
309 | ESP | Spain | LTS | 2020-10-12 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Spain_0.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 259.310241 | 90.464128 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/68bc1af54595a4013bc71c5ac6783da35bd4e6f7d43011b5e39d999a9d70c558.pdf | ['La Estrategia que recoge este documento se ha desarrollado de acuerdo a las directrices del Reglamento (UE) 2018/1999 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo del 11 de diciembre de 2018 sobre la gobernanza de la Unión de la Energía y de la Acción por el Clima, en el que se establece la necesidad de elaboración de estrategias a largo plazo por parte de los Estados Miembros, con una perspectiva de, al menos, 30 años. La Unión Europea, como tal, presentará a las Naciones Unidas su propia estrategia a largo plazo a lo largo del año 2020, sobre la base de las propuestas nacionales.', 'La Unión Europea, como tal, presentará a las Naciones Unidas su propia estrategia a largo plazo a lo largo del año 2020, sobre la base de las propuestas nacionales. Madrid, noviembre 2020 Este documento forma parte de una serie de 4 documentos que recogen el Marco Estratégico de Energía y Clima: una oportunidad para la modernización de la economía española y la creación de empleo. Vicepresidencia Cuarta del Gobierno de España Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico Autor: MITECO Edita: MITECO Revisión de edición: IDAE Diseño y Maquetación: BABYDOG arte y comunicación, S.L. Diseño de infografías: Izertis Imagen de portada: Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente / OAPN - Javier Martínez ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO PARA UNA ECONOMÍA ESPAÑOLA MODERNA, COMPETITIVA Y CLIMÁTICAMENTE NEUTRA EN 2050.CONTENIDO▶ 1.', 'Diseño de infografías: Izertis Imagen de portada: Parque Nacional de la Caldera de Taburiente / OAPN - Javier Martínez ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO PARA UNA ECONOMÍA ESPAÑOLA MODERNA, COMPETITIVA Y CLIMÁTICAMENTE NEUTRA EN 2050.CONTENIDO▶ 1. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 1.1 PLAN NACIONAL INTEGRADO DE ENERGÍA Y CLIMA (PNIEC) 1.2 SISTEMA DE GOBERNANZA ▶ 2. LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA ▶ 3. MITIGACIÓN 3.1 EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA 3.1.1 CONSUMO DE ENERGÍA 3.1.2 DEPENDENCIA ENERGÉTICA DEL EXTERIOR 3.2 ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES ▶ 4. SUMIDEROS NATURALES DE CARBONO ▶ 5. ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO ▶ 6. DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL 6.1 SECTOR ELÉCTRICO RENOVABLE 6.2 MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE Y TRANSPORTE 6.3 EDIFICACIÓN SOSTENIBLE 6.4 INDUSTRIA SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA 6.5 AGROPECUARIO, RESIDUOS Y GASES FLUORADOS 6.5.2 RESIDUOS Y AGUAS RESIDUALES 6.5.3 GASES FLUORADOS ▶ 7.', 'DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL 6.1 SECTOR ELÉCTRICO RENOVABLE 6.2 MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE Y TRANSPORTE 6.3 EDIFICACIÓN SOSTENIBLE 6.4 INDUSTRIA SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA 6.5 AGROPECUARIO, RESIDUOS Y GASES FLUORADOS 6.5.2 RESIDUOS Y AGUAS RESIDUALES 6.5.3 GASES FLUORADOS ▶ 7. FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA 7.1 EL PAPEL DE LA CIUDADANÍA 7.1.1 SITUAR A LA CIUDADANÍA EN EL CENTRO 7.1.2 NUEVOS VALORES Y HÁBITOS DE COMPORTAMIENTO 7.2 TRANSICIÓN JUSTA Y ACOMPAÑAMIENTO A COLECTIVOS Y SECTORES VULNERABLES 7.3 RETO DEMOGRÁFICO 7.4 IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO 7.5 EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL Y APRENDIZAJE CONTINUO 7.6 INVESTIGACIÓN, INNOVACIÓN Y DESARROLLO 7.7 DIGITALIZACIÓN, ALMACENAMIENTO, GESTIÓN DE LA DEMANDA Y NUEVAS FORMAS DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS REDES ELÉCTRICAS 7.8 IMPLICACIÓN DEL SECTOR FINANCIERO 7.9 LA ELP Y LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE 7.10 EMPRENDIMIENTO: EMPLEO AUTÓNOMO Y ECONOMÍA SOCIAL ▶ ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS CONTENIDORESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 La Unión Europea (UE, en adelante) pretende ser neutra en términos climáticos de cara al año 2050.', 'FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA 7.1 EL PAPEL DE LA CIUDADANÍA 7.1.1 SITUAR A LA CIUDADANÍA EN EL CENTRO 7.1.2 NUEVOS VALORES Y HÁBITOS DE COMPORTAMIENTO 7.2 TRANSICIÓN JUSTA Y ACOMPAÑAMIENTO A COLECTIVOS Y SECTORES VULNERABLES 7.3 RETO DEMOGRÁFICO 7.4 IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO 7.5 EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL Y APRENDIZAJE CONTINUO 7.6 INVESTIGACIÓN, INNOVACIÓN Y DESARROLLO 7.7 DIGITALIZACIÓN, ALMACENAMIENTO, GESTIÓN DE LA DEMANDA Y NUEVAS FORMAS DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS REDES ELÉCTRICAS 7.8 IMPLICACIÓN DEL SECTOR FINANCIERO 7.9 LA ELP Y LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE 7.10 EMPRENDIMIENTO: EMPLEO AUTÓNOMO Y ECONOMÍA SOCIAL ▶ ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS CONTENIDORESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 La Unión Europea (UE, en adelante) pretende ser neutra en términos climáticos de cara al año 2050. Es decir, la UE se ha fijado el objetivo de tener una economía con cero emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Es decir, la UE se ha fijado el objetivo de tener una economía con cero emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero. Esta meta constituye el núcleo del Acuerdo Verde Europeo y está en línea con el compromiso comunitario de aumentar la acción climática global en línea con los compromisos del Acuerdo de París.', 'Esta meta constituye el núcleo del Acuerdo Verde Europeo y está en línea con el compromiso comunitario de aumentar la acción climática global en línea con los compromisos del Acuerdo de París. El Acuerdo de París, adoptado en 2015 por las partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y ratificado por España en 2017, establece, en su artículo 2, como límite del calentamiento global: “mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales”.', 'El Acuerdo de París, adoptado en 2015 por las partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y ratificado por España en 2017, establece, en su artículo 2, como límite del calentamiento global: “mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de los 2°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5°C con respecto a los niveles preindustriales”. A su vez, el artículo 4 demanda que: “Todas las partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales”.', 'A su vez, el artículo 4 demanda que: “Todas las partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales”. Para dar cumplimiento a estos y otros compromisos en el seno de la Unión, la Comisión Europea propuso a finales de 2016 el paquete de medidas denominado “Energía Limpia para Todos los Europeos”.', 'Para dar cumplimiento a estos y otros compromisos en el seno de la Unión, la Comisión Europea propuso a finales de 2016 el paquete de medidas denominado “Energía Limpia para Todos los Europeos”. Este paquete incluye el Reglamento 2018/1999 sobre la gobernanza de la Unión de la Energía y de la Acción por el Clima, en el que se establece la necesidad de elaboración de estrategias a largo plazo por parte de los Estados miembro, con una perspectiva de, al menos, 30 años. La UE, como tal, presentará a las Naciones Unidas su propia estrategia a largo plazo, sobre la base de las propuestas nacionales.', 'La UE, como tal, presentará a las Naciones Unidas su propia estrategia a largo plazo, sobre la base de las propuestas nacionales. Se trata de una acción en línea con el último conocimiento científico disponible: el Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC) publicó en octubre de 2018 su informe especial sobre las repercusiones de un calentamiento global de 1,5 °C por encima de los niveles preindustriales. Los autores concluyeron que, de no intensificarse la acción por el clima a nivel internacional, el ascenso de la temperatura media mundial podría alcanzar los 2 °C poco después de 2060 y seguir aumentando después.', 'Los autores concluyeron que, de no intensificarse la acción por el clima a nivel internacional, el ascenso de la temperatura media mundial podría alcanzar los 2 °C poco después de 2060 y seguir aumentando después. Que la UE, en consonancia con la evidencia científica, impulse la neutralidad climática en 2050 implica un compromiso para liderar la acción por el clima a escala mundial. España está alineada con este compromiso europeo, como ha quedado formalmente acordado en las Conclusiones del Consejo Europeo del 12 de diciembre de 2019, refrendando el objetivo de que la UE sea climáticamente neutra en el año 2050.', 'España está alineada con este compromiso europeo, como ha quedado formalmente acordado en las Conclusiones del Consejo Europeo del 12 de diciembre de 2019, refrendando el objetivo de que la UE sea climáticamente neutra en el año 2050. Compromiso que también ha quedado patente a nivel nacional, con la Declaración de la Emergencia Climática y Ambiental acordada por el Consejo de Ministros el 21 de enero de 2020, una resolución que responde al consenso generalizado de la comunidad científica, que reclama acción urgente para salvaguardar el medio ambiente, la salud y la seguridad de la ciudadanía. Nuestro país se sitúa en una zona de especial vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Nuestro país se sitúa en una zona de especial vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático. El aumento de las temperaturas, la variación en el régimen de precipitaciones o las sequías pueden tener efectos graves sobre sectores como la agricultura, la ganadería, la silvicultura o el turismo, así como impactos negativos en la salud de la población, fundamentalmente sobre la población en riesgo de exclusión. España se sitúa en una zona de especial vulnerabilidad ante los impactos del cambio climático. Combatirlo es una cuestión de responsabilidad con el presente y el futuro.RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 Combatir el cambio climático desde España es, por tanto, una cuestión de responsabilidad con el presente y con el futuro del país.', 'Combatirlo es una cuestión de responsabilidad con el presente y el futuro.RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 Combatir el cambio climático desde España es, por tanto, una cuestión de responsabilidad con el presente y con el futuro del país. Es, asimismo, una obligación en consonancia con los compromisos que ha adquirido como Estado miembro de la UE y parte del Acuerdo de París. Y es la única y mejor manera de atender a la llamada a la acción climática de la Ciencia y del conjunto de la ciudadanía. En coherencia con ello, España ha de poner en marcha políticas encaminadas a conseguir la neutralidad en carbono no más tarde de 2050.', 'En coherencia con ello, España ha de poner en marcha políticas encaminadas a conseguir la neutralidad en carbono no más tarde de 2050. La elaboración de estrategias permite sentar las bases para que el país aproveche la multitud de oportunidades que surgirán en este camino hacia la neutralidad climática. Asimismo, la disponibilidad de un sistema energético menos dependiente de los combustibles fósiles, disminuirá la exposición del país a las variaciones de los mercados internacionales de combustibles, aumentando así su resiliencia frente a los cambios internacionales y su competitividad en el contexto global.', 'Asimismo, la disponibilidad de un sistema energético menos dependiente de los combustibles fósiles, disminuirá la exposición del país a las variaciones de los mercados internacionales de combustibles, aumentando así su resiliencia frente a los cambios internacionales y su competitividad en el contexto global. Por ello, el objetivo de esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo (en adelante ELP o Estrategia) es articular una respuesta coherente e integrada frente a la crisis climática, que aproveche las oportunidades para la modernización y competitividad de nuestra economía y sea socialmente justa e inclusiva. Se trata de una hoja de ruta para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en el horizonte 20501, con hitos intermedios en 2030 y 2040.', 'Se trata de una hoja de ruta para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en el horizonte 20501, con hitos intermedios en 2030 y 2040. Debido a su marco temporal, cabe señalar que la misión de la ELP no es conocer cómo se producirán los cambios tecnológicos concretos en los diferentes sectores de la economía. Se trata de presentar una propuesta coherente sobre dicha transformación empleando el conocimiento científico-técnico disponible en la actualidad. En las próximas décadas no sólo se producirán innovaciones tecnológicas sino también transformaciones en los sistemas económicos o en las formas de organización social, que son difíciles de anticipar con certeza. Sin embargo, las amenazas y los riesgos del cambio climático son conocidos, así como también lo son muchas formas de prevenirlos.', 'Sin embargo, las amenazas y los riesgos del cambio climático son conocidos, así como también lo son muchas formas de prevenirlos. De esta forma, la Estrategia proporciona señales a medio y largo plazo a los inversores, a los agentes económicos, sociales y medioambientales, y al conjunto de la sociedad española, para el periodo 2021-2050. En ese sentido, tiene un triple objetivo: 1 La neutralidad climática en 2050 es un escenario en el que las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero son completamente absorbidas por los sumideros de carbono, proporcionando cero emisiones netas de gases de efecto invernadero en el año 2050. En el caso de este documento, las emisiones se reducirán un 90% respecto al año 1990 y el 10% restante será absorbido por sumideros.', 'En el caso de este documento, las emisiones se reducirán un 90% respecto al año 1990 y el 10% restante será absorbido por sumideros. ▶ Primero, cumplir con los compromisos del Acuerdo de París. ▶ Segundo, anticipar y planificar la transición hacia una economía climáticamente neutra, teniendo en cuenta los retos y el debate social, empresarial y político sobre sus implicaciones y necesidades. Esa transformación ha de ser abordada de forma integral, dado que afecta a numerosos elementos transversales de la economía y la sociedad.', 'Esa transformación ha de ser abordada de forma integral, dado que afecta a numerosos elementos transversales de la economía y la sociedad. ▶ Tercero, ofrecer un objetivo claro en el largo plazo, lo que ayudará a anticipar las líneas de actuación necesarias y, por tanto, a maximizar y a aprovechar las oportunidades derivadas de la transición energética reduciendo los riesgos.Esta estrategia se construye sobre la base de la neutralidad tecnológica. En principio, las diferentes tecnologías deben tener las mismas oportunidades de desarrollo para ofrecer las mejores soluciones coste-eficientes para la descarbonización de cada uno de los sectores de la economía, no obstante, se deben tener en cuenta el conjunto de externalidades positivas y negativas que acompañan a cada tecnología y su grado respectivo de madurez.', 'En principio, las diferentes tecnologías deben tener las mismas oportunidades de desarrollo para ofrecer las mejores soluciones coste-eficientes para la descarbonización de cada uno de los sectores de la economía, no obstante, se deben tener en cuenta el conjunto de externalidades positivas y negativas que acompañan a cada tecnología y su grado respectivo de madurez. Conocer cuáles son los distintos retos para alcanzar la neutralidad climática permite anticiparse a las necesidades de inversión en investigación, desarrollo e innovación que deben ponerse en marcha para que las tecnologías estén listas en los próximos años.', 'Conocer cuáles son los distintos retos para alcanzar la neutralidad climática permite anticiparse a las necesidades de inversión en investigación, desarrollo e innovación que deben ponerse en marcha para que las tecnologías estén listas en los próximos años. Posibilita además diseñar estrategias para alcanzar posiciones de liderazgo en el desarrollo de estas innovaciones, que constituyen una importante oportunidad de generación de empleo y de líneas de negocio, avanzando así en el fortalecimiento del sistema de I+D+i y de la competitividad de la economía española. Todo ello, en un contexto de mayor y mejor protección de la diversidad biológica, mayor resiliencia en la adaptación al cambio climático, un uso más eficiente de los recursos y el diseño de unas ciudades más habitables, con mejor calidad del aire.', 'Todo ello, en un contexto de mayor y mejor protección de la diversidad biológica, mayor resiliencia en la adaptación al cambio climático, un uso más eficiente de los recursos y el diseño de unas ciudades más habitables, con mejor calidad del aire. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 1.1 Principales magnitudes de la Estrategia RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 Se desacopla el consumo de energía final del crecimiento económico. El conjunto de energías renovables sobre la energía final, se situará en el 97%. El sector eléctrico será 100% renovable. La garantía de suministro se ha estudiado junto con REE. La electrificación de la economía superará el 50%. Se instalarán para ello en torno a 250 GW de potencia renovable.', 'Se instalarán para ello en torno a 250 GW de potencia renovable. Desarrollo del hidrógeno renovable y de los combustibles renovables La dependencia energética del exterior descenderá hasta el 13%. Ahorro: 344.000M€. Gran oportunidad empresarial, social e industrial para la economía española Gracias al trabajo en mitigación y la contribución de los sumideros de carbono, se alcanzará la neutralidad climática con una reducción de emisiones del 90% con respecto a 1990. La adaptación al cambio climático es clave, existen importantes sinergias entre mitigación y adaptación.La transición energética seguirá siendo el vector fundamental de la descarbonización. Muchos países europeos y del resto del mundo progresan con el mismo objetivo. Las energías fósiles representan hoy el 82% del mix energético mundial. Sin embargo, la respuesta a la crisis climática requiere caminar hacia sistemas neutros en carbono.', 'Sin embargo, la respuesta a la crisis climática requiere caminar hacia sistemas neutros en carbono. Esa transformación conllevará un notable impulso al desarrollo tecnológico e industrial. A ello se sumará la revolución en ciernes de la movilidad cero emisiones, así como los nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos, de gestión y modelo de negocio derivado de la generación eléctrica distribuida y el autoconsumo renovable. Además del cambio tecnológico, se necesitará también un cambio de comportamiento por parte de las empresas y la ciudadanía. España tiene el potencial de convertirse en uno de los países europeos que impulse ese cambio. El Plan Nacional Integrado Energía y Clima (PNIEC) 2021-2030, presentado antes que la ELP, desarrolla muchos de los vectores necesarios para sentar las bases de este liderazgo.', 'El Plan Nacional Integrado Energía y Clima (PNIEC) 2021-2030, presentado antes que la ELP, desarrolla muchos de los vectores necesarios para sentar las bases de este liderazgo. Nuestro país tiene uno de los mayores potenciales de recursos renovables de la UE: una geografía de 50 millones de hectáreas con amplios territorios, vientos mediterráneos y atlánticos, nivel de insolación elevado, extensos bosques y notables recursos hidráulicos, que se complementan con un importante tejido empresarial, tecnológico, de innovación y conocimiento. Cuenta además con algunas de las empresas que han protagonizado el despliegue internacional de las energías renovables que ha tenido lugar a lo largo de las dos últimas décadas, instituciones pioneras en el ámbito de la energía e importantes centros de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico y conocimiento.', 'Cuenta además con algunas de las empresas que han protagonizado el despliegue internacional de las energías renovables que ha tenido lugar a lo largo de las dos últimas décadas, instituciones pioneras en el ámbito de la energía e importantes centros de investigación, desarrollo tecnológico y conocimiento. Por otro lado, a lo largo del proceso de descarbonización, y para no dejar a nadie atrás, la transición justa ocupa un espacio central. La importante transformación que implica la neutralidad climática solo será viable si se hace con equidad y justicia social, en igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, con especial atención a quienes sean más vulnerables y a la erradicación de la pobreza energética.', 'La importante transformación que implica la neutralidad climática solo será viable si se hace con equidad y justicia social, en igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, con especial atención a quienes sean más vulnerables y a la erradicación de la pobreza energética. Por ello, junto con el PNIEC, el Marco Estratégico Energía Clima presentado en España incorporó la Estrategia de Transición Justa y la Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética. Estos documentos sientan las bases para avanzar hacia una neutralidad climática que cumpla objetivos de justicia social, anticipando así parte de los objetivos de la Estrategia a Largo Plazo Europea. Sobre estos elementos, diseñados de manera coherente para cumplir objetivos ambientales y sociales, se asienta la presente ELP.', 'Sobre estos elementos, diseñados de manera coherente para cumplir objetivos ambientales y sociales, se asienta la presente ELP. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050 La importante transformación que implica la neutralidad climática solo será viable si se hace con equidad y justicia social, en igualdad entre mujeres y hombres, con especial atención a quienes sean más vulnerables y a la erradicación de la pobreza energética.La adaptación al cambio climático ocupa asimismo un lugar destacado. Los informes del IPCC señalan al sur de Europa y la cuenca del Mediterráneo como las zonas más expuestas a los impactos derivados de la crisis climática, por lo que para España ésta es una cuestión esencial.', 'Los informes del IPCC señalan al sur de Europa y la cuenca del Mediterráneo como las zonas más expuestas a los impactos derivados de la crisis climática, por lo que para España ésta es una cuestión esencial. Constituye una respuesta complementaria a los esfuerzos de mitigación, con igual relevancia: sin una adecuada acción en materia de mitigación, las capacidades adaptativas se verán irremedia- blemente desbordadas. Y, al contrario, sin una adecuada adaptación, la acción en mitigación no permitirá cumplir con los objetivos. Entre otras cuestiones, la adaptación contribuye a que los ecosistemas sigan manteniendo su funcionalidad a largo plazo, garantizando así su papel como almacenes y/o sumideros de carbono. La conservación de los suelos o pre- vención de incendios constituyen también otros áreas fundamentales en este ámbito.', 'La conservación de los suelos o pre- vención de incendios constituyen también otros áreas fundamentales en este ámbito. La crisis sanitaria provocada por la COVID-19 ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de acelerar la transición ecológica, como elemento clave en la fase de reconstrucción. Así, se ha desarrollado el marco para elaborar los Planes de Recupera- ción, Transformación y Resiliencia que comporta un importante volumen de inversión pública y privada en los próximos años. Dicho impulso inversor necesario para relanzar la economía española y acelerar la transformación del modelo pro- ductivo hacia un crecimiento sostenible e inclusivo se financiará con los fondos del Plan Next Generation EU, el Fondo de Recuperación europeo.', 'Dicho impulso inversor necesario para relanzar la economía española y acelerar la transformación del modelo pro- ductivo hacia un crecimiento sostenible e inclusivo se financiará con los fondos del Plan Next Generation EU, el Fondo de Recuperación europeo. En conclusión, esta ELP plantea la senda para la consecución de la neutralidad climática en España en coherencia con el tra- bajo que se está desarrollando en el conjunto de la UE, de acuerdo con el Pacto Verde Europeo, con las conclusiones del Consejo Europeo de diciembre de 2019, y la propuesta lanzada en marzo de 2020 de la Ley Climática Europea. La Unión, y España con ella, se dispone a hacer realidad la transición hacia una economía y sociedad cero emisiones netas en 2050.', 'La Unión, y España con ella, se dispone a hacer realidad la transición hacia una economía y sociedad cero emisiones netas en 2050. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 1.2 La Estrategia de Descarbonización a Largo Plazo* HIDRÓGENO TRANSFORMACIÓN DIGITAL RENOVABLEEl Plan Nacional Integrado de Energía y Clima 2021-2030 (PNIEC) presenta una hoja de ruta para la próxima década, diseñada en coherencia con la neutralidad de emisiones en 2050 y desde un punto de vista coste eficiente. Esta ELP se fundamenta en el cumplimiento de los objetivos, políticas y medidas incluidas en el borrador actualizado del plan y, de hecho, emplea el mismo modelo de prospectiva energética para la realización del PNIEC y de la ELP (TIMES-Sinergia).', 'Esta ELP se fundamenta en el cumplimiento de los objetivos, políticas y medidas incluidas en el borrador actualizado del plan y, de hecho, emplea el mismo modelo de prospectiva energética para la realización del PNIEC y de la ELP (TIMES-Sinergia). Adicionalmente, ambos documentos parten del mismo criterio de neutralidad tecnológica.', 'Adicionalmente, ambos documentos parten del mismo criterio de neutralidad tecnológica. El PNIEC, junto con el Proyecto de Ley de Cambio Climático y Transición Energética, la Estrategia de Transición Justa, la Estrategia Nacional de Pobreza Energética y la ELP, sientan las bases para la modernización de la economía española, la creación de empleo asociado a la transición ecológica, el posicionamiento de liderazgo de España en las energías y tecnologías limpias, el desarrollo del medio rural, la mejora de la salud de las personas y el medio ambiente y la justicia social, desde la perspectiva de género y el enfoque de igualdad. Las medidas contempladas en el PNIEC permiten retirar una de cada tres toneladas de CO equivalente entre el momento actual y 2030.', 'Las medidas contempladas en el PNIEC permiten retirar una de cada tres toneladas de CO equivalente entre el momento actual y 2030. Derivadas de estas medidas, se han elaborado o están en proceso diversas iniciativas para implementarlas: ▶ Real Decreto-ley 23/2020, de 23 de junio, por el que se aprueban medidas en materia de energía y en otros ámbitos para la reactivación económica. Esta disposición introduce en el marco normativo las figuras del almacenamiento energético, agregadores o las comunidades de energías renovables, entre otras cuestiones, como la reducción de trámites administrativos o el despliegue de una infraestructura de recarga rápida para el vehículo eléctrico. ▶ Hoja de Ruta del Hidrógeno: una apuesta por el hidrógeno renovable. ▶ Borrador de la Estrategia de Almacenamiento Energético.', '▶ Borrador de la Estrategia de Almacenamiento Energético. ▶ Proyecto de Real Decreto por el que se regula el Régimen Económico de Energías Renovables para instalaciones de Producción de Energía Eléctrica. ▶ Actualmente están en elaboración: Estrategia de autoconsumo. Hoja de Ruta para el desarrollo de la Eólica Marina y las Energías del Mar en España. Hoja de Ruta del Biogás.', 'Hoja de Ruta del Biogás. 1.1 PLAN NACIONAL INTEGRADO DE ENERGÍA Y CLIMA (PNIEC) El PNIEC, junto con el Proyecto de Ley de Cambio Climático y Transición Energética, la Estrategia de Transición Justa, la Estrategia Nacional contra la Pobreza Energética, el PNACC y la ELP, sientan las bases para la modernización de la economía española, la creación de empleo, el liderazgo de España en energías y tecnologías limpias, el desarrollo del medio rural, y la mejora de la salud de las personas. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050En relación con los objetivos fijados en la UE, el PNIEC concreta para España, ▶ 23% de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) respecto a 1990.', 'RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050En relación con los objetivos fijados en la UE, el PNIEC concreta para España, ▶ 23% de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) respecto a 1990. ▶ 42% de energías renovables sobre el consumo total de energía final. ▶ 39,5% de mejora de la eficiencia energética. ▶ 74% de energías renovables en la generación eléctrica. Otros resultados reseñables incluidos en el PNIEC son: 1. La intensidad energética primaria se reduce un 3,5% anual hasta 2030. 2. La dependencia energética del exterior mejora 12 puntos porcentuales, pasando del 73% en 2017 al 61% en 2030. 3.', 'La dependencia energética del exterior mejora 12 puntos porcentuales, pasando del 73% en 2017 al 61% en 2030. 3. La importación de combustibles fósiles disminuye de una manera importante, lo que supone un ahorro en la balanza comercial de 67.000 M€ en el periodo 2021-2030. 4. El PNIEC prevé añadir otros 59 GW de potencia renovable y 6 GW de almacenamiento con una presencia equilibrada de las diferentes tecnologías renovables. 5. No será necesaria la presencia de potencia de generación de respaldo adicional. 6. Las inversiones totales previstas ascienden a 241.000 M€. El 80% de las inversiones las realizaría el sector privado y el 20% el sector público.', 'El 80% de las inversiones las realizaría el sector privado y el 20% el sector público. El PIB aumentará en torno a un 1,8% en 2030, respecto a un escenario en el que no se implementara el PNIEC. 7. El empleo presenta un aumento neto del 1,7% a lo largo del periodo 2021-2030. 8. La dimensión de I+D y el tejido industrial nacional también se benefician de las oportunidades que proporciona la aplicación del PNIEC. 9. Se dedica especial atención al fenómeno de la pobreza energética, abordándolo desde una perspectiva integral y con visión de largo plazo.', 'Se dedica especial atención al fenómeno de la pobreza energética, abordándolo desde una perspectiva integral y con visión de largo plazo. El efecto de las medidas del PNIEC es progresivo en términos fiscales, es decir que favorece en mayor medida a los hogares de menor renta y, especialmente, a los colectivos vulnerables. 10. Los cobeneficios para la salud han sido estimados en una reducción de la mortalidad prematura por la contaminación atmosférica del 27% aproximadamente. El principal efecto medioambiental de las Políticas y Medidas incluidas en el PNIEC para alcanzar los resultados anteriores es la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'El principal efecto medioambiental de las Políticas y Medidas incluidas en el PNIEC para alcanzar los resultados anteriores es la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. Sin embargo, existen otra serie de efectos ambientales sobre factores como el uso del suelo, los sistemas acuáticos, el patrimonio natural y la biodiversidad, que pueden no resultar positivos si no se toman las medidas ambientales preventivas, correctoras y compensatorias adecuadas. Por ello, todas las acciones del PNIEC estarán sujetas a los objetivos y medidas medioambientales derivados de su Declaración de Evaluación Ambiental, y estarán alineados con las políticas europeas en este ámbito, como la Estrategia de la UE sobre Biodiversidad para 2030 o la Estrategia de la UE de la Granja a la Mesa.', 'Por ello, todas las acciones del PNIEC estarán sujetas a los objetivos y medidas medioambientales derivados de su Declaración de Evaluación Ambiental, y estarán alineados con las políticas europeas en este ámbito, como la Estrategia de la UE sobre Biodiversidad para 2030 o la Estrategia de la UE de la Granja a la Mesa. La evaluación del PNIEC español realizada por la Comisión Europea en octubre de 2020 señala que los objetivos establecidos en el Plan son ambiciosos, que se han abordado en gran medida las recomendaciones enunciadas por la Comisión para el borrador, y, que en varios aspectos, es un ejemplo de buenas prácticas.', 'La evaluación del PNIEC español realizada por la Comisión Europea en octubre de 2020 señala que los objetivos establecidos en el Plan son ambiciosos, que se han abordado en gran medida las recomendaciones enunciadas por la Comisión para el borrador, y, que en varios aspectos, es un ejemplo de buenas prácticas. RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 20501.2 SISTEMA DE GOBERNANZA El Proyecto de Ley de Cambio Climático y Transición Energética es el marco institucional que responde a la necesidad de construir un país que combine con éxito las oportunidades actuales, que nos permiten anticiparnos a las nuevas demandas y generar nuevas industrias y cadenas de valor competitivas, y las oportunidades futuras para los jóvenes, sobre la base de un objetivo claro que es llegar a la neutralidad climática para 2050.', 'RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 20501.2 SISTEMA DE GOBERNANZA El Proyecto de Ley de Cambio Climático y Transición Energética es el marco institucional que responde a la necesidad de construir un país que combine con éxito las oportunidades actuales, que nos permiten anticiparnos a las nuevas demandas y generar nuevas industrias y cadenas de valor competitivas, y las oportunidades futuras para los jóvenes, sobre la base de un objetivo claro que es llegar a la neutralidad climática para 2050. Este proyecto institucionaliza la elaboración de la Estrategia a largo plazo, el PNIEC y el PNACC, y establece la coherencia necesaria entre todas las herramientas, ya que no hay otra forma de asegurar, de manera fiable, inclusiva, transparente y predecible, el logro de los objetivos y metas para el año 2030 y para el largo plazo.', 'Este proyecto institucionaliza la elaboración de la Estrategia a largo plazo, el PNIEC y el PNACC, y establece la coherencia necesaria entre todas las herramientas, ya que no hay otra forma de asegurar, de manera fiable, inclusiva, transparente y predecible, el logro de los objetivos y metas para el año 2030 y para el largo plazo. Así se recoge que la ELP debe proyectar una senda coherente con los objetivos de descarbonización de la economía para el año 2050, y con las actuaciones previstas a 2030, que exigirá la movilización de distintas administraciones y actores privados.', 'Así se recoge que la ELP debe proyectar una senda coherente con los objetivos de descarbonización de la economía para el año 2050, y con las actuaciones previstas a 2030, que exigirá la movilización de distintas administraciones y actores privados. Se pondrá en marcha un sistema de gobernanza integrado para el PNIEC y la ELP basado en indicadores y alineado con los informes de seguimiento que deben desarrollarse en el marco del Reglamento de Gobernanza del PNIEC 2021-20302. El objetivo es llevar a cabo un seguimiento de las metas planteadas en ambos documentos. De esta manera, será posible identificar las dificultades y retos, así como reaccionar con anticipación y flexibilidad.', 'De esta manera, será posible identificar las dificultades y retos, así como reaccionar con anticipación y flexibilidad. Asimismo, con este ejercicio de transparencia, se pretende fomentar la implicación y el apoyo de la ciudadanía. El elemento decisivo para el éxito será el apoyo social, político y empresarial que la transformación genere, dado que se trata de un cambio estructural a medio y largo plazo que abarcará numerosos ciclos políticos y económicos. En el marco de este sistema de gobernanza, la coordinación, colaboración e implicación de las comunidades autónomas, así como de las entidades locales será fundamental para lograr los objetivos. Gran parte de las competencias necesarias para llevarlo a cabo pertenecen a estas entidades.', 'Gran parte de las competencias necesarias para llevarlo a cabo pertenecen a estas entidades. Tal y como prevé el Reglamento de Gobernanza, la Estrategia a Largo Plazo es un instrumento flexible para orientar la transformación económica y energética hacia la neutralidad climática a mediados de siglo. La ruta concreta para cada década se irá definiendo de manera detallada por medio de los PNIEC, que se elaborarán cada diez años y se actualizarán cada cinco. En la misma línea, la Estrategia se actualizará cada cinco años con la última información disponible, por lo que las trayectorias específicas de los sectores y de las tecnologías irán variando.', 'En la misma línea, la Estrategia se actualizará cada cinco años con la última información disponible, por lo que las trayectorias específicas de los sectores y de las tecnologías irán variando. Mediante la ELP y el PNIEC, el medio (2030) y el largo plazo (2050) quedan integrados, aportando credibilidad, compromiso climático y oportunidades industriales, como parte de una única visión estratégica para España. El elemento decisivo para el éxito será el apoyo social, político y empresarial que la transformación genere, dado que se trata de un cambio estructural a medio y largo plazo que abarcará numerosos ciclos políticos y económicos.', 'El elemento decisivo para el éxito será el apoyo social, político y empresarial que la transformación genere, dado que se trata de un cambio estructural a medio y largo plazo que abarcará numerosos ciclos políticos y económicos. 2 Reglamento (UE) 2018/1999 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo del 11 de diciembre de 2018 sobre la gobernanza de la Unión de la Energía y de la Acción por el Clima RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICALa neutralidad climática presenta una oportunidad para la modernización, innovación y mejora de la competitividad de toda la economía española que esta Estrategia pone de manifiesto y pretende ayudar a optimizar.', '2 Reglamento (UE) 2018/1999 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo del 11 de diciembre de 2018 sobre la gobernanza de la Unión de la Energía y de la Acción por el Clima RESUMEN EJECUTIVO NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA EN 2050LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICALa neutralidad climática presenta una oportunidad para la modernización, innovación y mejora de la competitividad de toda la economía española que esta Estrategia pone de manifiesto y pretende ayudar a optimizar. En primer lugar, a lo largo de las tres décadas, 2021-2050, la ELP impulsará un significativo ahorro de energía primaria y una mejora sustancial de la eficiencia energética. Concretamente se estima que el consumo de energía primaria se reducirá en torno a un 50% desde el año 2020 hasta el año 2050 (Anexo E).', 'Concretamente se estima que el consumo de energía primaria se reducirá en torno a un 50% desde el año 2020 hasta el año 2050 (Anexo E). Esto es posible gracias al progresivo desacoplamiento entre el crecimiento económico y el consumo de energía, es decir, como consecuencia de una notable mejora de la eficiencia energética de la economía. Así, sería necesario un 60% menos de energía por unidad de PIB que en la actualidad. Cumplir con la neutralidad climática obliga a que las energías renovables tengan una importante contribución en los usos finales de la energía, mediante la combinación de tecnologías renovables de uso directo, combustibles renovables3 y la electrificación de los distintos usos energéticos, teniendo en cuenta que la electricidad será totalmente renovable.', 'Cumplir con la neutralidad climática obliga a que las energías renovables tengan una importante contribución en los usos finales de la energía, mediante la combinación de tecnologías renovables de uso directo, combustibles renovables3 y la electrificación de los distintos usos energéticos, teniendo en cuenta que la electricidad será totalmente renovable. LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 2.1 Las oportunidades de la neutralidad climática por la aplicación del ELP 3 Esta categoría incluye biocombustibles tanto líquidos como gaseosos e hidrógeno y otros combustibles sintéticos, “Power to X”, donde la X contiene carbono también renovable.', 'LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 2.1 Las oportunidades de la neutralidad climática por la aplicación del ELP 3 Esta categoría incluye biocombustibles tanto líquidos como gaseosos e hidrógeno y otros combustibles sintéticos, “Power to X”, donde la X contiene carbono también renovable. I+D+i Empleo Prosperidad económica Biodiversidad Cadena valor industrial Resiliencia cambio climático Ciudades habitables Uso eficiente recursos Participación ciudadana Autoabastecimiento energético Calidad aire Desarrollo Rural Cohesión territorialLAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Para ello, la electrificación de los usos energéticos finales se duplica en el periodo 2020-2050. Se incrementará hasta representar el 52% en 2050, partiendo de un 26% en el año 2020. El resto de la contribución renovable en el año 2050 se compondría de combustibles renovables y energías renovables de uso final.', 'El resto de la contribución renovable en el año 2050 se compondría de combustibles renovables y energías renovables de uso final. Esta transformación implica no sólo un sector eléctrico 100% renovable, sino un sistema energético nacional prácticamente 100% renovable en el uso final de la energía. Se prevé también un modelo más descentralizado, multidireccional y complejo, donde el autoconsumo, la participación ciudadana y los recursos energéticos distribuidos, como el almacenamiento, la generación distribuida o la gestión de la demanda, serán factores clave. De igual modo, la digitalización de las redes, así como los nuevos esquemas de operación, tendrán un papel fundamental en este nuevo modelo.', 'De igual modo, la digitalización de las redes, así como los nuevos esquemas de operación, tendrán un papel fundamental en este nuevo modelo. Asimismo, considerando la evolución de costes que presumiblemente presentarán las tecnologías renovables, los costes de la energía en España tenderían a bajar en el largo plazo, representando así una fuente adicional de mejora de la productividad para la economía nacional. El modelo energético evolucionará hacia un modelo con una mayor seguridad. El sistema estará basado en energías renovables, reduciendo así su dependencia de los combustibles fósiles del exterior, aumentando la diversificación de las fuentes de energía y la descentralización de la generación, con lo que mejorará el grado de autoabastecimiento mediante renovables.', 'El sistema estará basado en energías renovables, reduciendo así su dependencia de los combustibles fósiles del exterior, aumentando la diversificación de las fuentes de energía y la descentralización de la generación, con lo que mejorará el grado de autoabastecimiento mediante renovables. Según la senda prevista en esta estrategia se pasa de importar el 74% de la energía consumida en el año 2018, al 61% en 2030, el 39% en 2040 y un 13% en el año 2050. La descarbonización de la economía y la sociedad a lo largo de ese período de 30 años hará que, a mediados de siglo, España sea un país capaz en gran medida de autoabastecerse en sus necesidades energéticas.', 'La descarbonización de la economía y la sociedad a lo largo de ese período de 30 años hará que, a mediados de siglo, España sea un país capaz en gran medida de autoabastecerse en sus necesidades energéticas. La actual dependencia energética del exterior de España se corresponde con un elevado consumo de energías fósiles, que se importan casi en su totalidad. Su reducción será posible, principalmente, gracias a la sustitución de dichos combustibles por energía renovable autóctona y medidas adicionales de eficiencia energética. En segundo lugar, la neutralidad climática supone una oportunidad para mejorar toda la cadena de valor de la industria, así como para generar nichos de negocio.', 'En segundo lugar, la neutralidad climática supone una oportunidad para mejorar toda la cadena de valor de la industria, así como para generar nichos de negocio. Se fortalecerá el desarrollo tecnológico mediante la inversión de recursos en la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones para la descarbonización, mejorando con ello la estructura de Investigación e Innovación al tiempo que se incrementa la competitividad del conjunto de la economía. En este sentido, el despliegue de energías renovables permitirá que el sector industrial nacional refuerce su posición actual de liderazgo en estas tecnologías, abriendo nuevas vías de desarrollo en el ámbito del almacenamiento, el hidrógeno renovable, los combustibles renovables o el “power to x”, o la transformación digital, entre otros desarrollos industriales necesarios para asegurar un sistema eléctrico 100% renovable.', 'En este sentido, el despliegue de energías renovables permitirá que el sector industrial nacional refuerce su posición actual de liderazgo en estas tecnologías, abriendo nuevas vías de desarrollo en el ámbito del almacenamiento, el hidrógeno renovable, los combustibles renovables o el “power to x”, o la transformación digital, entre otros desarrollos industriales necesarios para asegurar un sistema eléctrico 100% renovable. Desarrollos industriales que son necesarios también para avanzar hacia una movilidad inteligente, conectada y sin emisiones, incluyendo mercancías, transporte marítimo o aéreo. Y, de la misma manera, son clave en el sector de la construcción, encaminado hacia el diseño de edificios de consumo casi nulo. La neutralidad climática es una oportunidad para mejorar toda la cadena de valor de la industria y generar nuevos nichos de negocio.', 'La neutralidad climática es una oportunidad para mejorar toda la cadena de valor de la industria y generar nuevos nichos de negocio. Se fortalecerá el desarrollo tecnológico mediante la inversión de recursos en la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones para la descarbonización, mejorando con ello la estructura de Investigación e Innovación, además de incrementar la competitividad de la economía.LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transformación del sector industrial tendrá un enfoque integral, teniendo en cuenta las sinergias derivadas del acoplamiento de sectores, así como la creación de estructuras que promuevan la innovación en todos los sectores necesarios para avanzar en esta estrategia y transferir al mercado todos los avances que tengan lugar en universidades y centros tecnológicos, tanto para mejorar las tecnologías existentes, como para hacer emerger nuevas tecnologías.', 'Se fortalecerá el desarrollo tecnológico mediante la inversión de recursos en la búsqueda de nuevas soluciones para la descarbonización, mejorando con ello la estructura de Investigación e Innovación, además de incrementar la competitividad de la economía.LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transformación del sector industrial tendrá un enfoque integral, teniendo en cuenta las sinergias derivadas del acoplamiento de sectores, así como la creación de estructuras que promuevan la innovación en todos los sectores necesarios para avanzar en esta estrategia y transferir al mercado todos los avances que tengan lugar en universidades y centros tecnológicos, tanto para mejorar las tecnologías existentes, como para hacer emerger nuevas tecnologías. Por otro lado, la gestión forestal supone un nuevo nicho de desarrollo de negocio por su sinergia entre el uso de los recursos de biomasa en el sistema energético, junto con su contribución a la reducción del riesgo de incendios forestales.', 'Por otro lado, la gestión forestal supone un nuevo nicho de desarrollo de negocio por su sinergia entre el uso de los recursos de biomasa en el sistema energético, junto con su contribución a la reducción del riesgo de incendios forestales. Adicionalmente, al mantener en buen estado las masas boscosas, se preserva este elemento fundamental en la lucha contra los impactos climáticos, especialmente en el caso de los bosques, uno de los principales sumideros que contribuyen a la neutralidad climática. Con ello, además, se mejora la conservación de espacios naturales y de especies silvestres, contribuyendo a detener la actual pérdida de biodiversidad a escala global y, también, nacional.', 'Con ello, además, se mejora la conservación de espacios naturales y de especies silvestres, contribuyendo a detener la actual pérdida de biodiversidad a escala global y, también, nacional. Esta combinación de esfuerzos, tanto en mitigación como en adaptación para alcanzar la neutralidad climática, representa, asimismo, un nuevo campo de oportunidades para la España rural, y puede convertirse en una útil herramienta para avanzar en la cohesión social y el reequilibrio territorial de nuestro país. El despliegue de renovables, los desarrollos industriales asociados y, en paralelo, actuaciones como la restauración de ecosistemas (dehesas, humedales, etc.) o la gestión forestal se convierten en áreas de generación de empleo y, por tanto, en herramientas de lucha contra la despoblación.', 'o la gestión forestal se convierten en áreas de generación de empleo y, por tanto, en herramientas de lucha contra la despoblación. En particular, invertir en medidas de adaptación no sólo contribuirá a mejorar la resiliencia de nuestro territorio a los impactos físicos del cambio climático, sino también las graves pérdidas económicas asociadas a estos. Se estima que las inversiones totales acumuladas en el periodo 2031-2050 alcanzarán los 500.000 millones de euros. De estos, 300.000 millones de euros se consideran asociados a la implementación de esta Estrategia. Otra área relevante será la rehabilitación energética, pues combina oportunidades de descarbonización, de generación de empleo en todo el territorio y de reducción de costes energéticos para las familias, que podrían destinar a otros usos.', 'Otra área relevante será la rehabilitación energética, pues combina oportunidades de descarbonización, de generación de empleo en todo el territorio y de reducción de costes energéticos para las familias, que podrían destinar a otros usos. El autoconsumo renovable, los district heating, los electrodomésticos más eficientes, los sistemas inteligentes de gestión de edificios, así como los materiales de aislamiento mejorados, tendrán que contribuir a las soluciones de economía circular. En resumen, serán necesarias ciertas transformaciones en determinados sectores para cumplir con la neutralidad climática generando, así, numerosas oportunidades a lo largo de toda la cadena de valor. Para ello, es preciso establecer previamente el marco y las medidas adecuadas.', 'Para ello, es preciso establecer previamente el marco y las medidas adecuadas. En tercer lugar, la ELP realiza un análisis del impacto económico previsto sobre el empleo y la salud será positivo. (Para un mayor detalle sobre estos aspectos, consultar ANEXO D. ANÁLISIS DE IMPACTO ECONÓMICO, EMPLEO Y SOBRE LA SALUD).LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El ahorro acumulado en importaciones de combustibles fósiles entre 2021 y 2050 alcanzará los 344.000 millones de euros4. Estos ahorros liberarán fondos que actualmente se gastan en importar estas materias primas, y que se podrán emplear tanto en recursos autóctonos como en el desarrollo industrial mencionado. Alcanzar la neutralidad climática movilizará inversiones adicionales en todos los sectores.', 'Alcanzar la neutralidad climática movilizará inversiones adicionales en todos los sectores. Se estima que las inversiones totales acumuladas en el período 2031-2050 alcanzarán los 500.000 millones de euros. De estos, 300.000 se consideran asociados a la implementación de esta Estrategia. Las inversiones adicionales anuales se sitúan en torno a un 1% del PIB, en línea con las cifras presentadas por la Estrategia a Largo Plazo Europea 2050. Como consecuencia de ese aumento de las inversiones y del importante cambio en el mix energético, el incremento estimado del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) en el año 2050 respecto a un escenario sin la implementación de la Estrategia se sitúa en el 1%.', 'Como consecuencia de ese aumento de las inversiones y del importante cambio en el mix energético, el incremento estimado del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) en el año 2050 respecto a un escenario sin la implementación de la Estrategia se sitúa en el 1%. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 2.2 Impactos de la aplicación de la ELP 4 La Comisión Europea estima que el ahorro en la importación de combustibles fósiles entre 2030 y 2050 para el conjunto de la Unión Europea se situará entre dos y tres billones de euros.', 'Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 2.2 Impactos de la aplicación de la ELP 4 La Comisión Europea estima que el ahorro en la importación de combustibles fósiles entre 2030 y 2050 para el conjunto de la Unión Europea se situará entre dos y tres billones de euros. Por lo tanto, considerando el peso económico y demográfico de España dentro de la Unión Europea, la estimación de la ELP está alineada con los resultados previstos por la Comisión Europea. La dependencia energética descenderá hasta el 13%.LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El conjunto de medidas que se integran en la Estrategia implican un aumento del empleo en 2050 del 1,6% respecto a un escenario que no tenga su aplicación.', 'La dependencia energética descenderá hasta el 13%.LAS OPORTUNIDADES DE LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El conjunto de medidas que se integran en la Estrategia implican un aumento del empleo en 2050 del 1,6% respecto a un escenario que no tenga su aplicación. Todo ello, en un contexto favorable al desarrollo de ciudades más sostenibles y habitables, con una mejora significativa de la calidad del aire; a la conservación y puesta en valor de la biodiversidad; y a la cohesión territorial, especialmente en el ámbito rural.', 'Todo ello, en un contexto favorable al desarrollo de ciudades más sostenibles y habitables, con una mejora significativa de la calidad del aire; a la conservación y puesta en valor de la biodiversidad; y a la cohesión territorial, especialmente en el ámbito rural. En el capítulo de la salud pública, las medidas están asociadas a la contaminación atmosférica con una potencial disminución del 64% en el número de muertes prematuras en el año 2050 respecto al 2010, resultado de las menores emisiones contaminantes y los consiguientes beneficios para las personas.', 'En el capítulo de la salud pública, las medidas están asociadas a la contaminación atmosférica con una potencial disminución del 64% en el número de muertes prematuras en el año 2050 respecto al 2010, resultado de las menores emisiones contaminantes y los consiguientes beneficios para las personas. En concreto, en el capítulo de la salud pública, las medidas de la Estrategia están asociadas a la contaminación atmosférica con una potencial disminución del 64% en el número de muertes prematuras en el año 2050 respecto al 2010. Esto es resultado de las menores emisiones contaminantes y los consiguientes beneficios para las personas.', 'Esto es resultado de las menores emisiones contaminantes y los consiguientes beneficios para las personas. En este contexto, las zonas urbanas serán las principales beneficiadas de este aumento de la calidad del aire, evolucionando cada vez hacia lugares más habitables.MITIGACIÓNMITIGACIÓN La ELP plantea una senda de reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en 2050 de un 90% respecto a 1990. Se pasa de los 334 millones de toneladas de CO equivalente en 2018 a un máximo de 29 MtCO eq en 2050. Se prevé, asimismo, que la capacidad de absorción de los sumideros naturales en esa fecha será de 37 MtCO eq, por lo que se alcanzaría la neutralidad climática. Para llevar a cabo esa descarbonización, todos los sectores de la economía deben transformarse en profundidad.', 'Para llevar a cabo esa descarbonización, todos los sectores de la economía deben transformarse en profundidad. Teniendo claro el objetivo final y los ritmos de progreso aproximados en cada una de las tres décadas, los esfuerzos sectoriales se realizarán en función del grado de madurez que hayan alcanzado las distintas soluciones tecnológicas, así como el grado de implantación de los cambios de comportamiento.', 'Teniendo claro el objetivo final y los ritmos de progreso aproximados en cada una de las tres décadas, los esfuerzos sectoriales se realizarán en función del grado de madurez que hayan alcanzado las distintas soluciones tecnológicas, así como el grado de implantación de los cambios de comportamiento. En el ejercicio de prospectiva que se ha llevado a cabo en esta estrategia (para más información, ver ANEXO E. ESCENARIO PROPUESTO PARA LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA) se han planteado dos escenarios entre el 2031 y el 2050: un escenario en el que no se plantean medidas adicionales a las que ya contemplaba el PNIEC (Escenario Tendencial) y el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática (también llamado Escenario ELP), en el que se verifica la reducción de las emisiones GEI de un 90% en el año 2050 respecto al año 1990.', 'En el ejercicio de prospectiva que se ha llevado a cabo en esta estrategia (para más información, ver ANEXO E. ESCENARIO PROPUESTO PARA LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA) se han planteado dos escenarios entre el 2031 y el 2050: un escenario en el que no se plantean medidas adicionales a las que ya contemplaba el PNIEC (Escenario Tendencial) y el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática (también llamado Escenario ELP), en el que se verifica la reducción de las emisiones GEI de un 90% en el año 2050 respecto al año 1990. La modelización del sistema energético se ha realizado con el modelo TIMES-Sinergia, el mismo que se ha empleado para el PNIEC, pero con un horizonte temporal establecido en el año 2050 en vez del año 2030.', 'La modelización del sistema energético se ha realizado con el modelo TIMES-Sinergia, el mismo que se ha empleado para el PNIEC, pero con un horizonte temporal establecido en el año 2050 en vez del año 2030. Gracias a esta herramienta, se han generado proyecciones a 2050 de emisiones de GEI, eficiencia energética, energías renovables y dependencia energética exterior. En este análisis, el nivel de detalle disponible para el ejercicio del PNIEC (horizonte 2030) es mucho más elevado que el disponible para el ejercicio de la Estrategia (horizonte 2050). Esto se debe principalmente a que la incertidumbre se incrementa conforme el horizonte temporal estudiado es más lejano.', 'Esto se debe principalmente a que la incertidumbre se incrementa conforme el horizonte temporal estudiado es más lejano. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.1 Escenarios analizados en el PNIEC y en la ELPMITIGACIÓN Tal y como puede verse en la figura anterior, la mitigación prevista a lo largo de las tres décadas comprendidas entre 2021 y 2050 se intensifica, lo que supone una senda decreciente en términos de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. La implementación de medidas de eficiencia energética, siguiendo el principio de “primero, la eficiencia energética” establecido por la UE, contribuye a alcanzar la neutralidad climática. Reducir el consumo energético disminuye la necesidad de recursos y, en consecuencia, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero asociadas.', 'Reducir el consumo energético disminuye la necesidad de recursos y, en consecuencia, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero asociadas. El consumo de energía primaria se reduce de manera significativa a lo largo del período 2021-2050. Esto se debe tanto al despliegue de energías renovables y las políticas de eficiencia energética como al impulso de la economía circular y el cambio de hábitos. Se puede observar también que el consumo de combustibles no renovables disminuye de manera especialmente importante.', 'Se puede observar también que el consumo de combustibles no renovables disminuye de manera especialmente importante. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.2 Evolución prevista de las emisiones GEI por sector desde 1990 hasta 2050 en el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática 3.1 EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA 3.1.1 Consumo de energía *OTROS: otros sectores, fugitivas, uso de productos y fluorados.MITIGACIÓN Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.3 Consumo de energía primaria en el Escenario ELP (incluye usos no energéticos) FIGURA 3.4 Consumo final de energía en el Escenario ELP (incluye los usos no energéticos) En lo que respecta al consumo final de energía, la evolución en el Escenario de Neutralidad muestra que el consumo final de combustibles no renovables disminuye de manera importante, viéndose sustituidos por energía eléctrica y renovables de uso final.', 'Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.2 Evolución prevista de las emisiones GEI por sector desde 1990 hasta 2050 en el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática 3.1 EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA 3.1.1 Consumo de energía *OTROS: otros sectores, fugitivas, uso de productos y fluorados.MITIGACIÓN Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.3 Consumo de energía primaria en el Escenario ELP (incluye usos no energéticos) FIGURA 3.4 Consumo final de energía en el Escenario ELP (incluye los usos no energéticos) En lo que respecta al consumo final de energía, la evolución en el Escenario de Neutralidad muestra que el consumo final de combustibles no renovables disminuye de manera importante, viéndose sustituidos por energía eléctrica y renovables de uso final. También se puede observar el impacto de las políticas de eficiencia energética, el impulso de la economía circular y los cambios de comportamiento.', 'También se puede observar el impacto de las políticas de eficiencia energética, el impulso de la economía circular y los cambios de comportamiento. ktep Energía Nuclear Energías Renovables No renovable Electricidad Energías Renovables No energéticos No renovableMITIGACIÓN Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.5 Evolución estimada de la dependencia energética En lo que respecta a la dependencia energética del exterior, medida como proporción de las importaciones de recursos energéticos sobre el total de la energía primaria consumida, la reducción es muy sustancial a lo largo de las tres décadas.', 'ktep Energía Nuclear Energías Renovables No renovable Electricidad Energías Renovables No energéticos No renovableMITIGACIÓN Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.5 Evolución estimada de la dependencia energética En lo que respecta a la dependencia energética del exterior, medida como proporción de las importaciones de recursos energéticos sobre el total de la energía primaria consumida, la reducción es muy sustancial a lo largo de las tres décadas. Como consecuencia del descenso de las importaciones de combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo y gas) entre 2021 y 2050, sustituidos en gran medida por las energías renovables (autóctonas), se prevé que la dependencia energética del exterior pase del 74% en el año 2018 a un 13% aproximadamente en el año 2050.', 'Como consecuencia del descenso de las importaciones de combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo y gas) entre 2021 y 2050, sustituidos en gran medida por las energías renovables (autóctonas), se prevé que la dependencia energética del exterior pase del 74% en el año 2018 a un 13% aproximadamente en el año 2050. Tal y como se ha comentado previamente, ese porcentaje de dependencia que permanece en 2050 se debe a los sectores más complicados de descarbonizar, que seguirán requiriendo petróleo y gas. Esta mejora en el suministro autóctono de energía no sólo es positiva desde un punto de vista de la seguridad y la resiliencia frente a circunstancias internacionales desfavorables.', 'Esta mejora en el suministro autóctono de energía no sólo es positiva desde un punto de vista de la seguridad y la resiliencia frente a circunstancias internacionales desfavorables. También es muy positiva en relación con la balanza comercial (aproximadamente 344.000 millones de euros de ahorro entre 2021 y 2050). De no acometerse las medidas necesarias para alcanzar la neutralidad climática (Escenario Tendencial), la dependencia energética se situaría en un 52% en 2050. En términos de energía final, la mejora de la eficiencia es notable. El sector del transporte es el principal contribuyente a la reducción de la intensidad energética del sistema. Asimismo, el sector residencial y el de servicios también desempeñan un papel importante.', 'Asimismo, el sector residencial y el de servicios también desempeñan un papel importante. 3.1.2 Dependencia energética del exterior Escenario de Neutralidad Climática Escenario Tendencial ELPMITIGACIÓN En el marco de la UE, la contribución de las energías renovables sobre el consumo final de energía es uno de los objetivos que miden el progreso de la transición energética. Para medir esa aportación la metodología se establece en la Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de la energía procedente de fuentes renovables, 2018/2001 en su última versión5. En la Figura 3.6, se muestra la evolución de ese porcentaje según los preceptos establecidos en la citada Directiva.', 'En la Figura 3.6, se muestra la evolución de ese porcentaje según los preceptos establecidos en la citada Directiva. Tal y como se puede ver, la participación de las tecnologías renovables en el consumo final de la energía se incrementa hasta casi el 100% hacia la mitad del siglo. Ese incremento es necesario para alcanzar la neutralidad climática, ya que las opciones de descarbonización sectorial exigen la reducción de casi la totalidad del consumo de los combustibles fósiles, que serán sustituidos por eficiencia energética y por fuentes renovables. 3.2 ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES 5 Directiva (UE) 2018/2001 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de diciembre de 2018, relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables.', '3.2 ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES 5 Directiva (UE) 2018/2001 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 11 de diciembre de 2018, relativa al fomento del uso de energía procedente de fuentes renovables. 6 En la figura, para medir esta aportación, se utiliza la metodología establecida en la Directiva relativa al fomento del uso de la energía procedente de fuentes renovables, que es la 2018/2001. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.6 Porcentaje de energía renovable respecto al consumo final de energía6 Renovable No renovableMITIGACIÓN En el sector del transporte y la movilidad se aprecia una fuerte contribución de la fracción renovable, alcanzando un 79% en el uso final de la energía en el año 2050.', 'Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.6 Porcentaje de energía renovable respecto al consumo final de energía6 Renovable No renovableMITIGACIÓN En el sector del transporte y la movilidad se aprecia una fuerte contribución de la fracción renovable, alcanzando un 79% en el uso final de la energía en el año 2050. La aportación no renovable en esa fecha corresponde a la aviación, que sigue utilizando en parte queroseno convencional. Asimismo, una parte residual del transporte marítimo y del transporte de mercancías pesadas por carretera continuaría empleando combustibles fósiles en esa fecha. Respecto a la generación de energía eléctrica, según la modelización realizada, a partir de 2040 la penetración renovable se acerca al 100%, alcanzando esa cifra hacia 2050.', 'Respecto a la generación de energía eléctrica, según la modelización realizada, a partir de 2040 la penetración renovable se acerca al 100%, alcanzando esa cifra hacia 2050. La evolución del porcentaje de energías renovables en los sectores de frío y calor experimenta un fuerte aumento en el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática, llegando al 97% en 2050. Esto es debido principalmente a la contribución de las bombas de calor, especialmente en los sectores residencial y servicios, pero también en industria (para aplicaciones de calor de baja temperatura), así como el aporte de la biomasa, el hidrógeno renovable y la energía solar. El principal efecto medioambiental de la gran introducción de renovables es la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'El principal efecto medioambiental de la gran introducción de renovables es la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero. Sin embargo, existen otra serie de efectos ambientales sobre factores como el uso del suelo, los sistemas acuáticos, el patrimonio natural y la biodiversidad, que pueden no resultar positivos si no se toman las medidas ambientales preventivas, correctoras y compensatorias adecuadas. Por ello, todas las acciones de implementación de renovables estarán sujetas a objetivos y medidas medioambientales alineados con las políticas europeas en este ámbito, como la Estrategia de la UE sobre Biodiversidad para 2030.', 'Por ello, todas las acciones de implementación de renovables estarán sujetas a objetivos y medidas medioambientales alineados con las políticas europeas en este ámbito, como la Estrategia de la UE sobre Biodiversidad para 2030. Se prestará especial atención a los efectos acumulativos de las instalaciones renovables en el entorno rural, promoviendo criterios ambientales específicos, evitando la afección a valores ambientales frágiles o de interés para la conservación del medio, promoviendo el desarrollo rural sostenible y justo, y evitando las afecciones a los espacios naturales protegidos y a los entornos forestales, silvopastoriles, agrícolas y ganaderos que puedan suponer un especial riesgo para el mantenimiento del patrimonio natural, la biodiversidad y la actividad económica tradicional vinculada al territorio.', 'Se prestará especial atención a los efectos acumulativos de las instalaciones renovables en el entorno rural, promoviendo criterios ambientales específicos, evitando la afección a valores ambientales frágiles o de interés para la conservación del medio, promoviendo el desarrollo rural sostenible y justo, y evitando las afecciones a los espacios naturales protegidos y a los entornos forestales, silvopastoriles, agrícolas y ganaderos que puedan suponer un especial riesgo para el mantenimiento del patrimonio natural, la biodiversidad y la actividad económica tradicional vinculada al territorio. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.7 Energías renovables en 2050 ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES CONSUMO FINAL T R A N S P O R T E SECTOR ELÉCTRICO C A L O R Y F R Í OSUMIDEROS NATURALES DE CARBONOSUMIDEROS NATURALES DE CARBONO La neutralidad climática precisa que los sumideros naturales sean capaces de absorber al menos una cantidad equivalente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero remanentes en 2050 (para más información ver ANEXO A. SUMIDEROS NATURALES).', 'Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 3.7 Energías renovables en 2050 ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES CONSUMO FINAL T R A N S P O R T E SECTOR ELÉCTRICO C A L O R Y F R Í OSUMIDEROS NATURALES DE CARBONOSUMIDEROS NATURALES DE CARBONO La neutralidad climática precisa que los sumideros naturales sean capaces de absorber al menos una cantidad equivalente a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero remanentes en 2050 (para más información ver ANEXO A. SUMIDEROS NATURALES). Dado que el objetivo de la Estrategia es mitigar un 90% las emisiones brutas totales respecto a 1990, los sumideros naturales deberán absorber, al menos, ese 10% restante.', 'Dado que el objetivo de la Estrategia es mitigar un 90% las emisiones brutas totales respecto a 1990, los sumideros naturales deberán absorber, al menos, ese 10% restante. Las principales líneas de trabajo identificadas para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de los sumideros son las siguientes: Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 FIGURA 4.1 Oportunidades de mejora de los sumideros de carbono ▶ Creación de superficies forestadas arboladas. Son los principales sumideros de carbono y ayudan a aumentar la biodiversidad. Pueden tener un impacto muy positivo en el empleo. ▶ Fomento de la gestión forestal. La gestión sostenible de los bosques nacionales proporcionará un mayor crecimiento de estos ecosistemas a futuro, así como un menor riesgo de incendios forestales. ▶ Restauración de humedales.', 'La gestión sostenible de los bosques nacionales proporcionará un mayor crecimiento de estos ecosistemas a futuro, así como un menor riesgo de incendios forestales. ▶ Restauración de humedales. Esto supondrá la recuperación de este tipo de ecosistemas que estaban deteriorados o completamente perdidos. ▶ Fomento de sistemas agroforestales y regeneración de dehesas mediante la densificación y regeneración del estrato arbóreo para asegurar su sostenibilidad. De este modo se promueven mecanismos efectivos de adaptación al cambio climático. ▶ Conjunto de medidas orientadas a mejorar el carbono orgánico de los suelos agrícolas y forestales, aumentando las capturas de carbono al tiempo que se generan sistemas más resilientes y otros cobeneficios en materia de seguridad alimentaria, biodiversidad y regulación del ciclo hidrológico, entre otros.', '▶ Conjunto de medidas orientadas a mejorar el carbono orgánico de los suelos agrícolas y forestales, aumentando las capturas de carbono al tiempo que se generan sistemas más resilientes y otros cobeneficios en materia de seguridad alimentaria, biodiversidad y regulación del ciclo hidrológico, entre otros. AUMENTO DEL CARBONO ORGÁNICO DE SUELOS FOMENTO DE SISTEMAS AGROFORESTALES Y REGENERACIÓN DE DEHESAS RESTAURACIÓN DE HUMEDALES CREACIÓN DE SUPERFICIES FORESTADAS ARBOLADAS FOMENTO DE LA GESTIÓN FORESTAL SOSTENIBLE Reforestación de 0,6 Mha en todo el Ordenación de 3 Mha adicionales en 2050 Sumideros de carbono y beneficios a la sociedad Reducción del riesgo de incendios y el aprovechamiento de productos forestales Mejora del contenido de carbono orgánico de suelos agrícolas y forestales con prácticas respetuosas con el medio ambiente Densificación y regeneración del estrato arbóreo para asegurar su sostenibilidad. Mecanismos efectivos de adaptación al cambio climático Restauración de 50.000 ha Recuperación de ecosistemas afectados o que han desaparecido 1. Instrumentos financieros para equilibrar la renta de los propietarios de tierras. 2.', 'Instrumentos financieros para equilibrar la renta de los propietarios de tierras. 2. Fomento de las actividades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación enfocadas a la mejora del conocimiento de los ecosistemas y el funcionamiento de los almacenes de CO . 3. Transmisión del conocimiento, aplicación de las mejores prácticas por los propietarios de tierras y fomento del asociacionismo. 4. Cambio de comportamiento entre los consumidores y la cadena de suministro y fomento del uso de productos forestales. Herramientas clave:ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICOADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO España está experimentando ya impactos relevantes derivados del cambio climático, que se irán agravando a medida que la crisis climática continúe avanzando. Considerar los cambios ya ocurridos y anticiparnos a los proyectados por la ciencia es, por tanto, una necesidad.', 'Considerar los cambios ya ocurridos y anticiparnos a los proyectados por la ciencia es, por tanto, una necesidad. En este sentido, la incorporación de la adaptación al cambio climático a esta estrategia resulta esencial. Para un mayor detalle sobre este componente, consultar el ANEXO B. ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO. Adaptación y mitigación constituyen respuestas complementarias frente al cambio climático: sin una adecuada acción en materia de mitigación, las capacidades adaptativas se verán irremediablemente desbordadas. Y, por otra parte, una adaptación que no sea baja en carbono carecería de sentido, ya que alimenta el cambio cuyos efectos se desean evitar.', 'Y, por otra parte, una adaptación que no sea baja en carbono carecería de sentido, ya que alimenta el cambio cuyos efectos se desean evitar. Conviene señalar también que, a pesar de los esfuerzos previstos en mitigación en esta estrategia, la crisis del clima seguirá progresando debido al efecto de los gases de efecto invernadero ya emitidos. Lo que hace más importante si cabe las políticas de adaptación. Existe una concentración de riesgos asociados al cambio climático más elevada en el arco mediterráneo que en el resto de Europa (Figura 5.1). Algunos de los sectores económicos importantes del país (turismo, agricultura, ganadería, pesca) son especialmente vulnerables. Por ello es necesario que las políticas de adaptación en España sigan reforzándose y haciéndose más transversales.', 'Por ello es necesario que las políticas de adaptación en España sigan reforzándose y haciéndose más transversales. Fuente: Agencia Europea del Medioambiente7 FIGURA 5.1 Impacto potencial del cambio climático en EuropaADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Tampoco en España los impactos se distribuyen de manera uniforme en la geografía o en la sociedad y, en consecuencia, pueden abrir o ampliar brechas territoriales y sociales. Por ello, en la adaptación debe fijarse también como objetivo la prevención de un incremento de las desigualdades y avanzar en la senda de la sostenibilidad, en línea con el compromiso de llevar a cabo una Transición Justa.', 'Por ello, en la adaptación debe fijarse también como objetivo la prevención de un incremento de las desigualdades y avanzar en la senda de la sostenibilidad, en línea con el compromiso de llevar a cabo una Transición Justa. Adicionalmente a la información contenida en la Figura 5.2, la Figura 5.3 contiene más detalle sobre las distintas medidas que se plantean para algunos de los sectores analizados en materia de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Adicionalmente a la información contenida en la Figura 5.2, la Figura 5.3 contiene más detalle sobre las distintas medidas que se plantean para algunos de los sectores analizados en materia de adaptación al cambio climático. FIGURA 5.2 Líneas de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Agua y recursos hídricos Patrimonio Natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas Forestal, desertificación, caza y pesca continental Clima y escenario climáticos Costas y medio marino Movilidad y transporte Sistema financiero y actividad aseguradora Las medidas de adaptación generan resiliencia y protección frente a los efectos del cambio climático Agricultura, ganadería, pesca, acuicultura y alimentación Educación y sociedad Investigación e innovación Reducción del riesgo de desastres Ciudad, urbanismo y edificación Patrimonio cultural Industria y servicios Turismo Paz, seguridad y cohesión social Energía ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) Salud humana Líneas de actuaciónFIGURA 5.3 Detalle de las medidas incluidas en algunos ámbitos de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático.', 'FIGURA 5.2 Líneas de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Agua y recursos hídricos Patrimonio Natural, biodiversidad y áreas protegidas Forestal, desertificación, caza y pesca continental Clima y escenario climáticos Costas y medio marino Movilidad y transporte Sistema financiero y actividad aseguradora Las medidas de adaptación generan resiliencia y protección frente a los efectos del cambio climático Agricultura, ganadería, pesca, acuicultura y alimentación Educación y sociedad Investigación e innovación Reducción del riesgo de desastres Ciudad, urbanismo y edificación Patrimonio cultural Industria y servicios Turismo Paz, seguridad y cohesión social Energía ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático (PNACC) Salud humana Líneas de actuaciónFIGURA 5.3 Detalle de las medidas incluidas en algunos ámbitos de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático. Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Patrimonio natural y biodiversidad Agua y recursos hídricos Suelos y desertificación • Refuerzo de la conservación. Los ecosistemas bien conservados y biodiversos tienen mayor resiliencia ante el cambio del clima. • Promoción de la conectividad ecológica.', '• Promoción de la conectividad ecológica. Incluye la identificación y conservación de los corredores ecológicos. • Integración de la adaptación en la planificación y gestión de áreas protegidas. • La Gestión de las sequías. Mecanismos que favorezcan la flexibilidad de la oferta y la demanda. • La Gestión de las inundaciones considerando los nuevos patrones climáticos. • La Protección de la calidad de las aguas ante las nuevas presiones derivadas de la tendencia a menores caudales y mayores temperaturas. • La Promoción del uso eficiente del agua orientado al ahorro neto de recursos. • La Aportación de nuevos recursos procedentes de la desalación con fuentes renovables y la reutilización para reducir la brecha entre demandas consolidadas y recursos disponibles.', '• La Aportación de nuevos recursos procedentes de la desalación con fuentes renovables y la reutilización para reducir la brecha entre demandas consolidadas y recursos disponibles. • La Revisión de las concesiones para adecuarlas a los recursos disponibles. • Desarrollo del Programa de Acción Nacional contra la Desertificación (PAND). • Creación de superficies forestales arboladas, fomento de la gestión forestal y de los sistemas agroforestales. Agricultura, ganadería, pesca y alimentación Ciudad, urbanismo y edificación Medio marino Movilidad y transporte Sistema energético • Identificación de áreas y sectores vulnerables y evaluación de las necesidades y oportunidades en respuesta a las tendencias climáticas. • Apoyo a la investigación agrícola y a la producción experimental para la selección de cultivos, desarrollo de variedades y modelos de gestión de mejor adaptación.', '• Apoyo a la investigación agrícola y a la producción experimental para la selección de cultivos, desarrollo de variedades y modelos de gestión de mejor adaptación. • Fomento de la capacidad de adaptación mediante el asesoramiento sobre la gestión de las explotaciones agrícolas. • Fomento de la dieta mediterránea y del consumo de productos locales. • Implantación de cadenas alimentarias adaptadas a los cambios proyectados, que utilizan de forma sostenible los recursos naturales y aportan calidad de vida a quienes se encuentran sus eslabones. • Incorporación de criterios adaptativos particularizados para cada localización. • Inclusión de una perspectiva hidrológico-forestal en el desarrollo de una planificación del territorio. • Promoción de los bosques como herramienta de regulación climática local.', '• Promoción de los bosques como herramienta de regulación climática local. • Consideración de los escenarios de cambio climático para la planificación de reforestación. • Desarrollo de políticas en materia de adaptación a incorporar en la gestión local. • Consideración del cambio climático en la planificación urbanística. • Construcción de un sistema local de gobernanza (planes de cambio climático y adaptación). • El seguimiento de los impactos del cambio climático en el medio marino. • La incorporación de la adaptación a la gestión de las Áreas Marinas Protegidas. • La gestión sostenible de la actividad pesquera. • La prevención de la contaminación. • La protección de la biodiversidad marina.', '• La protección de la biodiversidad marina. • Desarrollo de nuevas herramientas para el análisis de riesgos en la costa. • Refuerzo de los sistemas de alerta temprana y creación de protocolos de evacuación. • Integración de los riesgos costeros en planes de ordenación territorial y urbanismo. • Conservación de playas, sistemas dunares, humedales y marismas. • Diseño de las nuevas infraestructuras considerando las condiciones climáticas existentes a lo largo de su vida útil. • Integración de los riesgos derivados del cambio climático en la gestión y mantenimiento de las infraestructuras. • Proyección del impacto del cambio climático en los potenciales de producción de energías renovables e integración de los resultados en la planificación energética.', '• Proyección del impacto del cambio climático en los potenciales de producción de energías renovables e integración de los resultados en la planificación energética. • Identificación de infraestructuras vulnerables e impulso a programas específicos de adaptación. • Desarrollo de herramientas de evaluación del riesgo específicas. • Desarrollo de normas de adaptación para nuevas infraestructuras • Análisis de los cambios en la demanda eléctrica asociados al cambio climático e integración de los resultados en la planificación energética y de lucha contra la pobreza energética Planificación y gestión forestal Áreas costeras.ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Además de las líneas de trabajo específicas para cada sector, será necesario implementar herramientas transversales con el objeto de adoptar sistemas integrales de adaptación.', '• Desarrollo de normas de adaptación para nuevas infraestructuras • Análisis de los cambios en la demanda eléctrica asociados al cambio climático e integración de los resultados en la planificación energética y de lucha contra la pobreza energética Planificación y gestión forestal Áreas costeras.ADAPTACIÓN AL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Además de las líneas de trabajo específicas para cada sector, será necesario implementar herramientas transversales con el objeto de adoptar sistemas integrales de adaptación. Para ello, será necesario contar con sistemas de observación sistemáticos y escenarios climáticos regionalizados, así como una plataforma de gestión de conocimiento sobre adaptación.', 'Para ello, será necesario contar con sistemas de observación sistemáticos y escenarios climáticos regionalizados, así como una plataforma de gestión de conocimiento sobre adaptación. Asimismo, será preciso aplicar las 7 líneas transversales del PNACC 2021-2030: 1) Vulnerabilidad territorial 2) Vulnerabilidad social 3) Efectos transfronterizos 4) Integración del enfoque de género 5) Prevención de la maladaptación y eliminación de incentivos perversos 6) Costes y beneficios de la adaptación y de la inacción 7) Orientación a la acción Todas las políticas sectoriales deberán ajustarse a los nuevos desafíos derivados de la crisis del clima.', 'Asimismo, será preciso aplicar las 7 líneas transversales del PNACC 2021-2030: 1) Vulnerabilidad territorial 2) Vulnerabilidad social 3) Efectos transfronterizos 4) Integración del enfoque de género 5) Prevención de la maladaptación y eliminación de incentivos perversos 6) Costes y beneficios de la adaptación y de la inacción 7) Orientación a la acción Todas las políticas sectoriales deberán ajustarse a los nuevos desafíos derivados de la crisis del clima. Asimismo, deberán coordinarse para dar respuestas integradas a desafíos como el uso y la gestión del agua, los eventos medioambientales adversos, la degradación de las tierras y la desertificación, el impacto sobre ecosistemas o infraestructuras en la costa, así como la protección de la salud de las personas.', 'Asimismo, deberán coordinarse para dar respuestas integradas a desafíos como el uso y la gestión del agua, los eventos medioambientales adversos, la degradación de las tierras y la desertificación, el impacto sobre ecosistemas o infraestructuras en la costa, así como la protección de la salud de las personas. Dada la amplitud y la profundidad del problema, la adaptación solo podrá abordarse eficazmente si se convierte en un reto socialmente compartido.', 'Dada la amplitud y la profundidad del problema, la adaptación solo podrá abordarse eficazmente si se convierte en un reto socialmente compartido. En ese sentido, esta Estrategia plantea la necesidad de asumir la adaptación al cambio climático como política de Estado, por sus profundas implicaciones en la economía y en el capital natural del país y con él, las condiciones básicas para asegurar la salud y el bienestar de las personas de esta y sucesivas generaciones.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIALDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL El cambio que se va a experimentar a lo largo de las tres próximas décadas será el resultado agregado de las respectivas transiciones sectoriales.', 'En ese sentido, esta Estrategia plantea la necesidad de asumir la adaptación al cambio climático como política de Estado, por sus profundas implicaciones en la economía y en el capital natural del país y con él, las condiciones básicas para asegurar la salud y el bienestar de las personas de esta y sucesivas generaciones.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIALDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL El cambio que se va a experimentar a lo largo de las tres próximas décadas será el resultado agregado de las respectivas transiciones sectoriales. Dentro del contexto de la Estrategia de Descarbonización a Largo Plazo y del Plan Nacional Integrado de Energía y Clima, se enmarcan las actuaciones coordinadas enfocadas a alcanzar la neutralidad climática de los diferentes sectores económicos en 2050.', 'Dentro del contexto de la Estrategia de Descarbonización a Largo Plazo y del Plan Nacional Integrado de Energía y Clima, se enmarcan las actuaciones coordinadas enfocadas a alcanzar la neutralidad climática de los diferentes sectores económicos en 2050. En concreto, la Hoja de Ruta del Hidrógeno establece objetivos de descarbonización para aquellos sectores cuya, tales como el sector industrial, movilidad o la descarbonización de los sectores eléctrico y de almacenamiento de energía. En la misma línea, la Hoja de Ruta del Biogás, tratará de impulsar la utilización de este gas renovable para contribuir con la descarbonización. Asimismo, la Estrategia de almacenamiento energético analiza de manera integral las necesidades de almacenamiento para la transición del sistema energético teniendo en cuenta una perspectiva intersectorial.', 'Asimismo, la Estrategia de almacenamiento energético analiza de manera integral las necesidades de almacenamiento para la transición del sistema energético teniendo en cuenta una perspectiva intersectorial. En esta línea, este apartado profundiza en cada uno de estos sectores. Para la definición de la Estrategia, se han analizado en profundidad los siguientes sectores económicos: generación eléctrica, transporte, industria, edificación, agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados. En concreto, la modelización del sistema energético con el sistema TIMES-Sinergia ha generado proyecciones a 2050 de emisiones GEI, eficiencia energética, energías renovables y dependencia energética exterior compatibles con los objetivos fijados y que permiten estimar el orden de magnitud de las transformaciones necesarias.', 'En concreto, la modelización del sistema energético con el sistema TIMES-Sinergia ha generado proyecciones a 2050 de emisiones GEI, eficiencia energética, energías renovables y dependencia energética exterior compatibles con los objetivos fijados y que permiten estimar el orden de magnitud de las transformaciones necesarias. En cada apartado se exponen las principales magnitudes y herramientas que serán importantes en la evolución de ese sector hacia la neutralidad climática. La rápida reducción de emisiones y penetración de renovables en el sector eléctrico hace de la electrificación uno de los vectores principales para la descarbonización del sistema en su conjunto, representando una muy importante oportunidad de inversión. Se espera que este sector sea el primero en reducir drásticamente sus emisiones GEI.', 'Se espera que este sector sea el primero en reducir drásticamente sus emisiones GEI. La siguiente figura muestra la evolución del sector eléctrico, así como los principales avances tecnológicos y herramientas que permitirán la reducción de emisiones necesaria para cumplir los compromisos. 6.1 SECTOR ELÉCTRICO RENOVABLEDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL El desarrollo tecnológico de las energías renovables eléctricas ha permitido que, en muchos casos, sean actualmente la alternativa más competitiva para generar electricidad, permitiendo una reducción de los costes eléctricos para los consumidores. Como consecuencia, el PNIEC 2021-2030 prevé conseguir una reducción muy relevante de las emisiones en el sector eléctrico y alcanzar un 74% de producción eléctrica renovable en 2030.', 'Como consecuencia, el PNIEC 2021-2030 prevé conseguir una reducción muy relevante de las emisiones en el sector eléctrico y alcanzar un 74% de producción eléctrica renovable en 2030. Para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en este sector a partir del año 2030, y llegar a un nivel de energías renovables del 100% en el año 2050, situando a la ciudadanía en el centro del sector eléctrico, las líneas de trabajo que tendrán un papel más relevante son: FIGURA 6.1 Sector eléctrico Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 ▶ El diseño y explotación de las redes de transporte y distribución deberá hacer frente a retos como una mayor generación distribuida con niveles de intermitencia superiores a los actuales, así como la transformación del modelo tradicional de flujos de energía unidireccionales desde los centros de generación hacia un modelo de flujos multidireccionales.', 'Para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en este sector a partir del año 2030, y llegar a un nivel de energías renovables del 100% en el año 2050, situando a la ciudadanía en el centro del sector eléctrico, las líneas de trabajo que tendrán un papel más relevante son: FIGURA 6.1 Sector eléctrico Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 ▶ El diseño y explotación de las redes de transporte y distribución deberá hacer frente a retos como una mayor generación distribuida con niveles de intermitencia superiores a los actuales, así como la transformación del modelo tradicional de flujos de energía unidireccionales desde los centros de generación hacia un modelo de flujos multidireccionales. ▶ El autoconsumo, así como las comunidades locales de energía, permitirán fomentar la participación social de la ciudadanía en proyectos e iniciativas de gestión conjunta de energías renovables, a través de las figuras de agregadores energéticos.', '▶ El autoconsumo, así como las comunidades locales de energía, permitirán fomentar la participación social de la ciudadanía en proyectos e iniciativas de gestión conjunta de energías renovables, a través de las figuras de agregadores energéticos. ▶ Se deberán introducir tecnologías para una operación flexible y segura del sistema. Entre ellas destacan: el almacenamiento tanto diario como semanal y estacional, la gestión de la demanda, así como las redes inteligentes que mediante la digitalización permitan mejorar los sistemas de monitorización, control y automatización. Estas tecnologías jugarán un papel fundamental en la descarbonización del sistema eléctrico, y muy particularmente, en territorios insulares y regiones aisladas.', 'Estas tecnologías jugarán un papel fundamental en la descarbonización del sistema eléctrico, y muy particularmente, en territorios insulares y regiones aisladas. Electrificación de calefacción y transporteDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL La transformación del transporte y la movilidad representa un reto, ya que sus implicaciones afectan a gran parte de la población y empresas. Por otro lado, la responsabilidad y participación de las entidades locales será decisiva, ya que de sus decisiones dependerán en gran medida los patrones de movilidad en los entornos rural y urbano en los próximos años. Este sector presenta, asimismo, retos tecnológicos, ya que tanto el transporte pesado de mercancías por carretera, como la aviación o el transporte marítimo son subsectores de relevancia en los que las alternativas tecnológicas no emisoras no han madurado comercialmente en la actualidad.', 'Este sector presenta, asimismo, retos tecnológicos, ya que tanto el transporte pesado de mercancías por carretera, como la aviación o el transporte marítimo son subsectores de relevancia en los que las alternativas tecnológicas no emisoras no han madurado comercialmente en la actualidad. La siguiente figura muestra la evolución de este sector, así como los principales avances tecnológicos y herramientas, que permitirán la reducción de emisiones necesaria para cumplir los compromisos. 6.2 MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE Y TRANSPORTE FIGURA 6.2 Movilidad sostenible y transporte Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 8 Porcentaje calculado de acuerdo con la metodología establecida en la Directiva (UE) 2018/2001 de Energías Renovables.', '6.2 MOVILIDAD SOSTENIBLE Y TRANSPORTE FIGURA 6.2 Movilidad sostenible y transporte Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 8 Porcentaje calculado de acuerdo con la metodología establecida en la Directiva (UE) 2018/2001 de Energías Renovables. La rápida descarbonización del sector eléctrico ayuda a que una mayor electrificación de otras demandas energéticas (como la movilidad, usos de calor y frío o usos industriales) sea una herramienta clave para alcanzar la neutralidad climática. En la medida que puedan ser gestionables, estas demandas son a su vez una oportunidad para el acoplamiento de sectores y, por tanto, una mejor operación de un sistema eléctrico renovable.', 'En la medida que puedan ser gestionables, estas demandas son a su vez una oportunidad para el acoplamiento de sectores y, por tanto, una mejor operación de un sistema eléctrico renovable. Por último, cabe señalar que, para analizar la seguridad de suministro de energía eléctrica, se han realizado diferentes análisis por parte de Red Eléctrica de España, que permiten garantizar que el sistema planteado, incluso sin incrementos sustanciales de interconexiones eléctricas con terceros países, es capaz de suministrar energía eléctrica de forma fiable y segura. Para ello se han determinado las necesidades de gestión de la demanda, de almacenamiento estacional y diario requeridas. Para más detalle sobre el sector eléctrico, consultar el ANEXO C apartado C.1.', 'Para más detalle sobre el sector eléctrico, consultar el ANEXO C apartado C.1. Sector Eléctrico.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL En el año 2030, como resultado de medidas previstas en el PNIEC como el cambio en los modelos de movilidad y el incremento de la electrificación, se prevé alcanzar una cuota del 28% de energía renovable en el transporte-movilidad8 así como una reducción de las emisiones de más de un 30% en esa misma década.', 'Sector Eléctrico.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL En el año 2030, como resultado de medidas previstas en el PNIEC como el cambio en los modelos de movilidad y el incremento de la electrificación, se prevé alcanzar una cuota del 28% de energía renovable en el transporte-movilidad8 así como una reducción de las emisiones de más de un 30% en esa misma década. Para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en este sector a partir del año 2030, y llegar a un nivel de emisiones GEI de tan sólo 2 MtCO en el año 2050, las líneas de trabajo que tendrán un papel más relevante son: En el estudio detallado de la transformación del sector (ver ANEXO C, apartado C.2.', 'Para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en este sector a partir del año 2030, y llegar a un nivel de emisiones GEI de tan sólo 2 MtCO en el año 2050, las líneas de trabajo que tendrán un papel más relevante son: En el estudio detallado de la transformación del sector (ver ANEXO C, apartado C.2. Movilidad sostenible y transporte) se requiere analizar separadamente los distintos modos (carretera, ferrocarril, aéreo y marítimo), ya que son muy diferentes entre sí. La introducción de las nuevas tecnologías vendrá dada por ser la solución más eficiente en costes que satisfaga los requerimientos técnicos y de servicio en cada uno de esos modos. ▶ Las medidas de eficiencia energética y cambios en los modelos y necesidades de movilidad.', '▶ Las medidas de eficiencia energética y cambios en los modelos y necesidades de movilidad. Se continuará fomentando el cambio modal de los medios de transporte individuales más contaminantes y consumidores de energía hacia los colectivos, otros individuales más respetuosos, como la bicicleta o los vehículos eléctricos, y la movilidad a pie. ▶ La electrificación continuará siendo una tecnología clave en el sector por carretera para vehículos ligeros. ▶ Los combustibles renovables serán especialmente importantes para el transporte pesado de mercancías por carretera, la aviación y la navegación. ▶ Los gases renovables y el acoplamiento de sectores pueden proporcionar importantes ventajas, como el hidrógeno renovable, importante vector energético para contribuir a la descarbonización.', '▶ Los gases renovables y el acoplamiento de sectores pueden proporcionar importantes ventajas, como el hidrógeno renovable, importante vector energético para contribuir a la descarbonización. ▶ La digitalización e innovación permitirá un mejor aprovechamiento de todos los recursos energéticos. ▶ La planificación urbanística deberá integrarse con el sector del transporte.', '▶ La planificación urbanística deberá integrarse con el sector del transporte. En el año 2030, como resultado de medidas previstas en el PNIEC, como el cambio en los modelos de movilidad, el incremento de la electrificación y los combustibles renovables, se prevé alcanzar una cuota del 28% de energía renovable en el transporte-movilidad, así como una reducción de las emisiones de más de un 30% en esa misma década.El sector de la edificación comprende los subsectores residencial, comercial e institucional (para más detalle, consultar el ANEXO C apartado C.3. Edificación sostenible). Siguiendo el principio “primero, la eficiencia energética” la Comisión Europea propone la eficiencia energética en la edificación como el primero de los bloques de medidas a acometer.', 'Siguiendo el principio “primero, la eficiencia energética” la Comisión Europea propone la eficiencia energética en la edificación como el primero de los bloques de medidas a acometer. De acuerdo con ese principio y en línea con las propuestas de la Estrategia a largo plazo para la Rehabilitación Energética en el Sector de la Edificación en España, cuya actualización, en cumplimiento del artículo 2bis de la Directiva 2010/31/UE, se ha presentado en junio 2020, un orden lógico para las actuaciones en la descarbonización del sector es el siguiente: 1) reducción de la demanda mediante actuaciones de eficiencia energética; 2) utilización de sistemas muy eficientes; y 3) aportando la energía final mediante energías renovables, fundamentalmente producidas in situ.', 'De acuerdo con ese principio y en línea con las propuestas de la Estrategia a largo plazo para la Rehabilitación Energética en el Sector de la Edificación en España, cuya actualización, en cumplimiento del artículo 2bis de la Directiva 2010/31/UE, se ha presentado en junio 2020, un orden lógico para las actuaciones en la descarbonización del sector es el siguiente: 1) reducción de la demanda mediante actuaciones de eficiencia energética; 2) utilización de sistemas muy eficientes; y 3) aportando la energía final mediante energías renovables, fundamentalmente producidas in situ. Y junto a ellas, cabe destacar que una de las principales herramientas para actuar en la descarbonización de este sector es la electrificación.', 'Y junto a ellas, cabe destacar que una de las principales herramientas para actuar en la descarbonización de este sector es la electrificación. La siguiente figura muestra la evolución de este sector, así como los principales avances tecnológicos y herramientas que permitirán la reducción de emisiones necesaria para cumplir los compromisos. En el horizonte 2050 se estima que el 80% del parque edificado estará compuesto por edificios que ya construidos, por lo que es necesario priorizar las actuaciones sobre la edificación existente.', 'En el horizonte 2050 se estima que el 80% del parque edificado estará compuesto por edificios que ya construidos, por lo que es necesario priorizar las actuaciones sobre la edificación existente. Por otro lado, los edificios de nueva planta serán de consumo energético casi nulo de acuerdo con la normativa que regula el sector de la edificación en España, tal y como fija la Directiva (UE) 2018/844 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 30 de mayo de 2018, por la que se modifica la Directiva 2010/31/UE relativa a la eficiencia energética de los edificios y la Directiva 2012/27/UE relativa a la eficiencia energética, y se detalla en la ERESEE 2020 ( es_ltrs_2020.pdf).', 'Por otro lado, los edificios de nueva planta serán de consumo energético casi nulo de acuerdo con la normativa que regula el sector de la edificación en España, tal y como fija la Directiva (UE) 2018/844 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 30 de mayo de 2018, por la que se modifica la Directiva 2010/31/UE relativa a la eficiencia energética de los edificios y la Directiva 2012/27/UE relativa a la eficiencia energética, y se detalla en la ERESEE 2020 ( es_ltrs_2020.pdf). Asimismo, se deberá fomentar el uso de materiales alternativos y materiales sostenibles, frente a otros materiales.', 'Asimismo, se deberá fomentar el uso de materiales alternativos y materiales sostenibles, frente a otros materiales. 6.3 EDIFICACIÓN SOSTENIBLE FIGURA 6.3 Edificación sostenible Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIALFIGURA 6.4 Tecnologías disponibles para la descarbonización en edificación Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Para impulsar las actuaciones de mejora energética de los edificios ya construidos no es suficiente con disponer de un marco regulatorio adecuado, son necesarias también medidas específicas de impulso. Estas medidas deben comprender los incentivos adecuados, el acompañamiento a los agentes y la movilización de inversiones.', 'Estas medidas deben comprender los incentivos adecuados, el acompañamiento a los agentes y la movilización de inversiones. Dado el largo periodo de vida útil de los edificios y la tasa de renovación relativamente baja comparada con otros sectores, es necesario alinear las políticas, inversiones y medidas que se acometan en los próximos años para que éstas se puedan hacer de forma compatible con un escenario de descarbonización a 2050. Tal y como se ha indicado al principio de este apartado, junto a las actuaciones en eficiencia energética y energías renovables, la electrificación de la demanda es el principal vector de descarbonización de este sector.', 'Tal y como se ha indicado al principio de este apartado, junto a las actuaciones en eficiencia energética y energías renovables, la electrificación de la demanda es el principal vector de descarbonización de este sector. Como se puede ver en la figura anterior, en el año 2050 el 81% de las demandas del sector residencial y el 91% en el sector servicios estarán electrificadas. Las aplicaciones de calor y frío (agua caliente sanitaria y climatización), que actualmente presentan una mayor proporción de combustibles fósiles, serán las principales palancas. El consumo energético asociado a estos dispositivos se cubrirán mediante una combinación de electrificación, reducción de la demanda y renovables térmicas.', 'El consumo energético asociado a estos dispositivos se cubrirán mediante una combinación de electrificación, reducción de la demanda y renovables térmicas. Para avanzar hacia la neutralidad climática en el sector edificación a partir del año 2030, y llegar a un nivel de emisiones GEI nulo en el año 2050, la siguiente figura refleja las principales tecnologías que se plantean. Los principales cambios se producirán en el papel que los consumidores jugarán en el sector mediante la gestión y la reducción de la demanda. DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Nota: Las renovables térmicas y tecnologías de electrificación pueden ser aplicadas de forma individual o colectiva, como en redes de climatización centralizada o agrupaciones de autoconsumo colectivo.', 'DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Nota: Las renovables térmicas y tecnologías de electrificación pueden ser aplicadas de forma individual o colectiva, como en redes de climatización centralizada o agrupaciones de autoconsumo colectivo. Fuente: MITECO.La industria es un sector que plantea al mismo tiempo ciertas complejidades, pero también oportunidades a la hora de plantear su descarbonización a 2050. Será necesaria la combinación de las tecnologías más avanzadas, nuevos vectores energéticos, así como la eficiencia energética, para acometer esta transformación aprovechando al máximo las oportunidades. Así lo entiende también la Comisión Europea, que en su comunicación “Un nuevo modelo de industria para Europa” del 10 de marzo de 20209 quiere mostrar su apoyo a la industria en su avance hacia la neutralidad climática.', 'Así lo entiende también la Comisión Europea, que en su comunicación “Un nuevo modelo de industria para Europa” del 10 de marzo de 20209 quiere mostrar su apoyo a la industria en su avance hacia la neutralidad climática. El Pacto Verde Europeo establece el objetivo de crear nuevos mercados de productos climáticamente neutros y circulares, como el acero, el cemento y las sustancias químicas básicas. Avanzar en la descarbonización de la industria es fundamental para una industria sostenible que mantenga y amplíe el empleo industrial en España. El PNIEC estima que el sector industrial manufacturero es el segundo que más crece en la década 2020-2030 en términos de valor añadido bruto, beneficiado por las medidas de reducción de emisiones.', 'El PNIEC estima que el sector industrial manufacturero es el segundo que más crece en la década 2020-2030 en términos de valor añadido bruto, beneficiado por las medidas de reducción de emisiones. El objetivo de esta estrategia respecto del sector industrial es continuar con esa senda de crecimiento de la actividad de este sector en el periodo 2030-2050. Pero será imprescindible, para lograr este objetivo, asegurar la competitividad de la industria española a nivel global. Para ello será preciso, por un lado, fomentar su capacidad innovadora y crear mercados domésticos para las nuevas tecnologías necesarias para la descarbonización y, por otro lado, extender las señales y los impulsos a la descarbonización a todos los países, mediante los distintos instrumentos disponibles.', 'Para ello será preciso, por un lado, fomentar su capacidad innovadora y crear mercados domésticos para las nuevas tecnologías necesarias para la descarbonización y, por otro lado, extender las señales y los impulsos a la descarbonización a todos los países, mediante los distintos instrumentos disponibles. La siguiente figura contiene las principales oportunidades existentes en este sector. Tal y como indica la figura anterior, se han detectado ciertos aspectos que supondrán una importante oportunidad para el sector industrial: ▶ En todo caso y en un contexto en que el resto de la UE, la comunidad internacional y distintos sectores industriales a nivel global están ya definiendo escenarios de neutralidad climática.', 'Tal y como indica la figura anterior, se han detectado ciertos aspectos que supondrán una importante oportunidad para el sector industrial: ▶ En todo caso y en un contexto en que el resto de la UE, la comunidad internacional y distintos sectores industriales a nivel global están ya definiendo escenarios de neutralidad climática. Es imprescindible comenzar a desarrollar las líneas de investigación, innovación y competitividad para que el sector industrial nacional pueda afrontar las nuevas demandas en las mejores condiciones, así como mantener o incrementar su competitividad.', 'Es imprescindible comenzar a desarrollar las líneas de investigación, innovación y competitividad para que el sector industrial nacional pueda afrontar las nuevas demandas en las mejores condiciones, así como mantener o incrementar su competitividad. 6.4 INDUSTRIA SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA FIGURA 6.5 Oportunidades industriales asociadas con la descarbonización Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL I+i+c Energías renovables Gestión forestal Economía circular Rehabilitación Almacenamiento▶ La reducción progresiva del coste de la electricidad que supondrá el desarrollo de las energías renovables y el desarrollo del autoconsumo industrial pueden poner a la industria de España (con mejor recurso renovable que otros países) en una situación de ventaja competitiva importante que permita su mantenimiento y desarrollo.', '6.4 INDUSTRIA SOSTENIBLE Y COMPETITIVA FIGURA 6.5 Oportunidades industriales asociadas con la descarbonización Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL I+i+c Energías renovables Gestión forestal Economía circular Rehabilitación Almacenamiento▶ La reducción progresiva del coste de la electricidad que supondrá el desarrollo de las energías renovables y el desarrollo del autoconsumo industrial pueden poner a la industria de España (con mejor recurso renovable que otros países) en una situación de ventaja competitiva importante que permita su mantenimiento y desarrollo. La introducción progresiva de las energías renovables y la consolidación del sector industrial ayudará al crecimiento económico y a la generación de empleo. ▶ Los combustibles renovables serán especialmente importantes para el transporte pesado de mercancías por carretera, la aviación y la navegación.', '▶ Los combustibles renovables serán especialmente importantes para el transporte pesado de mercancías por carretera, la aviación y la navegación. ▶ Por otra parte, será necesario desarrollar vectores energéticos descarbonizados, como el hidrógeno renovable, para poder satisfacer las necesidades térmicas de la industria. En este aspecto, el contar con energía renovable competitiva, es un elemento fundamental. ▶ La gestión forestal vendrá acompañando al sector de sumideros de carbono. Pero también habrá oportunidades industriales en el aprovechamiento de la biomasa como energía renovable, haciendo valer así las sinergias procedentes de la gestión de los espacios forestales.', 'Pero también habrá oportunidades industriales en el aprovechamiento de la biomasa como energía renovable, haciendo valer así las sinergias procedentes de la gestión de los espacios forestales. ▶ El almacenamiento de energía es una de las grandes oportunidades, pero a la vez uno de los sectores industriales en los que habrá que dedicar un mayor esfuerzo para alcanzar un doble objetivo: conseguir una solución tecnológicamente viable, pero también desarrollar el tejido industrial y empresarial nacional capaz de implementar y aprovechar esta solución a gran escala. En el caso del hidrógeno renovable, España tiene un gran potencial para ser uno de los grandes líderes del despliegue. Estos esfuerzos se recogen en la Estrategia de Almacenamiento Energético.', 'Estos esfuerzos se recogen en la Estrategia de Almacenamiento Energético. ▶ Relacionado con la anterior, la evolución hacia un modelo de transporte eléctrico y autónomo puede suponer una importante oportunidad para un sector tan relevante para la economía española como es el de la fabricación de vehículos. ▶ Tal y como se indica en diversas partes de este documento, la economía circular10 ayudará de una manera importante a la descarbonización de este sector. La Estrategia Española de Economía Circular plantea una serie de medidas para que la industria pueda aprovechar estas oportunidades ▶ La última de las grandes oportunidades está relacionada con la industria de rehabilitación de la edificación.', 'La Estrategia Española de Economía Circular plantea una serie de medidas para que la industria pueda aprovechar estas oportunidades ▶ La última de las grandes oportunidades está relacionada con la industria de rehabilitación de la edificación. Tal y como se señala en el análisis del sector de la edificación (apartado 6.3), la rehabilitación energética del parque de viviendas existentes es una de las principales patas sobre las que descansa la ruta hacia la neutralidad climática de ese sector. Será importante canalizar esta necesidad, y aprovechar la oportunidad industrial que supone. Para ello, se ha publicado la ERESEE 2020: Actualización 2020 de la Estrategia a largo plazo para la Rehabilitación Energética en el Sector de la Edificación en España.', 'Para ello, se ha publicado la ERESEE 2020: Actualización 2020 de la Estrategia a largo plazo para la Rehabilitación Energética en el Sector de la Edificación en España. Esto va en línea con la publicación en octubre de 2020 de la estrategia de La Comisión Europea “Una Oleada de Renovación en Europa” (A Renovation Wave for Europe) cuyo objetivo es mejorar la eficiencia energética de los edificios. La Comisión aspira al menos a duplicar la tasa de renovación en la próxima década garantizando una mayor eficiencia energética. Es imprescindible comenzar a desarrollar las líneas de investigación, innovación y competitividad, para que el sector industrial nacional pueda afrontar las nuevas demandas en las mejores condiciones, así como mantener o incrementar su competitividad.', 'Es imprescindible comenzar a desarrollar las líneas de investigación, innovación y competitividad, para que el sector industrial nacional pueda afrontar las nuevas demandas en las mejores condiciones, así como mantener o incrementar su competitividad. DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIALDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL La siguiente figura muestra las principales magnitudes del sector (emisiones GEI), así como las líneas de actuación que se pretenden fomentar en el horizonte 2050. Las emisiones de este sector se reducen en torno a un 14% en la década de aplicación del PNIEC 2021-2030. Las principales actuaciones están del lado de la eficiencia energética, así como el uso de energías renovables.', 'Las principales actuaciones están del lado de la eficiencia energética, así como el uso de energías renovables. En las siguientes décadas, las emisiones continúan disminuyendo hasta llegar a los 7 MtCO en el año 2050, que representan en torno al 25% del total en esa fecha. En este sentido, las principales líneas de actuación que se emprenderán en el sector industrial, desde el punto de vista tecnológico, vienen reflejadas en la figura y son las siguientes: El uso de materias primas alternativas y el fomento de la economía circular pueden ayudar a reducir enormemente las emisiones y optimizar el funcionamiento de este sector.', 'En este sentido, las principales líneas de actuación que se emprenderán en el sector industrial, desde el punto de vista tecnológico, vienen reflejadas en la figura y son las siguientes: El uso de materias primas alternativas y el fomento de la economía circular pueden ayudar a reducir enormemente las emisiones y optimizar el funcionamiento de este sector. Igualmente es necesario un abastecimiento de materias primas críticas que mejore la independencia de Europa y evite fuentes de suministro no sostenibles por razones medioambientales o sociales. El cambio de los procesos actuales a otros que empleen tecnologías descarbonizadas. En algunos sectores es necesario el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas que no están disponibles actualmente a escala comercial y que habrá que desarrollar e implementar.', 'En algunos sectores es necesario el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas que no están disponibles actualmente a escala comercial y que habrá que desarrollar e implementar. La evolución de los sistemas eléctricos de generación de calor permitirá incrementar la presencia de la electricidad en equipos para procesos que requieran bajas temperaturas (por ejemplo, mediante bombas de calor). En cuanto a los procesos de media y alta temperatura, existe un importante potencial para que otras fuentes de energías renovables contribuyan de forma más significativa a la descarbonización del sector industrial. El hidrógeno renovable puede ser uno de los principales vectores energéticos con aplicación para estos procesos.', 'El hidrógeno renovable puede ser uno de los principales vectores energéticos con aplicación para estos procesos. ▶ Existirán emisiones en los procesos finales que serán difícilmente eliminables, por lo que la captura, el almacenamiento y el uso del carbono también podrían jugar un papel en este sector. FIGURA 6.6 Industria sostenible y competitiva Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Es importante señalar que todas las líneas de actuación anteriores deben ir acompañadas de una estrategia de investigación, desarrollo e innovación que ayude a la industria española a posicionarse de forma competitiva en este aspecto a nivel global, no limitándose a utilizar tecnologías desarrolladas en otras regiones.', 'FIGURA 6.6 Industria sostenible y competitiva Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Es importante señalar que todas las líneas de actuación anteriores deben ir acompañadas de una estrategia de investigación, desarrollo e innovación que ayude a la industria española a posicionarse de forma competitiva en este aspecto a nivel global, no limitándose a utilizar tecnologías desarrolladas en otras regiones. El marco de referencia plurianual desde 2021 está recogido en la Estrategia Española de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2021-2027.', 'El marco de referencia plurianual desde 2021 está recogido en la Estrategia Española de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2021-2027. Por último, es necesario desarrollar una estrategia industrial que ayudará a guiar la descarbonización a largo plazo y a aprovechar todas las oportunidades asociadas, desde la perspectiva de género, mediante la mejora de la competitividad y la innovación, la estabilidad de los precios de la energía y del CO , el fomento de la realización de proyectos piloto, y la compra pública sostenible, entre otras cosas. FIGURA 6.7 Agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 ▶ La cogeneración renovable y de muy alta eficiencia.', 'FIGURA 6.7 Agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 ▶ La cogeneración renovable y de muy alta eficiencia. ▶ Las medidas de eficiencia energética son las más efectivas tanto desde un punto de vista económico como de reducción de emisiones. Se acompañarán con las políticas necesarias como continuación de lo planteado en el PNIEC. Sin embargo, los ahorros obtenidos por esta vía tienen limitaciones técnicas una vez se haya alcanzado un cierto nivel de ahorros, por lo que es imprescindible el desarrollo del resto de líneas. Las emisiones de los sectores difusos en 2050 representan dos terceras partes de las emisiones totales de la economía española en 2050.', 'Las emisiones de los sectores difusos en 2050 representan dos terceras partes de las emisiones totales de la economía española en 2050. Dentro de las emisiones difusas, las no energéticas presentan características muy especiales que hacen difícil su mitigación. Esto es debido a que las actuaciones en estos sectores bien tienen impacto únicamente en el largo plazo, bien requieren de una transformación profunda de las tecnologías o bien actualmente no se conocen tecnologías ni procedimientos que sean capaces de reducir sensiblemente sus emisiones en un periodo inferior de tiempo. Para un mayor detalle sobre estos sectores, consultar el ANEXO C, apartado C.5. Sectores Difusos No Energéticos. La siguiente figura resume las tres partes de este sector: agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados.', 'La siguiente figura resume las tres partes de este sector: agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados. 6.5 AGROPECUARIO, RESIDUOS Y GASES FLUORADOSDESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL La trayectoria perfilada para el sector primario logra una importante reducción de las emisiones no energéticas de gases de efecto invernadero, concretamente el 53% respecto al año de referencia 1990. No obstante, según la modelización llevada a cabo, más de la mitad de las emisiones que permanecen en 2050 procederán del sector primario debido a las especiales características que hacen difícil su mitigación. Este resultado va en línea con los obtenidos por la Comisión Europea. Las principales líneas de trabajo que se consideran en el horizonte a 2050 para conseguir la reducción de emisiones del sector agropecuario son: ▶ Producción de biogás.', 'Las principales líneas de trabajo que se consideran en el horizonte a 2050 para conseguir la reducción de emisiones del sector agropecuario son: ▶ Producción de biogás. ▶ Gestión de los cultivos y la conservación de los suelos. ▶ Digitalización y las tecnologías inteligentes para el riego y fertilización. ▶ Mejora en la alimentación del ganado. ▶ Uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados recubiertos y con inhibidores de la nitrificación. ▶ Aumento de la superficie para el fomento de las rotaciones en cultivos herbáceos de secano, que incluyan leguminosa y oleaginosa, y que sustituyan el monocultivo de cereal. ▶ Técnicas de laboreo avanzadas. ▶ Optimización del aporte de nitrógeno a las necesidades de cultivo respecto del total de superficie fertilizable.', '▶ Optimización del aporte de nitrógeno a las necesidades de cultivo respecto del total de superficie fertilizable. ▶ Gestión y aplicación de tratamientos de estiércoles y purines que minimicen la generación de emisiones. ▶ Reducción del desperdicio en la cadena alimentaria de consumo nacional. ▶ Fomento de la dieta mediterránea y del consumo de productos locales. ▶ Prácticas agrarias que promuevan una mayor resiliencia a los impactos del cambio climático y, a su vez, un aumento de la fijación de CO por parte del sector.', '▶ Prácticas agrarias que promuevan una mayor resiliencia a los impactos del cambio climático y, a su vez, un aumento de la fijación de CO por parte del sector. Por último, es importante destacar que este sector, además de ser emisor de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), ejerce como sumidero natural a través de la capacidad que tienen el suelo y los cultivos leñosos de fijar carbono, por lo que, junto con el sector forestal, desempeñará un papel clave en conseguir una economía neutra en emisiones. En este sentido, tal y como se comenta en el apartado de sumideros de carbono, se promoverán prácticas que fomenten la fijación de carbono en cultivos leñosos y en el suelo.', 'En este sentido, tal y como se comenta en el apartado de sumideros de carbono, se promoverán prácticas que fomenten la fijación de carbono en cultivos leñosos y en el suelo. La trayectoria perfilada para el sector primario logra una importante reducción de las emisiones no energéticas de gases de efecto invernadero, concretamente el 53% con respecto al año de referencia 1990.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL La aplicación de las medidas aquí expuestas permitiría reducir un 81% las emisiones de este sector en 2050 en relación al año 2015. Las actuaciones derivadas de la implementación de la economía circular supondrían un aumento del reciclado y las materias primas secundarias que se traducirían en una reducción de emisiones.', 'Las actuaciones derivadas de la implementación de la economía circular supondrían un aumento del reciclado y las materias primas secundarias que se traducirían en una reducción de emisiones. 6.5.2 Residuos y aguas residuales En materia de residuos y aguas residuales, la aplicación de medidas derivadas de la economía circular y el reciclado, de la reducción de carga de nitrógeno en los vertidos a cauces o del fin de incineración de residuos, permitirá reducir las emisiones en un 81%.', '6.5.2 Residuos y aguas residuales En materia de residuos y aguas residuales, la aplicación de medidas derivadas de la economía circular y el reciclado, de la reducción de carga de nitrógeno en los vertidos a cauces o del fin de incineración de residuos, permitirá reducir las emisiones en un 81%. Se potenciará la implementación de tecnologías ya maduras o que ya están en fase avanzada en la actualidad como: el compostaje, la digestión anaerobia y la captación de biogás (con o sin upgrading) y se promoverán cambios de comportamiento de la población para promover la mayor y mejor separación de residuos para incrementar su reciclado. Así mismo se impulsará la digitalización. , cambios de comportamiento de la población (reciclaje y separación de residuos) y digitalización.', ', cambios de comportamiento de la población (reciclaje y separación de residuos) y digitalización. Adicionalmente, las siguientes son medidas adicionales a las tecnologías ya maduras: ▶ Economía circular: El cambio del actual modelo lineal es un reto que ya se ha abordado desde la UE. La implementación de las actuaciones conllevará un aumento del reciclado y de la disponibilidad de materias primas secundarias, pero también se requieren cambios en el diseño de los productos y en su capacidad de reparación, en sus modos de uso, etc., lo que sería de aplicación en todos los sectores. ▶ Reducción del depósito en vertedero de la fracción orgánica y gestión de los vertederos existentes con técnicas avanzadas.', '▶ Reducción del depósito en vertedero de la fracción orgánica y gestión de los vertederos existentes con técnicas avanzadas. ▶ Reducción de la carga de nitrógeno vertida a los cauces procedentes de las Estaciones de Depuración de Aguas Residuales (EDAR). Se estima que las emisiones de N O a 2050 se reducirán a la mitad como consecuencia de la aplicación de esta medida. Ello será consecuencia de la implementación de la futura normativa europea y nacional sobre calidad de las aguas que podría exigir límites de vertido más estrictos en el futuro.', 'Ello será consecuencia de la implementación de la futura normativa europea y nacional sobre calidad de las aguas que podría exigir límites de vertido más estrictos en el futuro. ▶ Desvío de residuos desde instalaciones de incineración a tratamientos más eficientes.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Las emisiones de gases fluorados de efecto invernadero (HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3) se producen por las fugas de los equipos y las aplicaciones que los utilizan, principalmente en el sector de la refrigeración y climatización.', '▶ Desvío de residuos desde instalaciones de incineración a tratamientos más eficientes.DESCARBONIZACIÓN SECTORIAL Las emisiones de gases fluorados de efecto invernadero (HFCs, PFCs, SF6, NF3) se producen por las fugas de los equipos y las aplicaciones que los utilizan, principalmente en el sector de la refrigeración y climatización. La implementación de medidas tanto a nivel europeo (Reglamento UE nº 517/2014 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de abril de 2014, sobre los gases fluorados de efecto invernadero y Directiva 2006/40/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 17 de mayo de 2006, relativa a las emisiones procedentes de sistemas de aire acondicionado en vehículos de motor) como a nivel nacional ha convertido a España en referente mundial en materia de mitigación de emisiones de estos gases.', 'La implementación de medidas tanto a nivel europeo (Reglamento UE nº 517/2014 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 16 de abril de 2014, sobre los gases fluorados de efecto invernadero y Directiva 2006/40/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 17 de mayo de 2006, relativa a las emisiones procedentes de sistemas de aire acondicionado en vehículos de motor) como a nivel nacional ha convertido a España en referente mundial en materia de mitigación de emisiones de estos gases. En la actualidad, existen tecnologías alternativas de bajo o nulo potencial de calentamiento atmosférico a los gases fluorados en la mayoría de aplicaciones basadas bien en el uso de los llamados refrigerantes naturales (CO2, Hidrocarburos o NH3), bien en gases fluorados de bajo potencial de calentamiento como son las Hidrofluorolefinas (HFOs).', 'En la actualidad, existen tecnologías alternativas de bajo o nulo potencial de calentamiento atmosférico a los gases fluorados en la mayoría de aplicaciones basadas bien en el uso de los llamados refrigerantes naturales (CO2, Hidrocarburos o NH3), bien en gases fluorados de bajo potencial de calentamiento como son las Hidrofluorolefinas (HFOs). Sin embargo, los estándares de seguridad internacionales imponen ciertas restricciones que suponen una barrera al uso de ciertos refrigerantes alternativos en detrimento de los gases fluorados. Se espera que, según avance el tiempo, se fijen condiciones de seguridad adecuadas al riesgo que suponen y se permitirá el uso de estos gases alternativos. La introducción de nuevas tecnologías facilitará el desarrollo del uso de gases de potencial de calentamiento muy bajo.', 'La introducción de nuevas tecnologías facilitará el desarrollo del uso de gases de potencial de calentamiento muy bajo. Además, a futuro se seguirá investigando en el resto de sectores en los que todavía no existen alternativas (aislantes en equipos eléctricos, aerosoles médicos, etc) Tras aplicar todas las medidas identificadas en esta Estrategia, se estima que el sector de gases fluorados habrá reducido sus emisiones GEI un 94% en el año 2050 respecto a los niveles actuales. 6.5.3 Gases fluoradosFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICAFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El proceso de cambio que pretende impulsar esta estrategia para alcanzar la neutralidad climática a mediados de siglo, modernizará la economía y mejorará su competitividad, generando empleo de calidad e incidiendo positivamente en la calidad de vida de las personas.', '6.5.3 Gases fluoradosFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICAFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El proceso de cambio que pretende impulsar esta estrategia para alcanzar la neutralidad climática a mediados de siglo, modernizará la economía y mejorará su competitividad, generando empleo de calidad e incidiendo positivamente en la calidad de vida de las personas. En este cambio, existen una serie de factores transversales, que son aquellos aspectos o ámbitos que afectan al conjunto de la economía y la sociedad. FIGURA 7.1 Factores transversales Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Emprendimiento: empleo y economía socialFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transición energética hacia un modelo basado en las energías renovables permite situar a la ciudadanía en el centro del sistema energético, ofreciéndole nuevas oportunidades.', 'FIGURA 7.1 Factores transversales Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 Emprendimiento: empleo y economía socialFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transición energética hacia un modelo basado en las energías renovables permite situar a la ciudadanía en el centro del sistema energético, ofreciéndole nuevas oportunidades. Quienes en el modelo convencional tenían un rol exclusivamente de consumo, podrán convertirse en agentes proactivos, atrayendo nuevas fuentes de inversión y mejorando el nivel de competencia. En este sentido, a finales de 2016 la Comisión Europea en el marco del “Paquete de Invierno” propuso situar a la ciudadanía en el centro de la transición energética.', 'En este sentido, a finales de 2016 la Comisión Europea en el marco del “Paquete de Invierno” propuso situar a la ciudadanía en el centro de la transición energética. En concreto, la Directiva de fomento de energías renovables exige que los Estados miembro garanticen a las y los consumidores el derecho a producir, consumir, almacenar y vender su propia energía renovable. También pide evaluar tanto las barreras como el potencial de desarrollo de las comunidades de energía renovable. En esta línea, a nivel nacional, el PNIEC 2021-2030 sienta las bases para fomentar la participación de la ciudadanía en el sector energético de una forma más amplia que relegando exclusivamente a un rol de consumo.', 'En esta línea, a nivel nacional, el PNIEC 2021-2030 sienta las bases para fomentar la participación de la ciudadanía en el sector energético de una forma más amplia que relegando exclusivamente a un rol de consumo. Entre otras acciones, se plantea fomentar la participación de la ciudadanía en condiciones de igualdad desde la perspectiva de género, en proyectos de energías renovables, el desarrollo de comunidadesenergéticas locales, así como el autoconsumo energético individual y compartido. La ciudadanía ha de tomar consciencia del potencial de mejora a su alcance en términos de reducción de demanda, eficiencia energética, y utilización de fuentes de energía renovables. Para ello será necesario su empoderamiento con información de las mejoras alcanzadas.', 'Para ello será necesario su empoderamiento con información de las mejoras alcanzadas. La transformación del sistema energético y de la economía hacia un país climáticamente neutro en 2050 implica un cambio para el cual es imprescindible contar con la implicación de la sociedad de manera estable. Se trata de movilizar los recursos sociales existentes al objeto de que la transición optimice en talento para la innovación y la búsqueda de soluciones y encuentre el apoyo necesario para sortear las dificultades que se irán presentando en el camino, así como para motivar los importantes cambios de comportamiento que se precisan y hacer partícipe al conjunto de la sociedad de las oportunidades que supone.', 'Se trata de movilizar los recursos sociales existentes al objeto de que la transición optimice en talento para la innovación y la búsqueda de soluciones y encuentre el apoyo necesario para sortear las dificultades que se irán presentando en el camino, así como para motivar los importantes cambios de comportamiento que se precisan y hacer partícipe al conjunto de la sociedad de las oportunidades que supone. 7.1.1 Situar a la ciudadanía en el centro 7.1 EL PAPEL DE LA CIUDADANÍA La transición energética hacia un modelo basado en las energías renovables, permite situar a la ciudadanía en el centro del sistema energético, reconociendo su derecho a producir, consumir, almacenar y vender su propia energía.', '7.1.1 Situar a la ciudadanía en el centro 7.1 EL PAPEL DE LA CIUDADANÍA La transición energética hacia un modelo basado en las energías renovables, permite situar a la ciudadanía en el centro del sistema energético, reconociendo su derecho a producir, consumir, almacenar y vender su propia energía. La declaración de emergencia climática pone en el centro a las personas contribuyendo a asegurar unas condiciones dignas para el futuro de las y los más jóvenes, asegurando una justicia intergeneracional y una mayor equidad y disminución de la desigualdad.Un número creciente de personas está comenzando a modificar comportamientos y hábitos de consumo, motivados por la adquisición de una mayor conciencia de los efectos de estas actuaciones sobre el cambio climático.', 'La declaración de emergencia climática pone en el centro a las personas contribuyendo a asegurar unas condiciones dignas para el futuro de las y los más jóvenes, asegurando una justicia intergeneracional y una mayor equidad y disminución de la desigualdad.Un número creciente de personas está comenzando a modificar comportamientos y hábitos de consumo, motivados por la adquisición de una mayor conciencia de los efectos de estas actuaciones sobre el cambio climático. Se observan, entre otros, cambios que afectan a la movilidad, como el aumento de los desplazamientos peatonales, en bicicleta, patín, teletrabajo, vehículo compartido y en transporte público en el medio urbano. Asimismo, el modelo de vehículo en propiedad se está transformando hacia un modelo de servicio de la movilidad.', 'Asimismo, el modelo de vehículo en propiedad se está transformando hacia un modelo de servicio de la movilidad. Los hábitos de alimentación también están experimentando cambios y es muy probable que se profundicen en el futuro. En este sentido, las políticas públicas pueden extender y reforzar los estilos de vida bajos en carbono a través de diversas líneas de actuación entre las que destacan las siguientes: 1. Promover la investigación y la innovación social sobre estilos de vida bajos en carbono y resilientes frente al cambio climático. 2. Informar sobre la huella de carbono a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida de productos y servicios a través de catálogos comerciales y etiquetas. 3.', 'Informar sobre la huella de carbono a lo largo de todo el ciclo de vida de productos y servicios a través de catálogos comerciales y etiquetas. 3. Identificar oportunidades de cambio basadas en una combinación de mejoras tecnológicas y nuevos comportamientos, siendo necesario reforzar la aceptación social de proyectos e infraestructuras necesarias para la descarbonización. 4. Promoción de los estilos de vida y patrones de consumo sostenibles, de proximidad, y ecológicos alineados con la conservación del patrimonio y la biodiversidad, aportando la información necesaria sobre las consecuencias y la huella de los hábitos y las oportunidades que ofrecen estilos de vida más sostenibles.', 'Promoción de los estilos de vida y patrones de consumo sostenibles, de proximidad, y ecológicos alineados con la conservación del patrimonio y la biodiversidad, aportando la información necesaria sobre las consecuencias y la huella de los hábitos y las oportunidades que ofrecen estilos de vida más sostenibles. 7.1.2 Nuevos valores y hábitos de comportamiento FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Las políticas públicas deben extender y reforzar estilos de vida bajos en carbono, informando a la ciudadanía sobre la huella de sus comportamientos e identificando oportunidades de nuevos hábitos resilientes frente al cambio climático.Según datos de la Comisión Europea existen en la actualidad cuatro millones de puestos de trabajo en la economía verde europea, cifra que se estima que va a crecer de manera significativa en las próximas décadas.', '7.1.2 Nuevos valores y hábitos de comportamiento FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Las políticas públicas deben extender y reforzar estilos de vida bajos en carbono, informando a la ciudadanía sobre la huella de sus comportamientos e identificando oportunidades de nuevos hábitos resilientes frente al cambio climático.Según datos de la Comisión Europea existen en la actualidad cuatro millones de puestos de trabajo en la economía verde europea, cifra que se estima que va a crecer de manera significativa en las próximas décadas. Por ejemplo, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (World Employment and Social Outlook, 2018) prevé que la transición energética generará en 2040 dos millones de puestos de trabajo en la UE.', 'Por ejemplo, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (World Employment and Social Outlook, 2018) prevé que la transición energética generará en 2040 dos millones de puestos de trabajo en la UE. De hecho, la Unión ha impulsado el avance de la transición ecológica de la economía no sólo por los aspectos climáticos, sino también por su potencialidad para crear más y mejores empleos. Dos importantes paquetes de políticas europeas, el Paquete de Energía Limpia para todos los Europeos y el Paquete de Economía Circular, fueron propuestos también desde la apuesta por el crecimiento económico y de empleos para la UE.', 'Dos importantes paquetes de políticas europeas, el Paquete de Energía Limpia para todos los Europeos y el Paquete de Economía Circular, fueron propuestos también desde la apuesta por el crecimiento económico y de empleos para la UE. En la actualidad el Pacto Verde Europeo es la hoja de ruta para dotar a la UE de una economía sostenible que se propone dar respuesta a los retos climáticos y medioambientales, logrando una transición justa e integradora para todas las personas.', 'En la actualidad el Pacto Verde Europeo es la hoja de ruta para dotar a la UE de una economía sostenible que se propone dar respuesta a los retos climáticos y medioambientales, logrando una transición justa e integradora para todas las personas. La economía verde y sostenible tiene una doble vertiente, la que aúna la condiciones de ser sostenible para con el territorio y la que debe permitir generar un horizonte de estabilidad y derechos a las personas trabajadoras que se incorporen a los nuevos puestos de trabajo generados por la transición ecológica, con especial atención a las personas afectadas por el cambio de modelo energético en sus territorios de origen.', 'La economía verde y sostenible tiene una doble vertiente, la que aúna la condiciones de ser sostenible para con el territorio y la que debe permitir generar un horizonte de estabilidad y derechos a las personas trabajadoras que se incorporen a los nuevos puestos de trabajo generados por la transición ecológica, con especial atención a las personas afectadas por el cambio de modelo energético en sus territorios de origen. Considerando el desarrollo de estas políticas, una parte significativa del empleo que existirá en la UE en el periodo 2030- 2050 será fruto de las políticas de transformación ecológica y descarbonización promovidas en décadas previas.', 'Considerando el desarrollo de estas políticas, una parte significativa del empleo que existirá en la UE en el periodo 2030- 2050 será fruto de las políticas de transformación ecológica y descarbonización promovidas en décadas previas. En el caso de España, el PNIEC y la Estrategia de Transición Justa (presentados en el Marco Estratégico Energía Clima) son, del mismo modo, una propuesta para hacer de la economía verde un motor que contribuya a la mejora de la competitividad de la economía nacional y a la generación de empleo de calidad. Como se ha explicado, esta Estrategia vuelve a demostrar las oportunidades de profundizar en las políticas de descarbonización para obtener beneficios en términos de empleo.', 'Como se ha explicado, esta Estrategia vuelve a demostrar las oportunidades de profundizar en las políticas de descarbonización para obtener beneficios en términos de empleo. Se estima que el empleo aumentaría un 1,6% en el año 2050 para el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática. 7.2 TRANSICIÓN JUSTA Y ACOMPAÑAMIENTO A COLECTIVOS Y SECTORES VULNERABLES FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Una parte significativa del empleo que existirá en la UE en el periodo 2030 – 2050, será fruto de las políticas de transformación ecológica y descarbonización promovidas en décadas previas. La propuesta de España es hacer de la economía verde el motor de la mejora de la competitividad y empleo de calidad.', 'La propuesta de España es hacer de la economía verde el motor de la mejora de la competitividad y empleo de calidad. Es necesario resaltar que, los resultados de empleo de la ELP dependerán de la interacción de muchos factores que escapan a su ámbito. Procesos como la digitalización, la automatización, los cambios organizativos en el mundo del trabajo, la evolución de la globalización podrían tener una importante influencia en el mercado laboral a lo largo de los próximos 30 años. En cualquier caso, a igualdad de factores, los impactos de transitar hacia la neutralidad climática sobre el empleo serán positivos.', 'En cualquier caso, a igualdad de factores, los impactos de transitar hacia la neutralidad climática sobre el empleo serán positivos. La ELP supone un instrumento valioso para preservar e impulsar las nuevas actividades productivas, y para profundizar un entorno laboral en el que se proteja también la seguridad de las personas trabajadoras y su salud, en su doble vertiente, no solo como parte vinculada a su propio sector económico sino también como parte de una ciudadanía concienciada en incidir de forma positiva en la preservación del medio ambiente, y por ende de la propia salud colectiva. Sin embargo, aunque los resultados serán mayoritariamente positivos, como en todo proceso de cambio los efectos sobre los diferentes grupos son desiguales.', 'Sin embargo, aunque los resultados serán mayoritariamente positivos, como en todo proceso de cambio los efectos sobre los diferentes grupos son desiguales. La transición generará numerosas oportunidades y beneficios, pero en algunos casos esta adaptación puede provocar también impactos negativos.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Del mismo modo que los sectores y subsectores que presenten mayores oportunidades en esta progresiva descarbonización se irán modificando con el desarrollo y madurez de algunas tecnologías (almacenamiento, hidrógeno renovable, mejoras avanzadas de eficiencia energética de productos y procesos, puesta en marcha de un modelo avanzado de economía circular11), también se encontrarán nuevos desafíos de cara al empleo o a la cohesión social o territorial que habrá que mitigar.', 'La transición generará numerosas oportunidades y beneficios, pero en algunos casos esta adaptación puede provocar también impactos negativos.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Del mismo modo que los sectores y subsectores que presenten mayores oportunidades en esta progresiva descarbonización se irán modificando con el desarrollo y madurez de algunas tecnologías (almacenamiento, hidrógeno renovable, mejoras avanzadas de eficiencia energética de productos y procesos, puesta en marcha de un modelo avanzado de economía circular11), también se encontrarán nuevos desafíos de cara al empleo o a la cohesión social o territorial que habrá que mitigar. Los gases renovables (biogás, biometano e hidrógeno renovable) juegan un papel importante en la transición justa y acompañamiento a colectivos y sectores vulnerables, éstos contribuyen significativamente a la creación de empleo y promueven el desarrollo económico en todo el territorio.', 'Los gases renovables (biogás, biometano e hidrógeno renovable) juegan un papel importante en la transición justa y acompañamiento a colectivos y sectores vulnerables, éstos contribuyen significativamente a la creación de empleo y promueven el desarrollo económico en todo el territorio. Una transición justa en el empleo pasa por asegurar soluciones adecuadas para las personas afectadas por las pérdidas de su empleo y un plan de transición sostenible para los territorios y las personas afectadas que sirva para mejorar las condiciones del empleo actuales y modernice la actividad económica. La propia Estrategia de Transición Justa establece la necesidad de elaborar dichas estrategias cada 5 años, con el objetivo de optimizar las ganancias sociales y laborales de la descarbonización y anticipar y paliar sus posibles impactos negativos.', 'La propia Estrategia de Transición Justa establece la necesidad de elaborar dichas estrategias cada 5 años, con el objetivo de optimizar las ganancias sociales y laborales de la descarbonización y anticipar y paliar sus posibles impactos negativos. Respecto de la cohesión social, la transición hacia la neutralidad en carbono puede ayudar a reequilibrar las desigualdades sociales existentes si se toman las medidas adecuadas. Para ello es necesario, por una parte, aprovechar los impactos favorables directos (empleo y economía), pero también los indirectos en forma de mejora de la salud de las personas y ciudades más habitables. También será necesario alinear las políticas de transición energética con otras de progreso social y reducción de la desigualdad.', 'También será necesario alinear las políticas de transición energética con otras de progreso social y reducción de la desigualdad. Estas estrategias identificarán colectivos, territorios y sectores vulnerables para desarrollar convenios de transición justa que garanticen el acompañamiento para no dejar a nadie atrás. Asimismo, deberán acercar las oportunidades de la descarbonización a los lugares y los colectivos donde se producen los desafíos. Esto se realizará mediante la implementación de políticas industriales o fiscales, políticas activas de empleo y formación profesional o medidas de protección de población vulnerable y consumidores, y a través de procesos participativos que tengan en cuenta las aportaciones de los actores locales. Todo esto, desarrollado siempre desde el análisis de impacto distributivo de las medidas a aplicar.', 'Todo esto, desarrollado siempre desde el análisis de impacto distributivo de las medidas a aplicar. Asimismo, las sucesivas Estrategias de Transición Justa estudiarán y abordarán gradualmente los sectores más vulnerables al cambio climático, como la agricultura, ganadería, pesca o turismo, reforzando las políticas de adaptación desde el prisma de transición justa. Adicionalmente, se promoverá el desarrollo del empleo y apoyo a las mujeres y jóvenes en los ámbitos rural y urbano particularmente en economía verde y circular y el fomento de proyectos territoriales para el reequilibrio y la equidad, así como las políticas activas de empleo. Inversiones dirigidas de forma preferente hacia los territorios concernidos por los cambios del modelo productivo resultantes de la transición ecológica.', 'Inversiones dirigidas de forma preferente hacia los territorios concernidos por los cambios del modelo productivo resultantes de la transición ecológica. Se deberán acercar las oportunidades de la descarbonización a los lugares y los colectivos donde se producen los desafíos. Y ello, mediante políticas industriales o fiscales, políticas activas de empleo y formación profesional o medidas de protección de población vulnerable y consumidores. 11 Según los estudios llevados a cabo por la Comisión Europea, la recirculación de materiales, las mejoras avanzadas de eficiencia energética de productos y procesos, así como la puesta en marcha de un modelo avanzado de economía circular podría reducir las emisiones industriales hasta un 60% en el año 2050 (respecto al año de referencia 1990).', '11 Según los estudios llevados a cabo por la Comisión Europea, la recirculación de materiales, las mejoras avanzadas de eficiencia energética de productos y procesos, así como la puesta en marcha de un modelo avanzado de economía circular podría reducir las emisiones industriales hasta un 60% en el año 2050 (respecto al año de referencia 1990). La economía circular complementa la transición energética, favoreciendo nuevos mercados, nuevos modelos de negocio, nuevas oportunidades de empleo y nuevas tecnologías en la industria. Para desplegar ese potencial son necesarios cambios regulatorios y políticos, programas específicos de I+i+c y nuevas inversiones que permitan la transformación.', 'Para desplegar ese potencial son necesarios cambios regulatorios y políticos, programas específicos de I+i+c y nuevas inversiones que permitan la transformación. Alcanzar elevados niveles de reducción, reutilización y reciclaje será especialmente importante en ciertos materiales.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Abordar el reto demográfico es una de las prioridades a afrontar y que requiere una aproximación transversal. La Estrategia Nacional frente al Reto Demográfico12 es la herramienta que articula esta acción multidisciplinar y global para, entre otras cuestiones, garantizar la plena conectividad, asegurar la prestación de servicios y ofrecer un marco favorable a la generación de oportunidades de futuro en el territorio, especialmente para las generaciones más jóvenes. Los retos que plantea la necesaria descarbonización del país están íntimamente conectados con el desafío demográfico.', 'Los retos que plantea la necesaria descarbonización del país están íntimamente conectados con el desafío demográfico. La respuesta a la emergencia climática requiere un planteamiento territorial no sólo porque el territorio es una parte esencial de la solución, sino también porque las oportunidades asociadas a la transición ecológica pueden y deben optimizarse para orientarse a las áreas del país menos pobladas. Por su parte, el despliegue y el desarrollo industrial y de conocimiento asociada al desarrollo de las energías renovables, las redes eléctricas, el hidrógeno renovable y las tecnologías de almacenamiento en el territorio tiene que articularse como una herramienta de desarrollo rural.', 'Por su parte, el despliegue y el desarrollo industrial y de conocimiento asociada al desarrollo de las energías renovables, las redes eléctricas, el hidrógeno renovable y las tecnologías de almacenamiento en el territorio tiene que articularse como una herramienta de desarrollo rural. De hecho, la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) y el Tribunal de Cuentas Europeo, coinciden en señalar las sinergias que existen en ambos procesos. En particular la OCDE insiste en que una condición para el éxito es que los desarrollos de las energías renovables se integren en el territorio y formen parte de una política de desarrollo sostenible de las regiones.', 'En particular la OCDE insiste en que una condición para el éxito es que los desarrollos de las energías renovables se integren en el territorio y formen parte de una política de desarrollo sostenible de las regiones. De esta forma se conecta el despliegue renovable con otros elementos de la economía regional y local, como pueden ser el turismo rural, la industria, la gestión forestal o las estructuras de innovación. Por último, una línea de trabajo importante será favorecer la participación de las personas de los entornos rurales en el desarrollo de instalaciones renovables.', 'Por último, una línea de trabajo importante será favorecer la participación de las personas de los entornos rurales en el desarrollo de instalaciones renovables. Más allá de la acción nacional, es preciso trabajar en el marco comunitario para establecer la correspondiente conexión e interrelación con las políticas demográficas, de adaptación, de impulso de las tecnologías renovables, así como de Transición Justa dentro de la UE. A su vez, para lograr la interconexión entre Reto Demográfico y Descarbonización es necesario partir del reconocimiento de la multidimensionalidad del fenómeno demográfico. Su primer pilar es la despoblación. Entre el año 2001 y el año 2018 más del 63% de los municipios españoles perdieron población. El fenómeno es más acuciante en la última década, elevándose la cifra hasta el 76.6%.', 'El fenómeno es más acuciante en la última década, elevándose la cifra hasta el 76.6%. Una pérdida de población que conlleva la pérdida de un valor añadido. Así, resulta imprescindible poner en valor la población del medio rural como custodio de buena parte de los recursos naturales del país, un papel clave para garantizar y consolidar los reservorios de carbono en el territorio, y para hacer frente a las amenazas del calentamiento global como son las sequías, los incendios forestales y la desertificación. En concreto, para prevenir incendios dramáticos, habrá que recuperar aquellas actividades que los previenen y que, además, son esenciales para la sociedad. En segundo lugar, el envejecimiento.', 'En segundo lugar, el envejecimiento. El incremento de la esperanza de vida representa un éxito del modelo social de nuestro país, pero a la vez supone un reto de cara a su gestión. El índice de envejecimiento en España es del 120%, lo que supone que por cada persona menor de 16 años hay 1,2 personas de más de 64. De esta forma, la vocación de justicia e inclusividad que busca esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo pasa por no dejar atrás a colectivos que, de otro modo podrían verse abocados a una mayor vulnerabilidad, no solo consecuencia de su edad, sino también del cambio climático. Finalmente, la tercera dimensión hace referencia a la población flotante.', 'Finalmente, la tercera dimensión hace referencia a la población flotante. En muchas zonas existe una verdadera dificultad para gestionar la sobrepoblación estacional, consecuencia de factores como el turismo o la actividad agraria. Se trata de sectores especialmente vulnerables al cambio climático, con el subsiguiente impacto en las poblaciones receptoras y a la sostenibilidad de sus recursos. En consecuencia, toda acción focalizada en estas poblaciones no debe obviar esta tercera dimensión, de cara a ofrecer instrumentos de mejora de la gestión. En este sentido, la Estrategia de Descarbonización deberá tener en cuenta el fenómeno multidimensional del Reto Demográfico para poder adoptar las medidas necesarias capaces de garantizar un desarrollo económico inclusivo y climáticamente neutro, adaptado a las necesidades del territorio y la población que lo habita.', 'En este sentido, la Estrategia de Descarbonización deberá tener en cuenta el fenómeno multidimensional del Reto Demográfico para poder adoptar las medidas necesarias capaces de garantizar un desarrollo económico inclusivo y climáticamente neutro, adaptado a las necesidades del territorio y la población que lo habita. 7.3 RETO DEMOGRÁFICO 12 En elaboración en el momento en el que se aprueba esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Los objetivos de desarrollo sostenibles (ODS) de Naciones Unidas integran la dimensión de género de forma específica en el ODS 5 (igualdad de género) y, de forma transversal en, el ODS 7 (energía limpia y asequible) y demás ODS.', '7.3 RETO DEMOGRÁFICO 12 En elaboración en el momento en el que se aprueba esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Los objetivos de desarrollo sostenibles (ODS) de Naciones Unidas integran la dimensión de género de forma específica en el ODS 5 (igualdad de género) y, de forma transversal en, el ODS 7 (energía limpia y asequible) y demás ODS. El informe de Eurostat (2020) sobre el avance de los ODS en la Unión Europea13 en los últimos 5 años, pone de manifiesto que los que menos han avanzado son el ODS 5 (que incluso retrocede) y los que guardan mayor relación con el medio ambiente, especialmente el ODS 13 (Acción por el Clima), pero también, entre otros, el ODS 7.', 'El informe de Eurostat (2020) sobre el avance de los ODS en la Unión Europea13 en los últimos 5 años, pone de manifiesto que los que menos han avanzado son el ODS 5 (que incluso retrocede) y los que guardan mayor relación con el medio ambiente, especialmente el ODS 13 (Acción por el Clima), pero también, entre otros, el ODS 7. Teniendo en cuenta que la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de mujeres y niñas constituyen un objetivo en sí mismo (ODS 5) y un medio para alcanzar los demás ODS, es fundamental en el marco de la presente ELP promover el impulso mutuo entre los ODS 5 y 7, así como entre el ODS 5 y los demás ODS relacionados con la descarbonización.', 'Teniendo en cuenta que la igualdad de género y el empoderamiento de mujeres y niñas constituyen un objetivo en sí mismo (ODS 5) y un medio para alcanzar los demás ODS, es fundamental en el marco de la presente ELP promover el impulso mutuo entre los ODS 5 y 7, así como entre el ODS 5 y los demás ODS relacionados con la descarbonización. En relación a estos objetivos y a la posición transversal que ocupa la igualdad de género en la transición energética, debe prestarse atención en primer lugar, a promover la participación plena, igualitaria y significativa de las mujeres como agentes de cambio a todos los niveles en el sector energético, y, en segundo lugar, respecto a la relación existente entre género y el consumo energético, analizar y tener en cuenta las necesidades, intereses, comportamientos, conocimientos, oportunidades y recursos diferentes de mujeres y hombres de distintos grupos sociodemográficos en el acceso a la energía y en pautas de innovación y de consumo.', 'En relación a estos objetivos y a la posición transversal que ocupa la igualdad de género en la transición energética, debe prestarse atención en primer lugar, a promover la participación plena, igualitaria y significativa de las mujeres como agentes de cambio a todos los niveles en el sector energético, y, en segundo lugar, respecto a la relación existente entre género y el consumo energético, analizar y tener en cuenta las necesidades, intereses, comportamientos, conocimientos, oportunidades y recursos diferentes de mujeres y hombres de distintos grupos sociodemográficos en el acceso a la energía y en pautas de innovación y de consumo. La participación de las mujeres en el sector energético es inferior que la participación en el mercado de trabajo global y la presencia en otros sectores económicos.', 'La participación de las mujeres en el sector energético es inferior que la participación en el mercado de trabajo global y la presencia en otros sectores económicos. Según el informe de IRENA sobre perspectiva de género en el sector de las renovables del año 2019, las mujeres ocupan el 32% de los empleos en renovables en el mundo. Cifras que son todavía inferiores en sectores como petróleo y gas (28% de presencia de mujeres).', 'Cifras que son todavía inferiores en sectores como petróleo y gas (28% de presencia de mujeres). Los resultados de la encuesta realizada por AMENER14 a nivel de España revelan que en 2018 las mujeres representaban un 28,5% de la plantilla de las empresas del sector energético, estando las mayores brechas en el personal operario y en la alta dirección, teniendo en cuenta que en las demás categorías analizadas tampoco se alcanza el equilibrio de género.', 'Los resultados de la encuesta realizada por AMENER14 a nivel de España revelan que en 2018 las mujeres representaban un 28,5% de la plantilla de las empresas del sector energético, estando las mayores brechas en el personal operario y en la alta dirección, teniendo en cuenta que en las demás categorías analizadas tampoco se alcanza el equilibrio de género. Por lo tanto, algunas de las cuestiones a las que debe prestarse atención para potenciar el impacto de género positivo en la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono, están relacionadas el logro de una representación equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres y su participación plena, igualitaria y significativa a todos los niveles, tanto en los órganos de gobierno como en el personal.', 'Por lo tanto, algunas de las cuestiones a las que debe prestarse atención para potenciar el impacto de género positivo en la transición hacia una economía baja en carbono, están relacionadas el logro de una representación equilibrada entre mujeres y hombres y su participación plena, igualitaria y significativa a todos los niveles, tanto en los órganos de gobierno como en el personal. Uno de los inconvenientes para hacer un seguimiento de este aspecto, es la falta de datos periódicos sistemáticos desagregados por sexo y de indicadores específicos de género.', 'Uno de los inconvenientes para hacer un seguimiento de este aspecto, es la falta de datos periódicos sistemáticos desagregados por sexo y de indicadores específicos de género. Para aplicar de manera efectiva la perspectiva de género, es necesario en primer lugar, disponer de una radiografía de la situación y evolución de mujeres y hombres en los sectores implicados, contando con los datos necesarios para el análisis de la segregación vertical y horizontal de género en cada sector, así como de los factores relacionados con las brechas detectadas.', 'Para aplicar de manera efectiva la perspectiva de género, es necesario en primer lugar, disponer de una radiografía de la situación y evolución de mujeres y hombres en los sectores implicados, contando con los datos necesarios para el análisis de la segregación vertical y horizontal de género en cada sector, así como de los factores relacionados con las brechas detectadas. Por su parte, la industria y la sociedad civil pueden jugar un rol importante impulsando la creación de asociaciones y redes sectoriales de mujeres, y potenciando las ya existentes, tales como, entre otras, la Asociación Española de Mujeres de la Energía (AEMENER15 , arriba mencionada), la Federación de Asociaciones de Mujeres Rurales (FADEMUR16) o la Asociación de Mujeres Investigadoras y Tecnólogas (AMIT17), o su conexión con otras internacionales18.', 'Por su parte, la industria y la sociedad civil pueden jugar un rol importante impulsando la creación de asociaciones y redes sectoriales de mujeres, y potenciando las ya existentes, tales como, entre otras, la Asociación Española de Mujeres de la Energía (AEMENER15 , arriba mencionada), la Federación de Asociaciones de Mujeres Rurales (FADEMUR16) o la Asociación de Mujeres Investigadoras y Tecnólogas (AMIT17), o su conexión con otras internacionales18. Diversos estudios muestran además que la diversidad en las organizaciones fortalece la innovación (incluidas las iniciativas ambientales y las eco-innovaciones)19 y es positiva para los negocios (McKinsey&Company, 201520 y EY 201521). 7.4 IGUALDAD DE GÉNERO 13 Eurostat (2020). Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context.', 'Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context. 18 Véanse por ejemplo las mencionadas en IUCN (2018). Abogando por las mujeres en el sector energético. TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Según el informe de IRENA sobre perspectiva de género en el sector de las renovables del año 2019, las mujeres ocupan el 32% de los empleos en renovables en el mundo. Cifras que son todavía inferiores en sectores como petróleo y gas (28% de presencia de mujeres).', 'Cifras que son todavía inferiores en sectores como petróleo y gas (28% de presencia de mujeres). A su vez, desde las Administraciones Públicas conviene implicar a representantes de distintos grupos de mujeres, organismos para la igualdad de género y personal investigador experto en estudios feministas y de género para que participen en el proceso de elaboración, aplicación y actualización de políticas, planes, estrategias y medidas para la transición energética y la descarbonización. En aspectos como la pobreza energética, las brechas de género existentes en materia de empleo, ingresos, etc., interaccionan con otros factores sociodemográficos, entre los que destacan la edad y el tipo de hogar, pero conviene profundizar en el análisis de otras intersecciones22.', 'En aspectos como la pobreza energética, las brechas de género existentes en materia de empleo, ingresos, etc., interaccionan con otros factores sociodemográficos, entre los que destacan la edad y el tipo de hogar, pero conviene profundizar en el análisis de otras intersecciones22. Según la Estrategia Nacional contra la pobreza energética, entre 3,5 y 8,1 millones de personas, en función del indicador utilizado, se encuentran en situación de pobreza energética en España, lo que supone hasta el 17% de los hogares. Además, la pobreza energética tiene una especial incidencia en las mujeres, siendo los colectivos más afectados las mujeres mayores de 65 años y las familias monoparentales, de las cuales un 80% están encabezadas por mujeres (hogares monomarentales).', 'Además, la pobreza energética tiene una especial incidencia en las mujeres, siendo los colectivos más afectados las mujeres mayores de 65 años y las familias monoparentales, de las cuales un 80% están encabezadas por mujeres (hogares monomarentales). Es prioritario garantizar el acceso a la energía limpia necesaria para el cuidado de todas las personas en el hogar. En lo referente a la relación existente entre el género y el consumo de energía, es necesario analizar los diferentes patrones de consumo desagregados por sexo, desde una perspectiva interseccional de género, a fin de poder a aplicar medidas a favor de la descarbonización que tengan en cuenta los distintos patrones detectados.', 'En lo referente a la relación existente entre el género y el consumo de energía, es necesario analizar los diferentes patrones de consumo desagregados por sexo, desde una perspectiva interseccional de género, a fin de poder a aplicar medidas a favor de la descarbonización que tengan en cuenta los distintos patrones detectados. A nivel de la Unión Europea (UE), tanto el informe Beijng+25 del Instituto Europeo para la Igualdad de Género (EIGE, por sus siglas en inglés), como los datos del último Eurobarómetro sobre el cambio climático23 ponen de manifiesto algunos ejemplos que en general son consonantes con la persistencia de roles desiguales entre mujeres y hombres, especialmente en el ámbito del hogar y los cuidados, y con otras desigualdades de género como el nivel de ingresos, entre otras.', 'A nivel de la Unión Europea (UE), tanto el informe Beijng+25 del Instituto Europeo para la Igualdad de Género (EIGE, por sus siglas en inglés), como los datos del último Eurobarómetro sobre el cambio climático23 ponen de manifiesto algunos ejemplos que en general son consonantes con la persistencia de roles desiguales entre mujeres y hombres, especialmente en el ámbito del hogar y los cuidados, y con otras desigualdades de género como el nivel de ingresos, entre otras. Será por tanto fundamental que las innovaciones que se desarrollen para fomentar patrones de producción, consumo demanda y movilidad sostenibles integren la preocupación por facilitar los cuidados y la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral como eje central de la economía y de la sociedad, que debe ser abordado desde la corresponsabilidad social dentro y fuera del hogar.', 'Será por tanto fundamental que las innovaciones que se desarrollen para fomentar patrones de producción, consumo demanda y movilidad sostenibles integren la preocupación por facilitar los cuidados y la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral como eje central de la economía y de la sociedad, que debe ser abordado desde la corresponsabilidad social dentro y fuera del hogar. Por otro lado, en el caso concreto del medio rural, las mujeres resultan determinantes para su vertebración territorial y social, y son, con diferencia, el principal vector para la innovación y el emprendimiento rural. Sin embargo, en el medio rural todavía se mantienen escenarios de desigualdad entre mujeres y hombres en un grado más acusado de lo que ocurre en el medio urbano.', 'Sin embargo, en el medio rural todavía se mantienen escenarios de desigualdad entre mujeres y hombres en un grado más acusado de lo que ocurre en el medio urbano. Asimismo, respecto a los demás ODS relacionados con la descarbonización, es preciso que las actuaciones desarrolladas en el marco de la presente ELP tengan en cuenta y se alineen con los acuerdos internacionales suscritos por España para la acción por la igualdad de género24. De la misma manera, a nivel nacional, las actuaciones que se desarrollen en el marco 19 Véase por ejemplo la revisión que hizo el proyecto EFFORTI sobre los impactos de la igualdad de género en la investigación y la innovación: EFFO-TI (2017).', 'De la misma manera, a nivel nacional, las actuaciones que se desarrollen en el marco 19 Véase por ejemplo la revisión que hizo el proyecto EFFORTI sobre los impactos de la igualdad de género en la investigación y la innovación: EFFO-TI (2017). A Conceptual Evaluation Framework for Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation Toolbox I - A synthesis report, con un resumen de los beneficios en The Manifold Benefits of Gender Equality and (Responsible) Research & Innovation 22 EIGE (2020). Beijing +25: the fifth review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in the EU Member States. 23 Comisión Europea (2019). Special Eurobarometer 490: Report Climate Change. April 2019.', 'Special Eurobarometer 490: Report Climate Change. April 2019. La base de datos está disponible en 24 En especial, en todo lo relativo a la esfera relacionada con el medio ambiente en la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing , y particularmente, en los planes de igualdad de género en la lucha contra el cambio climático y la desertificación , así como por la diversidad biológica.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Es necesario aprovechar la oportunidad de la transición ecológica para incrementar la formación y empleabilidad de los diversos grupos sociales, para su plena participación en el nuevo diseño del sistema energético y en la reducción de emisiones.', 'La base de datos está disponible en 24 En especial, en todo lo relativo a la esfera relacionada con el medio ambiente en la Plataforma de Acción de Beijing , y particularmente, en los planes de igualdad de género en la lucha contra el cambio climático y la desertificación , así como por la diversidad biológica.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Es necesario aprovechar la oportunidad de la transición ecológica para incrementar la formación y empleabilidad de los diversos grupos sociales, para su plena participación en el nuevo diseño del sistema energético y en la reducción de emisiones. de esta estrategia deberán alinearse con los aspectos transversales de género en la Estrategia de Transición Justa y en el PNACC 2021-2030, así como con el próximo Plan Estratégico de Igualdad de Oportunidades (PEIO) 2020-2022 y sucesivos.', 'de esta estrategia deberán alinearse con los aspectos transversales de género en la Estrategia de Transición Justa y en el PNACC 2021-2030, así como con el próximo Plan Estratégico de Igualdad de Oportunidades (PEIO) 2020-2022 y sucesivos. Por todo ello, algunas de las líneas de actuación que deben considerarse para implementar una perspectiva de género hacia una economía climáticamente neutra son: Incorporación de la dimensión transversal género en la formulación y evaluación de las políticas, el diseño de los programas y la implementación de los proyectos en los distintos ámbitos sectoriales implicados para la descarbonización. Desarrollo y mejora de programas de estudios en distintos niveles educativos, junto con impulso a otras actividades formativas, divulgativas, de mentorazgo, etc.', 'Desarrollo y mejora de programas de estudios en distintos niveles educativos, junto con impulso a otras actividades formativas, divulgativas, de mentorazgo, etc. que se orienten a atraer el interés de niñas y mujeres por desarrollar estudios y profesiones en ámbitos relacionados con la neutralidad climática, así como a reforzar sus competencias empresariales y de liderazgo. Atracción y retención del talento con una perspectiva interseccional de género en los sectores implicados, a través de políticas de igualdad de género para el desarrollo profesional y la participación en órganos colegiados y directivos.', 'Atracción y retención del talento con una perspectiva interseccional de género en los sectores implicados, a través de políticas de igualdad de género para el desarrollo profesional y la participación en órganos colegiados y directivos. Integración de la dimensión de género en el análisis de los distintos patrones de consumo y movilidad para adecuar las políticas públicas y hacerlas más efectivas y eficientes, potenciando sinergias que aceleren a la vez impactos positivos hacia la descarbonización y hacia la igualdad de género.', 'Integración de la dimensión de género en el análisis de los distintos patrones de consumo y movilidad para adecuar las políticas públicas y hacerlas más efectivas y eficientes, potenciando sinergias que aceleren a la vez impactos positivos hacia la descarbonización y hacia la igualdad de género. En definitiva, debe prestarse atención reforzar el papel de las mujeres como agentes de cambio en condiciones de igualdad englobando estudiantes, profesionales, decisoras, consumidoras, emprendedoras, etc., teniendo en cuenta sus diferencias en necesidades, intereses, comportamientos, conocimientos, oportunidades y recursos en los distintos ámbitos sectoriales implicados, así como a las distintas dimensiones de la diversidad de forma interseccional, de manera que no exista discriminación alguna por motivos de género, sexo, orientación sexual, identidad sexual o de género, origen racial o étnico, situación administrativa, estatus de migrante, entre otros.', 'En definitiva, debe prestarse atención reforzar el papel de las mujeres como agentes de cambio en condiciones de igualdad englobando estudiantes, profesionales, decisoras, consumidoras, emprendedoras, etc., teniendo en cuenta sus diferencias en necesidades, intereses, comportamientos, conocimientos, oportunidades y recursos en los distintos ámbitos sectoriales implicados, así como a las distintas dimensiones de la diversidad de forma interseccional, de manera que no exista discriminación alguna por motivos de género, sexo, orientación sexual, identidad sexual o de género, origen racial o étnico, situación administrativa, estatus de migrante, entre otros. Ello implica aprovechar la oportunidad de la transición ecológica para incrementar la formación y empleabilidad de los diversos grupos sociales para su plena participación en el nuevo diseño del sistema energético, en la reducción de emisiones y en la protección, conservación y restauración de sumideros de carbono, poniendo el cuidado de la vida y el bienestar de las personas en el centro de las prioridades, sin dejar a nadie atrás.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transición hacia la neutralidad climática requiere un cambio profundo en la cultura del uso de la energía en España, con implicaciones en el acceso a la información, la sensibilización social, la educación básica y la formación técnica y profesional.', 'Ello implica aprovechar la oportunidad de la transición ecológica para incrementar la formación y empleabilidad de los diversos grupos sociales para su plena participación en el nuevo diseño del sistema energético, en la reducción de emisiones y en la protección, conservación y restauración de sumideros de carbono, poniendo el cuidado de la vida y el bienestar de las personas en el centro de las prioridades, sin dejar a nadie atrás.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transición hacia la neutralidad climática requiere un cambio profundo en la cultura del uso de la energía en España, con implicaciones en el acceso a la información, la sensibilización social, la educación básica y la formación técnica y profesional. España solo estará entre los países europeos líderes de la transición energética global si cuenta con capital humano cualificado para la tarea.', 'España solo estará entre los países europeos líderes de la transición energética global si cuenta con capital humano cualificado para la tarea. El estudio “Brechas educativas y formativas en el sector de las energías renovables”25, publicado en octubre de 2018, ha analizado la oferta global de formación en el sector de las energías renovables. Considera que la falta de profesionales cualificados podría ser una barrera para el avance en el desarrollo de las tecnologías renovables en España. Para evitarlo, propone que se adapte la oferta formativa para suplir estas carencias y que se flexibilice para adecuarse al ritmo al que los sectores renovables se desarrollan.', 'Para evitarlo, propone que se adapte la oferta formativa para suplir estas carencias y que se flexibilice para adecuarse al ritmo al que los sectores renovables se desarrollan. Por otro lado, en la comunicación de la Comisión Europea “Un nuevo modelo de industria para Europa”26, se dedica una especial atención a la parte formativa. En este sentido, se indica que “una industria competitiva depende de la contratación de mano de obra cualificada y la capacidad para retenerla.', 'En este sentido, se indica que “una industria competitiva depende de la contratación de mano de obra cualificada y la capacidad para retenerla. Hacer del aprendizaje permanente una realidad para todos será todavía más importante: tan solo en los próximos cinco años, ciento veinte millones de europeos tendrán que mejorar sus capacidades o reciclarse profesionalmente.” La identificación de perfiles profesionales que se requieran ante una mayor especialización y desarrollo de la propia actividad es un reto compartido entre las organizaciones y las administraciones públicas. Por ello se seguirán adoptando medidas facilitadoras en materia de respaldo al emprendimiento y también a la formación y la capacitación específica.', 'Por ello se seguirán adoptando medidas facilitadoras en materia de respaldo al emprendimiento y también a la formación y la capacitación específica. La integración de las materias relacionadas con la neutralidad climática y el desarrollo sostenible en la educación formal a todos los niveles es una tarea compleja que requiere una acción sostenida a largo plazo. A corto plazo, se precisa implementar estándares de calidad en la formación en estrecha cooperación con la industria. Además, los medios formativos y los materiales educativos han de adaptarse y mejorarse incorporando la formación en línea y la digitalización.', 'Además, los medios formativos y los materiales educativos han de adaptarse y mejorarse incorporando la formación en línea y la digitalización. Por otro lado, el sector de la construcción va a requerir un gran número de profesionales debidamente capacitados para acometer los objetivos de rehabilitación energética de los edificios construidos, así como los estándares de construcción de los edificios nuevos. En la actualidad, se continua con los trabajos de identificación de dichas cualificaciones profesionales para dotar a la transición energética de la mano de obra necesaria.', 'En la actualidad, se continua con los trabajos de identificación de dichas cualificaciones profesionales para dotar a la transición energética de la mano de obra necesaria. En concreto, en el ámbito de la formación profesional se está revisando el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales, el Catálogo de Títulos de Formación Profesional y de Cursos de Especialización, y el Repertorio Nacional de Certificados de Profesionalidad, para identificar las nuevas necesidades de cualificación, y entre ellas, las asociadas a la neutralidad climática para definir los nuevos estándares de competencia, con el objetivo de identificar los sectores prioritarios que serán el motor económico del país.', 'En concreto, en el ámbito de la formación profesional se está revisando el Catálogo Nacional de Cualificaciones Profesionales, el Catálogo de Títulos de Formación Profesional y de Cursos de Especialización, y el Repertorio Nacional de Certificados de Profesionalidad, para identificar las nuevas necesidades de cualificación, y entre ellas, las asociadas a la neutralidad climática para definir los nuevos estándares de competencia, con el objetivo de identificar los sectores prioritarios que serán el motor económico del país. Además, se emprenderán nuevas inversiones con vocación de permanencia de cara a la adquisición de nuevas competencias para la transformación productiva y formación en un sector estratégico como es el energético.', 'Además, se emprenderán nuevas inversiones con vocación de permanencia de cara a la adquisición de nuevas competencias para la transformación productiva y formación en un sector estratégico como es el energético. Se proyectarán en este sentido la convocatoria de subvenciones de ámbito estatal dirigidas a la recualificación profesional de los personas trabajadoras ocupadas para la adquisición y mejora de competencias profesionales relacionadas con los requerimientos de productividad y competitividad de las empresas, con las necesidades de adaptación a los cambios necesarios del sistema productivo y a las posibilidades de promoción profesional y desarrollo personal de los trabajadores, a fin de contribuir al relanzamiento y mejora de la competitividad de la industria y al desarrollo de la carrera profesional de las personas.', 'Se proyectarán en este sentido la convocatoria de subvenciones de ámbito estatal dirigidas a la recualificación profesional de los personas trabajadoras ocupadas para la adquisición y mejora de competencias profesionales relacionadas con los requerimientos de productividad y competitividad de las empresas, con las necesidades de adaptación a los cambios necesarios del sistema productivo y a las posibilidades de promoción profesional y desarrollo personal de los trabajadores, a fin de contribuir al relanzamiento y mejora de la competitividad de la industria y al desarrollo de la carrera profesional de las personas. La apuesta por las competencias digitales contribuye por su propia naturaleza a la transición ecológica, facilitando la realización de gestiones, trámites y acciones sin necesidad de movilidad, evitando gasto de papeles y consumibles, así como optimizando la eficiencia energética.', 'La apuesta por las competencias digitales contribuye por su propia naturaleza a la transición ecológica, facilitando la realización de gestiones, trámites y acciones sin necesidad de movilidad, evitando gasto de papeles y consumibles, así como optimizando la eficiencia energética. 7.5 EDUCACIÓN, FORMACIÓN PROFESIONAL Y APRENDIZAJE CONTINUOFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El éxito de la transición energética depende de desplegar con éxito una cartera de alternativas tecnológicas en cada sector, tal y como indica la Comisión Europea. Se necesita crear un ecosistema de innovación que permita asumir los riesgos necesarios para desarrollar las alternativas más apropiadas, y transferir el conocimiento de forma efectiva a las empresas para su despliegue a la escala requerida.', 'Se necesita crear un ecosistema de innovación que permita asumir los riesgos necesarios para desarrollar las alternativas más apropiadas, y transferir el conocimiento de forma efectiva a las empresas para su despliegue a la escala requerida. La Estrategia Española de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación 2021-2027 (EECTI 2021-2027) es el instrumento de base para consolidar y reforzar el Sistema de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación y está específicamente diseñada para facilitar la articulación de nuestra política de I+D+I con las políticas de la Unión Europea. Los objetivos de la EECTI tienen en consideración la contribución de la I+D+I a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030 de las Naciones Unidas y del Acuerdo de París.', 'Los objetivos de la EECTI tienen en consideración la contribución de la I+D+I a la consecución de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de la Agenda 2030 de las Naciones Unidas y del Acuerdo de París. Ahora bien, no basta con identificar las líneas prioritarias y articularlas alrededor de misiones estratégicas. Es imprescindible hacer evolucionar el ecosistema de innovación, tanto a nivel europeo como español, hacia uno más adaptado a las incertidumbres que presenta una transición energética y ecológica de la magnitud que se propone, y más orientado asimismo hacia una gestión inteligente de los riesgos.', 'Es imprescindible hacer evolucionar el ecosistema de innovación, tanto a nivel europeo como español, hacia uno más adaptado a las incertidumbres que presenta una transición energética y ecológica de la magnitud que se propone, y más orientado asimismo hacia una gestión inteligente de los riesgos. En primer lugar, es necesario seguir profundizando en las investigaciones climáticas, tanto en los efectos y la efectividad de las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático, como en las consecuencias que este puede tener sobre el territorio, así como las políticas de adaptación más eficaces que habrá que llevar a cabo.', 'En primer lugar, es necesario seguir profundizando en las investigaciones climáticas, tanto en los efectos y la efectividad de las políticas de mitigación del cambio climático, como en las consecuencias que este puede tener sobre el territorio, así como las políticas de adaptación más eficaces que habrá que llevar a cabo. Asimismo, la transición ecológica requerirá la evolución de los sistemas de generación renovable, pero también necesitará otras tecnologías, en particular las que faciliten la eficiencia energética, las de almacenamiento de energía, el hidrógeno renovable, las nuevas formas de movilidad y las necesarias para la descarbonización de la industria intensiva en energía.', 'Asimismo, la transición ecológica requerirá la evolución de los sistemas de generación renovable, pero también necesitará otras tecnologías, en particular las que faciliten la eficiencia energética, las de almacenamiento de energía, el hidrógeno renovable, las nuevas formas de movilidad y las necesarias para la descarbonización de la industria intensiva en energía. Al mismo tiempo y de forma paralela, están las tecnologías de amplio espectro: internet de las cosas, biotecnología, nanotecnología, inteligencia artificial, blockchain, robótica y tecnologías de la información y la comunicación. A continuación, se comentan con mayor detalle algunas de las áreas consideradas prioritarias: Ciencia del clima En esta línea será preciso continuar investigando los efectos y las políticas necesarias para el cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París.', 'A continuación, se comentan con mayor detalle algunas de las áreas consideradas prioritarias: Ciencia del clima En esta línea será preciso continuar investigando los efectos y las políticas necesarias para el cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París. En siguientes etapas también se requerirá el desarrollo de sistemas predictivos integrados sobre el tiempo atmosférico y el clima. Será importante incrementar el conocimiento sobre los impactos de los cambios del clima en el territorio, la avifauna, la vegetación e incluso la población. También será de gran valor el estudio de la variación en el régimen de precipitaciones, así como la previsión de eventos climáticos extremos para poder acometer las acciones necesarias de adaptación y así reducir los potenciales impactos negativos.', 'También será de gran valor el estudio de la variación en el régimen de precipitaciones, así como la previsión de eventos climáticos extremos para poder acometer las acciones necesarias de adaptación y así reducir los potenciales impactos negativos. En el ámbito concreto del clima en las ciudades, se potenciará la investigación hacia lograr ciudades y ecosistemas sostenibles, climáticamente neutros, impulsores de la economía circular y en los que las personas ocupen un espacio central.', 'En el ámbito concreto del clima en las ciudades, se potenciará la investigación hacia lograr ciudades y ecosistemas sostenibles, climáticamente neutros, impulsores de la economía circular y en los que las personas ocupen un espacio central. 7.6 INVESTIGACIÓN, INNOVACIÓN Y DESARROLLO Necesitamos crear un ecosistema de innovación que permita asumir los riesgos necesarios para desarrollar las alternativas más apropiadas, y transferir el conocimiento de forma efectiva a las empresas para su despliegue a la escala requerida.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Eficiencia energética De acuerdo con múltiples estimaciones, la mitad de la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel global se logrará por medio de la eficiencia y el ahorro energético aplicado tanto a procesos productivos como a consumos de los hogares y a la movilidad.', '7.6 INVESTIGACIÓN, INNOVACIÓN Y DESARROLLO Necesitamos crear un ecosistema de innovación que permita asumir los riesgos necesarios para desarrollar las alternativas más apropiadas, y transferir el conocimiento de forma efectiva a las empresas para su despliegue a la escala requerida.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Eficiencia energética De acuerdo con múltiples estimaciones, la mitad de la reducción de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel global se logrará por medio de la eficiencia y el ahorro energético aplicado tanto a procesos productivos como a consumos de los hogares y a la movilidad. Esta mayor eficiencia puede provenir tanto de avances tecnológicos como de cambios de comportamiento. Ámbito social El reto de la neutralidad climática precisará también importantes innovaciones sociales que acompañen y hagan posible la necesaria transformación tecnológica.', 'Ámbito social El reto de la neutralidad climática precisará también importantes innovaciones sociales que acompañen y hagan posible la necesaria transformación tecnológica. Para ello, se apoyará la realización de proyectos en el ámbito de las ciencias sociales que contribuyan al desarrollo, implementación y diseño de iniciativas que permitan a la ciudadanía contribuir y beneficiarse de la transición hacia una económica neutra en carbono. Asimismo, se impulsarán acciones de información, divulgación, sensibilización y concienciación orientadas a la adquisición de hábitos y actitudes acordes con el consumo responsable, la eficiencia, la sostenibilidad, la corresponsabilidad y la coo- peración entre la población. Se apoyará, de igual modo, la transformación urbana a través de la economía social.', 'Se apoyará, de igual modo, la transformación urbana a través de la economía social. Sistema eléctrico 100% renovable La transición hacia un sistema de generación eléctrica más descentralizado y basado en tecnologías renovables no gestionables, como la solar fotovoltaica y la eólica, ha de ir acompañada del desarrollo de un modelo más flexible. La investigación y la innovación deberán prestar una especial atención a la gestión del sistema, lo que requerirá tecnologías renovables gestionables, sistemas de almacenamiento, redes eléctricas inteligentes, así como mecanismos de gestión de la demanda. El objetivo final es lograr un sistema 100% renovable en 2050.', 'El objetivo final es lograr un sistema 100% renovable en 2050. Hidrógeno y “power to X” Puede proporcionar alternativas de interés para la industria y el transporte pesado en los que, aparentemente, la electrificación y el uso de baterías tendrán dificultades para ofrecer buenos rendimientos a un coste razonable. Estos vectores energéticos son relevantes también de cara a hacer frente al almacenamiento diario, semanal o estacional. En relación con el hidrógeno, es preciso el desarrollo del proceso de electrólisis a partir de fuentes de energía renovable, en especial aprovechando aquellos momentos en que exista un exceso de generación, más concretamente cuando ese exceso de generación obligue a que parte de la energía generada se pierda (lo que se conoce como “vertidos”).', 'En relación con el hidrógeno, es preciso el desarrollo del proceso de electrólisis a partir de fuentes de energía renovable, en especial aprovechando aquellos momentos en que exista un exceso de generación, más concretamente cuando ese exceso de generación obligue a que parte de la energía generada se pierda (lo que se conoce como “vertidos”). En consecuencia, son imprescindibles tanto la investigación como la innovación a lo largo de la cadena de generación, almacenamiento y uso del hidrógeno. En particular, el hidrógeno limpio es una tecnología novedosa y requiere una mayor coordinación en toda la cadena de valor.', 'En particular, el hidrógeno limpio es una tecnología novedosa y requiere una mayor coordinación en toda la cadena de valor. A este respecto, la Comisión Europea ha puesto en marcha varias iniciativas, anunciando la puesta en marcha de la nueva Alianza Europea por un Hidrógeno Limpio, que reunirá a los inversores con socios gubernamentales, institucionales e industriales. Como apoyo a esta Alianza, la Comisión Europea ha presentado la Estrategia de Hidrógeno de la Unión Europea en la que se definen los objetivos en materia de hidrógeno durante las próximas tres décadas. Por su parte, el Gobierno aprobó el 6 de octubre de 2020 la Hoja de Ruta de Hidrógeno: una apuesta por el Hidrógeno Renovable, en línea con la estrategia europea.', 'Por su parte, el Gobierno aprobó el 6 de octubre de 2020 la Hoja de Ruta de Hidrógeno: una apuesta por el Hidrógeno Renovable, en línea con la estrategia europea. Adicionalmente, existe una línea específica identificada como cadena de valor sobre sistemas de hidrógeno dentro de las convocatorias IPCEIs (Important Projects of Common European Interest). También es importante el desarrollo del resto de combustibles renovables, que se pueden producir a partir de procesos bioquímicos o a partir de síntesis empleando hidrógeno renovable u otros gases renovables.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Economía circular En la “Estrategia Española de Economía Circular, España Circular 2030”, se incluye dentro del decálogo de orientaciones estratégicas, que vertebrarán las actuaciones específicas que integrarán los diferentes planes de acción, la línea “Investigación e Innovación”.', 'También es importante el desarrollo del resto de combustibles renovables, que se pueden producir a partir de procesos bioquímicos o a partir de síntesis empleando hidrógeno renovable u otros gases renovables.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Economía circular En la “Estrategia Española de Economía Circular, España Circular 2030”, se incluye dentro del decálogo de orientaciones estratégicas, que vertebrarán las actuaciones específicas que integrarán los diferentes planes de acción, la línea “Investigación e Innovación”. De entre los principios generales de la Estrategia de Economía Circular, destaca la “Descarbonización de la economía”, que está estrechamente interrelacionada con esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo.', 'De entre los principios generales de la Estrategia de Economía Circular, destaca la “Descarbonización de la economía”, que está estrechamente interrelacionada con esta Estrategia a Largo Plazo. Tal y como se ha señalado con anterioridad, la industria puede reducir de forma notable el uso de materias primas, materiales y energía si se aplica efectivamente una política de economía circular. Se debe prestar una atención especial a alcanzar niveles elevados de reciclaje de aquellos materiales utilizados en las tecnologías de descarbonización (como el cobalto y las tierras raras), pero también de materiales más comunes en la fabricación y en la construcción en España. Industria sostenible En el sector industrial, las líneas de investigación a corto plazo están relacionadas con la eficiencia energética.', 'Industria sostenible En el sector industrial, las líneas de investigación a corto plazo están relacionadas con la eficiencia energética. Otra área de investigación son las posibles alternativas a los procesos de fabricación industrial presentes hoy en día, como es el caso del hidrógeno renovable, que irá sustituyendo al hidrógeno gris. La producción descarbonizada de determinados materiales será fundamental, especialmente en los procesos en los que se requiere calor de media y alta temperatura La captura, el almacenamiento y el uso de carbono también tendrán un papel importante en la descarbonización de los sectores para los que no sea factible la modificación del proceso productivo.', 'La producción descarbonizada de determinados materiales será fundamental, especialmente en los procesos en los que se requiere calor de media y alta temperatura La captura, el almacenamiento y el uso de carbono también tendrán un papel importante en la descarbonización de los sectores para los que no sea factible la modificación del proceso productivo. Una última línea de investigación puede ser la utilización de nuevos materiales con menores impactos climáticos que los que se emplean hoy en día. Este aspecto, junto con la economía circular, puede ayudar enormemente a descarbonizar este sector. Movilidad sostenible La importancia del cambio del combustible en el sector del transporte es elevada.', 'Movilidad sostenible La importancia del cambio del combustible en el sector del transporte es elevada. Por lo tanto, el éxito de la reducción de emisiones en este sector depende de la correcta implementación de las políticas encaminadas al impulso del vehículo eléctrico junto con otros combustibles alternativos que proporcionen movilidad de cero emisiones. En el caso del vehículo eléctrico, en la actualidad existen multitud de vehículos comerciales que se mueven con electricidad. Pero su uso en el desplazamiento de una mayor masa requiere todavía tecnologías nuevas que dependen de la investigación. Por otro lado, los transportes por carretera más pesados, así como la navegación, la aviación y el transporte ferroviario, presentan los mayores desafíos para evolucionar hacia una situación poco o nada contaminante.', 'Por otro lado, los transportes por carretera más pesados, así como la navegación, la aviación y el transporte ferroviario, presentan los mayores desafíos para evolucionar hacia una situación poco o nada contaminante. Es en estos sectores es donde se debe centrar la investigación y la innovación. También son relevantes las iniciativas de investigación encaminadas a un nuevo uso de la movilidad, asociadas a la implementación de nuevos modelos de negocio, o los cambios de comportamiento. Innovación en el sector agropecuario La investigación e innovación en bioeconomía, agricultura y bosques está llamada asimismo a desempeñar un papel relevante.', 'Innovación en el sector agropecuario La investigación e innovación en bioeconomía, agricultura y bosques está llamada asimismo a desempeñar un papel relevante. En especial, aquellos modelos de producción capaces de minimizar las emisiones de metano y los que contribuyen a fijar una cantidad mayor de carbono en el suelo, incrementando las emisiones negativas. Será relevante también la investigación en gestión de biorresiduos, ganadería vacuna, producción de fertilizantes o quema de restos agrícolas. Estas diferentes líneas de investigación y desarrollo conectan con los usos del suelo.', 'Estas diferentes líneas de investigación y desarrollo conectan con los usos del suelo. Por ello, resulta conveniente mantener una visión de conjunto del territorio y de los ecosistemas para evitar soluciones que mejoren unFACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA La transformación digital es, junto con la transición energética, uno de los principales retos a los que nos enfrentamos como sociedad. Existen, además, numerosas sinergias entre ambas dinámicas de cambio: el desarrollo e implantación de la tecnología digital está incidiendo en el conjunto de la economía y, en particular en el sector energético, afectando y transformando la definición del modelo actual de mercado. Además, esta transformación digital permitirá desarrollar una industria de gestión de datos, clave para la seguridad energética.', 'Además, esta transformación digital permitirá desarrollar una industria de gestión de datos, clave para la seguridad energética. La gestión de la demanda, la gestión de las redes y los nuevos esquemas de operación, así como el almacenamiento y el autoconsumo, definirán unos cambios significativos en el sector eléctrico en el largo plazo. En concreto, para incentivar un papel más activo por parte de las y los consumidores, figuras como los agregadores independientes pueden guiar a la ciudadanía en la gestión de la demanda, el autoconsumo y la mejora de la eficiencia energética. En cuanto al almacenamiento, la siguiente figura plantea dónde podrían ubicarse las distintas soluciones: integradas en las redes, las plantas de generación, las empresas, las PYMES, las comunidades energéticas locales y los hogares.', 'En cuanto al almacenamiento, la siguiente figura plantea dónde podrían ubicarse las distintas soluciones: integradas en las redes, las plantas de generación, las empresas, las PYMES, las comunidades energéticas locales y los hogares. 7.7 DIGITALIZACIÓN, ALMACENAMIENTO, GESTIÓN DE LA DEMANDA Y NUEVAS FORMAS DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS REDES ELÉCTRICAS FIGURA 7.2 Almacenamiento, redes y hogares Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 aspecto a costa de empeorar la situación en otro.', '7.7 DIGITALIZACIÓN, ALMACENAMIENTO, GESTIÓN DE LA DEMANDA Y NUEVAS FORMAS DE OPERACIÓN DE LAS REDES ELÉCTRICAS FIGURA 7.2 Almacenamiento, redes y hogares Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020 aspecto a costa de empeorar la situación en otro. La gestión integral del territorio ha de velar por la preservación de los servicios esenciales de los ecosistemas entre los que la captura de carbono de la atmósfera es uno de los más importantes.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Respecto a la digitalización, cabe señalar las siguientes modificaciones, que se experimentarán por el lado de la demanda: La comercialización que, a través del Big Data, la inteligencia artificial y el desarrollo de algoritmos transformarán los hogares en centros inteligentes, permitiendo al consumidor tomar decisiones sobre su consumo de manera casi instantánea.', 'La gestión integral del territorio ha de velar por la preservación de los servicios esenciales de los ecosistemas entre los que la captura de carbono de la atmósfera es uno de los más importantes.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Respecto a la digitalización, cabe señalar las siguientes modificaciones, que se experimentarán por el lado de la demanda: La comercialización que, a través del Big Data, la inteligencia artificial y el desarrollo de algoritmos transformarán los hogares en centros inteligentes, permitiendo al consumidor tomar decisiones sobre su consumo de manera casi instantánea. El transporte y la movilidad por el uso del vehículo autónomo y el eléctrico supondrán importantes mejoras de eficiencia con implicaciones relevantes para la generación eléctrica.', 'El transporte y la movilidad por el uso del vehículo autónomo y el eléctrico supondrán importantes mejoras de eficiencia con implicaciones relevantes para la generación eléctrica. El sector industrial podrá conseguir importantes ahorros a través de una monitorización exhaustiva, una mayor seguridad y un mejor control de sus procesos productivos. La edificación, podrá lograr una optimización del consumo energético mediante el uso de la información en tiempo real. Por el lado de la oferta, la creciente participación de la generación de origen renovable no gestionable impone nuevos retos a la gestión de la producción y su integración en el sistema.', 'Por el lado de la oferta, la creciente participación de la generación de origen renovable no gestionable impone nuevos retos a la gestión de la producción y su integración en el sistema. A ello se suma una generación cada vez más descentralizada, la disponibilidad de almacenamiento, así como una demanda más inteligente, lo que precisa un modelo más sofisticado con nuevos instrumentos que aumenten la flexibilidad del sistema. En definitiva, se trata de situar a la ciudadanía en el centro mediante la digitalización. El empleo de las nuevas tecnologías facilitará más autonomía en la manera en que las personas utilizan y gestionan la energía.', 'El empleo de las nuevas tecnologías facilitará más autonomía en la manera en que las personas utilizan y gestionan la energía. Finalmente, la Agencia Internacional de la Energía ha planteado una serie de propuestas dirigidas a los organismos reguladores y políticos para favorecer el avance eficiente hacia la digitalización. Entre sus recomendaciones están: ▶ Establecer un marco regulatorio que garantice las plataformas tecnológicamente neutras para la energía digital, permitiendo la competencia entre los agentes, y el desarrollo de nuevos modelos de negocio. ▶ Asegurar el acceso a la información tanto para el sector privado como para el sector público, así como para las y los consumidores, garantizando la privacidad de sus datos.', '▶ Asegurar el acceso a la información tanto para el sector privado como para el sector público, así como para las y los consumidores, garantizando la privacidad de sus datos. ▶ Fomentar el desarrollo de proyectos conjuntos entre empresas y el regulador enfocados al desarrollo de las redes inteligentes, respuesta a la demanda e identificación de nuevos modelos de negocio. La transformación digital es, junto con la transición energética, uno de los principales retos a los que nos enfrentamos como sociedad.', 'La transformación digital es, junto con la transición energética, uno de los principales retos a los que nos enfrentamos como sociedad. La implantación de la tecnología digital está incidiendo en el conjunto de la economía y, en particular en el sector energético, afectando y transformando la definición del modelo actual de mercado.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El Banco Europeo de Inversiones dejará de financiar proyectos ligados a los combustibles fósiles a partir de 2021. Adicionalmente, prevé invertir en iniciativas de acción climática y sostenibilidad un billón de euros en total entre 2021 y 2030. El Acuerdo de París reconoce la relevancia del sistema financiero para canalizar los recursos que permitan transformar la economía hacia un modelo de neutralidad climática.', 'El Acuerdo de París reconoce la relevancia del sistema financiero para canalizar los recursos que permitan transformar la economía hacia un modelo de neutralidad climática. Desde su entrada en vigor, la conciencia de los retos y las oportunidades asociadas al cambio climático han crecido en importancia en las agendas de los organismos financieros internacionales. Para alcanzar los objetivos de cambio climático, es fundamental el papel del sector financiero, siendo su implicación una herramienta muy potente para promover la descarbonización de la economía y contribuir a la transformación de la misma, y así disminuir el riesgo financiero asociado al cambio climático y alinearse al objetivo de 1,5 °C. Así, el sector financiero irá evolucionando desde “financiar lo verde” hacia la descarbonización de su cartera.', 'Así, el sector financiero irá evolucionando desde “financiar lo verde” hacia la descarbonización de su cartera. 7.8 IMPLICACIÓN DEL SECTOR FINANCIERO En el ámbito europeo, InvestEU y el Plan de Inversiones del Pacto Verde Europeo contribuirán a desbloquear inversión privada cuando sea necesario. El Banco Europeo de Inversiones y los bancos e instituciones nacionales de fomento deberán asimismo desempeñar un papel importante. La seguridad que ofrece la Ley del Clima será también importante en el ámbito europeo. En este sentido, el Banco Europeo de Inversiones dejará de financiar proyectos ligados a los combustibles fósiles a partir de 2021. Adicionalmente, prevé invertir en iniciativas de acción climática y sostenibilidad un billón de euros en total entre 2021 y 2030.', 'Adicionalmente, prevé invertir en iniciativas de acción climática y sostenibilidad un billón de euros en total entre 2021 y 2030. Todas estas acciones, anunciadas por la institución a finales de 2019, la alinean con el cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Por su parte, las empresas, entidades y sociedades que, conforme al artículo 2 del Reglamento (UE) 2019/2088 del Parlamento Europeo, de 27 de noviembre de 2019, sobre la divulgación de información relativa a la sostenibilidad en el sector de los servicios financieros, ostenten la condición de participante en los mercados financieros o de asesor financiero, incluirán en la información precontractual de los productos financieros que promuevan características medioambientales o tengan como objetivo inversiones sostenibles.', 'Por su parte, las empresas, entidades y sociedades que, conforme al artículo 2 del Reglamento (UE) 2019/2088 del Parlamento Europeo, de 27 de noviembre de 2019, sobre la divulgación de información relativa a la sostenibilidad en el sector de los servicios financieros, ostenten la condición de participante en los mercados financieros o de asesor financiero, incluirán en la información precontractual de los productos financieros que promuevan características medioambientales o tengan como objetivo inversiones sostenibles. Otro hito importante en este sentido ha sido la aprobación, en diciembre de 2019, del Reglamento (UE) 2020/852 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 18 de junio de 2020 relativo al establecimiento de un marco para facilitar las inversiones sostenibles (Reglamento de la Taxonomía), que establece un marco para incentivar las finanzas sostenibles para alcanzar seis objetivos ambientales de la UE: 1) mitigación del cambio climático, 2) adaptación al cambio climático, 3) uso sostenible y protección de los recursos hídricos y marinos, 4) transición a una economía circular, 5) prevención y control de la contaminación, 6) protección y recuperación de la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas.', 'Otro hito importante en este sentido ha sido la aprobación, en diciembre de 2019, del Reglamento (UE) 2020/852 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 18 de junio de 2020 relativo al establecimiento de un marco para facilitar las inversiones sostenibles (Reglamento de la Taxonomía), que establece un marco para incentivar las finanzas sostenibles para alcanzar seis objetivos ambientales de la UE: 1) mitigación del cambio climático, 2) adaptación al cambio climático, 3) uso sostenible y protección de los recursos hídricos y marinos, 4) transición a una economía circular, 5) prevención y control de la contaminación, 6) protección y recuperación de la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas. Como respuesta común a escala europea, la puesta en marcha de un ambicioso Fondo de Recuperación y Resiliencia, a la altura de lo que precisa el proceso de reconstrucción de las economías en el mundo post-COVID, a partir de 2021, el Fondo de Recuperación Next Generation EU permitirá a España movilizar un volumen de inversión sin precedentes, fomentando transformaciones y reformas estructurales dirigidas a acelerar la transición hacia una economía y sociedad climáticamente neutras.', 'Como respuesta común a escala europea, la puesta en marcha de un ambicioso Fondo de Recuperación y Resiliencia, a la altura de lo que precisa el proceso de reconstrucción de las economías en el mundo post-COVID, a partir de 2021, el Fondo de Recuperación Next Generation EU permitirá a España movilizar un volumen de inversión sin precedentes, fomentando transformaciones y reformas estructurales dirigidas a acelerar la transición hacia una economía y sociedad climáticamente neutras. La Taxonomía y sus principios también ha sido incluida como marco para definir las actividades que serán financiables con fondos europeos como parte del paquete de recuperación económica y como criterios para la definición del estándar de bonos verdes europeo, cuyo objetivo es que el volumen de títulos negociados en estos mercados alcance una masa crítica y que puedan ser catalogados de un modo consistente.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Durante la cumbre de Nueva York de Naciones Unidas de septiembre de 2015 los líderes adoptaron de manera unánime una nueva estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible, la llamada Agenda 2030.', 'La Taxonomía y sus principios también ha sido incluida como marco para definir las actividades que serán financiables con fondos europeos como parte del paquete de recuperación económica y como criterios para la definición del estándar de bonos verdes europeo, cuyo objetivo es que el volumen de títulos negociados en estos mercados alcance una masa crítica y que puedan ser catalogados de un modo consistente.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA Durante la cumbre de Nueva York de Naciones Unidas de septiembre de 2015 los líderes adoptaron de manera unánime una nueva estrategia para el desarrollo sostenible, la llamada Agenda 2030. Esta Agenda incluye un conjunto de objetivos a alcanzar en el año 2030 en favor de las personas, el planeta y la prosperidad, instando a los estados nacionales a integrar de manera urgente el desarrollo sostenible en sus planes de desarrollo.', 'Esta Agenda incluye un conjunto de objetivos a alcanzar en el año 2030 en favor de las personas, el planeta y la prosperidad, instando a los estados nacionales a integrar de manera urgente el desarrollo sostenible en sus planes de desarrollo. En la Figura 7.3 se pueden ver las sinergias entre la ELP y los ODS. La longitud de la barra indica el grado de conexión entre la ELP y los ODS: a mayor longitud, mayor relación. La intensidad del color indica si las sinergias son muy altas (el más oscuro), altas (la intensidad media) o medias (el color más claro).', 'La intensidad del color indica si las sinergias son muy altas (el más oscuro), altas (la intensidad media) o medias (el color más claro). 7.9 LA ELP Y LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE FIGURA 7.3 La ELP y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El cumplimiento por parte de los firmantes del Acuerdo de París facilitará, a su vez, el cumplimiento del “ODS 13.', '7.9 LA ELP Y LOS OBJETIVOS DE DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE FIGURA 7.3 La ELP y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible Fuente: Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico, 2020FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA El cumplimiento por parte de los firmantes del Acuerdo de París facilitará, a su vez, el cumplimiento del “ODS 13. Acción por el Clima” y el de otros ODS, ya que conseguir limitar los incrementos de temperatura en los límites establecidos supone reducir de forma urgente las emisiones, lo que contribuirá al avance hacia otras metas como la mejora de la salud de las personas, la creación de empleo digno, la producción y el consumo responsable o la conservación del entorno y la biodiversidad.', 'Acción por el Clima” y el de otros ODS, ya que conseguir limitar los incrementos de temperatura en los límites establecidos supone reducir de forma urgente las emisiones, lo que contribuirá al avance hacia otras metas como la mejora de la salud de las personas, la creación de empleo digno, la producción y el consumo responsable o la conservación del entorno y la biodiversidad. Se exponen a continuación las relaciones de esta estrategia con los ODS incluidos en la figura anterior: ▶ ODS 1. Fin de la pobreza.', 'Se exponen a continuación las relaciones de esta estrategia con los ODS incluidos en la figura anterior: ▶ ODS 1. Fin de la pobreza. La protección de los más vulnerables son factores que afectan directamente a la Estrategia de Descarbonización a Largo Plazo, especialmente en relación a personas en situación de pobreza energética, que no pueden satisfacer sus necesidades básicas de suministro de energía, como consecuencia de un nivel de ingresos insuficiente y que puede verse agravada por disponer de una vivienda ineficiente en energía. ▶ ODS 3. Salud y Bienestar. La implementación de esta Estrategia tiene asociados importantes cobeneficios para la salud de las personas.', 'La implementación de esta Estrategia tiene asociados importantes cobeneficios para la salud de las personas. La descarbonización de la economía supondrá una importante reducción en la emisión de contaminantes atmosféricos que en la actualidad provocan daños sobre la salud de las personas. Además, los cambios en estilos de vida hacia otros más sostenibles también contribuirán a mejorar el bienestar y la salud de las personas. ▶ ODS 5. Igualdad de género y empoderamiento de mujeres y niñas.', 'Igualdad de género y empoderamiento de mujeres y niñas. La presente estrategia integra la transversalidad de género en distintas vertientes a través de las que se contribuye a avanzar hacia la participación plena y efectiva de las mujeres y su acceso a posiciones de liderazgo en condiciones de igualdad a todos los niveles y en todos los sectores relacionados con la descarbonización (ya sea como estudiantes, profesionales, decisoras, consumidoras, etc.).', 'La presente estrategia integra la transversalidad de género en distintas vertientes a través de las que se contribuye a avanzar hacia la participación plena y efectiva de las mujeres y su acceso a posiciones de liderazgo en condiciones de igualdad a todos los niveles y en todos los sectores relacionados con la descarbonización (ya sea como estudiantes, profesionales, decisoras, consumidoras, etc.). Asimismo, se reconoce la importancia y centralidad de los cuidados de todas las personas desde la corresponsabilidad social, tanto para garantizar el acceso a la energía en el abordaje de la pobreza energética, como para promover el desarrollo de innovaciones que faciliten pautas de producción, consumo, demanda y movilidad más sostenibles y eficientes, desde la incorporación de los cuidados y de la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral como eje central de la economía y de la sociedad.', 'Asimismo, se reconoce la importancia y centralidad de los cuidados de todas las personas desde la corresponsabilidad social, tanto para garantizar el acceso a la energía en el abordaje de la pobreza energética, como para promover el desarrollo de innovaciones que faciliten pautas de producción, consumo, demanda y movilidad más sostenibles y eficientes, desde la incorporación de los cuidados y de la conciliación de la vida personal, familiar y laboral como eje central de la economía y de la sociedad. ▶ ODS 7. Energía asequible y no contaminante. La sustitución progresiva de los combustibles fósiles por tecnologías renovables reduce las emisiones contaminantes, así como los costes asociados a los combustibles fósiles importados.', 'La sustitución progresiva de los combustibles fósiles por tecnologías renovables reduce las emisiones contaminantes, así como los costes asociados a los combustibles fósiles importados. Además, una mayor introducción de renovables en el sistema energético, junto con otras actuaciones recogidas en esta Estrategia como las asociadas al fomento del ahorro y la eficiencia energética, contribuirá a facilitar el acceso a servicios energéticos asequibles fiables y modernos. Adicionalmente, esta estrategia tendrá presente la erradicación de la pobreza energética, como continuación del PNIEC y de la ENPE. ▶ ODS 8. Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico.', 'Trabajo decente y crecimiento económico. Los objetivos de la ELP llevan implícito un impacto macroeconómico positivo, en términos de creación de empleo y de crecimiento económico bajo en carbono, que incluye una mejora de la redistribución de ingresos que contribuye a la equidad. La inversión pública movilizada promoverá también políticas orientadas al desarrollo que apoyen las actividades productivas, la creación de puestos de trabajo decentes, el emprendimiento, la creatividad y la innovación, y fomentar la formalización y el crecimiento de las microempresas y las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Así, lograr el lograr el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todas las mujeres y los hombres, incluidos los jóvenes y las personas con discapacidad, así como la igualdad de remuneración por trabajo de igual valor.', 'Así, lograr el lograr el empleo pleno y productivo y el trabajo decente para todas las mujeres y los hombres, incluidos los jóvenes y las personas con discapacidad, así como la igualdad de remuneración por trabajo de igual valor. ▶ ODS 9. Industria, Innovación e Infraestructura. Implementar la ELP supone una oportunidad para la modernización y la mejora en la cadena de valor industrial. Ayudando a promover una industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y aumentar la contribución de la industria al empleo y al producto interno bruto. Adicionalmente, la Estrategia 2050 va a tener un efecto positivo sobre la innovación.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA ▶ ODS 10: Reducir la desigualdad en y entre los países.', 'Adicionalmente, la Estrategia 2050 va a tener un efecto positivo sobre la innovación.FACTORES TRANSVERSALES EN LA NEUTRALIDAD CLIMÁTICA ▶ ODS 10: Reducir la desigualdad en y entre los países. La aplicación de las estrategias contenidas en este documento dirige a la sociedad hacia un entorno con menores desigualdades. Lucha por un lado contra la pobreza energética, mediante eficiencia energética y energías renovables se reducen las necesidades de energía y esta se hace más asequible y resiliente frente al cambio climático. Y, por otro lado, al aplicar la ELP se reduce el riesgo de sucesos extremos causados por el cambio climático mediante políticas de mitigación y de adaptación, que suelen afectar más a las clases más desfavorecidas. ▶ ODS 11. Ciudades y Comunidades Sostenibles.', '▶ ODS 11. Ciudades y Comunidades Sostenibles. Las ciudades, a pesar de representar solamente el 3% de la superficie del planeta, consumen cerca del 70% de la demanda mundial de energía primaria y, en Europa, concentran en torno al 70% de los ciudadanos. La ELP implica la transformación de ciudades y comunidades en espacios más seguros, eficientes y sostenibles. Los entornos urbanos se irán transformando para adaptarse al cambio climático, debido al mayor uso previsto de transporte público, la generación distribuida de la energía o el impulso de medidas de adaptación. ▶ ODS 13. Acción por el Clima. El cumplimiento de este objetivo es intrínseco al desarrollo de esta estrategia y al cumplimiento del Acuerdo de París. ▶ ODS 15. Ecosistemas terrestres. Ecosistemas terrestres.', '▶ ODS 15. Ecosistemas terrestres. Ecosistemas terrestres. En particular los bosques, como sumideros de carbono, serán una pieza clave para garantizar los objetivos establecidos. La Estrategia pone de manifiesto la necesidad de fomentar la absorción de carbono mediante sumideros naturales, lo que contribuirá a fortalecer la vida de los ecosistemas terrestres, mejorando la capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático. Además, tiene múltiples sinergias con la recuperación y restauración de los ecosistemas y, por lo tanto, de su biodiversidad. En definitiva, la descarbonización de la economía implica una transformación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, pero también precisa un cambio del papel de la ciudadanía.', 'En definitiva, la descarbonización de la economía implica una transformación de todos los sectores de la sociedad, pero también precisa un cambio del papel de la ciudadanía. Esta transformación implica oportunidades para alcanzar los ODS, esto es, para conseguir un modelo de vida sostenible que no solo logre limitar los incrementos de temperatura y otros efectos del cambio climático, sino que reduzca las desigualdades sociales y mejore la calidad de vida de las personas.', 'Esta transformación implica oportunidades para alcanzar los ODS, esto es, para conseguir un modelo de vida sostenible que no solo logre limitar los incrementos de temperatura y otros efectos del cambio climático, sino que reduzca las desigualdades sociales y mejore la calidad de vida de las personas. Conseguir limitar los incrementos de temperatura en los límites establecidos supone reducir de forma urgente las emisiones, lo que contribuirá al avance hacia otras metas como la mejora de la salud de las personas, la creación de empleo digno, la producción y el consumo responsable o la conservación del entorno y la biodiversidad.De acuerdo con el proceso de cambio que pretende impulsar esta estrategia para alcanzar la neutralidad climática a mediados de siglo y que, tal y como indica, modernizará la economía y mejorará su competitividad, generando empleo de calidad e incidiendo positivamente en la calidad de vida de las personas, se hace necesario destacar el papel que el emprendimiento tiene para lograrlo.', 'Conseguir limitar los incrementos de temperatura en los límites establecidos supone reducir de forma urgente las emisiones, lo que contribuirá al avance hacia otras metas como la mejora de la salud de las personas, la creación de empleo digno, la producción y el consumo responsable o la conservación del entorno y la biodiversidad.De acuerdo con el proceso de cambio que pretende impulsar esta estrategia para alcanzar la neutralidad climática a mediados de siglo y que, tal y como indica, modernizará la economía y mejorará su competitividad, generando empleo de calidad e incidiendo positivamente en la calidad de vida de las personas, se hace necesario destacar el papel que el emprendimiento tiene para lograrlo. El tejido empresarial español se caracteriza por el predominio de las microempresas que constituyen más del 90% de las empresas del sector privado, lideradas en su mayoría por autónomas y autónomos.', 'El tejido empresarial español se caracteriza por el predominio de las microempresas que constituyen más del 90% de las empresas del sector privado, lideradas en su mayoría por autónomas y autónomos. Además, una parte significativa del empleo que existirá en la UE en el periodo 2030 – 2050, será fruto de las políticas de transformación ecológica y descarbonización promovidas en décadas previas.', 'Además, una parte significativa del empleo que existirá en la UE en el periodo 2030 – 2050, será fruto de las políticas de transformación ecológica y descarbonización promovidas en décadas previas. Por ello, a los retos que ya se planteaban en el ámbito laboral español se suman nuevos desafíos que obligan a afrontar los cambios post-COVID-19 en los procesos de globalización y digitalización, y en el uso de nuevas fórmulas eficaces de incremento de productividad que aumenten la calidad en el empleo de las personas trabajadoras por cuenta propia, y que les permita adaptar su actividad al momento actual de una forma sostenible. Una de estas fórmulas es el aprovechamiento de la economía verde y sostenible.', 'Una de estas fórmulas es el aprovechamiento de la economía verde y sostenible. En este sentido, desde el Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social se va a impulsar por primera vez de forma coordinada y conjunta, las Estrategias de la Economía Social, el Trabajo Autónomo y la Responsabilidad Social de las Empresas, que serán un espacio de diálogo y colaboración entre administraciones, y que canalizarán también las demandas económicas de los tres colectivos, poniendo el foco en cuestiones como la digitalización o la formación.', 'En este sentido, desde el Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social se va a impulsar por primera vez de forma coordinada y conjunta, las Estrategias de la Economía Social, el Trabajo Autónomo y la Responsabilidad Social de las Empresas, que serán un espacio de diálogo y colaboración entre administraciones, y que canalizarán también las demandas económicas de los tres colectivos, poniendo el foco en cuestiones como la digitalización o la formación. Concretamente, la Estrategia Nacional de Impulso del Trabajo Autónomo para el periodo 2021-2027(ENDITA), actualmente en desarrollo, está enfocada en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles (ODS) y en el desarrollo del “Plan de Acción para la implementación de la Agenda 2030, hacia una Estrategia Española de Desarrollo Sostenible” del Gobierno de España.', 'Concretamente, la Estrategia Nacional de Impulso del Trabajo Autónomo para el periodo 2021-2027(ENDITA), actualmente en desarrollo, está enfocada en el cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenibles (ODS) y en el desarrollo del “Plan de Acción para la implementación de la Agenda 2030, hacia una Estrategia Española de Desarrollo Sostenible” del Gobierno de España. Entre sus objetivos se encuentran la generación de trabajo emprendedor de calidad, dar respuesta a las necesidades de las y los autónomos y consolidar la actividad, a través de un conjunto global de medidas, tomando como base el ciclo de vida de la persona trabajadora, y teniendo en cuenta aspectos como la digitalización, la superación de territorialidad, la igualdad de género, el emprendimiento sostenible, social e inclusivo, entre otros.', 'Entre sus objetivos se encuentran la generación de trabajo emprendedor de calidad, dar respuesta a las necesidades de las y los autónomos y consolidar la actividad, a través de un conjunto global de medidas, tomando como base el ciclo de vida de la persona trabajadora, y teniendo en cuenta aspectos como la digitalización, la superación de territorialidad, la igualdad de género, el emprendimiento sostenible, social e inclusivo, entre otros. Respecto a los ejes estratégicos que vertebrarán esta iniciativa y que inciden en esta nueva fórmula de economía verde destacamos de forma directa, el EJE- Digitalización del colectivo por cuenta propia y de su actividad y el EJE- Emprendimiento sostenible.', 'Respecto a los ejes estratégicos que vertebrarán esta iniciativa y que inciden en esta nueva fórmula de economía verde destacamos de forma directa, el EJE- Digitalización del colectivo por cuenta propia y de su actividad y el EJE- Emprendimiento sostenible. Y de forma indirecta, los EJES de Emprendimiento social e inclusivo; Superación de la territorialidad; formación especializada; e Igualdad de género en el trabajo autónomo. Por todo ello, y en línea con los objetivos de esta Estrategia, el emprendimiento y su alcance en el tejido productivo español se convierte en una pieza clave para dar respuesta coherente e integrada frente a la crisis climática, aprovechando las oportunidades para la modernización y competitividad de nuestra economía y que sea socialmente justa e inclusiva.', 'Por todo ello, y en línea con los objetivos de esta Estrategia, el emprendimiento y su alcance en el tejido productivo español se convierte en una pieza clave para dar respuesta coherente e integrada frente a la crisis climática, aprovechando las oportunidades para la modernización y competitividad de nuestra economía y que sea socialmente justa e inclusiva. 7.10 EMPRENDIMIENTO: EMPLEO AUTÓNOMO Y ECONOMÍA SOCIALÍNDICE DE FIGURASFigura 1.1. Principales magnitudes de la Estrategia Figura 1.2. La Estrategia de Descarbonización a Largo Plazo Figura 2.1. Las oportunidades de la neutralidad climática por la aplicación del ELP Figura 2.2. Impactos de la aplicación de la ELP Figura 3.1. Escenarios analizados en el PNIEC y en la Estrategia a Largo Plazo Figura 3.2.', 'Escenarios analizados en el PNIEC y en la Estrategia a Largo Plazo Figura 3.2. Evolución prevista de las emisiones GEI por sector desde 1990 hasta 2050 en el Escenario de Neutralidad Climática Figura 3.3. Consumo de energía primaria en el Escenario ELP (incluye usos no energéticos) Figura 3.4. Consumo final de energía en el Escenario ELP (excluye los usos no energéticos) Figura 3.5. Evolución estimada de la dependencia energética Figura 3.6. Porcentaje de energía renovable respecto al consumo final de energía Figura 3.7. Energías renovables Figura 4.1. Oportunidades de mejora de los sumideros de carbono Figura 5.1. Impacto potencial del cambio climático en Europa Figura 5.2. Líneas de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático Figura 5.3.', 'Líneas de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático Figura 5.3. Detalle de las medidas incluidas en las distintas líneas de trabajo sectoriales para la adaptación al cambio climático Figura 6.1. Sector eléctrico Figura 6.2. Movilidad sostenible y transporte Figura 6.3. Edificación sostenible Figura 6.4. Tecnologías disponibles para la descarbonización en edificación Figura 6.5. Oportunidades industriales asociadas con la descarbonización Figura 6.6. Industria sostenible y competitiva Figura 6.7. Agropecuario, residuos y gases fluorados Figura 7.1. Factores transversales Figura 7.2. Almacenamiento, redes y hogares Figura 7.3. la ELP y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible'] | es-ES |
310 | LKA | Sri Lanka | 1st NDC | 2016-11-06 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDCs%20of%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 27.566286 | 11.404268 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/51a78667f95fa98365c9adce2102fcac6fd27a406f747213f7e054027e3a0885.pdf | ['Nationally Determined Contributions Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment Sri LankaThe Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment in Sri Lanka as the National Focal Point to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is pleased to submit its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC. We are in confident that the NDCs submitted by the Parties to the UNFCCC will support in achieving the set objectives of the Paris Agreement.', 'We are in confident that the NDCs submitted by the Parties to the UNFCCC will support in achieving the set objectives of the Paris Agreement. Sri Lanka believes that a fair and ambitious Agreement is an imperative for countries to reach the long-term temperature and Sustainable Development Goals, and is pleased to take part in the efforts of tackling current and projected climate change challenges by implementing Sri Lanka’s NDCs. The NDCs have been formulated based on previously submitted INDCs following the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. The information presented in this submission is based on the data available at the time of preparation of country’s NDCs. 2.', 'The information presented in this submission is based on the data available at the time of preparation of country’s NDCs. 2. National Context Sri Lanka, a country highly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and very lower greenhouse gas, presents the NDCs to strengthen the global efforts of both mitigation and adaptation.', 'National Context Sri Lanka, a country highly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and very lower greenhouse gas, presents the NDCs to strengthen the global efforts of both mitigation and adaptation. In response to challenges posed by climate change, Sri Lanka has taken several positive steps by introducing national policies, strategies and actions in order to address climate change induced impacts, amongst which are the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka, National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka in 2010, the Climate Change Vulnerability Profiles; Water, Health, Agriculture and Fisheries, Urban Development, Human Settlements and Economic Infrastructure in 2010, the Technology Needs Assessment and Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in 2014, the National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme in 2009 and Urban Transport Master Plan 2032 based on the National Transport Policy in 2009.', 'In response to challenges posed by climate change, Sri Lanka has taken several positive steps by introducing national policies, strategies and actions in order to address climate change induced impacts, amongst which are the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka, National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka in 2010, the Climate Change Vulnerability Profiles; Water, Health, Agriculture and Fisheries, Urban Development, Human Settlements and Economic Infrastructure in 2010, the Technology Needs Assessment and Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in 2014, the National Action Plan for Haritha Lanka Programme in 2009 and Urban Transport Master Plan 2032 based on the National Transport Policy in 2009. Further, National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka has been developed, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) on Energy Generation and End Use Sectors is being implemented, and the NAMA on Transportation is being prepared.', 'Further, National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka has been developed, Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) on Energy Generation and End Use Sectors is being implemented, and the NAMA on Transportation is being prepared. In addition to the aforementioned, the Long Term Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2015- 2032 and the National Solid Waste Management Strategy 2000, the Corporate Plan 2014-2018 by the Central Environmental Authority and various legal amendments made by government entities related to environment are being implemented. In addition, Forestry Sector Master Plan 1995-2020, National REDD+ Strategy are two important initiatives towards enhancing the forest cover in the country. As a small island in the Indian Ocean, the coastal region of Sri Lanka is susceptible to changes in sea level.', 'As a small island in the Indian Ocean, the coastal region of Sri Lanka is susceptible to changes in sea level. The 2004 tsunami has indicated that low-lying plains in the coastal zone are vulnerable to any future rise in sea level and important sectors of the economy such as tourism and fisheries could be affected badly due to impacts of sea level rise. A significant population of the country is dependent on livelihoods connected to agriculture. Studies show that the food security of thenation can also be adversely affected due to impacts of climate change. Besides, a substantial share of the foreign income is generated through export crops which are highly sensitive to fluctuations of weather.', 'Besides, a substantial share of the foreign income is generated through export crops which are highly sensitive to fluctuations of weather. Emerging evidence from various sources suggest that climate change could alter natural systems connected to the water cycle, the ecosystems and the bio-diversity of the country. This could lead to decline of various ecosystem services which are indispensable for the welfare of human population. In addition, impacts of climate change appear to have significant repercussions on health of the citizens and human settlements of the country. Sri Lanka has taken several steps to strengthen the country’s capabilities to face the challenges of climate change, especially by formulating overarching policies, national level plans and strategies.', 'Sri Lanka has taken several steps to strengthen the country’s capabilities to face the challenges of climate change, especially by formulating overarching policies, national level plans and strategies. In order to address the issues in climate change a separate dedicated institution titled the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) was created in 2008. In order to implement NDCs, a National Climate Change Commission will be established. 3. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Sri Lanka As per the outcome of the 19th Conference of Parties (COP19) in Warsaw in 2013, all Parties were invited to prepare INDCs.', 'Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) of Sri Lanka As per the outcome of the 19th Conference of Parties (COP19) in Warsaw in 2013, all Parties were invited to prepare INDCs. This is as part of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) that was established at COP 17 in Durban to “Develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties".', 'This is as part of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP) that was established at COP 17 in Durban to “Develop a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties". As a result, the Paris Agreement was reached and the NDCs shall make it possible to track progress and achieve a collective ambition level sufficient to limit global warming to well below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels and pursue to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 0C above pre-industrial level.', 'As a result, the Paris Agreement was reached and the NDCs shall make it possible to track progress and achieve a collective ambition level sufficient to limit global warming to well below 2°C relative to pre-industrial levels and pursue to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 0C above pre-industrial level. Sri Lanka submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) in October 2015, and improved version of INDCs in April 2015, at the time of signing the Paris Agreement. NDCs of Sri Lanka were prepared based on the Readiness Plan for the Implementation of the Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) 2017-2019. Readiness Phase 2017-2019 The readiness phase till 2020 is for allowing the country to prepare for the full-scale implementation of chosen NDCs.', 'Readiness Phase 2017-2019 The readiness phase till 2020 is for allowing the country to prepare for the full-scale implementation of chosen NDCs. A host of groundwork and preparations need to be carried out to ensure successful implementation of NDCs to achieve the set GHG emission reduction targets by 2030.', 'A host of groundwork and preparations need to be carried out to ensure successful implementation of NDCs to achieve the set GHG emission reduction targets by 2030. A Readiness Plan for the Implementation of the INDCs of Sri Lanka has been developed in consultation with relevant stakeholders, led by line ministries that cover the 14 sectors identified in the NDCs of Sri Lanka, The sector specific line Ministries and other stakeholders have provided information and recommendations on the implementation of the NDCs, need ofidentifying policy gaps, institutional gaps, the need for improvements in human and technical capacity, as well as financial and technical support to implement the NDCs by 2020.', 'A Readiness Plan for the Implementation of the INDCs of Sri Lanka has been developed in consultation with relevant stakeholders, led by line ministries that cover the 14 sectors identified in the NDCs of Sri Lanka, The sector specific line Ministries and other stakeholders have provided information and recommendations on the implementation of the NDCs, need ofidentifying policy gaps, institutional gaps, the need for improvements in human and technical capacity, as well as financial and technical support to implement the NDCs by 2020. 3.1 Timeframe and Periods of Implementation Base year 2010 as per Business-As-Usual scenario and Target period 2021-2030 3.2 Scope and coverage Sri Lanka’s NDCs comprise of following four areas; Mitigation - Reducing the GHG emissions against the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenarios in the sectors of energy (electricity generation), transportation, industry, waste and forestry.', '3.1 Timeframe and Periods of Implementation Base year 2010 as per Business-As-Usual scenario and Target period 2021-2030 3.2 Scope and coverage Sri Lanka’s NDCs comprise of following four areas; Mitigation - Reducing the GHG emissions against the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenarios in the sectors of energy (electricity generation), transportation, industry, waste and forestry. The key contributors to GHG are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). Adaptation - Building resilience in most vulnerable communities, sectors and areas to adverse effects of climate change. Adaptation will focus on human health, food security (agriculture, livestock and fisheries), water and irrigation, coastal and marine, biodiversity, urban infrastructure and human settlement, tourism and recreation. Adaptation initiatives that derive mitigation co-benefits will be prioritized.', 'Adaptation initiatives that derive mitigation co-benefits will be prioritized. Loss and Damage - In order to address issues related to losses and damages resulting from extreme weather events, a local mechanism will be developed in accordance with the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Means of Implementation- External support for Finance, Technology Development and Transfer, and Capacity Building for the above sectors are considered in the implementation process of the NDCs of Sri Lanka. 4. Fairness and ambition Sri Lanka is a developing country that is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. However, despite its vulnerabilities Sri Lanka is committed to address global climate change and aims to channel the development into a low carbon pathway through sustainable development.', 'However, despite its vulnerabilities Sri Lanka is committed to address global climate change and aims to channel the development into a low carbon pathway through sustainable development. The country’s total GHG emission represents less than 0.1% of global emissions and the per capita emission is 0.6tCO2e. Through the NDCs, Sri Lanka puts forward an ambitious and progressive delinking of GHG emissions in its efforts for economic growth. Sri Lanka proposes fair and ambitious mitigation approaches, while facing the challenges of progressively increasing adaptation demands, and climate induced loss and damage. Sri Lanka intends to launch an ambitious strategy of mainstreaming climate change adaptation across all economic drives where capacity building and locally appropriate institutional mechanisms will be crucial and key elements.', 'Sri Lanka intends to launch an ambitious strategy of mainstreaming climate change adaptation across all economic drives where capacity building and locally appropriate institutional mechanisms will be crucial and key elements. The finance and human resource development to implement the strategy will be challenging for these ambitious targets, and the domestic contribution to this end will be very significant.Sri Lanka will also take steps to ensure internal equity by maintaining inclusivity. Inclusivity will be focused through the participation of groups such as gender, youth, vulnerable communities, and providing opportunities to these groups to engage, benefit from the ambitious targets. 5. Mitigation Strategies Sri Lanka being a developing country, anticipates achieving the development objectives while moving in a low carbon development pathway.', 'Mitigation Strategies Sri Lanka being a developing country, anticipates achieving the development objectives while moving in a low carbon development pathway. Mainly five sectors have been identified under mitigation for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These are sectors of energy (electricity generation), transport, industry, forests and waste. Possible emission reduction actions have been identified in each sector, which are to be implemented during the period of 2020 to 2030. NDCs for Mitigation intends to reduce the GHG emissions against BAU scenario by 20% in the energy sector (4% unconditionally and 16% conditionally) and by 10% in other sectors (transport, industry, forests and waste) by 3% unconditionally and 7% conditionally by 2030. 5.1. Energy Sector-Electricity generation Sri Lanka has realized almost 100% electrification through the national grid.', 'Energy Sector-Electricity generation Sri Lanka has realized almost 100% electrification through the national grid. Current total installed power generation capacity of the country is 3,888 MW. This includes 900 MW from coal power, 1,128 MW through oil generated thermal power and 1,860 MW from renewable energy. The contribution from renewable energy is 1377 MW from large hydro, 328 MW from small hydro, 128 MW from wind, 25 MW from biomass and 1.36 MW from solar power. Out of the total annual electricity generation for the national grid, more than 50% is met using renewable energy resources. In addition to this, solar rooftop systems operated under net- metering scheme contribute to a capacity of 28 MW. Sri Lanka’s annual electricity demand is approximately 13,227 GWh.', 'Sri Lanka’s annual electricity demand is approximately 13,227 GWh. This demand is created 37% from households, 29% from industries, 24% from commercial enterprises, and the rest being created by religious organizations and street lighting. The overall annual demand for electricity is expected to increase by an average of 4%, and future electricity generation expansion programmes are expected to meet this demand in growth. 5.1.1 Addition of Sustainable Energy Sources in Future Generation Expansion Sri Lanka is on the path to becoming an internationally recognised middle-income country. Under the country’s development drive, energy will be a key necessity, and energy towards a sustainable future an imperative.', 'Under the country’s development drive, energy will be a key necessity, and energy towards a sustainable future an imperative. Further, it is important to generate electricity using the most economical energy sources such as the several sources of renewable energy which could be used to satisfy the energy demand of the country. This will help address issues of energy security as well as facilitate a move towards environmentally friendly technology, that will help the country to reach its maximum potential for expanding electricity generation.5.1.2 The NDCs of Energy Sector GHG emissions in the energy sector in Sri Lanka have recently been on a trend of increasing due to the use of petroleum based fuels for energy generation.', 'This will help address issues of energy security as well as facilitate a move towards environmentally friendly technology, that will help the country to reach its maximum potential for expanding electricity generation.5.1.2 The NDCs of Energy Sector GHG emissions in the energy sector in Sri Lanka have recently been on a trend of increasing due to the use of petroleum based fuels for energy generation. In order to achieve emission reduction targets specified in the NDCs of Sri Lanka, the contribution from the power generation sector is vital.', 'In order to achieve emission reduction targets specified in the NDCs of Sri Lanka, the contribution from the power generation sector is vital. Energy sector has a 20% GHG emission reduction target in the NDCs, which amounts to 39,383Gg of the total GHG emissions (196,915Gg for the period 2020-2030 as per the BAU scenario of the Long Term Generation Expansion Plan 2013-2032 published in October 2013). The reduction of emissions includes 4% (9,173Gg) unconditional and 16% (30,210Gg) conditional reduction.', 'The reduction of emissions includes 4% (9,173Gg) unconditional and 16% (30,210Gg) conditional reduction. The NDCs for the energy sector include: NDC 1: Establishment of large scale wind power plants of 514 MW NDC 2: Establishment of 115 MW of solar power plants NDC 3: Establishment of 105 MW of biomass power plants NDC 4: Establishment of 176 MW of mini hydro power plants NDC 5: Introduction of Demand Side Management (DSM) activities NDC 6: Strengthening sustainable energy related policies with a view to increasing the share of renewable energy from the existing 50%, to 60% in 2020.', 'The NDCs for the energy sector include: NDC 1: Establishment of large scale wind power plants of 514 MW NDC 2: Establishment of 115 MW of solar power plants NDC 3: Establishment of 105 MW of biomass power plants NDC 4: Establishment of 176 MW of mini hydro power plants NDC 5: Introduction of Demand Side Management (DSM) activities NDC 6: Strengthening sustainable energy related policies with a view to increasing the share of renewable energy from the existing 50%, to 60% in 2020. (The level of 60% expected to be reached in 2020 will be maintained at the same level, until further developments in renewable energy technology allow for increased share of electricity generation from the renewable energy sources.)', '(The level of 60% expected to be reached in 2020 will be maintained at the same level, until further developments in renewable energy technology allow for increased share of electricity generation from the renewable energy sources.) NDC 7: Converting existing fuel oil based power plants to LNG (newly proposed INDC) 5.1.3 Present Initiatives Sri Lanka has recently taken strong initiatives to implement efficient and effective sustainable energy programmes, as well as eliminating the introduction of coal power plants (with the capacity of 4700 MW or more) from the national electricity system by 2030. The initiatives further includes introducing renewable energy sources, and introducing LNG for thermal power generation in lieu of solid and liquid petroleum fuels.', 'The initiatives further includes introducing renewable energy sources, and introducing LNG for thermal power generation in lieu of solid and liquid petroleum fuels. Under the renewable energy sources of which energy generation will be enhanced, the available hydro power generation potential will be absorbed. The initiatives will also focus on available solar and wind resources which will form the larger part of future expansion of renewable energy based power generation. Current interventions in renewable energy generation include: (a) Development of hydro power based to its maximum potential through large hydro power plants (Uma Oya, Ginganga, Broadlands) and small hydro power plants (the overall potential of these will be in the range of 500 MW.)', 'Current interventions in renewable energy generation include: (a) Development of hydro power based to its maximum potential through large hydro power plants (Uma Oya, Ginganga, Broadlands) and small hydro power plants (the overall potential of these will be in the range of 500 MW.) (b) Wind parks: The power generation will focus mainly on the Mannar islands recognised as one of the sites with the best potential in the South Asian region for generating energythrough wind power. In parallel to this, other potential sites will be developed. The ones identified include the Northern areas of Sri Lanka with the potential to generate approximately 300 MW of wind power based energy.', 'The ones identified include the Northern areas of Sri Lanka with the potential to generate approximately 300 MW of wind power based energy. (c) Promotion of solar power generation has been initiated through different modalities such as solar rooftops and solar parks. This will provide approximately 500 MW in the short term and has the potential to expand to a considerably high level by 2030. (d) Power generation through biomass will also be added to the sources of power generation with an expectation of a reasonable contribution to the total demand for energy in the country.', '(d) Power generation through biomass will also be added to the sources of power generation with an expectation of a reasonable contribution to the total demand for energy in the country. Sri Lanka has decided to shift the existing fuel oil based power plants to LNG and 6 power plants with a cumulative capacity of above 500 MW are expected to be subjected to this change. In addition to the interventions concerning power generation, the Government has also identified DSM as one of the priority areas, and a Presidential Task Force has been appointed for implementing an island wide DSM programme encompassing all the related sectors.', 'In addition to the interventions concerning power generation, the Government has also identified DSM as one of the priority areas, and a Presidential Task Force has been appointed for implementing an island wide DSM programme encompassing all the related sectors. Note In earlier documents, separate targets have been given for NCRE, however, at present NCRE and large hydro are commonly included as renewable energy and the targets are given accordingly. 5.2. Emission Reduction from Other Sectors Sri Lanka intends to reduce 10% of its GHG emissions from the sectors of transport, waste, industry and forestry. This will be 3% unconditional and 7% conditional against BAU scenarios.', 'This will be 3% unconditional and 7% conditional against BAU scenarios. However, BAU emission scenarios have to be estimated in details and detailed emission reduction plans for these sectors are yet to be developed. 5.2.1. Transport Sector In Sri Lanka, the transport sector is one of the major GHG emitting sources. This sector includes road, railway, air and sea transportations. The annual passenger transport is approximately 130 billion passenger-km, and freight transport is approximately 7 million ton-km. The current active vehicle fleet of Sri Lanka is calculated to be approximately 5 million, which indicates a three-fold increase with respect to year 2000.', 'The current active vehicle fleet of Sri Lanka is calculated to be approximately 5 million, which indicates a three-fold increase with respect to year 2000. This is caused by the increase in the number of three wheelers and two wheelers, where the increase is by 8 times and 4 times, respectively. The cars, dual-purpose vehicles and land vehicles have increased by approximately 2 to 2.5 times, while the number of buses has not increased significantly, thereby indicating a shift from public transport modes to using private vehicles. At present, about 51% of the active vehicle fleet consists of motor cycles, 22% motor tricycles and 11% motor cars. Although buses are less than 1% of the active vehicle fleet, it contributes to about 50% of the passenger transport.', 'Although buses are less than 1% of the active vehicle fleet, it contributes to about 50% of the passenger transport. Increase in private vehicles has resulted in increased traffic congestion, reduction in fuel economy and higher emissions. The vehicles are primarily powered by imported petroleum oil(crude and refined). About 70% of the petroleum is consumed by the transport sector, which is about 3 billion litres per annum, where the main fuel is diesel. Gasoline contributes to about 65%. Per capita petroleum oil consumption per annum has increased from approximately 50 litres in 1990 (where 73% is diesel) to 90 litres in 2000 (where 82% is diesel) and 150 litres in 2015. The average fuel economy of road transport is about 0.025 litre/passenger-km.', 'The average fuel economy of road transport is about 0.025 litre/passenger-km. Some indicative values for the fuel economy in passenger transportation of different vehicle categories could be estimated based on average values for transport distance, occupancy and fuel consumption as 0.01 for buses, 0.05 for cars, 0.04 for motor tricycles, 0.02 for motor cycles and 0.03 for dual-purpose vehicles. These data provide the potential for the reduction of fuel consumption of GHG emissions in the road transport sector by switching to public (or mass) transport modes from private vehicles. The high expenditure for the importation of petroleum has become a major factor adversely affecting the economy of the country. Presently, the total expenditure for petroleum imports is about 6% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the country.', 'Presently, the total expenditure for petroleum imports is about 6% of gross domestic product (GDP) of the country. This further indicates that the improvement of energy efficiency/fuel economy in the transport sector is a national priority. Under the above circumstances, synergistic approaches are required to realize GHG mitigation targets in the transport sector.', 'Under the above circumstances, synergistic approaches are required to realize GHG mitigation targets in the transport sector. GHG emissions in the transport sector can be reduced by: - Avoiding/reducing journeys: Densifying urban landscapes, sourcing localized products, internet shopping, restructuring freight logistics systems, and utilizing advanced information and communication technologies (ICT); - Modal shifting: Lower-carbon transport systems, encourage increasing investment into public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure, modifying roads, railways, airports, ports, making waterways and other mentioned modes more attractive for users, minimize travel time and distance; - Improve energy efficiency of transport modes and vehicle technologies: Improving fuel- economy of transport (litre/passenger-km or litre/ton-km) by enhancing vehicle and engine performance, using lightweight materials, increasing freight load factors and passenger occupancy rates, deploying new technologies such as electrification of vehicles.', 'GHG emissions in the transport sector can be reduced by: - Avoiding/reducing journeys: Densifying urban landscapes, sourcing localized products, internet shopping, restructuring freight logistics systems, and utilizing advanced information and communication technologies (ICT); - Modal shifting: Lower-carbon transport systems, encourage increasing investment into public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure, modifying roads, railways, airports, ports, making waterways and other mentioned modes more attractive for users, minimize travel time and distance; - Improve energy efficiency of transport modes and vehicle technologies: Improving fuel- economy of transport (litre/passenger-km or litre/ton-km) by enhancing vehicle and engine performance, using lightweight materials, increasing freight load factors and passenger occupancy rates, deploying new technologies such as electrification of vehicles. - Improve fuel quality: Reducing carbon intensity of fuels (CO2eq /MJ) by substituting petroleum-based products with natural gas, bio-methane, bio fuels, electricity or hydrogen produced from low GHG sources.', '- Improve fuel quality: Reducing carbon intensity of fuels (CO2eq /MJ) by substituting petroleum-based products with natural gas, bio-methane, bio fuels, electricity or hydrogen produced from low GHG sources. It is important to harmonize the GHG mitigation options and related transport policies with other national development programmes and related policies, while mobilizing resources and expertise of all related stakeholders and institutions. The NDCs of Transport Sector The set of NDCs proposed for the transport sector has gone through a number of amendments, and the following are the key activities listed in the most recent version: 1. Establishment of energy efficient and environmentally sustainable transport systems by 2030.', 'Establishment of energy efficient and environmentally sustainable transport systems by 2030. 1.1 Develop Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) to improve the transport system in line with the Megapolis Plan that is currently being finalized, and integrated into key urban areas of the country,1.2 Introduce an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) based bus management system, 1.3 Introduce a canal transport system 2. Upgrade of Fuel Quality Standards (FQS) to reduce harmful emissions that cause environmental pollution and health hazards. 2.1 Introduce 95 octane petrol. 3. Reduce unproductive transport systems from current usage. 3.1 Reduce unproductive vehicles by 25% in 2025 unconditionally. This could be increased by 50% with conditions. 4. Shift passengers from private to public transport modes.', 'Shift passengers from private to public transport modes. 4.1 Introduce park & ride system, 4.2 Establish bus depots next to railway stations 5. Enhance the efficiency and quality of public transport modes. 5.1 Electrification of the railway system from Veyangoda to Panadura, 5.2 Purchase new rolling stock for Sri Lanka Railway, 5.3 Rehabilitate the Kelani Valley railway line. 6. Reduction of GHG emissions in the maritime sector. 6.1 Implement international laws and regulations on maritime safety & security related to climate change, 6.2 Maintain international standards related to climate change in maritime transportation. 7.', '6.1 Implement international laws and regulations on maritime safety & security related to climate change, 6.2 Maintain international standards related to climate change in maritime transportation. 7. Gazette new emission standards to reduce GHG emissions 7.1 Improve vehicle emission testing programme, and spot testing for all vehicles, 7.2 Introduce a heavy smoke vehicles spotter programme 7.3 Introduce a road side vehicle emission testing programme 7.4 Inspect and monitor vehicle emission testing centres 8. Encourage and introduce low emission vehicles such as electric and hybrid. 8.1 Introduce electrified three - wheelers to reduce emissions, 8.2 Introduce electrified boat service, 8.3 Introduce electric buses, 8.4 Introduce other electrified vehicles such as cars 9. Reduce traffic congestion in order to reduce GHG emission.', 'Reduce traffic congestion in order to reduce GHG emission. 8.1 Introduce canal transport systems 8.2 Introduce Centralized Traffic Management Systems (CTMS) 8.3 Establish highways 8.4 Transport of heavy loads by railway 10. Reduction of GHG emissions in the aviation sector. 10.1 Identify the current profile of GHG emissions from Sri Lankan operators (Sri Lankan Airline and FITS Aviation) in international operations and domestic operators 10.2 Forecast the BAU future emissions from the above operators 10.3 Identify GHG mitigations options 10.4 Identify implementation mechanisms and resource requirements for the implementation of mitigation options 11. Establishment of a database management system for monitoring NDCs of transport sector. 11.1 Establishment of a separate unit for the implementation of NDCs 11.2 Software development 11.3 Capacity development5.2.2.', '11.1 Establishment of a separate unit for the implementation of NDCs 11.2 Software development 11.3 Capacity development5.2.2. Industrial Sector Industrial sector includes energy consuming industries, technology intensive industries, small and medium enterprises and micro industries. Apart from emissions generated from energy consumption, the key industries contributing to GHG emissions are Cement, Manufacture and Lime production. Energy required for industrial purposes is generated from several sources such as biomass, petroleum oil, and electricity. It is noted that most of the industries use very old and high energy consuming technologies which need to be reviewed and improved with new technologies.', 'It is noted that most of the industries use very old and high energy consuming technologies which need to be reviewed and improved with new technologies. The proposed NDCs for the industry sector are suggesting further actions and sub actions which could directly and indirectly influence in reducing GHG emission in the industrial sector by modifying, adopting and applying new technology available in the field for the period of 2020- 2030. The NDCs of Industrial Sector The NDCs of the industrial sector include: 1.', 'The NDCs of Industrial Sector The NDCs of the industrial sector include: 1. Modernizing and facilitating industries to follow recognized standards related to GHG emission reduction (Environmental Management System such as ISO 14000, ISO 14040 series, ISO 14062 - Design for Environment, ISO 14064 - Greenhouse emission, standards co-Tex 1000 garment and textile industry, Hazard Account Critical Control Points (HACCP) or ISO 22000/25 certification etc.) 2. Continue fuel switching to biomass in industries. 3. Improve efficiency of industrial energy/water/ raw materials. 4. Introduce and promote tax structures to promote the sustainable technologies. 5. Encourage industries to reduce GHG emissions through introduction of a rewards’ system. 6. Establish Eco-industrial Parks (EIPS) and villages. 7. Implement the National Green Reporting System of Sri Lanka. 8.', 'Implement the National Green Reporting System of Sri Lanka. 8. Apply eco-efficient and cleaner production. 9. Greening the supply chain through introducing the life cycle management and industrial symbiosis to maintain zero waste. 10. Introduce high efficient motors for the entire industrial sector. 5.2.3. Forestry Sector Forests are a fundamental and important element in the efforts to combat the adverse effects of climate change. The vital role that trees play in removing carbon from air through a process referred to as carbon sequestration has now been recognized globally as a potent way to remove rapidly increasing atmospheric carbon. Forests in particular help to remove larger amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and function as a carbon sink.', 'Forests in particular help to remove larger amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and function as a carbon sink. Given the key contributionthat forests make in absorbing the high levels of carbon in the atmosphere, deforestation and forest degradation are identified as one of the key contributions to global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimated that deforestation and forest degradation account for 12% of earth’s human induced carbon emission, which is higher than the total emissions from the transport sector at the global level. Proposed NDCs in this sector directly or indirectly influence in reduction of GHG emission by increasing the forest cover in the country to a healthy level, managing deforestation and enriching usage by introducing perennial crops targeting 2020-2030.', 'Proposed NDCs in this sector directly or indirectly influence in reduction of GHG emission by increasing the forest cover in the country to a healthy level, managing deforestation and enriching usage by introducing perennial crops targeting 2020-2030. The NDCs of Forestry Sector 1. Increase the forest cover of Sri Lanka from 29% to 32% by 2030. 1.1 Identify land for reforestation/forestation (suitable non forest land for forestry by conducting land use planning at national scale). 2. Improve quality of growing stock of natural forests and forest plantations. 2.1 Complete boundary demarcation 2.2 Conserve to increase non-carbon benefits 2.3 Demarcate boundaries including buffer zones 2.4 Develop plantation management plans for sustainable forest management practices for productive and protective purposes 3. Restoring degraded forests and hilltops (shrubs, grasslands and state lands) 4.', 'Restoring degraded forests and hilltops (shrubs, grasslands and state lands) 4. Increase river basin management for major rivers of Sri Lanka. 4.1 Multi hazard prioritization of catchment/ river basins 4.2 Preparing catchment management plans 4.3 Demarcation and protection of riverine vegetation 4.3 Implement protective measures 5. Forestation of underutilized private lands and marginal Tea lands. 5.1 Promote forestation/afforestation through non carbon benefit/payment for ecosystem service mechanism. 6. Urban forestry (roadside planting, urban parks and other state lands). 7. Establish a functional National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS). 8. Promote investment of private and public sector companies in environmental conservation projects through CSR programs. 5.2.4. Waste Sector Greenhouse Gas emission from solid waste depends on the disposal methods. Waste collecting and disposing have become major issues in waste sector today.', 'Waste collecting and disposing have become major issues in waste sector today. The main waste collection and disposal systems currently in practice in Sri Lanka are composting, recycling, sanitary land filling, open dumping, waste burning through incineration (for clinical waste) and waste water treatment. Waste collection and disposal have become a serious concern in Sri Lanka with the expansion of urban population and rapid changes of the consumption pattern. Local Authorities (LAs) are responsible for municipal solid waste management in Sri Lanka, however the capacity of LAs ingeneral is not sufficient to manage all the waste generated in the limit of LAs. Only 40% of the waste is regularly collected and only limited LAs run sanitary land filling practices at present.', 'Only 40% of the waste is regularly collected and only limited LAs run sanitary land filling practices at present. The generation of Methane from landfill sites is likely to be an acute problem. In almost all the Municipal Councils, landfill sites are located within the respective city limits, amidst the highly populated residential areas. One ton of biodegradable waste gives 300 liters of Methane (0.4 tons of Methane more than 8 tons of CO2, equivalent GHG). Providing solutions to the issue of solid waste management solves the issues of health hazards, environment pollution and addresses GHG emission reduction. The proposed NDCs for waste sector directly or indirectly influence the reduction of GHG emissions in waste sector by modifying, adopting and applying appropriate technology during the period of 2020-2030.', 'The proposed NDCs for waste sector directly or indirectly influence the reduction of GHG emissions in waste sector by modifying, adopting and applying appropriate technology during the period of 2020-2030. The NDCs of Waste Sector The NDCs for the waste sector include: 1. Introducing a source separation system at the household level and a proper collection mechanism. 2. Improving the compost preparation system for each local authority and increasing the supply of organic fertilizer to agricultural purposes by providing facilities to control quality of compost and introduce a market for the compost fertilizer production. 3. Introducing energy generation by waste (waste to energy programmes). 4. Improving the waste collection mechanism. 5. Designing and implementing comprehensive solid waste management strategies for 40% to 60% of LAs before 2030. 6.', 'Designing and implementing comprehensive solid waste management strategies for 40% to 60% of LAs before 2030. 6. Monitoring of waste management activities. 7. Systematic management of industrial/hazardous and clinical waste management. 6. NDCs of Adaptation to adverse effects of Climate Change Adverse effects of climate change are becoming more frequent and intense and all countries are facing increased climate risks and adaptation needs. The negotiations at the new climate agreement, the Paris Agreement presented an unparalleled opportunity to elevate and advance climate adaptation.', 'The negotiations at the new climate agreement, the Paris Agreement presented an unparalleled opportunity to elevate and advance climate adaptation. The Paris Agreement encouraged all parties to strengthen their cooperation on enhancing action on adaptation, taking into account Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) Sri Lanka reserves the right to revise its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and targets at any point of time and consider its NDCs to be a living document that should be integrated with changed/modified national development goals and targets.which could establish a clearer global vision for adaptation under the Convention; provide a framework for presenting national adaptation contributions to catalyze adaptation actions, streamline and enhance UNFCCC institutions; and mobilize resources to help particularly vulnerable developing countries to cope with climate impacts.', 'The Paris Agreement encouraged all parties to strengthen their cooperation on enhancing action on adaptation, taking into account Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF) Sri Lanka reserves the right to revise its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and targets at any point of time and consider its NDCs to be a living document that should be integrated with changed/modified national development goals and targets.which could establish a clearer global vision for adaptation under the Convention; provide a framework for presenting national adaptation contributions to catalyze adaptation actions, streamline and enhance UNFCCC institutions; and mobilize resources to help particularly vulnerable developing countries to cope with climate impacts. Adaptation measures are required to address the potential impacts of climate change.', 'Adaptation measures are required to address the potential impacts of climate change. Proper adaptation can minimize the losses and damages while creating a conducive environment for low carbon development. The adaptation NDCs of Sri Lanka have been developed in consultation with relevant stakeholders, based on the National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) and the National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts in Sri Lanka (NAP). Consequently five major broader adaptation targets are identified: 1. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national planning and development. 2. Enabling climate resilient and healthy human settlements. 3. Minimizing climate change impacts on food security. 4. Improving climate resilience of key economic drives. 5. Safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity from climate change impacts.', 'Safeguarding natural resources and biodiversity from climate change impacts. In the process of meeting these adaptation commitments, Sri Lanka will make extra efforts to build synergies between adaptation and mitigation while capitalizing on mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions. The most vulnerable sectors to adverse effects of climate change identified for developing the adaptation NDCs are from the sectors of health, food security (agriculture, livestock and fisheries), water and irrigation, coastal and marine, biodiversity, urban infrastructure & human settlement, and tourism & recreation. 6.1. Health Sector Health is an area where impacts of climate have significant impacts. Studies around the world have revealed the possibility of increasing health hazards with the changing climate patterns.', 'Studies around the world have revealed the possibility of increasing health hazards with the changing climate patterns. Life cycles of biological agents associated with diseases are highly sensitive to weather and climate related parameters. Several countries have reported a rising number of fatalities due to heat waves. The country has recently experienced outbreak of diseases those are closely connected with environment and weather patterns, and seasonal outbreaks of dengue are a prime example of this. Spread of vector borne diseases into new areas with changing patterns of local climate is a potential health hazard that needs to be allocated close attention. Sri Lanka has a history of such epidemics in the past such as periodic outbreaks of malaria.', 'Sri Lanka has a history of such epidemics in the past such as periodic outbreaks of malaria. In addition, extreme weather conditions can lead to disasters causing injuries and fatalities. Besides, living and health comfort can directly be affected by gradual rise in temperature, and sudden uncharacteristic and extreme changes in weather parameters. Literature highlights that Sri Lanka has an ageing population which would particularly be vulnerable to climate related healthhazards. Hence, serious efforts towards adaptation against potential health hazards associated with climate change are an utmost priority for Sri Lanka. The NDCs of Health Sector 1. Establish clinical waste disposal systems in all hospitals in collaboration with relevant agencies 1.1 Establish solid clinical waste disposal systems 1.2 Establish liquid clinical waste disposal systems 2.', 'Establish clinical waste disposal systems in all hospitals in collaboration with relevant agencies 1.1 Establish solid clinical waste disposal systems 1.2 Establish liquid clinical waste disposal systems 2. Control of vector borne and rodent borne diseases (dengue, malaria, and leptospirosis) 2.1 Control of dengue 2.1.1 Improvement of solid waste management systems by local authorities including recycling of non-degradable items 2.1.2 Implementation of integrated vector control methods 2.1.3 Redesigning of housing structures to prevent breading of mosquitoes 2.1.4 Strengthening of diseases and vector surveillance systems 2.2 Maintenance of malaria free status 2.2.1 Surveillance and screening of all forms of migrants from malaria endemic areas 2.2.2 Establish an early and rapid response system in the event of outbreaks.', 'Control of vector borne and rodent borne diseases (dengue, malaria, and leptospirosis) 2.1 Control of dengue 2.1.1 Improvement of solid waste management systems by local authorities including recycling of non-degradable items 2.1.2 Implementation of integrated vector control methods 2.1.3 Redesigning of housing structures to prevent breading of mosquitoes 2.1.4 Strengthening of diseases and vector surveillance systems 2.2 Maintenance of malaria free status 2.2.1 Surveillance and screening of all forms of migrants from malaria endemic areas 2.2.2 Establish an early and rapid response system in the event of outbreaks. 2.3 Control of Leptospirosis 2.3.1 Continue prophylactic treatment for farmers 2.3.2 Continue farmer education on prevention and prophylactic treatment 2.3.3 Continue a surveillance system including GPS.', '2.3 Control of Leptospirosis 2.3.1 Continue prophylactic treatment for farmers 2.3.2 Continue farmer education on prevention and prophylactic treatment 2.3.3 Continue a surveillance system including GPS. 2.4 Establishment of an early warning system for vector borne and rodent borne diseases using, and networking for information exchange on extreme weather events to reduce climate induced health impacts (in highly vector borne disease prone areas) 3. Control of food borne and water borne diseases including Non Communicable Diseases (NCD) such as Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown origin (CKDU) and mental diseases which can increase due to extreme heat and drought. 3.1 Strengthening/ establishing of a laboratory system for analysis of chemicals including agrochemical residues and microbiology.', '3.1 Strengthening/ establishing of a laboratory system for analysis of chemicals including agrochemical residues and microbiology. 3.2 Strengthen the water quality surveillance system and strengthen the disease surveillance system 6.2 Food Security Sector Sri Lanka’s NDCs for Food Security comprise of three major areas; agriculture, livestock and fisheries. Climate change will affect these sectors regarding food security, food availability, food accessibility, food utilization and food system stability. This will have impacts on human life in many ways, on human health, livelihood assets, food production and distribution channels as well as changing purchasing power and market flow. Impacts would be both short term and long term.', 'Impacts would be both short term and long term. More frequent short term impacts and extreme weather events, and long term impacts caused by changing temperature and precipitation patterns.Sri Lanka as an agriculture based country faces greater consequences of extreme weather events due to temperature rise in the dry zone, and higher precipitation in the wet zone and changing of seasonal rainfall pattern on both zones, dry and wet zones. Livelihood systems already vulnerable to food security face immediate risk of increased crop failure, net pattern of pests and diseases, lack of appropriate seeds and planting materials and loss of livestock.', 'Livelihood systems already vulnerable to food security face immediate risk of increased crop failure, net pattern of pests and diseases, lack of appropriate seeds and planting materials and loss of livestock. Coastal communities depending on fisheries and fish farmers who are involved in aquaculture are already profoundly affected by climate change; rising sea levels, ocean acidification and floods are among impacts of climate change. Climate change is modifying the distribution and productivity of marine and fresh water species and is already affecting biological processes and altering food webs. The consequences felt on sustainability of aquatic ecosystem for fisheries and aquaculture is highly adverse.', 'The consequences felt on sustainability of aquatic ecosystem for fisheries and aquaculture is highly adverse. 6.2.1 The NDCs of Agriculture Sector More than 2,500 years, Sri Lanka has been an agrarian based society and agriculture still remains a key component of the economy as well as the island’s cultural base. Climate change involves long-term slow changes in climate, short-term annual climatic variability and unpredictable extreme climatic events. Agriculture, (especially crop production,) is highly dependent on the prevailing weather conditions and therefore is highly sensitive to climate change, both short-term and long-term. It is imperative that a well-coordinated and sustained effort is set in motion to increase the capacity of Sri Lankan agriculture to adapt to short and long-term climate change impacts.', 'It is imperative that a well-coordinated and sustained effort is set in motion to increase the capacity of Sri Lankan agriculture to adapt to short and long-term climate change impacts. Adaptation involves measures to minimize the impacts of climate change. At present, implementation of climate change adaptation measures in Sri Lanka is piecemeal and lacks co- ordination and direction. Hence, a clear policy framework identifying the measures to be pursued and the roles of different stakeholders is needed for allocating and channeling the necessary financial and human resources for successful adaptation to climate change. Consequently, following NDCs have been identified; 1. Promote/introduce/develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to minimize pest damages to improve environmental impacts and health 1.1 Introduce environmentally friendly bio-degradable pesticides for IPM.', 'Promote/introduce/develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices to minimize pest damages to improve environmental impacts and health 1.1 Introduce environmentally friendly bio-degradable pesticides for IPM. 1.2 Introduce /promote/develop suitable bio pesticides and bio control agents for IPM. 1.3 Introduce/promote/develop post-harvest management with environmentally friendly technology packages. 2. Develop/introduce varieties resistant/tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses arising from climate change 2.1 Introduce/promote/develop heat tolerant varieties 2.2 Introduce/promote/develop drought tolerant varieties 2.3 Introduce /promote/ develop flood tolerant varieties 2.4 Introduce /promote/ develop salt tolerant varieties 2.4 Develop and promote maturity varieties3. Re-demarcating Agro Ecological Regions (AERS) maps of Sri Lanka with current climate and future climate, and recommend appropriate crops for different areas to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts. 4.', 'Re-demarcating Agro Ecological Regions (AERS) maps of Sri Lanka with current climate and future climate, and recommend appropriate crops for different areas to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts. 4. Introduce suitable land and water management practices for central highlands and other marginal areas to minimize land degradation and to improve land and water productivity. 6.2.2. The NDCs of Livestock Sector Livestock is an integral part of agricultural economy in Sri Lanka and it ensures food security, helps in reducing malnutrition and poverty. There are approximately 560,000 families directly engaged in livestock sector, i.e. dairy, poultry, goat, swine and other livestock. Dairy industry is earmarked as the priority area for investment and development in the livestock sector.', 'Dairy industry is earmarked as the priority area for investment and development in the livestock sector. The development programs launched by the Ministry of Rural Economic Affairs enabled the country to reach 42% self-sufficiency in local milk production in 2015. A major driving factor of livestock dynamics in Sri Lanka appears to be climatic variability. The rising temperature and uncertainties in rainfall associated with global warming are likely to increase the frequency and magnitude of climate variability and extremes. Furthermore, changes in climate would also increase the risk of unexpected changes in nature and environment. The key risks from climate change to livestock are increased incidence of drought, flood and heat.', 'The key risks from climate change to livestock are increased incidence of drought, flood and heat. In this context, Sri Lanka identified the following NDCs for the livestock sector in order to build resilience in the livestock sector to meet adverse impacts of climate change. 1. Identification of vulnerability in the livestock sector 1.1 Identification of vulnerabilities in livestock species 1.2 Identification of vulnerabilities in agro-climate areas 1.3 Identification of vulnerabilities in farming communities 1.4 Identification of vulnerabilities in production systems 1.5 Identification of vulnerabilities in processing pathways 2. Introduction of adoptive measures to avoid or minimize the adverse effects 1. Identification of adverse impacts on animal production systems 2. Collection and conservation of traditional knowledge and practices 2.1 Establishment and dissemination of surveyed results to stakeholders 3.', 'Collection and conservation of traditional knowledge and practices 2.1 Establishment and dissemination of surveyed results to stakeholders 3. Introduction of technological innovations 3.1 Encouragement of innovations 3.2 Dissemination of knowledge on technological innovation through extension 3. Introduction of alternative measures to minimize adverse effects of climate change 4. Identification of potential clean and renewable energy sources for livestock related activities 5. Adaptation of integrated waste management systems 6. Promotion of responsible consumption and sustainable production 1. Promotion of green livestock procedures & processing techniques 2. Promotion of consumption of green livestock products 7. Enhancement of education, awareness and capacity building 1. Conduct awareness & educational programmes on smart green livestock activities2. Promotion of emerging green technologies 3. Encouragement of exchanging of novel technologies 6.2.3.', 'Encouragement of exchanging of novel technologies 6.2.3. The NDCs of Fisheries Sector The fisheries sector plays an important role in the economy of Sri Lanka by providing livelihoods for more than 2.5 million coastal communities as well as providing more than 50% of the animal protein requirement of people in the country. It is clear that fishers, fish farmers and coastal inhabitants will bear the full force of climate change induced impacts through less stable livelihoods, changes in the availability and quality of fish for food, and rising risk to their health, safety and homes. Many fisheries-dependent communities are already live in a precarious and vulnerable situation because of poverty and their lack of social services and essential infrastructure.', 'Many fisheries-dependent communities are already live in a precarious and vulnerable situation because of poverty and their lack of social services and essential infrastructure. The well-being of these communities is further undermined by overexploitation of fisheries resources and degraded ecosystem due to human and natural phenomenon. As fisheries rely heavily on adequate quality and quantity of water and land resources, development within these sectors should take into account the ramifications of already felt and potential climate change, and strategically adopt relevant adaptation measures in their respective sectoral programmes. Proper adaptation can prevent losses and damages while creating a conducive environment for low carbon development. 1. Establishment of fish barricade devices for each perennial reservoir to prevent fish escape, in consultation with Irrigation Department.', 'Establishment of fish barricade devices for each perennial reservoir to prevent fish escape, in consultation with Irrigation Department. 1.1 Identification of vulnerable perennial reservoirs 1.2 Identification of barricades and planning 2. Cryopreservation for stocking fish sperms for artificial breeding. 2.1 Identification of the suitable species 2.2 Storage facilities for Cryopreservation 3. Convert existing open breeding facilities into indoor facilities and design constructions to control temperature impacts. 3.1 Identification of the suitable place 3.2 Development of the facilities 4. Appropriate fish fingerlings stocking programme for stock enhancement for culture fisheries. 4.1 Identification of new reservoirs 4.2 Capacity development for fingerling breeding suitable to environmental impacts 5. Develop temperature tolerant species to aquaculture and promote mari-culture. 5.1 Identification of suitable species 5.2 Capacity development for research & development 6.', '5.1 Identification of suitable species 5.2 Capacity development for research & development 6. Minimize the aquatic pollution due to water scarcity in lagoons and inlands water bodies. 6.1 Identification of present status of aquatic pollutants 6.2 Identification of possible vulnerable pollutants 6.3 Capacity building for research & development 6.4 Design and conduct of awareness programmes 7. Increase the production capabilities of fisheries, aquatic resources in lagoons. 7.1 Stock assessment of lagoons7.2 Carrying capacity assessment 7.3 Assessment of primary productivity 7.4 Assessment of water quality 7.5 Awareness creation programmes 6.3 Water Sector Water resources are the most important source for the survival of both the man-kind and the ecosystems. Reliable and clean drinking water is a necessity to sustain good health. Further, water is a prime requirement for agriculture, energy generation, navigation, recreation and manufacturing.', 'Further, water is a prime requirement for agriculture, energy generation, navigation, recreation and manufacturing. Many of these uses put pressure on water resources and in many areas, climate change is likely to increase water demand while shrinking water supplies. This shifting of balance would challenge the management of water to simultaneously meet the needs of growing communities and sensitive ecosystems. The adverse impacts of climate change highly affect the inland water bodies resulting in prolonged droughts, flash floods and sea level rise. This vulnerability could be minimized through precautionary actions. Following NDCs for water sector have been identified as such precautionary actions. The NDCs of Water Sector 1.', 'The NDCs of Water Sector 1. Establish and erect sand bags across the river during the drought season to prevent saline water intrusion where saline water intrusion is a concern. 1.1. Identification of areas, designing implementation & monitoring plans 2. New water supply projects and schemes will be implemented in the areas where water scarcity. 2.1. Assess and map areas with water scarcity 2.2. Explore new water sources and identify alternative sources. 3. Prepare water safety management plans for entire country to overcome pollution and climate change impacts. 4. Improve protection and conservation measures in all drinking water catchment areas. 4.1. Establish island-wide surface & ground water monitoring networks i.e. for long term monitoring of water level flow patterns, water quality 4.2. Enforcement of laws & regulations 5.', 'Enforcement of laws & regulations 5. Permanent water supply schemes can be implemented with pipeline systems through new water supply schemes. 5.1. Identification of safe water sources qualitatively & other alternatives such as desalinization 6. Establish mobile laboratories to ensure safety during water supply. 6.1. Onsite water quality monitoring systems for more adequate measurement on toxicity, pesticide etc. 7. Establish monitoring and recording for saline water intrusion into drinking water sources during the drought period. 8. Establish safety of water management facilities and minimize disturbances to water supply due to extreme weather events. 9.', 'Establish safety of water management facilities and minimize disturbances to water supply due to extreme weather events. 9. Introduce a new management system focusing on community awareness creation programs and water supply plans.6.4 Irrigation Sector Water management is a crucial task that needs to be adapted to face both climate change impacts and socio-economic pressures in the coming decades. Changes in water availability, changes in water demand from land, as well as from other competing sectors including urban and industrial development are some of them. The best water management practices need to be used to increase the productivity of the irrigation water that may provide significant adaptation potential for all land production systems.', 'The best water management practices need to be used to increase the productivity of the irrigation water that may provide significant adaptation potential for all land production systems. Improvements in irrigation efficiency are equally critical to ensure the availability of water for both food production and for competing human and environmental needs with future climate change risks. Sri Lanka’s inland waters are the most important supplier of water for agriculture, where irrigation waters are vital for enhancing productivity of the sector. The impacts of temperature increase on water availability include increased rates of evaporation and vapors-transpiration. Thus, during drought periods water availability for irrigation will be affected due to high evaporation rates. This is especially true for tanks and rivers in the dry zone.', 'This is especially true for tanks and rivers in the dry zone. Increased evaporation and transpiration can also reduce soil moisture, stream flow and groundwater re- charge, resulting in reducing water available for food production, and increasing the irrigation requirement. Adaptation measures in this context are critical for Sri Lanka as more than 65% of agricultural lands are located in the dry zone where water scarcity exists. The NDCs of Irrigation Sector 1. Restoration and rehabilitation of all abandoned tanks and irrigation canals in Sri Lanka. 2. Establishing the water flow and sediment loads monitoring system in selected streams in the central highlands. 3. Introduce boreholes/tube wells as an intervention to address droughts for domestic water supply. 4.', 'Introduce boreholes/tube wells as an intervention to address droughts for domestic water supply. 4. Enhance productivity of irrigation water use by introducing improved on-farm water application technologies. 4.1 Introduce water saving applications like water micro irrigation system (sprinkle) & water saving crops. 4.2 Farmer training & awareness raising programmes on water saving applications 5. Assess river floods and mitigation measures and early warning systems for possible flash floods. 5.1 Collecting the rainfall data & river flow 5.2 Preparation of digital elevation maps 5.3 Capacity building programs for new technological applications 5.4 Introducing flood mitigation structures 6. Develop water resource management plans and strategies for selected rivers in Sri Lanka adopting traditional knowledge and new technology. 7. Adopt water-efficient technologies to ‘harvest’ water, conserve solid moisture (e.g.', 'Adopt water-efficient technologies to ‘harvest’ water, conserve solid moisture (e.g. crop residue retention) and reduce siltation and saltwater intrusion. 8. Modification of irrigation techniques, including amount, timing or technology. 9. Introduce conservation measures to irrigation tanks and canals to ensure sustainable water supply.6.5 Coastal and Marine Sector Sri Lanka is an island nation surrounded by a low-lying coastal belt. Around a third of the country’s population lives in the coastal belt. The impact of climate change on sea level rise and ocean warming are crucial for Sri Lanka in several aspects. Being an island, sea level rise will pose many challenges to coastal communities, their livelihoods, and coastal ecosystems.', 'Being an island, sea level rise will pose many challenges to coastal communities, their livelihoods, and coastal ecosystems. With this rise, coastal systems and low-lying areas will experience adverse impacts such as submergence, coastal flooding, saltwater intrusion and coastal erosion. In many regions, changing precipitation patterns and melting of snow/ice are altering hydrological systems, affecting water resources of the ocean in terms of quantity and quality. There is evidence that many marine species have shifted their geographic ranges, seasonal activities, migration patterns, and relative abundance and species interactions in response to climatic changes. Sea level rise, a major physical effect associated with climate change is likely to create significant impacts over the coastal zone.', 'Sea level rise, a major physical effect associated with climate change is likely to create significant impacts over the coastal zone. Besides, rising incidence of extreme and unpredictable weather events have created uncertainties over coastal livelihoods sometimes even causing life and property damages. Therefore, proper adaptation can prevent losses and damages while creating a conducive environment for low carbon development. Coastal and marine sector is one of the most vulnerable sectors to the adverse effects of climate change. The NDCs of Coastal and Marine sector 1. Establish an accurate sea level rice forecasting system for Sri Lanka. 1.1. Re-establish the existing Mean Sea Level (MSL).', 'Re-establish the existing Mean Sea Level (MSL). 1.1.1 Establish the required database with historical sea level data 1.1.2 Start the required long term data collection programme, including wave measurements sediment transport study. 1.2. Establish additional sea level stations, in addition to the existing stations. 1.3. Acquire globally available technology for prediction and forecasting. 2. Mapping of inundation prone areas assessing vulnerability to the sea level rise. 2.1 Re-assess inundation maps according to the sea level rise forecast 2.2 Periodically validate and update inundation maps according to the revised forecast 3. Restoration, conservation and managing coral, sea grass, mangroves and sand dunes in sensitive areas.', 'Restoration, conservation and managing coral, sea grass, mangroves and sand dunes in sensitive areas. 3.1 Survey and map coastal habitats (coral, sea grass, mangroves and sand dunes) in the entire coastal region, based on a method that is compatible with the survey department methods. 3.2 Scientifically identify suitable sites for conservation, rehabilitation and restoration 3.3 Conduct pilot projects at high prioritized sites 4. Prepare risk maps for the coastal zone mapping with 0.5m contour intervals and take appropriate actions. 4.1 Prepare vulnerability databases for the coastal zone mapping with 0.5m contour intervals 4.2 Establish the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the entire coastal zone (2 km landward). 5.', '4.1 Prepare vulnerability databases for the coastal zone mapping with 0.5m contour intervals 4.2 Establish the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for the entire coastal zone (2 km landward). 5. Establish 1000 ha of coastal forests and green belt along the coastal line of the island.6.6 Biodiversity Sector Sri Lanka is one among the 35 biodiversity hotspots in the world. The country is endowed with truly remarkable bequest of biodiversity and ecosystems. This includes both fauna and flora resources. Furthermore, Sri Lanka’s endowments cover terrestrial, aquatic as well as marine ecosystems. Impacts of climate change could be multifaceted with both negative and positive impacts.', 'Impacts of climate change could be multifaceted with both negative and positive impacts. Despite the potential impacts, very little is known about what changes have already taken place or where the ensuing changes due to impacts of climate change and other factors would eventually lead. Due to these reasons biodiversity and ecosystems are areas where Sri Lanka needs to allocate special attention concerning climate adaptation related initiatives. The NDCs of Biodiversity Sector 1. Restoration of degraded areas inside and outside the Protected Area (PA) network to enhance resilience. 1.1 Identify degraded areas outside the PA network 1.1.1 Map the degraded areas 1.1.2 Reforestation of identified areas 1.2 Identify degraded areas inside the PA network 1.2.1 Map the areas 1.2.2 Habitat enrichment 1.2.3 Control of invasive species 2.', '1.1 Identify degraded areas outside the PA network 1.1.1 Map the degraded areas 1.1.2 Reforestation of identified areas 1.2 Identify degraded areas inside the PA network 1.2.1 Map the areas 1.2.2 Habitat enrichment 1.2.3 Control of invasive species 2. Increase connectivity through corridors, landscape/matrix improvement and management. 2.1 Minimise human-animal conflict 3. Improve management, and consider increasing the extent of protected areas, buffer zones and create new areas in vulnerable zones. 4. Identify biodiversity hotpots in Sri Lanka and upgrade them. 4.1. Conduct baseline surveys to identify the status of the biodiversity hotspot 4.2. Upgrade legal status 5. Promote traditional methods of biodiversity conservation for increased resilience in agro- ecosystems. 1.1 Promote traditional methods and indigenous knowledge 1.2 Promote non-traditional methods which are in harmony with nature 6.', '1.1 Promote traditional methods and indigenous knowledge 1.2 Promote non-traditional methods which are in harmony with nature 6. Implement community driven conservation projects and programmes. 7. Establish and implement ex-situ conservation programs 6.7 Urban, City Planning and Human Settlements Sector Today the most of Sri Lankans living in urban and city areas struggle with the consequences of unsustainable physical growth expansion. Urban, city planning and human settlements are closely connected areas that come under the direct influence of climate change impacts. Local Authorities and their inhabitants are faced with droughts, floods, air pollution, land degradation, deforestation and rising sea levels. These impacts have direct repercussions on basic living standards of the population.', 'These impacts have direct repercussions on basic living standards of the population. In Sri Lanka, city planning and human settlements are two areas that received limited attention despite their importance with connection to climate change adaptation.The NDCs of Urban, City Planning and Human Settlement Sector 1. Mainstream climate adaptation in physical and urban planning and incorporate them into planning in development projects. 1.1 Incorporate mechanisms to improve urban macro/micro climatic conditions. 1.2 Conserve wet lands and water bodies close to urban and settlement areas. 1.3 Protect and enhance green cover, green corridors in urban and settlement planning. 1.4 Improve air circulation when planning urban areas 2.', '1.4 Improve air circulation when planning urban areas 2. Develop disaster prevention and environment friendly mechanisms especially for floods in Western Province and incorporate them into planning of development projects 3. Promote climate resilient building designing and alternative materials for construction. 3.1. Design based on green building guidelines 3.2. Incorporate disaster prevention guidelines 3.3. Incorporate low cost environment friendly materials 4. Minimize the impacts on human settlements and infrastructure due to erratic changes in population. 4.1. Follow NPPD and NBRO guidelines 4.2. Enforce rules and regulations to prevent unauthorized settlements 5. Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure to extreme weather events 5.1. Give due consideration to infrastructure facilities, contour line and soil conservation methods particularly in hill areas 5.2.', 'Give due consideration to infrastructure facilities, contour line and soil conservation methods particularly in hill areas 5.2. Design and maintain infrastructure giving due consideration to the runoff system and flooding 6. Minimize the impact of sea level rise on coastal settlements and infrastructure. 7. Greening cities by introducing urban forest parks, roof top gardens, vertical gardens, wetland parks and road side planting. 6.8 Tourism and Recreation Sector According to the Davos Declaration signed during the second International Conference on Tourism and Climate Change; tourism is estimated to contribute at least 5% of global CO2 emissions. The sector contributes to the global economy as well as local economy to a great extent.', 'The sector contributes to the global economy as well as local economy to a great extent. In the process of preparing NDCs special attention needs to be paid to reduce negative impacts of the GHG emission and change the path way into sustainable tourism. Being a tropical island nation, Sri Lanka is an attractive destination for tourists. Among the country’s attractions are scenic and sunny beaches, cultural heritage, ecological endowments of rich biodiversity, opportunities for nature recreation (e.g. whale watching, beach surfing, wildlife watching) as well as comfortable climate zones. Climate change can affect desirable characteristics associated with each of these attractions, simultaneously creating problems for operational undertaking of travelling and leisure activities. Besides, it can affect infrastructure facilities of the tourism industry making them vulnerable to various hazards.', 'Besides, it can affect infrastructure facilities of the tourism industry making them vulnerable to various hazards. Tourism industry, by its nature, is highly sensitive and susceptible to disturbing conditions such as disasters and violence. Hence, maintaining Sri Lanka’s position as an attractive destinationand ensuring efficient operation of the industry under rising incidents of climate hazards, needs carefully planned adaptation measures. Improving nature based tourism and recreational activities would encourage the local community to protect their environment as they provide livelihoods for many people. Stakeholders in the tourism sector in Sri Lanka may have to take into consideration environmental friendly ways to preserve ecosystems and share responsibilities with other national and local agencies in managing ecosystems.', 'Stakeholders in the tourism sector in Sri Lanka may have to take into consideration environmental friendly ways to preserve ecosystems and share responsibilities with other national and local agencies in managing ecosystems. In this context adaptation options need to be identified and implemented to be explored the tourism and recreation sector to transform the ongoing tourism trend to a more sustainable energy consuming environment friendly one in order to address the impacts to environment, and mitigate and adapt to climate change impacts. The NDCs for the Tourism and Recreation Sector 1. Adapt and alter conditions and destinations of the tourism and recreation sector. 2. Increase the preparedness of tourism and recreation operation to extreme weather conditions. 3.', 'Increase the preparedness of tourism and recreation operation to extreme weather conditions. 3. Assess the current promotional strategies with connections to emerging scenarios of climate change; beach tourism and nature destinations. 4. Improve energy efficiency in tourism based establishments by using available best alternative environmental friendly energy sources, solar and wind power, biomass. 5. Introduce resource management mechanisms into tourism to minimize damage to the existing ecosystem. This will focus on waste management, solid and waste water, in areas prioritised for tourism areas which could affect to the ecosystem. 7.', 'This will focus on waste management, solid and waste water, in areas prioritised for tourism areas which could affect to the ecosystem. 7. Loss and Damage Following the requests by the developing world for the need to focus on loss and damage from climate impacts, COP 19 of the UNFCCC held in Warsaw, established the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage with the objective to address losses and damages associated with adverse impacts of climate change at the international level. The changes of climate and impacts of climate change subject Sri Lanka to new challenges and risks. Recent decades have seen significant growth in the number and severity of reported climate induced disasters.', 'Recent decades have seen significant growth in the number and severity of reported climate induced disasters. Climate change is altering the face of disasters, not only through increased weather-related and other hydro-climatologically risks, but also through increased risks on social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. Total cost of implementing the above Adaptation NDCs have not been estimated and the national capacity (unconditional) and external supports (conditional) to be identified in consultation with all the agencies and affiliated institutions to each NDC.Sri Lanka is facing losses and damages due to impacts of climate change, which cost the country a lot of finances in addressing each year.', 'Total cost of implementing the above Adaptation NDCs have not been estimated and the national capacity (unconditional) and external supports (conditional) to be identified in consultation with all the agencies and affiliated institutions to each NDC.Sri Lanka is facing losses and damages due to impacts of climate change, which cost the country a lot of finances in addressing each year. According to the data provided by the National Disaster Relief Services Centre, the total relief expenditure for the period of 2007-2011 was SLR 1,786 million (US$12.75million) which was borne by the Consolidated Fund of Sri Lanka. Nevertheless, this calculation has been done without considering the damages to infrastructure as well as other physical damages.', 'Nevertheless, this calculation has been done without considering the damages to infrastructure as well as other physical damages. According to the Integrated Post Flood Assessment in May 2010 carried out after the floods in the Western and Southern provinces by the Disaster Management Centre of the Ministry of Disaster Management, the total damages and losses from the floods amounted to over SLR 5,000 million (US$ 35.71 million). The NDCs of Loss and Damage 1. Improve the forecasting capabilities at all-time scales 1.1. Enhance the existing automated observational network 1.2. Implement the lightning detection network 1.3. Improve the numerical weather prediction capacity with data assimilation. 1.4 Improve the weather forecasting capabilities - extended range forecasting (longer period) and seasonal forecasting. 2.', '1.4 Improve the weather forecasting capabilities - extended range forecasting (longer period) and seasonal forecasting. 2. Analysis of total loss and damage of climate induced disasters from 2000 and the gap that was not compensated/recovered. This includes making recommendations to establish a mechanism at the national level which will contribute to the Warsaw International Mechanisms for Loss and Damage in an effective and efficient manner. 3. Establish a local mechanism in line with the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. 4. Strengthen the existing national mechanism to recover the loss and damage to the maximum possible. 5. Introduction of possible insurance schemes to recover the loss and damage to livelihood, properties, infrastructure, agriculture and fisheries, and other affected sectors due to adverse impacts of climate change. 8.', 'Introduction of possible insurance schemes to recover the loss and damage to livelihood, properties, infrastructure, agriculture and fisheries, and other affected sectors due to adverse impacts of climate change. 8. Means of Implementation The means of implementation of NDCs of Sri Lanka require three pre-conditions. Finance – Finance is a crucial factor in achieving the set targets. The Sri Lankan government is willing to contribute its finances to achieve the targets but the level of ambition will be higher with supported actions. As a developing nation, the enhanced finance for adaptation and low carbon development will be a necessity to achieve the set intended conditional targets.', 'As a developing nation, the enhanced finance for adaptation and low carbon development will be a necessity to achieve the set intended conditional targets. Sri Lanka intends to join hands to develop a fully-fledged Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage to address issues related to loss and damage and in parallel develop an appropriate local mechanism.There needs to be a methodology set up to address the needs of finances, measuring of the financial needs for each sector and the divisions of contribution at the national budgetary level, and the evaluation of the feasibility and the availability of international funding.', 'Sri Lanka intends to join hands to develop a fully-fledged Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage to address issues related to loss and damage and in parallel develop an appropriate local mechanism.There needs to be a methodology set up to address the needs of finances, measuring of the financial needs for each sector and the divisions of contribution at the national budgetary level, and the evaluation of the feasibility and the availability of international funding. In the implementation of the NDCs, and resource mobilization for their implementation, a transparent and accountable means of monitoring and reporting, as well as verification needs to be set up.', 'In the implementation of the NDCs, and resource mobilization for their implementation, a transparent and accountable means of monitoring and reporting, as well as verification needs to be set up. This could be developed at the country level to reflect the international standards of MRV as set up in the Paris Agreement, and adapted to the countries needs and capacity of implementation. Technology - Predominantly mitigation technology transfer and scaling up adaptation technologies are required without burdening the country’s socio-economic development. The NDCs can be attained with the right mix of access, affordability and scale of technologies.', 'The NDCs can be attained with the right mix of access, affordability and scale of technologies. In addressing countries technological needs for the implementation of the NDCs, a technology needs assessment for each sector for the implementation of the contributions will be needed, and the financial and technical supported needed for this will need to be assessed and incorporated to the needs for financial support requested at the national and international level for the implementation of NDCs. Further there needs to be an evaluation of the technology available at the national level, and the level at which international technological support is needed.', 'Further there needs to be an evaluation of the technology available at the national level, and the level at which international technological support is needed. This will be done in partnership with the relevant line ministries and coordination with by the Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment and, led by the relevant department. In utilizing technology that will contribute to the implementation of Sri Lanka’s NDCs, it is vital that local technology is prioritized, used when available and promoted for use and supported for development, and used in implementation of the NDCs in Sri Lanka.', 'In utilizing technology that will contribute to the implementation of Sri Lanka’s NDCs, it is vital that local technology is prioritized, used when available and promoted for use and supported for development, and used in implementation of the NDCs in Sri Lanka. Relevant line ministries will be invited and requested to lead the process of assessing the availability, the suitability, and ways to promote and facilitate the development of local technologies for the implementation of NDCs in Sri Lanka. Capacity Building - (Human Resource Development and Institutional Mechanism) Climate change impacts are not limited to impacts of infrastructure, they impact humans and ecosystems.', 'Capacity Building - (Human Resource Development and Institutional Mechanism) Climate change impacts are not limited to impacts of infrastructure, they impact humans and ecosystems. It is important that Sri Lanka develops appropriate institutional mechanisms to ensure climate change is mainstreamed into development processes, while focusing on infrastructure development and human resource development, and also the resilience building of individuals to adapt to adverse effects of climate change.', 'It is important that Sri Lanka develops appropriate institutional mechanisms to ensure climate change is mainstreamed into development processes, while focusing on infrastructure development and human resource development, and also the resilience building of individuals to adapt to adverse effects of climate change. Investing time and resources in capacity building to address the adverse impacts of climate change will ensure a higher degree of deviation from the BAU emission projections and increase resilience that will empower the population to adapt to climate change impacts, as well as reduce loss and damage.An appropriate institutional mechanism needs to be set up, and will be addressed in consultation with the relevant sectoral ministries, as well as with the engagement of multiple-stakeholders.', 'Investing time and resources in capacity building to address the adverse impacts of climate change will ensure a higher degree of deviation from the BAU emission projections and increase resilience that will empower the population to adapt to climate change impacts, as well as reduce loss and damage.An appropriate institutional mechanism needs to be set up, and will be addressed in consultation with the relevant sectoral ministries, as well as with the engagement of multiple-stakeholders. In the capacity building efforts, different actors will be contacted for contributions based on their expertise. This will focus on multiple stakeholders including, but not limited to policy makers, private sector, CSOs, academia, media, as well as individual experts in sectoral and cross cutting themes.', 'This will focus on multiple stakeholders including, but not limited to policy makers, private sector, CSOs, academia, media, as well as individual experts in sectoral and cross cutting themes. Capacity building in a structured and institutionalized manner will help to execute the integrated plans and utilize the finances effectively and efficiently. The institutional mechanisms encompass coordination bodies, engagement platforms and communication channels. Lack of capacities in terms of data act as a barrier for Sri Lanka as in the case for many other developing country Parties in the INDC development process, and in the readiness activities of each sector the need for data collection and resource mobilization for data collection will be included.', 'Lack of capacities in terms of data act as a barrier for Sri Lanka as in the case for many other developing country Parties in the INDC development process, and in the readiness activities of each sector the need for data collection and resource mobilization for data collection will be included. In order to effectively and gradually implement the capacity building on climate change, and address the capacity needs of Sri Lanka to implement the proposed NDCs of Sri Lanka, an independent institutional mechanism is proposed to be set up, with multiple stakeholders listed to be included, and with an operationalization mechanism which will fall within the scope of the proposed Climate Change Commission Act.', 'In order to effectively and gradually implement the capacity building on climate change, and address the capacity needs of Sri Lanka to implement the proposed NDCs of Sri Lanka, an independent institutional mechanism is proposed to be set up, with multiple stakeholders listed to be included, and with an operationalization mechanism which will fall within the scope of the proposed Climate Change Commission Act. Implementation Mechanism NDCs of Sri Lanka will be implemented under the guidance of the Climate Change Commission of Sri Lanka, in coordination with the relevant ministries.', 'Implementation Mechanism NDCs of Sri Lanka will be implemented under the guidance of the Climate Change Commission of Sri Lanka, in coordination with the relevant ministries. A coordinating body consisting of relevant ministries will provide input to the implementation of NDCs, while the monitoring, reporting and verification component of the NDCs implementation is entrusted to the Climate Change Commission of Sri Lanka of the Ministry of Environment and Mahaweli Development of Sri Lanka.', 'A coordinating body consisting of relevant ministries will provide input to the implementation of NDCs, while the monitoring, reporting and verification component of the NDCs implementation is entrusted to the Climate Change Commission of Sri Lanka of the Ministry of Environment and Mahaweli Development of Sri Lanka. The Commission will implement the NDCs based on the Climate Change Commission Act of Sri Lanka, which is to be established for the purpose of setting up the Commission, and will also be governed as applicable by the international laws and agreements including and not limited to the Paris Agreement on climate change, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Hugot Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction, and other relevant international laws and regional agreements relevant and applicable to climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'The Commission will implement the NDCs based on the Climate Change Commission Act of Sri Lanka, which is to be established for the purpose of setting up the Commission, and will also be governed as applicable by the international laws and agreements including and not limited to the Paris Agreement on climate change, UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Hugot Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction, and other relevant international laws and regional agreements relevant and applicable to climate change adaptation and mitigation. Integrated planning is the key means of implementation. Sri Lanka has already taken initiatives of integrated planning through the NAP and the Energy Planning processes which should be extended to other sectors vertically and horizontally.'] | en-US |
311 | LKA | Sri Lanka | Updated NDC | 2021-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDCs%20of%20Sri%20Lanka-2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 27.566286 | 11.404268 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ff12860096117d895e07ffe272ea94344f663cdb7d106553be69225c095f4aa6.pdf | ['SRI LANKA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS JULY – 2021 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTi Table of Contents Executive Summary . iii Key Highlights of Sri Lanka’s NDCs and Vision for a Low Carbon Future iv Chapter 1.', 'SRI LANKA UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS JULY – 2021 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENTi Table of Contents Executive Summary . iii Key Highlights of Sri Lanka’s NDCs and Vision for a Low Carbon Future iv Chapter 1. Introduction . 1 1.1 Country Context 2 Chapter 2: National Vision and Responses to Climate Change 4 Chapter 3: NDC Revision Process 5 Chapter 4: Mitigation NDCs . 6 4.1 Climate Change Mitigation in Sri Lanka 6 4.2 Unconditional and Conditional Policy Responses 7 4.3 Implementing and Monitoring Mitigation NDCs . 7 4.4 Sectoral Mitigation NDCs . 8 4.4.1 Electricity (Power) Sector 8 4.4.2 Transportation Sector . 12 4.4.3 Industry Sector . 15 4.4.4 Waste Management 18 4.4.5 Forestry Sector . 21 4.4.6 Agriculture Sector 24 Chapter 5: Adaptation NDCs 26 5.1 Sectoral Adaptation NDCs 28 5.1.1 Agriculture Sector 28 5.1.2 Fisheries Sector 31 5.1.3 Livestock Sector . 33 5.1.4 Water Sector . 35 5.1.5 Biodiversity Sector . 39 5.1.6 Coastal and Marine Sector . 41 5.1.7 Health Sector 43 5.1.8 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector 46 5.1.9 Tourism and Recreation Sector 48 Chapter 6: Loss and Damage NDCs . 50 Chapter 7: Integrating Sustainable Development Goals and Gender to the NDCs . 53 Chapter 8: Means of Implementation 57 Acronyms 61ii List of Figures Figure 3.1: NDC Revision Process ……………………………………………………… 5 Figure 4.4.1: Emission reduction projections (Power Sector) …………………………… . 11 Figure 4.4.2: Emission reduction projections (Transport Sector) …………………. 14 Figure 4.4.3: Emission reduction projections (Industry Sector) …………………….…… 17 Figure 4.4.4: Emission reduction projections (Waste Sector) ………………… . 20 Figure 4.4.5: Carbon sequestration capacity projections (Forestry Sector) ………………………….', 'Introduction . 1 1.1 Country Context 2 Chapter 2: National Vision and Responses to Climate Change 4 Chapter 3: NDC Revision Process 5 Chapter 4: Mitigation NDCs . 6 4.1 Climate Change Mitigation in Sri Lanka 6 4.2 Unconditional and Conditional Policy Responses 7 4.3 Implementing and Monitoring Mitigation NDCs . 7 4.4 Sectoral Mitigation NDCs . 8 4.4.1 Electricity (Power) Sector 8 4.4.2 Transportation Sector . 12 4.4.3 Industry Sector . 15 4.4.4 Waste Management 18 4.4.5 Forestry Sector . 21 4.4.6 Agriculture Sector 24 Chapter 5: Adaptation NDCs 26 5.1 Sectoral Adaptation NDCs 28 5.1.1 Agriculture Sector 28 5.1.2 Fisheries Sector 31 5.1.3 Livestock Sector . 33 5.1.4 Water Sector . 35 5.1.5 Biodiversity Sector . 39 5.1.6 Coastal and Marine Sector . 41 5.1.7 Health Sector 43 5.1.8 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector 46 5.1.9 Tourism and Recreation Sector 48 Chapter 6: Loss and Damage NDCs . 50 Chapter 7: Integrating Sustainable Development Goals and Gender to the NDCs . 53 Chapter 8: Means of Implementation 57 Acronyms 61ii List of Figures Figure 3.1: NDC Revision Process ……………………………………………………… 5 Figure 4.4.1: Emission reduction projections (Power Sector) …………………………… . 11 Figure 4.4.2: Emission reduction projections (Transport Sector) …………………. 14 Figure 4.4.3: Emission reduction projections (Industry Sector) …………………….…… 17 Figure 4.4.4: Emission reduction projections (Waste Sector) ………………… . 20 Figure 4.4.5: Carbon sequestration capacity projections (Forestry Sector) …………………………. . 23 Figure 4.4.6: Emission reduction projections (Agriculture & Livestock Sector) ……………… 25 Figure 5.1: Climate impacts, adaptive capacities and vulnerabilities to adaptation actions 27 Figure 6.1: An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk ………….', '. 23 Figure 4.4.6: Emission reduction projections (Agriculture & Livestock Sector) ……………… 25 Figure 5.1: Climate impacts, adaptive capacities and vulnerabilities to adaptation actions 27 Figure 6.1: An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk …………. . 51 Figure 7.1: Approach to gender responsive implementation ……………………………. . 53 Figure 7.2: Summarized interactions between main sectors and their mitigation actions and SDGs … . 55 Figure 8.1: Institutional architecture for climate response………………………………. 60 List of Tables Table 4.4.1: NDCs in Electricity (Power) Sector……. 9 Table 4.4.2: NDCs in Transport Sector…. 13 Table 4.4.3: NDCs in Industry Sector… . 15 Table 4.4.4: NDCs in Waste Sector…… 19 Table 4.4.5: NDCs in Forestry Sector… 22 Table 4.4.6: NDCs in Agriculture Sector (Mitigation)…….', '13 Table 4.4.3: NDCs in Industry Sector… . 15 Table 4.4.4: NDCs in Waste Sector…… 19 Table 4.4.5: NDCs in Forestry Sector… 22 Table 4.4.6: NDCs in Agriculture Sector (Mitigation)……. . 24 Table 5.1.1: NDCs in Agriculture Sector (Adaptation) 29 Table 5.1.2: NDCs in Fisheries Sector………. 32 Table 5.1.3: NDCs in Livestock Sector…. 34 Table 5.1.4: NDCs in Water Sector……. 36 Table 5.1.5: NDCs in Biodiversity Sector…… . 40 Table 5.1.6: NDCs in Coastal and Marine Sector………. . 42 Table 5.1.7: NDCs in Health Sector……. . 44 Table 5.1.8: NDCs in Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector…….', '. 44 Table 5.1.8: NDCs in Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector……. . 47 Table 5.1.9: NDCs in Tourism Sector…… . 49 Table 6.1: NDCs in Loss & Damage Sector……… 52 Table 7.1: Linkages between SDGs and adaptation NDCs……… 56 Table 8.1: Some urgent capacity needs to implement mitigation & adaptation actions…… 58iii Executive Summary Sri Lanka, as Party to the Paris Agreement, presents its updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through this document reflecting progressive and the highest possible ambition for climate action. Sri Lanka is ranked among the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change-induced hazards.', 'Sri Lanka is ranked among the countries that are most vulnerable to climate change-induced hazards. Being a tropical island in the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka has consistently been placed among the top ten countries at risk of extreme weather events by the Global Climate Risk Index.1 Sectors that contribute significantly to Sri Lanka’s economy tourism, fisheries, tea plantations and agriculture are climate-sensitive and impacted by the disruption of monsoons and altered rainfall. In 2016 and 2017, Sri Lanka’s economy contracted due to prolonged drought and widespread flooding. Climate change projections predict long-term changes to the monsoon pattern and shifting of ecological regions. Sri Lanka is a low carbon emitting country with per capita emissions of around 1.02 tonnes/per person2, and its development pathway has remained low-carbon-intensive.', 'Sri Lanka is a low carbon emitting country with per capita emissions of around 1.02 tonnes/per person2, and its development pathway has remained low-carbon-intensive. A recent analysis of the interplay between per capita emissions and human development, picks out Sri Lanka as a rare example of a country that has achieved both high human development and managed to keep CO2 emissions well below the long-term average needed to contain global warming targets of the Paris Agreement3. Sri Lanka is still on an upward development trajectory with ambitions of achieving upper-middle-income status in five years and further improving its human development outcomes. Demand for energy, clean water, efficient transportation, better connectivity, and waste management is growing among both rural and urban populations.', 'Demand for energy, clean water, efficient transportation, better connectivity, and waste management is growing among both rural and urban populations. The government has pledged accelerated rural development and provision of better infrastructure in burgeoning cities, suburbs, and villages. The government commits to development that is culturally sensitive and environmentally sustainable in its overarching policy framework ‘Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor’ envisioned by His Excellency Gotabaya Rajapaksa, the President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has some unique advantages and experiences in its journey. Historically, sustainable principles were embedded in land use, agriculture, water management, and other economic practices. Religious and cultural practices value simplicity, non-materialism and sustainable consumption.', 'Religious and cultural practices value simplicity, non-materialism and sustainable consumption. Public investments in health and education services have created a legacy of high literacy and longevity resulting in high human development and early achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In recent years, however, development investments have been eroded by floods, drought and landslides and the economy has been immensely burdened by disaster relief. Reflecting this trend, the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka leans heavily on adaptation, with a vision to minimize climate change impacts on its fragile ecosystems and economy. Despite the low carbon footprint and high vulnerability to climate change, Sri Lanka commits to reducing its GHG emissions.', 'Despite the low carbon footprint and high vulnerability to climate change, Sri Lanka commits to reducing its GHG emissions. In these NDCs, the country presents an enhanced ambition which include 4% unconditional and 10.5% conditional emission reduction commitments with respective to Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario. This document is organized sector-wise detailing Sri Lanka’s climate change mitigation commitments and adaptation needs, loss and damage, and means of implementation. It sets out the process and institutional architecture for implementation; and discusses the critical need for external support with financial, technology transfer and capacity development provision to fully realize these commitments. With such timely support, Sri Lanka is positioned to demonstrate a development pathway that successfully de- couples human development and economic prosperity from carbon-intensive consumption and production.', 'With such timely support, Sri Lanka is positioned to demonstrate a development pathway that successfully de- couples human development and economic prosperity from carbon-intensive consumption and production. 2 Calculated on the basis of total emissions in the 2010 GHG Inventory of the Third National Communication excluding LULUCF. 3Pascale, A., Chakravarty, S., Lant, P., Smart, S. and Greig, C., 2020. The rise of (sub) nations? Sub-national human development, climate targets, and carbon dioxide emissions in 163 countries. Energy Research & Social Science, 68, p.101546iv Key Highlights of Sri Lanka’s Nationally Determined Contributions and Vision for a Low Carbon Future Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Energy Research & Social Science, 68, p.101546iv Key Highlights of Sri Lanka’s Nationally Determined Contributions and Vision for a Low Carbon Future Sri Lanka is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. The country focuses on building the resilience of Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock, Health, Water, Biodiversity, Coastal and Marine, Tourism, Urban Planning and Human Settlement sectors Sri Lanka’s per capita greenhouse gas emission in 2010 was 1.02 tons and its global cumulative contribution in 2019 was 0.03%.', 'The country focuses on building the resilience of Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock, Health, Water, Biodiversity, Coastal and Marine, Tourism, Urban Planning and Human Settlement sectors Sri Lanka’s per capita greenhouse gas emission in 2010 was 1.02 tons and its global cumulative contribution in 2019 was 0.03%. Despite this low carbon footprint and highly vulnerable status, Sri Lanka commits to increase 32% forest cover by 2030 and reduce greenhouse emissions by 14.5% for the period of 2021-2030 from Power (electricity generation), Transport, Industry, Waste, Forestry, and Agriculture In order to realize this ambitious target, Sri Lanka further commits; ➢ To achieve 70% renewable energy in electricity generation by 2030 ➢ To achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050 in electricity generation ➢ No capacity addition of Coal power plants Sri Lanka has already launched following major initiatives; ➢ Adopting ‘Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management’ with an ambition to halve nitrogen waste by 2030 ➢ Banning agro-chemicals and chemical fertilizer ➢ Promoting organic fertilizer and farming ➢ Banning single-use plastics ➢ Promoting E-mobility ➢ Promoting circular economy Sri Lanka expects to achieve its Carbon Neutrality by 2060Chapter 1.', 'Despite this low carbon footprint and highly vulnerable status, Sri Lanka commits to increase 32% forest cover by 2030 and reduce greenhouse emissions by 14.5% for the period of 2021-2030 from Power (electricity generation), Transport, Industry, Waste, Forestry, and Agriculture In order to realize this ambitious target, Sri Lanka further commits; ➢ To achieve 70% renewable energy in electricity generation by 2030 ➢ To achieve Carbon Neutrality by 2050 in electricity generation ➢ No capacity addition of Coal power plants Sri Lanka has already launched following major initiatives; ➢ Adopting ‘Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen Management’ with an ambition to halve nitrogen waste by 2030 ➢ Banning agro-chemicals and chemical fertilizer ➢ Promoting organic fertilizer and farming ➢ Banning single-use plastics ➢ Promoting E-mobility ➢ Promoting circular economy Sri Lanka expects to achieve its Carbon Neutrality by 2060Chapter 1. Introduction Sri Lanka submitted its initial NDCs in September 2016 as a country that ratified the Paris Agreement.', 'Introduction Sri Lanka submitted its initial NDCs in September 2016 as a country that ratified the Paris Agreement. In 2020, the Climate Change Secretariat began a process of updating the NDCs to be submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change prior to the 26th Conference of Parties. The updated NDCs represent a more ambitious, quantified, and robust assessment of the mitigation potential and adaptation measures for the next decade (2021-2030) informed by up-to-date analysis, improved information and data, and an extensive stakeholder consultation process. These NDCs present new evidence on Sri Lanka’s climate vulnerability, based on a recent analysis.', 'These NDCs present new evidence on Sri Lanka’s climate vulnerability, based on a recent analysis. Further, the NDCs present opportunities that have emerged through development partner-supported initiatives on low- carbon development pathways for key sectors such as power, transport, industry, waste, agriculture and forestry. They spell out urgent financial, technology transfer, and capacity building requirements, in line with Article 2 of the Paris Agreement, to fully adopt a resilient and low-carbon development pathway to upper-middle-income status. These NDCs are fully integrated into the country’s sustainable development vision and are underpinned by policy targets in the national policy framework ‘Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor’ envisioned by His Excellency Gotabaya Rajapaksa, the President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka.', 'These NDCs are fully integrated into the country’s sustainable development vision and are underpinned by policy targets in the national policy framework ‘Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor’ envisioned by His Excellency Gotabaya Rajapaksa, the President of Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka (2012) describes the national commitment as “Adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts within the framework of sustainable development”. The recently developed National Policy and Strategy for Sustainable Development (Draft) has adopted a policy goal of achieving ‘national commitments on climate change, while ensuring adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts’.', 'The recently developed National Policy and Strategy for Sustainable Development (Draft) has adopted a policy goal of achieving ‘national commitments on climate change, while ensuring adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts’. To support NDC implementation and monitoring in 2016, Sri Lanka prepared a Readiness Plan 2016- 2019, which detailed out actions to facilitate pre-requirements for achieving the NDCs. This Plan was reviewed at Annual Steering Committee Meetings that convened the key sectors contributing to mitigation, adaptation and loss and damages. To achieve the NDCs, relevant sector agencies at the national and sub-national levels are expected to embed NDCs into the regular development planning framework. This will ensure that mitigation and adaptation priorities are reflected in and integrated into workplans, annual budgets and donor proposals of these agencies.', 'This will ensure that mitigation and adaptation priorities are reflected in and integrated into workplans, annual budgets and donor proposals of these agencies. Sri Lanka’s NDCs are expected to be supported by external assistance, public funds, and private sector investment. Sri Lanka will prioritize adaptation needs and resilience-building activities, focusing on key sectors -agriculture, livestock, fisheries, water, health, biodiversity, coastal and marine, urban planning and human settlements, and tourism. For Sri Lanka, focusing on adaptation is critical to ensure that development investments are not eroded by constant exposure to climate extremes and that the country remains on track to achieve its ambitions of economic growth and human prosperity.', 'For Sri Lanka, focusing on adaptation is critical to ensure that development investments are not eroded by constant exposure to climate extremes and that the country remains on track to achieve its ambitions of economic growth and human prosperity. Investments in mitigation will be prioritized based on emission intensities and the economic, social or environmental co-benefits derived from these actions. As a global citizen, Sri Lanka recognizes its responsibility to uphold the Paris Agreement’s objective of containing global warming. It will strive to steer development, especially post-Covid economic recovery and livelihood needs, along a low-emission trajectory that supports both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, with a strong focus on reaching high income and human development in the next decade.', 'It will strive to steer development, especially post-Covid economic recovery and livelihood needs, along a low-emission trajectory that supports both mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, with a strong focus on reaching high income and human development in the next decade. Therefore, Sri Lanka reaches out to the global community for technical, financial andadditional capacity needs outlined in Chapter 9 for effective NDC implementation and to keep the country on a low carbon trajectory as it strives for greater economic and social well-being of its people. 1.1 Country Context An island nation of 65,610 square-kilometers and a population of 21.84 million, Sri Lanka is fairly densely populated, especially in the urbanized and industrialized south-western coastline of the country.', '1.1 Country Context An island nation of 65,610 square-kilometers and a population of 21.84 million, Sri Lanka is fairly densely populated, especially in the urbanized and industrialized south-western coastline of the country. Situated in the humid tropics at 7° North of the Equator, Sri Lanka receives an average of 1860 mm rainfall annually, amounting to approximately 122 billion cubic meters of water. However, rainfall varies regionally between 5500mm in the central hills to around 950mm in the coastal plains of the northwestern and southeastern ends. Mean annual temperature varies between 24°C-31°C in the plains and 18°C-27°C in the mountainous region. Annual rainfall is spread over four seasons- two monsoons and two inter-monsoons.', 'Annual rainfall is spread over four seasons- two monsoons and two inter-monsoons. For a country of its size, Sri Lanka has a complex climatology giving rise to over 45 agro-climatic zones. However, for general purposes the country is divided into three main climatic zones defined by rainfall - the Wet Zone, in the rain-rich southwestern quarter, the Intermediate Zone separating it from an extensive Dry Zone in the north, north-central and eastern plains. The plains surrounding the coast give way to a central mountainous region that rise to over 2,000 m above sea level. The country claims a marine economic zone nearly twenty times its land area- however this resource is least exploited economically.', 'The country claims a marine economic zone nearly twenty times its land area- however this resource is least exploited economically. A diverse topography and varied tropical climate have given rise to extremely high levels of faunal and floral diversity, and high rates of endemicity. Around 30% of the country’s land is protected by law as sanctuaries, reserves and national parks. This biodiversity supports a considerable economic benefit through tourism, fisheries, traditional medicine, and provides unaccounted for ecosystem services such as water, aesthetic beauty, climate amelioration and soil conditioning. Threats to biodiversity from the changing climate have not been studied adequately but early research illustrate the significant impact on endemic taxa like fishes, amphibians and reptiles, and drastic changes in coastal habitats such as corals, sea grasses and lagoons.', 'Threats to biodiversity from the changing climate have not been studied adequately but early research illustrate the significant impact on endemic taxa like fishes, amphibians and reptiles, and drastic changes in coastal habitats such as corals, sea grasses and lagoons. Sri Lanka is classified as a lower-middle-income country and its economy is largely dependent on services such as shipping, tourism, aviation etc. Services accounted for 58.2% of Sri Lanka s economy in 2019 up from 54.6% in 2010, industry 27.4% up from 26.4% a decade earlier and agriculture declined to 7.4%. Despite a competitive export orientation, especially tea and spices, agriculture has declined in economic importance, despite still employing 30% of the workforce.', 'Despite a competitive export orientation, especially tea and spices, agriculture has declined in economic importance, despite still employing 30% of the workforce. There are around 2 million farmers and a majority of them are small-scale, cultivating less than 1ha. Successive governments have invested in agriculture and expanding irrigation; however, climate change is already adversely impacting on food security and livelihoods and export revenues. Due to prolonged drought in the tea-growing districts, tea yields in 2020 dropped to a 30-year low. Over one million farmers were impacted by flood events in 2016 and 2017.', 'Over one million farmers were impacted by flood events in 2016 and 2017. Sri Lanka is currently ranked 66/113 on the Global Food Security Index (2019), while the FAO estimates that 4.1 million out of the 21 million population (over 25% of the population) do not have nutritious food to maintain healthy lives. Child malnutrition, denoted by high rates of stunting and wasting among children, presents a development challenge. These will be exacerbated by predicted climate change. Sri Lanka has an impressive track record of tackling poverty. The overall poverty rate is 4.1%5 showing commendable progress from 20 years ago (28.8% in 2000).', 'The overall poverty rate is 4.1%5 showing commendable progress from 20 years ago (28.8% in 2000). However, there is wide disparity in poverty 4 Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka 2020, Central Bank of Sri Lanka 5 Department of Census and Statistics, Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016incidence; districts characterized by low population density, low service penetration and largely agriculture-dependent display much higher rates of poverty (Moneragala, Mullaitivu, Nuwara Eliya and Batticaloa). These districts display higher vulnerability to climate change due to enhanced sensitivity to climatic parameters and lower capacity to withstand climate hazards. In Sri Lanka, a considerable percentage live just above the poverty line. The World Bank assessed in 2015 that one in four people live on less than $2.50 per day.', 'The World Bank assessed in 2015 that one in four people live on less than $2.50 per day. This population is negatively affected by economic or climatic shocks, and their ability to recover and resume livelihoods is compromised by lack of safety nets and savings. Sri Lanka’s vulnerability to climate change is exacerbated further by the fact that the majority of its population live in rural areas and continue to engage in small- scale farming, fisheries or are employed in the agricultural value chain. Sri Lanka’s low urbanization has contributed in no small measure to its overall low-emission growth trajectory. However, this rural lifestyle is increasingly threatened by extreme weather events and anomalies related to the regular monsoon pattern around which the rural economy is organized.', 'However, this rural lifestyle is increasingly threatened by extreme weather events and anomalies related to the regular monsoon pattern around which the rural economy is organized. Sri Lanka’s unemployment is low. However, both labour force participation (52.3%) and the contribution of women to the formal labour force (34%) are low for a middle-income country. Unemployment among more educated youth is high (11% in 2019) displaying a widening gap between education attainment and employable skills. Women have higher educational attainment and are more likely to complete 13 years of formal schooling. The investments in free schooling and human capital development through vocational and tertiary education have created a literate and young workforce that can benefit from technologically advanced, green jobs.', 'The investments in free schooling and human capital development through vocational and tertiary education have created a literate and young workforce that can benefit from technologically advanced, green jobs. A high level of Information Communication Technology (ICT) penetration and mobile phone usage in Sri Lanka also provides impetus to this opportunity to provide more gainful employment and environmentally friendly livelihood opportunities, especially for youth living in remote rural areas. The Covid-19 pandemic has significantly impacted Sri Lanka’s economy. Lockdowns, travel restrictions and border closing to manage multiple waves of the disease with increasing ferocity and mortality, have depressed the economy and forced the government to offer lifelines to keep vital sectors afloat. This includes tourism, manufacturing, transportation and remittances from expatriate workers.', 'This includes tourism, manufacturing, transportation and remittances from expatriate workers. Products that had good global demand during the pandemic- like tea and coconut- were impacted by drought and low production. 2020 recorded negative economic growth and there is a strong impetus to spur on growth and incentivize domestic production. The government committed to a green development framework around the key environmental issues that impact Sri Lanka. Such policies, if backed with fiscal incentives and technical assistance, can direct recovery efforts towards greater sustainability. There are some concrete areas of investment Sri Lanka could potentially consider during post-Covid recovery situation, which have been discussed during the NDC revision process.', 'There are some concrete areas of investment Sri Lanka could potentially consider during post-Covid recovery situation, which have been discussed during the NDC revision process. These are; ▪ Ensuring domestic food production systems -agriculture and fisheries- are climate-sensitive and environmentally sustainable; ▪ Incentives for women to engage in agriculture productivity and food security efforts; ▪ Promoting efficient water management and irrigation systems; ▪ Enhancing the capacity of the health sector including digitization of services and sustainable health/hospital waste management; ▪ Enabling policies and incentives for renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management, green industry and transportation initiatives etc.', 'These are; ▪ Ensuring domestic food production systems -agriculture and fisheries- are climate-sensitive and environmentally sustainable; ▪ Incentives for women to engage in agriculture productivity and food security efforts; ▪ Promoting efficient water management and irrigation systems; ▪ Enhancing the capacity of the health sector including digitization of services and sustainable health/hospital waste management; ▪ Enabling policies and incentives for renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste management, green industry and transportation initiatives etc. to reduce GHG emissions; ▪ Diversify the economy to generate multiple co-benefits to address the severe negative impacts of Covid-19 on livelihood especially to the tourism sector.Chapter 2: National Vision and Responses to Climate Change In response to challenges posed by climate change, Sri Lanka has taken several steps by introducing national policies, strategies and actions such as the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka (2012), National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka in 2010, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for climate change impacts in Sri Lanka (2016), Technology Needs Assessment and Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (2014), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for energy, and Climate Change Sector Vulnerability Profiles (2010) in order to address climate change-induced impacts.', 'to reduce GHG emissions; ▪ Diversify the economy to generate multiple co-benefits to address the severe negative impacts of Covid-19 on livelihood especially to the tourism sector.Chapter 2: National Vision and Responses to Climate Change In response to challenges posed by climate change, Sri Lanka has taken several steps by introducing national policies, strategies and actions such as the National Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka (2012), National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy for Sri Lanka in 2010, the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) for climate change impacts in Sri Lanka (2016), Technology Needs Assessment and Technology Action Plans for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation (2014), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for energy, and Climate Change Sector Vulnerability Profiles (2010) in order to address climate change-induced impacts. Sri Lanka’s climate change and national sustainable development-related policies seek to mainstream climate change into key sectors such as power, urban planning, waste, transport, industry, coastal and marine, forestry, water, health, tourism and recreation, biodiversity, agriculture, livestock and fisheries.', 'Sri Lanka’s climate change and national sustainable development-related policies seek to mainstream climate change into key sectors such as power, urban planning, waste, transport, industry, coastal and marine, forestry, water, health, tourism and recreation, biodiversity, agriculture, livestock and fisheries. Some of these sectors have already integrated climate change risks and commitments.', 'Some of these sectors have already integrated climate change risks and commitments. Importantly, National Energy Policy & Strategies of Sri Lanka (2019) and Long-Term Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2018-2037, the National Policy on Waste Management (2019), the National Policy on Sustainable Consumption and Production for Sri Lanka (2019), Coastal Zone and Coastal Resource Management Plan 2018, National REDD+ Investment Framework and Action Plan (NRIFAP) 2017, Strategic Action Plan for Adaptation of Irrigation and Water Resources Sector for Climate Change 2018, National Policy on Natural Gas (2019), National Policy on Disaster Management (2013), Sri Lanka Disaster Management Plan 2018-2030, Overarching Agriculture Policy (under revision) have integrated climate change impacts and mitigation measures; and has spelt out strategies for low- emission development.', 'Importantly, National Energy Policy & Strategies of Sri Lanka (2019) and Long-Term Electricity Generation Expansion Plan 2018-2037, the National Policy on Waste Management (2019), the National Policy on Sustainable Consumption and Production for Sri Lanka (2019), Coastal Zone and Coastal Resource Management Plan 2018, National REDD+ Investment Framework and Action Plan (NRIFAP) 2017, Strategic Action Plan for Adaptation of Irrigation and Water Resources Sector for Climate Change 2018, National Policy on Natural Gas (2019), National Policy on Disaster Management (2013), Sri Lanka Disaster Management Plan 2018-2030, Overarching Agriculture Policy (under revision) have integrated climate change impacts and mitigation measures; and has spelt out strategies for low- emission development. The power sector has recorded some impressive developments in mobilising private investments into renewable energy expansion in recent years.', 'The power sector has recorded some impressive developments in mobilising private investments into renewable energy expansion in recent years. Attractive feed-in tariff rates, solar net-metering and net accounting, attractive financing for solar rooftop expansion, energy efficiency labelling for certain appliances and phasing out incandescent lighting have resulted in a proliferation of renewable energy to the grid and reducing energy demand. Sri Lanka’s conditional NDCs for GHG mitigation will require extensive international support to be realized. In the next ten years, Sri Lanka will seek climate financing and technology transfer support towards exploiting more renewable energy resources, expanding energy storage systems and upgrading its electricity distribution network, efficient and effective waste to energy systems, modernizing public transportation, upgrading its road and railway network etc.', 'In the next ten years, Sri Lanka will seek climate financing and technology transfer support towards exploiting more renewable energy resources, expanding energy storage systems and upgrading its electricity distribution network, efficient and effective waste to energy systems, modernizing public transportation, upgrading its road and railway network etc. Meanwhile, the Government of Sri Lanka has taken multiple measures to address climate vulnerability and the impacts of weather-related hazards on lives and livelihoods. These include investments in developing/fortifying the eroding coastline, expanding irrigation and trans-basin diversions to moderate drought, develop meteorological capacity and early warning capacity for floods/landslides. Resettlement of communities living in landslide and flood-prone areas is on-going.', 'Resettlement of communities living in landslide and flood-prone areas is on-going. Disaster exposure and by extension climate-related vulnerability is increasingly being factored into the design and implementation of development projects such as roads, reservoirs and new settlements, however often the full range of mitigatory measures is both financially and technologically challenging for a developing country.Chapter 3: NDC Revision Process The NDC review process was launched in 2020 through the Climate Change Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment. UNDP’s support to the process was obtained through a global project named Climate Promise that sought to support 100 countries to upgrade their climate change ambitions in 2020 ahead of COP 26. This support was launched in February 2020.', 'This support was launched in February 2020. Working groups consisting of experts and professionals were established for each sector under mitigation and adaptation, while the loss and damage discussion was co-led by the Disaster Management Centre and the Climate Change Secretariat. As a first step, desk reviews of the 2016 NDCs were undertaken by national consultants based on available materials including national policy documents, sectoral master plans, National Adaptation Plan for Climate Change (2016-2025), Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, and the draft Third National Communication (TNC) including the inventory of greenhouse gases prepared for the TNC. The findings were verified through discussions with technical working groups for each sector.', 'The findings were verified through discussions with technical working groups for each sector. For efficiency, the NDCs built upon recent discussions and analysis of climate risks and vulnerability, including those completed for the Third National Communication (draft),and Climate Change Risk in Sri Lanka – Sector Risk Profile (draft), Marginal Abatement Cost Curves analysis for energy, Low-Carbon Development Strategy (draft), National Disaster Management Plan (draft) and National REDD+ Investment Framework and Action Plan. Due to restrictions on physical meetings imposed to control the spread of Covid-19 through March- May 2020, virtual meetings and discussions were held with all working groups and the core NDC team.', 'Due to restrictions on physical meetings imposed to control the spread of Covid-19 through March- May 2020, virtual meetings and discussions were held with all working groups and the core NDC team. The draft NDCs were then presented to wider groups of stakeholders (by sector) from July to September 2020 when restrictions were relaxed enabling physical meetings and discussions. Separate discussions with lead sectoral agencies/Ministries were held to understand the development priorities, institutional structures, public finance availability and financing and capacity needs for NDCs in each sector. Detailed implementation plans will be prepared for each sector with clearly identified actions/sub-actions, targets and responsible agencies. These will be integrated, as fully as possible, into the regular planning cycles of these sectors ensuring smooth delivery.', 'These will be integrated, as fully as possible, into the regular planning cycles of these sectors ensuring smooth delivery. Finally, an assessment of the cost of achieving NDCs in order to develop a financing strategy has been commissioned. The Financing Strategy will be communicated to the international community as an addendum to the NDCs. Figure 3. 1: NDC Revision ProcessChapter 4: Mitigation NDCs 4.1 Climate Change Mitigation in Sri Lanka As described in Chapter 1 and 2, Sri Lanka’s economic and human development has been largely ‘low- carbon’ aided by decades of public investment in education and health, non-reliance on energy-intensive heavy industry for economic growth and continued exploitation of indigenous energy sources such as wind, hydro, solar and biomass.', '1: NDC Revision ProcessChapter 4: Mitigation NDCs 4.1 Climate Change Mitigation in Sri Lanka As described in Chapter 1 and 2, Sri Lanka’s economic and human development has been largely ‘low- carbon’ aided by decades of public investment in education and health, non-reliance on energy-intensive heavy industry for economic growth and continued exploitation of indigenous energy sources such as wind, hydro, solar and biomass. The country is recognized as a rare global example of how human wellbeing and economic prosperity can be decoupled from carbon-intensive development and lifestyles.6 However, there is room for further GHG reduction while continuing an upward development trajectory.', 'The country is recognized as a rare global example of how human wellbeing and economic prosperity can be decoupled from carbon-intensive development and lifestyles.6 However, there is room for further GHG reduction while continuing an upward development trajectory. Therefore, these NDCs present an increased ambition for GHG reduction (over the initial NDC in 2016) generated largely through improved target setting in six sectors; electricity (power; electricity generation and end-use), transport, industry, waste, forestry, agriculture (including livestock). Mitigation actions with high GHG abatement potential and closely aligned with sustainable development objectives of the country have been prioritised for implementation over the period 2021 to 2030.', 'Mitigation actions with high GHG abatement potential and closely aligned with sustainable development objectives of the country have been prioritised for implementation over the period 2021 to 2030. To develop these NDCs, Sri Lanka’s policies and strategies on the above six sectors were reviewed along with the National Environment Policy, National Climate Change Policy, National Policy for Sustainable Development (draft) and National Policy for Sustainable Consumption & Production. In general, low-carbon and energy-efficient practices, circular economy concepts and promotion of GHG sinks by improving forest/tree cover are supported through the above policy directions. In the past five years, Sri Lanka has taken several proactive steps, introduced policy instruments and financial incentives to develop a low-carbon pathway.', 'In the past five years, Sri Lanka has taken several proactive steps, introduced policy instruments and financial incentives to develop a low-carbon pathway. The power sector, for example, has enabled private investment in renewable energy by supportive policy instruments such as feed-in tariffs, net-metering and net-accounting. Energy efficiency has been incentivised by high energy rates rationalising consumption, Time-of-Use (TOU) billing etc. and supported through financial incentives to replace incandescent lighting with LED in a short timeframe. Waste-to-energy investments and waste composting measures in key municipalities have substantially increased managed waste in urban areas. Regulatory restrictions and environmental considerations have forced large-scale waste producers- such as livestock farms, hotels- to invest on in-site waste treatment and management. Industry has embraced energy efficiency, circular economy concepts and cleaner production.', 'Industry has embraced energy efficiency, circular economy concepts and cleaner production. Some larger industrial production facilities are now going for ‘carbon-neutrality’ for marketing advantage and sustainability. The sector pledged to adopt ‘green or eco’ concepts when investing in new industrial parks. The transport sector has seen a modal shift from public to private which is in keeping with middle- income development aspirations.', 'The transport sector has seen a modal shift from public to private which is in keeping with middle- income development aspirations. Significant investments are lined up to upgrade passenger transport systems including the long ailing railway and expressway network, introduce modern conveyance systems in congested urban centres and promote more hybrid and electric vehicles among private users.4.2 Unconditional and Conditional Policy Responses Sri Lanka interprets unconditional policy responses as those actions that have been identified in national plans and programmes, prioritised for domestic investments (public and private) which can be implemented with domestic capacity. These actions amount to 4.0%7 of GHG emissions reduction with respective to BAU scenario for the period 2021-2030. Conditional policy responses require external support including financing, technology transfer, and capacity building.', 'Conditional policy responses require external support including financing, technology transfer, and capacity building. Many conditional NDCs are constrained by their lack of market readiness (economic viability) and immaturity of the technology. Conditional NDCs form the majority of the actions described in the following sectors. These actions are important for long-term course-change in key sectors; –power, transport, industry, waste, forestry, agriculture & livestock- towards low-carbon pathways. Sri Lanka is keen to propel its growth towards upper middle-income status by enabling better rural services, improving liveability and efficiency in urban areas and encouraging the growth of services and manufacturing, especially of value-added agricultural products.', 'Sri Lanka is keen to propel its growth towards upper middle-income status by enabling better rural services, improving liveability and efficiency in urban areas and encouraging the growth of services and manufacturing, especially of value-added agricultural products. In this background, conditional NDCs have been framed around an analysis that presents the country’s commitment to maintaining its trajectory of low-emission growth with international financial and technical assistance. These conditional NDC actions account for additional 10.5%7 of GHG emissions reduction respective to the BAU scenario for the period 2021-2030. 4.3 Implementing and Monitoring Mitigation NDCs NDCs will be ‘projectized’ into fundable actions and further developed for private sector investments, public financing through the Government’s budget or through international funding agencies by developing proposals for climate financing.', '4.3 Implementing and Monitoring Mitigation NDCs NDCs will be ‘projectized’ into fundable actions and further developed for private sector investments, public financing through the Government’s budget or through international funding agencies by developing proposals for climate financing. This process will involve detailed feasibility of the actions themselves, a thorough analysis of the sustainable development co-benefits and financing options. This process presents the opportunity to conduct detailed gender and social analyses of the actions and propose any mitigatory steps to overcome risks. Gender and sustainable development co-benefit analysis is mandatorily required in Sri Lanka’s national planning project format.8 Environmental and social impact assessments will be carried out as required for the larger projects that involve land conversion or infrastructures.', 'Gender and sustainable development co-benefit analysis is mandatorily required in Sri Lanka’s national planning project format.8 Environmental and social impact assessments will be carried out as required for the larger projects that involve land conversion or infrastructures. Around 40 mitigation actions classified under the six sectors mentioned above contribute to Sri Lanka’s total GHG emissions reduction target. However, there will be further GHG emissions reduction from unquantified mitigation actions which cannot be quantified due to lack of baseline and emissions reduction potential information at present. These GHG emission mitigation potentials and actual achievements will be accounted and communicated in the future after baseline data and necessary sectorial MRV mechanisms are fully established with necessary internal and external support.', 'These GHG emission mitigation potentials and actual achievements will be accounted and communicated in the future after baseline data and necessary sectorial MRV mechanisms are fully established with necessary internal and external support. Further, there are certain adaptation actions described in Chapter 5 that contribute to GHG emissions reduction. The emissions reduction from climate adaptation actions in sectors such as livestock, tourism, and urban settlements, have not been accounted for in the overall GHG emission calculations presented above. Hence these mitigation benefits will be additional to Sri Lanka’s total emissions reduction target. 7 For the six sectors covered in this revision (power, transport, industry, waste, agriculture & livestock, forestry).', '7 For the six sectors covered in this revision (power, transport, industry, waste, agriculture & livestock, forestry). Analysis excluding the emissions & emissions reduction activities in certain sub sectors such as some land use categories.4.4 Sectoral Mitigation NDCs 4.4.1 Electricity (Power) Sector Sri Lanka has achieved nearly 100% electrification for all potential users of the country -barring a few isolated communities. The total installed power generation capacity in 2019 was 4,217 MW, of which around 50% consists of renewable energy including large and small hydro, wind, solar, and biomass. The rest is generated through coal and oil-based thermal power. Sri Lanka’s annual electricity demand was approximately 14,611 GWh in 2019. Around 35% of this demand was met by renewable energy resources in 2019.', 'Around 35% of this demand was met by renewable energy resources in 2019. The demand for electricity is expected to grow by 5% annually and future electricity generation expansion programs are expected to meet this demand growth. Sri Lanka has taken several recent initiatives to implement sustainable energy programmes. Key principles in the Energy Policy (2019) guides the country to further develop indigenous renewable energy sources to the optimum level, diversify the generation mix and minimise dependence on imported fossil fuels. It is stated that renewable energy sources should be developed considering resource potential, economics, maturity of technology and quality of supply.', 'It is stated that renewable energy sources should be developed considering resource potential, economics, maturity of technology and quality of supply. These initiatives are expected to bring renewable energy based power generation to the fore-front, with a target of realizing 70% electricity generation using renewable energy sources by 2030. Future Outlook and GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Electricity (Power) Sector: National Energy Policy (2019) primarily focuses on ensuring energy security, equity, and sustainability of the energy supply.', 'Future Outlook and GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Electricity (Power) Sector: National Energy Policy (2019) primarily focuses on ensuring energy security, equity, and sustainability of the energy supply. As it is essential to maintain a regular power supply with a practical and a balanced energy mix, the firm capacity should be maintained with Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) or indigenous natural gas, high-efficient coal power, large storage hydro, furnace oil refined from national refinery and non-conventional renewable energy sources9 which can provide the firm/ base power requirement. Aligning with the Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, significant growth in increasing power generation through wind, solar, hydro and biomass is expected. In addition, Demand Side Management (DSM) activities, and transmission and distribution loss reduction activities will support emissions reduction.', 'In addition, Demand Side Management (DSM) activities, and transmission and distribution loss reduction activities will support emissions reduction. Furthermore, converting existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to natural gas and introducing new natural gas-based power plants will support emissions reduction efforts, contributing to NDCs. Furthermore, no new coal power plant addition is expected for the future, and converting existing fuel oil based combined cycle power plants to natural gas and introducing new natural gas based power plants will support emission reduction efforts, contributing to NDCs. The long-term target of the power sector is to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050, based on which the National Energy Policy & Strategies has been framed.', 'The long-term target of the power sector is to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050, based on which the National Energy Policy & Strategies has been framed. Key interventions envisaged for GHG emissions reduction up to the year 2030: ▪ Development of hydro-power base to its maximum potential through new large and small hydro-power plants amounting to around 300 MW. ▪ Develop approximately 800MW of wind power generation in Northern and North-Western coastal areas of the island. ▪ Develop approximately 2,000 MW of solar power capacity using different modalities such as solar rooftops, small scale, and large solar PV power plants.', '▪ Develop approximately 2,000 MW of solar power capacity using different modalities such as solar rooftops, small scale, and large solar PV power plants. 9Small hydro, solar PV, wind, biomass, biogas and other agro-waste power plants.▪ Power generation through biomass and municipal solid waste will also be added with an expectation of a reasonable contribution to power generation. ▪ Facilitate the implementation of pilot-scale projects using new renewable energy sources that have not yet reached commercial maturity and other grid supporting infrastructures including behind the meter (BtM) and grid-scale energy storage solutions to assist more renewable energy integration. ▪ Pursue Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant development to accommodate higher level of intermittent and weather-dependent renewable energy to the power generation system.', '▪ Pursue Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plant development to accommodate higher level of intermittent and weather-dependent renewable energy to the power generation system. ▪ Continue the loss reduction initiatives of the transmission and distribution network. ▪ Convert existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to use natural gas and to develop new natural gas plants as an alternative to planned coal power plants (depending on infrastructure availability for natural gas). ▪ Implement Demand Side Management activities through a five-year national Energy Efficiency Improvement and Conservation (EEI&C) programme. ▪ Introduce policy supportive measures such as tax benefits, low-interest financing, etc. to expedite the implementation of renewable energy development and energy efficiency improvement programmes.', 'to expedite the implementation of renewable energy development and energy efficiency improvement programmes. ▪ Engage in viable carbon trading mechanisms to promote the shift towards clean energy sources. In order to achieve NDCs, activities have been identified (Table 4.4.1); some are quantifiable while others, though not quantifiable, are supportive and essential for effective implementation10. Table 4.4.1: NDCs in Electricity (Power) Sector 10 When determining the NDC activities, the unconditional targets were declared based on the financial and technical capability already available in the country. Targets that require external financial and technical support to supplement the domestic capacity are declared as conditional targets.', 'Targets that require external financial and technical support to supplement the domestic capacity are declared as conditional targets. External technical and financial supports are vital factors for the successful accomplishment of these goals, which renders them as conditional 11It should be noted that, conditional target in above NDC Action 1 is based on interim results of ongoing national planning exercises, which shall be validated subjected to grid limitations such as operational flexibility, system stability, etc.', 'External technical and financial supports are vital factors for the successful accomplishment of these goals, which renders them as conditional 11It should be noted that, conditional target in above NDC Action 1 is based on interim results of ongoing national planning exercises, which shall be validated subjected to grid limitations such as operational flexibility, system stability, etc. In achieving this conditional target, grid reinforcement measures and enabling technologies such as energy storage shall be required 12Power generation through sustainable biomass resources NDC # NDCs and NDC Actions Timeline NDC 1 Enhance renewable energy (RE) contribution to the national electricity generation mix by increasing solar PV, wind, hydro and sustainable biomass-based electricity generation (Target: Develop an additional capacity of 3,867 MW renewable energy over the RE capacity considered in Business-As-Usual scenario, out of which approximately 950 MW are on an unconditional basis and 2,917 MW on a conditional basis)11 1.1 Establish wind, solar (rooftop, small-scale and large solar PV), biomass12, large and small hydro power plants 1.2 Develop required transmission network infrastructure to enable the integration of renewable energy NDC 2 Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) measures by promoting energy-efficient equipment, technologies, and system improvements in a national Energy Efficiency Improvement and Conservation (EEI&C) programme 2.1 Realize energy saving of 2,603 GWh by phasing out incandescent bulbs as a conditional measure 2.2 Realize energy saving of 5,189 GWh by introducing efficient lighting, fans, refrigerators, and chillers as a conditional measure 2.3 Implement Energy Efficiency Building Code on a mandatory basis 2021-2022It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 25% in the electricity sector (5% unconditionally and 20% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 9,819,000 MT unconditionally and 39,274,000 MT conditionally (total of 49,093,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-203013 (Figure 4.4.1).', 'In achieving this conditional target, grid reinforcement measures and enabling technologies such as energy storage shall be required 12Power generation through sustainable biomass resources NDC # NDCs and NDC Actions Timeline NDC 1 Enhance renewable energy (RE) contribution to the national electricity generation mix by increasing solar PV, wind, hydro and sustainable biomass-based electricity generation (Target: Develop an additional capacity of 3,867 MW renewable energy over the RE capacity considered in Business-As-Usual scenario, out of which approximately 950 MW are on an unconditional basis and 2,917 MW on a conditional basis)11 1.1 Establish wind, solar (rooftop, small-scale and large solar PV), biomass12, large and small hydro power plants 1.2 Develop required transmission network infrastructure to enable the integration of renewable energy NDC 2 Implement Demand Side Management (DSM) measures by promoting energy-efficient equipment, technologies, and system improvements in a national Energy Efficiency Improvement and Conservation (EEI&C) programme 2.1 Realize energy saving of 2,603 GWh by phasing out incandescent bulbs as a conditional measure 2.2 Realize energy saving of 5,189 GWh by introducing efficient lighting, fans, refrigerators, and chillers as a conditional measure 2.3 Implement Energy Efficiency Building Code on a mandatory basis 2021-2022It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 25% in the electricity sector (5% unconditionally and 20% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 9,819,000 MT unconditionally and 39,274,000 MT conditionally (total of 49,093,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-203013 (Figure 4.4.1). 13 The forecasted emissions of the power sector for the period 2021-2030 is 196,373,000 MT as per the BAU scenario of the Long-Term Generation Expansion Plan 2013-2032 of Ceylon Electricity Board published in October 2013 which was the basis of the first NDC commitment.', '13 The forecasted emissions of the power sector for the period 2021-2030 is 196,373,000 MT as per the BAU scenario of the Long-Term Generation Expansion Plan 2013-2032 of Ceylon Electricity Board published in October 2013 which was the basis of the first NDC commitment. 2.4 Promote High-Efficiency Motors (HEM), Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), tri- generation, and other energy efficiency measures in the industrial sector NDC 3 Conversion of existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to Natural Gas (NG) and establishment of new NG plants as conditional measures (once the necessary infrastructure is available) 3.1 Conversion of existing 600 MW of fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to NG 2021-2026 3.2 Establishment of new combined cycle power plants in place of anticipated coal power capacity additions in the BAU and gas turbines with approximately 700 MW of capacities to be operated from NG NDC 4 Transmission and distribution network efficiency improvements (Loss reduction of 0.5% compared with BAU by 2030) as an unconditional measure (Target: Approximately 1,848 GWh energy savings) 4.1 Carry out developments in the transmission network, re-conducting of existing transmission lines, and reactive power compensation activities 4.2 Carry out the conversion from bare conductors to bundled conductors, improved construction & maintenance practices in the distribution network NDC 5 Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot-scale projects for Non- Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE) sources that have not yet reached commercial maturity and develop other grid supporting infrastructures as conditional measures 5.1 Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot-scale projects for new renewable energy sources which have not yet reached commercial-scale maturity 5.2 Develop Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants and pilot scale storage systems such as Behind the Meter (BtM) and Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions to support the integration of renewable energy to the system by improving system flexibility 5.3 Introduce ICT interventions such as Smart Grid technologies to support the integration of intermittent renewable energy into the systemFigure 4.4.1: Emission reduction projections in Electricity (Power) Sector4.4.2 Transportation Sector Road transportation is dominant over the railway, air, and sea modalities in Sri Lanka.', '2.4 Promote High-Efficiency Motors (HEM), Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), tri- generation, and other energy efficiency measures in the industrial sector NDC 3 Conversion of existing fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to Natural Gas (NG) and establishment of new NG plants as conditional measures (once the necessary infrastructure is available) 3.1 Conversion of existing 600 MW of fuel oil-based combined cycle power plants to NG 2021-2026 3.2 Establishment of new combined cycle power plants in place of anticipated coal power capacity additions in the BAU and gas turbines with approximately 700 MW of capacities to be operated from NG NDC 4 Transmission and distribution network efficiency improvements (Loss reduction of 0.5% compared with BAU by 2030) as an unconditional measure (Target: Approximately 1,848 GWh energy savings) 4.1 Carry out developments in the transmission network, re-conducting of existing transmission lines, and reactive power compensation activities 4.2 Carry out the conversion from bare conductors to bundled conductors, improved construction & maintenance practices in the distribution network NDC 5 Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot-scale projects for Non- Conventional Renewable Energy (NCRE) sources that have not yet reached commercial maturity and develop other grid supporting infrastructures as conditional measures 5.1 Conduct R&D activities to implement pilot-scale projects for new renewable energy sources which have not yet reached commercial-scale maturity 5.2 Develop Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants and pilot scale storage systems such as Behind the Meter (BtM) and Grid-Scale Energy Storage Solutions to support the integration of renewable energy to the system by improving system flexibility 5.3 Introduce ICT interventions such as Smart Grid technologies to support the integration of intermittent renewable energy into the systemFigure 4.4.1: Emission reduction projections in Electricity (Power) Sector4.4.2 Transportation Sector Road transportation is dominant over the railway, air, and sea modalities in Sri Lanka. The present active vehicle fleet of Sri Lanka is around 6.7 million14, of which 54% are motorcycles, 16% are three- wheelers (motor tricycles), 11% motor cars, and 1% buses.', 'The present active vehicle fleet of Sri Lanka is around 6.7 million14, of which 54% are motorcycles, 16% are three- wheelers (motor tricycles), 11% motor cars, and 1% buses. Despite investments and attempts to improve public transportation options, the quality and availability of public transportation are yet below expectation. This and rising per capita income have resulted in a gradual decrease in passengers using public transportation and an increase in private vehicles. In turn, there is increased traffic congestion, a reduction in fuel economy, and higher emissions. All fuel for transport is imported. Although Sri Lanka adopts Euro 4 emission standards and continues with the vehicle emission testing programme, the considerable share of inefficient vehicles in operation leads to higher GHG emissions.', 'Although Sri Lanka adopts Euro 4 emission standards and continues with the vehicle emission testing programme, the considerable share of inefficient vehicles in operation leads to higher GHG emissions. The increase in private vehicle use in urban areas has increased traffic congestion, road accidents and air pollution, and in turn impacts the economy, environment, and society. High dependence on road transport, as against railways or water-based transport modes, tend to increase total energy consumption and air pollution. Though Sri Lanka Railway (SLR) played a dominant role in the past, its share of passenger and freight transportation has shrunk over time.', 'Though Sri Lanka Railway (SLR) played a dominant role in the past, its share of passenger and freight transportation has shrunk over time. SLR has identified the potential to improve its services as a low-cost mass transportation mode for passengers and goods, and thereby reduce urban and suburban traffic congestion to a great extent. On the other hand, non-motorized transport share is very low in urban areas and is reducing in rural areas. Three-wheelers, school, and office vans are providing substantial services to communities that do not have direct access to buses or trains. Recent infrastructure developments in the sector such as expressways, park & ride facilities, multimodal transport hubs, etc. are expected to reduce the emission footprint while positively contributing to the environment and economy.', 'are expected to reduce the emission footprint while positively contributing to the environment and economy. Future Outlook and GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Transport Sector: Under the business- as-usual scenario, the share of public transportation will decline further. However, the updated NDCs are expected to re-invigorate public transportation including railways, buses, and improve intermodal connectivity between rail, road, and water-based transportation. Investments in safe, reliable, accessible, and comfortable public transportation can encourage the shift from private to public. An increase in public transport will reduce traffic delays and congestion. Improvement of energy efficiency/fuel economy in the transport sector becomes a national priority to save foreign exchange contributing to the economy, local and global air pollution, apart from its contribution to GHG emissions reduction as stipulated through the NDCs.', 'Improvement of energy efficiency/fuel economy in the transport sector becomes a national priority to save foreign exchange contributing to the economy, local and global air pollution, apart from its contribution to GHG emissions reduction as stipulated through the NDCs. Updated Transport Sector NDCs: The sector has analyzed the abatement costs of different transport sector mitigation options under the Initiative for Climate Action Transparency (ICAT) support. Even though this assessment indicates that there are several emission reduction activities that can be implemented compared to the BAU scenario, the country needs significant financial support to accomplish the identified actions. A comprehensive Measuring Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for the transport sector is being implemented under the same programme.', 'A comprehensive Measuring Reporting and Verification (MRV) system for the transport sector is being implemented under the same programme. An initial feasibility assessment for the ‘Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) on Bus Rapid Transport (BRT)’ concept was completed in 2015/2016 and expects external support to complete as a comprehensive feasibility and implementation of the same. Strengthening NDCs communicated in 2016 with this evidence/analysis, the following actions (table 4.4.2) are proposed to support transport sector emissions reduction. The development of an environmentally sustainable transport (EST) system, basedon the concept of “Reduce-Shift-Improve” supports reducing (or avoiding) the need to travel, shifting to more environmentally friendly modes, and improving the energy efficiency of transportation and vehicle technology (focused on system efficiency, trip efficiency, and vehicle efficiency).', 'The development of an environmentally sustainable transport (EST) system, basedon the concept of “Reduce-Shift-Improve” supports reducing (or avoiding) the need to travel, shifting to more environmentally friendly modes, and improving the energy efficiency of transportation and vehicle technology (focused on system efficiency, trip efficiency, and vehicle efficiency). Table 4.4.2: NDCs in Transport Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Transport sector system improvement 2021-2030 1.1 Avoid the need to travel 2021-2030 1.2 Reduce commuting distances and travel time 2021-2030 1.3 Improve traffic and traffic light management 2021- 2030 1.5 Introduce intelligent transport management systems 2021-2030 1.6 Improve road architecture (road designs, road signs, signaling, signage, etc.)', 'Table 4.4.2: NDCs in Transport Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Transport sector system improvement 2021-2030 1.1 Avoid the need to travel 2021-2030 1.2 Reduce commuting distances and travel time 2021-2030 1.3 Improve traffic and traffic light management 2021- 2030 1.5 Introduce intelligent transport management systems 2021-2030 1.6 Improve road architecture (road designs, road signs, signaling, signage, etc.) 2021-2030 NDC 2 Promote public passenger transport 2021-2030 2.1 Improve public road transport for reliability, affordability, accessibility, availability, comfort and safety 2.2 Improve railway transport for reliability, affordability, accessibility, availability, comfort and safety 2.3 Integrate transport modes 2021-2030 2.4 Improve last mile connectivity 2021-2030 NDC 3 Shift freight to efficient modes 2021-2030 3.1 Switch back to rail from road transport 2021-2030 3.2 Promote transporting petroleum products by pipeline 2021-2030 3.3 Introduce rail-based transport system with inland container depots 2021-2030 NDC 4 Rapid transport for passenger transport 2021-2030 4.1 Introduce Light Rail Transport in Colombo city 2021-2030 NDC 5 Promote non-motorized transport modes 2021- 2030 5.1 Promote the use of bicycles 2021-2030 5.2 Improve the facilities for pedestrian walkways 2021-2030 NDC 6 Introduce taxes and other instruments to promote public transport 2021- 2030 6.1 Change the existing vehicle emission charging system from the present vehicle based to vehicle type, fuel used and emission-based system plus the total km travel 6.2 Restrict the entry of individual modes of transport to sensitive areas and congested areas of major cities during peak hours through a levy 6.3 Develop park and ride infrastructure developments combined with Corden based pricing mechanism NDC 7 Introduce inland water transport modes 2021-2030 7.1 Introduce canal-based water transport using diesel or grid electricity-powered boat service for selected canal routes NDC 8 Modernizing and upgrading of suburban railway 2021-2030 8.1 Electrification of railway lines 2021-2030 8.2 Develop new railway lines and expansion of existing railway network 2021-2030 NDC 9 Promote electric mobility and hybrid vehicles 2021-2030 9.1 Increase tax concessions for electric & hybrid vehicles 2021-2030 9.2 Facilitate supportive infrastructure developments such as charging stations, battery swapping & replacements 9.3 Tax & Duty concessions for batteries used for electric and hybrid vehicles after introducing a specific HS code NDC 10 Improve vehicle fleet efficiency 2021-2030 10.1 Improve efficiencies of the existing vehicle fleet 2021-2030 10.2 Promote the import of fuel-efficient vehicles 2021-2030 10.3 Introduce programmes to change driver behaviours 2021-2030NDC 11 Road infrastructure development 2021-2030 11.1 Development of provincial and rural road infrastructure for improved mobility 2021-2030 11.2 Expansion of expressway network 2021-2030 NDC 12 Reduce GHG emissions from the marine sector 2021-2030 12.1 Ratify Annex VI of MARPOL convention to enforce provisions in Sri Lanka 2021-2030 12.2 Study the impact of shipping on GHG emissions (coastal traffic and ports) depending on evidence-based information and introduce measures to address the issues 12.4 Introduce energy efficiency measures and fuel quality improvement programmes to coastal shipping and fishing boats and vessels NDC 13 Generic enabling activities 2021-2030 13.1 Introduce new national policy or make amendments to relevant existing policies to promote environmentally sustainable transport modes including electric mobility and hybrid vehicles 13.2 Introduce fuel-based carbon tax 2021-2030 13.3 Include climate change measures in maritime policy making 2021-2030 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 4.0% in the transport sector (1.0% unconditionally and 3.0% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1,337,000 MT unconditionally and 4,011,000 MT conditionally (total of 5,348,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-2030 (Figure 4.4.2).', '2021-2030 NDC 2 Promote public passenger transport 2021-2030 2.1 Improve public road transport for reliability, affordability, accessibility, availability, comfort and safety 2.2 Improve railway transport for reliability, affordability, accessibility, availability, comfort and safety 2.3 Integrate transport modes 2021-2030 2.4 Improve last mile connectivity 2021-2030 NDC 3 Shift freight to efficient modes 2021-2030 3.1 Switch back to rail from road transport 2021-2030 3.2 Promote transporting petroleum products by pipeline 2021-2030 3.3 Introduce rail-based transport system with inland container depots 2021-2030 NDC 4 Rapid transport for passenger transport 2021-2030 4.1 Introduce Light Rail Transport in Colombo city 2021-2030 NDC 5 Promote non-motorized transport modes 2021- 2030 5.1 Promote the use of bicycles 2021-2030 5.2 Improve the facilities for pedestrian walkways 2021-2030 NDC 6 Introduce taxes and other instruments to promote public transport 2021- 2030 6.1 Change the existing vehicle emission charging system from the present vehicle based to vehicle type, fuel used and emission-based system plus the total km travel 6.2 Restrict the entry of individual modes of transport to sensitive areas and congested areas of major cities during peak hours through a levy 6.3 Develop park and ride infrastructure developments combined with Corden based pricing mechanism NDC 7 Introduce inland water transport modes 2021-2030 7.1 Introduce canal-based water transport using diesel or grid electricity-powered boat service for selected canal routes NDC 8 Modernizing and upgrading of suburban railway 2021-2030 8.1 Electrification of railway lines 2021-2030 8.2 Develop new railway lines and expansion of existing railway network 2021-2030 NDC 9 Promote electric mobility and hybrid vehicles 2021-2030 9.1 Increase tax concessions for electric & hybrid vehicles 2021-2030 9.2 Facilitate supportive infrastructure developments such as charging stations, battery swapping & replacements 9.3 Tax & Duty concessions for batteries used for electric and hybrid vehicles after introducing a specific HS code NDC 10 Improve vehicle fleet efficiency 2021-2030 10.1 Improve efficiencies of the existing vehicle fleet 2021-2030 10.2 Promote the import of fuel-efficient vehicles 2021-2030 10.3 Introduce programmes to change driver behaviours 2021-2030NDC 11 Road infrastructure development 2021-2030 11.1 Development of provincial and rural road infrastructure for improved mobility 2021-2030 11.2 Expansion of expressway network 2021-2030 NDC 12 Reduce GHG emissions from the marine sector 2021-2030 12.1 Ratify Annex VI of MARPOL convention to enforce provisions in Sri Lanka 2021-2030 12.2 Study the impact of shipping on GHG emissions (coastal traffic and ports) depending on evidence-based information and introduce measures to address the issues 12.4 Introduce energy efficiency measures and fuel quality improvement programmes to coastal shipping and fishing boats and vessels NDC 13 Generic enabling activities 2021-2030 13.1 Introduce new national policy or make amendments to relevant existing policies to promote environmentally sustainable transport modes including electric mobility and hybrid vehicles 13.2 Introduce fuel-based carbon tax 2021-2030 13.3 Include climate change measures in maritime policy making 2021-2030 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs will result in GHG emissions reduction against BAU scenario by 4.0% in the transport sector (1.0% unconditionally and 3.0% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 1,337,000 MT unconditionally and 4,011,000 MT conditionally (total of 5,348,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during the period of 2021-2030 (Figure 4.4.2). Figure 4.4.2: Emission reduction projections (Transport Sector) Fi gu re 4.', 'Figure 4.4.2: Emission reduction projections (Transport Sector) Fi gu re 4. 4. N DC4.4.3 Industry Sector The industrial survey conducted in 2016 by the Department of Census and Statistics reported 21,295 industrial establishments15 in Sri Lanka with manufacturing as the largest segment. Industrial production, according to Central Bank Annual Report 2018, is the second-largest contributor to GDP (15.5%) after the service sector (26.1%) and employs 30% of the country’s workforce. Textile, apparel, and tea manufacturing are the most significant export-oriented sub-sectors. As per the Energy Balance 2018 of Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, the energy required for the industry sector came from three main sources: biomass (33%), petroleum oil (34%) and electricity (33%). Biomass is used in tea and rubber factories, bakeries, tile and brick industries and other small- scale industries.', 'Biomass is used in tea and rubber factories, bakeries, tile and brick industries and other small- scale industries. Fossil fuel is used for operating boilers, ovens and furnaces in other industries. The key industries contributing to GHG emissions are cement manufacture, lime production for the construction industry, and industries using limestone and soda ash. However, compared to emissions from industrial energy consumption, industrial processes generate a relatively low level of GHG emissions. Future Outlook and GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Industry Sector: The Government of Sri Lanka is focusing on creating a globally competitive, high value-added, innovative, technology, and knowledge-based industry, with a minimal adverse impact on the environment, which could boost the investor confidence and ensure higher export revenues and achieving sustainable development.', 'Future Outlook and GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Industry Sector: The Government of Sri Lanka is focusing on creating a globally competitive, high value-added, innovative, technology, and knowledge-based industry, with a minimal adverse impact on the environment, which could boost the investor confidence and ensure higher export revenues and achieving sustainable development. To reflect this new direction, the Ministry of Industries is now in the process of formulating a National Policy for Industrial Development (NaPID) and a five-year Strategic Implementation Plan to operationalize the NaPID.', 'To reflect this new direction, the Ministry of Industries is now in the process of formulating a National Policy for Industrial Development (NaPID) and a five-year Strategic Implementation Plan to operationalize the NaPID. Alongside this, the Ministry of Industries is exploring the possibility of implementing industry sector NDCs through the design and implementation of policy, as well as regulatory, technical & financial mechanisms and tools to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy, energy & resource- efficient technologies and best practices. These NDCs (Table 4.4.3) will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing and incorporating resource efficiency, circular economy and other internationally acclaimed concepts.', 'These NDCs (Table 4.4.3) will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing and incorporating resource efficiency, circular economy and other internationally acclaimed concepts. It is noted that these NDCs are directly or indirectly addressing energy-consumption-based emissions as there are limited avenues and reliable data sources to account for industrial process and product use (IPPU) related actions.', 'It is noted that these NDCs are directly or indirectly addressing energy-consumption-based emissions as there are limited avenues and reliable data sources to account for industrial process and product use (IPPU) related actions. Table 4.4.3: NDCs in Industry Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Continue fuel-switching to sustainable biomass energy and improve user efficiency in selected industrial sub-sectors (tea, rubber, apparel, hotel & tourism, rice processing) 1.1 Convert industry furnaces to steam boilers and hot-water systems 2021-2030 1.2 Improve biomass user efficiency by increasing feedstock quality, operation and maintenance practices, system design and automation 1.3 Introduce biomass “Co-generation” in industries 2021-2030 1.4 Switch from fossil fuel to biomass energy in government institutions for thermal energy requirements 15 Annual Survey of Industries (2018) published by the Department of Census and Statistics.NDC 2 Enhance the application of Resource Efficient Cleaner Production (RECP) practices in selected industrial sub-sectors 2.1 Conduct RECP and energy audits and develop baselines based on industry classifications & the importance 2.2 Adopt RECP practices including low carbon technologies and processes 2021-2030 2.3 Improve water use efficiency in selected industrial subsectors 2021-2030 2.4 Promote energy-efficient appliances and technologies such as High-Efficient Motors (HEM), Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), efficient chillers and refrigeration technologies NDC 3 Establish eco-industrial parks and villages 2021-2030 3.1 Transform existing industrial parks (IPs) incorporating maximum possible green industrial concepts 3.2 Introduce policy and regulatory regime, including guidelines to ensure all new IPs will be set up as Eco IPs NDC 4 Introduce Circular Economy concept to selected industrial sub-sectors and selected industrial zones 4.1 Conduct a survey to identify and determine the potential subsectors to implement the circular economy concept 4.2 Introduce the life cycle approach for selected subsectors for greening the supply chain 2021-2030 4.3 Practice industrial symbiosis concept in selected industrial parks and industrial sub-sectors 2021-2030 4.4 Establish a pilot project on the zero-waste concept in selected industrial parks or industrial subsectors 4.5 Adopt ISO standards for the circular economy concept (ISO/TC 323) 2021-2030 4.6 Build industry capacity to adopt the circular economy concept 2021-2030 NDC 5 Introduce tri-generation facilities to selected industrial parks 2021-2030 5.1 Carry out a rapid assessment of tri-generation potential in 10 industrial parks 2021-2023 5.2 Carry out a detailed assessment in one of the BOI industrial parks for piloting 2021-2022 5.3 Develop business models and funding options 2021-2023 5.4 Implement one Tri-generation facility as a pilot project 2021-2027 5.5 Depending on the success of the pilot project, expand it into BOI and other industrial parks and other prospective applications 5.6 Make provisions through policy instruments to have Tri-generation for new industrial zones 2021-2030 NDC 6 Incentivize GHG reduction of clinker production in the cement industry 2021-2023 6.1 Make necessary amendments to Sri Lanka Standard Institute (SLSI) standards for cement production enabling the increase of ash and other similar materials as substitutes for clinker in line with industry standards and trends worldwide NDC 7 Generic enabling activities 2021-2023 7.1 Facilitate industries in selected sub-sectors to adopt relevant ISO systems having a focus on GHG emissions reduction 7.2 Introduce and promote suitable tax incentives to promote the acquiring of sustainable technologies 7.3 Facilitating the entry of ISO certified companies to the Green Public Procurement system of Sri Lanka 7.4 Facilitating transformational investment and favorable loans through financing institutions linking with green financing 7.5 Introduce a national policy to address siting of industrial parks and stand-alone industries, new concepts like circular economy, industry ecology, RECPs, digitalization, etc.', 'Table 4.4.3: NDCs in Industry Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Continue fuel-switching to sustainable biomass energy and improve user efficiency in selected industrial sub-sectors (tea, rubber, apparel, hotel & tourism, rice processing) 1.1 Convert industry furnaces to steam boilers and hot-water systems 2021-2030 1.2 Improve biomass user efficiency by increasing feedstock quality, operation and maintenance practices, system design and automation 1.3 Introduce biomass “Co-generation” in industries 2021-2030 1.4 Switch from fossil fuel to biomass energy in government institutions for thermal energy requirements 15 Annual Survey of Industries (2018) published by the Department of Census and Statistics.NDC 2 Enhance the application of Resource Efficient Cleaner Production (RECP) practices in selected industrial sub-sectors 2.1 Conduct RECP and energy audits and develop baselines based on industry classifications & the importance 2.2 Adopt RECP practices including low carbon technologies and processes 2021-2030 2.3 Improve water use efficiency in selected industrial subsectors 2021-2030 2.4 Promote energy-efficient appliances and technologies such as High-Efficient Motors (HEM), Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), efficient chillers and refrigeration technologies NDC 3 Establish eco-industrial parks and villages 2021-2030 3.1 Transform existing industrial parks (IPs) incorporating maximum possible green industrial concepts 3.2 Introduce policy and regulatory regime, including guidelines to ensure all new IPs will be set up as Eco IPs NDC 4 Introduce Circular Economy concept to selected industrial sub-sectors and selected industrial zones 4.1 Conduct a survey to identify and determine the potential subsectors to implement the circular economy concept 4.2 Introduce the life cycle approach for selected subsectors for greening the supply chain 2021-2030 4.3 Practice industrial symbiosis concept in selected industrial parks and industrial sub-sectors 2021-2030 4.4 Establish a pilot project on the zero-waste concept in selected industrial parks or industrial subsectors 4.5 Adopt ISO standards for the circular economy concept (ISO/TC 323) 2021-2030 4.6 Build industry capacity to adopt the circular economy concept 2021-2030 NDC 5 Introduce tri-generation facilities to selected industrial parks 2021-2030 5.1 Carry out a rapid assessment of tri-generation potential in 10 industrial parks 2021-2023 5.2 Carry out a detailed assessment in one of the BOI industrial parks for piloting 2021-2022 5.3 Develop business models and funding options 2021-2023 5.4 Implement one Tri-generation facility as a pilot project 2021-2027 5.5 Depending on the success of the pilot project, expand it into BOI and other industrial parks and other prospective applications 5.6 Make provisions through policy instruments to have Tri-generation for new industrial zones 2021-2030 NDC 6 Incentivize GHG reduction of clinker production in the cement industry 2021-2023 6.1 Make necessary amendments to Sri Lanka Standard Institute (SLSI) standards for cement production enabling the increase of ash and other similar materials as substitutes for clinker in line with industry standards and trends worldwide NDC 7 Generic enabling activities 2021-2023 7.1 Facilitate industries in selected sub-sectors to adopt relevant ISO systems having a focus on GHG emissions reduction 7.2 Introduce and promote suitable tax incentives to promote the acquiring of sustainable technologies 7.3 Facilitating the entry of ISO certified companies to the Green Public Procurement system of Sri Lanka 7.4 Facilitating transformational investment and favorable loans through financing institutions linking with green financing 7.5 Introduce a national policy to address siting of industrial parks and stand-alone industries, new concepts like circular economy, industry ecology, RECPs, digitalization, etc. 7.6 Ensure the availability of sustainable biomass for industry use 2021-2023 7.7 Promote National Green Reporting System (NGRS) 2021-2023 It is expected that the updated NDCs for 2021 to 2030 will reduce GHG emissions against the BAU scenario by 7% in the industry sector (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2,088,000 MT unconditionally and 1,482,000 MT conditionally (total of 3,570,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.3) .', '7.6 Ensure the availability of sustainable biomass for industry use 2021-2023 7.7 Promote National Green Reporting System (NGRS) 2021-2023 It is expected that the updated NDCs for 2021 to 2030 will reduce GHG emissions against the BAU scenario by 7% in the industry sector (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2,088,000 MT unconditionally and 1,482,000 MT conditionally (total of 3,570,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.3) . It should be noted thatthere are additional emission reductions from various initiatives which are difficult to be accounted for as no systematic reporting/accounting arrangement is yet in place.', 'It should be noted thatthere are additional emission reductions from various initiatives which are difficult to be accounted for as no systematic reporting/accounting arrangement is yet in place. Figure 4.4.3: Emission reduction projections (Industry Sector)4.4.4 Waste Management Sri Lanka generates around 9,000 metric tonnes (MT) of municipal solid waste (MSW) per day (equivalent to about 0.41 kg/capita/day16) with the Western Province accounting for 3,500 MT (40%) of volume. Waste collection by local authorities is about 55% in the Western Province and 25% in the other provinces. With population growth, fast development of infrastructure, rapid urbanization, industrial growth, increase of per capita income, rise in living standards, changing lifestyle, and economic conditions, the generation of municipal solid waste is expected to increase in the next decade 2021-2030.', 'With population growth, fast development of infrastructure, rapid urbanization, industrial growth, increase of per capita income, rise in living standards, changing lifestyle, and economic conditions, the generation of municipal solid waste is expected to increase in the next decade 2021-2030. This illustrates the need for a national action plan for solid waste management, that all stakeholders can acknowledge and work towards a common goal. The limited coverage of proper waste segregation and adequate waste collection mechanisms covering the whole island, inadequate public commitment on waste management, and practical difficulties in the application of 3R principles are some underlying issues of the current waste management practice. Sri Lanka has a legislative and institutional framework with environment-related policies, strategies, and guidelines on waste management.', 'Sri Lanka has a legislative and institutional framework with environment-related policies, strategies, and guidelines on waste management. Technologies and methods used for waste management are well accepted, however innovative technologies and strategies are yet to be introduced to streamline and modernize existing waste management practices. The Waste Management Authority of Western Province (WMAWP) has prepared targets for waste treatment and disposal for the period 2019 to 2023. Accordingly, open dumping of waste will be significantly reduced, and waste will be collected in closed enclosures for mass disposal in respective local authorities and used in waste-to-energy projects after resource recovery steps. Already, two private companies have been granted permission for waste-to-energy generation projects with capacities of 700 and 500 MT/day and the first plant has been just commissioned.', 'Already, two private companies have been granted permission for waste-to-energy generation projects with capacities of 700 and 500 MT/day and the first plant has been just commissioned. In parallel to the plan of the WMAWP, three large-scale compost facilities are in operation, each with 100 MT/day capacity. Presently, about 2% of the waste collected by local authorities is recycled, while the amount recycled by the informal sector is considered to be much higher. The Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government plans to establish composting facilities each with the capacity of 50 MT/day in many provinces. Future Outlook & GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Waste Sector: The prioritized objectives of the recently approved National Policy on Waste Management (2019) are waste avoidance and reduction.', 'Future Outlook & GHG Emissions Reduction Potential in Waste Sector: The prioritized objectives of the recently approved National Policy on Waste Management (2019) are waste avoidance and reduction. The next level of management recommends adoption of waste recycling and other forms of environmentally-sound disposal; re-use of unavoidable waste to the extent possible; maintain hazardous substances in waste at the lowest possible level and guarantee an environmentally sound residual waste treatment and disposal underlining the gradual shift from a waste generating socio-cultural regime to a new paradigm in which waste disposal is minimized in favour of reuse and reduced consumption. Along with other measures, awareness through education and attitude change among the public is required to realize a sustainable waste management system.', 'Along with other measures, awareness through education and attitude change among the public is required to realize a sustainable waste management system. A long-term solution that addresses the issue of open dumping and create economic/fiscal disincentives for waste generation is needed. These NDCs (Table 4.4.4) will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing circular economy concepts clearly spelt out in the national policies for Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption and Production.', 'These NDCs (Table 4.4.4) will enhance mitigation ambitions while embracing circular economy concepts clearly spelt out in the national policies for Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption and Production. 16 This is based on the judgement of experts of relevant authorities and various studies carried out in the pastTable 4.4.4: NDCs in Waste Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Improve “Circular economy’’ practices in all MSW generation sources 2021-2030 1.1 Prevent, avoid or reduce MSW generation by reducing the growth by 10 % and also by reducing generation growth of industry solid waste and effluent 1.2 Improve the segregation of MSW at source and increase number of segregation categories 2021-2025 1.3 Improve MSW collection and transportation system (Up to 75% on generation basis in Western Province and 60% in other provinces) 1.4 Improve waste recycling to 7% on collection basis in Western Province (WP) and 5.0% in other provinces 1.5 Implement regulatory framework to control high waste generating products 2021-2023 NDC 2 Manage biodegradable waste component through biological treatments 2021-2030 2.1 Increase the present level of composting to 30% of compostable waste collected in Western Province and other Provinces 2.2 Apply suitable treatment facilities for liquid waste such as central / networked sewage and wastewater treatment facilities, night soil treatment facilities for selected Local Authorities (LAs), improve the treatment and appropriate disposal of industrial wastewater, assist LAs that have facilities for feed sludge management, prepare options to use treated waste water, enhance capacities of existing treatment plants with new treatment technologies, enhance the treatment facilities for industrial sludge and introduce volume-based pricing system for liquid waste 2.3 Adopt biogas technology where composting is not practically applicable 2021-2030 NDC 3 Introduce energy recovery using non-recyclables and waste which cannot be managed by other means 3.1 Establish already committed two waste-to-energy generation facilities 2021-2028 3.2 Make policy enhancement to clearly define the purpose of waste-to-energy and plan the phasing out of preferential feed-in-tariffs 3.3 Regulate the establishment of new waste-to-energy facilities 2021-2025 3.4 Introduce other thermal treatment technologies 2021-2025 NDC 4 The use of sanitary landfills for the disposal of residual waste will be increased from the current level of 5% to 100% on weight basis 4.1 Operationalize policy and regulation for siting and implementation of sanitary landfills 2021-2023 4.2 Rehabilitate existing waste dump sites 2021-2030 4.3 Introduce Land-fill Gas recovery systems 2021-2030 NDC 5 Generic enabling activities 2021-2030 5.1 Update or introduce the required legislation to facilitate and enforce the implementation of NDCs 5.2 Introduce a mechanism for waste generation forecasting with a tracking system to monitor the generation 5.3 Introduce legislation to make segregation of waste at household level mandatory 2021-2023 5.4 Introduce or amend necessary legal framework and instruments to initiate Market-Based Instruments (MBIs) and non-market-based instruments to incentivize and promote sustainable consumption patterns 5.5 Implement “Polluter Pays Principle” for mixed waste generators 2021-2025 5.6 Conduct awareness and capacity building programmes for behavioural changes of waste generators as well as waste management personnel 5.7 Facilitate public-private-partnerships to finance waste sector NDCs 2021-2030 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs during the period of 2021 to 2030 will result in GHG reduction against the BAU scenario by 11% reduction in the waste sector (8.5% unconditionally and 2.5% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated GHG emissions reduction of 2,549,000 MT (1,969,000 MT unconditionally and 580,000 MT conditionally) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.4).Figure 4.4.4: Emission reduction projections (Waste Sector)4.4.5 Forestry Sector Sri Lanka’s forest cover (which was 29.15% of land area in 2015)17 is comprised of dense forest, open and sparse forest, savannah, and mangroves.17 This natural vegetation displays diversity and distribution under Sri Lanka’s three climatic zones; Wet, Dry, and Intermediate.', '16 This is based on the judgement of experts of relevant authorities and various studies carried out in the pastTable 4.4.4: NDCs in Waste Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Improve “Circular economy’’ practices in all MSW generation sources 2021-2030 1.1 Prevent, avoid or reduce MSW generation by reducing the growth by 10 % and also by reducing generation growth of industry solid waste and effluent 1.2 Improve the segregation of MSW at source and increase number of segregation categories 2021-2025 1.3 Improve MSW collection and transportation system (Up to 75% on generation basis in Western Province and 60% in other provinces) 1.4 Improve waste recycling to 7% on collection basis in Western Province (WP) and 5.0% in other provinces 1.5 Implement regulatory framework to control high waste generating products 2021-2023 NDC 2 Manage biodegradable waste component through biological treatments 2021-2030 2.1 Increase the present level of composting to 30% of compostable waste collected in Western Province and other Provinces 2.2 Apply suitable treatment facilities for liquid waste such as central / networked sewage and wastewater treatment facilities, night soil treatment facilities for selected Local Authorities (LAs), improve the treatment and appropriate disposal of industrial wastewater, assist LAs that have facilities for feed sludge management, prepare options to use treated waste water, enhance capacities of existing treatment plants with new treatment technologies, enhance the treatment facilities for industrial sludge and introduce volume-based pricing system for liquid waste 2.3 Adopt biogas technology where composting is not practically applicable 2021-2030 NDC 3 Introduce energy recovery using non-recyclables and waste which cannot be managed by other means 3.1 Establish already committed two waste-to-energy generation facilities 2021-2028 3.2 Make policy enhancement to clearly define the purpose of waste-to-energy and plan the phasing out of preferential feed-in-tariffs 3.3 Regulate the establishment of new waste-to-energy facilities 2021-2025 3.4 Introduce other thermal treatment technologies 2021-2025 NDC 4 The use of sanitary landfills for the disposal of residual waste will be increased from the current level of 5% to 100% on weight basis 4.1 Operationalize policy and regulation for siting and implementation of sanitary landfills 2021-2023 4.2 Rehabilitate existing waste dump sites 2021-2030 4.3 Introduce Land-fill Gas recovery systems 2021-2030 NDC 5 Generic enabling activities 2021-2030 5.1 Update or introduce the required legislation to facilitate and enforce the implementation of NDCs 5.2 Introduce a mechanism for waste generation forecasting with a tracking system to monitor the generation 5.3 Introduce legislation to make segregation of waste at household level mandatory 2021-2023 5.4 Introduce or amend necessary legal framework and instruments to initiate Market-Based Instruments (MBIs) and non-market-based instruments to incentivize and promote sustainable consumption patterns 5.5 Implement “Polluter Pays Principle” for mixed waste generators 2021-2025 5.6 Conduct awareness and capacity building programmes for behavioural changes of waste generators as well as waste management personnel 5.7 Facilitate public-private-partnerships to finance waste sector NDCs 2021-2030 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs during the period of 2021 to 2030 will result in GHG reduction against the BAU scenario by 11% reduction in the waste sector (8.5% unconditionally and 2.5% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated GHG emissions reduction of 2,549,000 MT (1,969,000 MT unconditionally and 580,000 MT conditionally) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.4).Figure 4.4.4: Emission reduction projections (Waste Sector)4.4.5 Forestry Sector Sri Lanka’s forest cover (which was 29.15% of land area in 2015)17 is comprised of dense forest, open and sparse forest, savannah, and mangroves.17 This natural vegetation displays diversity and distribution under Sri Lanka’s three climatic zones; Wet, Dry, and Intermediate. Furthermore, forest-like home gardens and plantations of spices, rubber, timber, etc.', 'Furthermore, forest-like home gardens and plantations of spices, rubber, timber, etc. also occupy a considerable land extent providing carbon benefits. Sri Lanka is unique in South Asia for its high biodiversity per unit area, and the large extent of high-canopy home gardens. However, over time, forest cover has declined. Some forest cover has been cleared to make way for agriculture and plantations and recently, for larger infrastructure projects (dams, roads, human settlement, etc.). The main concerns for sustenance/protection of natural forests include deforestation, land degradation and soil erosion, illegal felling, wildlife poaching and mining, forest fire and degradation of coastal forests. Aside from the environmental implications, deforestation in Sri Lanka has caused landslides, soil degradation, flooding, loss of biodiversity and their habitats, pollution, etc.', 'Aside from the environmental implications, deforestation in Sri Lanka has caused landslides, soil degradation, flooding, loss of biodiversity and their habitats, pollution, etc. It is the primary threat to the survival of Sri Lanka s biodiversity. Future Outlook & Carbon Sequestration Potential in Forestry Sector: A large number of legislative instruments, policies and strategies and programmes are in place to protect the forest cover. The Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1993), Forest (Amendment) Act, No 65 of 2009, Forest Ordinance 1907 (No.', 'The Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (1993), Forest (Amendment) Act, No 65 of 2009, Forest Ordinance 1907 (No. 16 of 1907) as amended up to 2009, Sri Lanka Forestry Sector Master Plan 1995-2020, National Environmental Act (1980), National Action Plan for combating land degradation in Sri Lanka 2015-2024, National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022, Forest Conservation and Development Plan, Sustainable Land Management Programme, the National REDD+ Investment Framework and Action Plan are the more recent of these. The current policy framework of the government provides broad guidelines and directions for sustainable forestry management. It envisions a “Net Carbon Zero Country” and the enhancement of the natural forest cover up to 30% by 2025.', 'It envisions a “Net Carbon Zero Country” and the enhancement of the natural forest cover up to 30% by 2025. There is an emphasis on identifying and reforesting suitable lands, re-establishing and enhancing green cover, restoring barren and abandoned lands for agriculture and forestry, planting trees, establishing urban forests, green paths, green roofs and agroforestry systems, establishing parks in urban and semi-urban areas, developing urban vegetation by planting trees along expressways and in industrial premises -all of which can deliver emissions reduction. Forestry has enormous adaptation and disaster mitigation co-benefits. Forests protect catchments and ensure water availability downstream. Forests provide food and fuel for many rural communities and ensure biomass-based renewable energy availability.', 'Forests provide food and fuel for many rural communities and ensure biomass-based renewable energy availability. Nature-based solutions are proposed for many natural hazards, landslides, slope instability, flood, coastal erosion- in place of structures of cement and steel. Examples from Sri Lanka show that mangroves have protected communities from coastal degradation and forests on steep slopes have prevented landslides. Adapting traditional tree and food crops in agro-forestry systems can potentially support resilience (drought tolerance), improve food security (high nutrition fruits/food) and combat human-animal conflicts.', 'Adapting traditional tree and food crops in agro-forestry systems can potentially support resilience (drought tolerance), improve food security (high nutrition fruits/food) and combat human-animal conflicts. The following updated NDCs (Table 4.4.5) focus on carbon sequestration capacity –but the underlying premise is to improve natural forest cover and its quality by conservation of existing forests, restoration 17 Sri Lanka’s Forest Reference Level submission to the UNFCCC, 2017and improvement of degraded forests and establishment of new forest plantations. Engaging the private sector to enhance utility forests and commercial forestry is another option.', 'Engaging the private sector to enhance utility forests and commercial forestry is another option. Table 4.4.5: NDCs in Forestry Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Increase forest cover18 of Sri Lanka up to 32%19 by 2030 2021-2030 1.1 Identify land for reforestation/forestation 2021-2022 1.2 Develop forest management plans for natural forests to ensure sustainable management 2021-2025 1.3 Implement forest restoration programme (18,000+ ha of non-forest lands will be reforested/afforested including mangroves) NDC 2 Improve the quality of growing stock of natural forests and plantations 2021-2030 2.1 Improve the quality of growing stock of degraded forests (200,000 ha) 2021-2030 2.2 Improve the quality of forest plantations of 78,000 ha in state-owned lands 2021-2030 2.3 Improve the quality of forest lands of “Regional Plantation Companies’’ 2021-2030 NDC 3 Strengthen catchment protection of major rivers and cascade systems 2021-2030 3.1 Identify and prioritize multi-hazards of catchment/ river basins 2021-2022 3.2 Strengthen lower catchment protection of 10 major rivers through tree planting 2021-2030 3.3 Strengthen upper catchment protection of water streams running through plantations through tree planting 3.4 Strengthen catchment protection of cascade systems & isolated tanks through tree planting 2021-2030 3.5 Continue the “Climate Resilience Multi-Phase Programmatic Approach” project in lower Kelani river basin NDC 4 Improve and increase of Trees Outside Forests (TROF) 2021-2030 4.1 Adopt policy instruments and regulations supporting TROF (urban forestry, tree planting along roadside, religious premises, schools and other Government lands, home gardens) 4.2 Establish an institutional setup and a mechanism to implement such programmes 2021-2024 4.3 Conduct carbon stock evaluation for TROF 2021-2025 4.4 Implement TROF programmes 2021-2030 NDC 5 Generic enabling activities 2021-2025 5.1 Develop and implement a MRV system for forestry NDCs 2021-2025 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs of the forestry sector will result in the increase of carbon sequestration capacity by 7% against the BAU scenario (2% unconditionally and 5% conditionally) for the period 2021-2030.', 'Table 4.4.5: NDCs in Forestry Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Increase forest cover18 of Sri Lanka up to 32%19 by 2030 2021-2030 1.1 Identify land for reforestation/forestation 2021-2022 1.2 Develop forest management plans for natural forests to ensure sustainable management 2021-2025 1.3 Implement forest restoration programme (18,000+ ha of non-forest lands will be reforested/afforested including mangroves) NDC 2 Improve the quality of growing stock of natural forests and plantations 2021-2030 2.1 Improve the quality of growing stock of degraded forests (200,000 ha) 2021-2030 2.2 Improve the quality of forest plantations of 78,000 ha in state-owned lands 2021-2030 2.3 Improve the quality of forest lands of “Regional Plantation Companies’’ 2021-2030 NDC 3 Strengthen catchment protection of major rivers and cascade systems 2021-2030 3.1 Identify and prioritize multi-hazards of catchment/ river basins 2021-2022 3.2 Strengthen lower catchment protection of 10 major rivers through tree planting 2021-2030 3.3 Strengthen upper catchment protection of water streams running through plantations through tree planting 3.4 Strengthen catchment protection of cascade systems & isolated tanks through tree planting 2021-2030 3.5 Continue the “Climate Resilience Multi-Phase Programmatic Approach” project in lower Kelani river basin NDC 4 Improve and increase of Trees Outside Forests (TROF) 2021-2030 4.1 Adopt policy instruments and regulations supporting TROF (urban forestry, tree planting along roadside, religious premises, schools and other Government lands, home gardens) 4.2 Establish an institutional setup and a mechanism to implement such programmes 2021-2024 4.3 Conduct carbon stock evaluation for TROF 2021-2025 4.4 Implement TROF programmes 2021-2030 NDC 5 Generic enabling activities 2021-2025 5.1 Develop and implement a MRV system for forestry NDCs 2021-2025 It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs of the forestry sector will result in the increase of carbon sequestration capacity by 7% against the BAU scenario (2% unconditionally and 5% conditionally) for the period 2021-2030. This is equivalent to an estimated additional sequestration of 705,000 MT unconditionally and 1,652,000 MT conditionally (total of 2,357,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.5).', 'This is equivalent to an estimated additional sequestration of 705,000 MT unconditionally and 1,652,000 MT conditionally (total of 2,357,000 MT) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.5). 18 As per the FAO definition of forests which includes forest plantations, natural forests including mangroves. 19 30.8% to be achieved through forest plantations and natural forests and the rest to be achieved through TROF (Trees Outside Forests)Figure 4.4.5: Carbon Sequestration Capacity Projections (Forestry Sector)4.4.6 Agriculture Sector Agriculture contributes around 8% of GDP and it is around 21% in export earnings20. The sector currently employs around 30% of the labour force. Sri Lankan agriculture comprises food crops and plantations (mainly tea, rubber, and coconut).', 'Sri Lankan agriculture comprises food crops and plantations (mainly tea, rubber, and coconut). The food crop sector is made up of small holders with average extents less than one hectare. This results in issues of diseconomies of scale and difficulty of mechanization in the face of increasing wages and scarcity of labour. Further, heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture, lack of diversification into high-value marketable products, high cost of production/ low profitability, low-levels of technology adoption and imperfect market conditions, weak information dissemination and poor value addition are major constraints. The Livestock sector contribution to the GDP was around 1% in 2019.', 'The Livestock sector contribution to the GDP was around 1% in 2019. The major share comes from cattle with 1.4 million animals providing 447 million litres of milk in 2019 which is equivalent to 38% of the national milk requirement. However, the livestock sector is also hindered by substandard breeding and low productivity, low adoption of technology, lack of grazing lands and high feed costs. Unproductive, feral cattle/buffalo population, poor feeding systems, poor animal welfare etc., significantly contribute to GHG emissions in the sector.', 'Unproductive, feral cattle/buffalo population, poor feeding systems, poor animal welfare etc., significantly contribute to GHG emissions in the sector. Future Outlook & GHG Reduction Potential in Agriculture Sector: The government’s policy framework provides broad guidelines and directions for sustainable agriculture and environmentally conscious farming, with emphasis on modern and advanced technologies, economizing water usage, use of renewable energy, product innovations, value addition and process improvements, management of surplus production through improved post-harvest handling, packaging, transport, storing and delivery. The investments in livestock development are aimed at self-sufficiency in milk production. GHG reduction in the agriculture sector is to be achieved by implementing several key strategies. One such move is to diversify crop production away from water-intensive rice farming to more export- oriented high-value crops.', 'One such move is to diversify crop production away from water-intensive rice farming to more export- oriented high-value crops. Another is to improve value addition and better integrate small-holder farmers into modern agricultural value-chains reducing crop wastage. Improved technology, modern agricultural practices and waste management in both crop and livestock sectors are considered important strategies for cleaner production in this sector. The Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) which is being formulated will focus on improving productivity, self-sufficiency, and safety of food. Table 4.4.', 'The Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) which is being formulated will focus on improving productivity, self-sufficiency, and safety of food. Table 4.4. 6: NDCs in Agriculture Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Reduce post-harvest losses and value addition of fruits and vegetables 2021-2030 1.1 Planning of cultivation management 2021-2030 1.2 Improve post-harvest management 2021-2030 1.3 Managing excess production 2021-2030 1.5 Monitoring of post-harvest management process 2021-2030 1.6 Introduce policy and other support instruments 2021-2030 NDC 2 Increase crop productivity 2021-2030 2.1 Identify crops with high productivity improvement potentials 2021-2030 2.2 Adopt Good Agricultural Practices as a mandatory requirement in productivity enhancement programs of food crops 2.3 Increase rice / paddy sector land-use productivity (paddy yield tons/ha) by 10% unconditionally and 5% conditionally2.4 Improve fertilizer use-efficiency by 10% unconditionally and 5% conditionally 2021-2030 2.5 Improvement of water use efficiency 2021-2030 2.6 Promote precision agriculture 2021-2030 NDC 3 Improve adoption of renewable energy for crop farming/value addition 2021-2030 3.1 Application of solar PV and wind energy (or hybrid) for agriculture practices 2021-2030 3.2 Promote grid electricity use in place of fossil fuel driven engine powered pumps 2021-2030 3.3 Renewable energy powered mini grid for clustered agriculture farming in vulnerable areas (as a pilot) 3.4 Explore and develop small hydro power potential in irrigation water canals for agriculture purpose NDC 4 Improve dairy sector productivity by managing herd, herd health, feed and by improving animal comfort and welfare (40% increase of milk yield per cattle by 2030 on unconditional basis and further increase up to 55% on conditional basis.', '6: NDCs in Agriculture Sector NDC # NDC and Action Timeline NDC 1 Reduce post-harvest losses and value addition of fruits and vegetables 2021-2030 1.1 Planning of cultivation management 2021-2030 1.2 Improve post-harvest management 2021-2030 1.3 Managing excess production 2021-2030 1.5 Monitoring of post-harvest management process 2021-2030 1.6 Introduce policy and other support instruments 2021-2030 NDC 2 Increase crop productivity 2021-2030 2.1 Identify crops with high productivity improvement potentials 2021-2030 2.2 Adopt Good Agricultural Practices as a mandatory requirement in productivity enhancement programs of food crops 2.3 Increase rice / paddy sector land-use productivity (paddy yield tons/ha) by 10% unconditionally and 5% conditionally2.4 Improve fertilizer use-efficiency by 10% unconditionally and 5% conditionally 2021-2030 2.5 Improvement of water use efficiency 2021-2030 2.6 Promote precision agriculture 2021-2030 NDC 3 Improve adoption of renewable energy for crop farming/value addition 2021-2030 3.1 Application of solar PV and wind energy (or hybrid) for agriculture practices 2021-2030 3.2 Promote grid electricity use in place of fossil fuel driven engine powered pumps 2021-2030 3.3 Renewable energy powered mini grid for clustered agriculture farming in vulnerable areas (as a pilot) 3.4 Explore and develop small hydro power potential in irrigation water canals for agriculture purpose NDC 4 Improve dairy sector productivity by managing herd, herd health, feed and by improving animal comfort and welfare (40% increase of milk yield per cattle by 2030 on unconditional basis and further increase up to 55% on conditional basis. Increase productive milking cow percentage of the herd up to 40% on conditional basis) NDC 5 Improve productivity of Monogastrics by improving genetic, feed efficiency, animal health, comfort and welfare NDC 6 Adopt renewable energy for livestock applications E.g.', 'Increase productive milking cow percentage of the herd up to 40% on conditional basis) NDC 5 Improve productivity of Monogastrics by improving genetic, feed efficiency, animal health, comfort and welfare NDC 6 Adopt renewable energy for livestock applications E.g. small-scale solar-powered refrigeration to increase the milk storage facilities, solar-powered can-coolers for milk producers, solar energy for milk collection, chilling centres, farm operation and processing; and introducing biogas digesters for large scale livestock & poultry, dairy processing and abattoirs It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs during the period of 2021 to 2030 will result in the reduction of GHG emissions against the BAU scenario by 7% in the agriculture and livestock sector (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2,477,400 conditionally (total of 4,335,400 MT CO2e ) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.6).', 'small-scale solar-powered refrigeration to increase the milk storage facilities, solar-powered can-coolers for milk producers, solar energy for milk collection, chilling centres, farm operation and processing; and introducing biogas digesters for large scale livestock & poultry, dairy processing and abattoirs It is expected that the implementation of updated NDCs during the period of 2021 to 2030 will result in the reduction of GHG emissions against the BAU scenario by 7% in the agriculture and livestock sector (4% unconditionally and 3% conditionally) equivalent to an estimated mitigation level of 2,477,400 conditionally (total of 4,335,400 MT CO2e ) of carbon dioxide equivalent during that period (Figure 4.4.6). Figure 4.4.6: Emission Reduction Projections (Agriculture and Livestock) 21 In the absence of country specific emission factors, the analysis has been based on IPCC 2006 standard emission factors provided for the agriculture and livestock sector which may not accurately represent the country context.', 'Figure 4.4.6: Emission Reduction Projections (Agriculture and Livestock) 21 In the absence of country specific emission factors, the analysis has been based on IPCC 2006 standard emission factors provided for the agriculture and livestock sector which may not accurately represent the country context. Any correction requirement will be made during future communications as required.Chapter 5: Adaptation NDCs Sri Lanka’s vulnerability to climate change is well documented22 and has been presented through national communications to the UNFCCC. Recent vulnerability analysis confirms Sri Lanka’s enhanced exposure to climate change parameters.', 'Recent vulnerability analysis confirms Sri Lanka’s enhanced exposure to climate change parameters. These analyses point to long term changes in rainfall distribution and shifting of ecological boundaries, compounding already observable shifts of the bi- modal monsoon pattern, rainfall intensities and dry periods, the increasing temperature and heat, increasing exposure to climate hazards and sea-level rise. The most critical sectors affected by these changes are agriculture, fisheries, livestock, water, biodiversity, coastal and marine, health, urban planning and human settlements and tourism and recreation. These NDCs present prioritised actions for adaptation identified by related national agencies, experts and other stakeholders in each vulnerable sector. Climate change poses a serious threat to economic growth and erodes development gains.', 'Climate change poses a serious threat to economic growth and erodes development gains. The long- term policy goal for Sri Lanka is to ensure that the country is protected from adverse impacts of climate change23. The objective is to facilitate sustainable development in each sector in a way that supports continued economic growth and high human development while protecting the natural resource base on which many of these livelihoods are dependent. Adaptation priorities outlined below have common underlying requirements for effective implementation. Sector-specific risk information and assessments and localised modelling tools are not widely available for decision-making. Indeed, many sectors and areas require greater availability of data at a disaggregated, local level to make accurate risk-informed investments.', 'Indeed, many sectors and areas require greater availability of data at a disaggregated, local level to make accurate risk-informed investments. An example is the level of accuracy of the information available to make predictions on sea-level rise in Sri Lanka. Risk assessments for developing sectoral strategies (e.g. tourism) and for spatial development (e.g. urban centers) are currently unavailable at the required resolution, therefore have been mentioned as priority adaptation actions. Risk and vulnerability information scaled-down to sub-national level to enable decision making at provincial, river-basin or divisional level are currently not widely available. 22 Global Climate Risk Index 2020 | Germanwatch.', '22 Global Climate Risk Index 2020 | Germanwatch. 23 National Climate Change Policy (2012)Figure 5.1: Climate impacts, adaptive capacities, and vulnerabilities to adaptation actions24 Mainstreaming gender and social safeguards into adaptation priorities is an important strategy. Therefore, it is recommended that down-scaled risk assessments and sectoral plans integrate specific needs, vulnerabilities and capacities of women, young children, disabled and elderly populations. Gender- responsive strategies will take in to account the differentiated needs of men and women within the sector and recommend ways to improve access to knowledge, technology, financing etc in a way that creates enabling conditions for adaptation.', 'Gender- responsive strategies will take in to account the differentiated needs of men and women within the sector and recommend ways to improve access to knowledge, technology, financing etc in a way that creates enabling conditions for adaptation. Increased capacities among both men and women, improved technical and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education, more funding for vulnerability analysis at the local level etc., to enable greater engagement and contribution of women, allowing the application of skills and capacities that are gender-specific. In order to ensure adaptation, NDCs should enable contribution by women as well as provide equal access to benefits., the sector will need to invest in gender-responsive training, promote more entrepreneurial skills among women and provide access to technology and finance that supports their participation.', 'In order to ensure adaptation, NDCs should enable contribution by women as well as provide equal access to benefits., the sector will need to invest in gender-responsive training, promote more entrepreneurial skills among women and provide access to technology and finance that supports their participation. Gender-responsive NDCs will enable men and women to equally benefit from new technologies, climate-smart production and water management practices that would include better agriculture productivity, food security and incomes, greater resource management efficiency (water, land, food processing and preservation) etc. As described in section 7.1, it is recommended that sectors undertake detailed gender analysis as part of the process of developing the 10-year NDC implementation plans.', 'As described in section 7.1, it is recommended that sectors undertake detailed gender analysis as part of the process of developing the 10-year NDC implementation plans. Traditional knowledge in crop types, cropping systems, water management, food preparation and preservation will be important to build resilience in key sectors such as agriculture and food security, water and forestry. Traditionally used but commercially ignored species can be effectively used to improve food security, access, better nutrition, improve biodiversity outcomes and provide local options for forestry and trees outside forests (home gardens, roadsides, boundary fencing etc).', 'Traditionally used but commercially ignored species can be effectively used to improve food security, access, better nutrition, improve biodiversity outcomes and provide local options for forestry and trees outside forests (home gardens, roadsides, boundary fencing etc). Women play a 24 Source: Stéphane Isoard, Torsten Grothmann and Marc Zebisch, Paper presented at the Workshop ‘Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation in the European Alps: Focus Water’, “Climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation: Theory and Concepts”, 2008 at UBA Vienna Adaptation actions reduces vulnerability to climate change and manages risk to life, property, well-being and key economic sectors. Sri Lanka’s adaptation NDCs are designed to intervene at two levels to reduce climate change vulnerability. Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change.', 'Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change. Secondly, by increasing adaptive capacities through technological, institutional and information-based interventions, specific to the sectors at risk (as The sectoral NDCs described in this section support immediate adaptation needs for Sri Lanka and have been refined from the initial NDC submission in 2016 to reflect emerging needs for downscaled risk information, climate data, planning and prioritizing tools and better technology and financing for urgent adaptation. Adaptation actions reduces vulnerability to climate change and manages risk to life, property, well-being and key economic sectors. Sri Lanka’s adaptation NDCs are designed to intervene at two levels to reduce climate change vulnerability. Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change.', 'Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change. Secondly, by increasing adaptive capacities through technological, institutional and information-based interventions, specific to the sectors at risk. The sectoral NDCs described in the next section support immediate adaptation needs for Sri Lanka and have been refined from the initial NDC submission in 2016 to reflect emerging needs for downscaled risk information, climate data, planning and prioritizing tools and better technology and financing for urgent adaptation. Adaptation actions reduces vulnerability to climate change and manages risk to life, property, well-being and key economic sectors. Sri Lanka’s adaptation NDCs are designed to intervene at two levels to reduce climate change vulnerability. Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change.', 'Firstly, by designing actions that reduce the sector or geography’s sensitivity to climate change. Secondly, by increasing adaptive capacities through technological, institutional and information-based interventions, specific to the sectors at risk. The sectoral NDCs described in the next section support immediate adaptation needs for Sri Lanka and have been refined from the initial NDC submission in 2016 to reflect emerging needs for downscaled risk information, climate data, planning and prioritizing tools and better technology and financing for urgent adaptation. Adaptation actions reduces vulnerability to climate changekey role as repositories of such knowledge and can be mobilized to improve nutrition, food preservation and food storage with such information. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) identifies three forms of climate change-induced population movement: displacement, migration, and planned relocation.', 'The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) identifies three forms of climate change-induced population movement: displacement, migration, and planned relocation. Migration, permanent or seasonal, has clear interlinkages with the enhanced vulnerability of rural populations exposed to continued climate disasters. It is critical to study the phenomenon of migration to determine the extent of the problem, challenges of enhanced vulnerability for both rural and urban poor) and the rights of those displaced from their homes and uprooted from livelihoods due to exacerbated climate crisis. Increased availability of data and information on climate migration is critical for evidence-based interventions in this regard. Migration related analysis should be included in adaptation sectors, especially agriculture, health, and urban settlements.', 'Migration related analysis should be included in adaptation sectors, especially agriculture, health, and urban settlements. There are several sectors where the stated adaptation priorities contribute towards GHG emissions reduction. Such reductions are expected in the urban planning and human settlement sector (sustainable and green building design, and increased tree cover), water sector (energy efficiency and reduced pumping) and tourism sector (energy efficiency and green buildings). Financing needs for adaptation are enormous and cannot be born solely through public investment. Sri Lanka has over the year accessed climate financing from climate funds, bilateral and multilateral agencies. However, this access has not met the country’s demand for adaptation.', 'However, this access has not met the country’s demand for adaptation. Indication of financing requirements for adaptation sector resilience building will be expected to be indicated in National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and NDC costing exercises in the future. 5.1 Sectoral Adaptation NDCs 5.1.1 Agriculture Sector Despite the gradual contraction of its contribution to national GDP, agriculture remains the most important economic activity in Sri Lanka. It employs over 2 million people which is around 30% of the workforce and rural districts provide income and livelihood for over half the population. Agriculture land use is approximately 2.2 million ha which is equivalent to 35% of the country’s total land area. A large extent of this land is owned by smallholder farmers, contributing to a major share of annual crop production.', 'A large extent of this land is owned by smallholder farmers, contributing to a major share of annual crop production. The plantations (tea, rubber, coconut, spices, coffee) are confined to the Wet/Intermediate Zones of the country and significantly contributes to the country’s export earnings. Sri Lanka’s fiscal policies favour agricultural expansion and productivity with the objective of self- sufficiency in as many crops as possible, reiterated in 2020 through new regulations controlling agricultural imports. The Government’s vision25 prioritizes new technology, value addition and efficient storage and transportation, reducing chemical inputs, promoting more sustainable models of agriculture, reducing food importation costs and earning increasing export revenue through agriculture.', 'The Government’s vision25 prioritizes new technology, value addition and efficient storage and transportation, reducing chemical inputs, promoting more sustainable models of agriculture, reducing food importation costs and earning increasing export revenue through agriculture. An Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) is under development and will embrace all key agriculture sector institutions from crop, livestock, inland fishery, agro-processing, and allied services such as irrigation, agrarian development, and environment. This new policy will encompass the National Agriculture Policy (2007) which is also being updated, National Agricultural Research Policy (2012), National Livestock Development Policy (2007), and the aspects related to inland fisheries of the National Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Policy (2018).', 'This new policy will encompass the National Agriculture Policy (2007) which is also being updated, National Agricultural Research Policy (2012), National Livestock Development Policy (2007), and the aspects related to inland fisheries of the National Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Policy (2018). 25 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, Ministry of Finance 2019Climate risks in the Agriculture Sector: Climate change impacts on agriculture has been studied and recorded in somewhat greater detail in Sri Lanka. Temperature increase and high evaporation rates are expected to affect the staple crop- rice. Meteorological records point to 283 dry spells over the period of 30 years since 1974.', 'Meteorological records point to 283 dry spells over the period of 30 years since 1974. Erratic and unseasonal rainfall and unpredictability of the monsoons severely impact agriculture (both flooding and drought impacts on crops including paddy) livelihoods and socio- economic conditions of rural smallholders, undermining some of the investments made by the government on agriculture and irrigation. Furthermore, temperature anomalies (lack of cold nights, especially) affect high-value crops, such as upcountry vegetables. Plantations of tea and coconut are affected by long dry spells and rubber by intense rainfall. Tea productivity fell to a 25 year low in 2020 due to longer dry spells in the plantation regions. Lack of rainfall coupled with human-induced activities stoke forest fires and hasten the drying up of streams and water sources.', 'Lack of rainfall coupled with human-induced activities stoke forest fires and hasten the drying up of streams and water sources. Sea level rise induced salinity is expected to impact coastal agriculture. The Third National Communication to the UNFCCC26 highlights the need for more climate risk related research on crops being currently promoted among farmers such as cinnamon and pepper. Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector: Resilience building in the agriculture sector is organized under six NDCs (Table 5.1.1) including mainstreaming of climate change considerations into the sector, varietal improvement to address climate vulnerability, sustainable land and water management and enhanced early warning climate risk management.', 'Adaptation in the Agriculture Sector: Resilience building in the agriculture sector is organized under six NDCs (Table 5.1.1) including mainstreaming of climate change considerations into the sector, varietal improvement to address climate vulnerability, sustainable land and water management and enhanced early warning climate risk management. Contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gasses from postharvest losses, enhanced efficiency in production and adopting renewable energy in production processes of the agriculture sector is presented in the Agriculture Sector Mitigation NDCs.', 'Contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gasses from postharvest losses, enhanced efficiency in production and adopting renewable energy in production processes of the agriculture sector is presented in the Agriculture Sector Mitigation NDCs. Table 5.1.1: NDCs in Agriculture Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Climate change considerations mainstreamed into agriculture in Sri Lanka 2022 1.1 National Guidelines on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) produced and implementation commenced 1.2 Climate change resilience building introduced into the criteria for Sri Lanka Good Agriculture Practices (SL GAP) guidelines 1.3 Promote appropriate crop-livestock integrated farming systems in climate vulnerable regions 2022 1.4 Promote home gardens as small-scale production systems with value addition and establishment of market channels NDC 2 Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Plant and Nutrition Systems (IPNS) in most vulnerable areas/districts/crops 2.1 Identify priority areas of vulnerability to resurgence and emergence of pests/disease, weeds and wild animal attacks due to climate change 2.2 Develop and introduce appropriate IPM and IPNS programmes for the priority areas 2022 2.3 Increase SL GAP Certified products by 25% from areas that are highly vulnerable to climate change NDC 3 Develop/introduce varieties resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses targeting most vulnerable agricultural crops to climate change 3.1 Develop, introduce/promote heat tolerant varieties 2030 3.2 Develop, introduce/promote drought tolerant/escape varieties 2030 3.3 Develop, introduce/promote excess soil moisture/flood tolerant varieties 2030 3.4 Develop, introduce /promote salt tolerant varieties 2030 3.5 Develop and promote pest and disease resistance /tolerant varieties 2030 3.6 Develop, introduce fodder varieties that withstand extreme climatic conditions 2030 26 Third Nation Communication to UNFCCC, Climate Change Secretariat, (draft).NDC 4 Revisit the Agro Ecological Regions (AERs) maps of Sri Lanka with current and future climate scenarios and recommend appropriate crops for different regions to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts 4.1 Expanding the Agro-met observation network to cover the most vulnerable AER to climate change 2025 4.2 Conduct studies related to soil moisture regimes covering most vulnerable AER to climate change 2028 4.3 Most vulnerable AERs are re-demarcated into sub zones to make recommendations for specific crops NDC 5 Enhance sustainable land and water management practices in areas where anticipated climate vulnerability is severe 5.1 Promote input efficient farming methods / systems covering the target area by 50% in 2025 and 5.2 Promote farm rainwater harvesting to cover the target area by 75% 2025 5.3 Promote storm water management in 25% of the target area 2025 5.4 Promote crop diversification with input efficient and climate change tolerant varieties in 50% of the target area 5.5 Restoration of small tank cascades and individual tanks to cover the entire target area (links to water sector NDC 7) 5.6 Promote and apply soil conservation measures in 50% of the target area 2028 NDC 6 Enhanced early warning and risk management mechanisms introduced to reduce climate change vulnerability 6.1 Improved seasonal climate forecasting for Maha and Yala 2023 6.2 Promote provision of simplified and timely communication to farmers and field-level officials in agriculture 6.3 Strengthen risk management and risk transfer mechanisms in agriculture 2025 6.4 Strengthen early warning systems/advisory for climate hazards and pest and disease risks 2025 6.5 Introduce climate-related crop forecasting to reduce post-harvest losses 2025 6.6 Promote protected agriculture and other technologies for climate risk management 20255.1.2 Fisheries Sector Sri Lankan fisheries sector covers marine, coastal, inland fishery and aquaculture.', 'Table 5.1.1: NDCs in Agriculture Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Climate change considerations mainstreamed into agriculture in Sri Lanka 2022 1.1 National Guidelines on Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) produced and implementation commenced 1.2 Climate change resilience building introduced into the criteria for Sri Lanka Good Agriculture Practices (SL GAP) guidelines 1.3 Promote appropriate crop-livestock integrated farming systems in climate vulnerable regions 2022 1.4 Promote home gardens as small-scale production systems with value addition and establishment of market channels NDC 2 Promote Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Plant and Nutrition Systems (IPNS) in most vulnerable areas/districts/crops 2.1 Identify priority areas of vulnerability to resurgence and emergence of pests/disease, weeds and wild animal attacks due to climate change 2.2 Develop and introduce appropriate IPM and IPNS programmes for the priority areas 2022 2.3 Increase SL GAP Certified products by 25% from areas that are highly vulnerable to climate change NDC 3 Develop/introduce varieties resistant/tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses targeting most vulnerable agricultural crops to climate change 3.1 Develop, introduce/promote heat tolerant varieties 2030 3.2 Develop, introduce/promote drought tolerant/escape varieties 2030 3.3 Develop, introduce/promote excess soil moisture/flood tolerant varieties 2030 3.4 Develop, introduce /promote salt tolerant varieties 2030 3.5 Develop and promote pest and disease resistance /tolerant varieties 2030 3.6 Develop, introduce fodder varieties that withstand extreme climatic conditions 2030 26 Third Nation Communication to UNFCCC, Climate Change Secretariat, (draft).NDC 4 Revisit the Agro Ecological Regions (AERs) maps of Sri Lanka with current and future climate scenarios and recommend appropriate crops for different regions to reduce vulnerability to climate change impacts 4.1 Expanding the Agro-met observation network to cover the most vulnerable AER to climate change 2025 4.2 Conduct studies related to soil moisture regimes covering most vulnerable AER to climate change 2028 4.3 Most vulnerable AERs are re-demarcated into sub zones to make recommendations for specific crops NDC 5 Enhance sustainable land and water management practices in areas where anticipated climate vulnerability is severe 5.1 Promote input efficient farming methods / systems covering the target area by 50% in 2025 and 5.2 Promote farm rainwater harvesting to cover the target area by 75% 2025 5.3 Promote storm water management in 25% of the target area 2025 5.4 Promote crop diversification with input efficient and climate change tolerant varieties in 50% of the target area 5.5 Restoration of small tank cascades and individual tanks to cover the entire target area (links to water sector NDC 7) 5.6 Promote and apply soil conservation measures in 50% of the target area 2028 NDC 6 Enhanced early warning and risk management mechanisms introduced to reduce climate change vulnerability 6.1 Improved seasonal climate forecasting for Maha and Yala 2023 6.2 Promote provision of simplified and timely communication to farmers and field-level officials in agriculture 6.3 Strengthen risk management and risk transfer mechanisms in agriculture 2025 6.4 Strengthen early warning systems/advisory for climate hazards and pest and disease risks 2025 6.5 Introduce climate-related crop forecasting to reduce post-harvest losses 2025 6.6 Promote protected agriculture and other technologies for climate risk management 20255.1.2 Fisheries Sector Sri Lankan fisheries sector covers marine, coastal, inland fishery and aquaculture. Marine fishery covers 517,00 km2 sea area while coastal and inland fisheries use 489,000 ha of lagoons, estuaries, reservoirs and riverine areas27.', 'Marine fishery covers 517,00 km2 sea area while coastal and inland fisheries use 489,000 ha of lagoons, estuaries, reservoirs and riverine areas27. Marine and coastal fishery contributes 80% of the total fish catch and provides 2.4 million direct and indirect employment and 70% of the animal protein intake of the populace. Fishery contributes approximately 1.2% to Sri Lanka’s GDP28. There is great potential to develop the sector, with new technology, value addition and aquaculture development. Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources (DFAR) takes charge in guiding the sector development with its National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, 2018 and regulations framed under the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of 2016 and its amendments.', 'Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development and Department of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources (DFAR) takes charge in guiding the sector development with its National Fisheries and Aquaculture Policy, 2018 and regulations framed under the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of 2016 and its amendments. The national policy framework29 indicates achieving better nutrition, food security, foreign exchange earnings, employment and livelihood opportunities, poverty alleviation and enhanced contribution to the national and rural economy as its objectives for the fisheries sector. Currently, unsustainable fishery practices, over-fishing of certain species, poaching, land-based pollution from rivers, garbage dumping and habitat destruction in coastal areas (mangroves and coral reefs) are the main threats to Sri Lanka’s fishery resources.', 'Currently, unsustainable fishery practices, over-fishing of certain species, poaching, land-based pollution from rivers, garbage dumping and habitat destruction in coastal areas (mangroves and coral reefs) are the main threats to Sri Lanka’s fishery resources. Climate risks in the Fisheries Sector: Ocean warming, and acidification is already threatening global fishery. These risks will be exacerbated by future warming. Long-term changes in the marine eco- system will change species distribution. Climate change will alter mangrove and seagrass ecosystems which support breeding grounds for commercially viable fish species. Loss of wetlands in coastal areas, changes in the salinity of lagoons and estuaries affecting fish and shellfish will be greatly felt.', 'Loss of wetlands in coastal areas, changes in the salinity of lagoons and estuaries affecting fish and shellfish will be greatly felt. Ocean acidification would make it more difficult for shellfish, crabs, lobsters and corals to build calcium carbonate shells, resulting in diminished stocks. Risks are greater if warming reaches beyond 1.5°C with substantial losses predicted for coastal livelihoods and fishery related industry30. In Sri Lanka, shrimp farming on the north-west coast was found to be particularly vulnerable in a recent assessment31. Inland fishery is threatened by changes in temperature, droughts, precipitation, run-off and floods on freshwater ecosystems. Risk on inland fisheries would be further aggravated by projected decreased rainfall during North-East Monsoon.', 'Risk on inland fisheries would be further aggravated by projected decreased rainfall during North-East Monsoon. Secondly, increasing natural disasters such as storm surges and high winds/cyclones will cause damage to reefs and thereby increase coastal erosion and salinity of inland soil and freshwater sources. Properties and physical infrastructure of small-scale fishers and their communities would also be threatened with increased frequency of climate-related disasters as well as rising sea levels and creeping salinity in coastal areas.', 'Properties and physical infrastructure of small-scale fishers and their communities would also be threatened with increased frequency of climate-related disasters as well as rising sea levels and creeping salinity in coastal areas. Adaptation in the Fisheries Sector: Adaptation measures are organized under seven NDCs (Table 5.1.2) including adopting ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management, expansion of aquaculture and culture-based fisheries for enhanced food security, breeding species for aquaculture to withstand adverse climatic conditions, enhanced safety at sea, better early warning for climate risk management, livelihood diversification and targeted research on impacts on fisheries due to climate change. 27Fisheries Statistics 2019, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development, 2019. 28 Annual Report 2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019.', '28 Annual Report 2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019. 29 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor, Ministry of Finance, 2019 30 IPCC website, 31 Sri Lanka’s Third National Communication on Climate Change, Climate Change Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment, 2021.Table 5.1.2: NDCs in Fisheries Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) adopted in areas of high climate vulnerability to enhance resilience 1.1 Incorporate EAFM into existing fisheries management areas as declared under Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act 1.2 Identify priority areas and define fisheries management units based on ecological principles 2022 NDC 2 Expand aquaculture and culture-based fisheries to address food security issues relating to climate change 2.1 Promote an appropriate fish fingerling stocking programme for enhancement of culture-based fisheries 2.2 Establish fish barricade devices for 50 perennial reservoirs impacted with frequent floods to prevent fish escape, in consultation with Irrigation Department 2.3 Promote culture of species that are resilient to climate change 2025 NDC 3 Breeding of climate change resilient and commercially important aquatic resources 3.1 Expansion of cryopreservation facility at NAQDA, aquaculture center at Dambulla to stock the sperms of the species whose normal spawning is affected by climate change 3.2 Establish new fish breeding units with indoor hatchery facilities and design constructions enabling control of temperature and salinity for breeding tolerant strains of selected species NDC 4 Increase the production capabilities of fisheries, aquatic resources in 30 lagoons that are highly vulnerable to climate change 4.1 Identify vulnerable lagoons (by 2022) and prepare lagoon profiles for 30 lagoons 2026 4.2 Carrying capacity assessment of 30 lagoons 2026 4.3 Declaring and managing 10 lagoons as Co-managed Fishery Management Areas (FMAs) 2030 4.4 Minimize aquatic pollution in 10 lagoons 2030 4.5 Promoting aquaculture of selected climate change resilient, high value food species in selected lagoons.', '29 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor, Ministry of Finance, 2019 30 IPCC website, 31 Sri Lanka’s Third National Communication on Climate Change, Climate Change Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment, 2021.Table 5.1.2: NDCs in Fisheries Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) adopted in areas of high climate vulnerability to enhance resilience 1.1 Incorporate EAFM into existing fisheries management areas as declared under Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act 1.2 Identify priority areas and define fisheries management units based on ecological principles 2022 NDC 2 Expand aquaculture and culture-based fisheries to address food security issues relating to climate change 2.1 Promote an appropriate fish fingerling stocking programme for enhancement of culture-based fisheries 2.2 Establish fish barricade devices for 50 perennial reservoirs impacted with frequent floods to prevent fish escape, in consultation with Irrigation Department 2.3 Promote culture of species that are resilient to climate change 2025 NDC 3 Breeding of climate change resilient and commercially important aquatic resources 3.1 Expansion of cryopreservation facility at NAQDA, aquaculture center at Dambulla to stock the sperms of the species whose normal spawning is affected by climate change 3.2 Establish new fish breeding units with indoor hatchery facilities and design constructions enabling control of temperature and salinity for breeding tolerant strains of selected species NDC 4 Increase the production capabilities of fisheries, aquatic resources in 30 lagoons that are highly vulnerable to climate change 4.1 Identify vulnerable lagoons (by 2022) and prepare lagoon profiles for 30 lagoons 2026 4.2 Carrying capacity assessment of 30 lagoons 2026 4.3 Declaring and managing 10 lagoons as Co-managed Fishery Management Areas (FMAs) 2030 4.4 Minimize aquatic pollution in 10 lagoons 2030 4.5 Promoting aquaculture of selected climate change resilient, high value food species in selected lagoons. NDC 5 Enhanced safety at sea against climate change influenced extreme conditions 2025 5.1 Promote applicable measures to enhance safety at sea 2022 5.2 Introduce effective early warning transmission systems for fishers (including small boats and traditional crafts) and insurance schemes 5.3 Establishment of an efficient weather information management and communication system including satellite-based vessel monitoring system to ensure safety at sea NDC 6 Diversification of livelihoods of fisherfolk to build resilience to climate change 2025 6.1 Enhance access to credit, inputs training for diversification of livelihoods of the vulnerable fisherfolk 6.2 Assist in finding high- value markets to deal with reduced yields 2024 6.3 facilitate value additions through diversification of fisheries related products (fish oil, fish sauce and other value-added products) NDC 7 Conduct fisheries and aquatic resources research to build resilience to climate change 7.1 Assess climate impacts on fisheries and aquatic resources 2025 7.2 Develop reef monitoring systems to provide early warning alerts of bleaching events 2025 7.3 Identify adaptation measures in fisheries for ocean acidification related impacts 2025 7.4 Installation of artificial reefs where substrate for settlement of corals larvae is minimal 2025 7.5 Deployment of fish aggregating devices in identified areas 2030 7.6 Reduce capital, operation and other costs in fisheries and aquaculture by introducing and promoting fuel- efficient technologies in response to declining yield and productivity in a changing climate5.1.3 Livestock Sector The livestock sector is a key contributor to food security and agricultural development also supports poverty alleviation.', 'NDC 5 Enhanced safety at sea against climate change influenced extreme conditions 2025 5.1 Promote applicable measures to enhance safety at sea 2022 5.2 Introduce effective early warning transmission systems for fishers (including small boats and traditional crafts) and insurance schemes 5.3 Establishment of an efficient weather information management and communication system including satellite-based vessel monitoring system to ensure safety at sea NDC 6 Diversification of livelihoods of fisherfolk to build resilience to climate change 2025 6.1 Enhance access to credit, inputs training for diversification of livelihoods of the vulnerable fisherfolk 6.2 Assist in finding high- value markets to deal with reduced yields 2024 6.3 facilitate value additions through diversification of fisheries related products (fish oil, fish sauce and other value-added products) NDC 7 Conduct fisheries and aquatic resources research to build resilience to climate change 7.1 Assess climate impacts on fisheries and aquatic resources 2025 7.2 Develop reef monitoring systems to provide early warning alerts of bleaching events 2025 7.3 Identify adaptation measures in fisheries for ocean acidification related impacts 2025 7.4 Installation of artificial reefs where substrate for settlement of corals larvae is minimal 2025 7.5 Deployment of fish aggregating devices in identified areas 2030 7.6 Reduce capital, operation and other costs in fisheries and aquaculture by introducing and promoting fuel- efficient technologies in response to declining yield and productivity in a changing climate5.1.3 Livestock Sector The livestock sector is a key contributor to food security and agricultural development also supports poverty alleviation. In Sri Lanka, livestock rearing is mostly managed at small-scale and provides additional income and livelihood support for rural, agricultural households utilizing excess labour, underutilized agricultural by-products and marginal lands.', 'In Sri Lanka, livestock rearing is mostly managed at small-scale and provides additional income and livelihood support for rural, agricultural households utilizing excess labour, underutilized agricultural by-products and marginal lands. Livestock has shown a nominal growth in the last few years and sector contribution to the GDP is around 1%.32 Cattle farming takes the major share with some 1.4 million animals providing 38% of the national milk requirement in 2019. Poultry is the next major subsector producing chicken meat (225,000MT in 2019) and eggs (2 billion) in 2019.33 However, the cost of production of both chicken meat and eggs have increased due to low productivity. Beef production is on the decline while pork and mutton production was on the rise in recent years.', 'Beef production is on the decline while pork and mutton production was on the rise in recent years. The government proposes to enhance the milk production from the present 40% of the requirement to self-sufficiency, development of quality grasses for livestock and improving poultry production for the export market. The National Livestock Development Policy (2007) and the Livestock Master Plan - A Strategy for Livestock Development towards Self-sufficiency (2011) provide policy guidance to the sector. With the other agencies under the Ministry of Agriculture, the Department of Animal Production and Health takes the lead in improving the livestock sector development in Sri Lanka. National Livestock Breeding Policy Guidelines and Strategy for Sri Lanka, (2010) has been the main guidance for livestock breeding.', 'National Livestock Breeding Policy Guidelines and Strategy for Sri Lanka, (2010) has been the main guidance for livestock breeding. The Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) under preparation is expected to provide the policy framework for all key agriculture sector institutions -crop, livestock, inland fishery, crop processing, and allied services such as irrigation, agrarian development and environment. Climate risks for the Livestock Sector: Globally it is estimated that there will be a loss of livestock rangelands of around 10% if temperatures rise to 2°C of warming.34 In Sri Lanka, animal production sub-sectors such as dairy, poultry and swine have been assessed for heat stress and exposure to climate related disasters such as flood and drought.', 'Climate risks for the Livestock Sector: Globally it is estimated that there will be a loss of livestock rangelands of around 10% if temperatures rise to 2°C of warming.34 In Sri Lanka, animal production sub-sectors such as dairy, poultry and swine have been assessed for heat stress and exposure to climate related disasters such as flood and drought. Increasing temperature and the associated water scarcity is the most pressing threat for the livestock industry. Dairy is by far the most important and most threatened by temperature rise. Intensification of dairy systems in dry regions using temperate breeds could lead to greater vulnerability to temperature and humidity increases.', 'Intensification of dairy systems in dry regions using temperate breeds could lead to greater vulnerability to temperature and humidity increases. The Temperature Humidity Index (THI) is predicted to be greater than 72 units in most areas of the Dry Zone in 2030 and heat stress will be detrimental to the industry if temperate breeds are used. There is some threat from flash floods (north-western, western and southern provinces) and prolonged drought, especially in the Dry Zone (north, north-west and eastern provinces). Adaptation in the Livestock Sector: Livestock sector adaptation priorities are presented under three NDCs (Table 5.1.3) covering climate resilience building in ruminant livestock farming practices, in managing swine and poultry farms, and sector-wide research and development, training and capacity building to adapt livestock practices to climate change.', 'Adaptation in the Livestock Sector: Livestock sector adaptation priorities are presented under three NDCs (Table 5.1.3) covering climate resilience building in ruminant livestock farming practices, in managing swine and poultry farms, and sector-wide research and development, training and capacity building to adapt livestock practices to climate change. Contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gasses from enhanced efficiency and adopting renewable energy in the livestock sector is presented in the Agriculture Sector Mitigation NDCs. 32 Annual Report 2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019. 33 Livestock Statistical Bulletin 2019, Department of Animal Production and Health, 2019.', '33 Livestock Statistical Bulletin 2019, Department of Animal Production and Health, 2019. 34 IPCC website, 5.1.3: NDCs in Livestock Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Introduce adaptation measures to address adverse impacts of climate change on ruminant livestock 1.1 Identify and promote appropriate adaptation measures, technological innovations and resilient farming systems including heat stress management 1.2 Promote integration of rainwater harvesting ponds into medium and large farms 2023 1.3 Introduce adaptation measures such as forage conservation, modification of feeding systems to respond to early warning on extreme weather events 1.4 Introduce/ develop high yielding and climate adaptable new forage and feed resources 2025 1.5 Continuous monitoring/ improved surveillance by veterinary services to detect and respond to new/re-emerging climate-related diseases NDC 2 Introduce technological innovations and interventions to build resilience in poultry and swine farming 2.1 Facilitate small-scale operators to adopt climate-resilient housing and management practices to prevent heat stress 2.2 Continuous monitoring/ improved surveillance by veterinary services to detect and respond to new/re-emerging climate-related diseases in poultry and swine 2.3 Promote more widely, existing adaptation measures such as feed conservation, modification of feeding systems to manage available feed in responding to early warning systems on extreme conditions NDC 3 Improve research, education, awareness and capacity building for climate change adaptation 3.1 Technology and knowledge transfer to implement adaptation measures, considering gender sensitivity in the livestock sector 3.2 Conduct awareness and educational programmes on climate resilience in livestock activities 2025 3.3 Capacity building of all institutions in the livestock sector to promote resilience- building measures discussed in NDC 1 and 2 3.4 Access to risk management and financing to support adaptation to climate risks and changes 2025 3.5 Review and revise existing training curricular in universities offering veterinary and animal production-related degree programmes and in the Department of Animal Production and Health in addressing climate vulnerability 3.6 Improve research and development to identify climate-resilient breeds/varieties and new technologies for livestock management5.1.4 Water Sector The water sector includes water resources used for different purposes covering drinking, irrigation and water for other purposes (environment, industry, fisheries, hydropower etc.)', '34 IPCC website, 5.1.3: NDCs in Livestock Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Introduce adaptation measures to address adverse impacts of climate change on ruminant livestock 1.1 Identify and promote appropriate adaptation measures, technological innovations and resilient farming systems including heat stress management 1.2 Promote integration of rainwater harvesting ponds into medium and large farms 2023 1.3 Introduce adaptation measures such as forage conservation, modification of feeding systems to respond to early warning on extreme weather events 1.4 Introduce/ develop high yielding and climate adaptable new forage and feed resources 2025 1.5 Continuous monitoring/ improved surveillance by veterinary services to detect and respond to new/re-emerging climate-related diseases NDC 2 Introduce technological innovations and interventions to build resilience in poultry and swine farming 2.1 Facilitate small-scale operators to adopt climate-resilient housing and management practices to prevent heat stress 2.2 Continuous monitoring/ improved surveillance by veterinary services to detect and respond to new/re-emerging climate-related diseases in poultry and swine 2.3 Promote more widely, existing adaptation measures such as feed conservation, modification of feeding systems to manage available feed in responding to early warning systems on extreme conditions NDC 3 Improve research, education, awareness and capacity building for climate change adaptation 3.1 Technology and knowledge transfer to implement adaptation measures, considering gender sensitivity in the livestock sector 3.2 Conduct awareness and educational programmes on climate resilience in livestock activities 2025 3.3 Capacity building of all institutions in the livestock sector to promote resilience- building measures discussed in NDC 1 and 2 3.4 Access to risk management and financing to support adaptation to climate risks and changes 2025 3.5 Review and revise existing training curricular in universities offering veterinary and animal production-related degree programmes and in the Department of Animal Production and Health in addressing climate vulnerability 3.6 Improve research and development to identify climate-resilient breeds/varieties and new technologies for livestock management5.1.4 Water Sector The water sector includes water resources used for different purposes covering drinking, irrigation and water for other purposes (environment, industry, fisheries, hydropower etc.) Water security has become a serious concern in Sri Lanka amidst erratic weather patterns and increasing demand for water, prompting the need for urgent implementation of improved water management strategies across all its sub-sectors.', 'Water security has become a serious concern in Sri Lanka amidst erratic weather patterns and increasing demand for water, prompting the need for urgent implementation of improved water management strategies across all its sub-sectors. Government initiatives such as Mahaweli Water Security Improvement Programme, Climate Resilience Improvement Project, Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project, Strengthening Climate Resilience for Communities in Vulnerable River Basins, Watershed areas and downstream of the Knuckles Mountain Range and Surakimu Ganga (protect our rivers) are some of the notable ones addressing water security amongst many other. Authorities are increasingly considering Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) approaches where water security can be enhanced and balanced between the competing uses of water.', 'Authorities are increasingly considering Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) approaches where water security can be enhanced and balanced between the competing uses of water. Therefore, in these NDCs, the previously (2016 NDCs) individually dealt domestic water (named Water Sector) and Irrigation Sector are presented as a combined single sector. Other water uses covering industry, hydropower, fisheries and energy are addressed in respective sectoral NDCs. Environmental aspects of water management are partly covered under biodiversity NDCs. Furthermore, agriculture sector adaptation NDCs represent some additional measures covering water use efficiency and agricultural water management. The Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour35 highlights the provision of safe drinking water through pipe- borne schemes. Irrigation water use efficiency and use of renewable energy are also highlighted therein.', 'Irrigation water use efficiency and use of renewable energy are also highlighted therein. The draft National Policy, Strategies and Institutional Framework for Water Resources Development, Conservation and Management will be the key guiding policy framework when it is finalized. The preparation of an Overarching Agriculture Policy (OAP) will also provide specific guidance on irrigation water use and efficiency. Strategic Action Plan for Adaptation for Irrigation and Water Resources Sector to Climate Change 2019-2025 and beyond provides adaptation action for the sector. Climate change influenced risks to the Sector: Major risk factors relating to the water sector are expected to further exacerbate the climate change impacts. Hence the allocation of available water between users will become increasingly challenging.', 'Hence the allocation of available water between users will become increasingly challenging. Climate change influenced risks to water include water scarcity in terms of quality and quantity, salinity intrusion and damage to water distribution structures by extreme events including floods, droughts and sea-level rise. These are expected to exacerbate with temperature increase and rainfall variation, especially the negative anomaly predicted for the first inter-monsoon. Districts in the Kelani, Nilwala and Walawe basins demonstrate drinking water sector vulnerability to flood events -which are more frequent due to intense rainfall events. Salinity is an issue throughout the coastal area, but especially where demand for ground water has increased exponentially (Western Province, North Western Province & Eastern Province).', 'Salinity is an issue throughout the coastal area, but especially where demand for ground water has increased exponentially (Western Province, North Western Province & Eastern Province). Lack of water for sanitation due to drought and flood also has been identified as a health risk of significance in selected districts. The North-Western and North-Central provinces possess a large number of minor and major irrigation schemes some dating back a millennium. Prolonged droughts and changing rainfall patterns threaten the water storage in these reservoir networks. High ambient temperatures lead to high rates of evapo-transpiration from these water bodies. Over siltation due to interrupted land cover reduces the depth of these irrigation tanks aggravating water loss via pan evaporation.', 'Over siltation due to interrupted land cover reduces the depth of these irrigation tanks aggravating water loss via pan evaporation. Meanwhile floods caused by sudden and intense rainfall events damage irrigation structures such as dams, spills, canals and 35 National Development Framework. Ministry of Finance, 2019sluices. In the past decade there have been many major flood events in the Dry Zone, leading to high rates of damage to irrigation structures and high rates of siltation in reservoirs. Adaptation in the Water Sector: As outlined above, water sector adaptation to climate change is organized under two main sub-sectors covering domestic water use and irrigation water use.', 'Adaptation in the Water Sector: As outlined above, water sector adaptation to climate change is organized under two main sub-sectors covering domestic water use and irrigation water use. The main policy drive in water sector adaptation to climate change is provided by adopting Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) approach in 15 proritised river basins in Sri Lanka. River basins prioritised were Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya, Gin Ganga, Nilwala Ganga, Malwathu Oya, Deduru Oya, Ma Oya, Gal Oya, Kala Oya, Mahaweli Ganga, Mundeni Aru, Kalu Ganga, Mi Oya, Yan Oya and Kirindi Oya.', 'River basins prioritised were Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya, Gin Ganga, Nilwala Ganga, Malwathu Oya, Deduru Oya, Ma Oya, Gal Oya, Kala Oya, Mahaweli Ganga, Mundeni Aru, Kalu Ganga, Mi Oya, Yan Oya and Kirindi Oya. The sector has ten NDCs (Table 5.1.4) which includes one overarching NDC covering IRBM; five NDCs on domestic water use including ground water monitoring, climate-resilient water supply schemes, promoting the use of waste water, managing salinity at water intakes, capacity building for climate change adaptation; and four NDCs on irrigation water use including restoration, rehabilitation and augmentation of irrigation systems, the introduction of alternative water sources, improving irrigation efficiency and early warning for river flooding.', 'The sector has ten NDCs (Table 5.1.4) which includes one overarching NDC covering IRBM; five NDCs on domestic water use including ground water monitoring, climate-resilient water supply schemes, promoting the use of waste water, managing salinity at water intakes, capacity building for climate change adaptation; and four NDCs on irrigation water use including restoration, rehabilitation and augmentation of irrigation systems, the introduction of alternative water sources, improving irrigation efficiency and early warning for river flooding. Table 5.1 4: NDCs in Water Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year Water sector wide IRBM NDC 1 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) adopted in 15 prioritised river basins in Sri Lanka 1.1 River basin-wide vulnerability, risks and capacity assessments carried out in 15 river basins in Sri Lanka 1.2 Climate change adaptation considerations built into integrated river basin management planning initiatives of Sri Lanka 1.3 Water resource development and management plans for the selected 15 river basins are prepared 2030 1.4 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) plans are prepared (by 2025) for at least five critical river basins and implemented (Five basins identified are Yan Oya, Mi Oya, Malwathu Oya, Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga) 1.5 Establish water flow and sediment load monitoring systems in five priority basins 2025 1.6 Harness excess water in selected river basins to storage facilities elsewhere through trans-basin diversions 1.7 Enhancement of water retention/recharge in catchments using appropriate measures such as ecosystem restoration, tree planting, small ponds, check dams to enhance climate resilience 1.8 Implementation commencement of the five plans addressing climate vulnerability 2030 1.9 Prepare remaining 10-climate inclusive river basin development plans Ten basins identified are Kala Oya, Ma Oya, Gal Oya, Deduru Oya, Mahaweli Ganga, Mundeni Aru, Kalu Ganga, Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya and Kala Oya Domestic Water Supply Sub Sector NDC 2 Ground and surface water monitoring in the Northern, North Central and North Western provinces and other areas of high drinking water vulnerability to drought 2.1 Conduct risk assessments and contingency plans for all new drinking water projects in priority areas 2.2 Seek new water sources and options (i.e.', 'Table 5.1 4: NDCs in Water Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year Water sector wide IRBM NDC 1 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) adopted in 15 prioritised river basins in Sri Lanka 1.1 River basin-wide vulnerability, risks and capacity assessments carried out in 15 river basins in Sri Lanka 1.2 Climate change adaptation considerations built into integrated river basin management planning initiatives of Sri Lanka 1.3 Water resource development and management plans for the selected 15 river basins are prepared 2030 1.4 Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) plans are prepared (by 2025) for at least five critical river basins and implemented (Five basins identified are Yan Oya, Mi Oya, Malwathu Oya, Gin Ganga and Nilwala Ganga) 1.5 Establish water flow and sediment load monitoring systems in five priority basins 2025 1.6 Harness excess water in selected river basins to storage facilities elsewhere through trans-basin diversions 1.7 Enhancement of water retention/recharge in catchments using appropriate measures such as ecosystem restoration, tree planting, small ponds, check dams to enhance climate resilience 1.8 Implementation commencement of the five plans addressing climate vulnerability 2030 1.9 Prepare remaining 10-climate inclusive river basin development plans Ten basins identified are Kala Oya, Ma Oya, Gal Oya, Deduru Oya, Mahaweli Ganga, Mundeni Aru, Kalu Ganga, Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya and Kala Oya Domestic Water Supply Sub Sector NDC 2 Ground and surface water monitoring in the Northern, North Central and North Western provinces and other areas of high drinking water vulnerability to drought 2.1 Conduct risk assessments and contingency plans for all new drinking water projects in priority areas 2.2 Seek new water sources and options (i.e. rainwater harvesting and sub surface water) to augment water supply in areas where supply is scarce 2.3 Mitigation of drought impact by establishing provisional deep wells on risk- prone districts 2025 2.4 Identify and implement appropriate groundwater recharge systems of the water deficit areas 2024 2.5 Ensure water security at all times with the required quality and quantity of water 20252.6 Establish sustainable extraction levels of ground water in at least three river basins (by 2025) and expand coverage by further three river basins NDC 3 Promote climate- resilient water supply schemes 2025 3.1 Establish new technology in real- time measurements of water quality and level on major water sources in a collaborative manner with water sector institutions 3.2 Device mechanisms to supply safe drinking water during floods, droughts and during saltwater intrusion for all water supply schemes vulnerable to floods, droughts and saltwater intrusion 3.3 Strengthen interagency coordination for early warning on climate and weather-related disasters and health emergencies with timely disaster response 3.4 Innovative approaches such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) to be explored for catchment protection in vulnerable regions 3.5 Establish desalination or rainwater facilities in most vulnerable areas with inadequate other sources of potable water 3.6 Minimize the level of Non-revenue Water (NRW) as a water conservation / efficiency improvement measure in all water supply schemes NDC 4 Promote the use of wastewater for gardening, sanitary, construction and other purposes to reduce demand for treated water 4.1 Some policy initiatives at the national level for use of treated water for other purposes piloting in industries, industrial parks and apartment buildings 4.2 Promotion of most appropriate mechanisms of water conservation / reusing / recycling for different purposes 4.3 Introduce by-laws and building codes to introduce reuse of wastewater in new industrial constructions including areas under industrial estates 4.4 Introduce market mechanisms for promoting above 2026 4.5 Public awareness-raising on private and social benefits of wastewater management 2022 NDC 5 Establish salinity barriers in 03 rivers where intakes are subjected to climate change influenced saline water intrusion during the drought season (covering Kelani Ganga, Kalu Ganga, and Malwathu Oya) 5.1 Identify best solutions (covering technical and financial) for salinity barriers for each case 2023 5.2 Establish salinity barriers at each critical river identified 2025 5.3 Assess and establish regulatory mechanisms to manage ground water extraction in areas with salinity intrusion issue 5.4 Monitoring and recording of saline water intrusion into drinking water sources especially during drought periods 5.5 Strengthening interagency coordination in early warning of salinity intrusion and allocation of water for flushing as a priority when needed NDC 6 Capacity building for water sector personnel and public awareness on building resilience to climate change 6.1 Capacity needs assessment of the water sector institutions and the personnel on climate resilience building 6.2 Prepare plans for building capacity in each institution to effectively implement the sector NDCs including that of community water supply schemes 6.3 Awareness raising and behavioural change campaigns for the public towards sustainable use of water as a climate resilience building for water security 6.4 Capacity development in communities and Community Based Organizations in addressing climate resilience in water resources 6.5 Demand-Side Management and promotion of 3R amongst water users in most vulnerable areas for climate change 6.6 Establish accreditation schemes for water sector technicians/plumbers with awareness on climate change vulnerabilities 6.7 Supply-Side Management through enhanced efficiency in abstraction, transmission, and distribution of drinking water Irrigation Water Sub SectorNDC 7 Restore, rehabilitate and augment 25 major /medium reservoirs and 300 minor irrigation systems and 200 km length of irrigation canals of Sri Lanka for enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector 7.1 Prioritize abandoned tanks (including small tank cascade systems) and canals to be rehabilitated in the most critical areas of climate change vulnerability paying attention to productivity gains in restoration 7.2 Prepare indicative cost estimations, means of implementation with national capacity and international support needed for the priorities for restoration 7.3 Restoration of 50 tanks and canals of 100km length with periodic (every 2 yr) targets with agencies responsible (DAD, PDoI, DoI, MASL and special projects) 7.4 Augment capacity of irrigation tanks to enhance climate change resilience covering 25 major/medium reservoirs and 50 minor irrigation systems NDC 8 Introduce or promote alternative water resources as a climate change resilience building intervention for domestic and supplementary irrigation 8.1 Carryout feasibility studies for use of alternative sources of water for irrigation and ground water recharge for building climate resilience 8.2 Assessment & identify priority domestic water supply and priority supplementary irrigation schemes to be supported by groundwater resources (by means of tube wells/deep wells) as a climate change resilience building intervention 8.3 Regulate provision of groundwater through Agro wells for irrigation based on water availability and safe abstraction levels NDC 9 Enhance water management in 40 irrigation schemes 2025 9.1 Increase system water use efficiency in irrigation by 10% to cover at least 45,000ha of irrigated land 9.2 Introduce water- saving applications like micro- irrigation system (sprinkle) and low water intensive crops 9.3 Farmer training and awareness on water saving applications 2025 9.4 Introduce efficient distribution of water among farmer organizations through better water allocation mechanisms 9.5 Promote market-based instruments for the adoption of new irrigation technologies (water Subsidy schemes and tax reliefs) NDC10 Assess river floods and mitigation measures and early warning systems for possible flash floods for five priority basins (covering Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya, Kalu Ganga, Kirindi Oya and Malwathu Oya on pilot basis) 10.1 Install river and reservoir gauges and collect rainfall data and river flow data for the five priority basins 10.2 Prepare digital elevation maps for all priority basins and establish automated early warning systems 10.3 Conduct capacity building programs for newly established early warning systems associated technological applications and dissemination 10.4 Introduce flood mitigation structures to handle climate change influenced risks 20305.1.5 Biodiversity Sector Sri Lanka is a global biodiversity hotspot.', 'rainwater harvesting and sub surface water) to augment water supply in areas where supply is scarce 2.3 Mitigation of drought impact by establishing provisional deep wells on risk- prone districts 2025 2.4 Identify and implement appropriate groundwater recharge systems of the water deficit areas 2024 2.5 Ensure water security at all times with the required quality and quantity of water 20252.6 Establish sustainable extraction levels of ground water in at least three river basins (by 2025) and expand coverage by further three river basins NDC 3 Promote climate- resilient water supply schemes 2025 3.1 Establish new technology in real- time measurements of water quality and level on major water sources in a collaborative manner with water sector institutions 3.2 Device mechanisms to supply safe drinking water during floods, droughts and during saltwater intrusion for all water supply schemes vulnerable to floods, droughts and saltwater intrusion 3.3 Strengthen interagency coordination for early warning on climate and weather-related disasters and health emergencies with timely disaster response 3.4 Innovative approaches such as Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) to be explored for catchment protection in vulnerable regions 3.5 Establish desalination or rainwater facilities in most vulnerable areas with inadequate other sources of potable water 3.6 Minimize the level of Non-revenue Water (NRW) as a water conservation / efficiency improvement measure in all water supply schemes NDC 4 Promote the use of wastewater for gardening, sanitary, construction and other purposes to reduce demand for treated water 4.1 Some policy initiatives at the national level for use of treated water for other purposes piloting in industries, industrial parks and apartment buildings 4.2 Promotion of most appropriate mechanisms of water conservation / reusing / recycling for different purposes 4.3 Introduce by-laws and building codes to introduce reuse of wastewater in new industrial constructions including areas under industrial estates 4.4 Introduce market mechanisms for promoting above 2026 4.5 Public awareness-raising on private and social benefits of wastewater management 2022 NDC 5 Establish salinity barriers in 03 rivers where intakes are subjected to climate change influenced saline water intrusion during the drought season (covering Kelani Ganga, Kalu Ganga, and Malwathu Oya) 5.1 Identify best solutions (covering technical and financial) for salinity barriers for each case 2023 5.2 Establish salinity barriers at each critical river identified 2025 5.3 Assess and establish regulatory mechanisms to manage ground water extraction in areas with salinity intrusion issue 5.4 Monitoring and recording of saline water intrusion into drinking water sources especially during drought periods 5.5 Strengthening interagency coordination in early warning of salinity intrusion and allocation of water for flushing as a priority when needed NDC 6 Capacity building for water sector personnel and public awareness on building resilience to climate change 6.1 Capacity needs assessment of the water sector institutions and the personnel on climate resilience building 6.2 Prepare plans for building capacity in each institution to effectively implement the sector NDCs including that of community water supply schemes 6.3 Awareness raising and behavioural change campaigns for the public towards sustainable use of water as a climate resilience building for water security 6.4 Capacity development in communities and Community Based Organizations in addressing climate resilience in water resources 6.5 Demand-Side Management and promotion of 3R amongst water users in most vulnerable areas for climate change 6.6 Establish accreditation schemes for water sector technicians/plumbers with awareness on climate change vulnerabilities 6.7 Supply-Side Management through enhanced efficiency in abstraction, transmission, and distribution of drinking water Irrigation Water Sub SectorNDC 7 Restore, rehabilitate and augment 25 major /medium reservoirs and 300 minor irrigation systems and 200 km length of irrigation canals of Sri Lanka for enhancing climate resilience in the agriculture sector 7.1 Prioritize abandoned tanks (including small tank cascade systems) and canals to be rehabilitated in the most critical areas of climate change vulnerability paying attention to productivity gains in restoration 7.2 Prepare indicative cost estimations, means of implementation with national capacity and international support needed for the priorities for restoration 7.3 Restoration of 50 tanks and canals of 100km length with periodic (every 2 yr) targets with agencies responsible (DAD, PDoI, DoI, MASL and special projects) 7.4 Augment capacity of irrigation tanks to enhance climate change resilience covering 25 major/medium reservoirs and 50 minor irrigation systems NDC 8 Introduce or promote alternative water resources as a climate change resilience building intervention for domestic and supplementary irrigation 8.1 Carryout feasibility studies for use of alternative sources of water for irrigation and ground water recharge for building climate resilience 8.2 Assessment & identify priority domestic water supply and priority supplementary irrigation schemes to be supported by groundwater resources (by means of tube wells/deep wells) as a climate change resilience building intervention 8.3 Regulate provision of groundwater through Agro wells for irrigation based on water availability and safe abstraction levels NDC 9 Enhance water management in 40 irrigation schemes 2025 9.1 Increase system water use efficiency in irrigation by 10% to cover at least 45,000ha of irrigated land 9.2 Introduce water- saving applications like micro- irrigation system (sprinkle) and low water intensive crops 9.3 Farmer training and awareness on water saving applications 2025 9.4 Introduce efficient distribution of water among farmer organizations through better water allocation mechanisms 9.5 Promote market-based instruments for the adoption of new irrigation technologies (water Subsidy schemes and tax reliefs) NDC10 Assess river floods and mitigation measures and early warning systems for possible flash floods for five priority basins (covering Kelani Ganga, Attanagalu Oya, Kalu Ganga, Kirindi Oya and Malwathu Oya on pilot basis) 10.1 Install river and reservoir gauges and collect rainfall data and river flow data for the five priority basins 10.2 Prepare digital elevation maps for all priority basins and establish automated early warning systems 10.3 Conduct capacity building programs for newly established early warning systems associated technological applications and dissemination 10.4 Introduce flood mitigation structures to handle climate change influenced risks 20305.1.5 Biodiversity Sector Sri Lanka is a global biodiversity hotspot. Species diversity, distribution and natural evolution depend on climatic and microclimatic factors and is mostly concentrated in the Wet Zone or south western quarter of the country.', 'Species diversity, distribution and natural evolution depend on climatic and microclimatic factors and is mostly concentrated in the Wet Zone or south western quarter of the country. Change in macro-environmental parameters, especially precipitation, humidity, temperature and pH, can influence the distribution and survival of species that depend on specific habitat/micro climatic conditions and increase the threats from invasive species to sensitive habitats. Studies on several rare, endemic species detailed in Sri Lanka’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022 and Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation show that the habitat ranges will shrink and shift for both higher plants, insects, amphibians and reptiles as temperature increases and rainfall becomes more erratic.', 'Studies on several rare, endemic species detailed in Sri Lanka’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan 2016-2022 and Technology Needs Assessment for Climate Change Adaptation show that the habitat ranges will shrink and shift for both higher plants, insects, amphibians and reptiles as temperature increases and rainfall becomes more erratic. The national policy framework commits to biodiversity conservation including restoring and rehabilitating degraded ecosystems and integrating biodiversity conservation into tourism, education and cultural events in a planned and systematic manner. There are many policies related to biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka.', 'There are many policies related to biodiversity conservation in Sri Lanka. The key policies include the National Forestry Policy of 1995, the National Wildlife Policy of 2000, the National Environmental Policy of 2003, the National Policy on Invasive Alien Species (IAS) in Sri Lanka of 2016. The National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan, 2016-2022 is the overall strategy for conserving biodiversity in Sri Lanka under the leadership of the Biodiversity Secretariat of the Ministry of Environment. The Ministry of Wildlife and Forest Conservation together with the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and Department of Forest Conservation (FD) are the key government institutions.', 'The Ministry of Wildlife and Forest Conservation together with the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) and Department of Forest Conservation (FD) are the key government institutions. Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance No 22 as amended in 2009 and Forest Conservation Ordinance No 65 as amended in 2009 are the key legislature enabling the DWC and FD respectively in the conservation of biodiversity in Sri Lanka. Climate risks in the Biodiversity Sector: There are recent studies36 indicating a shift of ecological zones due to climate change. With a dearth of reliable data to identify vulnerable species and habitat changes, Sri Lanka’s NDCs have focused on the potential impacts of the predicted shifts in climatic zones.', 'With a dearth of reliable data to identify vulnerable species and habitat changes, Sri Lanka’s NDCs have focused on the potential impacts of the predicted shifts in climatic zones. Such changes are quite likely to bring about changes in species and habitat and could have negative impacts on the overall biodiversity of Sri Lanka, if adequate measures are not taken to identify and manage these changes in manner that will make both species and habitats more resilient to predicted changes. Habitat restoration is likely to enhance carbon sequestration and therefore will confer an added advantage in terms of Sri Lanka’s national contribution to combat climate change- driven changes.', 'Habitat restoration is likely to enhance carbon sequestration and therefore will confer an added advantage in terms of Sri Lanka’s national contribution to combat climate change- driven changes. Whilst making Sri Lanka more resilient to climate change these actions will also contribute indirectly to achieve national conservation targets as defined in the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan.', 'Whilst making Sri Lanka more resilient to climate change these actions will also contribute indirectly to achieve national conservation targets as defined in the National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan. Adaptation in the Biodiversity Sector: Resilience building actions for biodiversity are presented under five NDCs (Table 5.1.5) covering management of climate- sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas within and outside the protected areas, increased connectivity for species migration accommodate climate driven changes, possible expansion of protected areas to build the resilience of biodiversity as a system of protected areas, strengthening ex-situ conservation of fauna and flora and effective management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS).', 'Adaptation in the Biodiversity Sector: Resilience building actions for biodiversity are presented under five NDCs (Table 5.1.5) covering management of climate- sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas within and outside the protected areas, increased connectivity for species migration accommodate climate driven changes, possible expansion of protected areas to build the resilience of biodiversity as a system of protected areas, strengthening ex-situ conservation of fauna and flora and effective management of Invasive Alien Species (IAS). Some of the mitigation co-benefits of biodiversity including carbon sequestration is captured under Forestry Sector under the mitigation NDCs, where the adaptation co-benefits of forest conservation are described in NDCs below. 36 Climate Change Risk in Sri Lanka: sector risk profiles.', '36 Climate Change Risk in Sri Lanka: sector risk profiles. MoE/ADB (unpublished)Table 5.1.5: NDCs in Biodiversity Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Management of climate- sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas inside and outside the protected areas (PAs) network to conserve habitats that are highly vulnerable to climate change 1.1 Identify habitats using existing maps that are most vulnerable to climate change-driven changes and adaptive measures taken in response to climate change to inform priority sites that need to be restored or rehabilitated both within and outside PAs 1.2 Prepare maps indicating terrestrial, wetland landscapes, coastal and marine areas such as mangroves, seagrass beds, fog-interception areas, villus etc.', 'MoE/ADB (unpublished)Table 5.1.5: NDCs in Biodiversity Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Management of climate- sensitive areas and restoration of degraded areas inside and outside the protected areas (PAs) network to conserve habitats that are highly vulnerable to climate change 1.1 Identify habitats using existing maps that are most vulnerable to climate change-driven changes and adaptive measures taken in response to climate change to inform priority sites that need to be restored or rehabilitated both within and outside PAs 1.2 Prepare maps indicating terrestrial, wetland landscapes, coastal and marine areas such as mangroves, seagrass beds, fog-interception areas, villus etc. that should be the focus of priority actions identified above in order to enhance their resilience 1.3 Identification of species of fauna and flora that are highly vulnerable to climate change 2023 1.4 Encourage research and studies on the most vulnerable species and habitats identified in 1.1 and 1.5 Establish long-term monitoring plots and mechanisms in climate sensitive areas to identify climate change driven changes in species and habitats 1.6 Restoration of at least 25% each of degraded terrestrial and wetland landscapes including coastal & marine habitats identified above and based on current extent and prioritized according to biodiversity value, ecosystem values and climate change vulnerability 1.7 Restore the natural ecosystem in fog interception zones at least by 25% 2030 NDC 2 Increase connectivity in the zones that will be subjected to climate-driven changes according to current predictions through landscape approaches 2.1 Conduct a feasibility assessment (based on 1.2 above) to identify connectivity corridors on a landscape level using the river basins located in the climate-sensitive areas 2.2 Restore climate-vulnerable riparian and instream areas that can act as corridors based on the above feasibility study covering at least 25% of the identified area 2.3 Monitor such corridors for their efficacy to serve as biodiversity corridors and making adaptive changes to enhance movement NDC 3 Expansion of Protected Area (PA) extent to enhance the ability of the PA network to function as a buffer for climate change 3.1 Identify ecologically/environmentally sensitive areas (based on 1.2) within the climate sensitive areas that can be annexed (included) to existing PAs 3.2 Annex (include) identified areas to existing PAs / declare as new PAs under mandated agencies 2030 NDC 4 Strengthen ex-situ conservation programmes covering climate-vulnerable taxa and regions 4.1 At least two facilities to be established for ex-situ conservation of flora in the climate vulnerable regions (botanical gardens and arboreta) within 5 years 4.2 At least two facilities to be established for ex-situ conservation of fauna in the climate vulnerable regions (ex-situ conservation centres) within 5 years 4.3 Establishing a mechanism to assist translocation/reintroduction of climate sensitive or threatened fauna and flora 4.4 Introduction of three new number of Veterinary/ Epidemiology facilities for Ex-situ Conservation Centers 4.5 Develop Gene Banks in National Museums and National Botanical Gardens and Plant Genetic Resources Center (PGRC) NDC 5 Effective management of the spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) triggered by favorable climatic conditions 5.1 Conduct a desk assessment based on the available distribution maps of IAS to identify IAS that are likely to undergo range expansion or whose range expansion can be facilitated by climate change and anthropogenic activities 5.2 Implement programs in critical areas as identified in 5.1 to enhance the resilience of ecological and economical systems towards possible biological invasions triggered by climate change5.1.6 Coastal and Marine Sector Sri Lanka has 1,620 km of coastline and a vast exclusive economic zone of 517,000 sq.km.', 'that should be the focus of priority actions identified above in order to enhance their resilience 1.3 Identification of species of fauna and flora that are highly vulnerable to climate change 2023 1.4 Encourage research and studies on the most vulnerable species and habitats identified in 1.1 and 1.5 Establish long-term monitoring plots and mechanisms in climate sensitive areas to identify climate change driven changes in species and habitats 1.6 Restoration of at least 25% each of degraded terrestrial and wetland landscapes including coastal & marine habitats identified above and based on current extent and prioritized according to biodiversity value, ecosystem values and climate change vulnerability 1.7 Restore the natural ecosystem in fog interception zones at least by 25% 2030 NDC 2 Increase connectivity in the zones that will be subjected to climate-driven changes according to current predictions through landscape approaches 2.1 Conduct a feasibility assessment (based on 1.2 above) to identify connectivity corridors on a landscape level using the river basins located in the climate-sensitive areas 2.2 Restore climate-vulnerable riparian and instream areas that can act as corridors based on the above feasibility study covering at least 25% of the identified area 2.3 Monitor such corridors for their efficacy to serve as biodiversity corridors and making adaptive changes to enhance movement NDC 3 Expansion of Protected Area (PA) extent to enhance the ability of the PA network to function as a buffer for climate change 3.1 Identify ecologically/environmentally sensitive areas (based on 1.2) within the climate sensitive areas that can be annexed (included) to existing PAs 3.2 Annex (include) identified areas to existing PAs / declare as new PAs under mandated agencies 2030 NDC 4 Strengthen ex-situ conservation programmes covering climate-vulnerable taxa and regions 4.1 At least two facilities to be established for ex-situ conservation of flora in the climate vulnerable regions (botanical gardens and arboreta) within 5 years 4.2 At least two facilities to be established for ex-situ conservation of fauna in the climate vulnerable regions (ex-situ conservation centres) within 5 years 4.3 Establishing a mechanism to assist translocation/reintroduction of climate sensitive or threatened fauna and flora 4.4 Introduction of three new number of Veterinary/ Epidemiology facilities for Ex-situ Conservation Centers 4.5 Develop Gene Banks in National Museums and National Botanical Gardens and Plant Genetic Resources Center (PGRC) NDC 5 Effective management of the spread of Invasive Alien Species (IAS) triggered by favorable climatic conditions 5.1 Conduct a desk assessment based on the available distribution maps of IAS to identify IAS that are likely to undergo range expansion or whose range expansion can be facilitated by climate change and anthropogenic activities 5.2 Implement programs in critical areas as identified in 5.1 to enhance the resilience of ecological and economical systems towards possible biological invasions triggered by climate change5.1.6 Coastal and Marine Sector Sri Lanka has 1,620 km of coastline and a vast exclusive economic zone of 517,000 sq.km. Over 80% of the total national fish catch comes from marine and coastal fishery37 and it supports the livelihoods of many who engage directly or indirectly in fishery.', 'Over 80% of the total national fish catch comes from marine and coastal fishery37 and it supports the livelihoods of many who engage directly or indirectly in fishery. The coastal region extends about 50 km inland from the coastline, which is approximately 23% of the total land area of the country, while accommodating over 25% of the population. The coastal zone is home to a major share of the industries and the country’s tourist establishments38 and contributes approximately 40% to the national GDP. Coastal beach tourism includes deep sea sport fishing, observing sea mammals, sailing, diving of varying types, boating and numerous recreational sports, sunbathing, and turtle watching in the shallower reef waters.', 'Coastal beach tourism includes deep sea sport fishing, observing sea mammals, sailing, diving of varying types, boating and numerous recreational sports, sunbathing, and turtle watching in the shallower reef waters. It is estimated that coastal tourism, representing nearly 60% of total sector revenues, offers a rich gamut of value-added products39. Sri Lanka’s national policy framework40 highlights that the ocean resources should be utilized more effectively under the blue-green economy concept while investing in coastal conservation and pollution prevention. Coastal Zone Management Plan of 2016 sets out the framework and guiding principles for coastal zone management while the Coast Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981 and Amendments / CCD Regulations, Marine Pollution Prevention Act No.', '57 of 1981 and Amendments / CCD Regulations, Marine Pollution Prevention Act No. 35 of 2008 and Amendments and the Marine Environmental Protection Authority Regulations together with Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act No 2 of the 2016 and the regulations therein provide the key legal provisions for coast conservation. Sri Lanka is now in the process of claiming an extensive, though yet to be determined additional extent of seabed area under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, which will bring greater economic opportunity for the country. Climate impacts on Coastal and Marine Sector: Impacts associated with sea-level rise and increased coastal hazards are predicted with climate change.', 'Climate impacts on Coastal and Marine Sector: Impacts associated with sea-level rise and increased coastal hazards are predicted with climate change. Changes to the salinity of coastal ground water, increased flooding and damage to infrastructure are predicted with a high degree of confidence for island countries. 41 Coastal storms and surges could damage infrastructure and cause severe erosion. A detailed risk assessment for the sector42 focused on identifying the degree of future risks and vulnerable areas and impacts on key economic activities in the coastal area. Tourism, coastal rice paddies, drinking water and lagoon fishery activities are most threatened. There could be potential migration of communities away from coastal areas as coastal erosion and salinity due to sea-level rise become more severe due to climate change.', 'There could be potential migration of communities away from coastal areas as coastal erosion and salinity due to sea-level rise become more severe due to climate change. During the El Nino in 1998, high sea surface temperatures (3-5° C above normal) wiped out coral reefs; Bar Reef marine sanctuary (95%); Hikkaduwa marine sanctuary (90%); Weligama (60%) and Rumassala (80%)43. Increased temperature and sea-levels will impact the inter-tidal areas with mangroves and other coastal vegetations undermining coastal resilience and protection provided by these ecosystems (against storms and tides). Adaptation in the Coastal and Marine Sector: Coastal and marine sector adaptation priorities have been formulated under four NDCs (Table 5.1.6) covering mainly technical skills and systems development for monitoring and responding to climate change and variability.', 'Adaptation in the Coastal and Marine Sector: Coastal and marine sector adaptation priorities have been formulated under four NDCs (Table 5.1.6) covering mainly technical skills and systems development for monitoring and responding to climate change and variability. These include 37 Fisheries Statistics 2019, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development, 2019. 38 Policy, Strategies and National Action Plan for Marine Environment Protection in Sri Lanka (Draft), Marine Environmental Protection Authority, 2018. 39 World Bank, 2017. Sri Lanka: managing coastal natural wealth, Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice, South Asia Region Series 40 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, Ministry of Finance 2019 41 Climate Change 2014: synthesis report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. 42 Third National Communication to UNFCCC, Climate Change Secretariat, Ministry of Environment, 2021.', '42 Third National Communication to UNFCCC, Climate Change Secretariat, Ministry of Environment, 2021. 43 Status of coral reefs in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the 1998 coral bleaching in Coral Reef Degradation in the Indian Ocean (CORDIO): Status Report 2005.Rajasuriya, A. 2005.establishment of accurate sea level rise forecasting systems, preparation of updated vulnerability and risk maps, strengthened shoreline management measures and conserving unique areas of natural value in vulnerable coastal areas. Soft solutions for shoreline management such as mangrove restoration has mitigation co-benefits under Forestry Sector and contributing to Biodiversity Sector related adaptation benefits. Table 5.1.', 'Soft solutions for shoreline management such as mangrove restoration has mitigation co-benefits under Forestry Sector and contributing to Biodiversity Sector related adaptation benefits. Table 5.1. 6: NDCs in Coastal and Marine Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Establish an accurate sea level rise forecasting system for Sri Lanka 2025 1.1 Establish the required database with historical tidal level data 2023 1.2 Measure and record present Mean Sea Level (MSL) and assess and publish Sea Level Rise (SLR) measurements 1.3 Identify and establish additional sea-level measurement stations, to cover the coastline of Sri Lanka in addition to the existing stations 1.4.', '6: NDCs in Coastal and Marine Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Establish an accurate sea level rise forecasting system for Sri Lanka 2025 1.1 Establish the required database with historical tidal level data 2023 1.2 Measure and record present Mean Sea Level (MSL) and assess and publish Sea Level Rise (SLR) measurements 1.3 Identify and establish additional sea-level measurement stations, to cover the coastline of Sri Lanka in addition to the existing stations 1.4. Estimate SLR predictions for Sri Lanka using global best practices 2025 NDC 2 Prepare updated vulnerability and risk maps for the coastal belt of Sri Lanka 2026 2.1 Update inundation maps covering coastal area according to the sea level rise forecast 2023 2.2 Identification of areas vulnerable to Sea Level Rise 2024 2.3 Prepare SLR influenced risk maps for the coastal zone with 0.5m contour intervals and take appropriate actions 2.4 Use findings in 2.3 to update the existing coastal development setbacks 2026 NDC 3 Adopt optimal shoreline management works/measures covering affected length of shoreline using a combination of hard & soft solutions to prevent coastal erosion in areas most vulnerable to SLR 3.1 Start required long term data collection programmes, including wave measurements and a sediment transport study 3.2 Update the erosion management plan 2026 3.3 Establish programs (in collaboration with universities and other research agencies) for monitoring of coastal erosion and collect related data/information on: coastal erosion trends and status, scientific investigations of sediment balances and assessments of sediment sources, threats to dwellings, land use and critical habitats from erosion, bathymetric & hydrologic conditions 3.4 Restoration of coastal ecosystems including mangroves covering 1,000ha.', 'Estimate SLR predictions for Sri Lanka using global best practices 2025 NDC 2 Prepare updated vulnerability and risk maps for the coastal belt of Sri Lanka 2026 2.1 Update inundation maps covering coastal area according to the sea level rise forecast 2023 2.2 Identification of areas vulnerable to Sea Level Rise 2024 2.3 Prepare SLR influenced risk maps for the coastal zone with 0.5m contour intervals and take appropriate actions 2.4 Use findings in 2.3 to update the existing coastal development setbacks 2026 NDC 3 Adopt optimal shoreline management works/measures covering affected length of shoreline using a combination of hard & soft solutions to prevent coastal erosion in areas most vulnerable to SLR 3.1 Start required long term data collection programmes, including wave measurements and a sediment transport study 3.2 Update the erosion management plan 2026 3.3 Establish programs (in collaboration with universities and other research agencies) for monitoring of coastal erosion and collect related data/information on: coastal erosion trends and status, scientific investigations of sediment balances and assessments of sediment sources, threats to dwellings, land use and critical habitats from erosion, bathymetric & hydrologic conditions 3.4 Restoration of coastal ecosystems including mangroves covering 1,000ha. (this action is linked to action 1.6 of the Biodiversity Sector NDC 1) NDC 4 Identify and declare coastal and marine natural areas of high priority for building resilience for climate change impacts 4.1 Prepare appropriate criteria and list of candidate sites to be declared as high priority natural areas 2025 4.2 Declare and manage high priority natural areas as required through gazette notifications 20275.1.7 Health Sector Sri Lanka has a pluralistic healthcare system that combines allopathic/western medicine, with traditional forms of treatment such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy.', '(this action is linked to action 1.6 of the Biodiversity Sector NDC 1) NDC 4 Identify and declare coastal and marine natural areas of high priority for building resilience for climate change impacts 4.1 Prepare appropriate criteria and list of candidate sites to be declared as high priority natural areas 2025 4.2 Declare and manage high priority natural areas as required through gazette notifications 20275.1.7 Health Sector Sri Lanka has a pluralistic healthcare system that combines allopathic/western medicine, with traditional forms of treatment such as Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Homeopathy. However, the majority of investments and improvements have led to the expansion of the allopathic system and access to free healthcare for all citizens.', 'However, the majority of investments and improvements have led to the expansion of the allopathic system and access to free healthcare for all citizens. The national health system is well advanced due to advanced social policies in the post-independence era and consists of 603 public hospitals (3.6 beds for every 1,000 persons) with one qualified doctor for every 1,203 persons/one nurse for every 570 persons in 2019. Further, there are 105 government Ayurvedic hospitals with 4,485 beds and 1,759 qualified Ayurvedic doctors44. Sri Lanka performed well in its efforts to attain the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the targets set for 2015 for child mortality, maternal mortality, reproductive health, and eradication of malaria were successfully met with a well-established healthcare system.', 'Sri Lanka performed well in its efforts to attain the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the targets set for 2015 for child mortality, maternal mortality, reproductive health, and eradication of malaria were successfully met with a well-established healthcare system. Infant mortality is 7 per 100 live births, maternal mortality is 35 per 100,000 live births. However, malnutrition among children and women is inexplicably high in Sri Lanka and vector-borne diseases like dengue and leptospirosis claim many lives annually. Major concerns include pregnant women with low BMI on or before 12 weeks of pregnancy (15%), low birth weight of newborns (nearly 12%), underweight infants (6.4%), young children aged 1-2 (12%), aged 2-5 (19%) can be highlighted45.', 'Major concerns include pregnant women with low BMI on or before 12 weeks of pregnancy (15%), low birth weight of newborns (nearly 12%), underweight infants (6.4%), young children aged 1-2 (12%), aged 2-5 (19%) can be highlighted45. Addressing these areas of concern in the health sector will be challenging as food security becomes vulnerable to climate change. The national policy framework identifies the healthiness of the population to be of paramount importance. It expands indicating that health care will be provided free for all citizens as per the national health policy. Ministry of Health operates with guidance from the National Health Policy 2016-2025 and the National Health Sector Master Plan 2016-2025.', 'Ministry of Health operates with guidance from the National Health Policy 2016-2025 and the National Health Sector Master Plan 2016-2025. Climate change impacts on the Health Sector: Any increase in global average temperature is projected to affect human health with negative consequences. Heat-related morbidity and mortality, ozone depletion related mortality and risks for vector-borne diseases increasing in numbers and range are all predicted with a high level of confidence. Undernutrition and risks of water-and-vector borne diseases will substantially increase with global average temperature rise by 2°C46.', 'Undernutrition and risks of water-and-vector borne diseases will substantially increase with global average temperature rise by 2°C46. In Sri Lanka, major risk factors relating to climate change are; high temperature related heat stress, temperature and humidity-related vector population increase, migration of vector-borne disease range to higher altitudes and other areas (dengue/filaria) or resurgence of presently controlled vector-borne diseases (malaria), water-borne diseases such as chronic kidney disease, typhoid, climate induced disaster frequency and intensity increase related health risks such as floods/droughts/poor water quality. Climate change could exacerbate existing nutrition-related issues, poor nutrition due to persistent disaster exposure and chronic undernutrition from food insecurity. Air pollutants, higher temperatures and humidity increase could worsen respiratory diseases.', 'Air pollutants, higher temperatures and humidity increase could worsen respiratory diseases. Adaptation in the Health Sector: Health sector adaptation targets are presented under six NDCs (Table 5.1.7) covering policy level initiatives to mainstream targeted climate resilience actions, improved capacity to manage climate influenced health and disease conditions, addressing air pollution related health impacts and reduce morbidity and mortality from climate induced disasters. 44 Annual Report 2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019.', '44 Annual Report 2019, Central Bank of Sri Lanka, 2019. 45 Family Health Bureau, Ministry of Health and Nutrition website, 46 IPCC website, 5.1.7: NDCs in Health Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Policy initiatives for enhancing the climate resilience of the health sector promoted and integrated to all related sectors 1.1 Development and implementation of the Heat – Health Action Plan (HHAP) for Sri Lanka 2030 1.2 Development and implementation of the National Strategic Plan for Health, Environment and Climate Change (NHSPEC) 1.3 Development and implementation guidelines and standards to make Green and Healthy Hospitals 2030 1.4 Health action plan prepared to reduce the disease burden due to air pollution and implementation commenced NDC 2 Improved capacity to manage non-communicable diseases (NCD) and health conditions directly attributable to climate change 2.1 Identify diseases and health conditions expected to aggravate due to climate change 2021 2.2 Develop management guidelines for the prioritized diseases and health conditions including clinical and preventive guidelines 2.3 Capacity building of public health system in addressing climate change influenced diseases and health conditions 2.4 Identify potential at-risk categories/vulnerable groups (elderly, children, vulnerable worker groups, and other vulnerable categories) and to develop a road map in managing climate change- induced NCDs 2.5 Strengthen research capacity on generating evidence on climate change and health impacts 2022 NDC 3 Manage the worsening of under-nutrition and malnutrition due to climate change 3.1 Develop a mechanism to receive and analyze food availability related early warning to minimize nutrition- associated health issues 3.2 Social welfare systems strengthened to cover vulnerable groups including families below the poverty line, elderly, disabled people, nursing mothers and young children in Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas identified as vulnerable to food insecurity 3.3.', '45 Family Health Bureau, Ministry of Health and Nutrition website, 46 IPCC website, 5.1.7: NDCs in Health Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Policy initiatives for enhancing the climate resilience of the health sector promoted and integrated to all related sectors 1.1 Development and implementation of the Heat – Health Action Plan (HHAP) for Sri Lanka 2030 1.2 Development and implementation of the National Strategic Plan for Health, Environment and Climate Change (NHSPEC) 1.3 Development and implementation guidelines and standards to make Green and Healthy Hospitals 2030 1.4 Health action plan prepared to reduce the disease burden due to air pollution and implementation commenced NDC 2 Improved capacity to manage non-communicable diseases (NCD) and health conditions directly attributable to climate change 2.1 Identify diseases and health conditions expected to aggravate due to climate change 2021 2.2 Develop management guidelines for the prioritized diseases and health conditions including clinical and preventive guidelines 2.3 Capacity building of public health system in addressing climate change influenced diseases and health conditions 2.4 Identify potential at-risk categories/vulnerable groups (elderly, children, vulnerable worker groups, and other vulnerable categories) and to develop a road map in managing climate change- induced NCDs 2.5 Strengthen research capacity on generating evidence on climate change and health impacts 2022 NDC 3 Manage the worsening of under-nutrition and malnutrition due to climate change 3.1 Develop a mechanism to receive and analyze food availability related early warning to minimize nutrition- associated health issues 3.2 Social welfare systems strengthened to cover vulnerable groups including families below the poverty line, elderly, disabled people, nursing mothers and young children in Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas identified as vulnerable to food insecurity 3.3. Strengthen the public health system to identify and intervene early in nutrition-related issues 2023 NDC 4 Strengthen surveillance and management of climate-sensitive vector and rodent borne diseases (dengue, malaria, filaria, leishmaniasis and leptospirosis) 4.1 Strengthen vector borne disease surveillance system for the above diseases 2022 4.2 Develop early warning systems at MOH level based on rainfall/temperature forecast for each climate sensitive vector borne disease 4.3 Capacity building of the public health system, local authorities and other stakeholders in prevention of occurrence of outbreaks and to rapidly respond to early warnings through effective interventions in prevention and control infectious diseases 4.4 Strengthen public health risk communication regarding vector borne disease control during predicted outbreaks 4.5 Inter-sectoral coordination and information system linked to the surveillance system for coordination with public health, local authorities, and other stakeholders NDC 5 Reduce morbidity and mortality from extreme weather/climate events (floods, droughts, landslides and other climate-related emergencies) 5.1 Strengthening timely and accurate early warning receipt and dissemination to health sector on possible extreme events or rainfall variability and linking them to national, regional, MOH and village level interventions 5.2 Risk assessment for all hazards including climate-related events for the health sector 2022 5.3 Improved health preparedness for all hazards including climate related events at national, subnational, MOH and village level both in curative and preventive sectors5.4.', 'Strengthen the public health system to identify and intervene early in nutrition-related issues 2023 NDC 4 Strengthen surveillance and management of climate-sensitive vector and rodent borne diseases (dengue, malaria, filaria, leishmaniasis and leptospirosis) 4.1 Strengthen vector borne disease surveillance system for the above diseases 2022 4.2 Develop early warning systems at MOH level based on rainfall/temperature forecast for each climate sensitive vector borne disease 4.3 Capacity building of the public health system, local authorities and other stakeholders in prevention of occurrence of outbreaks and to rapidly respond to early warnings through effective interventions in prevention and control infectious diseases 4.4 Strengthen public health risk communication regarding vector borne disease control during predicted outbreaks 4.5 Inter-sectoral coordination and information system linked to the surveillance system for coordination with public health, local authorities, and other stakeholders NDC 5 Reduce morbidity and mortality from extreme weather/climate events (floods, droughts, landslides and other climate-related emergencies) 5.1 Strengthening timely and accurate early warning receipt and dissemination to health sector on possible extreme events or rainfall variability and linking them to national, regional, MOH and village level interventions 5.2 Risk assessment for all hazards including climate-related events for the health sector 2022 5.3 Improved health preparedness for all hazards including climate related events at national, subnational, MOH and village level both in curative and preventive sectors5.4. Public awareness on health impacts of climate change and promotion of resilience designed and disseminated through traditional, electronic and social media on how to address immediate disaster risks5.1.8 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector Sri Lanka’s urban population is 18.7% and expected to reach 21% in 203047.', 'Public awareness on health impacts of climate change and promotion of resilience designed and disseminated through traditional, electronic and social media on how to address immediate disaster risks5.1.8 Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector Sri Lanka’s urban population is 18.7% and expected to reach 21% in 203047. The above statistics are based on the existing definition of ‘urban’ counting populations living in defined Municipal Councils (MCs) and Urban Councils (UCs). It is believed that the actual urban population is higher. Urban sprawl is increasingly evident throughout the country giving rise to many issues including increased demand for services, increased congestion and disaster-related impacts, health risks, inappropriate housing, urban heat island effect and low-living standards of urban poor.', 'Urban sprawl is increasingly evident throughout the country giving rise to many issues including increased demand for services, increased congestion and disaster-related impacts, health risks, inappropriate housing, urban heat island effect and low-living standards of urban poor. The government, in its new policy framework,48 emphasise rural development and providing services and infrastructure facilities equally across the urban and rural sectors. The concept of agro industrialization has been proposed to de-urbanize burgeoning cities and the government has launched many projects to bridge the infrastructure and service divide. Ministry of Urban Development and Housing sets the policies for urban development. National Physical Planning Policy (2019) and the National Physical Plan 2017–2030 provides the overall framework and guidelines for spatial planning. Urban Development Authority Act (Amended) No.', 'Urban Development Authority Act (Amended) No. 36 of 2007 and respective Urban Development Authority Planning and Building Regulations provides the mandate for the Urban Development Authority (UDA) to undertake urban planning and land allocation. Climate change in the Urban sector: Outmigration in agriculture-dependent communities as climatic threats worsen is expected to overpopulate cities across the world. This could lead to the expansion of unplanned, low-income settlements in urban centres that face a multitude of vulnerabilities.49 Human settlements have two distinct and obvious threats from climate change. Higher temperatures will create inhospitable conditions in both urban/suburban areas across the country. Urban heat islands will amplify the impact of heatwaves in cities. Day and night-time temperatures increase will have an impact on energy consumption for cooling.', 'Day and night-time temperatures increase will have an impact on energy consumption for cooling. In the Dry Zone, higher temperatures, high evaporation rates and longer dry spells will cause water shortages. Drought related water shortages are already evident in cities located in the higher watersheds -such as Nuwara Eliya and Badulla. Large and expanding urban areas in the Wet Zone may also face similar challenges as demand grows with urban expansion. The second climate-related risk to human settlements is the increased frequency of weather-related disasters, increased risk of flood, drought and landslides.50 Positive rainfall anomalies for the Wet Zone indicate that towns already at flood risk in the south-western quarter of the country will have heightened risks.', 'The second climate-related risk to human settlements is the increased frequency of weather-related disasters, increased risk of flood, drought and landslides.50 Positive rainfall anomalies for the Wet Zone indicate that towns already at flood risk in the south-western quarter of the country will have heightened risks. Plantation worker housing in the hill country is particularly susceptible to landslides, and their vulnerability is higher due to poor housing conditions and economic status. Sri Lanka’s coastal zone is densely populated, especially in the western/southern areas. Amongst other climate change-related issues in coastal areas, drinking water schemes are highly vulnerable to sea-level rise and salinity intrusion. Adaptation in the Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector: Adaptation measures are organized under four NDCs (Table 5.1.8).', 'Adaptation in the Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector: Adaptation measures are organized under four NDCs (Table 5.1.8). They reflect the need for improved planning, integrating disaster risk reduction and future climate threats, enhancing climate resilience in the built environment and minimizing impacts of slow-onset climate change events. Some of these adaptation measures (urban 47 UN HABITAT, 2020. World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization 48 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, Ministry of Finance 2019 49 IPCC website, 50 Ministry of Environment, Third National Communication of Sri Lanka, 2021forestry, environmentally friendly transportation and green buildings) will have certain climate mitigation benefits which are not accounted for in the targets set in Chapter 4.', 'World Cities Report 2020: The Value of Sustainable Urbanization 48 Vistas of Prosperity and Splendour, Ministry of Finance 2019 49 IPCC website, 50 Ministry of Environment, Third National Communication of Sri Lanka, 2021forestry, environmentally friendly transportation and green buildings) will have certain climate mitigation benefits which are not accounted for in the targets set in Chapter 4. Table 5.1.8: NDCs in Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national, sub-national and local level physical planning 1.1 Integrate most current climate change risk and vulnerability into physical planning at all levels 2022 1.2 Prepare the sub-national and local plans considering climate risks and vulnerability and the recommendations of the National Physical Plan (NPP) 1.3 Adhere to the guidelines prescribed by the NPP and UDA in all urban infrastructure projects and programmes 1.4 Introduce adaptation measures such as urban zoning incorporating disaster risk, forest parks, ground water recharge, air passages/wind corridors, wise use of wetlands and roadside planting into urban planning to build resilience to climate change 1.5 Integrate and adhere to the Guideline for Climate Resilient Human Settlement and Infrastructure developed by the Climate Change Secretariat NDC 2 Incorporate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into the urban and human settlement planning/implementation in areas of high vulnerability to climate change risks 2.1 Develop Guidelines on Climate Change influenced Disaster Risk Management (DRM) for urban and human settlement planning 2.2 Design and maintain infrastructure giving due consideration to the runoff system/drainage and flooding 2.3.', 'Table 5.1.8: NDCs in Urban Planning and Human Settlement Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Enhance the resilience of human settlements and infrastructure through mainstreaming climate change adaptation into national, sub-national and local level physical planning 1.1 Integrate most current climate change risk and vulnerability into physical planning at all levels 2022 1.2 Prepare the sub-national and local plans considering climate risks and vulnerability and the recommendations of the National Physical Plan (NPP) 1.3 Adhere to the guidelines prescribed by the NPP and UDA in all urban infrastructure projects and programmes 1.4 Introduce adaptation measures such as urban zoning incorporating disaster risk, forest parks, ground water recharge, air passages/wind corridors, wise use of wetlands and roadside planting into urban planning to build resilience to climate change 1.5 Integrate and adhere to the Guideline for Climate Resilient Human Settlement and Infrastructure developed by the Climate Change Secretariat NDC 2 Incorporate Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into the urban and human settlement planning/implementation in areas of high vulnerability to climate change risks 2.1 Develop Guidelines on Climate Change influenced Disaster Risk Management (DRM) for urban and human settlement planning 2.2 Design and maintain infrastructure giving due consideration to the runoff system/drainage and flooding 2.3. Incorporate slope stability and soil conservation measures in developing infrastructure in hilly areas 2.4.', 'Incorporate slope stability and soil conservation measures in developing infrastructure in hilly areas 2.4. Assess landslide / flood risk to human settlement and infrastructure and introduce measures to reduce the vulnerability in high- risk areas 2.5.', 'Assess landslide / flood risk to human settlement and infrastructure and introduce measures to reduce the vulnerability in high- risk areas 2.5. Assess drought risk to human settlement and introduce measures to reduce vulnerability in high- risk areas NDC 3 Establish a climate-resilient built environment 2030 3.1 Integrate climate risk projections into climate-resilient built environment strategies implemented by respective stakeholder institutions 3.2 Review and update climate-resilient design strategies to address emerging climate risks 2022 3.3Amend and gazette existing human settlement plans to integrate climate-resilient strategies 3.2 2023 3.4 Review, update and enforce existing rules and regulations to prevent built environments in areas highly vulnerable to climate change 3.5 Include sustainable built environment concepts into Architecture and Engineering curriculars 2024 3.6 Promote vertical housing solutions, where appropriate to communities living in high climate risk areas NDC 4 Minimize the impact of slow onset events (sea-level rise) on coastal settlements and infrastructure 4.1 Design coastal settlements and associated infrastructure considering future sea-level rise 2025 4.2 Demarcate protection areas from sea level rise to facilitate for shifting urban densification inward 2030 4.3 Prepare and commence implementation of risk management plans for existing coastal infrastructure and settlements5.1.9 Tourism and Recreation Sector The tourism sector was the third-largest foreign exchange earner in 2019 for Sri Lanka.', 'Assess drought risk to human settlement and introduce measures to reduce vulnerability in high- risk areas NDC 3 Establish a climate-resilient built environment 2030 3.1 Integrate climate risk projections into climate-resilient built environment strategies implemented by respective stakeholder institutions 3.2 Review and update climate-resilient design strategies to address emerging climate risks 2022 3.3Amend and gazette existing human settlement plans to integrate climate-resilient strategies 3.2 2023 3.4 Review, update and enforce existing rules and regulations to prevent built environments in areas highly vulnerable to climate change 3.5 Include sustainable built environment concepts into Architecture and Engineering curriculars 2024 3.6 Promote vertical housing solutions, where appropriate to communities living in high climate risk areas NDC 4 Minimize the impact of slow onset events (sea-level rise) on coastal settlements and infrastructure 4.1 Design coastal settlements and associated infrastructure considering future sea-level rise 2025 4.2 Demarcate protection areas from sea level rise to facilitate for shifting urban densification inward 2030 4.3 Prepare and commence implementation of risk management plans for existing coastal infrastructure and settlements5.1.9 Tourism and Recreation Sector The tourism sector was the third-largest foreign exchange earner in 2019 for Sri Lanka. The sector’s contribution and foreign exchange earnings have nearly doubled in four years from US$ 2.4 billion in 2014 to US$ 4.3 billion in 2018.', 'The sector’s contribution and foreign exchange earnings have nearly doubled in four years from US$ 2.4 billion in 2014 to US$ 4.3 billion in 2018. The number of tourists also grew over this period from 1.5 million to 2.3 million. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority estimated that the sector employs 250,000 people directly and up to 2 million, indirectly.51 Tourism in Sri Lanka has had several major setbacks including the Easter Sunday terrorist attacks in 2019 and the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020-2021. Investment in tourism-related enterprises/infrastructure and the government’s vision to grow tourism into its top foreign exchange earner will support the industry to recover from the current crisis.', 'Investment in tourism-related enterprises/infrastructure and the government’s vision to grow tourism into its top foreign exchange earner will support the industry to recover from the current crisis. However, post-Covid tourism development will need to give due recognition to climate risks such as rising temperatures, sea-level rise and increasing natural disasters. Tourism has been identified as one of the most important service sectors for earning foreign exchange in the current development policy framework, which sets a very ambitious target of USD 10 billion annual earnings from the sector by 2025. Further, it highlights the potential for catering to the growing health tourism sub-sector and community-based tourism.', 'Further, it highlights the potential for catering to the growing health tourism sub-sector and community-based tourism. The strategic positioning of Sri Lanka in the international tourism market is provided by the Tourism Strategic Plan 2017-2020 (currently being updated), and the new tourism policy which is under development. Sri Lanka’s next five-year tourism strategic plan and policy framework will incorporate the guiding principles spelt out in the Roadmap for Covid-19 recovery Putting People First: Building a More Resilient Tourism Sector in Sri Lanka and the Tourism Strategic Action Plan (2020-2022) developed by Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority for post-Covid tourism.', 'Sri Lanka’s next five-year tourism strategic plan and policy framework will incorporate the guiding principles spelt out in the Roadmap for Covid-19 recovery Putting People First: Building a More Resilient Tourism Sector in Sri Lanka and the Tourism Strategic Action Plan (2020-2022) developed by Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority for post-Covid tourism. Climate risks to the Tourism Sector: Global warming has already affected tourism, with anticipated increased risks projected even under 1.5°C of warming, and impacting seasonal tourism depending on sun and beach.', 'Climate risks to the Tourism Sector: Global warming has already affected tourism, with anticipated increased risks projected even under 1.5°C of warming, and impacting seasonal tourism depending on sun and beach. Risks for tourism activities in tropical and sub-tropical regions will increase due to heat extremes, storms, loss of beaches and degradation of coral reef resources.52 The majority of tourist destinations in Sri Lanka (approximately 60%) are in coastal areas where elevation is less than 2m from the sea-level. In addition, climate change impacts on the natural resources that tourism depends upon, such as inland water bodies, rivers, mountains, forests, marine biodiversity including coral reefs, are significant and already visible. Long droughts will impact visitation in wildlife parks and forest reserves.', 'Long droughts will impact visitation in wildlife parks and forest reserves. Meanwhile, due to warmer temperatures and heat stress, the sector vulnerability could be further increased. Furthermore, meeting water requirements for tourism establishments in drier destinations (north, north-west and east) will become increasingly challenging. Tourism establishments could face higher insurance costs against frequent disasters such as floods (Kalutara, Ratnapura, Kegalle, Batticaloa and Ampara districts) and landslides (Nuwara Eliya, Ratnapura, Kandy, Matale, Badulla districts). Therefore, the NDCs for the sector address building resilience of the sector to anticipated changes. Adaptation in the Tourism Sector: Tourism sector adaptation targets are presented under three NDCs (Table 5.1.9) covering sustainable tourism practices, sector risk reduction and resilience building measures incorporating the green building concept.', 'Adaptation in the Tourism Sector: Tourism sector adaptation targets are presented under three NDCs (Table 5.1.9) covering sustainable tourism practices, sector risk reduction and resilience building measures incorporating the green building concept. The NDCs for the tourism sector includes energy efficiency and green building, landscaping-related activities which will provide mitigation co-benefits but are not accounted for in the mitigation actions described in Chapter 4. 51Annual Statistical Report, 2019, Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, 2019.', '51Annual Statistical Report, 2019, Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority, 2019. 52 IPCC website, 5.1.9: NDCs in Tourism Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Build resilience through sustainable tourism practices and improved risk preparedness in destinations of high climate change vulnerability 1.1 Undertake studies to assess climate impacts on tourism, carrying capacity studies and identification of tourism facilities in areas that are vulnerable to climate change 1.2 Identification and promotion of adaptation measures in the above areas 1.3 Advocate diversified tourist attractions and products (e.g: Cultural, Adventure, Lifestyle, Festivals and Marine Tourism etc.)', '52 IPCC website, 5.1.9: NDCs in Tourism Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Target Year NDC 1 Build resilience through sustainable tourism practices and improved risk preparedness in destinations of high climate change vulnerability 1.1 Undertake studies to assess climate impacts on tourism, carrying capacity studies and identification of tourism facilities in areas that are vulnerable to climate change 1.2 Identification and promotion of adaptation measures in the above areas 1.3 Advocate diversified tourist attractions and products (e.g: Cultural, Adventure, Lifestyle, Festivals and Marine Tourism etc.) as alternatives to identified vulnerable destinations 1.4 Inclusion of guidelines/principles for sustainable tourism practices relevant to different stakeholders 1.5 Increased number of tourism establishments and destinations certified under the National Sustainable Tourism Certification Scheme by Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) in collaboration with Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) NDC 2 Introduce risk reduction and risk transfer mechanisms for climate-induced disasters affecting tourism 2.1 Strengthen early warning systems and capacity building in most vulnerable tourism destinations 2024 2.2 Implement coastal rehabilitation and protection measures together with Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) in critical areas 2.3 Expand development of coastal tourism zonal planning with CCD, Urban Development Authority (UDA) and SLTDA covering all vulnerable coastal areas 2.4 Develop climate inclusive insurance scheme for risk management in tourism 2025 NDC 3 Promote climate resilience in the tourism sector by introducing green building design to all new constructions and refurbishments 3.1 Review and update existing Green Building Guidelines (GBG) specific to tourism to include climate change and ecological aspects 3.2 Legalize GBG specific to tourism 2023 3.3 just Enforce the above guidelines for all new constructions and refurbishments in the tourism sector 2024 3.4 Initiate programmes for the Architects and Engineers responsible for designing tourism-related structures through their respective professional associations on the Green Building Codes on tourism 3.5 Dissemination of Green Building Code on tourism with planning committees of the relevant local authoritiesChapter 6: Loss and Damage NDCs Climate-related hazards pose a significant threat to Sri Lanka’s economic and social development.', 'as alternatives to identified vulnerable destinations 1.4 Inclusion of guidelines/principles for sustainable tourism practices relevant to different stakeholders 1.5 Increased number of tourism establishments and destinations certified under the National Sustainable Tourism Certification Scheme by Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA) in collaboration with Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC) NDC 2 Introduce risk reduction and risk transfer mechanisms for climate-induced disasters affecting tourism 2.1 Strengthen early warning systems and capacity building in most vulnerable tourism destinations 2024 2.2 Implement coastal rehabilitation and protection measures together with Coast Conservation Department (CCD) and Marine Environment Protection Authority (MEPA) in critical areas 2.3 Expand development of coastal tourism zonal planning with CCD, Urban Development Authority (UDA) and SLTDA covering all vulnerable coastal areas 2.4 Develop climate inclusive insurance scheme for risk management in tourism 2025 NDC 3 Promote climate resilience in the tourism sector by introducing green building design to all new constructions and refurbishments 3.1 Review and update existing Green Building Guidelines (GBG) specific to tourism to include climate change and ecological aspects 3.2 Legalize GBG specific to tourism 2023 3.3 just Enforce the above guidelines for all new constructions and refurbishments in the tourism sector 2024 3.4 Initiate programmes for the Architects and Engineers responsible for designing tourism-related structures through their respective professional associations on the Green Building Codes on tourism 3.5 Dissemination of Green Building Code on tourism with planning committees of the relevant local authoritiesChapter 6: Loss and Damage NDCs Climate-related hazards pose a significant threat to Sri Lanka’s economic and social development. The Global Climate Risk Index Report ranks Sri Lanka second among the countries most affected by extreme weather events in 2017, and one of ten countries most affected in 2018.', 'The Global Climate Risk Index Report ranks Sri Lanka second among the countries most affected by extreme weather events in 2017, and one of ten countries most affected in 2018. There were several large-scale disaster events in recent years such as severe droughts in 2011 and 2016, and major floods and landslides in 2011, 2014, 2016, and 2017. Extended drought and floods in 2016 and 2017 disrupted two rice cultivation cycles and affected over 2 million people according to government estimates, curtailing economic growth and causing food inflation53. The estimated damages and losses from the floods and landslides in May 2016 were over USD 473 million and in May 2017 it was estimated at USD 368 million54.', 'The estimated damages and losses from the floods and landslides in May 2016 were over USD 473 million and in May 2017 it was estimated at USD 368 million54. Reconstruction needs respectively were estimated at US$ 960 million and US$ 790 million. In 2017, the contingent liability of the government was LKR 23.8 billion (US$ 149 million) or approximately 1% of total government expenditure55. Historical data show an increasing trend in the frequency and severity of floods. Further, Sri Lanka needs to confront slow-onset climate hazards such as sea-level rise, salinization, desertification etc. which could lead to severe consequences such as lack of potable water, loss of agriculture and food production, loss of biodiversity and habitats.', 'which could lead to severe consequences such as lack of potable water, loss of agriculture and food production, loss of biodiversity and habitats. World Bank study on South Asia’s Hotspots56 estimated that 87% of Sri Lanka’s population lives in moderate or severe hotspots. It is reported that, there were 64 extreme weather events over the period from 2000 to 2015. By 2050, potential impacts due to climate change are foreseen to be approximately a 1.2 % loss of annual GDP. It is estimated that the government could be facing US$380 million losses each year from climate-related disasters. If infrequent disasters such as cyclones or severe floods occur, this will be much larger.', 'If infrequent disasters such as cyclones or severe floods occur, this will be much larger. Further, it is estimated that Sri Lanka could face housing/roads/ losses and relief needs related to natural disasters of more than SL Rs 237 billion (US$ 1.8 billion) once every 100 years. This is equivalent to 2.4% of GDP and 14.2% of total government expenditures, taken as the total 2013 estimated expenditure figure57. These estimates do not include long term losses related to economic displacement, effects on levels of poverty, social security, implications on health, education, gender and other social issues. Further, eroding of natural assets, watersheds, cultural monuments, tourism hotspots/ beaches etc., have not been accounted for in these calculations.', 'Further, eroding of natural assets, watersheds, cultural monuments, tourism hotspots/ beaches etc., have not been accounted for in these calculations. Loss and Damage revisions in 2020 The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) revision process is an opportunity to draw attention to the national relevance of averting, minimizing, and addressing disaster losses and damages. These revisions are built around recent work on understanding disaster losses and damages that include: - Disaster Information Management System - DesInventar Database ( ) contains historical information on losses from natural and man-made disasters in Sri Lanka since 1974. Work is in progress to develop an online sector-wise loss and damage (L&D) reporting system by the Disaster Management Centre supported by the World Bank.', 'Work is in progress to develop an online sector-wise loss and damage (L&D) reporting system by the Disaster Management Centre supported by the World Bank. - Ongoing projects such as the Climate Resilience Multiphase Programmatic Approach supported by the World Bank. The project components include forecasting and early warning of high impact 53 International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka: Third Review Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criterion.', 'The project components include forecasting and early warning of high impact 53 International Monetary Fund, Sri Lanka: Third Review Under the Extended Fund Facility and Request for Modification of Performance Criterion. Washington, DC.2018 quoted in: Asian Development Bank, The Enabling Environment for Disaster Risk Financing in Sri Lanka, ADB Country Diagnostics Assessment February 2019 54 Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs, Ministry of Disaster Management, Post Disaster Recovery Plan Sri Lanka floods and 55 World Bank, Contingent Liabilities from Natural Disasters Sri Lanka, 2018 56 World Bank, South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards.', 'Washington, DC.2018 quoted in: Asian Development Bank, The Enabling Environment for Disaster Risk Financing in Sri Lanka, ADB Country Diagnostics Assessment February 2019 54 Ministry of National Policies and Economic Affairs, Ministry of Disaster Management, Post Disaster Recovery Plan Sri Lanka floods and 55 World Bank, Contingent Liabilities from Natural Disasters Sri Lanka, 2018 56 World Bank, South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards. South Asia Development Matters (2018) 57 Word Bank, Fiscal disaster risk assessment and risk financing options (2016)weather, floods, and landslides; upgrading and expanding the hydrological and meteorological observation networks to ensure that these networks are well functioning and interoperable.', 'South Asia Development Matters (2018) 57 Word Bank, Fiscal disaster risk assessment and risk financing options (2016)weather, floods, and landslides; upgrading and expanding the hydrological and meteorological observation networks to ensure that these networks are well functioning and interoperable. - ‘Improving Meteorological Observation, Weather Forecasting & Dissemination Project’ supported by JICA was initiated in 2014 to provide equipment and training to the Department of Meteorology aiming at the build-up of reliable observation and forecast techniques for extreme weather phenomena (heavy rain, strong wind, thunder, etc.) and proper dissemination of information on weather in a user-friendly manner.', 'and proper dissemination of information on weather in a user-friendly manner. - Post Disaster Needs Assessments conducted following floods and landslides in 2016 and 2017 assessed the damages and losses that occurred in the social, productive, infrastructure sectors and the implications related to cross-cutting issues. Further, key development sector professionals have been trained by the UNDP in 2017 on conducting damage and loss assessment as part of the Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) methodology. The recommended approach for managing climate-related L&D is to take a comprehensive approach similar to the framework for managing climate and disaster risk (Figure 6.1) that builds on the current technical investments and operational framework for disaster risk management.', 'The recommended approach for managing climate-related L&D is to take a comprehensive approach similar to the framework for managing climate and disaster risk (Figure 6.1) that builds on the current technical investments and operational framework for disaster risk management. Understanding the full spectrum of risk, and future damage and losses due to climate change require a broader process and greater data availability. However, Sri Lanka will base its current NDCs (2021-2030) on institutional and coordination mechanisms that operationalizes the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) and the Warsaw International Mechanism.', 'However, Sri Lanka will base its current NDCs (2021-2030) on institutional and coordination mechanisms that operationalizes the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030) and the Warsaw International Mechanism. This includes a comprehensive understanding of risks associated with hydro-meteorological disasters aggravated by climate change, natural processes impacted by climate change contributing to new hazards and disasters, a strong data collection and reporting system, capacities for forecasting and early warning, risk mitigation and risk transfer mechanisms to inform and enable risk-informed national and local development planning and investments. The updated loss and damage NDCs are presented in Table 6.1. Figure 6.1: An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk (World Bank, 2013)58 58 World Bank, Building Resilience: Integrating climate and disaster risk into development.', 'Figure 6.1: An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk (World Bank, 2013)58 58 World Bank, Building Resilience: Integrating climate and disaster risk into development. Lessons from World Bank Group experience, An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk Risk Reduction Avoided creation of new risks and reduced risks in society through greater disaster and climate risk consideration in policy and investment Preparedness Improved capacity to manage crises through developing forecasting, early warning and contingency plans.', 'Lessons from World Bank Group experience, An operational framework for managing climate and disaster risk Risk Reduction Avoided creation of new risks and reduced risks in society through greater disaster and climate risk consideration in policy and investment Preparedness Improved capacity to manage crises through developing forecasting, early warning and contingency plans. Financial Protection Increased financial resilience of governments, private sector and households through financial protection strategies Resilient Reconstruction Quicker, more resilient recovery through support for reconstruction planning Risk identification Improved identification and understanding of disaster and climate risks through building capacity for assessments and analysisTable 6.1:NDCs in Loss & Damage Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Conduct a gap analysis to assess the current status and understanding of L&D: This includes weather and climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change.', 'Financial Protection Increased financial resilience of governments, private sector and households through financial protection strategies Resilient Reconstruction Quicker, more resilient recovery through support for reconstruction planning Risk identification Improved identification and understanding of disaster and climate risks through building capacity for assessments and analysisTable 6.1:NDCs in Loss & Damage Sector NDC # NDCs and Actions Timeline NDC 1 Conduct a gap analysis to assess the current status and understanding of L&D: This includes weather and climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change. The analysis would cover; i) awareness and capacity on L&D; ii) data collection and analysis; iii) policy, institutional arrangements and mandates.', 'The analysis would cover; i) awareness and capacity on L&D; ii) data collection and analysis; iii) policy, institutional arrangements and mandates. NDC 2 Strengthen the existing weather and climate forecasting system: i) to improve early warning and user services; ii) to improve capabilities to predict and record damages and losses for weather and climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change; iii) to determine losses and damages attributable to climate change.', 'NDC 2 Strengthen the existing weather and climate forecasting system: i) to improve early warning and user services; ii) to improve capabilities to predict and record damages and losses for weather and climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change; iii) to determine losses and damages attributable to climate change. NDC 3 Improve data management systems to record losses and damages per sector: This involves taking 2015 as the base year, to assess and quantify both economic and non-economic losses and to inform disaster and climate risk management strategies and incorporate into national development planning process NDC 4 Establish an overarching, nationally appropriate, functional institutional mechanism for L&D in line with the ‘Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage’ (based on the Gap analysis – NDC 1).', 'NDC 3 Improve data management systems to record losses and damages per sector: This involves taking 2015 as the base year, to assess and quantify both economic and non-economic losses and to inform disaster and climate risk management strategies and incorporate into national development planning process NDC 4 Establish an overarching, nationally appropriate, functional institutional mechanism for L&D in line with the ‘Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage’ (based on the Gap analysis – NDC 1). This institutional mechanism will have the mandate to coordinate with multiple sector entities, in addition to monitoring functions, it will have financial and budgetary authority NDC 5 Develop a Comprehensive Risk Management Framework founded on the provisions of the 2005 Disaster Management Act but expanded to include the entire spectrum of climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change and anticipated future losses and damage.', 'This institutional mechanism will have the mandate to coordinate with multiple sector entities, in addition to monitoring functions, it will have financial and budgetary authority NDC 5 Develop a Comprehensive Risk Management Framework founded on the provisions of the 2005 Disaster Management Act but expanded to include the entire spectrum of climate-related extreme events, slow-onset disasters and natural processes attributed to climate change and anticipated future losses and damage. This will support mainstreaming of disaster management strategies/ adaptation plans implemented nationally and locally by all relevant sectoral agencies i) as a basis to minimize L&D; ii) to enable and ensure development investments are risk-sensitive and to recover residual L&D by incorporating appropriate mechanisms for risk transfer (Social protection, Risk retention, economic options such as insurance, contingency/emergency funds).Chapter 7: Integrating Sustainable Development Goals and Gender to the NDCs The NDC revision process provided an opportunity to closely examine the alignment of proposed climate actions with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets, and to analyze the gender dimensions of mitigation and adaptation priorities.', 'This will support mainstreaming of disaster management strategies/ adaptation plans implemented nationally and locally by all relevant sectoral agencies i) as a basis to minimize L&D; ii) to enable and ensure development investments are risk-sensitive and to recover residual L&D by incorporating appropriate mechanisms for risk transfer (Social protection, Risk retention, economic options such as insurance, contingency/emergency funds).Chapter 7: Integrating Sustainable Development Goals and Gender to the NDCs The NDC revision process provided an opportunity to closely examine the alignment of proposed climate actions with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their targets, and to analyze the gender dimensions of mitigation and adaptation priorities. The Paris Agreement calls for gender equality and women’s empowerment and urge member states to adopt gender-responsive approaches.', 'The Paris Agreement calls for gender equality and women’s empowerment and urge member states to adopt gender-responsive approaches. The UNFCCC’s Gender Action Plan recommends gender mainstreaming in all climate change processes. Sri Lanka’s NDC review process, therefore, presented an opportunity to analyse gender disparities from a national development context, to narrow down existing disparities and identify ways to realize the optimum potential of men and women through climate action. The NDCs also provide a means to benefit from the knowledge and capabilities, specifically of Sri Lanka’s educated and literate female population, when implementing mitigation and adaptation measures.', 'The NDCs also provide a means to benefit from the knowledge and capabilities, specifically of Sri Lanka’s educated and literate female population, when implementing mitigation and adaptation measures. Further, gender-responsive planning and implementation of NDCs ensure that climate actions do not contribute to creating or widening gender disparities, and that they contribute to achieving the national gender equality goals and commitments. The government of Sri Lanka has advanced its policy commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment. The National Development Policy Framework Vistas of Prosperity and Splendor aspires women to be economically and socially empowered and specifies strategies that recognize and enable women’s contribution to the economy and society. The NDCs provide a vehicle to support these national policy commitments on gender equality.', 'The NDCs provide a vehicle to support these national policy commitments on gender equality. Analysis conducted during the NDC revision process, proposes a multi-step approach to integrate gender into 10-year NDC implementation plans by sector. This includes sector-specific gender analysis where needed, developing gender-responsive actions, improving capacities to engage women in planning and monitoring of NDCs and allocating budgets/resources for gender-responsive actions (Figure.7.1). Figure 7. 1: Approach to gender responsive implementationNDC-SDG Interlinkages Sri Lanka achieved many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ahead of time. The country was signatory to the new global development agenda in 2015 committing to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and targets therein by 2030.', 'The country was signatory to the new global development agenda in 2015 committing to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and targets therein by 2030. Sri Lanka has instituted a number of mechanisms to support the coordination and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030) presented at the United Nations General Assembly 2015. In 2017, the Parliament passed the SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ACT, No. 19 OF 2017 which established a High-Level Sustainable Development Council headed by the Secretary to the Executive President and constitutes membership from academia, civil society and provincial councils. The National Policy and Strategy for Sustainable Development is available in draft form and the Department of Census and Statistics has measured Sri Lanka’s progress against SDG indicators with available data in 201859.', 'The National Policy and Strategy for Sustainable Development is available in draft form and the Department of Census and Statistics has measured Sri Lanka’s progress against SDG indicators with available data in 201859. Sri Lanka presented a voluntary national review to the High-Level Policy Forum on SDGs in 2018. The National Policy and Strategy for Sustainable Development adopts several policy targets around climate change that include, building greater resilience to climate-induced hazards and integrating climate change into national strategies, plans and programmes. Accessing climate finance, increased awareness and focusing on vulnerable groups such as women, children etc., are also mentioned as policy priorities.', 'Accessing climate finance, increased awareness and focusing on vulnerable groups such as women, children etc., are also mentioned as policy priorities. In 2018, a study of which factors would accelerate the pace of SDG achievement in Sri Lanka, found climate change integration into development planning to be among the top ten such ‘accelerators’.60 It transpired through this study that integrating climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning (SDG target 13.2) and ensuring sustainable food production systems and implement resilient agricultural practices (SDG Target 2.4) were among the ten most important development accelerators for Sri Lanka. During the NDC revision process alignment of the proposed climate actions with the SDG framework of 17 goals and 169 targets was reviewed.', 'During the NDC revision process alignment of the proposed climate actions with the SDG framework of 17 goals and 169 targets was reviewed. A more detailed review was undertaken for mitigation targets proposed in these NDCs to determine if these actions negatively impact SDG achievement. The analysis used the SDG Climate Action Nexus tool (SCAN-tool).61 The analysis found over 270 interlinkages with the majority being positive interactions complementing the SDG targets. Strong positive interlinkages were observed on SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure) and SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) whereas some trade-offs or mixed interactions were observed on SDG 1 (no poverty), and SDG 15 (life on land).', 'Strong positive interlinkages were observed on SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth), SDG 9 (industry, innovation and infrastructure) and SDG 11 (sustainable cities and communities) whereas some trade-offs or mixed interactions were observed on SDG 1 (no poverty), and SDG 15 (life on land). Agriculture sector NDC actions have numerous synergies and interlinkages to most SDGs except for SDG 1 and SDG 15. Transport sector actions indicate a few trade-offs for SDG 6, 14 and 15. Nevertheless, the sector has a large number of complementing activities to SGDs.', 'Nevertheless, the sector has a large number of complementing activities to SGDs. Even though a significant contribution of the power (electricity) sector’s NDC actions can be expected for many SDGs, some trade-offs on SDG 1,2 3, 6 and 14 are observed, indicating that renewable energy proliferation may have impacts on agriculture and water. It is important to understand negative co- relations and institute necessary safeguard mechanisms during implementation. Industry, forestry, and waste NDC actions are mostly synergistic with SDGs. 59 Department of Census and Statistics 2018 60 Understanding SDG interactions in Sri Lanka: initial results from network analysis.', '59 Department of Census and Statistics 2018 60 Understanding SDG interactions in Sri Lanka: initial results from network analysis. Stockholm Environmental Institute and UNDP 2019 (unpublished)Figure 7.2: Summarized interactions between main sectors and their mitigation actions and SDGs Colour chart depicting colour codes for the different level of NDC-SDG interlinks Colour Interlink Strong interlinks, and all positive aspects complementary to SDGs Strong interlinks and synergies and active contributions to SGDs though a few trade-offs 50-75% Moderate contribution to SDGs/SDG targets Trade-off outweigh synergies, and has some negative impacts Mostly negative or trade-offs, and may have a negative impact on SDG targets No Interlink In this document, development co-benefits of adaptation NDCs are descriptively tagged with corresponding SDG targets (see table 7.1 below) to demonstrate direct positive correlations and possible trade-offs.', 'Stockholm Environmental Institute and UNDP 2019 (unpublished)Figure 7.2: Summarized interactions between main sectors and their mitigation actions and SDGs Colour chart depicting colour codes for the different level of NDC-SDG interlinks Colour Interlink Strong interlinks, and all positive aspects complementary to SDGs Strong interlinks and synergies and active contributions to SGDs though a few trade-offs 50-75% Moderate contribution to SDGs/SDG targets Trade-off outweigh synergies, and has some negative impacts Mostly negative or trade-offs, and may have a negative impact on SDG targets No Interlink In this document, development co-benefits of adaptation NDCs are descriptively tagged with corresponding SDG targets (see table 7.1 below) to demonstrate direct positive correlations and possible trade-offs. In general, all adaptation NDCs respond to targets on understanding vulnerability and improving resilience under Goal 13 on climate action.', 'In general, all adaptation NDCs respond to targets on understanding vulnerability and improving resilience under Goal 13 on climate action. Another SDG target that positively correlates to a number of NDC actions is Target 1.5 on reducing death and damages from extreme weather events and promoting the resilience of vulnerable people. Sectoral adaptation measures, generally, align with targets under sector-specific SDGs. This is strongly observed in NDCs for Agriculture, Health, Biodiversity, Coastal, Fishes, Urban Settlements and Water. There are areas, where SDG achievement may exacerbate climate vulnerability or impact climate action. SDGs emphasize continued economic growth and development prioritizing food security, incomes, water and sanitation facilities, housing, energy and industrial growth.', 'SDGs emphasize continued economic growth and development prioritizing food security, incomes, water and sanitation facilities, housing, energy and industrial growth. Achieving these development goals could well compromise long term resilience, especially of fragile eco-systems (coastal, forests and watersheds) and expose more communities to climate hazards in the future. The country’s National Sustainable Development Policy, therefore, underscores the need for climate-resilient and risk-incorporated development investments. Small number of Interlinks: 1 Large number ofTable 7.1: Linkages between SDGs and adaptation NDCs NDC Sector Corresponding SDGs (+) All adaptation NDCs Agriculture Biodiversity Coastal Fisheries Health Livestock Water & Irrigation Urban TourismChapter 8: Means of Implementation To fully implement the climate actions contained in these NDCs, Sri Lanka will require finance, technology transfer and capacity building in line with Article 4 of the UNFCCC and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Small number of Interlinks: 1 Large number ofTable 7.1: Linkages between SDGs and adaptation NDCs NDC Sector Corresponding SDGs (+) All adaptation NDCs Agriculture Biodiversity Coastal Fisheries Health Livestock Water & Irrigation Urban TourismChapter 8: Means of Implementation To fully implement the climate actions contained in these NDCs, Sri Lanka will require finance, technology transfer and capacity building in line with Article 4 of the UNFCCC and Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the Paris Agreement. These articles are explicit on supporting developing countries to implement climate change actions and increasing mitigation ambition, considering ‘the common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances’.', 'These articles are explicit on supporting developing countries to implement climate change actions and increasing mitigation ambition, considering ‘the common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances’. Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically states that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions.” While Sri Lanka presents increased mitigation ambition in this Nationally Determined Contribution, and seeks international support to realise this ambition, the country more urgently requires support for adaptation and reducing losses and damages from climate-induced disasters.', 'Paragraph 5 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement specifically states that “support shall be provided to developing country Parties for the implementation of this Article, in accordance with Articles 9, 10 and 11, recognizing that enhanced support for developing country Parties will allow for higher ambition in their actions.” While Sri Lanka presents increased mitigation ambition in this Nationally Determined Contribution, and seeks international support to realise this ambition, the country more urgently requires support for adaptation and reducing losses and damages from climate-induced disasters. This includes adaptation in agriculture, food production, water for drinking and irrigation, health and human settlements, biodiversity, and coastal protection. Improved climate forecasting, climate risk communication and early warning and comprehensive risk management framework is especially important for a country facing multiple climate hazards.', 'Improved climate forecasting, climate risk communication and early warning and comprehensive risk management framework is especially important for a country facing multiple climate hazards. Finance: Finance is a crucial factor in achieving the more ambitious targets. The Sri Lankan government commits public finances to support certain climate actions which are aligned with national development priorities. However, to increase ambition beyond this, the country requires external financial assistance. As a developing country that is highly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change, enhanced finance for adaptation and low-carbon development are prerequisites to achieving the targets set out in this document. As part of the NDC revision process, extensive analysis and consultations are being undertaken to produce cost estimates for conditional and unconditional mitigation measures through 2021 and 2030.', 'As part of the NDC revision process, extensive analysis and consultations are being undertaken to produce cost estimates for conditional and unconditional mitigation measures through 2021 and 2030. To meet its conditional contribution, Sri Lanka needs to mobilize substantial climate finance from mechanisms set up by the UNFCCC, the Paris Agreement and leverage bi-lateral agreements for low- carbon development. Sri Lanka’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) will be updated with the Green Climate Fund (GCF) supported NAP Readiness Project which will develop a long-term pipeline of adaptation priorities for technical and financial assistance. Technology: Sri Lanka requires access to innovative adaptation technologies to build resilience; and requires mitigation-related technology transfer to enable the country to leapfrog the fossil fuel dependent technologies and steer the country towards a low-carbon economy.', 'Technology: Sri Lanka requires access to innovative adaptation technologies to build resilience; and requires mitigation-related technology transfer to enable the country to leapfrog the fossil fuel dependent technologies and steer the country towards a low-carbon economy. The NDCs can be attained with the right mix of access, affordability and scale/mix of technologies pertaining to climate smart agriculture, modern crop management methods, climate forecasting and early warning, water and irrigation conveyance, climate-smart cities and tourism infrastructure, energy generation (new renewable energy technologies) and energy storage facilities, low carbon transport and urban infrastructure, coastal resilience improvement and cutting edge agro-technology. NDC implementation and monitoring plans will outline the technology availability and needs for each NDC.', 'NDC implementation and monitoring plans will outline the technology availability and needs for each NDC. Enabling the transfer of appropriate, cost-effective, and modern technology is vital to achieving low carbon development and resilience building in vulnerable countries such as Sri Lanka. Capacity Building: It is critical that the Paris Agreement’s capacity-building provisions are implemented successfully to enable developing countries to better implement and monitor NDCs.Additional technology transfer and capacity building are required to fully implement Sri Lanka’s mitigation and adaptation contributions.', 'Capacity Building: It is critical that the Paris Agreement’s capacity-building provisions are implemented successfully to enable developing countries to better implement and monitor NDCs.Additional technology transfer and capacity building are required to fully implement Sri Lanka’s mitigation and adaptation contributions. Some specific national needs include: Generic capacity-building needs to deliver the NDCs include: • Institutional development and strengthening, especially for overall coordination, monitoring and reporting; • Developing human resources through education, training, and research; • Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; • Web-based tools/ICT applications/online courses to improve technical understanding and new knowledge.', 'Some specific national needs include: Generic capacity-building needs to deliver the NDCs include: • Institutional development and strengthening, especially for overall coordination, monitoring and reporting; • Developing human resources through education, training, and research; • Networking, partnerships, and sharing of experiences across sectors and beyond; • Web-based tools/ICT applications/online courses to improve technical understanding and new knowledge. Table 8.1: Some urgent capacity needs to implement mitigation & adaptation actions Capacity needs for mitigation actions Capacity needs for adaptation actions Industry knowledge and applications on off-shore wind resource development, SMART grid, energy storage including pumped hydro technology, tri-generation, modern transport sector infrastructure developments such as LRT, BRT systems, circular economy practices, eco-industry park concepts, Design for Sustainability (D4S), Life Cycle Approach (LCA), circular economy, and digital economy, precision agriculture and mechanization, value addition and modern recycling technologies, advance composting and waste thermal treatment (e.g pyrolysis technology for energy recovery), Land-fill Gas technology, and centralized sewage treatment etc.', 'Table 8.1: Some urgent capacity needs to implement mitigation & adaptation actions Capacity needs for mitigation actions Capacity needs for adaptation actions Industry knowledge and applications on off-shore wind resource development, SMART grid, energy storage including pumped hydro technology, tri-generation, modern transport sector infrastructure developments such as LRT, BRT systems, circular economy practices, eco-industry park concepts, Design for Sustainability (D4S), Life Cycle Approach (LCA), circular economy, and digital economy, precision agriculture and mechanization, value addition and modern recycling technologies, advance composting and waste thermal treatment (e.g pyrolysis technology for energy recovery), Land-fill Gas technology, and centralized sewage treatment etc. Developing climate forecasting and early warning systems, vulnerability analysis and adapting development investments for climate resilience, establish baselines, climate data gathering and monitoring for adaptive actions.', 'Developing climate forecasting and early warning systems, vulnerability analysis and adapting development investments for climate resilience, establish baselines, climate data gathering and monitoring for adaptive actions. Baseline assessments, certification, and standard settings: eco- certification system, minimum performance and energy efficiency labelling programmes, green building & Building Management System (BMS), site-specific designing and planning for eco-industrial parks including baseline assessments, fuel economy labelling, transport sector baseline settings, MRVing of most technology- applications. Establish sectoral databases, determine baselines, building climate information systems, establish long term monitoring plots for identifying climate- driven ecosystem changes, capacity building in the public health system in addressing climate change influenced diseases and health conditions.', 'Establish sectoral databases, determine baselines, building climate information systems, establish long term monitoring plots for identifying climate- driven ecosystem changes, capacity building in the public health system in addressing climate change influenced diseases and health conditions. R&D and knowledge transfer: vehicle performance and fuel economy labelling, energy efficiency testing of appliances, energy storage (grid and behind the meter), renewable energy resource development activities, precision agriculture, genetic improvement of herds/breeds of livestock and monogastric. Research and development of new crop cultivars, enhanced productivity and agrotechnology, climate- resilient urban and coastal development, nature-based solutions for climate hazards, conservation of land and sea biodiversity etc. Capacity building is also required to access climate finance through national institutions and the private sector.', 'Capacity building is also required to access climate finance through national institutions and the private sector. Private sector capacity building to develop innovative proposals on climate risk management and increasing capabilities within government and non-governmental organisations in Sri Lanka to design, cost, review and monitor climate actions leading to greater resilience is essential. Developing core capacities within the governance structure detailed below to support climate change-related awareness and communication; appraise projects, collect and disseminate data, monitor NDC-related progress and effectively communicate country-specific information, data and needs to international forums is urgently required. Capacity development relating to data generation and data management is essential for all sectors implementing mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage related actions.', 'Capacity development relating to data generation and data management is essential for all sectors implementing mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage related actions. The lack of adequately refined timely and standardized data hinders development planning and execution in general. Baselines. Recent climate and disaster- related assessments62 demonstrate a lack of data on key indices to 62 Third National Communication 2020; Post Disaster Needs Assessment 2016determine losses and damages, vulnerability and adaptation capacity, sensitivity to climatic parameters etc. There is significant scope to build capacity across sectors in Measuring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of climate change actions and Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems that support mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage sectors. This is critical to deliver the 10-year NDC implementation and monitoring plans effectively and efficiently.', 'This is critical to deliver the 10-year NDC implementation and monitoring plans effectively and efficiently. Robust MRV systems will enhance investor confidence and improve resource mobilization opportunities. Some of the capacity needs specific to MRV/ M&E systems and resource mobilization include; • Developing local climate vulnerability/resilience assessments using data and analytical tools; • Tools and analysis to differentiate between business-as-usual development scenarios vs climate change impacts and forecasted impacts; • BAU emissions scenario and potential GHG emission reduction pathways for some mitigation sectors and mitigation actions; • Putting in place procedures to facilitate data availability to measure the impact (to measure change through time). The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for ongoing engagement in climate actions in each sector.', 'The consultations undertaken through the NDC revision process have created momentum for ongoing engagement in climate actions in each sector. It is important to recognize that technical knowledge resides with national experts and sector specialists. Any capacity building and effective application of technology for mainstreaming climate change must draw from the in-country experience and facilitate cross learning between climate change experts and subject matter experts from sectors. Building on the momentum created through the NDC revision process, it is important that sector specialists are enabled to guide the mainstreaming of climate actions (NDCs) into sectoral plans and strategies. Implementation Mechanism Sri Lanka has taken several steps to strengthen the country’s readiness to face climate change.', 'Implementation Mechanism Sri Lanka has taken several steps to strengthen the country’s readiness to face climate change. The Climate Change Policy of Sri Lanka (2012) provides the overarching framework that guides country priorities. In order to support NDC implementation and monitoring and to support the mainstreaming of climate actions into sectoral plans, Sri Lanka prepared a Readiness Plan 2016-2019 to identify and meet the pre-requirements for NDC implementation. The implementation and monitoring of the revised NDCs presented in this document will be supported through the below institutional framework (Figure 8.1), which builds on the experience of the Readiness Plan. This institutional architecture will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment as the national focal point for the UNFCCC.', 'This institutional architecture will be coordinated by the Ministry of Environment as the national focal point for the UNFCCC. 1) National Steering Committee for NDC Implementation The Government of Sri Lanka will establish an inter-agency National Steering Committee (NSC) chaired by the Secretary, Ministry of Environment to oversee the implementation of NDCs. The NSC will have representation from secretaries of line ministries in charge of NDC sectors. Further, the NSC will have representation from and closely coordinate with the Ministry of Finance, National Planning Department, Department of Fiscal Policy, National Council for Sustainable Development. The National Steering Committee will be responsible to oversee the implementation of NDCs in their intended manner, with adequate inter-agency cooperation on actions that require collaboration between multiple agencies.', 'The National Steering Committee will be responsible to oversee the implementation of NDCs in their intended manner, with adequate inter-agency cooperation on actions that require collaboration between multiple agencies. The NSC will further ensure policy coherence at the highest level, prevent duplication of efforts, present practical solutions to implementation barriers, monitor overall progress against timelines. From a national development perspective, it is important to consider synergies anddevelopment co-benefits between climate action and other sustainable development goals – including gender equality and women’s empowerment. These are identified as preconditions for successful implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs63.', 'These are identified as preconditions for successful implementation of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of the SDGs63. Therefore, the NSC will ensure safeguards are in place for actions that may compromise SDG achievements, and liaise with the National SDG Council to report back on climate-related SDGs. 2) Ministry of Environment & Climate Change Secretariat The Ministry of Environment is the national focal point for the UNFCCC. In 2008, the Climate Change Secretariat (CCS) was established as a dedicated division under this ministry. The CCS has since then instituted National Experts Committees (NECs) on Climate Change mitigation and adaptation, and an Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change.', 'The CCS has since then instituted National Experts Committees (NECs) on Climate Change mitigation and adaptation, and an Inter-Agency Committee on Climate Change. The CCS was established to support the Ministry of Environment’s role as the national focal point to UNFCCC and climate funds (Green Climate Fund and Adaptation Fund, etc.) and is tasked with developing national GHG inventories, supporting technology transfer to adaptation and mitigation sectors, facilitate the implementation of GHG reduction and resilience building actions, climate data and knowledge repository and dissemination. The CCS also develops regular communications to the convention and the Paris Agreement. Within this institutional structure, CCS will function as the facilitator, coordinator and communicator supporting implementation and monitoring of climate action.', 'Within this institutional structure, CCS will function as the facilitator, coordinator and communicator supporting implementation and monitoring of climate action. 3) Sectoral Planning and Monitoring Committees Each NDC sector will have a Planning and Monitoring Committee (PMC). These PMCs will include the relevant heads of the departments and/or institutions. The 10-year NDC implementation and monitoring plans will be supported by the above PMCs, and these plans will be fully integrated into the development plans currently being developed for each sector/line ministry covering the period 2021- 2025/ 2030. Integration of climate actions into the regular planning framework of all sectors above, will ensure that the NDCs are prioritised for domestic/public financing or international donor assistance.', 'Integration of climate actions into the regular planning framework of all sectors above, will ensure that the NDCs are prioritised for domestic/public financing or international donor assistance. Each sectoral PMC will be headed by the Secretary of the lead ministry and be tasked with executing h the NDC implementation plans with support from the government and private sector. Each PMC should make a detailed assessment of financial, technical, and capacity requirements for NDC implementation and ensure that these needs are communicated to the NSC and CCS. The Sectoral PMC is also expected to keep records of implementation bottlenecks and ensure safeguards are in place for climate actions that could compromise sustainable development.', 'The Sectoral PMC is also expected to keep records of implementation bottlenecks and ensure safeguards are in place for climate actions that could compromise sustainable development. Figure 8.1: Institutional architecture for climate response 63 UN Women, Leveraging Co-Benefits Between Gender Equality and Climate Action for Sustainable Development, Mainstreaming Gender Considerations in Climate Change projects, 2016Acronyms ADB - Asian Development Bank AER - Agro-Ecological Regions BAU - Business as Usual Scenario BMS – Building Managing System BRT - Bus Rapid Transit BRT - Bus Rapid Transport BtM - Behind-the-meter CCC - Climate Change Secretariat CCD - Department of Coast Conservation and Coastal Resource Management CO2 - Carbon dioxide COP26 - 26th Conference of Parties CSA – Climate-Smart Agriculture DAD – Department of Agrarian Development DoI – Department of Irrigation DRM - Disaster Risk Management DRR - Disaster Risk Reduction DSM - Demand Side Management DWC - Department of Wildlife Conservation EAFM - Ecosystem-based Approach to Fisheries Management EEI&C - Efficiency Improvement and Conservation Programme EST - Environmentally Sustainable Transport FD - Department of Forest Conservation FMA - Fishery Management Areas GBG - Green Building Guidelines GCF - Green Climate GDP - Gross Domestic Production GFDRR- Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GHG - Greenhouse Gas GSTC - Global Sustainable Tourism Council GWh - Gigawatt hours HEM - High-Efficiency Motors HHAP - Heat – Health Action Plan IAS - Invasive Alien Species ICAT - Initiative for Climate Action Transparency ICT - Information Communication Technology IP - Industrial Parks IPM - Integrated Pest Management IPNS - Integrated Plant and Nutrition SystemsIPPU - Industrial Process and Product Use IRBM - Integrated River Basin Management ISO - International Organization for Standardization L&D - Loss and Damage LA - Local Authorities LCA -Life-cycle assessment LED - Light-emitting diode LKR - Sri Lankan Rupee LNG - Liquified Natural Gas LRT - Light rail transit M&E - Monitoring and Evaluation MASL - Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka MC - Municipal Council MDGs - Millennium Development Goals MoE - Ministry of Environment MoH - Ministry of Health MRV - Measuring, Reporting, and Verification MSL - Mean Sea Level MSW - Municipal Solid Waste MT - Metric Tons MW - Megawatt NAMA - Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP - the National Adaptation Plan NaPID - National Policy for Industrial Development NAQDA- National Aquaculture Development Authority NCD - Non-Communicable Diseases NDC- Nationally Determined Contributions NEC - National Experts Committees NG - Natural Gas NGRS - National Green Reporting System NHSPEC - the National Strategic Plan for Health, Environment and Climate Change NPP - National Physical Plan NRW - Non-revenue Water NSC - National Steering Committee OAP - Overarching Agriculture Policy PA - Protected Areas PDNA - Post Disaster Needs Assessment PDoL- Provincial Department of Irrigation PES - Payment for Ecosystem PMC - Planning and Monitoring CommitteeR&D - Research & Development RECP – Resource Efficient Cleaner Production SDG - Sustainable Development Goals SL GAP - Sri Lanka Good Agriculture Practices SLR - Sri Lanka Railway SLTDA - Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority SMART - Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Timely STEM - Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics TC – Technical Committee THI - Temperature Humidity Index TNC - Third National Communication ToU - Time of Use TROF - Trees Outside Forests UC - Urban Council UDA - Urban Development Authority UN - United Nations UNDP - United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD - U.S. Dollar VFD - Variable Frequency Drives WMAWP - Waste Management Authority of Western Province WP - Western Province'] | en-US |
312 | SDN | Sudan | 1st NDC | 2017-08-02 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-10/Sudan%20Updated%20First%20NDC-12102021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 22.572476 | 10.490038 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a5352b1bee56060fd5e72f1ef5d901ba238533a625301c3827df1ffda9688773.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN First Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement Updated October 2021i Table of contents LIST OF TABLES II LIST OF ACRONYMS III 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES . 1 3. MITIGATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC 4 3.1. APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS 4 3.2. METHODOLOGICAL BASIS . 4 3.3. EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS FOR 2030 . 5 4. ADAPTATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC . 13 4.1. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES, INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS 13 4.2. IMPACTS, RISKS AND VULNERABILITIES . 14 4.3. NATIONAL ADAPTATION PRIORITIES, STRATEGIES, POLICIES, PLANS, GOALS AND ACTIONS 21 4.4. IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT NEEDS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRY PARTIES 21 4.5. IMPLEMENTATION OF ADAPTATION ACTIONS AND PLANS . 22 5. SUPPORT NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS . 25 6.', 'SUPPORT NEEDED TO IMPLEMENT MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS . 25 6. MRV SYSTEMS IN PLACE TO TRACK MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS. 25ii List of tables Page Table 3-1: Summary of Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets. 5 Table 3-2: Details underlying Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets . 5 Table 3-3: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs . 7 Table 4-1: Sudan’s adaptation priorities. 16 Table 5-1: Summary of Sudan’s financial support needs for its mitigation and adaptation contributions 25 Table 5-2: Responsibilities of national and state-level institutions that have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the HCENR in support of MRV activities Error!', 'MRV SYSTEMS IN PLACE TO TRACK MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS. 25ii List of tables Page Table 3-1: Summary of Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets. 5 Table 3-2: Details underlying Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets . 5 Table 3-3: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs . 7 Table 4-1: Sudan’s adaptation priorities. 16 Table 5-1: Summary of Sudan’s financial support needs for its mitigation and adaptation contributions 25 Table 5-2: Responsibilities of national and state-level institutions that have signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the HCENR in support of MRV activities Error! Bookmark not defined.iii List of acronyms BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2eq carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease, 2019 EbA Ecosystem Based Adaptation FREL Forest Reference Emission Level GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse GoS Government of Sudan GWh gigawatt-hours (billion watt-hours) GWP Global Warming Potential HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources INDC Intended Nationally Determined contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDC Least Developed Country LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund M&E Monitoring and evaluation M3 cubic meters MAL Miscellaneous Amendments Law MoU Memoranda of Understanding MRV Monitoring , Reporting, and Verification MSW municipal solid waste N2O nitrous oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NDC Nationally Determined contribution NSF National Solar Fund PA Paris Agreement PV photovoltaic REDD+ Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation STP Solar Transformation Programme TJ terajoules (trillion joules) TNC Third National Communication UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Convention on Climate Change USD US dollarSudan remains highly committed to the climate change Convention and the Paris Agreement (PA).', 'Bookmark not defined.iii List of acronyms BAU Business-as-usual BUR Biennial Update Report CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2eq carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease, 2019 EbA Ecosystem Based Adaptation FREL Forest Reference Emission Level GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse GoS Government of Sudan GWh gigawatt-hours (billion watt-hours) GWP Global Warming Potential HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources INDC Intended Nationally Determined contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change LDC Least Developed Country LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund M&E Monitoring and evaluation M3 cubic meters MAL Miscellaneous Amendments Law MoU Memoranda of Understanding MRV Monitoring , Reporting, and Verification MSW municipal solid waste N2O nitrous oxide NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPA National Adaptation Plan of Action NDC Nationally Determined contribution NSF National Solar Fund PA Paris Agreement PV photovoltaic REDD+ Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation STP Solar Transformation Programme TJ terajoules (trillion joules) TNC Third National Communication UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Convention on Climate Change USD US dollarSudan remains highly committed to the climate change Convention and the Paris Agreement (PA). Therefore, Sudan welcomes the opportunity to submit an update to its first Nationally Determined contribution (NDC) as required under the Paris Agreement, hereby meeting its obligation under Article 4.9.', 'Therefore, Sudan welcomes the opportunity to submit an update to its first Nationally Determined contribution (NDC) as required under the Paris Agreement, hereby meeting its obligation under Article 4.9. This update to Sudan’s first NDC is consistent with Decision 4/CMA.1 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA). It is also consistent with Articles 3, 4 and 7 of the PA in its descriptions of mitigation and adaptation contributions that are drawn from national strategies, plans and options for low carbon and climate-resilient development. The update also reflects the results of a national process to periodically update NDCs to reflect CMA decisions, strengthen institutional arrangements/capacity, and transform NDCs into a strategic action planning framework.', 'The update also reflects the results of a national process to periodically update NDCs to reflect CMA decisions, strengthen institutional arrangements/capacity, and transform NDCs into a strategic action planning framework. There are several key elements in this update to Sudan’s first NDC. Adaptation is addressed through the identification of high-priority adaptation and resilient building interventions targeting the most vulnerable sectors and disaster-prone areas. Greenhouse (GHG) mitigation is addressed through the setting of fair and ambitious GHG emission reduction targets for the period 2021-2030 in key sectors to ensure reductions from the current business-as-usual BAU) emissions trajectory harmonized with national development planning processes, objectives, priorities and circumstances. This NDC update has also benefitted from several notable developments since the INDC submission of 2015.', 'This NDC update has also benefitted from several notable developments since the INDC submission of 2015. Thanks to support for the preparation of Sudan’s Third National Communication (TNC) and first Biennial Update Report (BUR), new processes are now in place for data collection, data sharing and coordination across key institutions. In addition, several quantitative assessments have been prepared on GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis, forest inventories, and vulnerability assessment. Moreover, strategic directions have been developed thanks to Sudan’s ongoing participation in the initiative to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+). 2. National Circumstances This NDC update comes at a critical time for Sudan. The historic revolution of December 2019 thrust the country onto a transitional path to real democracy and the rule of law.', 'The historic revolution of December 2019 thrust the country onto a transitional path to real democracy and the rule of law. However, this event has aggravated difficult economic conditions stemming from the secession of South Sudan in 2011, which led to adverse economic impacts due to the loss of revenue from South Sudan oil fields and contributed to economic hardship, including markedly less economic growth, double-digit consumer price inflation, increased fuel prices etc. The December 2019 revolution also presented new political reform challenges and opportunities. A transitional government is now in place with a mandate to carry out sweeping reforms to reverse decades of economic, social, and political decline.', 'A transitional government is now in place with a mandate to carry out sweeping reforms to reverse decades of economic, social, and political decline. In this regard, the Government of Sudan (GoS) has taken bold steps towards resolving long-standing internal conflicts, unwinding economic distortions, renewing the social contract, and re-engaging with the international community. As a result, Sudan’s integration with the world economy has improved in recent years. Comprehensive U.S. sanctions on Sudan, levied in 1997 and expanded in 2006, were effectively lifted in 2020, allowing previously banned financial and trade transactions between global entities and their Sudanese counterparts.However, the combination of the global economic crisis and domestic limitations triggered by COVID-19 has led to a decline in GDP in recent years.', 'Comprehensive U.S. sanctions on Sudan, levied in 1997 and expanded in 2006, were effectively lifted in 2020, allowing previously banned financial and trade transactions between global entities and their Sudanese counterparts.However, the combination of the global economic crisis and domestic limitations triggered by COVID-19 has led to a decline in GDP in recent years. The crisis has also significantly lowered government revenues while increasing costs for healthcare, leading to steeper deficits and resulting higher inflation. The country has also been afflicted with devastating flooding in July- September of 2020 that led to at least 100 fatalities and the destruction of 100,000 homes affecting over 500,000 people, prompting a declaration of a state of emergency. Sudan is already experiencing the impacts of climate change.', 'Sudan is already experiencing the impacts of climate change. Over the past three decades, climate changes have led to crop failures in traditional rain-fed faming, the backbone of the Sudanese economy. It has also led to severe impacts to pastoralist activities such as the deterioration of natural rangelands, an increase in seasonal fires, overgrazing in communal lands, and livestock deaths. Such impacts are deepening already profound poverty levels across rural communities in Sudan. About two-thirds of Sudan’s primary energy supply consists of renewable resources - biomass and hydro. Its electric system is largely hydro-dependent, making up over 50% of annual electricity generation.', 'Its electric system is largely hydro-dependent, making up over 50% of annual electricity generation. While there is a substantial stock of fossil fuel infrastructure in the energy sector, it is oil-based – there are high carbon intensity fuels like petroleum coke used in the country. Sudan has substantial renewable energy resources such as solar, hydro, wind, geothermal, and biomass. At present, except for large hydro and biomass, renewable resources remain largely untapped. To take advantage of the increasingly favorable economics of renewable energy technology in a transition to low carbon development, climate financing and other forms of support will be needed as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the PA in reference to support needed by developing countries.', 'To take advantage of the increasingly favorable economics of renewable energy technology in a transition to low carbon development, climate financing and other forms of support will be needed as specified in Articles 9, 10 and 11 of the PA in reference to support needed by developing countries. The update of Sudan’s first NDC reflect several developments in national priorities and circumstances. First, the awareness of climate change among policymakers has shifted from a topic mostly associated with future risk to a present-day threats involving enormous social and economic stakes. This was never more evident than by the record flooding experienced in consecutive years, 2020 and 2021 that affected seventeen of Sudan’s eighteen states.', 'This was never more evident than by the record flooding experienced in consecutive years, 2020 and 2021 that affected seventeen of Sudan’s eighteen states. Second, there are improvements in the information available on the costs of policies and measures to mitigate future growth of GHGs in priority sectors as well as the costs of adaptation in key vulnerable sectors and systems. Third, Sudan is intent on taking advantage of green growth opportunities that decouple economic growth from GHG emissions. This will tap Sudan’s rich renewable resource endowment that is so essential for low carbon and climate-resilient development while at the same time promote investment and the creation of new jobs.', 'This will tap Sudan’s rich renewable resource endowment that is so essential for low carbon and climate-resilient development while at the same time promote investment and the creation of new jobs. Since the submission of its INDC in 2015, Sudan has made progress in implementing its response to climate change within the context of addressing the country’s pressing development challenges. On the GHG mitigation front, energy, forestry, and waste continue to be key areas for achieving future GHG reductions and sustainable development objectives.', 'On the GHG mitigation front, energy, forestry, and waste continue to be key areas for achieving future GHG reductions and sustainable development objectives. Key circumstances are briefly summarized in the bullets below: • Energy: A Solar Transformation Programme (STP) was launched in 2020 to take advantage of opportunities around decentralized renewable energy solutions to provide cost- effective, rapidly deployable, and reliable alternatives for expanding electricity access to rural communities in Sudan. Based on GoS resolution 58/2017, all solar powered irrigation equipment is exempted from customs and other fees. Moreover, the Ministry of Financehas extended the tax and duty exemptions to all components of solar pumping systems for drinking water.', 'Moreover, the Ministry of Financehas extended the tax and duty exemptions to all components of solar pumping systems for drinking water. • Forestry: The forestry sector accounts for about 12% of GDP, provides 15% of the jobs in rural areas, support rural economy with a variety of non-wood forest products (Sudan is largest producer of Gum Arabic), comprises 30% of the feed source for livestock, and contributes more than 60% to primary energy supply. Nevertheless, there has been sustained deforestation over the last two decades at the rate of about 1.75 thousand km2/year, caused mainly by agricultural expansion, overgrazing and unsustainable wood extraction for energy purposes.', 'Nevertheless, there has been sustained deforestation over the last two decades at the rate of about 1.75 thousand km2/year, caused mainly by agricultural expansion, overgrazing and unsustainable wood extraction for energy purposes. In response, Sudan submitted its first sub-national Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) to the UNFCCC in 2020 as part of its national REDD+ Strategy implementation process. In that FREL, forests accounted for net emissions of about 0.94 million tonnes of CO2eq, 1.22 million from deforestation and removals of 0.29 million from enhancement of forest carbon stocks. • Waste: Little progress can be reported regarding waste management in Sudan. It remains among the most pressing environmental problems facing the country, given the increasing quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its effects on public health and the economy.', 'It remains among the most pressing environmental problems facing the country, given the increasing quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) and its effects on public health and the economy. In 2017, 11.8 million tonnes of MSW was generated with only 13% disposed of at managed waste disposal sites. Most of the rest (44%) is directed to unmanaged waste disposal sites and a considerable amount (15%) is openly burned which causes local air pollution and public health impacts. While some recycling occurs, it is ad hoc and not subject to regulation. Wastewater management is similarly problematic with most of the approximately 50.6 thousand m3/day generated mainly by industrial activities either dumped in shallow, unmanaged landfills or disposed in nearby areas.', 'Wastewater management is similarly problematic with most of the approximately 50.6 thousand m3/day generated mainly by industrial activities either dumped in shallow, unmanaged landfills or disposed in nearby areas. Regarding adaptation to climate change, water, agriculture, public health, and coastal zones continue to be priority sectors and systems for building resilience to climatic risks. Key circumstances are briefly summarized in the bullets below • Water: Half of Sudan’s population lives on about 15% of the land, mostly near the River Nile. Hence, water resources are extremely important to Sudan’s continued economic development and social cohesion. Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) of 2016 identified actions to protect water resources and reduce vulnerability to climate change in all 18 states of Sudan.', 'Sudan’s National Adaptation Plan (NAP) of 2016 identified actions to protect water resources and reduce vulnerability to climate change in all 18 states of Sudan. The major proposed adaptation measures included water harvesting, efficiency irrigation technology, and improving water management practices. The range of water-related adaptation options was determined through systematic and bottom-up consultative processes at the state level which had the accompanying benefit of raising awareness and integrating adaptation concerns into community dialogues. • Agriculture: In Sudan, the link between climate and livelihoods is very strong, as rain-fed crop production accounts for nearly 90% of the cultivated area and about two thirds of the population depend on rain-fed agriculture.', '• Agriculture: In Sudan, the link between climate and livelihoods is very strong, as rain-fed crop production accounts for nearly 90% of the cultivated area and about two thirds of the population depend on rain-fed agriculture. The dependence on rainfall in the context of increasing erratic rainfall patterns is an inherent vulnerability and a key factor in Sudan’s future economy, livelihoods, and food security. While the country enjoys an abundance of arable lands and favorable soil characteristics which have allowed the country to grow a wide variety of perennial crops in different regions, agricultural productivity has declined precipitously. Since the secession of South Sudan in July of 2011, agriculture has declined to less than 40% of its post July 2011 levels.', 'Since the secession of South Sudan in July of 2011, agriculture has declined to less than 40% of its post July 2011 levels. Livestock-raising is arisk hedging strategy among farmers but deteriorating rangeland productivity due to overgrazing of communal pastures poses a chronic challenge. • Public health: Health risks are increasing in Sudan due to climate change, particularly in relation to water and vector borne diseases. Flash floods have led to contamination of water supplies and increased cases of diarrhea and cholera. Vector breeding zones have expanded in terms of coverage and intensity due to changes in precipitation and exposure-time linked to changes in seasonal patterns. In combination with water collecting in debris left after flood events, vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya have increased.', 'In combination with water collecting in debris left after flood events, vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and chikungunya have increased. With communities increasingly exposed to risks, Sudan is considered a high burden and high-risk country for vector borne disease, particularly malaria. Despite the NAP’s recommendation that climate risks and related health impacts need to be integrated into health planning and budgeting to inform the necessary adaptation measures current health policies and strategies do not fully consider potential climate change impacts. • Coastal zones: Sudan’s coastal zones along the Red Sea extend for about 800 km and are locations of rich marine biodiversity.', '• Coastal zones: Sudan’s coastal zones along the Red Sea extend for about 800 km and are locations of rich marine biodiversity. These areas are facing a range of climate change threats associated with a rising ocean temperatures which can harm corals; increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the sea surface which can lead to Red Sea acidification, and rising sea levels which can force inland migration of mangroves and adversely impact coastal communities, especially fisherfolk who depend on the Red Sea for about 8,000 tonnes per year of a wide variety of commercial fish species. 3.', 'These areas are facing a range of climate change threats associated with a rising ocean temperatures which can harm corals; increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the sea surface which can lead to Red Sea acidification, and rising sea levels which can force inland migration of mangroves and adversely impact coastal communities, especially fisherfolk who depend on the Red Sea for about 8,000 tonnes per year of a wide variety of commercial fish species. 3. Mitigation component of the updated NDC In addition to the discussion in the subsections below, specific details on Sudan’s updated GHG reduction targets for 2030 are provided in Table 3-3 below, in accordance with the guidance specified in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1. 3.1.', 'Mitigation component of the updated NDC In addition to the discussion in the subsections below, specific details on Sudan’s updated GHG reduction targets for 2030 are provided in Table 3-3 below, in accordance with the guidance specified in Annex I of decision 4/CMA.1. 3.1. Approach to establishing GHG emission reductions Sudan intends to pursue implementing low carbon development interventions in three sectors - energy, forestry and waste, The measures chosen to achieve GHG emission reductions are consistent with Sudan’s national development priorities, objectives and circumstances. Sudan’s approach to updating its NDC emission reduction target accounts for its status as a Least Developed Country (LDC) as considered in Art.4.6 of the PA.', 'Sudan’s approach to updating its NDC emission reduction target accounts for its status as a Least Developed Country (LDC) as considered in Art.4.6 of the PA. Nevertheless, Sudan considers these updated emission reduction targets to reflect the highest possible ambition in the light of national circumstances and as a fair contribution to the long-term global mitigation goal. The updated targets have been established based on the assumption that support will be provided to Sudan as set out in the Paris Agreement’s Articles 9, 10, 11 and 13 for achieving the targets. 3.2. Methodological basis The coverage and scope of the mitigation targets in this updated NDC are the same as for the INDC (2015), namely energy, forestry, and waste.', 'Methodological basis The coverage and scope of the mitigation targets in this updated NDC are the same as for the INDC (2015), namely energy, forestry, and waste. The basis for estimating GHG emissions to inform Sudan’s updated NDC emission reduction targets is based on the national GHG inventories prepared for the years 2012 through 2017 using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, whichwill be submitted as part of Sudan third National Communications and the first BUR. The current inventory uses Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report.', 'The current inventory uses Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report. The methodological basis for projecting emissions under a BAU scenario for the period beyond 2017 is based on the use of national emission inventories for 2012-2017 in combination with the latest national development plans for the energy, forestry and waste sectors to estimate total emissions in each of these sectors in the year 2030. Additional detail is provided in the table below on “information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding” (Table 3-3). 3.3.', 'Additional detail is provided in the table below on “information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding” (Table 3-3). 3.3. Emission reduction targets for 2030 An overview of Sudan’s updated projected total emissions and projected emission reduction targets is provided in Table 3-1 below, with the detailed mitigation contributions in Table 3-2 provided as information to facilitate transparency, clarity and understanding as specified in Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 in table 3-3. The term “GHG emissions” in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 is defined on a net basis that accounts for removals by sinks in the forestry sector.', 'The term “GHG emissions” in Tables 3-1 and 3-2 is defined on a net basis that accounts for removals by sinks in the forestry sector. Table 3-1: Summary of Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets Sector Projected GHG emissions in 2030 without mitigation actions (tonnes GHG emission reductions in 2030 Projected GHG emissions in 2030 with mitigation actions (tonnes CO2e) Percent reduction (%) Table 3-2: Details underlying Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets Sector # Measure BAU emissions in 2030 Impact Units Emission reductions (tonnes Cost (million USD) Energy (non- biomass) Utility scale grid connected Solar and wind power plants GWh of fossil- fired electricity displaced Stand alone and mini-Grid for residential, agricultural, and industrial sectors GWh of BAU grid electricity displaced Hydro-generation plant rehabilitation reduction of electric transmission and distribution losses Energy efficient appliances in residential sector Transport initiatives (mode switching - cars to buses in Khartoum, river transport and trucks to rail; use of biofuels (10%); light duty vehicle fuel economy improvements) TJ of diesel and gasoline displacedSector # Measure BAU emissions in 2030 Impact Units Emission reductions (tonnes Cost (million USD) Energy (biomass) Biomass savings through improved cookstoves for over 300,000 rural households (REDD+ ERP) firewood saved LPG as substitute for biomass/charcoal in 10% of urban population Improved cookstoves as replacement for traditional inefficient wood stoves for 20% of rural population Restoration and sustainable management of degraded forest reserve and Gum Arabic belt; Afforestation and restoration of degraded lands in 10% of rainfed areas and 5% of irrigated agriculture scheme areas; Restoration/conservation of mangrove forests in Red Sea State Implementation of the National REDD+ Strategy in Blue Nile, Gadarif and Sinnar States Waste Composting 60% of organic and recycling 15%, of the total waste tonnes of solid waste avoided Establishment of landfills in all large urban areas of Sudan Integrated solid waste management Waste water treatment, sludge to biogas for electricity generation tonnes of wastewater avoidedTable 3-3: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC 1.', 'Table 3-1: Summary of Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets Sector Projected GHG emissions in 2030 without mitigation actions (tonnes GHG emission reductions in 2030 Projected GHG emissions in 2030 with mitigation actions (tonnes CO2e) Percent reduction (%) Table 3-2: Details underlying Sudan’s updated NDC mitigation targets Sector # Measure BAU emissions in 2030 Impact Units Emission reductions (tonnes Cost (million USD) Energy (non- biomass) Utility scale grid connected Solar and wind power plants GWh of fossil- fired electricity displaced Stand alone and mini-Grid for residential, agricultural, and industrial sectors GWh of BAU grid electricity displaced Hydro-generation plant rehabilitation reduction of electric transmission and distribution losses Energy efficient appliances in residential sector Transport initiatives (mode switching - cars to buses in Khartoum, river transport and trucks to rail; use of biofuels (10%); light duty vehicle fuel economy improvements) TJ of diesel and gasoline displacedSector # Measure BAU emissions in 2030 Impact Units Emission reductions (tonnes Cost (million USD) Energy (biomass) Biomass savings through improved cookstoves for over 300,000 rural households (REDD+ ERP) firewood saved LPG as substitute for biomass/charcoal in 10% of urban population Improved cookstoves as replacement for traditional inefficient wood stoves for 20% of rural population Restoration and sustainable management of degraded forest reserve and Gum Arabic belt; Afforestation and restoration of degraded lands in 10% of rainfed areas and 5% of irrigated agriculture scheme areas; Restoration/conservation of mangrove forests in Red Sea State Implementation of the National REDD+ Strategy in Blue Nile, Gadarif and Sinnar States Waste Composting 60% of organic and recycling 15%, of the total waste tonnes of solid waste avoided Establishment of landfills in all large urban areas of Sudan Integrated solid waste management Waste water treatment, sludge to biogas for electricity generation tonnes of wastewater avoidedTable 3-3: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of NDCs Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC 1. Quantified information on the reference point, (including, as appropriate, a base year) a.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, (including, as appropriate, a base year) a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference: Business-as-Usual (BAU) estimated projected emissions in 2030 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year BAU estimated projected emissions in 2030: • Energy (non-biomass): 33,181,563 tCO2e • Forestry & Energy (biomass): 29,450,936 tCO2e c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information All contributions are based on national strategies and plans d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The updated Sudan NDC defines mitigation targets as fixed level GHG emission reductions in 2030 relative to the BAU level in that year, as summarized below: e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) • GHG mitigation analysis for the TNC (prepared by HCENR) • GHG inventory for the TNC/BUR (prepared by HCENR) • Renewable Energy Master Plan 2020 (prepared by Ministry of Energy) • Electricity Strategy 2019 -2035 (prepared by Ministry of Energy) • Sudan-Forest Emission Reference level.', 'Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference: Business-as-Usual (BAU) estimated projected emissions in 2030 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year BAU estimated projected emissions in 2030: • Energy (non-biomass): 33,181,563 tCO2e • Forestry & Energy (biomass): 29,450,936 tCO2e c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information All contributions are based on national strategies and plans d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The updated Sudan NDC defines mitigation targets as fixed level GHG emission reductions in 2030 relative to the BAU level in that year, as summarized below: e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) • GHG mitigation analysis for the TNC (prepared by HCENR) • GHG inventory for the TNC/BUR (prepared by HCENR) • Renewable Energy Master Plan 2020 (prepared by Ministry of Energy) • Electricity Strategy 2019 -2035 (prepared by Ministry of Energy) • Sudan-Forest Emission Reference level. 2020 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • National REDD Strategy 2021 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • National forest inventory 2020 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • Waste management policy 2020 (prepared by Khartoum State Environment Council) f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Improvements in national data collection protocols and GHG mitigation analysis methods and tools during 2021-2030 2.', '2020 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • National REDD Strategy 2021 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • National forest inventory 2020 (prepared by Forest National Corporation) • Waste management policy 2020 (prepared by Khartoum State Environment Council) f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Improvements in national data collection protocols and GHG mitigation analysis methods and tools during 2021-2030 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; Time frame for implementation is 2021 - 2030. Due consideration will be given to any further decisions adopted by the CMA b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', 'Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single yearProvisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; The contributions cover the key sectors in Sudan, the targets are planned to ensure deviation from the current BAU trajectory in the development of the targeted sectors b.', 'General description of the target; The contributions cover the key sectors in Sudan, the targets are planned to ensure deviation from the current BAU trajectory in the development of the targeted sectors b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; • Energy: (i) Electricity production: {1.A.1.a}, gases covered; CO2 O (ii) Transport CO2 O • Forestry: Forestland and Croplands ; gases covered CO2 , • Waste: Municipal solid and liquid waste ; gases covered CH4 c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of Sectors which were not included are because of reasons relating to national circumstances, such as lack of need good quality data d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; • Energy: (i) Electricity production: {1.A.1.a}, gases covered; CO2 O (ii) Transport CO2 O • Forestry: Forestland and Croplands ; gases covered CO2 , • Waste: Municipal solid and liquid waste ; gases covered CH4 c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of Sectors which were not included are because of reasons relating to national circumstances, such as lack of need good quality data d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Adaptation actions with likely mitigation co-benefits are described in the adaption component of this NDC document, however, not quantified, thought in some priority adaptation may be significant 4.', 'Adaptation actions with likely mitigation co-benefits are described in the adaption component of this NDC document, however, not quantified, thought in some priority adaptation may be significant 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The mitigation contribution was prepared as part of the national climate change programme, with participation of all climate related stakeholders, sectors and institutions at the national and sub-national levels, with more than 40% women participation.', 'Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The mitigation contribution was prepared as part of the national climate change programme, with participation of all climate related stakeholders, sectors and institutions at the national and sub-national levels, with more than 40% women participation. The process for preparing the NDC involved: • High-level national climate change committee with membership from over 20 institutions including government, Research, Academia, CSOs • Technical committee consist of membership of the same above-mentioned institutions in addition to private sector, (including working groups) • Consultation workshops including inception, mitigation, adaptation, and validation.', 'The process for preparing the NDC involved: • High-level national climate change committee with membership from over 20 institutions including government, Research, Academia, CSOs • Technical committee consist of membership of the same above-mentioned institutions in addition to private sector, (including working groups) • Consultation workshops including inception, mitigation, adaptation, and validation. • Training and capacity building on planning and project preparation • Team of national consultants • Government (Cabinet) endorsement • Work is ongoing on planning, implementation strategy, MRV, training, etc i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Covered above ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The contributions are defined in the context of national development priorities, objectives and circumstances.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The contributions are defined in the context of national development priorities, objectives and circumstances. They cover all regions of Sudan, various stakeholderProvisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC groups , including poor vulnerable communities, private sector, etc. Sudan’s updated NDC is in line with Art 4.6 of the Paris Agreement, which stipulates that LDCs may prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions for low greenhouse gas emission development. Most of the contributions presented in this updated NDC are drawn from national plans and strategies b.', 'Most of the contributions presented in this updated NDC are drawn from national plans and strategies b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Ownership, the technical committee, national consultants, national plans and strategies, consultations, technical studies and reports produced during the updating process, including • Adaptation priorities • Mitigation priorities • Involvement of Private sector • Gender, environmental and social considerations c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Not applicable b.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Ownership, the technical committee, national consultants, national plans and strategies, consultations, technical studies and reports produced during the updating process, including • Adaptation priorities • Mitigation priorities • Involvement of Private sector • Gender, environmental and social considerations c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Not applicable b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable i.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not applicable ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and Not applicableProvisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and Not applicableProvisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Methodology: 2006 IPCC Guidelines Common metrics: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC; Not applicable to Sudan’s updated NDC as the targets are expressed in GHG emission reduction terms rather than in terms of policy goals.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDC, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Methodology: 2006 IPCC Guidelines Common metrics: IPCC Fifth Assessment Report b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC; Not applicable to Sudan’s updated NDC as the targets are expressed in GHG emission reduction terms rather than in terms of policy goals. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; 2006 IPCC guidelines and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 2006 IPCC guidelines and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i.', 'c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; 2006 IPCC guidelines and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; 2006 IPCC guidelines and IPCC Fifth Assessment Report e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not significant, 2006 IPCC guidelines will be used, when needed ii.', 'Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not significant, 2006 IPCC guidelines will be used, when needed ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not applicable, no national data are available in the near future on HWPs iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable, no national data are available in the near future on effect of age-class structure f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC i.', 'Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable, no national data are available in the near future on effect of age-class structure f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Data availability was a major limiting factor I the estimation of BAU 2030, Therefore a series of steps have been undertaken including: 1.', 'How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Data availability was a major limiting factor I the estimation of BAU 2030, Therefore a series of steps have been undertaken including: 1. Collecting available data: • Gathering all the information available from official reports and government entities; • Consolidating (excel sheet) and cross-checking information extracted including through external sources, this process reveal number of inconsistencies between data sources; and • The INDC, the Second national communication (SNC), the Technology Needs Assessment and report and studies prepared in the context pf preparation of Sudan’s third national communication found to contain the best available data to date in terms of GHG inventory and mitigation options considered.', 'Collecting available data: • Gathering all the information available from official reports and government entities; • Consolidating (excel sheet) and cross-checking information extracted including through external sources, this process reveal number of inconsistencies between data sources; and • The INDC, the Second national communication (SNC), the Technology Needs Assessment and report and studies prepared in the context pf preparation of Sudan’s third national communication found to contain the best available data to date in terms of GHG inventory and mitigation options considered. However, the data from SNC was affect by secession of Sudan into South Sudan and Sudan in 2011. There is no disaggregated data available for targeted sectors and sub- sectors 2. Review of definition of national sectors and sub-sectors in the context of 2006 IPCC guidelines, based on the national inventory data 3.', 'There is no disaggregated data available for targeted sectors and sub- sectors 2. Review of definition of national sectors and sub-sectors in the context of 2006 IPCC guidelines, based on the national inventory data 3. Based on the data obtained, CO2 equivalents (CO2e) were aggregated and calculated using the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report’s global warming potentials 4. Extrapolations (mostly but not exclusively linear) were run in order to build a business-as-usual (BAU) baseline for the 2022-2030. 5. Electricity production : fuel consumption data for thermal power generation or transportation , emission calculation based on tier 1 of IPCC, While the year of the most recent data varies per sources, most sources have 2015 as their most recent data point.', 'Electricity production : fuel consumption data for thermal power generation or transportation , emission calculation based on tier 1 of IPCC, While the year of the most recent data varies per sources, most sources have 2015 as their most recent data point. Emissions for the 2016-2030 period were then linearly extrapolated from existing data for electricity generation and manufacturing segments. 6. Transportation : While the most recent data varies per sources, most sources have 2013 or 2015 as their most recently data point. Emissions for 2016-2030 were then linearly extrapolated from existing data. 7. Waste: Quantity and fractional distribution generated per capita as per official document. While the most recent data varies per sources, most sources have 2015 as their most recently data point.', 'While the most recent data varies per sources, most sources have 2015 as their most recently data point. Emissions for 2016-2030 were then linearly extrapolated from existing data.Provisions and sub-provisions of Annex I to decision 4/CMA.1 Information provided in the updated Sudan NDC 8. Forest: For forestry sector, linear extrapolation did not seem appropriate to forecast baseline emissions for 2022-2030 period, instead population growth in Sudan was used as leading indicator to forecast emissions change from deforestation. Sub- national FRL is constructed following the agreed UNFCCC REDD+ guidance and has been technically assessed by the UNFCCC. ii. For Parties with NDCs that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii.', 'For Parties with NDCs that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii. For climate forcers included in NDCs not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Sudan does not exclude the use of voluntary cooperation under Art. 6 the Paris agreement 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Sudan’s updated mitigation contributions are considered fair and ambitious given its obligations under the UNFCCC and PA, in particular Art 4.6 of the Paris Agreement. The updated contributions are also ambition compared to the 2015 INDC and are in line with the development in the national development objectives, priorities and circumstance b.', 'The updated contributions are also ambition compared to the 2015 INDC and are in line with the development in the national development objectives, priorities and circumstance b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; The updated NDC include targets and priorities on emission reduction, avoidance of emissions and carbon removal that area consistent with Art.2 and 4.1 of the Paris Agreement. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.4. Adaptation component of the updated NDC This adaptation communication is submitted by Sudan as the component of its NDC and is consistent with Article 7, paragraph 11 of the PA.', 'Adaptation component of the updated NDC This adaptation communication is submitted by Sudan as the component of its NDC and is consistent with Article 7, paragraph 11 of the PA. It is also aligned with the Elements for an adaptation communication described in the Annex to decision 9/CMA.1. 4.1. National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal frameworks Climate change represents significant threat to food security and sustainable development in Sudan, with more than 70% of the population dependent on sectors and systems that are highly vulnerable to climate change. National vulnerability assessments have identified water, agriculture, coastal zones and public health as the most vulnerable sectors.', 'National vulnerability assessments have identified water, agriculture, coastal zones and public health as the most vulnerable sectors. Since the completion of its National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) in 2007, Sudan has consistently prioritized building climate resilience into these sectors and mainstreaming adaptation actions within development plans and strategies. The adoption of the National Adaptation Plan in 2016 by the Sudanese government was an important milestone in establishing a clear and actionable framework for adaptive, flexible and decisive action to reduce climate change risks. It called for businesses to undertake wide- ranging adaptation investments linking successful operations with risk reduction practices and emergency management arrangements.', 'It called for businesses to undertake wide- ranging adaptation investments linking successful operations with risk reduction practices and emergency management arrangements. It also introduced a framework for developing new land use arrangements, decentralized management systems, and legislative initiatives to reduce exposure to gathering risks from climate change. Finally, the NAP outlined the needs for new partnerships ranging from state governments to international donors; from the household sector to the private sector; and from one end of the national institutional spectrum to the other. The passing of the Miscellaneous Amendments Law (MAL) in 2020 is another important milestone for strengthening institutional coordination to meet climate change and other pressing environmental challenges. The MAL replaces the 2001 Environmental Law and unified the disparate Environment Councils operating in Sudan.', 'The MAL replaces the 2001 Environmental Law and unified the disparate Environment Councils operating in Sudan. The MAL established the Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) as the sole Environmental Council, which is chaired by the country’s Prime Minister. In addition to its previous role for protection of the environment and natural resources, the HCENR has now assumed responsibilities previously associated with the National Council to Combat Desertification and the National Biosafety Council. The amended law represents a good opportunity for mainstreaming climate change considerations into national plans and strategies. Since the submission of its INDC in 2015, Sudan has identified and been implementing adaptation measures across the 18 states of the country to build resilience in vulnerable sectors.', 'Since the submission of its INDC in 2015, Sudan has identified and been implementing adaptation measures across the 18 states of the country to build resilience in vulnerable sectors. This adaptation component has been informed by these activities as well as the ongoing NAP Readiness project (2021-2022) that emphasizes capacity building, institutional coordination, and enhancing climate change data/information systems for supporting mid- /long-term adaptation planning. This adaptation component is also informed by the recently completed vulnerability assessment of crop production and livestock to climate change for the TNC. Sudan’s adaptation component is informed by and premised on Article 3, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 of the PA.', 'Sudan’s adaptation component is informed by and premised on Article 3, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 13 of the PA. The national adaptation priorities, support needs, plans and actions identified in Table 4-1 below identifies 12 adaptation priority initiatives across water, agriculture, publichealth and coastal zone that will, if implemented at a cost of roughly 3.85 billion USD, enhance adaptive capacity, strengthen resilience, reduce vulnerability to climate change, and contribute to climate-resilient, sustainable development. Information on other elements of the adaptation communication as required under Decision 9/CMA.1 is provided in the subsections that follow. 4.2.', 'Information on other elements of the adaptation communication as required under Decision 9/CMA.1 is provided in the subsections that follow. 4.2. Impacts, risks and vulnerabilities Climatic trends of increased rainfall variability, lower annual rainfall amounts, steadily increasing temperatures and more frequent extreme events such as flooding and drought are evident across all of Sudan’s 18 states. The major physical impacts of these trends is briefly outlined in the bullets below. • Reduction in ecosystem integrity and resilience, and a decline in biodiversity. There has been degradation of rangelands because of Sahel’s drought with permanent losses of pasture species, both woody and herbaceous.', 'There has been degradation of rangelands because of Sahel’s drought with permanent losses of pasture species, both woody and herbaceous. Moreover, almost all states report that the species composition of natural vegetation has changed; some tree and grass species have become either extinct or seriously endangered; and there has been a sharp decrease in the extent of gum-yielding trees (Acacia Senegal and Acacia seyal). • Decline in crop suitability. Given the dominance of rainfed agricultural practices, rainfall variability/reduction trends have had severe adverse impacts on both crop suitability and yields. Some crop varieties (i.e., sorghum, millet), in successful cultivation since the 1960s, are no longer viable.', 'Some crop varieties (i.e., sorghum, millet), in successful cultivation since the 1960s, are no longer viable. For example, in Gedarif state, native sorghum species (Mugut) are unable to develop under conditions of reduced rainfall and have been entirely replaced with another local sorghum species (Geshaish, Arfagadmk-8). In many states practicing horticulture, there has been a reduction in fruit production due to increase of flowers abortion due to temperature increases. • Decline in crop and gum yields. Shorter rainy seasons have increased risks for long-cycle crops to run out of growing time, leading to increased incidence of total crop failure.', 'Shorter rainy seasons have increased risks for long-cycle crops to run out of growing time, leading to increased incidence of total crop failure. Modeling studies confirm this trend will continue for major crops (i.e., sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, faba bean) as well as a reduction in gum Arabic belt in Kordofan over the 2030-2060 period. Subsequent studies have found many downstream issues that are associated with reduced yields associated with lower rainfall and drought-induced degradation of natural environments. These issues include a decrease of farmers income; more women-headed households as men abandon agriculture for income-earning opportunities in urban centers; an increase of agricultural pests and diseases; and a decrease of forest cover and the disappearance of some tree species altogether (e.g. Tamarind, Ebony). • Impacts on livestock production.', '• Impacts on livestock production. Major trends observed across all states is a progressive deterioration of livestock viability due to increasing temperature trends. Heat stress decreases forage intake, milk production, efficiency of feed conversion and performance, and reduces reproductive efficiency, with increases in extreme temperature trends by 1 to 5 degrees Celsius leading to increased mortality risk in grazing animals. As a coping strategy, many sheep and cattle farmers in Kordofan, Darfur and Gadarif states have adopted night grazing during the dry season to avoid high heat loads on their animals during the day.', 'As a coping strategy, many sheep and cattle farmers in Kordofan, Darfur and Gadarif states have adopted night grazing during the dry season to avoid high heat loads on their animals during the day. Data collected on the number of disease cases brought to veterinaryhospitals in East Darfur State during the period 2012-2017 indicated an upward trend in livestock disease incidence.Table 4-1: Sudan’s adaptation priorities Vulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) Water Enhancing rural water supply Achieve access and sustainable utilization of water resources, increased water resilience of households in vulnerable rural areas, through supply of water (for both human and livestock) to all vulnerable states/localities in Sudan, including schools and health facilities. • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007.', '• Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007. NAP, NAPA • Reach 100 % access to water supply in vulnerable rural, farmers and pastoralist areas.', 'NAP, NAPA • Reach 100 % access to water supply in vulnerable rural, farmers and pastoralist areas. • Development and rehabilitation of water infrastructure: Water yards: 7765 - Mini water yards: 4,360 - Hand pumps, protected wells: 10,825 - Haffir/dam w/ treatment: 548 - Household or compound networks: • Strengthening relevant institutions and stakeholders at the national and sub-national levels Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MoIWR) relevant institutions and states Reduced emissions associated with water access & transportation and emissions related to water extraction & pumping using solar energy Building resilience against floods Build resilience, reduce risks, prevent loss of lives and assets, improve access irrigation facilities and reduce poverty in floods prone areas in vulnerable States in Sudan • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007.', '• Development and rehabilitation of water infrastructure: Water yards: 7765 - Mini water yards: 4,360 - Hand pumps, protected wells: 10,825 - Haffir/dam w/ treatment: 548 - Household or compound networks: • Strengthening relevant institutions and stakeholders at the national and sub-national levels Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MoIWR) relevant institutions and states Reduced emissions associated with water access & transportation and emissions related to water extraction & pumping using solar energy Building resilience against floods Build resilience, reduce risks, prevent loss of lives and assets, improve access irrigation facilities and reduce poverty in floods prone areas in vulnerable States in Sudan • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007. NAP, NAPA • Risk assessment and mapping of areas vulnerable to risks of floods; • Strengthening preparedness and early warning system; • Enable forecasting of extreme weather events including through: Ø Installation and operation of automatic water level instruments with satellite-based transmission technology; Ø Implementation and installation of Telemetry monitoring on key stations; Ø Implementation and Installation of automatic loggers and management of key locations in Sudan; and Ø Improved water harvesting and water management practices introduced in an estimated total of 500,000 Ha, taking stock of successful pilot interventions such as those in Wadi El KU in Darfur and the Gash Basin in Kassala.', 'NAP, NAPA • Risk assessment and mapping of areas vulnerable to risks of floods; • Strengthening preparedness and early warning system; • Enable forecasting of extreme weather events including through: Ø Installation and operation of automatic water level instruments with satellite-based transmission technology; Ø Implementation and installation of Telemetry monitoring on key stations; Ø Implementation and Installation of automatic loggers and management of key locations in Sudan; and Ø Improved water harvesting and water management practices introduced in an estimated total of 500,000 Ha, taking stock of successful pilot interventions such as those in Wadi El KU in Darfur and the Gash Basin in Kassala. MoIWR and relevant institutions and states Sustainable water management Introduce good quality water data, including data management, sharing and use, for climate sensitive ground and surface water resources in Sudan • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, • Institutional Capacity building and Development, Program Management, and Enabling Environment; • Sector reform, including policy, legal aspects such as laws and proclamations for water supply, Preparation of applicable guidelines, manuals; • Smart IT used in the Nile and upscaled to all major catchments; MoIWR and relevant institutions and statesVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007.', 'MoIWR and relevant institutions and states Sustainable water management Introduce good quality water data, including data management, sharing and use, for climate sensitive ground and surface water resources in Sudan • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, • Institutional Capacity building and Development, Program Management, and Enabling Environment; • Sector reform, including policy, legal aspects such as laws and proclamations for water supply, Preparation of applicable guidelines, manuals; • Smart IT used in the Nile and upscaled to all major catchments; MoIWR and relevant institutions and statesVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007. NAP, NAPA • National Map for potential water resource use and recharge; • Monitoring station for seasonal rivers (non-Nile); • Treatment plant/compact units Household or compound networks; • Good quality water data that is better managed, shared and applied; • Risk analysis incorporated in MoIWR regulatory strategy; and • Communities programme to reduce water consumption Resilient small scale pump irrigation Introduce smart irrigation technologies (solar pumps, precision irrigation) to improve water management in targeting area of vulnerable farmers, livestock.', 'NAP, NAPA • National Map for potential water resource use and recharge; • Monitoring station for seasonal rivers (non-Nile); • Treatment plant/compact units Household or compound networks; • Good quality water data that is better managed, shared and applied; • Risk analysis incorporated in MoIWR regulatory strategy; and • Communities programme to reduce water consumption Resilient small scale pump irrigation Introduce smart irrigation technologies (solar pumps, precision irrigation) to improve water management in targeting area of vulnerable farmers, livestock. • Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007.', '• Water Resources 2021- 2031 Strategy (Water Supply Transformation Strategic Plan); • National Policy on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2011 (draft) and updated draft 2018; and • Sudan Country Strategy on Integrated Water Resources Management, 2007. NAP, NAPA • Structure and develop sustainable water services, in order to improve people s living conditions; • Introduction of modern, climate friendly, sustainable irrigation systems; • Create some 25,000 employment opportunities for Sudanese people; • Provision of affordable and reliable irrigation supplies to support livelihood security of farmers and pastoralists; and • Improve equitable access to irrigation facilities through expansion of groundwater use for small scale irrigation, particularly in areas distant from Nile River. MoIWR and relevant institutions and states Agriculture Building resilience of crop production Increase resilience of vulnerable main crop production systems to climate change, to improve socio- economic conditions, reduce poverty and contribute to achieving SDGs.', 'MoIWR and relevant institutions and states Agriculture Building resilience of crop production Increase resilience of vulnerable main crop production systems to climate change, to improve socio- economic conditions, reduce poverty and contribute to achieving SDGs. • Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) • Adoption of improved adaptation technology e.g., drought and heat tolerant seeds and soil conservation and efficient tillage practices; • Improved crop management practices through post- harvest and value addition practices; • Water harvesting and integrated solutions in place in the traditional rain subsector; • Sustainable solution and technologies, such as solar systems, in place in the irrigated subsector Ministry of Agriculture and forests (MoAF) and relevant state governments Conservation of soil carbon, reduced emissions through use of solar technology instead of diesel Climate resilient agriculture Build enabling environment for climate resilient development in the agriculture and related sectors • Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture • Adoption and implementation of climate change related policies; • Strengthened climate monitoring and early warning systems; • Introduction of weather-indexed crop insurance; • Provision of national and on-farm reserves storage of grains during good harvests ; MoAF and relevant state governmentsVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) Development Programme (CAADP) • Provision of agricultural and rural finance; • Establishment of Farmers’ social groups and networks; • Diffusion of adaptation technologies (extension services outreach); • Promotion of actor differentiated awareness of climate change ; • Support of research and development on crop varieties and cultural practices; • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions.', '• Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) • Adoption of improved adaptation technology e.g., drought and heat tolerant seeds and soil conservation and efficient tillage practices; • Improved crop management practices through post- harvest and value addition practices; • Water harvesting and integrated solutions in place in the traditional rain subsector; • Sustainable solution and technologies, such as solar systems, in place in the irrigated subsector Ministry of Agriculture and forests (MoAF) and relevant state governments Conservation of soil carbon, reduced emissions through use of solar technology instead of diesel Climate resilient agriculture Build enabling environment for climate resilient development in the agriculture and related sectors • Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture • Adoption and implementation of climate change related policies; • Strengthened climate monitoring and early warning systems; • Introduction of weather-indexed crop insurance; • Provision of national and on-farm reserves storage of grains during good harvests ; MoAF and relevant state governmentsVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) Development Programme (CAADP) • Provision of agricultural and rural finance; • Establishment of Farmers’ social groups and networks; • Diffusion of adaptation technologies (extension services outreach); • Promotion of actor differentiated awareness of climate change ; • Support of research and development on crop varieties and cultural practices; • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions. ; and • Convening of women groups to take advantage of income and food security opportunities (e.g., household gardens, diversified livelihood income sources).', '; and • Convening of women groups to take advantage of income and food security opportunities (e.g., household gardens, diversified livelihood income sources). Climate resilient irrigated cropping systems Strengthen the preparedness of irrigated cropping systems (e.g., wheat and faba beans) to build their resilience to projected climate change impacts particularly the projected increase in temperature • Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) • Develop and release a number of climate resilient varieties combining high yield potential and heat tolerance; • Adoption of early maturing crop varieties and proper sowing date to avoid the hazards of elevated temperature and manipulation of sowing time ; • Installation of renewable (e.g.', 'Climate resilient irrigated cropping systems Strengthen the preparedness of irrigated cropping systems (e.g., wheat and faba beans) to build their resilience to projected climate change impacts particularly the projected increase in temperature • Ministry of Agriculture’s and forestry 2021-2023 Programme for Stability and Economic Development; • Sudan Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) • Develop and release a number of climate resilient varieties combining high yield potential and heat tolerance; • Adoption of early maturing crop varieties and proper sowing date to avoid the hazards of elevated temperature and manipulation of sowing time ; • Installation of renewable (e.g. solar) powered irrigation systems; • Improvement of water productivity in the irrigated sector; • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions; and • Convening of women groups to take advantage of income and food security opportunities (e.g., household gardens, diversified livelihood income sources).', 'solar) powered irrigation systems; • Improvement of water productivity in the irrigated sector; • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions; and • Convening of women groups to take advantage of income and food security opportunities (e.g., household gardens, diversified livelihood income sources). MoAF and relevant state governments Resilient livestock production systems • Build resilience of livestock production systems to reduce the vulnerability of the livelihood systems of the pastoral communities; and • Improve livestock production and livestock feeding systems • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Integration of livestock into farming systems and efficient utilization of crop residues in the big irrigated schemes (Gezera Suki, Rahad and New Halfa schemes) to improve nutritive value and animal feeding system and enhancing animal health services; • increasing animal resilience against climate related epidemic diseases including through vaccination of animals against epidemic diseases provision of well-equipped mobile clinics and provision of animal drugs such as anthelmintic, antibiotics to reduce disease and parasites infestation during rainy season; • improving rangeland productivity and grazing management practices; MoAF and relevant state governments Conservation and increasing soil carbon content, carbon sequestration in vegetationVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) • Ley farming systems (protected areas, close to settlements be reserved and planted with tree seedlings and forage legumes and grazing with sheep during the dry season); • Strategic supplementary feeding technologies to desert sheep; • Capacity building and training of related stakeholders in various aspects of the above activities, disease preventive measures, rural dairy processing and hygiene in handling animal and dairy products, and bookkeeping Building resilience of rangelands Rehabilitate, restore and improve productivity of degraded rangelands to reduce vulnerability and build resilience of vast rural communities their livelihood systems depend on them • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Rehabilitation of livestock water points, including shallow wells, hafirs, water yards, etc.', 'MoAF and relevant state governments Resilient livestock production systems • Build resilience of livestock production systems to reduce the vulnerability of the livelihood systems of the pastoral communities; and • Improve livestock production and livestock feeding systems • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Integration of livestock into farming systems and efficient utilization of crop residues in the big irrigated schemes (Gezera Suki, Rahad and New Halfa schemes) to improve nutritive value and animal feeding system and enhancing animal health services; • increasing animal resilience against climate related epidemic diseases including through vaccination of animals against epidemic diseases provision of well-equipped mobile clinics and provision of animal drugs such as anthelmintic, antibiotics to reduce disease and parasites infestation during rainy season; • improving rangeland productivity and grazing management practices; MoAF and relevant state governments Conservation and increasing soil carbon content, carbon sequestration in vegetationVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) • Ley farming systems (protected areas, close to settlements be reserved and planted with tree seedlings and forage legumes and grazing with sheep during the dry season); • Strategic supplementary feeding technologies to desert sheep; • Capacity building and training of related stakeholders in various aspects of the above activities, disease preventive measures, rural dairy processing and hygiene in handling animal and dairy products, and bookkeeping Building resilience of rangelands Rehabilitate, restore and improve productivity of degraded rangelands to reduce vulnerability and build resilience of vast rural communities their livelihood systems depend on them • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Rehabilitation of livestock water points, including shallow wells, hafirs, water yards, etc. ; • Establishment of shelterbelt programmes; • Introduction of water harvesting and integrated solutions in the traditional rainfed agriculture sector; • Capacity building on improvement of soil, pasture and rangeland management; and • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions.', '; • Establishment of shelterbelt programmes; • Introduction of water harvesting and integrated solutions in the traditional rainfed agriculture sector; • Capacity building on improvement of soil, pasture and rangeland management; and • Women empowerment and promotion of gender mainstreaming approach in all interventions. MoAF and relevant state governments Carbon removal through planting of shelterbelts Building resilience of livestock production systems Enhanced preparedness of livestock sector to increase its resilience to projected climate change impacts on animal breeds • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Improving rangelands through introducing forage legumes and perennials rather than annual grasses; • Establishing breed association for the endangered livestock breeds (Kenana and Butana cattle, desert sheep); • Replacement of non-productive animals from cattle herds and sheep flocks and keeping only productive ones; • Awareness raising and capacity building in support of required behavioral changes; • Development of alternative livelihood programs/ livelihood transformation programs, and vocational training for pastoral communities; • Development of forecast-based finance instruments to minimize potential losses to productive systems; and • Design of combinations of appropriate risk finance tools and instruments appropriate to local contexts MoAF and relevant state governments Conservation and increasing soil carbon content, carbon sequestration in vegetation Public health Building resilience in the health • Build a healthy, resilient, low emission recovery • Sudan’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene • Introduction of early diagnosis and treatment programmes for malaria, chikungunya, rift valley fever, yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fevers, lieshmaniasis, Ministry of HealthVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) sector Aim is to: that prevents future threats and unlocks inclusive, sustainable growth; and • Enhance resilience through integrating climate-resilient development and/or risk management strategies into water and sanitation and hygiene sector plans and vectors related diseases Sustainable Development Goal Six • Sudan’s National Health • NAP(2016) and NAPA onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, diseases, and leishmaniasis; • Raising awareness of communities in vulnerable areas to climate change related diseases in order to increase their adaptive capacities; • Increasing health resilience to climate change related diseases and reducing the associated mortality by supporting health programmes; • Control of endemic and epidemic diseases induced by climate change through combating vectors and insects borne diseases, controlling of diseases shared between humans and animals; • Improvement of community sanitation and medical services, including capacities for diagnosis and treatment; • Solar for health to provide basic services to communities in remote areas without access to electricity services ; • Capacity building of health cadres and improvement of health services to meet the evolving and increasing challenges of climate change; and • Improvement of medical services including capacities of diagnoses and treatment Coastal zones Building resilience in coastal zones Reduce vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change impacts on their livelihoods • NAP (2016) • Coastal zone Plan • Mangroves restoration and management for building resilience of dependent local communities especially in marine subsistence and commercial fisheries and through addressing multiple stresses using approaches based on science and participation; • Provisions for alternative livelihoods for mangrove- dependent communities; • Integration of adaptation options into coastal zone management planning; • Strengthening coastal communities to use Ecosystem Based Management approaches to improve fisheries management and achieve other marine resource benefits; • Protection of coral reef and, sea grass beds and restoration of degraded areas and areas especially sensitive to climate related risks; • Increased resilience of islands against climate impacts; • Mapping, demarcation of coastal hazard lines subjected to sea level rise and over flooding.', 'MoAF and relevant state governments Carbon removal through planting of shelterbelts Building resilience of livestock production systems Enhanced preparedness of livestock sector to increase its resilience to projected climate change impacts on animal breeds • NAP(2016) and NAPA • Sudan Livestock Policy • Improving rangelands through introducing forage legumes and perennials rather than annual grasses; • Establishing breed association for the endangered livestock breeds (Kenana and Butana cattle, desert sheep); • Replacement of non-productive animals from cattle herds and sheep flocks and keeping only productive ones; • Awareness raising and capacity building in support of required behavioral changes; • Development of alternative livelihood programs/ livelihood transformation programs, and vocational training for pastoral communities; • Development of forecast-based finance instruments to minimize potential losses to productive systems; and • Design of combinations of appropriate risk finance tools and instruments appropriate to local contexts MoAF and relevant state governments Conservation and increasing soil carbon content, carbon sequestration in vegetation Public health Building resilience in the health • Build a healthy, resilient, low emission recovery • Sudan’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene • Introduction of early diagnosis and treatment programmes for malaria, chikungunya, rift valley fever, yellow fever, dengue hemorrhagic fevers, lieshmaniasis, Ministry of HealthVulnerable sector Adaptation action # Adaptation priority Goal(s) Relevance to national context Main Outputs Responsible institution(s) Mitigation co- benefits Cost (million USD) sector Aim is to: that prevents future threats and unlocks inclusive, sustainable growth; and • Enhance resilience through integrating climate-resilient development and/or risk management strategies into water and sanitation and hygiene sector plans and vectors related diseases Sustainable Development Goal Six • Sudan’s National Health • NAP(2016) and NAPA onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, diseases, and leishmaniasis; • Raising awareness of communities in vulnerable areas to climate change related diseases in order to increase their adaptive capacities; • Increasing health resilience to climate change related diseases and reducing the associated mortality by supporting health programmes; • Control of endemic and epidemic diseases induced by climate change through combating vectors and insects borne diseases, controlling of diseases shared between humans and animals; • Improvement of community sanitation and medical services, including capacities for diagnosis and treatment; • Solar for health to provide basic services to communities in remote areas without access to electricity services ; • Capacity building of health cadres and improvement of health services to meet the evolving and increasing challenges of climate change; and • Improvement of medical services including capacities of diagnoses and treatment Coastal zones Building resilience in coastal zones Reduce vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change impacts on their livelihoods • NAP (2016) • Coastal zone Plan • Mangroves restoration and management for building resilience of dependent local communities especially in marine subsistence and commercial fisheries and through addressing multiple stresses using approaches based on science and participation; • Provisions for alternative livelihoods for mangrove- dependent communities; • Integration of adaptation options into coastal zone management planning; • Strengthening coastal communities to use Ecosystem Based Management approaches to improve fisheries management and achieve other marine resource benefits; • Protection of coral reef and, sea grass beds and restoration of degraded areas and areas especially sensitive to climate related risks; • Increased resilience of islands against climate impacts; • Mapping, demarcation of coastal hazard lines subjected to sea level rise and over flooding. HCENR and Red Sea State government Increased carbon sequestration by blue carbon systems4.3.', 'HCENR and Red Sea State government Increased carbon sequestration by blue carbon systems4.3. National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions Sudan’s NAP (2016)1 has emerged as the central policy framework for proposing needed action by the government in reshaping its current programmes and protocols to ensure that adaptation and climate risk management are integrated into the wider Sudanese sustainable development planning process. As a result, adaptation to climate change has begun to be rooted in the overall Sudanese development context. For example, climate-change related impacts on rangelands discussed above have led to the deepening of resource-based conflicts among pastoral, transhumant and farmer communities.', 'For example, climate-change related impacts on rangelands discussed above have led to the deepening of resource-based conflicts among pastoral, transhumant and farmer communities. The NAP provides a framework, now operationalized at the project level underway throughout the country, to take this dynamic into account to promote equitable, advocacy-based interventions that incorporate new technology, better practices and conflict resolution strategies. Moreover, the NAP emphasizes the critical role of state-level governments as key stakeholder in the adaptation process. More frequent droughts have increased food insecurity in different ways among rural communities, this can only be effectively addressed through the kinds of state-specific adaptation interventions that are developed relative to specific state circumstances. Hence, the NAP calls for the development of state-level enabling environments that accounts for regional and state-level differences.', 'Hence, the NAP calls for the development of state-level enabling environments that accounts for regional and state-level differences. Building local technical capacity is a core recommendation that will help support adaptation decision-making at the state and community levels, while promoting federal-state institutional coordination arrangements. 4.4. Implementation and support needs of developing country Parties Sudan has been doubly vulnerable to climate change. On the one hand, it has been confronting climate change impacts as an LDC with very limited internal resources to implement adaptive measures to reduce acute water stress, deepening food insecurity, expansion of vector-borne diseases, and biodiversity loss.', 'On the one hand, it has been confronting climate change impacts as an LDC with very limited internal resources to implement adaptive measures to reduce acute water stress, deepening food insecurity, expansion of vector-borne diseases, and biodiversity loss. On the other hand, due to long- lasting economic and political sanctions - only recently lifted after the 2019 revolution - access to climate finance has been largely restricted to multilateral institutions like GEF and GCF, leaving Sudan even more vulnerable to the devastating consequences of climate change impacts on its people and natural systems.', 'On the other hand, due to long- lasting economic and political sanctions - only recently lifted after the 2019 revolution - access to climate finance has been largely restricted to multilateral institutions like GEF and GCF, leaving Sudan even more vulnerable to the devastating consequences of climate change impacts on its people and natural systems. Sudan is currently implementing some key urgent and immediate adaptation initiatives as identified based in the NAPA in four vulnerable states, based on resources from the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), participating states, and the national government.', 'Sudan is currently implementing some key urgent and immediate adaptation initiatives as identified based in the NAPA in four vulnerable states, based on resources from the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), participating states, and the national government. Recently, Sudan has received financial support from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) for a project to enhance adaptive capacity of local communities and restore carbon sink potential of the Gum Arabic belt (10 million USD) and another project that implements resilience- building measures in rainfed crop and livestock systems in nine states (25.6 million USD). Important as they are, these projects are only a start in reducing the gap between the magnitude of climate change impacts and the need for effective adaptive responses.', 'Important as they are, these projects are only a start in reducing the gap between the magnitude of climate change impacts and the need for effective adaptive responses. With the HCENR as lead institution, Sudan is currently working on developing a strategy for NDC implementation that is focused on strengthening institutional cooperative and data sharing arrangements as well as building technical capacities on adaptation project planningand implementation. Sudan is also in the process of revising its GCF country programme in a way that reflects this updated NDC and developing a much-needed national fund-raising to support the financing of the 12 projects described in Table 4-1 that will build resilience in water resource management, agricultural production, public health supply chains and coastal zone ecosystem and infrastructure. 4.5.', 'Sudan is also in the process of revising its GCF country programme in a way that reflects this updated NDC and developing a much-needed national fund-raising to support the financing of the 12 projects described in Table 4-1 that will build resilience in water resource management, agricultural production, public health supply chains and coastal zone ecosystem and infrastructure. 4.5. Implementation of adaptation actions and plans The implementation of systematic adaptation planning action began in 2007 with the completion of the NAPA, which identified and characterized the highest priority adaptation needs to confront then-current impacts of climate change.', 'Implementation of adaptation actions and plans The implementation of systematic adaptation planning action began in 2007 with the completion of the NAPA, which identified and characterized the highest priority adaptation needs to confront then-current impacts of climate change. This plan was followed by the completion of the NAP in 2016, a comprehensive, country-wide adaptation planning document whose objective was to assess future vulnerability to climate change in priority sectors (i.e., agriculture, water, health and coastal zones) and identify vulnerable hotspots and outline a set of adaptation strategies, including policies, technologies, systematic observation programmes, climate proofing needs, and required investment.', 'This plan was followed by the completion of the NAP in 2016, a comprehensive, country-wide adaptation planning document whose objective was to assess future vulnerability to climate change in priority sectors (i.e., agriculture, water, health and coastal zones) and identify vulnerable hotspots and outline a set of adaptation strategies, including policies, technologies, systematic observation programmes, climate proofing needs, and required investment. The implementation of the highest priority adaptation action began in 2010 in direct response to the 2007 NAPA, with financial and technical support from GEF, the LDC Fund and the UNDP. The projects aimed to enhance food and water security for agro-pastoralists. Projects activities were started in the states where the NAPA process itself took place.', 'Projects activities were started in the states where the NAPA process itself took place. Specific measure implemented include micro-fencing to reduce desert encroachment on productive areas, rangeland rehabilitation, creation of village-level nurseries to support rangeland rehabilitation, and construction of water harvesting facilities were some of the most important practices for increasing the community resilience, with high involvement of community members, particularly women. Major results achieved across the states in which these interventions were implemented include: • Reduction in unsustainable biomass harvesting through shifting from a total dependence on firewood to butane gas units for cooking. This reduced tree cutting and has helped to stabilize surrounding land against sand dune movement. • Improved water security through expansion of water supply for agricultural and domestic use by well-drilling and sustainable groundwater use.', '• Improved water security through expansion of water supply for agricultural and domestic use by well-drilling and sustainable groundwater use. This helped to increase cultivated areas and establish community managed horticulture and enhanced household food security and income potential. • Improved water supply efficiency through the introduction water harvesting techniques to mitigate the adverse impact of increasing rainfall variability. This helped to increase crop yields in hard hit states. • Improved agricultural productivity through the introduction of drought resistant and early maturing vanities of crops and vegetables seeds. This helped to temper the impact of shorter growing seasons and recurrent drought. • Improved livestock health through the introduction of vaccination campaigns against epidemics, strategic supplementary feeding and the introduction of more suitable sheep and cattle species.', '• Improved livestock health through the introduction of vaccination campaigns against epidemics, strategic supplementary feeding and the introduction of more suitable sheep and cattle species. This helped to stabilize an important source of annual income for agro- pastoralist households. The effectiveness of the above measures has been recognized within the adaptation planning community in Sudan. They are now being integrated into development planning of thesesectors. Donor-funded projects continue to be built upon and expanded based on this ongoing project-level experience. Indeed, the implementation of high priority adaptation action intensified after the completion of the NAP. Below is an overview of two of the most promising ongoing interventions whose designs were based on the outcome of the NAP. • Ecosystem-based adaptation.', 'Below is an overview of two of the most promising ongoing interventions whose designs were based on the outcome of the NAP. • Ecosystem-based adaptation. The White Nile State Ecosystem Based Adaptation (EbA) project (GEF/UNEP supported) aims to mainstream EbA approaches into policies, planning and budgets and to develop capacities at national, state and local (community) level. It applies alternative, proactive EbA approaches to increase the productivity of farmers and pastoralists. It includes measures such as rangeland regeneration, afforestation, rainwater harvesting and introduction of drought-tolerant agriculture. The project support women in their ambition to develop alternative livelihoods (e.g., household vegetable gardening) to increase their resilience to climate shocks and provides for knowledge management on successful EbA measures. • Agro-pastoralist adaptation.', 'The project support women in their ambition to develop alternative livelihoods (e.g., household vegetable gardening) to increase their resilience to climate shocks and provides for knowledge management on successful EbA measures. • Agro-pastoralist adaptation. The GCF/UNDP supported project agro-pastoralist resilience project aims is to promote a paradigm shift in dryland pastoral and farming systems through an integrated set of adaptation-focused measures that increases the resilience of food production systems, improves availability/access to water sources; and strengthens capacities of institutions/communities relevant to building climate resilience.', 'The GCF/UNDP supported project agro-pastoralist resilience project aims is to promote a paradigm shift in dryland pastoral and farming systems through an integrated set of adaptation-focused measures that increases the resilience of food production systems, improves availability/access to water sources; and strengthens capacities of institutions/communities relevant to building climate resilience. Specific interventions include drought-resistant, early maturing seeds, establishment of integrated women-led sustainable farms, rehabilitation of communal rangelands, development of multi-purpose tree nurseries, establishment of shelterbelts to shield cultivatable plots from dust storms, and increases in waster availability Sudan plans to implement all the remaining priority adaptation projects that were identified in the NAPA and NAP processes. Clearly, the cost for implementing adequate set of adaptation measures is well beyond the national resources at the disposal of the Sudanese government.', 'Clearly, the cost for implementing adequate set of adaptation measures is well beyond the national resources at the disposal of the Sudanese government. Therefore, it is imperative that Sudan succeeds in accessing international financial, technical, and capacity building support to meet the costs of the identified adaptation measures. Having started the NAP process well before the NAP technical guidelines were developed by the UNFCCC, Sudan’s NAP process recognized the need to address several gaps and limitations going forward.', 'Having started the NAP process well before the NAP technical guidelines were developed by the UNFCCC, Sudan’s NAP process recognized the need to address several gaps and limitations going forward. A GCF readiness support titled “Strengthening adaptation planning processes and capacity for implementation of adaptation actions in agricultural and water sectors in Sudan” is currently being implemented (2020-2022), building on NAP 2016 and aiming towards addressing most of the identified gaps, including: • Capacity building: The NAP institutional arrangements need to be further strengthened and recognized at the state level. Technical and institutional capacities of the state institutions need to be further strengthened to enable coordinating the implementation and integration of the NAP into national and state-level development planning.', 'Technical and institutional capacities of the state institutions need to be further strengthened to enable coordinating the implementation and integration of the NAP into national and state-level development planning. Capacity building is further required to review and update Sudan’s NAP in the future, as NAPs are a continuous and iterative process of adaptation planning and implementation.', 'Capacity building is further required to review and update Sudan’s NAP in the future, as NAPs are a continuous and iterative process of adaptation planning and implementation. • Methods and tools: There is a need to continue building technical capacity and knowledge about methods and tools such as on impact models for periodically assessing future impacts of climate change and for assessing future vulnerability of the water, agriculture and food security and health sectors and their implication on national development.• Regional climate scenarios: The vulnerability and adaptation assessments conducted during the NAP process followed the NAPA approach which is a participatory and consultative process but focuses only on the short-term climate impacts to address urgent and immediate adaptation needs.', '• Methods and tools: There is a need to continue building technical capacity and knowledge about methods and tools such as on impact models for periodically assessing future impacts of climate change and for assessing future vulnerability of the water, agriculture and food security and health sectors and their implication on national development.• Regional climate scenarios: The vulnerability and adaptation assessments conducted during the NAP process followed the NAPA approach which is a participatory and consultative process but focuses only on the short-term climate impacts to address urgent and immediate adaptation needs. Therefore, further development of climate scenarios is necessary to cover all the states of Sudan to identify mid- and long-term adaptation needs based on a sound scientific approach, taking into account the needs and circumstances of different stakeholders, including women and men.', 'Therefore, further development of climate scenarios is necessary to cover all the states of Sudan to identify mid- and long-term adaptation needs based on a sound scientific approach, taking into account the needs and circumstances of different stakeholders, including women and men. Also, further follow up work on introducing impact models and their know-how is vital to use climate scenarios in order to better understand future vulnerabilities of the development sectors in Sudan. This will be addressed in outcome 1. • Planning and financing: The adaptation measures identified by the NAP process have not been further analyzed and developed into informative, good quality project concepts to enable fund raising.', '• Planning and financing: The adaptation measures identified by the NAP process have not been further analyzed and developed into informative, good quality project concepts to enable fund raising. Therefore, there is a need to take these programme and project ideas one step further and develop them into fundable concept notes and project/programme proposals. There is a need to improve adaptation planning and integration in development planning at the state level, including the policies, programmes and the skills for the preparation of good quality adaptation projects for financing through the available funding opportunities. This also includes costing adaptation interventions to enable stakeholders and decision-makers to prioritize adaptation interventions, thereby using the analysis of adaptation financial flows and adaptation costing for adaptation projects and initiatives.', 'This also includes costing adaptation interventions to enable stakeholders and decision-makers to prioritize adaptation interventions, thereby using the analysis of adaptation financial flows and adaptation costing for adaptation projects and initiatives. • Enabling environments: Because of funding limitations, the NAP process could not move to do further work beyond scoping on the six specific recommendations for creating an enabling environment for effective adaptation responses. However, because these are very important elements of the NAP process and the integration of adaptation into development processes, Sudan decided to include them as ongoing programmes, hoping to raise further funding to continue developing them. These include, regional climate scenario development, improved observation network, enhanced national research for climate adaptation, vulnerability hotspot mapping, adaptation investment and financial flows, and climate proofing of ongoing development projects.', 'These include, regional climate scenario development, improved observation network, enhanced national research for climate adaptation, vulnerability hotspot mapping, adaptation investment and financial flows, and climate proofing of ongoing development projects. • Monitoring and evaluation (M&E): A Strong and well-functioning M&E system is key for adaptation planning and implementation of adaptation priorities, and to understand the impacts of climate change and opportunities for different stakeholders, including women and men. Sudan’s NAP did not aim to establish such a system and has now been identified as a high-priority need. This will need to involve capacity building of state-level institutions on M&E, establishing the data collection and reporting systems, developing modalities to engage affected communities, as well as sharing of knowledge and experience on implementation and integration.', 'This will need to involve capacity building of state-level institutions on M&E, establishing the data collection and reporting systems, developing modalities to engage affected communities, as well as sharing of knowledge and experience on implementation and integration. • Awareness-raising: There is a need to continuously improve awareness and knowledge about climate risks and adaptation responses. The stakeholders for awareness-raising campaigns span policymakers, analysts, planner, community leaders, households, and many others.', 'The stakeholders for awareness-raising campaigns span policymakers, analysts, planner, community leaders, households, and many others. A better understanding of the implications of climate change on people’s livelihoods will be needed at state and local levels to avoid maladaptive practices and exploit development opportunities.• National-state coordination: Improving Sudan’s initial NAP process should further elaborate and improve modalities for NAP implementation and integration into development planning at both national and state level to share information and good practices to communicate adaptation priorities and needs from the state to the national level and to make the best use of resources. 5.', 'A better understanding of the implications of climate change on people’s livelihoods will be needed at state and local levels to avoid maladaptive practices and exploit development opportunities.• National-state coordination: Improving Sudan’s initial NAP process should further elaborate and improve modalities for NAP implementation and integration into development planning at both national and state level to share information and good practices to communicate adaptation priorities and needs from the state to the national level and to make the best use of resources. 5. Support needed to implement mitigation and adaptation contributions Sudan is currently implementing some key urgent and immediate adaptation initiatives as identified based on the NAPA and NAP, as well as GHG mitigation actions as identified in energy visioning processes, based on resources from the GEF, GCF, multilateral institutions, bi-lateral aid agencies, as well as participating states and the national government.', 'Support needed to implement mitigation and adaptation contributions Sudan is currently implementing some key urgent and immediate adaptation initiatives as identified based on the NAPA and NAP, as well as GHG mitigation actions as identified in energy visioning processes, based on resources from the GEF, GCF, multilateral institutions, bi-lateral aid agencies, as well as participating states and the national government. This financial support has been very useful for Sudan to engage national institutions, build experience, knowledge, integrate climate change and maintain its ability to implement climate actions .', 'This financial support has been very useful for Sudan to engage national institutions, build experience, knowledge, integrate climate change and maintain its ability to implement climate actions . However, in contrast to the funding levels outlined in Table 5-1, a continuation of past funding trends is clearly not commensurate with the 8.23 billion USD needed over the next 10 years to build climate resilience and honor a commitment to the international community to transition to low-carbon development pathways. Given the difficult economic circumstances Sudan is currently facing , the government will strive to cover 15% of the estimated cost of NDC implementation. This will include resources from the national and state-level governments to be mobilized through the regular and development budgets. In addition, the government is expecting important contribution and resources from national private sector engagement.', 'In addition, the government is expecting important contribution and resources from national private sector engagement. Further development and elaboration of contributions and assessment of associated costs and required investment for implementing the updated NDC will continue to be elaborated and improved in the planning process for NDC implementation. 6. MRV systems in place to track mitigation and adaptation contributions The HCENR, as the focal point of climate change activities, has formalized institutional arrangements with relevant institutions in support of Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) activities. These institutional arrangements have been codified in Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) established between the HCENR and 10 federal entities and 18 state- level environment institutions and ministries of agriculture.', 'These institutional arrangements have been codified in Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) established between the HCENR and 10 federal entities and 18 state- level environment institutions and ministries of agriculture. These MoUs are designed to clarify institutional responsibilities and improve institutional capacity to meet Sudan’s MRV and transparency obligations (see Table 5-2). Institutional coordination arrangements in support of MRV activities have involved several research and academic institutions, enlisted to support a range of actions including data development; capacity building; tool development; GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis; Table 5-1: Summary of Sudan’s financial support needs for its mitigation and adaptation contributions Focus Measure or sector Needed amount (million USD) GHG mitigation Renewable energy 2,724 Energy efficiency 215 Transport measures 1,000 Carbon sequestration 214 Waste management 240 Adaptation Public health 500 Coastal zone 150NDC development; adaptation actions; QA/QC procedures, and data archiving.', 'Institutional coordination arrangements in support of MRV activities have involved several research and academic institutions, enlisted to support a range of actions including data development; capacity building; tool development; GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis; Table 5-1: Summary of Sudan’s financial support needs for its mitigation and adaptation contributions Focus Measure or sector Needed amount (million USD) GHG mitigation Renewable energy 2,724 Energy efficiency 215 Transport measures 1,000 Carbon sequestration 214 Waste management 240 Adaptation Public health 500 Coastal zone 150NDC development; adaptation actions; QA/QC procedures, and data archiving. The Ministry of Finance, Central Bureau of Statistics, and Council of Ministers all play key role in supporting MRV activities including management of financial resources, data supply, sectoral expertise; endorsement of resulting national reports.', 'The Ministry of Finance, Central Bureau of Statistics, and Council of Ministers all play key role in supporting MRV activities including management of financial resources, data supply, sectoral expertise; endorsement of resulting national reports. Finally, civil society organizations also contribute to MRV actions through participation and consultations to climate change planning, transparency and reporting; data provision, training and awareness events; and development of social and environmental safeguards. The adequacy of MRV systems in Sudan to track mitigation and adaptation contributions will also benefit from the upcoming project on building transparency. The project, expected to start implementation in January 2022, aims to enhance Sudan’s human and institutional capacities in the area of transparency, according to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, in particular the provisions under Article 13.', 'The project, expected to start implementation in January 2022, aims to enhance Sudan’s human and institutional capacities in the area of transparency, according to the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, in particular the provisions under Article 13. The project will be particularly focused on developing the national transparency system based on the modalities, procedures and guidelines (MPGs) for the transparency framework for action and support included in decision (18/CMA.1). This will be achieved through a) strengthening of national institutions for transparency related activities; b) provision of tools, systems, trainings and assistance in line with the transparency provisions established under the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement; and c) development of a long-term institutional coordination strategy to improve transparency over time.'] | en-US |
313 | SDN | Sudan | Updated NDC | 2021-05-31 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Sudan%20Updated%20First%20NDC-Interim%20Submission.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 22.572476 | 10.490038 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1cbb8ab22bf1cc74e78cd26ee7817584ab928b65f57651bc956778eca7862041.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
314 | SUR | Suriname | 1st NDC | 2019-02-13 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Suriname%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 2.058611 | 0.652722 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/347cc0a25f52e03bb6864a194d8ebb4e7d624f7e0d665b09bd1f7005cbe1fe96.pdf | ['INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME Republic of Suriname Intended Nationally Determined Contribution Under UNFCCCINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME The Republic of Suriname is committed to addressing the issues associated with climate change both nationally and globally. As such, and in accordance with the Conference of the Parties (COP) Decisions 1/CP19 (Warsaw) and 1/CP20 (Lima), Suriname hereby submits its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) prior to COP21 scheduled for Paris, to be organized in December 2015. 2. NATIONAL CONTEXT The Republic of Suriname is committed to playing its part in the global fight against climate change. As a developing country with a total population of 541,638 and abundant natural resources, Suriname has remained carbon negative.', 'As a developing country with a total population of 541,638 and abundant natural resources, Suriname has remained carbon negative. Suriname’s contribution to the global fight against climate change commenced long before countries of the world came together in 1972 at the United National Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm to agree on a common outlook for environmental protection and poverty alleviation and where climate change was given recognition for the first time. Historically, the Republic of Suriname has been maintaining and protecting its pristine forests and ecosystems. Consequently, approximately 15 million hectares or about 94% of Suriname’s territory remains forested resulting in 12.9 hectares per capita or net carbon capture per capita of 3.3 tons.', 'Consequently, approximately 15 million hectares or about 94% of Suriname’s territory remains forested resulting in 12.9 hectares per capita or net carbon capture per capita of 3.3 tons. The tropical rainforest of Suriname stores about 11 gigatons and absorbs more than 8.8 million tons of forest carbon annually. This represents approximately over 350 million tons of carbon absorbed since 1972. As a result of its forest carbon sequestration and avoided deforestation, Suriname has been providing a key ecosystem benefit to the world long before the issue of climate change was widely recognized and accepted. A service for which Suriname has not been paid.', 'A service for which Suriname has not been paid. Despite this significant mitigation function, as a country with a low lying coast where over 80% of the population resides, and where the major economic activities and infrastructure are concentrated, Suriname is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Suriname has already suffered extensive losses and damages from the effects of climate change. Current projections for sea level rise will result in severe damage to coastal ecosystems, in particular, the mangrove forests and large expanse of arableINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME lands. Impacts are projected to affect over 40% of the country’s GDP and the well-being of more than 80% of the population and Suriname’s capital, Paramaribo, a UNESCO Heritage City.', 'Impacts are projected to affect over 40% of the country’s GDP and the well-being of more than 80% of the population and Suriname’s capital, Paramaribo, a UNESCO Heritage City. Amongst the most vulnerable and who stand to be significantly impacted include those living in the coastal zone, along the coastal rivers as well as Indigenous and forest-dependent people living along the rivers and shores. Based on current trends, climate departure for Suriname will take place in 2028 at which point the country will experience, inevitably, huge losses and irreversible damage. This will impact the very way of life of the Surinamese people. Thus far, Suriname has had to deal with the losses and damages, undertake adaptation interventions and build climate resilience mainly from its small national budget.', 'Thus far, Suriname has had to deal with the losses and damages, undertake adaptation interventions and build climate resilience mainly from its small national budget. Moreover, recognizing the vulnerability of the coast and ever increasing impacts on a significant percentage of the population, Suriname’s dilemma is whether to continue to invest heavily in adaptation or relocate and rebuild its entire economy away from the threat of the rising sea. This would mean shifting inland, a massive costly venture which would also have the effect of placing pressure on the country’s forest resources and which could jeopardizing Suriname’s contribution of maintaining 15 million ha forest as both a huge carbon sink and the lungs of the earth for the global community.', 'This would mean shifting inland, a massive costly venture which would also have the effect of placing pressure on the country’s forest resources and which could jeopardizing Suriname’s contribution of maintaining 15 million ha forest as both a huge carbon sink and the lungs of the earth for the global community. Notwithstanding these challenges, Suriname has over the years taken steps with limited resources to prevent, reduce and cope with the effects of climate change. Suriname continues to advance its efforts towards climate resilient and compatible development through a number of green policies and initiatives and in particular, actions to protect and sustainably use its forests. Moreover, Suriname has been implementing adaptation measures to guard against sea level rise and reduce the impact associated with extreme weather events.', 'Moreover, Suriname has been implementing adaptation measures to guard against sea level rise and reduce the impact associated with extreme weather events. In addition, Suriname has one of the lowest reliance upon fossil fuels for the generation of electricity. Furthermore, the most significant source of energy is from hydropower which supplies the majority of the country’s electricity generation requirements. While Suriname reaffirms its commitment to addressing climate change and in particular, maintaining its forest and freshwater resources, it recognizes the need for theINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME international community to work collectively, responsibly and with urgency to address this issue.', 'While Suriname reaffirms its commitment to addressing climate change and in particular, maintaining its forest and freshwater resources, it recognizes the need for theINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME international community to work collectively, responsibly and with urgency to address this issue. In this regard, there are four critical elements necessary for international collaboration: (i) Direct access to climate finance; (ii) Compensation for loss and damage; (iii) Technology transfer to engender large scale adaptation and mitigation; and (iv) Compensation for the forest climate services that forest countries have been and continue to provide. Suriname remains committed to playing its part in the fight against climate change and recognizes the significant role its forests can play.', 'Suriname remains committed to playing its part in the fight against climate change and recognizes the significant role its forests can play. In this regard, Suriname is keen to pursue a green economy through a climate compatible development approach and with REDD+ as a key mechanism. In addition, Suriname strongly supports the UN sustainable development priorities regarding ‘Renewable Energy’. Suriname is therefore prepared to deploy its forests, as part of a global mitigation contribution as well as continue promoting and introducing the use of renewable energy, specifically in remote areas, provided adequate financing is made available to support these transitions. 3. PROPOSED CONTRIBUTIONS TYPE OF COMMITMENT At the onset, the Republic of Suriname recognized the importance of preparing its INDC and secured high level political endorsement.', 'PROPOSED CONTRIBUTIONS TYPE OF COMMITMENT At the onset, the Republic of Suriname recognized the importance of preparing its INDC and secured high level political endorsement. Through the INDC preparation process Suriname has demonstrated its political commitment to the global fight against climate change through its contributions to the UNFCCC. Although Suriname’s contribution to the global Green House Gas (GHG) emission is negligible, the government is intended to continue contributing to the global reduction of these gases under the Convention. Suriname has taken the initiative to move away from business as usual and to chart a course towards climate compatible development through an enabling framework which has included the preparation and approval of a National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan (NCCPSAP).', 'Suriname has taken the initiative to move away from business as usual and to chart a course towards climate compatible development through an enabling framework which has included the preparation and approval of a National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan (NCCPSAP). The Republic of Suriname intends to implement the NCCPSAPINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME and will be seeking adequate resources to support this. In this regard, Suriname’s commitment is one that is unconditional as well as conditional through proposed measures of policies, strategies and actions. PREPARATION OUTLINE The following is an outline of the steps taken in the preparation of the INDC. 1. Planning process: key stakeholders were engaged on September 10th 2015. A National Team was the driver.', 'A National Team was the driver. This team consisted of representatives of the Office of the President of the Republic of Suriname, the National Institute for Environment and Development in Suriname (NIMOS), Anton de Kom University of Suriname, the Foundation for Forest Management and Forest Control in Suriname, and the ministry of Foreign Affairs. The forum sought to sensitize participants on the background, nature and need for an INDC, the preparation and information required, and key issues to consider. The forum also elicited stakeholders’ perspectives on issues and priorities for inclusion. 2. Stocktaking: the National Team undertook a stocktaking exercise to collect required information to prepare the INDC. This exercise identified and assembled relevant national information, data and analysis, including official information from the Government sources. 3.', 'This exercise identified and assembled relevant national information, data and analysis, including official information from the Government sources. 3. Desktop Review: an analysis was made of documents such as the Development Plan 2012-2016 of the Republic of Suriname, the National Plan for Forest Cover Monitoring, Suriname’s Readiness Preparation Proposal, the NCCPSAP as well as Suriname’s National Reports to the UNFCCC. In addition, use was made of the reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), Suriname’s Energy Policy Plan 2013-2033, data from the ministry of Natural Resources, reports from the Suriname Statistics Bureau, and the guide by WRI and UNDP on ‘How to write an INDC’.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 4.', 'In addition, use was made of the reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change (IPCC), Suriname’s Energy Policy Plan 2013-2033, data from the ministry of Natural Resources, reports from the Suriname Statistics Bureau, and the guide by WRI and UNDP on ‘How to write an INDC’.INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 4. Drafting phase: consistent with guidance provided by the UNFCCC through its literature and the outputs of the desktop review, a draft INDC was prepared. The methodology and metrics used are consistent with IPCC guidance under the UNFCCC, particularly, the estimation of GHGs emissions. 5. Stakeholders review: the draft INDC was reviewed by the National Team, provided to key stakeholders for review and feedback, and updated accordingly.', 'Stakeholders review: the draft INDC was reviewed by the National Team, provided to key stakeholders for review and feedback, and updated accordingly. 6. Review and Approval by the Office of the President’s National Environmental Policy Coordination department: the updated draft of the INDC was submitted to the Office of the President for consideration, approval and submission to the UNFCCC. TIME FRAME The period covered by Suriname’s INDC, as proposed, is up to 2025. COVERAGE Suriname’s INDC is based on national-scale coverage. SCOPE OF GASES The GHGs to be accounted for in this INDC are carbon dioxide ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O). METHODOLOGY The methodology and metrics are generally consistent with the guidance provided by the IPCC.', 'METHODOLOGY The methodology and metrics are generally consistent with the guidance provided by the IPCC. USE OF MARKETS As part of this INDC Suriname has not given consideration to the use of markets though such markets could become a feature for the future. MITIGATION A. FORESTS The sectors covered in this INDC are ‘Forests’ and ‘Renewable Energy’. Approximately 94% of the Republic of Suriname consists of forests covering approximately 15 million ha of the land surface. Suriname has one of the world’s lowest rate of deforestation which is estimated at 0.02% annually.', 'Suriname has one of the world’s lowest rate of deforestation which is estimated at 0.02% annually. Unconditional Suriname has taken a comprehensive approach to theINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME Contributions management of its forests through the Forest Management Act (1992), National Forest Policy (2003) and Interim Strategic Action Plan for the Forest Sector (2008) and has been able to maintain its high forest cover and low deforestation rate through stringent management of forests by adopting and implementing sustainable forest management practices. Enhanced efforts at forest monitoring to address illegal logging as well as the adoption of tools such as Reduced Impact logging (RIL) in the logging sector has helped to maintain a low environmental and carbon footprint.', 'Enhanced efforts at forest monitoring to address illegal logging as well as the adoption of tools such as Reduced Impact logging (RIL) in the logging sector has helped to maintain a low environmental and carbon footprint. However, much more detailed information on forest resources is needed and in this regard Suriname is currently piloting a national forest inventory. Suriname intends to increase efforts at sustainable forest and ecosystem management and stabilizing and minimizing deforestation and forest degradation unconditionally.', 'Suriname intends to increase efforts at sustainable forest and ecosystem management and stabilizing and minimizing deforestation and forest degradation unconditionally. Additionally, to support its efforts at maintaining the integrity of forest ecosystems and keeping with its obligations regarding the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Suriname has established 13% of its total land area under a national protection system and will continue to pursue the expansion of this system by increasing the percentage of forests and wetlands under preservation. Conditional Contribution Suriname intends to continue to practice sustainable forestry management in an effort to promote multiple use of its forest resources while at the same time exploring options for the payment of forest climate services that its forest provide.', 'Conditional Contribution Suriname intends to continue to practice sustainable forestry management in an effort to promote multiple use of its forest resources while at the same time exploring options for the payment of forest climate services that its forest provide. Through this approach, and with adequate financial incentives and support, Suriname intends to maintain its high forest cover and low deforestation rate. As part of this approach, Suriname is keen to strengthen forest governance institutions and collaboration with the private sector and other stakeholders and to expand its program of awareness, monitoring and enforcement while also promoting research and aINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME comprehensive forest inventory to provide detailed information on forests.', 'As part of this approach, Suriname is keen to strengthen forest governance institutions and collaboration with the private sector and other stakeholders and to expand its program of awareness, monitoring and enforcement while also promoting research and aINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME comprehensive forest inventory to provide detailed information on forests. Suriname is currently undertaking a process of REDD+ Readiness at the national level and initial steps are being taken to assess the drivers of deforestation and to develop strategy, approaches, and options among the key sectors including agriculture, logging, and mining. Also, estimation of national carbon stocks and the development of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System are underway.', 'Also, estimation of national carbon stocks and the development of a Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) System are underway. A draft law for the protection of the mangrove forest along the North Atlantic coast of Suriname was prepared by the government. In addition, coastline stabilization by means of ‘wave breakers’ to reduce wave force, promote sedimentation and subsequent mangrove regeneration, will increase mangrove forest stock and carbon sequestration. Considering that the tropical rainforests of the Republic of Suriname stores approximately 11 gigatons of carbon and absorbs more than 8.8 million tons of forest carbon annually, Suriname is keen to maintain its high forest cover and low deforestation rate if adequate incentives are provided over the long term.', 'Considering that the tropical rainforests of the Republic of Suriname stores approximately 11 gigatons of carbon and absorbs more than 8.8 million tons of forest carbon annually, Suriname is keen to maintain its high forest cover and low deforestation rate if adequate incentives are provided over the long term. In this regard, applying carbon pricing and proxies from avoided deforestation models for similar ecosystems in rainforest countries, Suriname has estimated its mitigation contribution from carbon sequestration and avoided deforestation for the period up to 2025 at US$630 Million. B. RENEWABLE ENERGY According to the statistics 85% of Suriname’s population has access to energy.', 'B. RENEWABLE ENERGY According to the statistics 85% of Suriname’s population has access to energy. The energy demand of Suriname’s population is between 150MW and 250MW and is met from diesel generation (51.6MW), hydropower (115MW), and small diesel generators with capacity in the range of 10-60kW servicing ruralINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME villages. The projected energy demand by 2022 is estimated to be 500MW. Unconditional Contribution Suriname has drafted a National Energy Plan 2013-2033 outlining a long-term vision and strategy to establish a modern, efficient, affordable energy sector that offers long-term energy security and at the same time advances international competitiveness. An Electricity Bill has been prepared which outlines the formulation of an energy sector plan and the establishment of an energy authority.', 'An Electricity Bill has been prepared which outlines the formulation of an energy sector plan and the establishment of an energy authority. Several initiatives are already in an advanced stage such as solar energy for communities in the hinterland, a study on waste-to-energy at the national landfill, and micro-hydro power projects in the Interior. Other forms of renewable energy to be explored are wind energy as well as biomass-to-energy. A nation-wide energy efficiency program has commenced aimed at consumer awareness and usage of energy-saving light bulbs as well as promoting energy efficient designs for buildings. In addition, there has been the removal of tariffs on renewable energy products. Conditional Contribution Several renewable energy resources are technically feasible.', 'Conditional Contribution Several renewable energy resources are technically feasible. Further studies are required to also explore the potentials of biofuels with rice husk, various grass species, and micro algae as the biological source. In consideration are a hydropower project with a potential output of 168MW; a biofuel project that could realize the introduction of ethanol in gasoline with 60% of vehicles utilizing the blend and at the same time produce 25MW of power; and 62MW from thermal energy. While Suriname has not yet been able to attribute costs to these major renewable energy initiatives, utilizing costs estimations from the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), a 168MW hydropower project could cost between US$189Million and US$1.377Million. In addition, to aggressively pursue renewable energy, Suriname has already considered measures over short, medium and long-term, to upgrade efficiency.', 'In addition, to aggressively pursue renewable energy, Suriname has already considered measures over short, medium and long-term, to upgrade efficiency. This would requireINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME financing estimated at approximately US$485 Million. Implementation of these conditional contributions to energy, is conservatively estimated at up to US$1.862Million (considering only hydropower and energy efficiency infrastructure). Through existing efforts and with funding for implementation, Suriname is keen to continue to transition its energy sector to ensure it stays above 25% renewable by 2025. ADAPTATION The Republic of Suriname is most vulnerable to the effects of climate change due to its low-lying coastal nature and threats of increased sea level rise and the frequency of extreme weather events. Adaptation therefore occupies prominence in Suriname’s approach to climate change.', 'Adaptation therefore occupies prominence in Suriname’s approach to climate change. Suriname has outlined climate resilience measures as part of the 2012-2016 National Development Plan and is currently undertaking projects and actions as a direct response to climate change. Unconditional contribution At the strategic level, Suriname has outlined in the 2012-2016 National Development Plan, several critical mitigation measures to be implemented which include the rehabilitation and enhancement of infrastructure such as dikes to protect the coastal zone; drainage for urban and non-urban areas; improvements to water resources management; protection of freshwater resources in ground aquifers and rivers; promotion of sustainable land management; applying innovative technologies in the use of land; and instituting measures towards increasing ecosystem resilience to ensure these naturally adapt to the changing climate.', 'Unconditional contribution At the strategic level, Suriname has outlined in the 2012-2016 National Development Plan, several critical mitigation measures to be implemented which include the rehabilitation and enhancement of infrastructure such as dikes to protect the coastal zone; drainage for urban and non-urban areas; improvements to water resources management; protection of freshwater resources in ground aquifers and rivers; promotion of sustainable land management; applying innovative technologies in the use of land; and instituting measures towards increasing ecosystem resilience to ensure these naturally adapt to the changing climate. Within the limitations of its own domestic financial resources, work has already commenced in integrating climate resilience in infrastructure programs as well as in the social and productive sectors such as in agriculture, coastal zone, education, health, and tourism.', 'Within the limitations of its own domestic financial resources, work has already commenced in integrating climate resilience in infrastructure programs as well as in the social and productive sectors such as in agriculture, coastal zone, education, health, and tourism. Furthermore, adaptation measures to building climate resilienceINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME include improving natural and mechanical infrastructure such as dikes and river defenses; mangrove protection, restoration and expansion, and water management. These efforts have been guided by preliminary vulnerability assessments for key sectors including agriculture, the coastal zone, health, socio-economy and tourism. These assessments also supported the identification of critical adaptation measures of which some are under implementation such as the drafted law for protecting the unprotected parts of the mangrove forests along the coast.', 'These assessments also supported the identification of critical adaptation measures of which some are under implementation such as the drafted law for protecting the unprotected parts of the mangrove forests along the coast. The reasons for this measure are to increase natural protection of the vulnerable coastline; protect the mangrove ecosystems on the coast; sequester carbon and reduce GHG emissions caused by uprooting of plants during coastal erosion; to promote natural mangrove regeneration leading to increased fish production and reduced poverty levels. Conditional Contribution Further research and vulnerability assessments, infrastructure programs, and mainstreaming climate change in the social and productive sectors are critical actions to be taken in increasing resilience to climate change in the coastal zone as well as in the Interior.', 'Conditional Contribution Further research and vulnerability assessments, infrastructure programs, and mainstreaming climate change in the social and productive sectors are critical actions to be taken in increasing resilience to climate change in the coastal zone as well as in the Interior. In addition, the introduction and implementation of various types of renewable energy requires, for instance, the installation of solar panel parks as well as micro-hydro power units in river systems; application of biomass-to-energy technology; installation of wind mills; and implementation of waste-to-energy technology. These, in turn, require human and institutional capacity building and financing. Financing is a key requirement to support these actions and determining in a comprehensive way the future costs of adaptation. Building climate resiliency is viewed as an immediate priority.', 'Building climate resiliency is viewed as an immediate priority. Notwithstanding this, to be able to make minimum level adaptation interventions the Republic of Suriname requires an estimated US$1 Billion to support its climate resilience program of activities in the period up to 2025. ASSUMPTIONS AND A key assumption made in this INDC is that support from theINTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION FROM THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME RISKS international community, and in particular the ANNEX 1 countries, will be forthcoming in a timely manner in areas such as finance, technology transfer, renewable energy and training, and capacity building. It is also assumed that financial mechanisms under the UNFCCC including the Green Climate Fund will become fully operational and easily accessible for SIDS and low lying coastal countries.', 'It is also assumed that financial mechanisms under the UNFCCC including the Green Climate Fund will become fully operational and easily accessible for SIDS and low lying coastal countries. Also, that a special financing mechanism will be established to support action on forests which could evolve into a mechanism for payment of forest climate services. Considering these assumptions, the risk therefore is that implementation of actions outlined in the INDC could be affected by sloth, insufficient and limited financial resources. FAIRNESS, EQUITY AND AMBITION The Republic of Suriname is a carbon negative society, absorbing much more carbon than it generates. GHG emissions are negligible at approximately 7 million tons of carbon.', 'GHG emissions are negligible at approximately 7 million tons of carbon. And, with approximately 94% of land area under tropical rainforests, Suriname performs a key function as a global carbon sink absorbing more than 8.8Mt CO2 annually. As such, Suriname’s proposed contributions are ambitious, fair and equitable and represent a commitment towards climate compatible development and global climate change mitigation. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND TOTAL COSTS The implementation of the INDC of the Republic of Suriname will require financial support. Several actions have been identified in the energy and forestry sectors that would contribute to mitigation. An estimate of these costs is US$2.492 Billion. For critical adaptation needs, however, Suriname requires an estimated US$ 1Billion to support its climate resilience program of activities.', 'For critical adaptation needs, however, Suriname requires an estimated US$ 1Billion to support its climate resilience program of activities. The total costs for the implementation of the INDC of the Republic of Suriname are therefore estimated at US$3.492 Billion.'] | en-US |
315 | SUR | Suriname | 2nd NDC | 2019-12-09 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Suriname%20Second%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 2.058611 | 0.652722 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0b16725b14175f4340a4dc02c776ba65b3ca4ad7d7dd4f282e075e89db1afd66.pdf | ['The Republic of Suriname Nationally Determined Contribution Submitted December 2019 in fulfilment of obligations under the Paris Agreement on climate changeColofon Cabinet of the President of the Republic of Suriname | Coordination Environment Paramaribo Suriname Email co.environment@gov.srTable of Contents Preamble . 1 1. Executive Summary . 2 2. National Context 4 Climate and geography . 4 Impacts and vulnerability . 4 People . 5 Economy . 5 Sustainable Development 6 Climate Change Policy and Institutions . 7 Forests 10 Summary . 10 Contribution . 11 Energy . 14 Summary . 14 Contribution . 14 Agriculture . 16 Summary . 16 Contribution . 16 Transport and Urban Infrastructure . 18 Summary . 18 Contribution . 18 4. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 20 Fairness and ambition 23 6. Planning process . 25 7.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding . 20 Fairness and ambition 23 6. Planning process . 25 7. Means of Implementation . 27 Capacity building . 27 Technology transfer . 27 Financial support . 27 Annex 1: Project portfolio 28 Annex 2 GHG emissions . 36 Annex 3 References . 37NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Preamble The Republic of Suriname is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement and has deposited its instrument of ratification to the Paris agreement on 13 February 2019.', 'Means of Implementation . 27 Capacity building . 27 Technology transfer . 27 Financial support . 27 Annex 1: Project portfolio 28 Annex 2 GHG emissions . 36 Annex 3 References . 37NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Preamble The Republic of Suriname is committed to the full, effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement and has deposited its instrument of ratification to the Paris agreement on 13 February 2019. Suriname, pursuant to Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23, taking into account its domestic circumstances and capabilities, hereby communicates an enhanced nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement for the period 2020 - 2030.', 'Suriname, pursuant to Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23, taking into account its domestic circumstances and capabilities, hereby communicates an enhanced nationally determined contribution under the Paris Agreement for the period 2020 - 2030. Suriname notes with great concern that the objective of the Paris Agreement can only be achieved through a significant enhancement of the level of action complemented by international support provided to achieve conditional contributions, as reflected in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In that spirit Suriname presents a significantly enhanced NDCs for the period 2020-2030 and calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 1.', 'In that spirit Suriname presents a significantly enhanced NDCs for the period 2020-2030 and calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 1. Executive Summary Suriname is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The country’s small population, major economic activities, and infrastructure are concentrated along the low-lying coastal zone. It has already experienced extensive coastal erosion, and has suffered damages from heavy rainfall, flooding, higher temperatures during dry seasons, and high winds.', 'It has already experienced extensive coastal erosion, and has suffered damages from heavy rainfall, flooding, higher temperatures during dry seasons, and high winds. Suriname is a member of CARICOM and joined the ranks of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in 1981 and aligns itself with the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Although Suriname geographically is not a small island state, as a low-lying coastal country it faces similar development challenges, such limited resources, environmental fragility, high costs of transportation and energy, and vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters. The country has outlined its development priorities in the Policy Development Plan 2017-2021 (Government of Suriname 2017).', 'The country has outlined its development priorities in the Policy Development Plan 2017-2021 (Government of Suriname 2017). Two fundamental development challenges, which Suriname cannot really change are its small population and the openness of the economy. The Plan emphasizes the need for “diversification of our economic basis, using the many possibilities provided by our nature and at the same time protect the environment.” The Plan provides a solid basis for alignment with this NDC. This is important as NDC implementation will be more effective now that it is well integrated with wider policy. Further, aligning the NDC with sectoral policies, plans and strategies makes it fit-for-purpose, credible with stakeholders and ‘embedded’ within sectors. The NDC enhancement process has been an opportunity to strengthen these links.', 'The NDC enhancement process has been an opportunity to strengthen these links. The NDC creates positive synergies and avoids conflicting policy signals. Doing so has improved buy-in among stakeholders and should mobilize international support for climate action by Suriname. This NDC breaks new ground in that it includes a comprehensive package of policies and measures with sectoral sub-targets, complemented by a portfolio of projects that contribute significantly to meeting the defined contributions and essential to achievement of the enhanced NDC ambition. This is one of the lessons learned since submitting the 2015 NDC. Policy coherence has been significantly increased through a careful process of stakeholder engagement.', 'Policy coherence has been significantly increased through a careful process of stakeholder engagement. This NDC seeks to outline a cost-effective pathway to decarbonization of sustainable economic development, maintaining the integrity of natural forest acting as a carbon sink, and strengthening resilience so as to enable adaptation and mitigation action. This has been achieved by fully aligning the NDC with Suriname’s national development priorities. Whereas Suriname is presently unable to set an economy-wide target, for the reasons outlined a comprehensive package of policies and measures with sectoral sub-targets is feasible. A carefully prepared portfolio of projects is provided that is considered key to delivering on the promise of the NDC, in that they contribute significantly to meeting the contributions.', 'A carefully prepared portfolio of projects is provided that is considered key to delivering on the promise of the NDC, in that they contribute significantly to meeting the contributions. This portfolio with a total project value of around USD 696 million was prepared as part of the NDC enhancement process. It does not encompass the full scope of the Suriname contribution. It is intended to serve as a tool for investors and development partners wishing to support Suriname implementing its ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 This NDC includes (enhanced) contributions from four of six emitting sectors, as identified in our most recent GHG Inventory: forests, electricity, agriculture and transport. Taken together they cover an estimated 70% of emissions.', 'Taken together they cover an estimated 70% of emissions. Suriname’s forests are of global importance, both as a biodiversity hotspot and a carbon sink. The efforts to protect this natural resource are key to the country’s commitment. Suriname maintains its contribution as a high forest cover and low deforestation (HFLD) country committed to maintaining 93% forest cover. Significant international support is needed for the conservation of this valuable resource in perpetuity. Taking into account Suriname’s domestic circumstances and capabilities, the maintenance of the carbon stock, and the sectoral emission reductions described below, are undertaken on the basis of equity, conditional on the availability of finance, and in the context of sustainable development.', 'Taking into account Suriname’s domestic circumstances and capabilities, the maintenance of the carbon stock, and the sectoral emission reductions described below, are undertaken on the basis of equity, conditional on the availability of finance, and in the context of sustainable development. Importantly, Suriname’s forests store 13.1 Gt CO2 e. The electricity sector provides the people of Suriname with clean and affordable power. Meeting a growing demand and the need to extend clean electricity supply to the interior are driving government efforts. Suriname’s commitment to supply a growing share of demand from sustainable, clean sources is increased. International support and investments are sought to increase off-grid supply. Agriculture is a source of emissions while at the same time being strongly impacted by climate change.', 'Agriculture is a source of emissions while at the same time being strongly impacted by climate change. This dual challenge frames Suriname’s commitment to include the sector in the NDC. Land use planning and research and development of climate-smart farming are central to our contribution. Transport is a large and growing source of emissions. With more than two thirds of the population living in and around the capital, Paramaribo, the combined challenge of increasing resilience of urban infrastructure and reducing transport emissions defines Suriname’s approach to the sector. A combination of investment and regulation is included as a contribution. The Second National Communication and Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan, already described Suriname’s high vulnerability to climate change.', 'The Second National Communication and Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan, already described Suriname’s high vulnerability to climate change. This vulnerability is largely due to a concentration of the population and economic activities in the low-lying coastal zone. The 2019 National Adaptation Plan (NAP) is a further building block to Suriname’s climate strategy. It aims at integration and mainstreaming of adaptation issues into policies, programs, activities and development planning processes and strategies, across multiple sectors and levels. The NAP sets strategic adaptation priorities at the national level, with strategic objectives, adaptation measures and outcomes for each priority being noted. An innovative ‘triple stream model’ was developed, whereby adaptation action will focus on the most vulnerable and highly impacted sectors.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 2.', 'An innovative ‘triple stream model’ was developed, whereby adaptation action will focus on the most vulnerable and highly impacted sectors.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 2. National Context Climate and geography The Republic of Suriname lies on the north-eastern Atlantic coast of South America, bordering with Guyana to the West, French Guyana to the East, and Brazil to the South. It has an area of 163,820 km2. Most of the population is concentrated along the northern coastal strip. Suriname has a tropical climate of a semi humid type, influenced by the periodical northward and southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and experiences two rainy and two dry seasons.', 'Suriname has a tropical climate of a semi humid type, influenced by the periodical northward and southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and experiences two rainy and two dry seasons. During the major rainy season, between May and July, most of the country receives 250‐400 mm per month and during the minor rainy season, from November – January, around 150‐200 mm per month. Rainfall is highest in the central and south-eastern parts of the country. The 2017 average yearly precipitation was 2,192.4 mm. Average annual temperatures range between a minimum of 24.0 and a maximum of 30.9 °C. The range in average temperatures between the warmest and the coldest month is only 2.4 degrees Celsius (General Bureau of Statistics 2018).', 'The range in average temperatures between the warmest and the coldest month is only 2.4 degrees Celsius (General Bureau of Statistics 2018). Figure 1 Courtesy SBBNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Impacts and vulnerability Suriname is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The country’s small population, major economic activities, and infrastructure are concentrated along the low-lying, heavily urbanized coastal zone. The country has already experienced extensive coastal erosion, and has suffered damages from heavy rainfall, flooding, higher temperatures during dry seasons, and high winds. With more than 90% of the population and economic activities located along the low-lying coastal strip, this elevated exposure to natural hazards creates risks for fiscal and macroeconomic stability, private investment in productive activities, sustainable growth and poverty reduction.', 'With more than 90% of the population and economic activities located along the low-lying coastal strip, this elevated exposure to natural hazards creates risks for fiscal and macroeconomic stability, private investment in productive activities, sustainable growth and poverty reduction. Given the expected impacts of sea level rise (1 m by 2100), temperature rise (+0.8 to 2.0 ̊C by 2050) and changing precipitation patterns (-22 to +14 mm/month by 2050) to specific productive sectors like that of housing and infrastructure, agriculture, water availability, energy, agriculture, tourism and health, climate change will have significant impacts on the sustainable development of Suriname (Government of Suriname 2015). People Suriname is an ethnically diverse nation and multilingual society, reflecting its history. The official language is Dutch.', 'People Suriname is an ethnically diverse nation and multilingual society, reflecting its history. The official language is Dutch. The country has a population of about 583,400 people (mid-year population 2017). More than half of the population lives in and around Paramaribo, both district and capital. The interior is sparsely inhabited. Suriname is home to four distinct Indigenous Peoples (Kaliña, Lokono, Trio and associated peoples, and Wayana) comprising up to five percent of the population. It is also home to six Tribal communities (known as Maroons) – Aucaner or N’djuka, Saramaka, Paramaka, Aluku, Kwinti and Matawai. These communities are important stakeholders in the Suriname NDC.', 'These communities are important stakeholders in the Suriname NDC. Economy Suriname is considered an upper-middle income economy1 with a high human development index score.2 Since 2000, the rise in international commodity prices resulted in a strong expansion of the Surinamese economy. GDP rose from less than USD 1 billion in 2000 to over USD 5 billion in 2014. The 2017 GDP per capita was USD 4,428. Suriname’s economy heavily depends on the primary sector: mining and agriculture. The contributions to GDP from the primary subsectors show gold and oil contributing some 30% and agriculture 12%. The tertiary or services sector, contributing 55% to the GDP, is led by trade and transport activities that are closely linked to the commodities industry (UNDP 2018).', 'The tertiary or services sector, contributing 55% to the GDP, is led by trade and transport activities that are closely linked to the commodities industry (UNDP 2018). Commodities account for almost 90% of export revenues and 40% of government income, making the economy vulnerable to international price volatility. A fall in international commodity prices in 2015 deteriorated the country’s terms of trade, which reduced government revenues. The combination of negative GDP growth, inflation and currency devaluation led to a fiscal deficit and high public debt. This has limited the ability of the GoS to invest in climate change mitigation and resiliency building and building capacity across the country to address climate change impacts. The government has adopted measures to curb the ongoing recession.', 'The government has adopted measures to curb the ongoing recession. Economic growth has 1 World Bank Country Classification. 2 UNDP, “Human Development Reports”, DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 recovered and averages 2% per annum. It is driven by foreign direct investment (FDI) and domestic private investment, particularly in gold and oil production, as well as in infrastructure development. Sustainable Development Suriname has outlined its development priorities in the Policy Development Plan 2017-2021 (Government of Suriname 2017). The Plan emphasizes the need for “diversification of our economic basis, using the many possibilities provided by our nature and at the same time protect the environment.” It identifies utilization and protection of the environment as one of four priority pillars.', 'The Plan emphasizes the need for “diversification of our economic basis, using the many possibilities provided by our nature and at the same time protect the environment.” It identifies utilization and protection of the environment as one of four priority pillars. The Plan is structured around the following pillars: 1. Strengthening Development Capacity 2. Economic Growth and Diversification 3. Social progress 4. Utilization and Protection of the Environment The four pillars provide a solid basis for alignment between this NDC and the 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan. This is important as NDC implementation will be more effective now that it is well integrated within the wider policy context. Further, aligning the NDC with sectoral policies, plans and strategies makes it fit-for-purpose, credible with stakeholders and ‘embedded’ within sectors.', 'Further, aligning the NDC with sectoral policies, plans and strategies makes it fit-for-purpose, credible with stakeholders and ‘embedded’ within sectors. The NDC enhancement process, described in detail in Section 6, has been an opportunity to strengthen these links. The NDC creates positive synergies and avoids conflicting policy signals. Doing so has improved buy-in among stakeholders and should mobilize international support for climate action by Suriname. Climate-resilience is key to sustainable development, and in particular to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The mutually supporting nature of the two agendas should be clear: delivering on its NDC will help Suriname achieve the SDGs, and achieving the SDGs will facilitate Suriname’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change.', 'The mutually supporting nature of the two agendas should be clear: delivering on its NDC will help Suriname achieve the SDGs, and achieving the SDGs will facilitate Suriname’s efforts to mitigate and adapt to climate change. The two most fundamental development challenges, which Suriname cannot really change are its small population and the openness of the economy. These two challenges are also closely related. Suriname is a member of CARICOM, joined the ranks of the Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in 1981 and aligns itself with the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in the context of the UNFCCC. Although Suriname geographically is not a small island, as a low-lying coastal country it faces similar development challenges, such as limited resources, environmental fragility, high costs of transportation and energy, and vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters.', 'Although Suriname geographically is not a small island, as a low-lying coastal country it faces similar development challenges, such as limited resources, environmental fragility, high costs of transportation and energy, and vulnerability to climate change and natural disasters. “BY CONSENSUS, JOINTLY BUILDING A DIVERSIFIED SURINAMESE ECONOMY, WHICH IS COMPETITIVE IN THE COMPETITIVE GLOBAL MARKET, HAS SIGNIFICANTLY MORE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, GENERATES EMPLOYMENT AND EQUALITY, AND KEEPS THE ENVIRONMENT LIVABLE” 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan VisionNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Climate Change Policy and Institutions Since the 1992 Earth Summit, Suriname has been engaged in international climate change discussions. It was among the original signatories of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and ratified the Convention on 14 October 1997. Suriname deposited its instrument of ratification to the Paris agreement on 13 February 2019.', 'Suriname deposited its instrument of ratification to the Paris agreement on 13 February 2019. All policies related to climate change are coordinated by the Cabinet of the President - Coordination Environment which acts as the National Focal Point to the UNFCCC. The National Institute for Environment and Sustainable Development in Suriname (NIMOS) holds a general mandate for dealing with environmental matters. All ministries and governmental institutions consider mitigation and adaptation in their operations at an operational level. Sectoral laws, however, do not generally address climate change. Underlying all Suriname’s climate-related policy positions are eight guiding principles. These guiding principles are summarized in Table 1.', 'These guiding principles are summarized in Table 1. Table 1: Policy Principles and Approaches Policy Principles Approach Manage risk, build resilience and explore opportunities Suriname will take a pragmatic and positive position towards climate resilience and mitigation recognizing that further changes to the climate are unavoidable. The government will explore the opportunities a changing climate may present, in addition to managing the risks and building resilience. Legislate Suriname shall enact effective legislation reflecting the climate compatible development context. Legislation as an instrument has both a regulating and guiding function binding the State to implement policy. Equitable participation Promote and facilitate public participation and encourage actions they can take to address climate change and its effects. The government will create a framework through which early stakeholder involvement and participation can be guided.', 'The government will create a framework through which early stakeholder involvement and participation can be guided. Through this framework the legitimacy of policy will consider the interests of stakeholders and affected parties.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Educate and train The government has a positive role to play in the training of government staff and environmental specialists through the development of educational programs and curricula in order to stimulate the effective implementation of the policy. Inform and report Through the establishment of rules and regulations the government will provide the framework for proper dissemination of information in order to provide stakeholders with correct and useful information to respond to and comply with the climate change policy.', 'Inform and report Through the establishment of rules and regulations the government will provide the framework for proper dissemination of information in order to provide stakeholders with correct and useful information to respond to and comply with the climate change policy. Commit resources to goals The government will take steps to ensure a long-term commitment to technical, financial and institutional support in order to better anticipate and respond to complex issues regarding climate change. Partner with private sector and prioritize technology Suriname, through government policies, strategies and actions, and in dialogue with the private sector will seek out adaptation co- benefits derived from energy generation, transmission and supply, and energy efficiency investments take advantage of the best available or best practicable technology.', 'Partner with private sector and prioritize technology Suriname, through government policies, strategies and actions, and in dialogue with the private sector will seek out adaptation co- benefits derived from energy generation, transmission and supply, and energy efficiency investments take advantage of the best available or best practicable technology. Science and research-based decision making The government will ensure the elevation of monitoring and scientific research to a level required for effective planning and decision- making. The government will act to ensure that Suriname is provided with a scientifically robust evidence base on which to base decisions. Source: National Adaptation Plan (April 2019) In meeting its reporting obligations under the UNFCCC, Suriname prepared a First (2005) and Second National Communication (2016). Both documents contain greenhouse gas inventories (for 2003 and 2008 respectively). A Third National Communication (TNC) is currently being prepared.', 'A Third National Communication (TNC) is currently being prepared. The TNC will provide an updated GHG Inventory for the 2000 – 2017 period.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Suriname submitted its Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015. Through unconditional and conditional measures, Suriname stated its commitment to maintaining its forest coverage, increasing the participation of renewable energy in the national energy mix, and to enhance climate resilience. Suriname’s 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) was prepared drawing on the National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan for Suriname (NCCPSAP) (2014-2021) (Government of Suriname 2015). The Plan presents a climate-compatible development roadmap.', 'The Plan presents a climate-compatible development roadmap. It identifies the lack of climate change data as a limitation for effective planning and decision making and lists a number of capacity building priorities: ● Interdepartmental cooperation, mandates and responsibilities with respect to climate change governance; ● Comprehensive national research on social, environmental and economic baselines, climate science, vulnerability, impacts and risk management; ● The enactment of the Environmental Framework Bill which addresses integration of climate change across multiple planning themes; ● Amendment of existing sectoral legislation or draft laws to incorporate climate change considerations; and, ● Awareness-raising campaigns on climate change. The NCCPSAP stresses the importance of developing partnerships to enable technology transfer, and promotes alternative financing sources for climate compatible development.', 'The NCCPSAP stresses the importance of developing partnerships to enable technology transfer, and promotes alternative financing sources for climate compatible development. Specific to the forest sector, a Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL) for Suriname’s REDD+ Programme (Government of Suriname 2018) was submitted to the UNFCCC for review in 2018. This report provides a fresh baseline to enable result-based payments for implementation of a REDD+ program. It is described in more detail below. The GoS acknowledges that climate change adaptation has until recently not been mainstreamed.', 'The GoS acknowledges that climate change adaptation has until recently not been mainstreamed. With the adoption of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) (Government of Suriname 2019) and this 2020-2030 NDC, Suriname introduces a more systematic approach to addressing both mitigation and adaption that will enable strengthening resilience, maintaining the carbon stock, reducing emissions while sustainably developing Suriname’s economy, and limiting impacts and adaptation costs. The NAP marks a significant step forward towards enabling resilience building, improving risk management and adapting to climate impacts. It is described in more detail below.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Enhanced Contribution As a SIDS country, Suriname is still building its climate action and institutional capacities.', 'It is described in more detail below.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Enhanced Contribution As a SIDS country, Suriname is still building its climate action and institutional capacities. This NDC breaks new ground in that it includes a comprehensive package of policies and measures with sectoral sub- targets, complemented by a portfolio of projects that contribute significantly to meeting the defined contributions and essential to achievement of the enhanced NDC ambition. This is one of the lessons learned since submitting the 2015 NDC. This NDC includes (enhanced) contributions from four of six emitting sectors, as identified in our most recent GHG Inventory: electricity, road transport, agriculture and forests (see Annex 2). Taken together they cover 70% of emissions.', 'Taken together they cover 70% of emissions. Further work in the area of waste management and industry is under way, which may enable their inclusion in a 2025 NDC update. Forests Summary Suriname’s forests are of global importance, both as a biodiversity hotspot and a carbon sink. The efforts to protect this natural resource are key to the country’s commitment. Suriname maintains its contribution as a high forest cover and low deforestation (HFLD) country committed to maintaining 93% forest cover. Significant international support is needed for the conservation of this valuable resource in perpetuity. 1. The Second National Communication states that, considering all sources, the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector accounts for 40% of the total emissions.', 'The Second National Communication states that, considering all sources, the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector accounts for 40% of the total emissions. In line with the objectives of the PDP, forest production has almost doubled between 2012 and 2017 and contributed 2.5% to GDP in 2017, with a total production of 863,482 m3. Table 2: Estimated carbon stock Stratum Area (ha) Carbon stock (Mg C) Carbon Stock (Mg CO2eq) Source: Adapted from FREL, 20183 2. Suriname submitted its Forest Reference Emission Level report to the UNFCCC in January 2018 to assess the quantitative emissions contribution of the sector. Low historical deforestation (0.02-0.05%) and forest degradation result in an effective forest cover of 93%.', 'Low historical deforestation (0.02-0.05%) and forest degradation result in an effective forest cover of 93%. The emission factor has been estimated at 1.67 Mg 3 We note that the figure of 16.4 million ha refers to the total area of the country, whereas the figure of 15.2 million ha cited above refers to the total forested area. The estimated carbon stock of mangroves is assumed to pertain to the carbon above ground only.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 C/m3, resulting in annual average emissions of 6,557,411 Mg CO2 for the period 2000-2015. The FREL projected for the period of 2016-2020 is 82,775,515 Mg CO2 e, this reflects the intended growth in development of the sector.', 'The FREL projected for the period of 2016-2020 is 82,775,515 Mg CO2 e, this reflects the intended growth in development of the sector. Table 3: Emissions from deforestation and forest degradation from logging (t CO2e) Year Emissions (t CO2e) Source: FREL (Government of Suriname 2018) The FREL is national in scale. Due to the limited data available for other REDD+ activities, only deforestation as well as forest degradation due to logging were included, with an aim to expand the scope in the second submission. Except for in the case of burned areas, only CO2 was considered and the pools included are above-ground and below-ground biomass, lying and standing dead wood.4 Historical emissions from 2000- .', 'Except for in the case of burned areas, only CO2 was considered and the pools included are above-ground and below-ground biomass, lying and standing dead wood.4 Historical emissions from 2000- . The UNFCCC assessment team commended Suriname stating that the data and information used in constructing its FREL are transparent, complete and in overall accordance with the guidelines contained in the annex to Decision 12/CP.17. Suriname has identified mining (71%), infrastructure (15%), urbanization (4%), agriculture and pasture (4%) and burning (3%) as the main drivers of deforestation in the country. Logging is the only source of forest degradation included in the FREL. Forest clearance due to shifting cultivation is not defined as deforestation, as in most cases this is a sustainable practice used by indigenous and tribal communities.', 'Forest clearance due to shifting cultivation is not defined as deforestation, as in most cases this is a sustainable practice used by indigenous and tribal communities. Suriname intends to include the other REDD-plus activities (conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) in future FREL submissions. Contribution 3. Suriname´s forests act as a carbon sink of global significance, making it a carbon-negative country. Intact tropical forests, free from substantial anthropogenic influence, store and sequester large amounts of atmospheric carbon. Suriname’s primary old-growth tropical forests are of global importance, not only in terms of forest carbon, but also because of the interconnectedness of biodiversity, forest conservation and climate change.', 'Suriname’s primary old-growth tropical forests are of global importance, not only in terms of forest carbon, but also because of the interconnectedness of biodiversity, forest conservation and climate change. The indigenous peoples and tribal communities play an important role in the sustainable management and maintenance of the integrity of these forests. As a High Forest Cover, Low Deforestation (HFLD) country it remains committed to maintaining its 93% forest cover of more than 15.2 4 The current FREL is based on the estimated trends in carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from deforestation and CO2 emissions from forest degradation.', 'As a High Forest Cover, Low Deforestation (HFLD) country it remains committed to maintaining its 93% forest cover of more than 15.2 4 The current FREL is based on the estimated trends in carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from deforestation and CO2 emissions from forest degradation. It excludes litter and soil organic carbon in the absence of adequate data.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 million ha and historical annual rates of deforestation below 0.1%.', 'It excludes litter and soil organic carbon in the absence of adequate data.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 million ha and historical annual rates of deforestation below 0.1%. Suriname is maintaining a carbon sink e. Suriname restates its 2015 NDC conditional contribution to maintain its high forest cover and low deforestation (HFLD) status while, side by side with other HFLD nations5 as reflected in the February 2019 Krutu of Paramaribo Joint Declaration on HFLD Climate Finance Mobilization, pledging to raise international recognition of the significant contribution that HFLD developing countries provide to the global response to climate change by enabling their forests to serve as vital carbon sinks. HFLD countries look to the international community to provide adequate financial support to help maintain this treasure.', 'HFLD countries look to the international community to provide adequate financial support to help maintain this treasure. At present, HFLD developing countries are receiving only a very small portion of international climate finance. In accordance with the GoS 2015 NDC unconditional contribution, Suriname intends to increase efforts at sustainable forest and ecosystem management and stabilizing and minimizing deforestation and forest degradation unconditionally. Opportunities for emission reductions through Sustainable Forest Management practices of up to 40% exist, if forest operators chose controlled over conventional forest management practices. 4.', 'Opportunities for emission reductions through Sustainable Forest Management practices of up to 40% exist, if forest operators chose controlled over conventional forest management practices. 4. In accordance with the GoS 2015 NDC unconditional contribution, Suriname has established 14% of its total land area under a national protection system and will continue to pursue the expansion of this system by increasing the percentage of forests and wetlands under protection to at least 17% of the terrestrial area by 2030.6 This will lead to the expansion of the national network of legally protected areas to accomplish 100% representation of all ecosystems and biological species, according to the National Biodiversity Action Plan (Ministry of Labour, Technological Development and Environment, 2013), the National Forest Policy (2005) and the Suriname National REDD+ Strategy (2018).7 Sixteen protected areas have been established, consisting of 11 Nature Reserves, 4 Multiple Use Management Areas and 1 Nature Park.', 'In accordance with the GoS 2015 NDC unconditional contribution, Suriname has established 14% of its total land area under a national protection system and will continue to pursue the expansion of this system by increasing the percentage of forests and wetlands under protection to at least 17% of the terrestrial area by 2030.6 This will lead to the expansion of the national network of legally protected areas to accomplish 100% representation of all ecosystems and biological species, according to the National Biodiversity Action Plan (Ministry of Labour, Technological Development and Environment, 2013), the National Forest Policy (2005) and the Suriname National REDD+ Strategy (2018).7 Sixteen protected areas have been established, consisting of 11 Nature Reserves, 4 Multiple Use Management Areas and 1 Nature Park. Together they make up 2,293,200 hectares of the country’s land surface.', 'Together they make up 2,293,200 hectares of the country’s land surface. Suriname is currently drafting a new Nature Conservation Law in a participatory process, to enable improved management of its protected areas. This law will replace the Nature Conservation Act of 1954. 5. The 2017 – 2021 Policy Development Plan aim for the forest sector is to increase its contribution to the economy and the welfare of this and future generations, including through biodiversity preservation. This will be achieved by increasing the income from timber production, but also by stimulating the markets for non-timber forest products and ecosystem services.', 'This will be achieved by increasing the income from timber production, but also by stimulating the markets for non-timber forest products and ecosystem services. The strategic goal for the forestry sector has been formulated as follows: “The compensation for the conservation of Suriname s pristine tropical forest which is necessary for a better world environment, contributes to the national growth and development as well as the income of village 5 The Declaration was supported by the Bahamas, Bhutan, Cameroon, Canada, Colombia, the Congo, Costa Rica, the DRC, Fiji, Finland, France on behalf of French Guiana, Gabon, Ghana, Guyana, Malaysia, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Peru, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Suriname and Zambia. 6 Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, pp.', '6 Aichi Biodiversity Target 11, pp. 91-96, Sixth National Report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Government of Suriname 2019) 7 REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 communities, competitive small, medium-sized and large companies that increase and diversify the national production and export through forestry and wood processing.” Since the submission of the 2015 NDC, the REDD+ National Strategy (2018) has been prepared.', '91-96, Sixth National Report to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (Government of Suriname 2019) 7 REDD+ stands for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 communities, competitive small, medium-sized and large companies that increase and diversify the national production and export through forestry and wood processing.” Since the submission of the 2015 NDC, the REDD+ National Strategy (2018) has been prepared. Suriname’s vision, aligned with the Policy Development Plan, is “Suriname’s tropical forest continues and improves its contribution to the welfare and wellbeing of current and future generations, while continuing to offer a substantial contribution to the global environment, enabling the conditions for an adequate compensation for this global service.” Much effort has gone into setting up the framework for Suriname to reduce emission and enhance the carbon stock in the forest sector and participate in the REDD+ process.', 'Suriname’s vision, aligned with the Policy Development Plan, is “Suriname’s tropical forest continues and improves its contribution to the welfare and wellbeing of current and future generations, while continuing to offer a substantial contribution to the global environment, enabling the conditions for an adequate compensation for this global service.” Much effort has gone into setting up the framework for Suriname to reduce emission and enhance the carbon stock in the forest sector and participate in the REDD+ process. This resulted in the draft National REDD+ strategy outlining Suriname’s mitigation actions, formulated in its REDD+ vision and the policies and measures necessary to achieve that. The National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) is key component, with investments made to gain detailed information on the forest resource, carbon stocks and activity data. 6.', 'The National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) is key component, with investments made to gain detailed information on the forest resource, carbon stocks and activity data. 6. Suriname is implementing a major REDD+ strategy. The Government of Suriname enters as a conditional contribution the REDD+ Investment Strategy with a 10-year timeframe, aligned with the NDC. The Strategy covers five main programs aiming at attracting and guiding the allocation of international and national funding: 1. The preservation of forests must provide payment for ecosystem services and opportunities for development, especially for indigenous and tribal peoples (ITPs) living in and depending on these forests. In line with the PDP 2017-2021, Suriname wants to increase the contribution of forests to the economy.', 'In line with the PDP 2017-2021, Suriname wants to increase the contribution of forests to the economy. Alternative livelihoods for forest-dependent communities adds to the diversification of the economy, by using the opportunities provided by nature while protecting the environment. This includes promotion of non-timber forest products (NTFP), nature tourism, medicinal plants and agroforestry. 2. The PDP 2017-2021 anticipates the strengthening of forest institutions. The ability to govern and maintain proper control over the forest resource is challenged by low monitoring capacity and limited enforcement. Additional resources are needed. 3. The PDP 2017-2021 anticipates the phased elimination of round wood exports and the increase of national value added to forest products. This would promote economic diversification and benefit local and national employment.', 'This would promote economic diversification and benefit local and national employment. Support is needed to promote sustainable forest management practices (in process and size) and increasing value and efficiency in the forestry sector. 4. The main drivers of deforestation are mining, road infrastructure, urban development and agriculture. Poor management practices and lack of integrated land use planning are proving challenges. Improved legislation and capacity for enforcement can improve sustainability. 5. The protection and management of protected areas is the highest priority for biodiversity preservation in the PDP 2017-2021.', 'The protection and management of protected areas is the highest priority for biodiversity preservation in the PDP 2017-2021. It states mangrove forests that protect the Atlantic coastline will be protected within a scheme coupled with improved land zoning and enforcement capacities.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Energy Summary The electricity sector provides the people of Suriname with clean and affordable power. Meeting a growing demand and the need to extend clean electricity supply to the interior are driving government efforts. Suriname’s commitment to supply a growing share of demand from sustainable, clean sources is increased. International support and investments are sought to increase off-grid supply. 1. Suriname’s electricity, gas and water-supply account for 2.8% of the 2018 GDP at market prices.', 'Suriname’s electricity, gas and water-supply account for 2.8% of the 2018 GDP at market prices. The Second National Communication states that from all sources, the energy sector is the largest, with approximately 59% of total GHG emissions (3,788.15 Gg CO2 in 2008). The total installed capacity is 505.4 MW (2017). Almost 50% of electricity generation comes for from renewable energy (hydro), the remainder from diesel or Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). Suriname has two large-scale generation centralized systems (EPAR serving Paramaribo and ENIC serving Nickerie) and a number of isolated systems not connected to the grid. Total grid-based electricity consumption reached 1,251.2 GWh in 2017 (Castalia Ltd. for IDB 2018).', 'Total grid-based electricity consumption reached 1,251.2 GWh in 2017 (Castalia Ltd. for IDB 2018). Households in the coastal area consume an average of 9 kWh per day at (subsidized) electricity rates of USD 0.07 to USD 0.15 per kWh. This puts those Suriname electricity consumers connected to the grid on the highest access level (Tier 5) of the SE4All multi-tier framework when assessed by consumption / daily capacity. In the hinterland the average household electricity consumption is 2,4 kWh per day (Tier 3). Power in the interior is provided for free, although it must be noted that irregular provision of diesel hampers the electricity service provision in the villages.', 'Power in the interior is provided for free, although it must be noted that irregular provision of diesel hampers the electricity service provision in the villages. There are over 200 villages across the hinterland of Suriname, 127 of which have small diesel generators to supply 4 to 6 hours of electricity per day. 2. Suriname is a signatory to the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) initiative, and its draft National Energy Policy (2013-2033) is line with the goals of SE4ALL. The draft National Energy Policy goals are also aligned with the Policy Development Plan 2017-2021. The PDP aims for: (1) energy access for everyone in the country, (2) promoting energy efficiency and (3) stimulating the use of renewable energy.', 'The PDP aims for: (1) energy access for everyone in the country, (2) promoting energy efficiency and (3) stimulating the use of renewable energy. The vision of the Government for the energy sector as stated in the National Energy Policy is: “A modern, efficient energy sector, providing all citizens with access to reliable and affordable energy supplies and long-term energy security towards enhancing the quality of life of all Surinamese, advancing international competitiveness and environmental sustainability”. From 2011 to 2016, Suriname spent some SRD 3.4 billion (USD 880 million) on electricity subsidies, this represents 3.3 percent of the 2011 to 2016 GDP. Starting in 2020, a more cost-reflective tariff structure will be introduced that promotes energy efficiency and reduces GHG emissions.', 'Starting in 2020, a more cost-reflective tariff structure will be introduced that promotes energy efficiency and reduces GHG emissions. Suriname is enacting a reform of the electricity sector by implementing the Electricity Act I 2016 with the aim of stabilizing its fiscal accounts. The Electricity Act will improve the availability of electricity, ensure the affordability of supply and increase the environmental quality of electricity generation. The Energy Authority of Suriname has been established as regulator. The Act promotes renewable energy by giving customers the opportunity to generate electricity for their own consumption, for example using solar panels, and feed the excess power into the grid. Suriname is looking to develop an Energy Efficiency Framework (EEF) to further promote EE measures and awareness.', 'Suriname is looking to develop an Energy Efficiency Framework (EEF) to further promote EE measures and awareness. Contribution Suriname ‘s commitment to reduce emissions through the use of renewable energy was reflected in the 2015 conditional contribution to ensure the share of renewable energy stays above 25% by 2025. This NDCNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 extends and deepens the target with an unconditional contribution to maintain the share of electricity from renewable sources above 35% by 2030. Suriname will adopt a Renewable Energy Act to provide the legal, economic and institutional basis for the promotion of the use of renewable energy resources.', 'Suriname will adopt a Renewable Energy Act to provide the legal, economic and institutional basis for the promotion of the use of renewable energy resources. The Act will focus on methods of electrification serving the interior, such as grid expansion (connecting off-grid systems to the national grid), solar PV systems, mini-grids, and micro- and small-scale hydropower development. The 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan further emphasizes the importance of energy supply for livelihoods of communities in the interior. Off-grid renewable energy projects in the interior are not only mitigation but also adaptation focused. Especially in remote areas, solar energy is a good option for small- scale installations. There is need for a sustainable and scalable business model for installing, operating and maintaining mini-grids, including a payment system.', 'There is need for a sustainable and scalable business model for installing, operating and maintaining mini-grids, including a payment system. Developing such innovative business models, taking into account any lessons learned from prior experiences, will be the key to future adoption of mini-grids in Suriname. Suriname wishes to facilitate commercial finance and investment by standardizing the way mini-grid projects are structured and applications evaluated by commercial banks. Technical and institutional support is needed to introduce new modalities, which includes public-private (investment) partnerships (PPPs), for rural electrification in order to facilitate investment. In doing so, there must be a balance struck between making power affordable for customers and ensuring financial viability of the utility that is investing in the energy service.', 'In doing so, there must be a balance struck between making power affordable for customers and ensuring financial viability of the utility that is investing in the energy service. Further investments for expansion in both grid-connected and off-grid capacity, as well as efficiency programs are needed to ensure the sector contribution is achieved. Demand growth is strong and mainly driven by increasing and new residential loads. Electricity production will have to meet the rising demand and should remain accessible and affordable. The government is currently reviewing expansion plan options. These include fuel-switching to natural gas, solar PV and hydro-projects. The government is committed to implement fiscal sustainability measures that will include the promotion of energy efficiency investments.', 'The government is committed to implement fiscal sustainability measures that will include the promotion of energy efficiency investments. The current tariff is a disincentive to private investment in more efficient technology. Against the backdrop of growing electricity demand these measures present a win-win, as they reduce the need for new generation capacity as well as free up government resources for investment. In view of the impact of such reforms on citizens, a study of impacts and compensation measures will be conducted and a just transition plan prepared. Finally, the government will develop and adopt a number of energy efficiency standards for buildings, industry, equipment, and appliances, as a cost-saving and emissions limiting measure.', 'Finally, the government will develop and adopt a number of energy efficiency standards for buildings, industry, equipment, and appliances, as a cost-saving and emissions limiting measure. Many of such standards have already been promulgated in other markets and can be adapted rapidly.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Agriculture Summary Agriculture is a source of emissions while at the same time being strongly impacted by climate change. This dual challenge frames Suriname’s commitment to include the sector in the NDC. Land use planning and research and development of climate-smart farming are central to our contribution. 1. The agriculture sector is directly impacted by climate change, from extreme weather events as well as gradual changes to ecosystems.', 'The agriculture sector is directly impacted by climate change, from extreme weather events as well as gradual changes to ecosystems. At the same time, it is a contributor to climate change by its emissions. The agricultural sector was responsible for 952.57 Gg CO2e / 16.7% in 2008 emissions (Government of Suriname 2016). The main sources being wetland rice cultivation and animal husbandry. The relative share of the sector in Suriname’s GDP has decreased from 11% to 5.8%, while exports (esp. rice and bananas) have increased, rising to USD 91.0 million in 2014. The majority of farms are small in scale and employment is part-time. Approximately 85% of the land suitable for agriculture is located in the coastal plain.', 'Approximately 85% of the land suitable for agriculture is located in the coastal plain. In the interior, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples rely on the forest as a source of food, fuel, medicine and agriculture, using shifting cultivation. 2. Suriname has a coherent approach to development of the sector. The Policy Development Plan 2017- 2021 states that “In the coming planning period, the agricultural development will take place according to a two-track policy. Both small-scale farms and the medium- and large-scale agriculture will receive the necessary attention with a view to enhancing the resilience of the sector.', 'Both small-scale farms and the medium- and large-scale agriculture will receive the necessary attention with a view to enhancing the resilience of the sector. In planning for sustainable expansion of the agricultural area in production, the projected effects of climate change, sea level rise and the increase of precipitation and squalls should also be taken into consideration.” Specific policy measures regarding mitigation of emissions by the agricultural sector are not included in the PDP. The strategic goals of the National Master Plan for Agricultural Development (2016), the main policy document for the sector, are in line with the PDP and include: 1. To enlarge the contribution of the agricultural sector to the national economy; 2. Realizing and guaranteeing food security; 3.', 'Realizing and guaranteeing food security; 3. Developing a sustainable agricultural sector and creating spatial conditions for it; and, 4. Developing the sector to become the food producer and supplier for the Caribbean. In terms of environmental sustainability, both the Master Plan and the National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan for Suriname (NCCAP 2015) express a preference for intensive agriculture, concentrated in relatively few areas, which does no harm to environmental values, and guiding agricultural development towards land which is already cultivated, or has been cultivated in the past and since abandoned, in order to avoid clearing natural growth in new areas. Contribution 3. Adaptation to impacts and building resilience were central to the 2015 NDC.', 'Adaptation to impacts and building resilience were central to the 2015 NDC. This included the following unconditional contributions, which is maintained: ● Rehabilitation and enhancement of infrastructure such as dikes and river defences (precondition); ● Improvements in water resources management; ● Promotion of sustainable land management; and, ● Applying innovative technologies in the use of land.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Suriname has since worked to reduce vulnerability through the promotion of climate-smart agricultural technologies and identified both the scale of water-related challenges and appropriate responses. Suriname is strengthening coastal protection through nature-based solutions, such as mangrove planting, which beyond improved resilience brings significant co-benefits in the form of carbon sequestration and enhanced food security.', 'Suriname is strengthening coastal protection through nature-based solutions, such as mangrove planting, which beyond improved resilience brings significant co-benefits in the form of carbon sequestration and enhanced food security. As conditional contribution, the GoS in the 2015 NDC envisaged application of biomass-to-energy technology. This project will not be further elaborated, as further research shows that in the Suriname context it does not contribute to mitigation. Scientific capacity is constrained and Suriname lacks knowledge of climate change risk for the agricultural sector in the near term, as well as the rate and scale of slow-onset changes, and the magnitude of their consequences in the long term. 4.', 'Scientific capacity is constrained and Suriname lacks knowledge of climate change risk for the agricultural sector in the near term, as well as the rate and scale of slow-onset changes, and the magnitude of their consequences in the long term. 4. The following additional measures, identified in the National Adaptation Plan as priorities for the first phase and in the REDD+ strategy, are included as unconditional contributions: ● Introduce a national land use planning system, to make the embedding of climate change in (agricultural) development plans possible. Based on the 1973 Planning Act, which has the objective to provide provisions for national and regional planning, the sub-directorate for Spatial Planning and Environment of the Planning Office, will coordinate land use planning taking into account climate change impacts.', 'Based on the 1973 Planning Act, which has the objective to provide provisions for national and regional planning, the sub-directorate for Spatial Planning and Environment of the Planning Office, will coordinate land use planning taking into account climate change impacts. This will allow Suriname to assess the potential emissions impact of proposed agricultural land development, with a view to limiting emissions from agricultural land clearing (the characteristic farming system being shifting cultivation), amongst other land uses. Suriname aims to cluster agricultural development, ensuring the efficient protection against sea level rise. ● To strengthen capacity, the Government of Suriname will first scope and then implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research.', '● To strengthen capacity, the Government of Suriname will first scope and then implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research. A primary objective of the program will be to develop and provide effective diffusion of new agricultural practices and technologies, including climate-smart agricultural systems. ● Shifting cultivation is the most common agricultural production system in the interior of Suriname; it is mainly practiced by vulnerable communities at a small-scale for subsistence or local consumption. Food security in the interior is important, yet the impacts of climate change on this farming system are not well understood.', 'Food security in the interior is important, yet the impacts of climate change on this farming system are not well understood. One priority area of research is to identify, trial and introduce more permanent agricultural systems to replace traditional shifting cultivation methods, thus strengthening resilience.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Transport and Urban Infrastructure Summary Transport is a large and growing source of emissions. With more than two thirds of the population living in and around the capital, Paramaribo, the combined challenge of increasing resilience of urban infrastructure and reducing transport emissions defines Suriname’s approach to the sector. A combination of investment and regulation is included as a contribution. 1.', 'A combination of investment and regulation is included as a contribution. 1. The Second National Communication (2016) estimates transport emissions at about 600 Gg CO2e (2008), making it the third largest source. Although it was not included in the 2015 NDC, the sector presents an opportunity for GHG reductions especially in the greater Paramaribo urban area, with a population of some 400,000 people, which is two-third of the total population. Paramaribo’s infrastructure is straining under a fast-growing volume of private vehicle traffic, smart planning and significant investments will be needed. Were these investments made in a climate-smart manner, with a focus on public transport, compact, accessible urban development and non-motorized mobility, the objective of sustainable growth with climate mitigation and increased resilience as co- benefits could be achieved.', 'Were these investments made in a climate-smart manner, with a focus on public transport, compact, accessible urban development and non-motorized mobility, the objective of sustainable growth with climate mitigation and increased resilience as co- benefits could be achieved. Car ownership has almost doubled in the past decade, due to an influx of affordable second-hand cars and improved economic conditions. In 2015, there were on average one motorized vehicle for every 2.5 people and 1 passenger car for 3.9 people. 2012 Census data show only 15% of people use public transportation with a declining trend. A further infrastructure investment is needed in the waste sector.', 'A further infrastructure investment is needed in the waste sector. At present, all residential, commercial and part of industrial waste of Greater Paramaribo and the Wanica, Commewijne and Para districts are collected in an open dump site. This dump presents a major nuisance to the surrounding area and is a source of emissions. The most feasible option for Suriname is to convert the existing dump into a proper managed sanitary landfill with waste separation, recycling and reuse. 2. The National Development Policy Plan (2017-2022) considers transport and infrastructure key for the development of other sectors. Transport infrastructure also makes an important contribution to regional integration.', 'Transport infrastructure also makes an important contribution to regional integration. The PDP does not address the climate change footprint of the sector, but concern is expressed about climate change impacts in low-lying urban areas. The Final National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2021), however, includes the following measures: ● Improving road and drainage infrastructure conditions to cope with climate change; ● Revising design criteria to make future infrastructure more resilient to climate change; ● Adapting urban planning and incorporating measures to reduce GHGs (such as reduce traffic congestion and reuse road material); and, ● Reduce emissions by amending the current legislation to regulate levels from exhaust gases. The National Adaptation Plan (2019) recommends to updated design criteria for resilient infrastructure, protection and flood mitigation and adaption measures.', 'The National Adaptation Plan (2019) recommends to updated design criteria for resilient infrastructure, protection and flood mitigation and adaption measures. Contribution 1. A contribution will, therefore, be made through a number of investment projects for improving the road and drainage infrastructure, this includes sea defences infrastructure (grey and green) for Paramaribo, upgrading of roads and canals. In the north it can be protected by a green sea defences system consisting of sufficient clay dams or retaining walls, combined with wetlands.', 'In the north it can be protected by a green sea defences system consisting of sufficient clay dams or retaining walls, combined with wetlands. In the south, the Saramacca Canal is inNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 serious need for upgrading, and actions for the first step of upgrading are being taken However, the total investment in upgrading the drainage system and flood protection is estimated to reach up to more than USD 500 million. The investments can be made jointly by the Government of Suriname and development partners. 2. An unconditional contribution will be made to update the Transport Master Plan (ISTS 2011).', 'An unconditional contribution will be made to update the Transport Master Plan (ISTS 2011). The plan contained a proposal for a transport network based on long term plans and growth rates and integrated with a spatial planning model for Paramaribo. Urban growth and the resulting emissions are best mitigated through a more compact city. This requires a shift in urban planning, with public and private partners jointly seeking solutions. This includes restructuring the existing road system to allow smoother and shorter travel time and constructing alternative North-South and East-West transfer roads. To encourage people to use transit, the public transport system needs improvement (with extra transfer stations, shuttle bus system, public transport corridors). Taken together these measures will improve quality of life and contain emissions growth. 3.', 'Taken together these measures will improve quality of life and contain emissions growth. 3. Finally, Suriname commits to introduce by 2027 vehicle emissions controls and tighten import of vehicles older than five years, in order to reduce emissions under this NDC.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 4. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding NDC Time period 2020 to 2030 Type of commitment Sectoral policies and measures Renewable electricity non-GHG target Reference year or period GHG Inventory reference year 2008 FREL reference period 2000-2015 Reduction level - Conditional Forests: As a High Forest Cover, Low Deforestation (HFLD) country, Suriname remains committed to maintaining its 93% forest cover of more than 15.2 million ha. Suriname is maintaining a carbon sink of 13.1 Gt CO2e.', 'Suriname is maintaining a carbon sink of 13.1 Gt CO2e. HFLD countries look to the international community to provide adequate financial support to help maintain this treasure. At present, HFLD developing countries are receiving only a very small portion of international climate finance. Suriname is implementing a major REDD+ strategy. It enters as a conditional contribution the REDD+ Investment Strategy with a 10-year timeframe, aligned with the NDC. The strategy covers 5 main programs with the aim of attracting and guiding the allocation of international and national funding. Electricity: Further investments for expansion in both grid-connected and off-grid capacity, as well as efficiency programs are needed to ensure the sector contribution is achieved. The government is currently reviewing expansion plan options.', 'The government is currently reviewing expansion plan options. There is need for a sustainable and scalable business model for installing, operating and maintaining mini-grids, including a payment system. Developing such innovative business models, taking into account any lessons learned from prior experiences, will be the key to future adoption of mini-grids in Suriname. Suriname wishes to facilitate commercial finance and investment by standardizing the way mini-grid projects are structured and applications evaluated by commercial banks. Technical and institutional support is needed to introduce new modalities, which includes public-private (investment) partnerships (PPPs), for rural electrification in order to facilitate investment. Transport: A contribution will be made through a number of infrastructure investment projects for improving the road and drainage infrastructure, this includes sea defences infrastructure (grey and green) for Paramaribo, upgrading of roads and canals.', 'Transport: A contribution will be made through a number of infrastructure investment projects for improving the road and drainage infrastructure, this includes sea defences infrastructure (grey and green) for Paramaribo, upgrading of roads and canals. The total investment in upgrading the drainage system and flood protection isNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 estimated to reach up to more than 500 million USD. The investments can be made jointly by the Government of Suriname and development partners. Reduction level - Unconditional Forests: In accordance with the 2015 NDC unconditional contribution, Suriname intends to increase efforts at sustainable forest and ecosystem management and stabilizing and minimizing deforestation and forest degradation unconditionally. Opportunities for emission reductions through Sustainable Forest Management practices of up to 40% exist.', 'Opportunities for emission reductions through Sustainable Forest Management practices of up to 40% exist. In accordance with the 2015 NDC unconditional contribution, Suriname has established 14% of its total land area under a national protection system and will continue to pursue the expansion of this system by increasing the percentage of forests and wetlands under protection to at least 17% of the terrestrial area by 2030, in line the UN CBD Aichi target. Electricity: Suriname ‘s commitment to reduce emissions through the use of renewable energy was reflected in the 2015 conditional contribution to ensure the share of renewable energy stays above 25% by 2025. This NDC extends and deepens the target with an unconditional contribution to maintain the share of electricity from renewable sources above 35% by 2030.', 'This NDC extends and deepens the target with an unconditional contribution to maintain the share of electricity from renewable sources above 35% by 2030. Suriname will adopt a Renewable Energy Act to provide the legal, economic and institutional basis for the promotion of the use of renewable energy resources. The Act will focus on methods of electrification serving the interior, such as grid expansion (connecting off-grid systems to the national grid), solar PV systems, mini-grids, and micro- and small-scale hydropower development. The government is committed to implement fiscal sustainability measures to promote energy efficiency. The current tariff is a disincentive to private investment in more efficient technology.', 'The current tariff is a disincentive to private investment in more efficient technology. Against the backdrop of growing electricity demand these measures present a win-win, as they reduce the need for new generation capacity as well as free up government resources for investment. In view of the impact of such reforms on citizens, a study of impacts and compensation measures will be conducted and a just transition plan prepared. Agriculture: Adaptation to impacts and building resilience were central to the 2015 NDC. This included the following unconditional contributions, which is maintained: ● Rehabilitation and enhancement of infrastructure such as dikes and river defenses (precondition); ● Improvements to water resources management; ● Promotion of sustainable land management; and,NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 ● Applying innovative technologies in the use of land.', 'This included the following unconditional contributions, which is maintained: ● Rehabilitation and enhancement of infrastructure such as dikes and river defenses (precondition); ● Improvements to water resources management; ● Promotion of sustainable land management; and,NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 ● Applying innovative technologies in the use of land. Suriname will introduce a national land use planning system, to make the embedding of climate change in (agricultural) development plans possible. This will allow assessment of the potential emissions impact of proposed agricultural land development, with a view to limiting emissions from agricultural land clearing. Suriname aims to cluster agricultural development, ensuring the efficient protection against sea level rise. To strengthen capacity, Suriname will scope and implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research.', 'To strengthen capacity, Suriname will scope and implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research. One priority area of research is to identify, trial and introduce more permanent agricultural systems to replace traditional shifting cultivation methods. Transport: An unconditional contribution will be made to update the Transport Master Plan (ISTS 2011). The plan contained a proposal for a transport network based on long term plans and growth rates and integrated with a spatial planning model for Paramaribo. Suriname commits to introduce by 2027 vehicle emissions controls and tighten import to vehicles less than five years old, in order to reduce emissions under this NDC.', 'Suriname commits to introduce by 2027 vehicle emissions controls and tighten import to vehicles less than five years old, in order to reduce emissions under this NDC. Scope and coverage This NDC describes sectoral policies and measures covering an estimated 70% of emissions from the following sectors: Forests, energy, agriculture, and transport. A globally significant carbon stock estimated at 13.1 Gt CO2e. Greenhouse gases: CO2 (N2O and CH4 for select sources only) Methodological approaches for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Described in the Second National Communication and the 2018 Forest Reference Emissions Level submission to the UNFCCC (FREL). By 2022, Suriname will revise and update its GHG Inventory to cover the period 2000-2017 as part of the Third National Communication.', 'By 2022, Suriname will revise and update its GHG Inventory to cover the period 2000-2017 as part of the Third National Communication. Approach to accounting for forestry and other land use As described in the FREL. Use of market mechanisms and cooperative approaches Suriname will consider the use of the cooperative approaches available to it under Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement, especially those under Article 6.8. A revised GHG Inventory is a prerequisite for operating a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system suitable to tracking the contributions of NDC-aligned projects. By 2022, Suriname will revise and update its GHG Inventory as part of the Third National Communication.', 'By 2022, Suriname will revise and update its GHG Inventory as part of the Third National Communication. While the First and Second National Communications produced single year GHG inventories (for 2003 and 2008 respectively), the aim for the Third National Communication is to review and recalculate previousNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 inventories. The revised GHG Inventory will restate emissions and sinks for the period 2000 – 2017. A first Biennial Update Report (BUR) would then update the numbers to 2019 or 2020. The new inventory will provide the basis for development of a long-term strategy for low-emissions development.', 'The new inventory will provide the basis for development of a long-term strategy for low-emissions development. Suriname as an import-oriented economy will seek to assess embodied emissions, as well as emissions from production, processing, and transport of goods in the 2025 NDC update, building on the Third National Communication. Fairness and ambition Together Suriname‘s climate actions contained in this NDC make a significant contribution to the objective of the Paris Agreement “Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;.“.', 'Fairness and ambition Together Suriname‘s climate actions contained in this NDC make a significant contribution to the objective of the Paris Agreement “Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change;.“. Taking into account Suriname’s domestic circumstances and capabilities, the maintenance of the carbon stock and sectoral emission reductions described herein are undertaken on the basis of equity, conditional on the availability of finance, and in the context of sustainable development. Importantly, Suriname’s forests not only store 13.1 gigatons of CO2 .', 'Importantly, Suriname’s forests not only store 13.1 gigatons of CO2 . This NDC present a significant enhancement from the 2015 NDC, by adding policies and measures for the agriculture and transport sectors, deepening the commitment to renewable energy, implementing a large REDD+ strategy and maintaining a carbon stock of global significance. This NDC increases transparency, by specifying the policies and measures at the sector-level prepared through an extensive consultation process with stakeholders, including from the interior. The GHG Inventory published alongside the Second National Communication (Government of Suriname 2013) estimates 2008 per capita emissions at 3.3 tons CO2 .', 'The GHG Inventory published alongside the Second National Communication (Government of Suriname 2013) estimates 2008 per capita emissions at 3.3 tons CO2 . Only upon completion of the Third National Communication and the associated 2000-2017 GHG Inventory will Suriname be in a position to provide a comprehensive assessment of long-term emissions projections and strategy, with technical and financial support from partners.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Like many countries, Suriname has chosen to include adaptation in the NDC, in addition to outlining conditional and unconditional mitigation contributions. The NDC is a strategic document guiding what climate action the government is taking, with the 2019 National Adaptation Plan (NAP) describing in detail how the NDC commitments are going to be achieved.', 'The NDC is a strategic document guiding what climate action the government is taking, with the 2019 National Adaptation Plan (NAP) describing in detail how the NDC commitments are going to be achieved. The NAP is a further building block within Suriname’s climate strategy. It aims at integration and mainstreaming of adaptation issues into policies, programs, activities and development planning processes and strategies, across multiple sectors and levels. Disaster risk management and climate change practitioners often remain detached from national development planning processes, the NAP can play an important role in bridging this gap. The Second National Communication and Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan, already described Suriname’s high vulnerability to climate change.', 'The Second National Communication and Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan, already described Suriname’s high vulnerability to climate change. This vulnerability is largely due to a concentration of the population and economic activities in the low-lying coastal zone. Paramaribo, located at less than 2 meters above mean sea level, is locked between the Atlantic Ocean, Suriname River and Saramacca River. Sea level rise is already adversely affecting the city area with severe flooding during high tide. Together, these conditions have historically made the city vulnerable to flooding. While sea level rise (SLR) is already adversely affecting the capital area, it is expected that climate change will lead to further SLR and an increase in total annual precipitation, which will require effective and urgent adaptation measures.', 'While sea level rise (SLR) is already adversely affecting the capital area, it is expected that climate change will lead to further SLR and an increase in total annual precipitation, which will require effective and urgent adaptation measures. However, more research is needed to understand the potential impacts and the full range of investments required to manage them. The Second National Communication already provided a comprehensive overview of the vulnerable sectors, the expected impacts, and proposed adaptation options. Yet, the NAP marks a significant step forward towards enabling resilience building, improving risk management and adapting to climate impacts. The NAP has been prepared in accordance with guidance from the UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG).', 'The NAP has been prepared in accordance with guidance from the UNFCCC Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG). It incorporates lessons learned and is reflecting progress made in climate action taken to date. The prioritization of adaptation action across economic sectors has been based on climate risk and vulnerability assessments. The NAP sets strategic adaptation priorities at the national level, with strategic objectives, adaptation measures and outcomes for each priority being noted. An innovative ‘triple stream model’ was developed, whereby adaptation action will focus on the most vulnerable and highly impacted sectors. The first stream are key productive sectors impacted in the short term.', 'The first stream are key productive sectors impacted in the short term. These include the water resources, sustainable forestry, and the agriculture, livestock and fisheries sectors in the immediate term and proceeding to other sectors such as Energy, Infrastructure and Housing in the medium term, and Mining and Tourism in the long-term. A second stream are so called cross-sectoral or supportive sectors that contribute to / impact on the functions of the productive sectors including their climate change adaptation and mitigation activities. These include the disaster risk reduction (DRR), spatial planning, and environmental sectors. The third stream are considered the foundational sectors. These are the education and health sectors, which have to be resilient for other sectors to build upon.', 'These are the education and health sectors, which have to be resilient for other sectors to build upon. All actions detailed in the NAP are aligned directly with the general climate policy principles presented in Table 1.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 The NAP includes the following strategic adaptation priorities8 at the national level: 1. Institutional arrangements, policies and capacities able to lead and coordinate national and sub- national climate change adaptation; 2. Data and information collection systems to fully support national and sub-national climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation decision-making; 3. The integration and institutionalization of climate change adaptation in broader Surinamese economic development policies, plans and programs; 4. National technical capacity that is fully trained and skilled at leading and implementing Suriname’s climate change adaptation actions; 5.', 'National technical capacity that is fully trained and skilled at leading and implementing Suriname’s climate change adaptation actions; 5. Climate change adaptation that respects Surinamese society and culture and reduces gender and social inequities; and, 6. Identifying and accessing financing and investment especially for innovation driven climate change adaptation technologies. 6. Planning process In reviewing the 2015 Nationally Determined Contribution, the government organized a first dialogue on NDC enhancement in August 2018. Detailed written recommendations were provided by stakeholders, underlining the need for a more representative suite of economic sectors to be included in the 2020 NDC, building on available data.', 'Detailed written recommendations were provided by stakeholders, underlining the need for a more representative suite of economic sectors to be included in the 2020 NDC, building on available data. The dialogue and written submission raised the following key issues: ● Alignment of NDC with other policies and strategies – The government is commended for announcing its intention to aligning the NDC with the 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan. ● Forest cover – Stakeholders laud the government commitment to maintaining 93% forest cover, but deem the target ambitious. A detailed REDD+ Strategy and Investment Plan has been prepared and has been integrated in the 2020 NDC. ● Mining –Stakeholders note the large impact mining has on forests and biodiversity.', '● Mining –Stakeholders note the large impact mining has on forests and biodiversity. The PDP speaks about the need to balance the need for development and the protection of the environment. Several projects have been initiated in the sector and the government expects to include the sector in the 2025 NDC update. ● Closer integration of mitigation and adaptation – Both in the field of agriculture and in infrastructure investment it is necessary to integrate climate measures to cover both mitigation and adaptation. The 2020 NDC includes agriculture and transport and infrastructure. ● Sea level rise – Vulnerability of Suriname’s low-lying coastal zone is acknowledged in both the 2015 NDC and the PDP.', '● Sea level rise – Vulnerability of Suriname’s low-lying coastal zone is acknowledged in both the 2015 NDC and the PDP. The 2015 NDC recommends partial relocation, a response measure not included in the policy development plan and has been abandoned. ● Other issues – The risk of systemic climate impacts in the interior are raised, but a lack of data remains a hurdle in articulating a policy response. Research needs are included in the 2020 NDC. The 2020 NDC reflects the feedback from stakeholders and is fully aligned with the development vision of the government. Policy coherence has been significantly increased through a careful process of stakeholder engagement.', 'Policy coherence has been significantly increased through a careful process of stakeholder engagement. In 2019, three rounds of sectoral expert and stakeholder dialogues were conducted, involving articulation of sectoral problem statements, analysis of policy frameworks and identification of relevant projects, policies and measures. The final selection of policies and measures included in the 2020 NDC was prepared by stakeholders during NDC Dialogue 2 and prioritized using the following multi-criteria ranking. 8 Source: Table 5 of the 2019 NAPNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Criteria used in the assessment of NDC policies and measures Environment incl.', '8 Source: Table 5 of the 2019 NAPNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Criteria used in the assessment of NDC policies and measures Environment incl. resilience building Mitigation potential and resource efficiency Job creation Social and economic inclusion of marginal communities Diversification of the economy Gender impact Fiscal sustainability The NDC enhancement process was conducted with financial and technical support from the Inter- American Development Bank (IDB) and involved a team of mainly local (ILACO) and some international experts (EQO-NIXUS (OCA Global)).NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 7. Means of Implementation This NDC seeks to outline a cost-effective pathway to decarbonization of sustainable economic development, maintaining the integrity of natural forest acting as a carbon sink, and strengthening resilience so as to enable adaptation and mitigation action.', 'Means of Implementation This NDC seeks to outline a cost-effective pathway to decarbonization of sustainable economic development, maintaining the integrity of natural forest acting as a carbon sink, and strengthening resilience so as to enable adaptation and mitigation action. This has been achieved by fully aligning the NDC with Suriname’s national development priorities. Whereas Suriname is presently unable to set an economy-wide target, for the reasons outlined a comprehensive package of policies and measures with sectoral sub-targets is feasible. In the chapter on Means of Implementation a carefully prepared portfolio of projects is provided that is considered key to delivering on the promise of the NDC, in that they contribute significantly to meeting the contributions.', 'In the chapter on Means of Implementation a carefully prepared portfolio of projects is provided that is considered key to delivering on the promise of the NDC, in that they contribute significantly to meeting the contributions. Capacity building As a SIDS country, Suriname is faced with significant development constraints, typical for a small developing economy. Suriname’s research and associated human capacity are limited and following the recent economic recession Suriname lacks the resources to establish urgently needed programs, as indicated in the NDC. The Government of Suriname in its 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan prioritizes investment in people and welcomes the support from development partners in the endeavour to strengthen research capacity in the area of climate change and the sectoral actions outlined in this NDC.', 'The Government of Suriname in its 2017-2021 Policy Development Plan prioritizes investment in people and welcomes the support from development partners in the endeavour to strengthen research capacity in the area of climate change and the sectoral actions outlined in this NDC. Technology transfer In 2019, Suriname started the process of conducting a Technology Needs Assessment, to be concluded by December 2020. Three priority sectors have been identified (the relevant technologies identified for assessment are given in brackets): • Agriculture (Climate resilient crop varieties and livestock breeds, Water use efficiency and Integrated farming systems); • Water Management (water 27modeling, water resource mapping, and water storage and harvesting); and, • Infrastructure and Housing (Infrastructure: Forest Specific Land Use Planning; Housing: Energy Efficient Building Design).', 'Three priority sectors have been identified (the relevant technologies identified for assessment are given in brackets): • Agriculture (Climate resilient crop varieties and livestock breeds, Water use efficiency and Integrated farming systems); • Water Management (water 27modeling, water resource mapping, and water storage and harvesting); and, • Infrastructure and Housing (Infrastructure: Forest Specific Land Use Planning; Housing: Energy Efficient Building Design). Financial support A portfolio of selected projects from the Energy, Transport, Forest and Agriculture sectors have been identified to be part of Suriname’s NDC with a total project value of around USD 696 million. The timeline for the projects is typically 5 or 10 years. This portfolio was prepared as part of the NDC enhancement process. This portfolio does not encompass the full scope of the Suriname contribution.', 'This portfolio does not encompass the full scope of the Suriname contribution. It is, however, an important tool for investors and development partners wishing to support Suriname implementing its ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution. Upon request the full project portfolio prospectus with detailed descriptions, as well as information on possible financing modalities, can be made available. Annex I below summarizes these projects.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Annex 1: Project portfolio No. Sector Name Lead MDA Duration Start / End Location Objective Finance (million USD) Revenue generation / Non- Revenue generating Types of finance Demonstrate sustainable business models Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) and Department for Rural Energy Supply (DEV) situated in the hinterland (exact location TBD) Promote renewable energy (RE) access by move to the sustainable electrification of +200 villages in the interior by the replacement of existing use of diesel by solar supply and solar/hybrid systems.', 'Sector Name Lead MDA Duration Start / End Location Objective Finance (million USD) Revenue generation / Non- Revenue generating Types of finance Demonstrate sustainable business models Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) and Department for Rural Energy Supply (DEV) situated in the hinterland (exact location TBD) Promote renewable energy (RE) access by move to the sustainable electrification of +200 villages in the interior by the replacement of existing use of diesel by solar supply and solar/hybrid systems. Revenue Generating Capital (funds or physical assets) Grants and subsidies, equity and concessional loans Public- private partnerships (PPPs) Ministry of Finance Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Provide incentives for investors by encouraging an investment- friendly environment through risk mitigation by a Guarantee Fund.', 'Revenue Generating Capital (funds or physical assets) Grants and subsidies, equity and concessional loans Public- private partnerships (PPPs) Ministry of Finance Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) Provide incentives for investors by encouraging an investment- friendly environment through risk mitigation by a Guarantee Fund. Revenue Generating Grant: yes Concessional Loan: yes Guarantee: yes Equity: yes Green bonds and crowdfunding Budgetary allocations Policy and regulatory framework Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) in coordination with NIMOS 5 years TBD National Implementation of the Electricity Authority Suriname (sector regulator) and the development of the Renewable Energy Act and the Rural Electricity Act Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Technical assistance National funds, budgetary allocation, National Development Bank fundsNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Energy efficiency – Subsidy and fiscal reform Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) Ministry of Finance National Promote energy efficiency (EE) and energy conservation through energy savings equipment (energy efficient appliances) by providing them to customers at reduced prices; including equipment labelling and performance standards.', 'Revenue Generating Grant: yes Concessional Loan: yes Guarantee: yes Equity: yes Green bonds and crowdfunding Budgetary allocations Policy and regulatory framework Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) in coordination with NIMOS 5 years TBD National Implementation of the Electricity Authority Suriname (sector regulator) and the development of the Renewable Energy Act and the Rural Electricity Act Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Technical assistance National funds, budgetary allocation, National Development Bank fundsNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Energy efficiency – Subsidy and fiscal reform Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) Ministry of Finance National Promote energy efficiency (EE) and energy conservation through energy savings equipment (energy efficient appliances) by providing them to customers at reduced prices; including equipment labelling and performance standards. Revenue Generating Grant: yes Concessional Loan: yes Guarantee: yes Other risk mitigation instruments Carbon markets National budgets Subsidies, tax credits Energy Efficiency standards Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) Introducing EE standards by developing legislation (amendment of Electricity Act) and set up a dedicated organization for implementation.', 'Revenue Generating Grant: yes Concessional Loan: yes Guarantee: yes Other risk mitigation instruments Carbon markets National budgets Subsidies, tax credits Energy Efficiency standards Ministry for Natural Resources (NH) Introducing EE standards by developing legislation (amendment of Electricity Act) and set up a dedicated organization for implementation. Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Concessional Loan: yes Guarantee: no Technical assistance Improve public transport Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) 5 years 2020-2025 Regional / TBD Improve the public transport system, including adding separate bus lanes, public bus hubs outside the city center and shuttle bus inside the city center Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes - Programmatic and infrastructure loans Guarantee: yes Green bonds: yes Institutional investors and concessional funding. Introduce emissions and age limits for vehicles Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Introduce a low or no emissions limits to exhaust gases/emissions from public and private vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses and other vehicles.', 'Introduce emissions and age limits for vehicles Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Introduce a low or no emissions limits to exhaust gases/emissions from public and private vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses and other vehicles. Limit the age of used vehicles for import to >5 years old (Foreign Motor Vehicle Import Requirements) Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Debt/Loan: yes Bonds: yes Guarantee: yes Concessional Loans: yes National budgets (general taxes or earmarked-dedicated/ licenses, etc. )NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Improve traffic management , planning & Infrastructur e Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Improve traffic management, planning together with urban planning. Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Technical assistance Increase public green Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Ministry of Finance Increase public roads and walkaways of Suriname by enhancing the “green component” as well as green terraces and parks (Green City) Revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Taxes Permits Improve road conditions Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Approx.', 'Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Technical assistance Increase public green Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Ministry of Finance Increase public roads and walkaways of Suriname by enhancing the “green component” as well as green terraces and parks (Green City) Revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Taxes Permits Improve road conditions Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Communication (MPWTC) Road Authority Suriname (WAS) Approx. 12 kms of road (exact location to be determined) The objective of this project is to rehabilitate main roads, protect roads from flooding and decrease travel time and increase safety. Revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: yes Property taxes Support alternative livelihoods and diversificatio n of the economy in the interior Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (MPPLFM) Increase the contribution of forests to the economy and welfare by providing alternative livelihoods that contribute to diversification, using the opportunities provided by nature, while at the same time protecting the environment, and Increasing the well-being of Suriname citizens. Revenue generating through results- based payments Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Carbon market instruments, including taxes on carbon and emissions trading Access to resources under Art.', 'Revenue generating through results- based payments Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Carbon market instruments, including taxes on carbon and emissions trading Access to resources under Art. 6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ supportNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Budgetary allocations as national counterpart funding. Enforcement, control and monitoring forests Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (MPPLFM) Ensure sufficient capacities exist to implement the necessary forest monitoring, control and enforcement activities and strengthening forest regulatory and supervisory institutions. Non- revenue generating investment project in its capacity building component s. Essential part of the structure needed in place to generate revenues through results- based payments initiatives. Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Technical assistance and capacity building support UN-REDD+ support Budgetary allocationsNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Promotion of Sustainable Forest Management Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (MPPLFM) To maintain forest resources, while increasing the contribution of those resources to economic development in a sustainable manner. Revenue generating through diverse financial instruments and mechanism s Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Investment project financing (non- concessional financing under flexible loan terms) Carbon market instruments Access to resources under Art.', 'Revenue generating through diverse financial instruments and mechanism s Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Investment project financing (non- concessional financing under flexible loan terms) Carbon market instruments Access to resources under Art. 6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary transfers Promotion of sustainable practices in other land use sectors Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (MPPLFM) Improve institutional arrangements through laws and regulations for the purpose of promoting sustainable practices in other land use sectors. Revenue Generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Concessional loans Investment project financing (non- concessional financing under flexible loan terms) Carbon market instruments Access to resources under Art. 6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary transfersNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Protected areas Ministry of Physical Planning, Land and Forest Management (MPPLFM) Increase the coverage of protected areas and provide for their protection Revenue generating and non- revenue generating component s Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Grant funding for technical assistance and capacity building activities from international donors, institutional and sovereign funds. Governmental budgetary resources (usually about 60% of the total amount in the LAC region) for operational expenditures and infrastructure.', 'Governmental budgetary resources (usually about 60% of the total amount in the LAC region) for operational expenditures and infrastructure. Revenue funds, including entry charges, permits, user fees collection, concessions and licenses (usually about 10% of the total amount in the LAC region) International cooperation (fluctuates across countries but in average about 15% of the total amount in the LAC region) Dedicated taxes Project specific financingNATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Introduce national land use planning Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAHF) Adopt land-use planning that protects natural resources. Revenue generating through indirect income from different activities; mainly generation of economic and social benefits. Grant: yes Loan: no Guarantee: no Grant funding for feasibility study and technical plan Concessional loans Fiscal incentives for sustainable development and for private investment Carbon market instruments, including taxes on carbon and emissions trading Property taxes Access to resources under Art. 6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary allocations with defined financing sources Identify, trial and introduce more permanent agricultural systems to replace the traditional shifting cultivation Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAHF) Existing systems from elsewhere will be evaluated for introduction is Suriname.', '6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary allocations with defined financing sources Identify, trial and introduce more permanent agricultural systems to replace the traditional shifting cultivation Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAHF) Existing systems from elsewhere will be evaluated for introduction is Suriname. Selected systems will first be tried in pilot schemes, and when successful, be introduced to farmers. Revenue generating under some circumstanc es; non- revenue generating in some component s of the projects that might be developed. Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Grant funding for feasibility study and technical plan Concessional loans Carbon market instruments, including taxes on carbon and emissions trading Access to resources under Art. 6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary allocations as national counterpart funding of program finance, i.e., via smart subsidies.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Define and implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research sector Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAHF) A national institute for land use planning is established and a multidisciplinary land use / resource planning is conducted, involving all sectors and stakeholders.', '6 mechanisms UN-REDD+ support Budgetary allocations as national counterpart funding of program finance, i.e., via smart subsidies.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Define and implement a national research, development and innovation program, and strengthen agricultural research sector Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries (MAAHF) A national institute for land use planning is established and a multidisciplinary land use / resource planning is conducted, involving all sectors and stakeholders. Non- revenue generating Grant: yes Loan: yes Guarantee: no Grant funding for feasibility studies and technical plan Budgetary allocations as national counterpart funding of program finance.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Annex 2 GHG emissions Table 5: GHG Inventory by Source (2008) Source: (Government of Suriname 2016)NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SURINAME 2020-2030 Annex 3 References Castalia Ltd. for IDB. 2018. "Suriname Energy Sector Review and Outlook." CATIE, SBB, CELOS and NZCS. 2017. "Best estimates for emission factors and carbon stocks for Suriname." General Bureau of Statistics. 2018.', 'General Bureau of Statistics. 2018. "Eight Environment Statistics Publication." Paramaribo. tistics%20Publication%202018.pdf. Government of Suriname. 2018. "Forest Reference Emission Level for Suriname’s REDD+ Programme." Paramaribo. Government of Suriname. 2019. "National Adaptation Plan." Government of Suriname. 2015. "National Climate Change Policy, Strategy and Action Plan for Suriname Government of Suriname. 2017. "Policy Development Plan 2017-2021." Government of Suriname. 2016. "Second National Communication." Government of Suriname. 2019. "The Sixth National Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity." UNDP. 2018. "Energy NAMA Suriname."'] | en-US |
316 | SWE | Sweden | LTS | 2020-11-12 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Sweden.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | EU27 | 44.748769 | 19.437993 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/e3bcacc26ca556704810517b395479c9b84fb17ef671f83c7be75fbffd3c605e.pdf | ['Sweden’s long-term strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissionsMinistry of the Environment 2 (87) Index 2 Sweden’s climate policy framework . 9 2.1 Sweden’s national climate goals . 9 2.2 Sweden’s Climate Act 12 2.3 A Climate Policy Council 13 3 Sweden’s current conditions and emissions 15 3.1 National situation . 15 3.2 Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals 17 3.5 Climate change adaptation 30 4 Action areas and instruments 35 4.1 Instruments work together to attain Sweden’s climate goals . 35 4.2 Cross-sectoral, overarching policy instruments . 36 4.5 Electricity and district heating 56 4.6 Households and services . 60 4.7 Non-road mobile machinery 65 4.10 Land use, land use change and forestry, LULUCF . 74 5 Consequences of Sweden’s goals and actions 79 5.1 Consequences of failing to meet the climate targets . 79 5.2 Consequences of Swedish policy to attain the climate goals . 80 6 Buy-in and realisation – Sweden’s path to goals and measures Annex 1 Modelling 86Ministry of the Environment 3 (87) Summary Purpose Long term strategies shall contribute to fulfilling Parties commitments under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and enhance removals by sinks, and to promote increased carbon sequestration.', 'Sweden’s long-term strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissionsMinistry of the Environment 2 (87) Index 2 Sweden’s climate policy framework . 9 2.1 Sweden’s national climate goals . 9 2.2 Sweden’s Climate Act 12 2.3 A Climate Policy Council 13 3 Sweden’s current conditions and emissions 15 3.1 National situation . 15 3.2 Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals 17 3.5 Climate change adaptation 30 4 Action areas and instruments 35 4.1 Instruments work together to attain Sweden’s climate goals . 35 4.2 Cross-sectoral, overarching policy instruments . 36 4.5 Electricity and district heating 56 4.6 Households and services . 60 4.7 Non-road mobile machinery 65 4.10 Land use, land use change and forestry, LULUCF . 74 5 Consequences of Sweden’s goals and actions 79 5.1 Consequences of failing to meet the climate targets . 79 5.2 Consequences of Swedish policy to attain the climate goals . 80 6 Buy-in and realisation – Sweden’s path to goals and measures Annex 1 Modelling 86Ministry of the Environment 3 (87) Summary Purpose Long term strategies shall contribute to fulfilling Parties commitments under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and enhance removals by sinks, and to promote increased carbon sequestration. Reporting concerns national long-term objectives for territorial emissions.', 'Reporting concerns national long-term objectives for territorial emissions. This document constitutes Sweden’s reporting and derives from Sweden’s existing targets, and policy instruments and actions decided on in the field of energy and climate. The strategy is largely based on the national climate policy framework and Government Bill1 En samlad politik för klimatet – klimatpolitisk handlingsplan (A coherent policy for the climate – climate policy action plan). The Swedish Climate Policy Framework Under the Paris Agreement, all countries are to contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. This demands wide-ranging action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also demands that every sector of society plays a part in the climate transition.', 'This demands wide-ranging action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and also demands that every sector of society plays a part in the climate transition. In 2017, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) adopted a climate policy framework with (1) national climate goals, (2) a Climate Act and (3) a Climate Policy Council. The climate policy framework’s long-term climate goal establishes that, by 2045 at the latest, Sweden is to have zero net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and should thereafter achieve negative emissions. By 2045, greenhouse gas emissions from Swedish territory are to be at least 85 per cent lower than emissions in 1990. To achieve net zero emissions, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level.', 'To achieve net zero emissions, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level. Supplementary measures may be (1) increased net removal of carbon dioxide in forests and land, (2) verified emission reductions from investments in other countries, and (3) negative emission technologies such as capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide (BECCS). Milestone targets for Swedish territorial emissions in the sectors covered by the EU’s Effort Sharing Regulation have been adopted for 2020, 2030 and 2040, see Figure 1. Emissions from domestic transport, excluding domesticMinistry of the Environment 4 (87) aviation which is included in the EU ETS, are to be reduced by at least 70 per cent by 2030 compared with 2010. Figure 1.', 'Emissions from domestic transport, excluding domesticMinistry of the Environment 4 (87) aviation which is included in the EU ETS, are to be reduced by at least 70 per cent by 2030 compared with 2010. Figure 1. Sweden’s climate targets (with and without the opportunity to use supplementary measures) and historical emissions Sweden’s Climate Act imposes an obligation on current and future governments to pursue a policy based on the national climate goals. The Act contains elements that ensure that the policy is planned and followed up. Sweden’s Climate Policy Council is an independent expert body tasked with evaluating whether the overall policy decided by the Government is compatible with the climate goals. The EU’s climate policy has a major impact on how Swedish policy can be conducted.', 'The EU’s climate policy has a major impact on how Swedish policy can be conducted. The EU s current climate target is to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 per cent in the EU by 2030 compared to 1990. In September 2020 the European Commission presented its 2030 Climate Target Plan which proposed to increase the target to at least 55 per cent. The EU s heads of state and government are expected to endorse such an enhanced target at the end of 2020. The emissions covered are territorial and do not include the emissions that the EU causes outside the EU’s borders.', 'The emissions covered are territorial and do not include the emissions that the EU causes outside the EU’s borders. A number of policy instruments at EU level, including emission standards for vehicles and emissions trading are very important to Sweden’s possibility to meet its own national targets. eq Sweden Emissions within EU ETS ESR National net zero target for Sweden’s total emissions Targets for non-trading sectors Net negative emissionsMinistry of the Environment 5 (87) Sweden uses a number of national and EU-wide policy instruments to meet the national climate goals. Emissions pricing forms the basis of governance and is supplemented by targeted initiatives. The policy instruments in Sweden and the EU span all sectors of society. It is estimated that they will help to achieve the targets but that further measures will be needed to fully attain them.', 'It is estimated that they will help to achieve the targets but that further measures will be needed to fully attain them. Areas of possible actions to attain the long-term climate target have been identified in the respective sectors. Government spending on climate related initiatives has increased substantially in recent years. Table 1.', 'Government spending on climate related initiatives has increased substantially in recent years. Table 1. Overview of key policy instruments and measures impacting on the national climate targets (EU instruments are marked with an asterisk) Transport Industry Electricity and district heating Homes and premises Non- road mobile machiner y Waste Agricultu re LULUCF Energy and carbon tax Emission reduction targets for new vehicles* Reduction obligation Bonus- malus system Tax reduction for eco- friendly cars Carbon dioxide- based vehicle tax Klimatkliv et (local investmen t grants) Climate premium Act on the Obligation to Supply Renewable Fuels Energy and carbon tax EU ETS* Industrikliv et (the Industrial Leap) Energy and climate coaches Energy surveys for companies Energistege t (energy efficiency grants for industry) Energy efficiency networks Klimatklive t (lthe Climate Leap) Environme ntal Code EU Regulation on fluorinated Energy and carbon tax EU ETS* The Electricity Certificate System Promoting wind power Support for solar energy Tax reduction for microproduct ion of renewable energy Energy and carbon tax Eco- design Directive* Energy Labelling Directive* Building regulations Training programm e for low energy buildings Energy and climate advice Energy declaration s* Market launch, technology developme nt, innovation clusters Informatio n centre for sustainable Energy and carbon tax Reduction obligation Procurem ent requireme nts Ban on combustible and organic waste in landfill Collection of methane from landfill Waste hierarchy in the Environmen tal Code Landfill tax Producer responsibilit y Municipal waste planning CAP* Aid for manure gas Forestry Act Environme ntal Code rules on land drainage Protecting forest and land in the Environme ntal Code and nature conservatio n agreements The National Forest Programme Advice and trainingMinistry of the Environment 6 (87) Urban environme nt agreement s Long-term infrastruct ure planning Eco bonus for shipping Tax on air travel EU ETS (aviation)* greenhouse gases constructi on The costs related to climate change and the cost of failing to act will be very high.', 'Overview of key policy instruments and measures impacting on the national climate targets (EU instruments are marked with an asterisk) Transport Industry Electricity and district heating Homes and premises Non- road mobile machiner y Waste Agricultu re LULUCF Energy and carbon tax Emission reduction targets for new vehicles* Reduction obligation Bonus- malus system Tax reduction for eco- friendly cars Carbon dioxide- based vehicle tax Klimatkliv et (local investmen t grants) Climate premium Act on the Obligation to Supply Renewable Fuels Energy and carbon tax EU ETS* Industrikliv et (the Industrial Leap) Energy and climate coaches Energy surveys for companies Energistege t (energy efficiency grants for industry) Energy efficiency networks Klimatklive t (lthe Climate Leap) Environme ntal Code EU Regulation on fluorinated Energy and carbon tax EU ETS* The Electricity Certificate System Promoting wind power Support for solar energy Tax reduction for microproduct ion of renewable energy Energy and carbon tax Eco- design Directive* Energy Labelling Directive* Building regulations Training programm e for low energy buildings Energy and climate advice Energy declaration s* Market launch, technology developme nt, innovation clusters Informatio n centre for sustainable Energy and carbon tax Reduction obligation Procurem ent requireme nts Ban on combustible and organic waste in landfill Collection of methane from landfill Waste hierarchy in the Environmen tal Code Landfill tax Producer responsibilit y Municipal waste planning CAP* Aid for manure gas Forestry Act Environme ntal Code rules on land drainage Protecting forest and land in the Environme ntal Code and nature conservatio n agreements The National Forest Programme Advice and trainingMinistry of the Environment 6 (87) Urban environme nt agreement s Long-term infrastruct ure planning Eco bonus for shipping Tax on air travel EU ETS (aviation)* greenhouse gases constructi on The costs related to climate change and the cost of failing to act will be very high. Several reports2 have shown that the costs of not taking action widely exceed the costs of doing so.', 'Several reports2 have shown that the costs of not taking action widely exceed the costs of doing so. The economic consequences of national policy to attain Sweden’s national climate goals are hard to calculate. Many of the consequences will depend on how Sweden reaches the goals and under which conditions. In recent decades, Sweden has succeeded in combining reduced emissions with strong economic development. A long-term and stable climate policy is needed if Sweden is to lead the way on a global transition. A broad parliamentary majority backs the decision made in 2017 on the climate policy framework.', 'A broad parliamentary majority backs the decision made in 2017 on the climate policy framework. It is also vital that Sweden involves a broad range of groups in producing and implementing the policy and that different actors in society are given every opportunity to play their part in the climate transition. Several large actors in Sweden have already shown that they have the desire, ambition, conditions and opportunity to make their operations climate-friendly while retaining competitiveness. In the initiative for a Fossil Free Sweden instigated by the Swedish Government, a considerable number of sectors and industries have themselves drawn up roadmaps towards very low or zero emissions. The initiative is an important platform for dialogue and cooperation between key actors for a competitive climate transition.', 'The initiative is an important platform for dialogue and cooperation between key actors for a competitive climate transition. 2 See for example UNEP, 2019, “Changing Course”. of the Environment 7 (87) Sweden is pleased to submit its long-term strategy in accordance with article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, complementing the submission by Croatia and the European Commission dated 6 March 2020. The Swedish long-term strategy builds on our submission to the European Commission in response to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999. Climate developments are deeply concerning. The IPCC’s special report from October 2018 on the impacts of a global warming of 1.5 °C shows very far-reaching consequences of a temperature rise of two degrees. Global warming is proceeding at such a pace that ecosystems are unable to adapt in time.', 'Global warming is proceeding at such a pace that ecosystems are unable to adapt in time. Humans depend on well-functioning ecosystems, making climate change one of the greatest threats of our age. The decisions we make today are vital for the planet and for future generations. Through the Paris Agreement, the countries of the world have committed to limiting global warming to less than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. The average global temperature has already increased by approximately 1,1 °C compared with pre-industrial levels and is continuing to rise by around 0,2 degrees per decade.', 'The average global temperature has already increased by approximately 1,1 °C compared with pre-industrial levels and is continuing to rise by around 0,2 degrees per decade. Though the issue of climate change is now prioritized on the global agenda and investments in fossil-free technology are hitting record heights in Sweden and across the globe, we have not yet seen a clear and persistent turnaround in the upward trend in emissions. In Sweden, territorial emissions have been reduced over time, but progress is too slow. Additional measures are needed if Sweden is to be able to live up to the commitments made in the Paris Agreement, to reach its national emission targets and to attain the Government’s ambition of becoming the world’s first fossil-free welfare nation. The climate goals must be met.', 'The climate goals must be met. Several major climate measures, such as the Klimatklivet initiative (the Climate Leap), the reduction obligation, a bonus– malus-system for new light vehicles, the urban environment agreements, and the industrial green investment aid programme Industriklivet (the Industrial Leap) are now in place. These reforms pave the way for the transition that Sweden has begun and entail us to take important steps towards a society that is not dependent on fossil fuels.Ministry of the Environment 8 (87) More ambitious policy instruments are needed, and the climate transition needs to be made in such a way that everyone has an opportunity to be part of the solution.', 'These reforms pave the way for the transition that Sweden has begun and entail us to take important steps towards a society that is not dependent on fossil fuels.Ministry of the Environment 8 (87) More ambitious policy instruments are needed, and the climate transition needs to be made in such a way that everyone has an opportunity to be part of the solution. All sectors of society at all levels (local, regional, national and international) need to play their part in the transition towards sustainable, fossil-free development. For this to happen, climate policy needs to be integrated into all relevant policy areas and at all levels in society. Sweden has taken some important steps on this route already.', 'Sweden has taken some important steps on this route already. The Government decides the rate of emission mitigation and whether they need to increase for the climate targets to be met through existing instruments and new measures. More than 400 actors from the business community, municipalities, regions, research institutions and civil society organisations are working together in the Fossil Free Sweden initiative to achieve this aim. 22 sectors have so far produced and submitted roadmaps for fossil-free competitiveness to the Government. This includes large emitting sectors such as steel, cement, mining and minerals and the automotive sector. The roadmaps contain proposals for how the sectors intend to bring about the transition to fossil-free operation and what the Government can do to facilitate this.', 'The roadmaps contain proposals for how the sectors intend to bring about the transition to fossil-free operation and what the Government can do to facilitate this. Sweden is one of the countries in the world that has the capacity to lead the way and show that a fossil-free society is possible. Besides the Swedish Climate Act and ambitious emission targets, there is a broad consensus behind the climate transition among the Swedish people and in the Swedish business community. Swedish companies lie at the forefront in offering innovative solutions.', 'Swedish companies lie at the forefront in offering innovative solutions. The Government is determined to meet the national climate goals and to fulfil Sweden’s commitments under the Paris Agreement.Ministry of the Environment 9 (87) 2 Sweden’s climate policy framework Under the Paris Agreement, all countries are to contribute towards holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. This demands wide-ranging action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and that every sector of society plays a part in the climate transition. The climate perspective needs to be integrated in all policy areas and at all levels in society. In 2017, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) adopted a climate policy framework for Sweden.', 'In 2017, the Swedish Parliament (Riksdag) adopted a climate policy framework for Sweden. The framework was supported by a broad parliamentary majority and comprises of three parts: national climate goals, a Climate Act and a Climate Policy Council. The climate policy framework brings stability to climate policy and sets long-term conditions for business and society. The framework is a key component in Sweden’s efforts to comply with the Paris Agreement. 2.1 Sweden’s national climate goals There are four main aspects to Sweden’s national climate goals: • An overarching environmental quality objective linked to reducing the average global temperature increase (with no time frame). • A long-term emissions target for Sweden for 2045. • Milestone targets for Swedish emissions covered by the EU’s effort sharing regulation (i.e.', '• Milestone targets for Swedish emissions covered by the EU’s effort sharing regulation (i.e. outside the EU Emissions Trading System) for 2020, 2030 and 2040. • A milestone target for domestic transport (aviation excluded) for 2030. 2.1.1 The Swedish environmental quality objective – Reduced Climate Impact To provide a clear structure for environmental efforts in Sweden, the Parliament already in 1999 adopted 16 environmental quality objectives.', '2.1.1 The Swedish environmental quality objective – Reduced Climate Impact To provide a clear structure for environmental efforts in Sweden, the Parliament already in 1999 adopted 16 environmental quality objectives. One of these, the Reduced Climate Impact, underlies Sweden’s action in combatting climate change and that Sweden will work internationally for global efforts to be directed towards achieving the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement.Ministry of the Environment 10 (87) 2.1.2 A long-term emission target for 2045 By 2045 at the latest, Sweden is to have no net emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, after which negative emissions are to be attained. The target means that by 2045 at the latest, greenhouse gas emissions from Swedish territory are to be at least 85 per cent lower than emissions in 1990.', 'The target means that by 2045 at the latest, greenhouse gas emissions from Swedish territory are to be at least 85 per cent lower than emissions in 1990. To achieve this aim, the capture and storage of carbon dioxide emanating from fossil fuels may be counted as a measure where no other viable alternatives exist. Emissions from fuels used for international aviation and maritime transport are not included in the target. Emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry are not included directly. To achieve net zero emissions, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level.', 'To achieve net zero emissions, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level. Supplementary measures may be (1) increased net removal of carbon dioxide in forests and land, (2) verified emission reductions from investments in other countries, and (3) capture and storage of biogenic carbon dioxide (BECCS). Emissions are calculated in line with Sweden’s international reporting of greenhouse gases. The Swedish Parliament has decided on three milestone targets to limit cumulative emissions and ensure a course that is feasible. The milestone targets apply to emissions outside the EU ETS3 in the ESR sector4. The targets are as follows: • In 2020, greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden in the ESR sector are to be 40 per cent lower than in 1990.', 'The targets are as follows: • In 2020, greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden in the ESR sector are to be 40 per cent lower than in 1990. The Government’s ambition is to reach the target with national measures. • By 2030 at the latest, greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden in the ESR sector are to be at least 63 per cent lower than emissions in 1990. A maximum of 8 percentage points of the reduction in emissions may be achieved through supplementary measures. • By 2040 at the latest, emissions in Sweden in the ESR sector should be at least 75 per cent lower than emissions in 1990. A maximum of 2 percentage points of the reduction in emissions may be achieved through supplementary measures.', 'A maximum of 2 percentage points of the reduction in emissions may be achieved through supplementary measures. 3 The EU Emissions Trading System 4 ESR stands for the Effort Sharing Regulation which regulates national emissions in EU Member States. Between 2013 and 2020 this is termed the ESD, Effort Sharing Decision.Ministry of the Environment 11 (87) Figure 2. Sweden’s climate targets (with and without the opportunity to use supplementary measures) and historical emissions Facts: What is covered by the EU ETS and the ESR sector? The EU Emissions Trading System covers emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons from combustion installations and energy-intensive sectors (mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, the iron and steel industry, the pulp and paper industry and the mining industry).', 'The EU Emissions Trading System covers emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and perfluorocarbons from combustion installations and energy-intensive sectors (mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, the iron and steel industry, the pulp and paper industry and the mining industry). Carbon dioxide emissions from aviation in the EEA are also part of the EU ETS. ESR stands for the Effort Sharing Regulation and includes emissions that are not included in the EU ETS (domestic transport (apart from aviation), agriculture, non-road mobile machinery, waste, houses and premises, fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases), use of solvents, and emissions from industry and energy supply facilities not covered by the EU ETS). 2.1.4 A milestone target for domestic transport The transport sector currently accounts for almost a third of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions.', '2.1.4 A milestone target for domestic transport The transport sector currently accounts for almost a third of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions. However, there are major opportunities to reduce emissions in the sector. The Parliament has decided on a separate milestone target for domestic transport: • Emissions from domestic transport (excluding domestic aviation, which is part of the EU ETS) are to be reduced by at least 70 per cent by 2030 compared with 2010. 2.1.5 Supplementary measures to meet the targets for 2030, To achieve the long-term target by 2045 at the latest and the milestone targets, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level.', '2.1.5 Supplementary measures to meet the targets for 2030, To achieve the long-term target by 2045 at the latest and the milestone targets, supplementary measures may be counted in line with rules decided at international level. Supplementary measures primarily include net removals eq Sweden Emissions within EU ETS ESR National net zero target for Sweden’s total emissions by 2045 Targets for non-trading sectors Net negative emissionsMinistry of the Environment 12 (87) in forest and land, verified emission reductions through investment in other countries and bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (bio-CSS). The supplementary measures need to increase after 2045 to attain net negative emissions. 2.1.6 Consumption-based emissions Sweden’s long-term emissions targets and milestone targets for 2020, 2030 and 2040 follow the UN’s and the EU’s reporting methods and refer to emissions and removals of greenhouse gases within Sweden’s borders, known as territorial emissions and removals.', '2.1.6 Consumption-based emissions Sweden’s long-term emissions targets and milestone targets for 2020, 2030 and 2040 follow the UN’s and the EU’s reporting methods and refer to emissions and removals of greenhouse gases within Sweden’s borders, known as territorial emissions and removals. Consumption-based emissions give additional information to territorial emissions by reflecting the total climate impact of the Swedish population, including emissions from goods and services produced in other countries and used in Sweden as well as emissions arising from travel abroad. Calculations from Statistics Sweden (SCB) show that emissions arising as a result of Swedish consumption of goods and services amounted to around 90 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2017. Since 2008, consumption-based emissions have decreased by around 10 per cent, but they have increased again in the latest years.', 'Since 2008, consumption-based emissions have decreased by around 10 per cent, but they have increased again in the latest years. 2.2 Sweden’s Climate Act The Climate Act imposes an obligation on current and future governments to pursue a policy based on the national climate goals, to regularly report to Parliament on developments and to present a Climate Policy action plan every four years. Statutory regulation makes it difficult for a government to act in a way that counteracts with the climate goals or to pursue a policy that is insufficient to attain them. One key starting point for the Climate Act is enabling climate policy and budget policy objectives to interact with each other.', 'One key starting point for the Climate Act is enabling climate policy and budget policy objectives to interact with each other. Under the Climate Act, the Government is to present a climate report in the Budget Bill each year. The report makes it easier to monitor and evaluate the combined climate effects of all policy areas and must contain a description of emission trends in relation to the targets. The report is also to describe the most important decisions made during the year and the effects of these on the development of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and have to contain an evaluation of whether there is a need for further measures. The Climate Act also states that the Government must produce a climate policy action plan every four years.', 'The Climate Act also states that the Government must produce a climate policy action plan every four years. The purpose of the action plan is to showMinistry of the Environment 13 (87) how the Government’s combined policy in all relevant expenditure areas as a whole is contributing to attaining the milestone targets by 2030 and 2040 and the long-term emission target by 2045. If the Government finds that the targets decided cannot be attained with the current policy instruments, the action plan is to contain an account of the reasons for this and the additional measures the Government intends to take.', 'If the Government finds that the targets decided cannot be attained with the current policy instruments, the action plan is to contain an account of the reasons for this and the additional measures the Government intends to take. The plan is also to contain a report on how other decisions and measures, both at national and at international level affect Sweden’s ability to attain the climate targets. The Government presented the first climate policy action plan in line with the Climate Act in December 2019 2.3 A Climate Policy Council The Swedish Climate Policy Council began its work in 2018. The Council is a cross-sectoral expert body tasked with assisting the Government with an independent evaluation of whether the combined policy decided by the Government is compatible with the climate targets.', 'The Council is a cross-sectoral expert body tasked with assisting the Government with an independent evaluation of whether the combined policy decided by the Government is compatible with the climate targets. The role of the Council is based on the complexity of climate policy and the fundamental importance of all policy areas taking concerted and integrated responsibility. The Council comprises of members with a high level of scientific expertise in the fields of climate, climate policy, economics, political science and behavioural science.', 'The Council comprises of members with a high level of scientific expertise in the fields of climate, climate policy, economics, political science and behavioural science. In particular, the Climate Policy Council is to: 1. evaluate whether the direction of various relevant policy areas is contributing to or counteracting opportunities to attain the climate goals, 2. shed light on the impacts of decided and proposed policy instruments from a broad societal perspective, 3. identify policy areas where additional measures are needed, 4. analyse how the goals can be attained in a cost-effective manner in the short and in the long term, and 5. evaluate the knowledge basis and the models on which the Government is building its policy.', 'In particular, the Climate Policy Council is to: 1. evaluate whether the direction of various relevant policy areas is contributing to or counteracting opportunities to attain the climate goals, 2. shed light on the impacts of decided and proposed policy instruments from a broad societal perspective, 3. identify policy areas where additional measures are needed, 4. analyse how the goals can be attained in a cost-effective manner in the short and in the long term, and 5. evaluate the knowledge basis and the models on which the Government is building its policy. The Climate Policy Council is to submit a report to the Government by the end of March each year containing an assessment of how climate efforts and trends in emissions are progressing, an assessment of whether the Government’s policy is compatible with the climate goals together with other analyses and assessments conducted by the Council.Ministry of the Environment 14 (87) In addition, three months after the Government has submitted its climate policy action plan in line with the Climate Act, the Council is to submit a report to the Government evaluating the action plan.', 'The Climate Policy Council is to submit a report to the Government by the end of March each year containing an assessment of how climate efforts and trends in emissions are progressing, an assessment of whether the Government’s policy is compatible with the climate goals together with other analyses and assessments conducted by the Council.Ministry of the Environment 14 (87) In addition, three months after the Government has submitted its climate policy action plan in line with the Climate Act, the Council is to submit a report to the Government evaluating the action plan. The Climate Policy Council is also to foster greater discussion about climate policy in society.Ministry of the Environment 15 (87) 3 Sweden’s current conditions and emissions 3.1 National situation Sweden’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are affected, among other things, by factors such as population size, Sweden’s climate, energy and transport systems, construction, consumption, industrial structure and the economy in general.', 'The Climate Policy Council is also to foster greater discussion about climate policy in society.Ministry of the Environment 15 (87) 3 Sweden’s current conditions and emissions 3.1 National situation Sweden’s emissions and removals of greenhouse gases are affected, among other things, by factors such as population size, Sweden’s climate, energy and transport systems, construction, consumption, industrial structure and the economy in general. Sweden’s population is just above 10 million and the majority of people live in towns and cities. Sweden is the fifth largest country in Europe in terms of land area and has a low population density with an average of 25 inhabitants per km2.', 'Sweden is the fifth largest country in Europe in terms of land area and has a low population density with an average of 25 inhabitants per km2. The majority of the population live in the south of the country, and the population density varies between the counties from 3 inhabitants per km2 in the northernmost county of Norrbotten to 360 inhabitants per km2 in the county of Stockholm. Sweden’s land area covers approximately 408 000 km2. Productive forest land is the dominant land cover type, followed by wetlands, mountains and agricultural land. Settlements account for 3 per cent of the total land area and inland water systems cover 9 per cent of this area.', 'Settlements account for 3 per cent of the total land area and inland water systems cover 9 per cent of this area. Despite its northern latitudes, much of Sweden has a temperate climate with four distinct seasons and mild temperatures throughout the year. The northern parts of the country, however, have a sub-arctic climate with long, cold, snowy winters. In the period 1961–90 the average temperature in January was 0 °C in southernmost Sweden, while the coldest valleys in the north registered an average temperature of −17 °C. The highest average temperature in July was approximately 17 °C in southern Sweden and just over 10 °C in the northern part of the country. The average temperature in Sweden has increased considerably in past decades.', 'The average temperature in Sweden has increased considerably in past decades. Since 1988, every year apart from 1996 and 2010 has been warmer or much warmer than the average for 1961–1990. The increase in Sweden’s average temperature is now approaching 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels. The equivalent figure for the global average is 1 degree. The much higher increase in Sweden’s average temperature is linked to the higher temperature rise in the Arctic.Ministry of the Environment 16 (87) Sweden is an open economy in which exports account for almost half of the gross national product (GNP). Natural resources, such as forest and iron ore, form the basis of Sweden’s industrial production and have, together with the technology industry, laid the foundations for a predominantly export-oriented economy.', 'Natural resources, such as forest and iron ore, form the basis of Sweden’s industrial production and have, together with the technology industry, laid the foundations for a predominantly export-oriented economy. The service sector is important, both for the industry and in its own right. The Swedish energy system is partly based on domestic sources of renewable energy, such as hydroelectric power, wind power and biofuel. Moreover, a large proportion of energy is dependent on imports, such as nuclear fuel for electricity production in nuclear reactors, and fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, for the transport system.', 'Moreover, a large proportion of energy is dependent on imports, such as nuclear fuel for electricity production in nuclear reactors, and fossil fuels, such as oil and natural gas, for the transport system. Swedish electricity production is largely based on hydroelectric power and nuclear power, but both the installed capacity and annual electricity production from wind power are increasing steadily, as the use of bioenergy in combined heat and power plants. In 2019, hydroelectric power accounted for 39 per cent of total electricity production, nuclear power for 39 per cent and wind power for 12 per cent, while biofuels and fossil-based production made up the remaining 10 per cent. Solar power has increased exponentially in recent years but accounts for only 0,4 per cent of the electricity production.', 'Solar power has increased exponentially in recent years but accounts for only 0,4 per cent of the electricity production. Between 1970 and 2016 the Swedish economy grew by 164 per cent while total energy consumption only increased by 29 per cent and final energy consumption remained unchanged. For example, the value of industrial production almost doubled, but industrial energy consumption dropped by 7 per cent. The housing and service sector cut its energy consumption, while the total heated area in households and commercial and institutional premises increased. Overall, the total energy intensity in the economy more than halved in this period. Emissions from domestic transport are dominated by road traffic emissions.', 'Emissions from domestic transport are dominated by road traffic emissions. Road traffic emitted 15.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, accounting for 91 per cent of emissions in the transport sector. Of that proportion, cars account for 67 per cent of emissions while heavy goods transport makes up 21 per cent. Other emissions come from light goods vehicles (10 per cent), buses (1 per cent) and mopeds (0.5 per cent). The high emissions from road transport are due to the fact that road traffic is the dominant form of transportation and because the vast majority of vehicles mainly run on petrol and diesel. According to official statistics, shipping only accounts for 4.5 per cent of domestic transport emissions.', 'According to official statistics, shipping only accounts for 4.5 per cent of domestic transport emissions. Rail transport accounts for 0.3 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions from domesticMinistry of the Environment 17 (87) transport, and this is declining over time. Domestic aviation stands for 3 per cent of emissions from domestic transport. 3.2 Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals Sweden has a high gross national product (GNP) per person, a large industry, long transport distances and cold winters. However, while these factors are generally associated with high greenhouse gas emissions, Sweden’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions (also known as territorial emissions) are relatively low.', 'However, while these factors are generally associated with high greenhouse gas emissions, Sweden’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions (also known as territorial emissions) are relatively low. Sweden’s territorial emissions are equivalent to 5.1 tonnes per person (2018), which is lower than the EU’s average of approximately 8.8 tonnes per person and the global average of 6.4 tonnes per person (2017). Emissions of greenhouse gases within Sweden’s borders amounted to 51.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, excluding the land use sector. Territorial emissions, excluding the land use sector, have fallen by 27 per cent between 1990 and 2018, or 1.8 per cent compared to 2017.', 'Territorial emissions, excluding the land use sector, have fallen by 27 per cent between 1990 and 2018, or 1.8 per cent compared to 2017. The recently published statistics emphasise that the rate of reduction is not sufficient and that there is a need for additional measures to meet the national climate goals. Initiatives are needed both to mitigate emissions covered by the EU ETS and for the activities covered by the EU ESD/ESR. In addition, supplementary measures are needed to attain net zero emissions and negative emissions after 2045. Swedish forests and land removes carbon dioxide and the total removals remain at a high level and in 2018, net removals stood at just under 41 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.Ministry of the Environment 18 (87) Figure 3.', 'Swedish forests and land removes carbon dioxide and the total removals remain at a high level and in 2018, net removals stood at just under 41 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.Ministry of the Environment 18 (87) Figure 3. National greenhouse gas emissions per sector in 1990–2018, millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents 3.2.1 Historical development of greenhouse gas emissions per sector Domestic transport In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transport accounted for well under 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, 32 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions. The transport sector’s emissions increased between 1990 and 2007 but has since then seen a decrease over time. Total emissions from the sector have fallen by 15 per cent between 1990 and 2018.', 'Total emissions from the sector have fallen by 15 per cent between 1990 and 2018. The majority, 92 per cent, of the emissions originates from road traffic, while aviation, shipping and rail transport are responsible for a smaller proportion. In terms of road transport, cars and heavy goods vehicles account for the majority of emissions. The lower emissions level is due to an increase in the proportion of biofuels used and the introduction of more energy-efficient technology. Industry In 2018, industrial greenhouse gas emissions accounted for just under 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, or 32 per cent of Sweden’s total emissions. The highest amounts of emissions come from the iron and steel industry (34%), the minerals industry (19%) and refineries (18%).', 'The highest amounts of emissions come from the iron and steel industry (34%), the minerals industry (19%) and refineries (18%). Emissions in the industry sector have fallen by 19 per cent since 1990. The sectors that have cut emissions the most are the pulp and paper industry (- 59%), by switching from fossil fuels to biofuels and electricity in conjunction with a reduction in production, and the food industry (-66%) through reduced use of fossil fuels, mainly oil products but also coal and coke. eq. Heating homes and premises Waste Solvents and other product use Non-road mobile machinery Electricity and district heating Agriculture Domestic transport IndustryMinistry of the Environment 19 (87) Emissions have increased the most in refineries (+33%) due to a rise in production over this period.', 'Heating homes and premises Waste Solvents and other product use Non-road mobile machinery Electricity and district heating Agriculture Domestic transport IndustryMinistry of the Environment 19 (87) Emissions have increased the most in refineries (+33%) due to a rise in production over this period. Agriculture In 2018, total greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector amounted to 6.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, or 13 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions from the agricultural sector fell by 11 per cent between 1990 and 2018. The most distinct drivers behind the trend are a reduction in the number of livestock and a lowered usage of mineral fertiliser.', 'The most distinct drivers behind the trend are a reduction in the number of livestock and a lowered usage of mineral fertiliser. Electricity and district heating In 2018, total greenhouse gas emissions from electricity and district heating production amounted to 4.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, equating to 9 per cent of total territorial greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden. Emissions from electricity and district heating fell by 24 per cent between 1990 and 2018. This reduction is mainly due to biofuel and waste having been substituted for fossil fuels in electricity and district heating production. Non-road mobile machinery Greenhouse gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery amounted to 3.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, equating to approximately 6 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions.', 'Non-road mobile machinery Greenhouse gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery amounted to 3.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, equating to approximately 6 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions. The sector’s emissions have risen by 6 per cent since 1990. These emissions come from fuel-powered non-road machinery, including tractors diggers, lawnmowers and snowmobiles as well as tools such as chainsaws. These are used in a variety of sectors such as construction and maintenance of roads, households, services, industry, agriculture and forestry. Solvents and other product use In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions from product use had increased by 190 per cent since 1990. Emissions amounted to approximately 1.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, which equates to approximately 3 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions.', 'Emissions amounted to approximately 1.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, which equates to approximately 3 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions. In product use, F-gases5 account for 64 per cent of emissions. Emissions of F-gases soared up until 2008, as at that point these gases were replacing substances that 5 F-gases is an umbrella term for a group of greenhouse gases that contain fluorine (F). These gases are used, e.g. for cooling and freezing and have a much more powerful greenhouse gas effect than carbon dioxide.Ministry of the Environment 20 (87) depleted the ozone layer. In recent years, however, these emissions have been regulated and have started to decrease.', 'In recent years, however, these emissions have been regulated and have started to decrease. Waste In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment amounted to 1.3 million tonnes, equivalent to about 2 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions have fallen by about 67 per cent compared with 1990. Emissions from the waste sector mainly come from landfills and their emissions of methane, but also from treating wastewater, from biological treatment of solid waste and from non-energy generating waste incineration. Heating homes and premises Emissions in this sector amounted to 0.9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, accounting for almost 2 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Emissions have fallen by 90 per cent since 1990.', 'Emissions have fallen by 90 per cent since 1990. The reduction is mainly due to heating with oil being replaced by district heating and heat pumps. This sector covers greenhouse gas emissions from own burning of fuels for heating buildings and producing hot water in homes and premises, including premises in agriculture and forestry. Emissions caused by district heating and electricity used in the sector are not covered here but instead included under electricity and district heating production. The construction and civil engineering sector Sweden has a growing population, which brings with it a need for long-term housing construction. Increased housing construction opens up opportunities to make the transition to more flourishing, climate-smart communities.', 'Increased housing construction opens up opportunities to make the transition to more flourishing, climate-smart communities. The construction and civil engineering sector accounts for 8 per cent of Sweden’s territorial emissions of greenhouse gases. This construction work has a significant impact on emissions in several other sectors (e.g. industry, energy and transport) and in other countries through imports of construction products. Sweden’s National Board of Housing, Building and Planning reports on a number of environmental indicators for the sector with the aim of highlighting and monitoring the environmental and climate impact of construction from a lifecycle perspective. Increasing the number of lifecycle analyses of the climate impact of newly constructed buildings also show that the product and construction production phases account for an increasing proportion of the climate impact of buildings.', 'Increasing the number of lifecycle analyses of the climate impact of newly constructed buildings also show that the product and construction production phases account for an increasing proportion of the climate impact of buildings. Forestry and other land use (LULUCF) This sector includes emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from forest land, arable land, and other land in line with reporting under the UN ClimateMinistry of the Environment 21 (87) Convention. The sector is not included in Sweden’s national targets but is, however, included in Sweden’s undertakings under the Kyoto Protocol until 2020, and from 2021 onwards will be included in Sweden’s commitments to the EU for 2030.', 'The sector is not included in Sweden’s national targets but is, however, included in Sweden’s undertakings under the Kyoto Protocol until 2020, and from 2021 onwards will be included in Sweden’s commitments to the EU for 2030. In the period 1990–2018 net removals have increased somewhat to just under 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, but uncertainties in the data are higher for this sector compared with other emission sectors. The size of net removal is mainly affected by annual growth in the forest, harvesting volumes and different types of disruption, such as forest fires and storms. The Swedish forest demonstrates net growth, which means that growth is higher than the amount harvested.', 'The Swedish forest demonstrates net growth, which means that growth is higher than the amount harvested. 3.2.2 Measures that have reduced greenhouse gas emissions Measures that have affected emission trends have been carried out over a long period and in some cases started even before 1990. These include: • expansion of carbon dioxide-free electricity production (hydroelectric power and nuclear power, and, more recently, bio-energy and wind power), • Expansion of the district heating network and increased use of biofuels and waste fuels in district heating production, • a shift from oil-fired boilers in domestic heating to electricity including hat-pumps and district heating, • fuel shift in industry, plus • reducing landfill of organic waste.', 'These include: • expansion of carbon dioxide-free electricity production (hydroelectric power and nuclear power, and, more recently, bio-energy and wind power), • Expansion of the district heating network and increased use of biofuels and waste fuels in district heating production, • a shift from oil-fired boilers in domestic heating to electricity including hat-pumps and district heating, • fuel shift in industry, plus • reducing landfill of organic waste. Industry is affected by the economic cycle, which has had a major impact on emissions for particular years and for longer periods in specific sectors. 3.2.3 Total greenhouse gas emissions by gas In 2018, emissions (excluding LULUCF) of carbon dioxide (CO2) of fossil origin amounted to 41.8 million tonnes, equating to 81 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions calculated as carbon dioxide equivalents.', '3.2.3 Total greenhouse gas emissions by gas In 2018, emissions (excluding LULUCF) of carbon dioxide (CO2) of fossil origin amounted to 41.8 million tonnes, equating to 81 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions calculated as carbon dioxide equivalents. The energy sector, including transport, is the largest source of carbon dioxide emissions in Sweden. Methane (CH4) emissions amounted to 4.4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, equating to approximately 8 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions. Methane emissions mainly come from agriculture, landfill and combustion of fossil fuels in the energy sector. Total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) in 2018 amounted to 4.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, equating to approximately 9 per cent of total emissions.', 'Total emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) in 2018 amounted to 4.5 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, equating to approximately 9 per cent of total emissions. Emissions of nitrous oxide mainly stem from theMinistry of the Environment 22 (87) agricultural sector. Total emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (PFCs, HFCs and SF6)6 were 1.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, equating to 2 per cent of total emissions. A significant proportion of emissions are due to the replacement of ozone-depleting substances with fluorinated gases, HFCs. The split between different greenhouse gases has remained virtually the same across the entire timeframe from 1990 to 2018. Figure 4. Total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2018 by greenhouse gas, shown as carbon dioxide equivalents.', 'Total emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2018 by greenhouse gas, shown as carbon dioxide equivalents. 3.2.4 Land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) In Sweden there are significant net removals7 in the land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF), below termed the land use sector. In the period 1990–2018 net removals amounted to an average of approximately 40 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year, but major variation is seen between the years. Total net removals amounted to just under 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018, equivalent to approximately 80 per cent of total emissions in all other sectors. The highest net removals come from forest land, which is the dominant land category, see Figure 5, and in the carbon pool of living biomass.', 'The highest net removals come from forest land, which is the dominant land category, see Figure 5, and in the carbon pool of living biomass. In the sector, annual changes in carbon stocks are calculated8 for the categories: • forest land, 6 No emissions of NF3 have been found in Sweden. 7 Removal of carbon dioxide minus emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and methane 8 The carbon stored in all carbon pools, living biomass, dead organic material, soil carbon and harvested wood products. HFCs, PFCs & SF6Ministry of the Environment 23 (87) • arable land, • pasture, • settlements, • wetlands (with peat production), • harvested wood products (HWP), and • other land (only the area is reported). Figure 5.', 'HFCs, PFCs & SF6Ministry of the Environment 23 (87) • arable land, • pasture, • settlements, • wetlands (with peat production), • harvested wood products (HWP), and • other land (only the area is reported). Figure 5. Distribution of land (proportion of Sweden’s total land area) between the different land use categories Source: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences The carbon flows for each carbon pool are calculated in each category as follows: • living biomass, • dead organic matter, • soil carbon (mineral soil and peatlands), and • harvested wood products (HWP). The change in the carbon stock (changes in removal and release for all carbon pools) is calculated for all categories considered to be managed, in other words, not for the unmanaged categories of other land (non- productive land) or wetlands.', 'The change in the carbon stock (changes in removal and release for all carbon pools) is calculated for all categories considered to be managed, in other words, not for the unmanaged categories of other land (non- productive land) or wetlands. The net change per category and total net removal is shown below in Figure 6. The total net removal in the land use sector has increased between 1990 and 2018. In 1990, net removals amounted to 34 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents and in 2017 net removals amounted to 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Forest land Cropland Grassland Wetland Settlement Other landMinistry of the Environment 24 (87) Figure 6. Net emissions and net removals in the land use sector.', 'Net emissions and net removals in the land use sector. Source: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency The greatest carbon flows are seen in the category forest land, where large net amounts of carbon dioxide are removed in both living biomass and mineral soil. Significant removal also occurs in the carbon pool of harvested wood products (HWP)9. Net emissions, unlike net removals, in the sector mainly take place in the categories arable land (apart from 2015), settlements and peat production. 3.2.5 Scenarios for Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions and removals with existing management Scenarios indicate that with existing policy instruments, total emissions of greenhouse gases will continue to fall before subsequently stabilising after 2030. In 2050, emissions are estimated to be approximately 36 per cent below 1990 levels, see Figure 7.', 'In 2050, emissions are estimated to be approximately 36 per cent below 1990 levels, see Figure 7. Historic emissions and scenarios by sector are presented in Table 2 Historical emissions and removals of greenhouse gases and scenarios per sector (millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents). Governance needs to be strengthened to attain the national climate goals. The climate policy framework, requiring 9 Harvested wood products are calculated as a category under the Climate Convention but are accounted for as a carbon pool under the category forest land under the Kyoto Protocol.', 'The climate policy framework, requiring 9 Harvested wood products are calculated as a category under the Climate Convention but are accounted for as a carbon pool under the category forest land under the Kyoto Protocol. eq Settlements Grassland Forest land Harvested wood products Wetland Cropland Total net emissions and removals Other emissions non human inducedMinistry of the Environment 25 (87) action plans, reports and audits, seek to ensure that governance develops in such a way that the goals are attained. The LULUCF sector has contributed to an annual net sink in Sweden in the period 1990–2018 and is estimated to continue contributing to a net sink during the scenario period.', 'The LULUCF sector has contributed to an annual net sink in Sweden in the period 1990–2018 and is estimated to continue contributing to a net sink during the scenario period. Figure 7 Historical emissions and removal of greenhouse gases and scenarios with decided policy instruments10 (millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents). Table 2 Historical emissions and removals of greenhouse gases and scenarios per sector (millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents) Industrial processes and product use 3.3.1 Overarching energy policy The overarching objective of Swedish energy policy is to build on the same three fundamental pillars as energy co-operation in the EU, which seeks to unite security of supply, competitiveness and sustainable development. eq.', 'Table 2 Historical emissions and removals of greenhouse gases and scenarios per sector (millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents) Industrial processes and product use 3.3.1 Overarching energy policy The overarching objective of Swedish energy policy is to build on the same three fundamental pillars as energy co-operation in the EU, which seeks to unite security of supply, competitiveness and sustainable development. eq. Energy excluding transport Domestic transport Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCFMinistry of the Environment 26 (87) Energy policy is thus to create conditions for effective and sustainable energy consumption and a cost-effective energy supply with low negative impact on health, the environment and climate, and ease the transition to an ecologically sustainable society.', 'Energy excluding transport Domestic transport Industrial processes and product use Agriculture Waste LULUCFMinistry of the Environment 26 (87) Energy policy is thus to create conditions for effective and sustainable energy consumption and a cost-effective energy supply with low negative impact on health, the environment and climate, and ease the transition to an ecologically sustainable society. Besides the target of net zero emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere by 2045, energy policy targets addressing renewable energy and energy efficiency have been set. The target for 2040 is 100 per cent renewable electricity production. This is a target, not an end date that prohibits nuclear power, nor does it mean shutting down nuclear power by means of political decisions.', 'This is a target, not an end date that prohibits nuclear power, nor does it mean shutting down nuclear power by means of political decisions. In addition, Sweden’s energy consumption is to be 50 per cent more efficient by 2030 compared with 2005, expressed in terms of energy supplied in relation to gross national product (GNP). 3.3.2 Renewable energy The target of net zero emissions by 2045 demands a major reduction in the use of fossil fuels. Sweden already has a high proportion of renewable energy, mainly due to favourable conditions for wind and hydroelectric power and sizeable biomass assets. The proportion of total energy use made up by renewables has increased over time, as can be seen in Figure 8.', 'The proportion of total energy use made up by renewables has increased over time, as can be seen in Figure 8. The largest contribution made by renewable energy comes from biofuels, followed by hydroelectric power. Figure 8 Renewable energy and energy use under the Renewable Energy Directive, 2005–2018, TWh Source: Swedish Energy Agency and Eurostat TWh Biofuels Hydropower Wind power Heat pumps Solar power Total energy useMinistry of the Environment 27 (87) Today, renewable energy accounts for the largest proportion of energy production and only a few per cent is of fossil origin, with remaining production originating from nuclear power. Wind power is undergoing extensive expansion which is estimated to continue and will make up a significant proportion of the future electricity system.', 'Wind power is undergoing extensive expansion which is estimated to continue and will make up a significant proportion of the future electricity system. In terms of district heating production, the transition to renewable energy has come a long way, and here the majority of the input fuels are biofuels. Looking at industrial energy consumption, the main energy carriers are electricity and biofuel, which together account for three-quarters of energy consumption. Extensive work towards a fossil-free society is in progress in the industrial sector, see section 4.4. For housing, the vast majority of energy consumption comprise of electricity and district heating, plus a certain proportion of biofuel in single-family dwellings. Direct use of fossil fuels in homes is currently very low at only approximately 2 per cent.', 'Direct use of fossil fuels in homes is currently very low at only approximately 2 per cent. It is in the transport sector that the highest proportion of fossil fuels is found, but this is also the sector in which renewable alternatives are showing the highest growth, see Figure 9. The increase in the transport sector so far is mainly due to a major increase in HVO (Hydrogenated vegetable oil).', 'The increase in the transport sector so far is mainly due to a major increase in HVO (Hydrogenated vegetable oil). Figure 9 Proportion of renewable energy in domestic transport, 2009–2018, per cent Source: Swedish Energy Agency In the transport sector, renewable alternatives are favoured through a reduction obligation scheme, which consists of an obligation for suppliers of Ethanol FAME HVO Renewable electricity Calculations based on Remewable Energy DirectiveMinistry of the Environment 28 (87) gasoline and diesel to gradually reduce the climate impact of the delivered fuels by blending in more biofuels. Policy instruments such as the electricity certificate system, support to research, etc. are other reasons that explain the growing proportion of renewable energy in the transport sector.', 'are other reasons that explain the growing proportion of renewable energy in the transport sector. 3.3.3 Energy efficiency improvements Since the 1970s, the trend has moved towards a relative decoupling of energy consumption from economic growth and population. Efficiency improvements, structural changes in the economy, behavioural changes in society and better use of waste energy have countered other factors pushing towards a higher energy consumption. Figure 10. Index-linked energy consumption, GDP (fixed prices as at 2015) and population Source: Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Energy Agency In terms of energy consumption in different sectors, the greatest impact factor for industry is economic development, while structural changes also have an effect. In housing and services, etc. heating and hot water make up a large proportion of the sector’s energy consumption.', 'heating and hot water make up a large proportion of the sector’s energy consumption. This means that the energy requirement varies hugely depending on the outdoor temperature. Household finances, fuel prices and demography, i.e. the size and composition of the population, are important impact factors for personal transport, while business developments and trade with other countries are important factors for goods transport. Technological development of GDP population total energy supply total final energy consumptionMinistry of the Environment 29 (87) vehicles, improving the efficiency of fuel consumption and introducing renewable fuels are other factors affecting the transport sector. Sweden has many policy instruments and measures to encourage improvements in energy efficiency.', 'Sweden has many policy instruments and measures to encourage improvements in energy efficiency. Sectoral strategies are one such example, where the aim is to facilitate a dialogue between the industry and agencies on appropriate guiding objectives and measures in each sector to cost- effectively contribute to the target of 50 per cent more efficient energy consumption in 2030. 3.3.4 Energy markets Sweden’s energy markets are largely competitive and increasingly international. The price signal, i.e. the economic driver, is an important incentive for behaviours and investments that bring greater user flexibility and energy efficiency. Pricing is also considerably affected by political governance. Carbon pricing forms the basis of Swedish governance in this area. There are taxes on fuels, and a charge on nitrogen monoxide emissions.', 'There are taxes on fuels, and a charge on nitrogen monoxide emissions. Fuel taxation consists of an energy tax, carbon tax and sulphur tax. The taxes vary depending on whether the fuel is used for heating or powering a vehicle. There are also variations depending on whether the energy carriers are used by households, by industry or in the energy conversion sector. There is also an energy tax on the use of electricity. Besides energy and carbon taxes, Sweden has a number of supplementary national and EU-wide instruments and targeted initiatives. In many ways, the electricity market is the most important energy market, as a large proportion of energy consumption takes the form of electricity consumption.', 'In many ways, the electricity market is the most important energy market, as a large proportion of energy consumption takes the form of electricity consumption. The use of electricity is expected to increase as the electricity system expands into new sectors and functions, especially the transport sector and some industrial processes. Technological development and instruments alike mean rising demand for electric vehicles. Electrification of the vehicle fleet may also bring about energy efficiency improvements, provided that electricity production itself is sufficiently efficient. In industry, for example, electrochemical and electrolytic processes are being developed to replace the use of fossil fuels and raw materials.', 'In industry, for example, electrochemical and electrolytic processes are being developed to replace the use of fossil fuels and raw materials. The most important factor in greater demand flexibility is that it is given a value and that this reaches the customer so that they can benefit from using their flexibility. There is also a need for a range of smart services, e.g. through automation, contracts for customers that want to be flexible, offered by actors such as aggregators, energy service companies, electricityMinistry of the Environment 30 (87) companies and electricity trading companies11. In a future electricity system with more renewable, variable power and less thermal power production, price volatility is likely to increase, providing greater incentives for flexibility both on the user and on the production side12.', 'In a future electricity system with more renewable, variable power and less thermal power production, price volatility is likely to increase, providing greater incentives for flexibility both on the user and on the production side12. Another trend that can be observed is that there is greater awareness and commitment from actors in society to play their part in the energy transition. In 2017, the Government decided on a strategy on how digitalisation policy is to contribute towards socially and environmentally sustainable development. The overarching objective is for Sweden to be the best in the world at using the opportunities offered by digitalisation. To attain this overarching objective, five objectives have been set up: digital competence, digital security, digital innovation, digital management and digital infrastructure.', 'To attain this overarching objective, five objectives have been set up: digital competence, digital security, digital innovation, digital management and digital infrastructure. Digitalisation offers great potential to further contribute towards innovative and effective solutions for the benefit of society in all sectors and can play a part in attaining the Swedish climate goals by products being replaced with services, certain use intensifying or is becoming easier to reuse or share. Digital services can increase resource efficiency, through for example smart electricity networks for heating and domestic electricity or for cutting food waste. In the transport sector, digitalisation has the potential to contribute to cost efficiency improvements, foster changes in behaviour and optimise traffic levels, resulting in a reduced environmental and climate footprint.', 'In the transport sector, digitalisation has the potential to contribute to cost efficiency improvements, foster changes in behaviour and optimise traffic levels, resulting in a reduced environmental and climate footprint. 3.5 Climate change adaptation 3.5.1 Strategies, plans and measures to adapt to a changing climate Significant progress has been made in adapting to climate change in Sweden in recent years and awareness of the importance of adapting has increased. In March 2018, the Swedish Government adopted the first national climate adaptation strategy (Govt. Bill 2017/18:163).', 'In March 2018, the Swedish Government adopted the first national climate adaptation strategy (Govt. Bill 2017/18:163). The strategy includes mechanisms for coordination, follow-up, evaluation and auditing climate 11 Swedish Energy Markets Inspectorate (2016), Åtgärder för ökad efterfrågeflexibilitet i det svenska elsystemet, Ei R2016:15 12 Swedish Energy Agency (2019), 100 procent förnybar el, Delrapport 2 – Scenarier, vägval och utmaningar,Ministry of the Environment 31 (87) adaptation efforts. Drawing on the predicted consequences for society, seven particularly urgent areas are identified for continued efforts in adapting to climate change. This work should be conducted based on a number of guiding principles. The Government’s objective for the adaptation of society to a change in climate is to develop a long-term sustainable and robust society that actively addresses climate change by reducing vulnerabilities and leveraging opportunities.', 'The Government’s objective for the adaptation of society to a change in climate is to develop a long-term sustainable and robust society that actively addresses climate change by reducing vulnerabilities and leveraging opportunities. As climate adaptation work covers many different areas, it is largely steered by existing regulations, frameworks and objectives, both national and international. Examples include the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda and the Planning and Building Act (2010:900). 3.5.2 Create conditions for adapting to climate change – collaborative structures, involvement of stakeholders and action plans The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for coordinating the Government’s policy work on climate change. Following up and evaluating adaptation to climate change is supported by the National Expert Council for Climate Adaptation (Nationella expertrådet för klimatanpassning) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI).', 'Following up and evaluating adaptation to climate change is supported by the National Expert Council for Climate Adaptation (Nationella expertrådet för klimatanpassning) and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). As a result of the national climate adaptation strategy, in June 2018, the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning (Boverket) was tasked with coordinating efforts in the construction industry to adapt to climate change. In 2012, SMHI was tasked with forming a National Knowledge Centre for Climate Change Adaptation to assist municipalities, regions, agencies and other stakeholders with their climate adaptation efforts. In 2019 the centre had a budget of approximately SEK 20 million. Many Swedish agencies have an important role to play in adapting to climate change through their respective sectoral responsibilities.', 'Many Swedish agencies have an important role to play in adapting to climate change through their respective sectoral responsibilities. They work preventively by increasing knowledge and improving resilience. Implementation of the national climate adaptation strategy began in June 2018 with an ordinance in which the Government tasks 32 national agencies and the 21 county administrative boards with initiating, supporting and following up climate adaptation in their respective area of responsibility, including by producing action plans. Several national agencies had already ahead of this ordinance drawn up action plans for their sector. Some were produced with the support of national funding, e.g. action plans for forestry,Ministry of the Environment 32 (87) people’s health, cultural heritage, sustainable construction and Sami businesses and Sami culture.', 'action plans for forestry,Ministry of the Environment 32 (87) people’s health, cultural heritage, sustainable construction and Sami businesses and Sami culture. The county administrative boards (Länsstyrelser) have responsibility for coordinating regional work to adapt to climate change and for supporting local actors. In 2014, the county administrative boards adopted regional action plans. Work on the measures to adapt to climate change identified in these is reported to the Government on an annual basis. The plans cover the whole of Sweden with almost 800 proposed measures. The majority of the measures concern flood protection, protecting drinking water, protecting shorelines, infrastructure (roads and railways), adapting agriculture and forestry, resilience in heatwaves and healthcare. The national agency network for adaptation is comprised of the 21 county administrative boards and 19 national agencies.', 'The national agency network for adaptation is comprised of the 21 county administrative boards and 19 national agencies. The network is responsible for coordination and knowledge exchange and its secretariat is provided by the agency SMHI. There are also thematic networks for national collaboration. Some local agencies have also developed action plans for their municipality. Significant progress has been made, and awareness of the importance of adapting to climate change has increased in recent years across the whole of society. To encourage further progress, the Government has implemented changes to the Planning and Building Act, proposed in the national adaptation strategy and adopted by the Parliament in June 2018. These amendments have given the municipalities greater opportunities to incorporate climate change adaptation aspects in the municipal planning process.', 'These amendments have given the municipalities greater opportunities to incorporate climate change adaptation aspects in the municipal planning process. 3.5.3 Knowledge transfer and risk assessment The Rossby Center at SMHI conducts climate research and has produced national and regional climate scenarios up to 2100. A flood portal containing information from flood mapping, geographical data in line with the ordinance on flood risks and a database of natural disasters is under supervision of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) has worked in partnership with seven other agencies to produce joint maps of geotechnical risks and tools to assess climate risks.', 'The Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) has worked in partnership with seven other agencies to produce joint maps of geotechnical risks and tools to assess climate risks. The climate change adaptation portal provides information on how society will be affected by a changing climate, climate adaptation tools and examples of climate adaptation measures carried out and information on relevantMinistry of the Environment 33 (87) activities. Many of the sectoral and regional adaptation plans include risk and vulnerability analyses. The Government finances measures to increase knowledge of the effects of a changing climate and to address these effects, e.g. by putting preventive measures against landslides, rockfalls and flooding in place. The Government also makes decisions on mandates to sectoral agencies relating to different measures.', 'The Government also makes decisions on mandates to sectoral agencies relating to different measures. However, adapting to climate change is a multi-sectoral effort, which means that work is usually carried out in collaboration between several actors and sectors at national, regional and local level. Sweden has a well-established and well-functioning framework for disaster risk reduction, including work in civil contingency groups. This work is coordinated by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. Collaboration is encouraged at all levels and between sectors and actors working on land use planning, risk management, natural disasters and climate change adaptation to reduce risks and improve preparedness. Several collaborative forums are now active in Sweden, where sectoral agencies and other stakeholders can share experiences and plan important action.', 'Several collaborative forums are now active in Sweden, where sectoral agencies and other stakeholders can share experiences and plan important action. These forums include the agency network for coastal erosion, the Swedish committee for design flood determination, the delegation for landslides and rockfalls, and the national drinking water network. Swedish municipalities are tasked with conducting risk and vulnerability analyses as part of their readiness to tackle extraordinary events and disasters. Such analyses also cover events affected by a changing climate. Municipalities can apply for government funding for measures to prevent natural disasters. SEK 75 million is earmarked for this each year in the period 2017–2020.', 'SEK 75 million is earmarked for this each year in the period 2017–2020. The grant is administered by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency at a rate of up to 60 per cent of costs or a maximum of 60 per cent of the value of the item under threat. Here, natural disasters mainly involve landslides, rockfalls and flooding. 3.5.5 Evaluation and audit The national climate change adaptation strategy has a five-year follow-up cycle. The first step is a vulnerability analysis, follow-up and evaluation of implementation of the strategy and proposals for auditing the strategy,Ministry of the Environment 34 (87) followed by an updated strategy for 2023. The Government has established a national expert group for climate adaptation at SMHI in line with proposals in the strategy.', 'The Government has established a national expert group for climate adaptation at SMHI in line with proposals in the strategy. The group is responsible for evaluating progress on adapting to climate change and presenting proposals for a revised national adaptation strategy which will be presented in 2023.Ministry of the Environment 35 (87) 4 Action areas and instruments 4.1 Instruments work together to attain Sweden’s climate goals Sweden uses a number of national and EU-wide policy measures to attain the national climate goals. These instruments can be divided into four main categories: • economic, e.g. energy and carbon taxes, emissions trading and grants such as the Climate leap and subsidies to low emission vehicles. • administrative (normative), e.g.', 'energy and carbon taxes, emissions trading and grants such as the Climate leap and subsidies to low emission vehicles. • administrative (normative), e.g. the reduction obligation, the Planning and Building Act and requirements on carbon dioxide emissions from new vehicles • informative, e.g. energy and climate advice • research and market launches, e.g. support for research programmes and the Industry Leap’s industrial green investment grants programme. Since the early 1990s, pricing of emissions has formed the basis of Swedish climate policy governance. The carbon tax with exemptions for biofuels and the EU Emissions Trading System have been cornerstones of this strategy. These broad instruments have been supplemented by targeted sectoral initiatives.', 'These broad instruments have been supplemented by targeted sectoral initiatives. In addition, the design of societal planning has been of major significance for the impact of the governance by providing actors with alternatives. The decisions on expanding the district heating network, public transport systems and carbon-free energy production have been particularly important. Sweden has also long invested in conducting climate and energy- related research and launching new technologies on the market. The instruments in the EU and Sweden cover all sectors of society, and it is estimated that the emission target for 2030, as set out in the Climate Policy Framework, is within reach but that additional measures and instruments will be needed to go all the way. Additional measures are also needed for emission targets beyond 2030.', 'Additional measures are also needed for emission targets beyond 2030. The following sections (4.2–4.10) set out the action areas in the respective sector together with the existing policy instruments of most significance.Ministry of the Environment 36 (87) 4.1.1 Fundamental starting points for Sweden’s climate instruments One starting point when introducing policy instruments in Sweden is that they must be as cost-effective as possible. Cost-efficiency means that instruments should be general and not promote a particular solution, and that they should give all actors the same incentives to reduce their environmental footprint. Economic instruments, such as a price on carbon, are therefore the most cost-effective in theory. A price on emissions is also compatible with the polluter pays principle, a fundamental international principle.', 'A price on emissions is also compatible with the polluter pays principle, a fundamental international principle. Furthermore, in Sweden’s experience, a combination of instruments can improve the feasibility of attaining the goals, with instruments mutually supporting each other. Sweden has supplemented carbon pricing with other policy instruments for targeted interventions and to tackle related problems on the market, such as a lack of knowledge and insufficient technological development. Instruments that overlap, on the other hand, have been avoided to the greatest possible extent, as this reduces flexibility and can lead to higher administrative costs. In practice, there are factors that prevent or limit the opportunity to introduce certain instruments, e.g. measuring problems, high administrative costs or risk of carbon dioxide leakage, i.e.', 'measuring problems, high administrative costs or risk of carbon dioxide leakage, i.e. emissions moving geographically to countries with weaker climate policy or lower carbon pricing. Practical difficulties, unwanted side-effects and conflicts of interest in implementing the theoretically most effective governance may also arise. This means that what in theory might be the second-best instrument may be the one that is the most effective in practice. In addition, it is recognised that policy instruments can produce positive and negative side-effects on other societal goals, e.g. air quality and energy security, which affects their socio-economic effectiveness. Taking a holistic approach to policy and instruments is therefore important for identifying appropriate instruments. 4.2 Cross-sectoral, overarching policy instruments In Sweden, a number of general cross-sectoral policy instruments are applied, at national level and at EU level.', '4.2 Cross-sectoral, overarching policy instruments In Sweden, a number of general cross-sectoral policy instruments are applied, at national level and at EU level. A description of Sweden’s most important overarching instruments is provided below.Ministry of the Environment 37 (87) 4.2.1 Energy tax and carbon tax The Swedish energy taxation system is based on a combination of a carbon tax, an energy tax on fuel and an energy tax on electricity.13 The most important taxes that affect greenhouse gas emissions in Sweden are the carbon tax and the energy tax on fuels. This is described in general terms below and in more detail under the respective sector. Carbon tax The carbon tax, based on the fossil content of the fuel, was introduced in Sweden in 1991 and seeks to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.', 'Carbon tax The carbon tax, based on the fossil content of the fuel, was introduced in Sweden in 1991 and seeks to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The tax has been increased in several stages since it was first introduced. In total, the tax has increased from SEK 0.25 per kg carbon dioxide (1991) to SEK 1.20 per kg (2020). The tax rates on different fuels are calculated in proportion to the content of fossil carbon in the fuel. Besides specific tax increases decided by the Parliament following proposals in government bills, the tax rates are increased annually on an index-linked basis pursuant to previously decided statutory rules.', 'Besides specific tax increases decided by the Parliament following proposals in government bills, the tax rates are increased annually on an index-linked basis pursuant to previously decided statutory rules. A carbon tax is not charged on biofuels that are not used as part of the reduction obligation for petrol and diesel (see section 4.3.2 Policy instruments in the transport sector). Due to the risk of carbon leakage, i.e. operations and their emissions moving outside the country’s borders, a reduced tax or tax exemptions apply in certain sectors. Energy tax Sweden has long applied taxes on energy. Energy taxes on petrol and diesel were introduced in 1924 and 1937 respectively. An energy tax was imposed on fuels used for heating in the 1950s.', 'An energy tax was imposed on fuels used for heating in the 1950s. The purpose of the energy tax was initially purely fiscal. In recent years, the aim has also been to steer energy consumption in line with Sweden’s goal of energy efficiency and increase in renewables14. The energy tax on motor fuels such as petrol and diesel also seek to internalise external costs of traffic, such as road wear and noise. The energy tax on fuel varies depending on whether it is used as motor fuel or for heating. The tax rate for heating fuels also varies between households, industries and the energy supply sector. There is also an energy tax on the use of electricity.', 'There is also an energy tax on the use of electricity. 13 Tax on energy is a collective term for duty on fuel and electricity and is regulated by the Act (1994:1776) on Excise Duties on Energy. 14 The energy efficiency target and the renewables target for 2020 are part of Govt. Bill 2008/09:162 and 163 .Ministry of the Environment 38 (87) 4.2.2 The EU Emissions Trading System The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is the EU’s most important instrument for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It was introduced in 2005 and since then, it has gradually been expanded to cover more sectors and greenhouse gases. The amount of emissions permitted in the system is limited by a ceiling, which is lowered every year.', 'The amount of emissions permitted in the system is limited by a ceiling, which is lowered every year. Approximately half of the emission rights are allocated free of charge and the rest are auctioned off. There is no free allocation for emissions from electricity production. The EU ETS includes emissions of carbon dioxide from combustion installations and energy-intensive industry (mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, the iron and steel industry, the pulp and paper industry and the minerals industry). The system includes approximately 760 Swedish facilities. Since 2012, the system has also included emissions from aviation, flights within the EU. For the period 2013–2020, emissions in the EU ETS are to be reduced by 21 per cent compared with 2005.', 'For the period 2013–2020, emissions in the EU ETS are to be reduced by 21 per cent compared with 2005. For the period 2021–2030 the annual linear reduction factor will be raised, which means that emissions from the EU ETS are to fall by 34 per cent up to 2030 compared with 2005. 4.2.3 Fossil Free Sweden The Government initiative Fossil Free Sweden, launched in 2016, has a clear mandate to increase the Government’s dialogue with industry, municipalities, other public sector actors and civil society and to create roadmaps to eradicate obstacles and facilitate more rapid reductions in emissions. The initiative is an important platform for dialogue and cooperation between key actors for a competitive climate transition.', 'The initiative is an important platform for dialogue and cooperation between key actors for a competitive climate transition. Today the initiative brings together more than 400 actors and is open to everyone who signs up to the declaration produced. The actors involved in the initiative share the view that the world must become fossil free and that Sweden should lead the way in these efforts. In the declaration, the actors also undertake to demonstrate tangible measures to mitigate emissions. The sector-specific roadmaps are drawn up to highlight commercial opportunities for companies and sectors to become fossil free. As of October 2020, 22 roadmaps have been submitted to the Government15.', 'As of October 2020, 22 roadmaps have been submitted to the Government15. The roadmaps constitute a good basis for constructive interaction between the Government and other actors in society on the path towards the shared climate goals.Ministry of the Environment 39 (87) 4.2.4 The Climate Leap (Klimatklivet) To further encourage cuts in greenhouse gas emissions, a government co- funding programme was introduced in 2015 for local climate investments, known as the Climate Leap. The investments cover all sectors, apart from those included in the EU ETS16, and all types of organisations can apply for grants. The selection of the investment granted is based on the estimated reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in relation to cost.', 'The selection of the investment granted is based on the estimated reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in relation to cost. Examples of investments that have been entitled to funding are charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, biogas production and processing plants, switching from oil to biofuel or district heating, expanding small district heating networks and cycling infrastructure. To further reduce emissions throughout the Swedish society and contribute to a green recovery, the government proposes that Klimatklivet will be extended to 2026. Since 2015, this investment support has financed climate projects around Sweden that have reduced emissions by a total of 29 million tonnes and created more than 4,000 new jobs.', 'Since 2015, this investment support has financed climate projects around Sweden that have reduced emissions by a total of 29 million tonnes and created more than 4,000 new jobs. The government also proposes that an additional SEK 100 million be added to the programme in 2021 and that the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency is provided with the financial framework needed to support larger climate projects. 4.2.5 Information and increased knowledge Swedish agencies have many years of experience of using communication as an instrument for the public sector, the business community and citizens.', '4.2.5 Information and increased knowledge Swedish agencies have many years of experience of using communication as an instrument for the public sector, the business community and citizens. Some examples of this: The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency website is a hub for statistics and facts about emissions that is a popular resource for politicians, the media, companies, organisations and researchers.17 The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) develops and distributes information about changes in weather, water and climate.', 'Some examples of this: The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency website is a hub for statistics and facts about emissions that is a popular resource for politicians, the media, companies, organisations and researchers.17 The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) develops and distributes information about changes in weather, water and climate. The National Knowledge Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, established by SMHI, has launched a Swedish climate change portal with facts and guidance on adapting to a warmer climate.18 16 Investments in sectors included in the EU ETS may qualify for grants if these result in greater use of waste heat.Ministry of the Environment 40 (87) The Swedish Energy Agency is responsible for giving citizens and companies information and advice on more effective energy use and is responsible for an informative website and support for local energy advisory services (see more under Section 4.2.6 “Energy and climate advisory services” below).19 The Swedish Forest Agency20 and the Swedish Board of Agriculture21 offers e- services and digital information for forest owners, forestry workers and farmers and guidance for mitigation and adaptation measures for forestry and agriculture.', 'The National Knowledge Centre for Climate Change Adaptation, established by SMHI, has launched a Swedish climate change portal with facts and guidance on adapting to a warmer climate.18 16 Investments in sectors included in the EU ETS may qualify for grants if these result in greater use of waste heat.Ministry of the Environment 40 (87) The Swedish Energy Agency is responsible for giving citizens and companies information and advice on more effective energy use and is responsible for an informative website and support for local energy advisory services (see more under Section 4.2.6 “Energy and climate advisory services” below).19 The Swedish Forest Agency20 and the Swedish Board of Agriculture21 offers e- services and digital information for forest owners, forestry workers and farmers and guidance for mitigation and adaptation measures for forestry and agriculture. The Swedish Transport Administration is tasked by the Government with using information and awareness-raising measures to help to ensure that the milestone target for domestic transport is reached and to create the preconditions to see Sweden reach net zero emissions by 2045 at the latest.22 In addition, in January 2020, the Government tasked the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to investigate and account for Sweden s possibilities and conditions for the implementation of Article 12 of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Swedish Transport Administration is tasked by the Government with using information and awareness-raising measures to help to ensure that the milestone target for domestic transport is reached and to create the preconditions to see Sweden reach net zero emissions by 2045 at the latest.22 In addition, in January 2020, the Government tasked the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency to investigate and account for Sweden s possibilities and conditions for the implementation of Article 12 of the Paris Agreement. The agency has reported recommendations to the Government on how the work on Article 12 can be strengthened and contribute to the achievement of national climate goals and which authorities, organizations and higher education institutions that play an important role in the implementation of Article 12.', 'The agency has reported recommendations to the Government on how the work on Article 12 can be strengthened and contribute to the achievement of national climate goals and which authorities, organizations and higher education institutions that play an important role in the implementation of Article 12. 4.2.6 Energy and climate advisory services The Swedish Energy Agency allocates government funding to municipalities to provide local advice on energy and climate to citizens and small businesses. The local climate and energy advisors, a post at almost all Swedish municipalities, provide objective and locally adapted information and advice on energy efficiency measures, energy consumption and climate- related questions regarding buildings and households. The Swedish Energy Agency also awards funding to 15 regional energy offices that coordinate the energy and climate advisors.', 'The Swedish Energy Agency also awards funding to 15 regional energy offices that coordinate the energy and climate advisors. The energy offices initiate and participate in several projects on energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, funded by the EU, county administrative boards, regional associations and other organisations. The offices work regionally inMinistry of the Environment 41 (87) partnership with companies, county administrative boards, municipalities and others, e.g. on plans and strategies. Municipalities are entitled to apply for the cost of a part-time (50%) climate and energy coach position (SFS 2016:385). The coaches offer targeted advisory services to small and medium-sized companies with an annual energy consumption below 300 MWh. The coaching seeks to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The coaching seeks to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Doing this will enable companies to benefit from lower costs and boost competitiveness. 4.2.7 The Environmental Code and the Planning and Building Act The Environmental Code23 (Miljöbalken), with its overarching goal to promote sustainable development, brings together Sweden’s comprehensive legislation on the environment. When applying the Code, Sweden’s environmental quality objectives, including Reduced Climate Impact (see section 2.1.1) are to have a guiding role. The Code includes general rules on taking the environment into account that must be observed in all operations and measures. It also incorporates requirements to use the best available technology. Permits must be obtained for large, environmentally hazardous operations.', 'Permits must be obtained for large, environmentally hazardous operations. The permit application procedure includes an assessment of direct and indirect environmental impacts and energy management and, for the facilities that are not included in the EU ETS, it also includes greenhouse gas emissions. Emission value requirements for carbon dioxide may not be imposed on operations covered by the EU ETS. The Government is working on reviewing the environmental permit application procedure to make the processes more efficient and less long- winded, which is important in enabling industry to make the transition, so aiding progress in line with the roadmaps produced as part of the Fossil Free Sweden initiative. Urban planning is governed by the Planning and Building Act24, but several measures, such as infrastructure projects, also fall under the Environmental Code.', 'Urban planning is governed by the Planning and Building Act24, but several measures, such as infrastructure projects, also fall under the Environmental Code. The Planning and Building Act requires that environmental and climate aspects are taken into consideration in planning.Ministry of the Environment 42 (87) 4.2.8 Regional climate and energy plans The county administrative boards coordinate regional climate and energy initiatives and support regional actors, e.g. by gathering and distributing information. Regional climate and energy strategies are shaped in partnership with other regional and local actors to foster effective measures and find synergies. Furthermore, the county administrative boards are involved in work on environmental assessments and environmental monitoring, local and regional spatial planning, regional development and growth policy, and infrastructure planning.', 'Furthermore, the county administrative boards are involved in work on environmental assessments and environmental monitoring, local and regional spatial planning, regional development and growth policy, and infrastructure planning. 4.2.9 Grants for market launch, technological development and innovation clusters Technological development is an instrument designed to initiate a transformation of the market and spread new, more efficient technologies and methods, such as new products, systems and processes. Network-based procurement for developing technology is a methodology that spans the entire decision-making process, from pilot study and purchaser group to specification of requirements and dissemination, plus further development of more energy efficient technologies. It is used in areas such as heating and control, ventilation and lighting.', 'It is used in areas such as heating and control, ventilation and lighting. The Swedish Energy Agency coordinates innovation clusters for homes (BeBo), commercial and public premises (BeLok), manufacturers of single-family dwellings (BeSmå), public sector bodies that lease premises (HyLok) and food distribution (BeLivs). 4.2.10 Research and development Public financing of climate-related research and development seeks to create better underlying conditions for attaining the national climate targets. Swedish climate-related research spans a broad spectrum, from the natural sciences to the humanities, but with an emphasis on research and development in technology and science. The three key areas focused on are energy, transport and industry, on which the Government is involved through high levels of funding.', 'The three key areas focused on are energy, transport and industry, on which the Government is involved through high levels of funding. Energy and climate issues are closely linked and the solutions to the challenges of climate change are largely energy related. The overarching aim of research and innovation in the field of energy in Sweden is to strive towards reaching national energy and climate goals.Ministry of the Environment 43 (87) 4.2.11 Gender Equality and Climate Change Sweden s feminist foreign policies, which means to always adopts a gender equality approach to international relations, also include specific international and regional work. Sweden s domestic policy and foreign policy on gender equality are closely linked, as with the EU cooperation. Sweden promotes gender equality work within the EU, the UN and other international organisations.', 'Sweden promotes gender equality work within the EU, the UN and other international organisations. Work is ongoing nationally to meet the international gender equality commitments and obligations, including those under the Beijing Platform and the UN’s Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The feminist foreign policy is set out in an action plan, which includes specific targets for gender equality. Sweden has campaigned for many years for gender equality to be integrated into all relevant EU processes with the aims to ensure that all women and men have the same power and opportunities to shape society and their own lives.', 'Sweden has campaigned for many years for gender equality to be integrated into all relevant EU processes with the aims to ensure that all women and men have the same power and opportunities to shape society and their own lives. At the Government’s request, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has submitted a proposal for further integration of gender equality in the implementation of the Paris Agreement.25 4.3.1 Action areas to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the transport sector Domestic transport accounts for a third of Swedish greenhouse gas emissions. Road traffic, mainly cars and heavy goods vehicles, accounts for the majority of emissions.', 'Road traffic, mainly cars and heavy goods vehicles, accounts for the majority of emissions. Significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector requires initiatives predominantly in three areas: - a transport-efficient society, - sustainable renewable fuels and infrastructure for alternative fuels including electrification, and - energy-efficient and climate-smart vehicles and ships. The degree of electrification, energy efficiency improvements, the proportion of sustainable renewable fuels and traffic development are the arbetet-med-jamstalldhetsintegrering/Ministry of the Environment 44 (87) factors of greatest significance for how greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector will evolve by 2030 and 2045. Transport efficiency has several advantages. Measures such as route optimisation and coordination of goods transport can cut goods transport costs and increase competitiveness in the business community.', 'Measures such as route optimisation and coordination of goods transport can cut goods transport costs and increase competitiveness in the business community. There are also significant gains to be made for taxpayers and society by using the transport system more efficiently. Accessibility in cities and towns will increase for more groups in society, if e.g. provision of well-adapted and usable public transport increases and walking and cycling are made easier. For the milestone target for domestic transport by 2030 and the net zero target by 2045 to be met, there will also be a need for extensive electrification of the transport system and a switch to the use of renewable sustainable fuels.', 'For the milestone target for domestic transport by 2030 and the net zero target by 2045 to be met, there will also be a need for extensive electrification of the transport system and a switch to the use of renewable sustainable fuels. Both an extensive electrification and a fast transition to the use of renewable sustainable fuels need to take place in the immediate future for transport by road and eventually also for transport by sea and air, also recognizing that especially ships take a long time to build and have a long life span. Over time, competition of renewable sustainable fuels will increase, but the need for these fuels will also be affected by the way in which electrification and traffic develop over the longer term.', 'Over time, competition of renewable sustainable fuels will increase, but the need for these fuels will also be affected by the way in which electrification and traffic develop over the longer term. In a longer perspective road transport should mainly be electrified. This will make sustainable renewable fuels available for use in aviation and shipping, where electrification is expected to take longer time. Transport-efficient society In a transport-efficient society, the transports that takes place is as efficient as possible from energy, environmental and economic perspectives respectively to achieve accessibility, sustainability and competitiveness. Development towards a more transport-efficient society therefore means that traffic, and thus emissions and other environmental impacts, can be reduced without impairing accessibility.', 'Development towards a more transport-efficient society therefore means that traffic, and thus emissions and other environmental impacts, can be reduced without impairing accessibility. A more transport-efficient society will be achieved through measures including urban planning, access to efficient, punctual and reliable public transport, coordinated goods transport, a shift to less energy-intensive means of transport and vehicles, higher use of vehicle capacity, greater opportunities for longer and heavier trains, greater opportunities for longer and heavier trucks where switching to rail and sea is not a realistic option, route optimisation, greater use of digital solutions, and innovative local andMinistry of the Environment 45 (87) regional transport and mobility solutions. In some cases, journeys can be shortened or replaced entirely.', 'In some cases, journeys can be shortened or replaced entirely. Developing and using technological infrastructure for virtual meetings and remote working are additional examples of how traffic can be reduced without impairing accessibility. A more transport-efficient society demands measures in several sectors and by different actors. The location of homes, services and workplaces is important, as it affects the distances and transportation between them. A large proportion of Sweden’s urban planning, e.g. planning homes, businesses and public transport, takes place at local and regional level. Creating long-term sustainable and robust structures capable of increasing transport efficiency will mean local, regional and national levels will need to coordinate their planning processes to a greater extent.', 'Creating long-term sustainable and robust structures capable of increasing transport efficiency will mean local, regional and national levels will need to coordinate their planning processes to a greater extent. Densely populated areas offer better opportunities for walking, cycling and using public transport instead of travelling by car, while the car will continue to be important in sparsely populated areas. On the other hand, rural areas have an important role to play in the transition as suppliers of climate-smart energy and renewable resources Sustainable Renewable fuels Gradually increasing the use of biofuels and electricity in the transport sector will reduce emissions of greenhouse gases.', 'On the other hand, rural areas have an important role to play in the transition as suppliers of climate-smart energy and renewable resources Sustainable Renewable fuels Gradually increasing the use of biofuels and electricity in the transport sector will reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The extent to which renewable fuels are able to contribute to reduced emissions depends on a number of aspects: opportunities to produce biofuels that meet sustainability requirements at a reasonable cost; how biofuels and electricity distribution systems are developed; access to charging infrastructure for electric vehicles, and fuel quality requirements for blending biofuels in petrol and diesel for use in conventional combustion engines. In the longer term, use of renewable fuels in aviation26 and shipping must replace the fossil alternatives to a greater extent.', 'In the longer term, use of renewable fuels in aviation26 and shipping must replace the fossil alternatives to a greater extent. This will increase competition for renewable fuels in the road sector, while the need for liquid renewable fuels in the road sector is expected to fall in the long term as electrification takes on a greater role. Sweden has good access to biomass and thus the potential to produce biofuels from domestic raw materials. Swedish production of biofuels may provide additional added value in the 26 The report Biojet för flyget (Bio-jets for aviation) (SOU 2019:11) was submitted to the Government in March 2019. The inquiry proposes that a reduction obligation be introduced, requiring blending sustainable biofuels in aviation fuel, starting from 2021.', 'The inquiry proposes that a reduction obligation be introduced, requiring blending sustainable biofuels in aviation fuel, starting from 2021. According to the proposal, such a reduction obligation is to be introduced for fuel suppliers. The biofuels used to meet this obligation must fulfil the sustainability criteria implemented in Swedish legislation. The Government is currently preparing the inquiry’s proposals on a reduction obligation for aviation fuel.Ministry of the Environment 46 (87) form of fuel security, export of knowledge and technology to other countries, effects on employment and regional development. Energy efficient and fossil-free vehicles Energy-efficient and fossil-free vehicles reduces emissions and the need for fossil fuels.', 'Energy efficient and fossil-free vehicles Energy-efficient and fossil-free vehicles reduces emissions and the need for fossil fuels. Much of the technology required to lower emissions is already available, and the range of energy-efficient and fossil-free vehicles is increasing at an even faster pace. Today the share of chargeable cars is 30 percent of the sales of new cars in Sweden, a duplication compared to the year before. But the conversion of the vehicle fleet will take time, as it will take time to fully phase out the older vehicles. 4.3.2 Policy instruments in the transport sector In the transport sector, Sweden applies a number of different instruments adopted at national and EU level.', '4.3.2 Policy instruments in the transport sector In the transport sector, Sweden applies a number of different instruments adopted at national and EU level. As the range of low-emission vehicles largely depends on a market beyond Sweden’s borders, the EU’s governance of emission restrictions is crucial. To provide further incentives for energy- efficient vehicles and renewable sustainable fuels, national policy instruments have been introduced in the form of pricing and subsidies. To make alternative fuels accessible, certain regulations for the sale of cars is applied. Grants are also available to expand the charging infrastructure and for the production of alternative fuels. In summary, Sweden has implemented instruments in three main action areas: (1) a transport-efficient society, (2) sustainable renewable fuels and infrastructure for renewable fuels, and (3) energy-efficient and fossil-free vehicles.', 'In summary, Sweden has implemented instruments in three main action areas: (1) a transport-efficient society, (2) sustainable renewable fuels and infrastructure for renewable fuels, and (3) energy-efficient and fossil-free vehicles. Table 3. Summary of the most significant instruments for transport Overarching instruments Transport-efficient society Sustainable renewable fuels Energy efficient and fossil-free vehicles Energy and carbon tax Klimatklivet (the Climate Leap) Research and development funding Procurement rules Urban environment agreements Infrastructure planning Environment compensation for rail transports Eco-bonus system for shipping Tax on air travel (aviation) The Fuel Change – Emission Reduction obligation Exemption from energy and carbon taxes for biofuels Climate premium Electrified road systems Emission reduction targets for new vehicles (EU) Bonus-malus system Carbon dioxide- based vehicle tax Tax reduction for eco-friendly cars Market introduction support for electric busses, electricMinistry of the Environment 47 (87) Planning and Building Act EU ETS (aviation) Act on the Obligation to Supply Renewable Fuels Environmental information about fuel working machines and low emission heavy trucks.', 'Summary of the most significant instruments for transport Overarching instruments Transport-efficient society Sustainable renewable fuels Energy efficient and fossil-free vehicles Energy and carbon tax Klimatklivet (the Climate Leap) Research and development funding Procurement rules Urban environment agreements Infrastructure planning Environment compensation for rail transports Eco-bonus system for shipping Tax on air travel (aviation) The Fuel Change – Emission Reduction obligation Exemption from energy and carbon taxes for biofuels Climate premium Electrified road systems Emission reduction targets for new vehicles (EU) Bonus-malus system Carbon dioxide- based vehicle tax Tax reduction for eco-friendly cars Market introduction support for electric busses, electricMinistry of the Environment 47 (87) Planning and Building Act EU ETS (aviation) Act on the Obligation to Supply Renewable Fuels Environmental information about fuel working machines and low emission heavy trucks. Overarching policy instruments in the transport sector Energy tax and carbon tax in the transport sector Both petrol and diesel are subject to an energy and a carbon tax on fuel used for road vehicles, non-road mobile machinery and private vessels and aircrafts.', 'Overarching policy instruments in the transport sector Energy tax and carbon tax in the transport sector Both petrol and diesel are subject to an energy and a carbon tax on fuel used for road vehicles, non-road mobile machinery and private vessels and aircrafts. The energy and carbon taxes on fuel are adjusted in relation to changes in the consumer price index to take inflation into account. Since 2017 the tax rates for petrol and diesel have also been adjusted to reflect the expected development of the GDP27. In specific cases, Sweden applies tax exemptions for sustainable biofuels. The reduction depends on the type of biofuel and the blend proportion. All high-blend sustainable biofuels are exempt from energy tax and carbon tax.', 'All high-blend sustainable biofuels are exempt from energy tax and carbon tax. Low-blend biofuels are instead covered by the reduction obligation system (see below). These biofuels are subject to carbon and energy taxes on the level of their fossil equivalent. The Climate Leap (Klimatklivet) The Climate Leap is a cross-sectoral policy instrument, but it is specifically important for the transport sector. Important measures supported by this instrument are installing charging points for electric vehicles and investing in biogas plants. The investment aid programme eases the transition to a fossil- free vehicle fleet (more information on The Climate Leap is provided in section 4.2 on cross-sectoral policy instruments). Transport-efficient society Urban environment agreements Urban environment agreements are a programme for investment in public transport, cycling infrastructure and sustainable goods transport solutions in urban environments.', 'Transport-efficient society Urban environment agreements Urban environment agreements are a programme for investment in public transport, cycling infrastructure and sustainable goods transport solutions in urban environments. Municipalities can apply for grants to cover part of the infrastructure investment costs. The investment is often combined with 27 This is attained by an increase of 2 percentage points per year, in addition to adjustment in line with changes in the consumer price index. However, the total change (increase) in the rates of carbon and energy tax is only added to the energy tax (in other words the level of carbon tax is only directly affected by index- linking in line with changes in the consumer price index).', 'However, the total change (increase) in the rates of carbon and energy tax is only added to the energy tax (in other words the level of carbon tax is only directly affected by index- linking in line with changes in the consumer price index). For the years 2021 and 2022 no GDP related adjustment of the taxes for petrol and diesel will be made.Ministry of the Environment 48 (87) other measures seeking greater long-term sustainability in urban environments or transport systems. These measures may cover greater accessibility through public transport, urban planning to encourage more cycling and walking, lower vehicle speeds, and parking regulations and pricing.', 'These measures may cover greater accessibility through public transport, urban planning to encourage more cycling and walking, lower vehicle speeds, and parking regulations and pricing. Financing has been in place for urban environment agreements since 2015 and from 2018 onwards has been part of the economic framework for developing the transport system, amounting to SEK 1 billion a year in 2018– 2029. Long-term infrastructure planning In May 2018, the Government decided on a new national plan for transport infrastructure in the period 2018–2029 across all modes of transport. The Swedish Transport Administration is responsible for long-term planning for all modes of transport and is responsible for implementing the plan. Planning is conducted in dialogue with municipalities and regions, among others. Electric roads Electric roads are infrastructure for dynamic charging, i.e.', 'Electric roads Electric roads are infrastructure for dynamic charging, i.e. charging while in motion. Depending on the technologies chosen, electrified roads can be used by trucks, buses and cars. Demonstration projects are in progress on the E16 motorway outside Sandviken (heavy goods vehicles) and at Arlanda airport (heavy goods vehicles and cars). In April 2019, the Swedish Transport Administration decided on two further demonstration projects that are being set up in Lund (public transport) and on Gotland (heavy goods vehicles and public transport). The demonstration project on Gotland uses inductive technology, i.e. there is no need for a permanent connection from the vehicle, while other demonstration projects are conductive, i.e. a physical connection is needed to transfer electricity to the vehicle.', 'a physical connection is needed to transfer electricity to the vehicle. At the same time, the Swedish Transport Administration is preparing to build the first permanent electrified road. Electric roads can help to improve the efficiency of goods transport and cut greenhouse gas emissions. The Government therefore intends to produce a long-term plan for building and expanding electrified roads. Important goods routes and links to key ports should be prioritised. The need for additional technologies for electrical power outside the electrified road network, e.g. rapid charging for heavy goods vehicles, should be taken into account in efforts going forward.Ministry of the Environment 49 (87) Eco-bonus system for shipping Since 2018, the Government has allocated funding for an eco-bonus system to stimulate switching goods traffic from road to sea transport.', 'rapid charging for heavy goods vehicles, should be taken into account in efforts going forward.Ministry of the Environment 49 (87) Eco-bonus system for shipping Since 2018, the Government has allocated funding for an eco-bonus system to stimulate switching goods traffic from road to sea transport. The purpose of the system is to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from goods transport. The Government is budgeting SEK 50 million a year for the system in the period up to 2022. Tax on air travel On 1 April 2018, Sweden introduced a tax on air travel with the aim to help reduce the climate impact of aviation28. The tax is designed as a tax on commercial flights and is paid for passengers travelling from an airport in Sweden.', 'The tax is designed as a tax on commercial flights and is paid for passengers travelling from an airport in Sweden. The airline that carries out the flight is liable to the tax. Different amounts are to be paid depending on the final destination of the passenger. Policy instruments for energy-efficient vehicles and Sustainable renewable fuels Emission reduction obligation for petrol and diesel (Fuel change) An emission reduction obligation on petrol and diesel was introduced on 1 July 2018 to encourage the use of biofuels. This means that all fuel suppliers must reduce greenhouse gas emissions from petrol and diesel by a certain percentage each year. This can be done by blending increased proportions of biofuels in petrol or diesel over time, see Table 4.', 'This can be done by blending increased proportions of biofuels in petrol or diesel over time, see Table 4. The reduction obligation makes an important contribution to phasing out fossil fuels in the transport system. Table 4. Reduction levels 2018–2020 in line with the Act (2017:1201) on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by mixing of biofuels in petrol and diesel fuels29. Reduction levels between 2020- 2030 are announced but not formally decided. In 2020, the Government announced that the emission reduction levels will be gradually increased by 2030, aiming at levels of 28 per cent for petrol and 66 per cent for diesel by 2030, with a control station in 2022.', 'In 2020, the Government announced that the emission reduction levels will be gradually increased by 2030, aiming at levels of 28 per cent for petrol and 66 per cent for diesel by 2030, with a control station in 2022. Emission reduction targets for new vehicles Manufacturers that sell vehicles in the EU are covered by an EU Regulation30 that sets average emission reduction targets for new cars and 29 Act (2017:1201) on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by mixing of biofuels in petrol and diesel fuelsMinistry of the Environment 50 (87) vans. From 2021, phased in from 2020, the EU fleet-wide average emission target for new cars will be 95 g CO2/km and 147g CO2/km for new vans.', 'From 2021, phased in from 2020, the EU fleet-wide average emission target for new cars will be 95 g CO2/km and 147g CO2/km for new vans. These requirements have a major impact on emissions in Sweden, as they considerably affect the composition of the vehicle fleet. Bonus–malus-system for new light vehicles A bonus–malus-system has been applied in Sweden since July 2018. Under this system, vehicles with low carbon dioxide emissions can qualify for a bonus on purchase, while vehicles with high carbon dioxide emissions in their first three years have a higher vehicle tax. From year four onwards, the ordinary vehicle tax is applied based on carbon dioxide emissions (see below). The system covers all new passenger cars and vans.', 'The system covers all new passenger cars and vans. Since 1 January 2020, the new cars and vans are taxed on WLTP values (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure). In general, the WLTP has led to higher emission values and thus contributed to make the rules stricter. Carbon dioxide-based vehicle tax To provide incentives to car buyers to choose cars, vans and caravans with low greenhouse gas emissions, Sweden applies a differentiated annual vehicle tax based on the vehicle’s carbon dioxide emissions per kilometre. Accordingly, vehicles with lower carbon dioxide emissions are taxed lower than vehicles with higher emissions.', 'Accordingly, vehicles with lower carbon dioxide emissions are taxed lower than vehicles with higher emissions. This tax applies to vehicles bought before the bonus–malus-system was implemented in July 2018 (see above) and will continue to apply to vehicles that “exit” the bonus-malus system three years after purchase. Tax reduction on eco-friendly company cars Company cars account for a large part of new vehicles registered in Sweden, and a large proportion of these can be used privately by the employees who drive them. The benefit of using a vehicle provided by one’s employer for private journeys is, as a rule, taxable, and the value of the benefit is calculated according to a particular formula.', 'The benefit of using a vehicle provided by one’s employer for private journeys is, as a rule, taxable, and the value of the benefit is calculated according to a particular formula. To encourage the introduction of new eco-friendly cars on the market, the taxable value of eco-friendly cars is set at a lower level, equivalent to the price of the nearest comparable car without environmental technology. For electric cars, plug-in hybrids and cars run on gas (apart from liquefied petroleum gas - LPG), the taxable value of the company car benefit may be further reduced.', 'For electric cars, plug-in hybrids and cars run on gas (apart from liquefied petroleum gas - LPG), the taxable value of the company car benefit may be further reduced. From 1 January 2021 the further reduction will be abolished.Ministry of the Environment 51 (87) Climate premium Regional public transport authorities, municipalities and companies to which the regional public transport authorities have outsourced the right to enter into agreements on public transport, and traffic companies that are public transport operators can apply for an electric bus premium. The premium applies to electric buses, charging hybrid buses, trolleybuses and fuel cell buses for public transport31. The size of the premium depends on the number of passengers and whether the bus is solely powered by electricity or if it is a hybrid.', 'The size of the premium depends on the number of passengers and whether the bus is solely powered by electricity or if it is a hybrid. The premium seeks to support the introduction of electric buses on the market. The budget for the electric bus premium is SEK 80 million for 2019. From 2020 onwards, the electric bus premium will be converted into a climate premium. This means that besides electric buses, it will also be possible to apply for funding for electric lorries and other eco-friendly lorries, as well as non-road mobile machinery powered by electricity, which combined with the continuing funding for electric buses seeks to encourage the introduction of these vehicles to the market.', 'This means that besides electric buses, it will also be possible to apply for funding for electric lorries and other eco-friendly lorries, as well as non-road mobile machinery powered by electricity, which combined with the continuing funding for electric buses seeks to encourage the introduction of these vehicles to the market. Act on the Obligation to Supply Renewable Fuels32 To make renewable fuels available, there is legislation in Sweden that requires that filling stations with sales of more than 1,500 m3 of petrol or diesel must offer at least one renewable fuel. 4.4.1 Action areas – industry Emissions from combustions plants and industrial processes accounted for approximately a third of total emissions in Sweden in 2018.', '4.4.1 Action areas – industry Emissions from combustions plants and industrial processes accounted for approximately a third of total emissions in Sweden in 2018. A large proportion of the direct emissions from industry come from some specific energy and carbon dioxide-intensive sectors in what can be termed the “basic materials industry”: the iron, steel, minerals, refinery and chemicals industry. A number of other industrial sectors have considerably lower carbon dioxide emissions. Achieving long-term emissions targets close to zero demands several major changes that directly and indirectly affect the basic materials industry. 32 Act (2005:1248) on the Obligation to Supply Renewable FuelsMinistry of the Environment 52 (87) The refinery and chemicals industries use high amounts of fossil fuels as raw materials for the process, making them relatively difficult to replace.', '32 Act (2005:1248) on the Obligation to Supply Renewable FuelsMinistry of the Environment 52 (87) The refinery and chemicals industries use high amounts of fossil fuels as raw materials for the process, making them relatively difficult to replace. These industries need funding and conditions in place to enable them to develop bio-based substitutes for fossil-based inputs. Solutions to cutting emissions from cement and steel manufacture to zero span the entire chain, from raw material to end use. Lowering emissions to such an extent means reducing emissions from the basic process itself, improving the efficiency of the whole stream from raw material to end use, and increasing recycling of material.', 'Lowering emissions to such an extent means reducing emissions from the basic process itself, improving the efficiency of the whole stream from raw material to end use, and increasing recycling of material. In rough terms, there are four major opportunities to reduce emissions: (i) a transition from fossil raw materials and energy to renewable raw materials and energy carriers, (ii) improve the efficiency of the process and increase material efficiency, (iii) transition the basic process entirely, e.g. through electrification, (iv) introduce technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS), capable of reducing both fuel-related and process-related emissions. In the cement industry, a combination of a transition to bioenergy and CCS is currently seen as the most realistic alternative for reducing emissions from the basic process itself in the long term.', 'In the cement industry, a combination of a transition to bioenergy and CCS is currently seen as the most realistic alternative for reducing emissions from the basic process itself in the long term. CCS technology is also an alternative for steel manufacturing if blast furnaces are retained, but there are several other feasible solutions here. Looking towards 2035, for example, direct reduction of iron ore using hydrogen (produced from renewable electricity or bioenergy) is an option. Since 2016, the private initiative HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology) has begun to commercialize the concept. Moreover, there are other ways of reducing iron ore that have proved to work on a laboratory scale, e.g. electrolysis (known as electrowinning), which may also be a solution in the long term.', 'electrolysis (known as electrowinning), which may also be a solution in the long term. Improving process efficiency and downstream efficiency of material flows will also be necessary and justified in terms of cost and resource efficiency. Increased recycling of material is an important strategy today but can be expanded even further. The Government has therefor adopted a national strategy for a circular economy that sets out the direction and ambition for a long-term and sustainable transition of Swedish society. Lowering emissions from the mining industry when mining iron ore also requires technological development which can be linked to developments in the iron and steel industry.', 'Lowering emissions from the mining industry when mining iron ore also requires technological development which can be linked to developments in the iron and steel industry. The oxygen in the ore produced by the mining industry could be reduced by processing the iron ore at the mineMinistry of the Environment 53 (87) immediately after it has been mined, with the help of renewably produced methane or hydrogen, so reducing the need for reducing agents (carbon and coke) downstream in steel manufacture. Emissions in the aluminium industry and smelting works could be reduced with additional technological development. As far as the aluminium industry is concerned, this may involve developing what are termed inert anodes that do not give off carbon dioxide. Reducing emissions in other areas of industry is easier.', 'Reducing emissions in other areas of industry is easier. It is assumed that energy consumption for heating premises and for different types of industrial heating need (industrial emissions from incineration) could be reduced to low levels in all sectors through a combination of energy and material efficiency improvements, higher use of renewable fuels, and energy carriers such as electricity and hydrogen. 4.4.2 Policy instruments in industry Sweden’s policy instruments in the industry sector incentivise the use of renewable energy, improving efficiency and a transition in the basic process entirely. There is also certain governance for the introduction of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The policy instruments are directed towards large and smaller actors alike.', 'The policy instruments are directed towards large and smaller actors alike. Much of Sweden’s industry has signed up to the Fossil Free Sweden initiative (see section 4.2.3) and work on the initiative serves as an important driving force in the sector. With regards to F-gases, governance mainly takes the form of regulation in the EU and at national level. Table 5. Summary of the most significant instruments for industry Renewable energy Efficiency improvements Transition the basic process Introduction of CCS EU ETS Industriklivet (industrial investment grants) Energy and carbon tax Energy and climate coaches Klimatklivet (local investment grants) EU ETS Energy and carbon tax Environmental Code Energy surveys for companies Energisteget (energy efficiency grants for industry) Energy efficiency networks for SMEs Energy and climate coaches EU ETS Industriklivet (industrial investment grants) Industriklivet (industrial investment grants)Ministry of the Environment 54 (87) Below is a description of the most important existing instruments in the sector in addition to the EU ETS.', 'Summary of the most significant instruments for industry Renewable energy Efficiency improvements Transition the basic process Introduction of CCS EU ETS Industriklivet (industrial investment grants) Energy and carbon tax Energy and climate coaches Klimatklivet (local investment grants) EU ETS Energy and carbon tax Environmental Code Energy surveys for companies Energisteget (energy efficiency grants for industry) Energy efficiency networks for SMEs Energy and climate coaches EU ETS Industriklivet (industrial investment grants) Industriklivet (industrial investment grants)Ministry of the Environment 54 (87) Below is a description of the most important existing instruments in the sector in addition to the EU ETS. Carbon tax and energy tax in industry Industry has certain energy and carbon tax reductions and exemptions, basically as a result of the fact that most of the manufacturing industry is already covered by the EU ETS. The manufacturing industry that falls under the EU ETS pays 30 per cent of the general energy tax and is entirely exempt from carbon tax.', 'The manufacturing industry that falls under the EU ETS pays 30 per cent of the general energy tax and is entirely exempt from carbon tax. The manufacturing industry not included in the EU ETS also pays 30 per cent of the energy tax on fuel used in the manufacturing process. Previously, this part of industry had significant reductions in carbon tax but in recent years, the tax has gradually been raised. The tax reduction was removed entirely in 2018 and the full carbon tax is now levied. Furthermore, the Swedish Government has announced that the energy taxation reduction will be proposed to be abolished as from 1 January 2022.', 'Furthermore, the Swedish Government has announced that the energy taxation reduction will be proposed to be abolished as from 1 January 2022. Until 31 July 2019, diesel used in vehicles in the manufacturing process in mining industry operations, known as mining diesel, was subject to an energy tax and carbon tax levied at 11 per cent and 60 per cent respectively of the general tax levels. This reduction in energy and carbon taxes was abolished from 1 August 2019. The Industry Leap (Industriklivet) The Industry Leap is a long-term government programme, that supports the development of technology and processes to reduce process-related greenhouse gas emissions in the Swedish industry sector. The grant scheme initiated in 2018 is planned to run until 2040.', 'The grant scheme initiated in 2018 is planned to run until 2040. Financial support can be given to research, preliminary trials, testing, pilot and demonstration projects, detailed planning studies and investments in measures to reduce emissions as well as for measures that seek to attain negative emissions, for example bio- energy CCS (BECCS). The target group for this funding is industries with process-related emissions as well as universities and research institutions. In 2020, the Government budgeted SEK 600 million for the programme. In its budget bill for 2021 the Government has proposed to extend and broaden the scheme. One highly significant project part-funded by the Industry Leap is HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology).', 'One highly significant project part-funded by the Industry Leap is HYBRIT (Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology). The companies SSAB, LKAB and Vattenfall launched the project with the aim of producingMinistry of the Environment 55 (87) technical solutions to significantly cut carbon emissions from the steel industry. During 2018, with financial support from the Industry Leap, work started on the construction of a pilot plant for fossil-free steel production in Luleå, Sweden. The goal is to have a solution for fossil-free steel by 2035. If successful, HYBRIT can reduce Sweden’s CO2 emissions by 10% and Finland’s by 7%.', 'If successful, HYBRIT can reduce Sweden’s CO2 emissions by 10% and Finland’s by 7%. Energy survey and Energisteget grants The Energy Audits Act33 requires that large companies conduct an energy audit at least every four years, including information about their total energy consumption and proposals for cost-effective measures to improve energy efficiency. Companies covered by the Act that have conducted an energy audit have an opportunity to apply via the Energisteget programme for grants for in-depth planning of measures and for the additional cost of energy efficiency investments. Small and medium-sized enterprises are not covered by the Act but can apply for financial support for conducting energy audits.34 The audit is to cover the energy audit, proposed measures and an energy plan.', 'Small and medium-sized enterprises are not covered by the Act but can apply for financial support for conducting energy audits.34 The audit is to cover the energy audit, proposed measures and an energy plan. Energy and climate coaches for SMEs Municipalities can apply for compensation for the cost of a climate and energy coach employed at 50 per cent of a full-time post35 who provides specific advice to SMEs. See also section 4.2. Energy efficiency networks for SMEs In 2015, the Swedish Energy Agency launched a network project for small and medium-sized enterprises. The energy efficiency networks are regional networks of companies where SMEs gain help and support in their work to cut energy consumption at their company.', 'The energy efficiency networks are regional networks of companies where SMEs gain help and support in their work to cut energy consumption at their company. The networks consist of 8–16 companies with energy consumption exceeding one gigawatt hour (GWh). Sweden has 40 networks in place with about 300 participating companies. A network coordinator appointed by the Swedish Energy Agency leads the networks and has an affiliated energy expert providing support and advice. Sharing experiences and learning from each other within and across the networks are also important success factors. The purpose of the network activities is to reduce the energy consumption of participating companies byMinistry of the Environment 56 (87) 15 per cent over a four-year period.', 'The purpose of the network activities is to reduce the energy consumption of participating companies byMinistry of the Environment 56 (87) 15 per cent over a four-year period. This enables companies to benefit from lowered costs, higher competitiveness and new growth opportunities. 4.4.3 Directives and provisions regulating emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases EU Regulation and Swedish Ordinance on fluorinated greenhouse gases The EU Regulation on fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases)36 seeks to cut emissions by two-thirds by 2030 compared with 2015. It contains provisions on the use, reuse and destruction of F-gases and sets conditions for placing on the market specific products and equipment that contain, or whose function relies upon, F-gases.', 'It contains provisions on the use, reuse and destruction of F-gases and sets conditions for placing on the market specific products and equipment that contain, or whose function relies upon, F-gases. Above all, the provisions include a mechanism for quantified emission reductions of substances that contain hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), with a gradually lowered ceiling for total HFC emissions. The Swedish Ordinance on fluorinated greenhouse gases37 supplements the EU Regulation. The Ordinance sets out specific terms on cooling, air conditioning and heat pump equipment to ensure that leakage of F-gases is avoided. The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) and Best Available Techniques reference documents (BREF) Under the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), in 2016 the EU adopted a reference document on best available techniques (BREF) for the non-ferrous metals industries.', 'The Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) and Best Available Techniques reference documents (BREF) Under the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED), in 2016 the EU adopted a reference document on best available techniques (BREF) for the non-ferrous metals industries. The BAT (best available techniques) conclusions must be implemented within four years. These can significantly reduce emissions from aluminium production. 4.5 Electricity and district heating 4.5.1 Action areas – electricity and district heating Sweden has a low proportion of fossil fuels in its electricity and heating production. The production of district heating has risen by approximately 50 per cent since 1990.', 'The production of district heating has risen by approximately 50 per cent since 1990. At the same time, emissions from this sector have remained relatively stable, as expansion has largely been attained through 36 Regulation (EU) no 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilMinistry of the Environment 57 (87) higher use of biofuels and wind power, while oil and coal consumption have decreased. In a long-term perspective, however, since emissions in principle need to come down to close to zero, a number of challenges still remain. Two key challenges are how peak loads can be handled and how emissions from incineration of waste of fossil origin can be reduced. Furthermore, non-fossil electricity and biomass will continue to play an important role in substituting fossil fuels.', 'Furthermore, non-fossil electricity and biomass will continue to play an important role in substituting fossil fuels. Phasing out fossil fuels in the transport sector and industry brings challenges and opportunities for the energy system Greater electrification of the transport sector and industry can lead to a higher demand for electricity. Relative to total electricity consumption, electrification of the vehicle fleet is not estimated to lead to a major increase in Sweden. Complete electrification of the vehicle fleet could lead to an estimated increase in demand of 13 TWh38. Depending on charging patterns, a higher proportion of electric vehicles can bring both challenges and opportunities for the electricity system. On the one hand, it may bring challenges if there is a very high demand for power at certain times of the day.', 'On the one hand, it may bring challenges if there is a very high demand for power at certain times of the day. On the other hand, the fleet of electric vehicles can be a resource for the electricity system, helping to even out load over the course of the day, if charging is steered towards times of day where this is most beneficial to the system as a whole. Future changes in energy carrier and the introduction of new technology in specific parts of the basic materials industry can have consequences for blast furnace gases delivered from the iron and steel industry to local electricity and heating producers.', 'Future changes in energy carrier and the introduction of new technology in specific parts of the basic materials industry can have consequences for blast furnace gases delivered from the iron and steel industry to local electricity and heating producers. The potential electrification of processes in the steel industry may result in the disappearance of blast furnace gases, and the introduction of more energy-efficient technologies may affect the amount of waste heat available. In terms of increased electricity consumption in basic industry, the potential electrification of parts of the steel industry could mean an increase in electricity consumption of approximately 15–20 TWh, while large-scale expansion of CCS could be equivalent to 2–5 TWh39.', 'In terms of increased electricity consumption in basic industry, the potential electrification of parts of the steel industry could mean an increase in electricity consumption of approximately 15–20 TWh, while large-scale expansion of CCS could be equivalent to 2–5 TWh39. The need for action to cut emissions from incineration of waste of fossil origin and for greater resource-efficiency 38 IVA (2016) Framtidens elanvändning – en delrapport (Electricity consumption in the future – an interim report) 39 Ibid.Ministry of the Environment 58 (87) From a systems perspective, waste incineration for electricity and heat production is efficient in many respects. Burning waste recovers the energy and cuts methane emissions from landfill. The Swedish plants have effective waste incineration technology, and Sweden has a well-developed district heating network.', 'The Swedish plants have effective waste incineration technology, and Sweden has a well-developed district heating network. However, incineration of waste of fossil origin is problematic from a climate viewpoint. To combat a trend towards growing emissions from waste incineration, there is a need for measures to increase material recovery, and for incentives such as product requirements for more renewable raw materials in plastics manufacture. Amounts of waste have increased in Sweden and studies point towards continued growing amounts of waste, making waste prevention measures extremely important. Higher resource efficiency and promoting a circular economy is of the utmost importance for this reason.', 'Higher resource efficiency and promoting a circular economy is of the utmost importance for this reason. 4.5.2 Policy instruments on electricity and district heating Policy instruments on electricity and district heating seek to replace fossil fuels with renewables and are geared towards electricity and district heating producers, electricity suppliers and other actors. Policy instruments targeting district heating producers seek to use price setting to incentivise substitution of fossil fuels with renewable alternatives. Price setting occurs both via taxes and via the EU ETS. The fuels used for electricity production are not subject to price setting via taxation. On the other hand, the major electricity producers are covered by the EU ETS.', 'On the other hand, the major electricity producers are covered by the EU ETS. The electricity suppliers are also obliged, via an electricity certificate system with a quota obligation, to demand renewable electricity from the producers. To make it easier to establish renewable energy production, measures are also implemented seeking to provide good conditions for expanding renewable electricity production, including identifying suitable areas for such establishment. Policy instruments targeted at other actors seek, through financial support, to incentivise the installation of production of renewable electricity that can also be distributed on the national grid. The support contributes towards encouraging an increase in the total production of renewable electricity and the commercial development of new technology.Ministry of the Environment 59 (87) Table 6.', 'The support contributes towards encouraging an increase in the total production of renewable electricity and the commercial development of new technology.Ministry of the Environment 59 (87) Table 6. Summary of the most significant policy instruments for electricity and district heating Substituting fossil fuels with renewables for heat production Production of renewable electricity EU ETS Energy and carbon tax EU ETS The electricity certificate system Promoting wind power Support for solar energy Tax reduction for microproduction of renewable energy Below is a description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector in addition to the EU ETS. Carbon tax and energy tax for heating and electricity production An energy and a carbon tax are applied to fuels used in heat production. Most biofuels are exempt from energy and carbon taxes.', 'Most biofuels are exempt from energy and carbon taxes. Fuels used to produce heating in combined heat and power plants (CHP) and other heat plants within the EU ETS are subject to a 91 per cent carbon tax and full energy tax. This is a significant increase for the CHP plants since 1 August 2019, as these fuels were previously only subject to an 11 per cent carbon tax and a 30 per cent energy tax. CHP plants that are not included in the EU ETS pay full energy tax and full carbon tax on fuel used to produce heat. This too is an increase, as before 1 August 2019, these fuels were subject to tax cuts and only paid an energy tax of 30 per cent.', 'This too is an increase, as before 1 August 2019, these fuels were subject to tax cuts and only paid an energy tax of 30 per cent. Fuels used for electricity production are exempt from both the energy and the carbon tax, but the use of electricity is generally subject to energy tax. The Electricity Certificate System An electricity certificate system that seeks to increase the proportion of renewable electricity production was introduced in 2003. Sweden and Norway have had a joint electricity certificate market with shared targets since 2012 and the Riksdag has adopted sub-targets for the system to 2020 and 2030. The electricity suppliers have a statutory obligation to buy electricity certificates equivalent to a specific proportion, or quota, of the electricity they supply.', 'The electricity suppliers have a statutory obligation to buy electricity certificates equivalent to a specific proportion, or quota, of the electricity they supply. The quotas gradually increase year after year. The electricity producers are allocated a certificate for each megawatt hour (MWh) of renewable electricity they produce. The producers sell the certificates on an open market where the price is set by sellers and buyers.Ministry of the Environment 60 (87) The certificates thus produce extra income for producers of renewable electricity.', 'The producers sell the certificates on an open market where the price is set by sellers and buyers.Ministry of the Environment 60 (87) The certificates thus produce extra income for producers of renewable electricity. As the sub-targets are expected to be achieved in the near future, ten years before schedule, a deadline for allocating new electricity certificates has been recently introduced and that the electricity certificate system be ended by the end of 2035, ten years earlier than what was stated in the previous agreement. Promoting wind power Since 2004, certain land and water areas have been designated areas of national interest for wind power. There are more than 300 such areas in Sweden, on land and at sea.', 'There are more than 300 such areas in Sweden, on land and at sea. The total area covered by these national wind power interests is approximately 8,000 km2, equivalent to approximately 1.5 per cent of Sweden’s land area including Swedish waters. Since 2018 funding has also been available to municipalities to make it easier to build wind farms40. Support for solar energy A subsidy for installing solar panels was introduced in 2009. The budget for these grants is approximately SEK 4.5 billion for the period 2016–2021. All types of actors can receive financial support for installing solar panels and hybrid solar systems connected to the electricity grid. The investment grants help to transform the energy sector and aid commercial development of the market for solar energy technology.', 'The investment grants help to transform the energy sector and aid commercial development of the market for solar energy technology. Tax reduction for microproduction of renewable energy A tax reduction for households and companies was introduced in 2015 to stimulate investment in microproduction of renewable electricity. An income tax reduction is granted in relation to the amount of renewable electricity fed into the national grid and amounts to a maximum SEK 18,000 per year per connection point. 4.6 Households and services 4.6.1 Action areas – households and services Greenhouse gas emissions from heating households and services41 in Sweden have plummeted since 1990, mainly due to private heating using fossil fuels being replaced with district heating or electricity.', '4.6 Households and services 4.6.1 Action areas – households and services Greenhouse gas emissions from heating households and services41 in Sweden have plummeted since 1990, mainly due to private heating using fossil fuels being replaced with district heating or electricity. Energy and 41 Refers to heating excluding district heating.Ministry of the Environment 61 (87) carbon taxes, the oil price, the technology available for fossil fuel substitution and the expansion of district heating infrastructure have had a major impact on this trend. Emissions are equivalent to approximately 2 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Emissions are equivalent to approximately 2 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Challenge to build large amounts of housing quickly with climate considerations paramount Boverket, Sweden’s National Board of Housing, Building and Planning, has estimated that there is a need to build over 700,000 homes in the ten-year period 2015–2025, which is a very high rate relative to Sweden’s existing housing stock. The rapidly increasing need for housing is leading to higher pressure on municipalities to rapidly produce a large number of affordable homes. There is a certain risk that such an urgent situation will lead to solutions in which not every aspect of sustainability is sufficiently addressed in planning and construction, and it is thereby important to ensure long-term solutions as construction increases.', 'There is a certain risk that such an urgent situation will lead to solutions in which not every aspect of sustainability is sufficiently addressed in planning and construction, and it is thereby important to ensure long-term solutions as construction increases. Lower energy consumption can contribute towards resource efficiency Direct emissions of greenhouse gases from this sector is low and is estimated to fall up to 2045. Total energy consumption in homes and premises, on the other hand, accounts for a large proportion of Sweden’s energy use. Policy instruments targeting energy consumption in homes and premises currently mainly tackle emissions in electricity and district heating production.', 'Policy instruments targeting energy consumption in homes and premises currently mainly tackle emissions in electricity and district heating production. The trend in emissions in the electricity and district heating sector is also downward, which means that energy efficiency measures in the housing sector are making less of an impact in terms of lowering greenhouse gas emissions. That said, cost-effective measures to improve the efficiency of energy consumption help to lower the costs of climate policy through more efficient use of resources. Improved energy efficiency reduces the total need for energy and consequently the negative impacts that energy supply has on other environmental quality objectives and other objectives of society.', 'Improved energy efficiency reduces the total need for energy and consequently the negative impacts that energy supply has on other environmental quality objectives and other objectives of society. A large proportion of Sweden’s housing stock is more than 50 years old, and the need to renovate estates including the “million programme” developments of the 1960s and 1970s is an urgent and demanding task. Renovating these buildings offers an opportunity to also improve their energy performance.', 'Renovating these buildings offers an opportunity to also improve their energy performance. The major challenge in reducing energy consumption in the housing sector therefore lies in renovating and improving the energy efficiency of existing housing and premises with a lower energy performance, with sufficient attention paid to their value as part of Sweden’s cultural heritage.Ministry of the Environment 62 (87) Besides measures to reduce energy consumption in existing and new buildings, buildings have the potential to become “plus energy” buildings. In energy-efficient buildings, more small-scale electricity and heating producers will be able to produce heating and electricity to partly cover their own needs and sell any surplus to the national grid.', 'In energy-efficient buildings, more small-scale electricity and heating producers will be able to produce heating and electricity to partly cover their own needs and sell any surplus to the national grid. Improved energy storage opportunities, such as batteries in electric vehicles and smart grids will improve the underlying conditions for these “plus energy” buildings. Technological developments in renewable energy also offer greater opportunities for buildings to become plus energy buildings, e.g. through increased efficiency of solar panels or thin film solar panels that enable the use of more surfaces for electricity production. Emissions in the housing production phase The operational phase has long been the focus of emissions in the housing sector.', 'Emissions in the housing production phase The operational phase has long been the focus of emissions in the housing sector. However, while emissions from using homes and premises accounts for a small proportion of emissions today, the phase in which the buildings are produced accounts for approximately 21 per cent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gas emissions42. This can include emissions from machinery and goods transport during construction, and emissions in producing materials, e.g. cement and steel. These emissions do not count as emissions in the housing sector and the emissions can arise both inside and outside Sweden’s borders.', 'These emissions do not count as emissions in the housing sector and the emissions can arise both inside and outside Sweden’s borders. 4.6.2 Policy instruments on households and services Because the sector has largely made the transition to fossil-free, policy instruments expected to be of the most importance in the future are focused on increasing energy efficiency incentives. This is important, not least to make fossil-free energy available to other sectors. Governance uses a combination of policy instruments. Regulation imposes minimum requirements on producers while pricing in the form of taxes targets consumers. Requirements that producers provide product information also mean that consumers receive information on the energy efficiency of energy- related products, increasing opportunities for the consumer to make an informed choice.', 'Requirements that producers provide product information also mean that consumers receive information on the energy efficiency of energy- related products, increasing opportunities for the consumer to make an informed choice. Promotional initiatives, such as training for actors in the construction industry, are also carried out to make the market better at providing energy-efficient buildings both in the construction phase and the usage phase. 42 Boverket (2019) Utsläpp av växthusgaser från bygg- och fastighetssektorn (Greenhouse gas emissions from the construction and property sector)Ministry of the Environment 63 (87) Governance on housing and premises is thus geared towards: production of energy-efficient buildings and products, users’ choice of buildings and energy-related products, users’ energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of the existing housing stock. Table 7.', '42 Boverket (2019) Utsläpp av växthusgaser från bygg- och fastighetssektorn (Greenhouse gas emissions from the construction and property sector)Ministry of the Environment 63 (87) Governance on housing and premises is thus geared towards: production of energy-efficient buildings and products, users’ choice of buildings and energy-related products, users’ energy consumption and improving the energy efficiency of the existing housing stock. Table 7. Summary of the most significant policy instruments for homes and premises Production of energy-efficient buildings and products Users’ choice of more energy- efficient buildings and energy-related products Users’ energy consumption Improving energy efficiency of the existing housing stock Ecodesign Directive Energy Labelling Regulation Building regulations Training programme for low energy buildings Grants for market launch, technological development and innovation clusters Ecodesign Directive Energy Labelling Regulation Climate and energy advice Energy and carbon tax Energy Declaration of Buildings Act Climate and energy advice Climate and energy advice Building regulations Training programme for low energy buildings Grants for market launch, technological development and innovation clusters Below is a description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector besides carbon and energy taxes, climate and energy advice and support for market launch, technology development and innovation clusters as described in section 4.2.', 'Summary of the most significant policy instruments for homes and premises Production of energy-efficient buildings and products Users’ choice of more energy- efficient buildings and energy-related products Users’ energy consumption Improving energy efficiency of the existing housing stock Ecodesign Directive Energy Labelling Regulation Building regulations Training programme for low energy buildings Grants for market launch, technological development and innovation clusters Ecodesign Directive Energy Labelling Regulation Climate and energy advice Energy and carbon tax Energy Declaration of Buildings Act Climate and energy advice Climate and energy advice Building regulations Training programme for low energy buildings Grants for market launch, technological development and innovation clusters Below is a description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector besides carbon and energy taxes, climate and energy advice and support for market launch, technology development and innovation clusters as described in section 4.2. The Energy Labelling Regulation and the Ecodesign Directive Energy labelling is compulsory for the product groups regulated under the Energy Labelling Regulation and applies across all EU Member States.', 'The Energy Labelling Regulation and the Ecodesign Directive Energy labelling is compulsory for the product groups regulated under the Energy Labelling Regulation and applies across all EU Member States. Energy labelling makes the product’s energy consumption visible, making it easier for consumers to make energy-smart choices. The Ecodesign Directive is intended to improve the environmental performance of products throughout their lifecycle. The requirements act as a floor for banning and removing the most energy intense products on the market. In principle, these rules can be applied to all energy-related products (apart from transport) and cover all energy sources. In Sweden, the Directive has been implemented by the Ecodesign Act43.Ministry of the Environment 64 (87) The construction and civil engineering industry The Planning and Building Act (PBL)44 sets requirements for buildings.', 'In Sweden, the Directive has been implemented by the Ecodesign Act43.Ministry of the Environment 64 (87) The construction and civil engineering industry The Planning and Building Act (PBL)44 sets requirements for buildings. The rules apply to newbuilds and renovation. Boverket’s building regulations (BBR)45 contain provisions applying the Planning and Building Act in the form of rules on housing design, accessibility and usability, fire protection, hygiene, health, the environment, water and waste management, noise protection, safety during use and energy management. The building regulations include energy efficiency requirements, setting out limits for the highest permitted energy consumption in buildings. One requirement covers limit values for the energy consumption of the building (primary energy factor) expressed as kWh per square metre of floor area per year.', 'One requirement covers limit values for the energy consumption of the building (primary energy factor) expressed as kWh per square metre of floor area per year. The requirement covers energy for heating, air conditioning, hot tap water and property energy and is stated for normal use of the building. The requirements for primary energy factors are currently 90 kWh/m2 for single- family housing, 85 kWh/m2 for apartment blocks and 80 kWh/m2 for non- residential premises. The milestone target in the environmental objectives system for higher resource efficiency in the construction sector means that measures are to be taken so that, by 2020 at the latest, at least 70 per cent by weight of non- hazardous construction and demolition waste is prepared for reuse, recycling and other material recovery.', 'The milestone target in the environmental objectives system for higher resource efficiency in the construction sector means that measures are to be taken so that, by 2020 at the latest, at least 70 per cent by weight of non- hazardous construction and demolition waste is prepared for reuse, recycling and other material recovery. The Swedish Transport Administration’s experience of setting requirements to cut the climate impact of major civil engineering projects has shown how public procurement can create incentives for reduction measures, such as climate-smart concrete, and scope for new, innovative solutions. Support for renovation and energy efficiency improvements A grant aimed at encouraging renovation and energy-efficiency improvements to rented homes in areas facing socioeconomic challenges was introduced in 201646.', 'Support for renovation and energy efficiency improvements A grant aimed at encouraging renovation and energy-efficiency improvements to rented homes in areas facing socioeconomic challenges was introduced in 201646. The renovation grant covers 20 per cent of the renovation costs and this proportion of the grant is paid directly to the tenant in the form of a rate rebate for seven years.', 'The renovation grant covers 20 per cent of the renovation costs and this proportion of the grant is paid directly to the tenant in the form of a rate rebate for seven years. However, in conjunction with its decision on the national budget for 2019, the Parliament has decided 44 Planning and Building Act (2010:900) 45 Boverket’s code of statutes (BFS 2011:6, including amendments up to and including BFS 2018:15) 46 Ordinance (2016:837) on grants for renovation and energy-efficiency improvements in certain residential areas.Ministry of the Environment 65 (87) not to allocate any funding for grants for renovation and energy efficiency improvements in certain residential areas in 201947. The income tax reduction known as “rotavdraget” was introduced in 2008.', 'The income tax reduction known as “rotavdraget” was introduced in 2008. It is a tax reduction, which means that the taxpayer’s final tax is reduced for covered services. The services covered are maintenance, repair, extension and rebuilding of e.g. a house or an apartment. Some of the services covered also contribute towards more efficient energy consumption. One natural effect of the deduction is to create incentives for property owners to carry out more renovation work and energy-efficiency improvements. Training programme for low energy buildings Since 2016, the Swedish Energy Agency, in partnership with other actors, has been responsible for a number of capacity expansion programmes in the field of low energy buildings.', 'Training programme for low energy buildings Since 2016, the Swedish Energy Agency, in partnership with other actors, has been responsible for a number of capacity expansion programmes in the field of low energy buildings. The programmes are especially intended for different actors in the construction industry such as architects, engineers, clients, technicians, fitters, site managers and teachers of upper secondary school construction programmes. Energy Declaration of Buildings Act Based on the EU’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, Sweden has implemented the Energy Declaration of Buildings Act48. The Act entails an obligation for owners of single-family and multi-family buildings and of commercial premises to declare the energy consumption of the buildings and certain parameters regarding the indoor climate.', 'The Act entails an obligation for owners of single-family and multi-family buildings and of commercial premises to declare the energy consumption of the buildings and certain parameters regarding the indoor climate. The aim is to encourage efficient use of energy and a healthy indoor environment by requiring owners to learn more about the measures that are cost-effective to implement for improved energy performance in buildings. 4.7 Non-road mobile machinery 4.7.1 Action areas – non-road mobile machinery Non-road mobile machinery accounts for approximately 6 per cent of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions. Non-road mobile machinery used in industry, agriculture, forestry and in other sectors of society released 3.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018.', 'Non-road mobile machinery used in industry, agriculture, forestry and in other sectors of society released 3.1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018. Emissions from non- 47 Owners of single-family dwellings are entitled to a tax reduction for boring and installing geothermal heating, and replacing windows, doors and taps, additional insulation, plus fitting and replacing ventilation. For individual tenant-owners, only such renovation work carried out in the apartment is eligible for a tax rebate (www.skatteverket.se).Ministry of the Environment 66 (87) road mobile machinery are 6 per cent higher than they were in 1990 and 5 per cent lower than in 2017.', 'For individual tenant-owners, only such renovation work carried out in the apartment is eligible for a tax rebate (www.skatteverket.se).Ministry of the Environment 66 (87) road mobile machinery are 6 per cent higher than they were in 1990 and 5 per cent lower than in 2017. Non-road mobile machinery in industry accounts for just over a third of emissions from non-road mobile machinery, while such machinery in agriculture and forestry combined accounts for about a third, with other sectors of society making up the remainder. The calculation of emissions from non-road mobile machinery is so far entirely model-based. Non-road mobile machinery covers a large number of types of machinery in different sectors, such as tools, tractors, cranes and diggers, but also smaller machines such as lawnmowers.', 'Non-road mobile machinery covers a large number of types of machinery in different sectors, such as tools, tractors, cranes and diggers, but also smaller machines such as lawnmowers. This heterogeneity means that there is wide variation in capacity to take measures to reduce emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from non-road mobile machinery amount to approximately 3.5 million tonnes per year. Unlike emissions from the transport sector, the trend in emissions from non-road mobile machinery has increased since 1990. 4.7.2 Policy instruments on non-road mobile machinery Emissions from non-road mobile machinery are mainly governed by price- setting in the form of energy and carbon taxes, see section 4.2, and lower energy and carbon dioxide tax on biofuels, see section 4.3.2.', '4.7.2 Policy instruments on non-road mobile machinery Emissions from non-road mobile machinery are mainly governed by price- setting in the form of energy and carbon taxes, see section 4.2, and lower energy and carbon dioxide tax on biofuels, see section 4.3.2. The reduction obligation also has a bearing on emissions from non-road mobile machinery, see section 4.3.2. The public sector has additional opportunities to set requirements on machinery emissions in public procurement. Reduction obligation The use of petrol and diesel in non-road mobile machinery is covered by the reduction obligation. A higher blend of bio-based fuels makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions directly without having to replace each piece of machinery.', 'A higher blend of bio-based fuels makes it possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions directly without having to replace each piece of machinery. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency calculates that the effect of a reduction obligation of 40 per cent by 2030 would mean a potential reduction in emissions from non-road mobile machinery of up to 1 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Existing tax cuts on high-blend biofuels also encourages increased use of biofuels in machinery. Climate premium An introductory grant will be needed to increase the proportion of electrified non-road mobile machinery in Sweden.', 'Climate premium An introductory grant will be needed to increase the proportion of electrified non-road mobile machinery in Sweden. In the 2020 Budget Bill, the Government therefore proposed a new premium for electric lorries and other eco-friendly lorries, as well as non-road mobile machinery powered byMinistry of the Environment 67 (87) electricity, which, combined with the continuing funding for electric buses, seeks to encourage the introduction of these vehicles to the market. Procurement requirements Environmental requirements on the environmental performance and energy consumption of non-road mobile machinery are set at varying levels in different public procurements of contracting services. The National Agency for Public Procurement is tasked with providing support to actors engaged in procurement and to suppliers to develop criteria for environmental considerations.', 'The National Agency for Public Procurement is tasked with providing support to actors engaged in procurement and to suppliers to develop criteria for environmental considerations. The Swedish Transport Administration has worked with the three largest municipalities to develop joint requirements49 on the environmental performance of non-road mobile machinery and on the proportion of renewable fuel use. 4.8.1 Action areas – waste The volume of waste has constantly increased in Sweden. In addition, waste is imported for treatment and energy recovery. Despite the increasing amount of waste, emissions from the sector have fallen considerably, mainly in the form of methane emissions from landfill. The factors behind this reduction are increased material recovery from landfill and small landfill sites of organic material, combined with higher material recovery and waste incineration with energy recovery.', 'The factors behind this reduction are increased material recovery from landfill and small landfill sites of organic material, combined with higher material recovery and waste incineration with energy recovery. These measures are a consequence of a series of policy instruments at national level and in the EU. Demand for waste as fuel for district heating has also had an impact on the switch from landfill to incineration. Waste incineration for electricity and heating production is effective in many respects from a systems perspective, but incineration of waste of fossil origin is problematic from a climate aspect, see section 4.5.1. To attain the climate goals, resources need to be used effectively and emissions from the entire lifecycle of products be taken into account when action and policy instruments are developed.', 'To attain the climate goals, resources need to be used effectively and emissions from the entire lifecycle of products be taken into account when action and policy instruments are developed. The linear economy builds on a virgin natural resource being extracted, used and then becoming waste. This resource may be of fossil origin and its use thus means net emissions of greenhouse gases. For resources that are not of fossil origin, large amounts of energy are required – in global terms today, these too are often fossil in 49 Swedish Transport Administration (2018) Environmental requirements for contractorsMinistry of the Environment 68 (87) origin – to produce new products from virgin raw materials compared with reusing or recovering the energy from the products already created.', 'For resources that are not of fossil origin, large amounts of energy are required – in global terms today, these too are often fossil in 49 Swedish Transport Administration (2018) Environmental requirements for contractorsMinistry of the Environment 68 (87) origin – to produce new products from virgin raw materials compared with reusing or recovering the energy from the products already created. In a circular economy, waste is seen to a greater extent as a resource that can be returned to a new phase of production, and fossil inputs are replaced with sustainably produced bio raw materials and waste products. The transition from a linear to a circular economy demands changing the entire value chain, with the development of innovative production methods, recovery technologies and circular business models.', 'The transition from a linear to a circular economy demands changing the entire value chain, with the development of innovative production methods, recovery technologies and circular business models. New goods also need to be designed and produced from the very start to enable them to be recovered and reintroduced in a circular flow to a greater extent. 4.8.2 Policy instruments on waste Policy instruments in the waste sector seek to reduce methane emissions from landfill, increase material recovery and reduce the amount of waste. Table 8.', '4.8.2 Policy instruments on waste Policy instruments in the waste sector seek to reduce methane emissions from landfill, increase material recovery and reduce the amount of waste. Table 8. Summary of the most significant instruments for waste Reduce methane emissions from landfill Increase material recovery Reduce the amount of waste Ban on combustible and organic waste in landfill Regulation of collection and management of methane from landfill Waste hierarchy in the Environmental Code Producer responsibility Measures for a circular and resource-efficient economy Waste hierarchy in the Environmental Code Landfill tax Producer responsibility Municipal waste planning Measures for a circular and resource-efficient economy A description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector is provided below. Ban on placing combustible and organic material in landfill and collection of methane In line with the Swedish Landfill Ordinance50, there is a ban on landfilling combustible and organic material.', 'Ban on placing combustible and organic material in landfill and collection of methane In line with the Swedish Landfill Ordinance50, there is a ban on landfilling combustible and organic material. The ordinance also regulates the collection and management of methane gas from landfill.Ministry of the Environment 69 (87) Producer responsibility Legislation on producer responsibility contains national targets for recovery, and a total of eight product groups51 are covered under a number of ordinances. Producer responsibility encourages sorting, collection and recycling of waste flows. Producer liability seeks to provide incentives for producers and develop more resource-efficient products that are easier to recycle and no longer contain environmentally hazardous substances. The Government has appointed an inquiry to submit a proposal on producer responsibility for textiles.', 'The Government has appointed an inquiry to submit a proposal on producer responsibility for textiles. The purpose of producer responsibility is to achieve environmental benefit through increased collection of textiles for reuse and of textile waste for recycling, primarily for preparation for reuse and material recovery. The purpose is also that responsibility for waste management and recycling of textiles is to be placed on the producers to achieve the polluter pays principle. Waste hierarchy in the Environmental Code The waste hierarchy in the EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EU) sets out an order of priority in legislation and policy in Member States.', 'Waste hierarchy in the Environmental Code The waste hierarchy in the EU Waste Framework Directive (Directive 2008/98/EU) sets out an order of priority in legislation and policy in Member States. The waste hierarchy is incorporated in Chapter 2 and Chapter 15 of the Swedish Environmental Code and means that waste prevention measures are to be taken in the first instance. This means policy instruments leading to a reduction in amounts of waste, a reduction in the amount of hazardous substances in the material and products, and a reduction in the negative consequences of the waste that arises. When selecting the waste treatment method, the starting point is that preparing for re-use is to be the first choice option.', 'When selecting the waste treatment method, the starting point is that preparing for re-use is to be the first choice option. The second option is recycling and the third is other recovery (including energy recovery). Disposal is the final option. When applying the waste hierarchy, Member States shall take measures to encourage the options that deliver the best overall environmental outcome. This may require specific waste streams departing from the hierarchy where this is justified by life cycle thinking regarding the overall impacts of the generation and management of such waste.', 'This may require specific waste streams departing from the hierarchy where this is justified by life cycle thinking regarding the overall impacts of the generation and management of such waste. 51 Producer responsibility has been developed for packaging, waste paper, end-of-life vehicles, tyres, electrical and electronic equipment, batteries, pharmaceuticals and radioactive products.Ministry of the Environment 70 (87) Landfill tax A tax on landfilled waste was introduced in 2000.52 This tax has gradually been raised and since 2015 has amounted to SEK 500 per tonne of landfilled waste. The tax will be index-linked from 2019 onwards. In 2020 the tax is SEK 540 per tonne of waste.', 'In 2020 the tax is SEK 540 per tonne of waste. Municipal waste planning In line with the Environmental Code, all municipalities must have a waste plan that covers all types of waste and steps to manage the waste in a manner that is environmentally and resource-efficiently appropriate. The waste plan is to include measures to reduce the amount of waste and its hazardousness. Measures for a circular and resource-efficient economy Development towards a circular economy is vital if Sweden is to be the world’s first fossil-free welfare nation, and contribute to the environmental and climate goals and several of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda. There are major environmental and climate benefits to be gained from preventing waste arising and from material recovery.', 'There are major environmental and climate benefits to be gained from preventing waste arising and from material recovery. For example, there are major energy benefits to be attained from recovering materials rather than extracting new ones. For aluminium, the energy gain is as high as 90 per cent, which also means environment and climate gains from more energy- efficient waste management on top of the resource efficiency that is also attained. Extending product lifespan to replace new production makes the gains even greater. Key areas for the circular economy are to do with how material and products are viewed and dealt with to minimise environmental impact and extend their value. Production and consumption need to change to achieve this.', 'Production and consumption need to change to achieve this. In a circular economy, it is vital that hazardous substances do not enter the ecocycle. Non-toxic material is part of the transition to a circular economy. The Government presented its national strategy for a circular economy 2020 and will conduct a broad overview of the regulations on recycling and managing waste and waste products to encourage innovation and enterprise in the circular economy. In April 2018, the Government decided to set up a circular economy delegation. The aim is to boost the transition to a resource-efficient, circularMinistry of the Environment 71 (87) and bio-based economy, nationally and regionally.', 'The aim is to boost the transition to a resource-efficient, circularMinistry of the Environment 71 (87) and bio-based economy, nationally and regionally. The tasks of the delegation are to provide advice to the Government, identify obstacles and act as a catalyst, and to be a knowledge centre and a coordinating force for transition. If the circular, resource-efficient economy is to achieve its full potential, there is also a need for broader and deeper collaboration in the EU. For example, common, higher standards on recycling of plastics, textiles and batteries in the EU are important for facilitating trade in recyclable materials and to be able to control the quality.', 'For example, common, higher standards on recycling of plastics, textiles and batteries in the EU are important for facilitating trade in recyclable materials and to be able to control the quality. 4.9.1 Action areas – agriculture Greenhouse gas emissions from Swedish agriculture have fallen compared with 1990, but still account for 13 per cent of Sweden’s emissions. Swedish agriculture contributes to emissions of greenhouse gases in the form of methane from livestock’s enteric fermentation as well as nitrous oxide and methane from agriculture soil and manure management. Other emissions are reported elsewhere, i.e. emissions from non-road agricultural machinery (see section 4.7.2) building heating (see section 4.6.2), as well as emissions and removals of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land (see section 4.10.1).', 'emissions from non-road agricultural machinery (see section 4.7.2) building heating (see section 4.6.2), as well as emissions and removals of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land (see section 4.10.1). In the objectives of the Food Strategy, the Swedish Parliament has decided that Swedish food production is to increase. This means that some agricultural emissions are likely to remain even after 2045.53 These remaining emissions will need to be compensated for with supplementary measures. It is nevertheless essential to work to ensure that these remaining emissions are as small as possible. Agricultural emissions can be reduced by taking action that reduce emissions from production, e.g. through manure management measures and more efficient nitrogen use in arable farming. The most important action areas are described below.', 'The most important action areas are described below. Methane and nitrous oxide from storing manure Actions that can reduce emissions from storing manure are, for example, a switch to slurry, acidification of slurry, covering of slurry pits and anaerobic 53 Swedish Board of Agriculture. 2012. Ett klimatvänligt jordbruk 2050. Swedish Board of Agriculture (2018), Hur kan den svenska jordbrukssektorn bidra till att vi når det svenska klimatmålet?, Report 2018:1.Ministry of the Environment 72 (87) digestion of animal manure. The latter is estimated to have the greatest potential for emission reductions. Anaerobic digestion of manure reduces the emissions from storage because the methane produced is managed rather than being emitted, and the storage of the digested residues produces lower emissions than non-anaerobically digested manure.', 'Anaerobic digestion of manure reduces the emissions from storage because the methane produced is managed rather than being emitted, and the storage of the digested residues produces lower emissions than non-anaerobically digested manure. Emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land is reducing as access to nitrogen increases in digested manure compared with non-aerobically digested manure, reducing the need for mineral fertiliser. Furthermore, greenhouse gas emissions in other sectors fall if the biogas (methane) replaces fossil fuel. Nitrous oxide from agricultural land Emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land can be reduced if fertiliser inputs are adapted to the expected nutrient needs, harvest levels of the crops and the expected nitrogen delivery of the land.', 'Nitrous oxide from agricultural land Emissions of nitrous oxide from agricultural land can be reduced if fertiliser inputs are adapted to the expected nutrient needs, harvest levels of the crops and the expected nitrogen delivery of the land. Therefore, measures to increase nitrogen effectiveness by optimising fertiliser spreading in terms of the amount and time of spreading are important. With precision fertiliser spreading, nitrogen can be spread out according to how nitrogen need varies over the field instead of providing average inputs. Additional measures that have the potential to reduce emissions are the use of nitrification inhibitors and incorporating fertiliser in the soil when spreading. Anaerobic digestion of manure increases the proportion of plant- available nitrogen and produces lower nitrous oxide emissions.', 'Anaerobic digestion of manure increases the proportion of plant- available nitrogen and produces lower nitrous oxide emissions. Rewetting of peatlands, which is mainly a measure to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, can also reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Methane from livestock digestion Increased resource-efficiency and higher productivity reduce emissions of methane per produced unit. Through better breeding, animal health and more effective feed utilisation, Swedish productivity has risen over the years. The potential for further productivity increases in Sweden is therefore somewhat lower in the years ahead. Composition of livestock feed can affect methane release. Feed additives can also be used to reduce emissions. However, the potential for this is considered to be relatively low.', 'However, the potential for this is considered to be relatively low. 4.9.2 Policy instruments in agriculture Policy instruments in the agricultural sector seek to improve manure management and increase resource efficiency and productivity. GovernanceMinistry of the Environment 73 (87) takes place in the form of economic support and advice. Several agricultural initiatives are co-financed by the EU and Sweden via the Rural Development Programme, e.g. investment grants for biogas. A description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector is provided below. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, CAP The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) seeks to increase productivity in the agriculture sector, secure the food supply, stabilise the markets, and guarantee farmers a reasonable standard of living and consumers reasonable prices. The CAP is divided into two pillars.', 'The CAP is divided into two pillars. Pillar I contains direct aid, while pillar II comprises rural development programmes in the Member States. Pillar I contains cross-compliance and greening payments, where greening is linked to measures that could increase the storage of carbon in agricultural land. Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 The Rural Development Programme for 2014–2020 covers investment support, start-up grants for young entrepreneurs, skills development, collaboration and innovation, support for organic farming, land-based environment and climate measures and support for animal welfare.', 'Rural Development Programme 2014–2020 The Rural Development Programme for 2014–2020 covers investment support, start-up grants for young entrepreneurs, skills development, collaboration and innovation, support for organic farming, land-based environment and climate measures and support for animal welfare. Measures that particularly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions are those targeting increased energy efficiency, production and use of renewable energy (including biogas production and establishing multi-annual energy crops), switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, improved fertiliser management, more effective use of nitrogen, climate and energy advice, measures to prevent risks of nitrogen leakage, restoration and establishment of wetlands, promotion of set-aside and capture crops in arable land, preserving natural grazing and other separate projects related to the climate and energy.', 'Measures that particularly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions are those targeting increased energy efficiency, production and use of renewable energy (including biogas production and establishing multi-annual energy crops), switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, improved fertiliser management, more effective use of nitrogen, climate and energy advice, measures to prevent risks of nitrogen leakage, restoration and establishment of wetlands, promotion of set-aside and capture crops in arable land, preserving natural grazing and other separate projects related to the climate and energy. The programme’s budget amounts to SEK 36 billion throughout the programme period, 56 per cent of which is funded by Sweden and the remaining 44 per cent by the EU. Swedish Rural Network The Swedish Rural Network supplements and is funded through Sweden’s rural development programme.', 'Swedish Rural Network The Swedish Rural Network supplements and is funded through Sweden’s rural development programme. The network gathers actors at local, regional and central level to swap information and experiences. The network is intended to reinforce the implementation of EU-related programmes. The Swedish Board of Agriculture has been tasked by the Government with ensuring that the Swedish Rural Network works.Ministry of the Environment 74 (87) Advice on plant nutrients – “Greppa näringen” The Swedish Board of Agriculture offers an advisory service called “Greppa näringen” together with the Federation of Swedish Farmers and the county administrative boards. The service is funded by the Rural Development Programme and since its launch in 2001 has focused on advice for higher nutrient effectiveness to reduce nutrient leakage.', 'The service is funded by the Rural Development Programme and since its launch in 2001 has focused on advice for higher nutrient effectiveness to reduce nutrient leakage. The service also includes advice specifically aimed at cutting emissions of greenhouse gases and energy efficiency, because reducing greenhouse gas emissions has become one of the main aims of the service. Aid for manure gas 54 Since 2015 there has been a support system for biogas production through anaerobic digestion of manure. The funding seeks to increase biogas production from manure and thus double the environmental and climate benefits through reduced methane emissions from manure and substitution of fossil energy. Increased breakdown of manure generates several environmental benefits.', 'Increased breakdown of manure generates several environmental benefits. This reduces both emissions of greenhouse gases and eutrophication of fresh and marine water, and produces biogas that can be used as energy. The biogas generated can be used to generate electricity or heating or be used as fuel for vehicles. The funding amounts to a maximum SEK 0.40 per kWh of biogas produced. Between January 2015 and September 2018, a total of SEK 176 million was distributed between 66 biogas plants. Funding to investments in new biogas facilities can also be granted through the Rural Development Programme.', 'Funding to investments in new biogas facilities can also be granted through the Rural Development Programme. 4.10 Land use, land use change and forestry, LULUCF 4.10.1 Action areas – land use and forestry, LULUCF In land use, land use change and forestry, Sweden has net removals, in other words removals of carbon dioxide mainly through growth in the forest being higher than emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. Total net removals in the sector were just under 42 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents in 2018. The highest removals are seen in living biomass on forest land and in 2018, net removals (growth minus harvesting and natural breakdown) were just under 36 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents.', 'The highest removals are seen in living biomass on forest land and in 2018, net removals (growth minus harvesting and natural breakdown) were just under 36 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Net removal also takes place in harvested wood products and in 2018, this amounted to just under 6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide 54 Ordinance (2014:1528) on government funding for biogas productionMinistry of the Environment 75 (87) equivalents. The highest net emissions in the sector occur in organogenic land and in 2018 this amounted to just under 9 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. A larger use of residue-based bioenergy has been crucial in Sweden in order to cut the use of fossil fuels in several industries.', 'A larger use of residue-based bioenergy has been crucial in Sweden in order to cut the use of fossil fuels in several industries. In the future, the demand for bioenergy is expecting to continue to be important so that the emission targets can be met. Wood products can also replace fossil-based materials in construction, biofuels replacing fossil fuels and biomaterial can replace fossil-intensive materials in clothing. The Government’s inquiry on negative emissions (M 2018:07) whose mandate includes estimating the technical and realisable potential of increasing carbon sinks and proposing incentives to increase them submitted its report in January 2020.', 'The Government’s inquiry on negative emissions (M 2018:07) whose mandate includes estimating the technical and realisable potential of increasing carbon sinks and proposing incentives to increase them submitted its report in January 2020. The Government has also appointed an inquiry on forests, looking at revised forms of protection and compensation when protecting forest land, and how international commitments on biodiversity could be made compatible with a growing circular bioeconomy. In May 2018, the Government decided on a strategy for Sweden’s National Forest Programme. The National Forest Programme will be developed to further promote a growing forest industry and sustainable forestry. The Government also intends to produce a Swedish bioeconomy strategy together with the green industries that contribute towards greater access to biomass and employment throughout Sweden and create environmental and climate benefit.', 'The Government also intends to produce a Swedish bioeconomy strategy together with the green industries that contribute towards greater access to biomass and employment throughout Sweden and create environmental and climate benefit. Potential obstacles and uncertainties in increasing removals in the sector A changing climate brings about both opportunities and obstacles for increasing carbon sinks. According to some studies, a warmer climate will mean higher forest growth and carbon storage in forest biomass in Sweden. On the other hand, natural disasters such as drought, fires, storms and pests could become more common in a changed climate, which could result in that the previously stored carbon returns into the atmosphere.', 'On the other hand, natural disasters such as drought, fires, storms and pests could become more common in a changed climate, which could result in that the previously stored carbon returns into the atmosphere. Therefore, it is important to adapt Swedish forests to a fast-changing climate in order to harness the potentially positive effects of climate change and counteract the potentially negative effects. 4.10.2 Policy instruments in land use and forestry, LULUCF Larger carbon removals, and reduced emissions, can contribute to net negative emissions in the long term and, as a supplementary measure, canMinistry of the Environment 76 (87) contribute to attaining the milestone emission targets as set within the climate policy framework.', '4.10.2 Policy instruments in land use and forestry, LULUCF Larger carbon removals, and reduced emissions, can contribute to net negative emissions in the long term and, as a supplementary measure, canMinistry of the Environment 76 (87) contribute to attaining the milestone emission targets as set within the climate policy framework. At the same time, bio-based fuels and bio-based materials that can replace materials based upon fossil raw materials are of great value to a society undergoing a climate transition. Sweden is well placed to combine active forestry with high environmental requirements as well as maintaining a significant carbon sink. The Swedish Forestry Act has two overarching objectives: production and protection of the environment.', 'The Swedish Forestry Act has two overarching objectives: production and protection of the environment. The production objective means that forests and forest land must be used efficiently and responsibly so that they deliver a sustainable profit. The focus is that flexibility is to be given in terms of what the forests produce and how it is used. The environmental objective means that the natural productive capacity of forest land must be preserved. Biodiversity and the genetic diversity in the forests must be safeguarded. Forests must be managed in a way that enables naturally occurring plant and animal species to survive in natural conditions and populations that enable them to thrive. Endangered species and habitats as well as heritage forests and their aesthetic and societal values must be protected.', 'Endangered species and habitats as well as heritage forests and their aesthetic and societal values must be protected. Applicable legislation affects indirectly the development of removals or emissions of carbon dioxide in different ways, mainly through provisions on forest management in the Forestry Act, provisions on land drainage in the Environmental Code and protection of areas and nature conservation agreements. A description of the most important existing policy instruments in the sector is provided below. Under the Forestry Act, forest owners have freedom and responsibility for long-term sustainable forest management. The regulations cover obligation to report planned harvesting, minimum age for harvesting, regeneration requirements, thinning guidelines, provisions for consideration to soil, biodiversity, water and measures to limit forest damage.', 'The regulations cover obligation to report planned harvesting, minimum age for harvesting, regeneration requirements, thinning guidelines, provisions for consideration to soil, biodiversity, water and measures to limit forest damage. Examples of provisions on nature conservation and cultural heritage include not disturbing important biotopes, buffer zones and arable land, and leaving gatherings of old trees and dead wood in place. The forestry Act is also applicable for continuous cover forest management. Special rules apply to certain types of forest such as mountain forests and deciduous forests as well as reindeer herding areas. Rewetting of drained wetlands In 2021, a new scheme will be established in order to rewet previously drained wetlands and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions whileMinistry of the Environment 77 (87) contributing to other significant environmental goals such as preserving biodiversity.', 'Rewetting of drained wetlands In 2021, a new scheme will be established in order to rewet previously drained wetlands and thereby reduce greenhouse gas emissions whileMinistry of the Environment 77 (87) contributing to other significant environmental goals such as preserving biodiversity. Rules on land drainage, Environmental Code, Chapter 11 The Environmental Code contains rules on land drainage which implies that oxygenation of organogenic land by drainage is prevented. Land drainage is a measure carried out by removing water or protecting land from flooding. In order for land drainage to be acceptable in the sense of the Environmental Code, the purpose of the measures must be to increase the long-term suitability of the land for a particular purpose, such as cultivation, construction, peatland, road construction or golf courses.', 'In order for land drainage to be acceptable in the sense of the Environmental Code, the purpose of the measures must be to increase the long-term suitability of the land for a particular purpose, such as cultivation, construction, peatland, road construction or golf courses. Since 1986, a permit is required for land drainage under the Environmental Code. In line with Chapter 11, section 14, the Government may prohibit land drainage in areas where the conservation of wetlands is particularly desirable. The provision further states that the county administrative boards may grant exemptions from such prohibitions. The Government has used its authorisation by pointing out areas where a ban on land drainage applies in Ordinance (1998:1388) on water operations.', 'The Government has used its authorisation by pointing out areas where a ban on land drainage applies in Ordinance (1998:1388) on water operations. For land drainage to be able to be permitted in such an area, the county administrative board must find that the conditions for the dispensation are met, and the permit must be applied for and granted. Nature reserves55, Chapter 7 of the Environmental Code In Sweden and in many other countries, nature reserves are one of the most common ways of protecting valuable natural environments. There are currently almost 5,000 nature reserves in Sweden, covering a total area of 4,808,590 hectares (2018). Chapter 7 of the Environmental Code contains the regulations for setting up nature reserves.', 'Chapter 7 of the Environmental Code contains the regulations for setting up nature reserves. Work to set up nature reserves is headed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Nature conservation agreements Nature conservation agreements56 are agreements in civil law. The property owner and the State or a municipality agree on a certain amount of financial compensation for the property owner in return for the owner not carrying out forestry, for example. The Swedish Forest Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency together provide guidance.Ministry of the Environment 78 (87) Sweden’s National Forest Programme The strategy for Sweden’s National Forest Programme was decided by the Government on 17 May 2018.', 'The Swedish Forest Agency and the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency together provide guidance.Ministry of the Environment 78 (87) Sweden’s National Forest Programme The strategy for Sweden’s National Forest Programme was decided by the Government on 17 May 2018. Further work within the National Forest Programme’s strategy is guided by the programme’s vision: “Forests – our ‘green gold’ – will contribute to creating jobs and sustainable growth throughout the country, and to the development of a growing bioeconomy.” An action plan has been drawn up for the strategy containing concrete measures based on the Forest Programme’s vision and objectives. Access to sustainable biomass from Swedish forests has an important role to play in the ongoing transition to a fossil-free society.', 'Access to sustainable biomass from Swedish forests has an important role to play in the ongoing transition to a fossil-free society. The action plan contributes to Sweden’s climate efforts by setting goals and measures aimed at increasing national access to bio-based alternatives. Advice and training on forest management The Swedish Forest Agency provides information and guidance to forest owners on adaptation and mitigation measures. The Swedish Forest Agency also provides tools and guidance on how best to manage and administer their forests with the owner’s specific objectives in mind. The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, CAP One important policy instrument influencing production in the agricultural sector, and emissions and removal of greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector and its land use, is the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, CAP.', 'The EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, CAP One important policy instrument influencing production in the agricultural sector, and emissions and removal of greenhouse gases from the agricultural sector and its land use, is the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy, CAP. The CAP also applies to the LULUCF sector, as emissions and removals of greenhouse gases on arable land and pasture are allocated to this sector. Read more about the CAP in section 4.9.2 on policy instruments in agriculture.Ministry of the Environment 79 (87) 5 Consequences of Sweden’s goals and actions 5.1 Consequences of failing to meet the climate targets An important number of reports have shown that the costs of climate change to society can be substantial.', 'Read more about the CAP in section 4.9.2 on policy instruments in agriculture.Ministry of the Environment 79 (87) 5 Consequences of Sweden’s goals and actions 5.1 Consequences of failing to meet the climate targets An important number of reports have shown that the costs of climate change to society can be substantial. Several reports, including the Stern Review, state that if we do not act preventively, the long-term total costs and risks of climate change will be equivalent to a significant loss of global GDP per year for a long time to come. Moreover, the Stern Review estimates that the costs of not taking action widely exceed the costs of acting.', 'Moreover, the Stern Review estimates that the costs of not taking action widely exceed the costs of acting. The World Economic Forum judges that failure of climate-change mitigation and adaptation as well as extreme weather events are the two greatest and most likely risks to the global economy57. Temperature is estimated to rise twice as rapidly in Sweden compared to the global average, which could bring, for example58: Positive impacts such as a longer growing season, lower heating costs and higher hydroelectric power potential. Negative impacts such as higher death rates due to heatwaves, greater spread of infectious diseases, shorter snow seasons, higher risks for flooding, landslides, rockfalls and erosion, lower quality drinking water and a higher risk of drought, forest fires and insect infestation.', 'Negative impacts such as higher death rates due to heatwaves, greater spread of infectious diseases, shorter snow seasons, higher risks for flooding, landslides, rockfalls and erosion, lower quality drinking water and a higher risk of drought, forest fires and insect infestation. The summer weather of 2018 – with high temperatures over a long period, severe drought, low drinking water levels and insect damage to trees – can be seen as an illustration of Sweden’s vulnerability even now. In general, other regions in the world are expected to be harder hit by the effects of climate change than Sweden. However, with an open economy, Sweden is vulnerable to indirect impacts when other countries suffer storms, fires and floods, etc.', 'However, with an open economy, Sweden is vulnerable to indirect impacts when other countries suffer storms, fires and floods, etc. The effects may include increased migration, a higherMinistry of the Environment 80 (87) risk of violent conflict, impaired food supply and a need for more extensive work on combatting poverty59. These effects may also be considerably greater if certain irrevocable thresholds in the climate system are passed. For example, this would involve a serious rise in sea level following the collapse of the West Antarctic ice cover, high methane emissions from melting of the permafrost or major regional temperature changes from the stopping of the Gulf Stream. Effects of such events are very hard to predict.', 'Effects of such events are very hard to predict. 5.2 Consequences of Swedish policy to attain the climate goals 5.2.1 The costs of transition are estimated to be small but uncertain The total costs for Sweden of reaching net zero emissions by 2045 at the latest are estimated by today’s models, both in Swedish and international studies, to be minor: only a few percentage points of GDP, either positively or negatively60. However, there are considerable uncertainties in forecasts reaching over 25 years in the future. There are examples of previous future forecasts, both in the field of economics and in the field of energy, that were no longer relevant only a few years after they were published.', 'There are examples of previous future forecasts, both in the field of economics and in the field of energy, that were no longer relevant only a few years after they were published. This is due to large uncertainties in many modelling assumptions, such as discounting rates, economic growth, behavioural change or technical development. In addition, GDP is an incomplete measurement of prosperity, so the models currently used are limited in their scope. Both the IPCC and The New Climate Economy therefore emphasise the value of a multi criteria decision analysis, i.e. strategies that are favourable for the climate and several other goals of society at the same time.', 'strategies that are favourable for the climate and several other goals of society at the same time. 5.2.2 Synergies and conflicts with other environmental and societal goals The total number of potential synergies between cutting emissions and other goals of society generally exceeds the number of conflicts, but the net impact depends on the policy pursued in practice and the rate and size of the General equilibrium models usually show higher costs than energy system models.Ministry of the Environment 81 (87) change61. Favouring synergies and reducing conflicts between emission reductions and other societal goals reduces the cost of a broader transition towards sustainable development. These side-effects are often difficult to quantify but can be very significant.', 'These side-effects are often difficult to quantify but can be very significant. Energy efficiency improvements and electrification of cars as well as a greater use of public transport, cycling and walking can for example lead to a better urban environment and lower particle emissions, whose health effects are estimated to claim 7,600 lives every year and cost about 1.2 per cent of Sweden’s GNP62. More physical exercise can also reduce the risk for premature death, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes63. Cutting down on red meat and charcuterie products is also considered to reduce the risk of a number of cases of cancer64.', 'Cutting down on red meat and charcuterie products is also considered to reduce the risk of a number of cases of cancer64. Biomass harvests need to be done in a way that is compatible with efforts to attain other environmental and social goals and with attention paid to the consequences for carbon sinks over time. Therefore, the bioeconomy needs to be based on effective use of resources, where the resource of the forests can be used to the full within the sustainability parameters set by other environmental and societal goals while retaining or improving the long-term carbon sink in the forest over time. In the transition, it is also important to take into account distributional and regional effects, as different households have different opportunities to adapt to new instruments.', 'In the transition, it is also important to take into account distributional and regional effects, as different households have different opportunities to adapt to new instruments. Other sustainability aspects such as increasing gender equality and social cohesion can help to encourage reducing emissions65. 5.2.3 Risks and opportunities of the transition for industry If policy instruments are only unilaterally introduced in Sweden, there is a risk of job losses, for example, in carbon-intensive industries and sectors that operate on an international market. In such cases, there would be a risk of carbon leakage, i.e. the policy pursued resulting in emissions occurring inMinistry of the Environment 82 (87) other countries instead. Such a development would run counter to the generational goal adopted by the Parliament66.', 'Such a development would run counter to the generational goal adopted by the Parliament66. Major technological leaps are needed to enable the most carbon-intensive industry in Sweden to make the transition, and here it is important that risks are shared between the business community and the Government. Transitioning the Swedish economy to net zero emissions by 2045 means that parts of the economy that are strongly dependent on fossil fuels, or otherwise give rise to major greenhouse gas emissions, will be affected more than the sectors that are not as emission-intensive. For example, basic industry, heavy goods transport and the agricultural sector may be particularly vulnerable in the transition, at least in the short term.', 'For example, basic industry, heavy goods transport and the agricultural sector may be particularly vulnerable in the transition, at least in the short term. The long-term rules that form part of the climate policy framework as well as industries’ own roadmaps within the Fossil Free Sweden initiative create predictability and opportunities for the financial sector to make long-term investments in new technology and new services, and refrain from investments in potentially stranded or depreciated fossil assets. A certain degree of flexibility is also important when designing climate policy, such that policies can be adapted to prevailing circumstances and encourage cost-efficiency.', 'A certain degree of flexibility is also important when designing climate policy, such that policies can be adapted to prevailing circumstances and encourage cost-efficiency. This is achieved by not setting milestone targets and emission paths for sectors and sub-sectors at an overly detailed level, and by allowing the use of supplementary measures in meeting the targets. However, the starting point for Sweden’s climate strategy is that the rest of the world, including the EU, acts forcefully to keep the average global temperature rise to far below two degrees and aim for 1.5 degrees, in line with the Paris Agreement.', 'However, the starting point for Sweden’s climate strategy is that the rest of the world, including the EU, acts forcefully to keep the average global temperature rise to far below two degrees and aim for 1.5 degrees, in line with the Paris Agreement. In this transition, more than 400 organisations and 22 sectors are part of the Fossil Free Sweden initiative.67 This can be explained by the fact that Sweden has certain comparative advantages in the climate transition seen from an international perspective due to an almost fossil-free electricity and district heating production, biomass, water and wind resources, high climate awareness, a high trust in institutions and a long history of innovation and entrepreneurship.', 'In this transition, more than 400 organisations and 22 sectors are part of the Fossil Free Sweden initiative.67 This can be explained by the fact that Sweden has certain comparative advantages in the climate transition seen from an international perspective due to an almost fossil-free electricity and district heating production, biomass, water and wind resources, high climate awareness, a high trust in institutions and a long history of innovation and entrepreneurship. 66 The generational goal reads: “The overall goal of Swedish environmental policy is to hand over to the next generation a society in which the major environmental problems in Sweden have been solved, without increasing environmental and health problems outside Sweden’s borders.”Ministry of the Environment 83 (87) 6 Buy-in and realisation – Sweden’s path to goals and measures When the decision on the climate policy framework was reached, it was emphasised that Sweden has a strong tradition of political agreements on issues that are important and fundamental to society.', '66 The generational goal reads: “The overall goal of Swedish environmental policy is to hand over to the next generation a society in which the major environmental problems in Sweden have been solved, without increasing environmental and health problems outside Sweden’s borders.”Ministry of the Environment 83 (87) 6 Buy-in and realisation – Sweden’s path to goals and measures When the decision on the climate policy framework was reached, it was emphasised that Sweden has a strong tradition of political agreements on issues that are important and fundamental to society. A long-term climate policy that has broad support across party boundaries and in the Parliament is needed if Sweden is to lead the way on a global climate transition.68 It is also central to Sweden’s strategy to involve broad groups when implementing the policy, and that different actors in society are given every opportunity to include climate aspects in the strategic planning of their operations.', 'A long-term climate policy that has broad support across party boundaries and in the Parliament is needed if Sweden is to lead the way on a global climate transition.68 It is also central to Sweden’s strategy to involve broad groups when implementing the policy, and that different actors in society are given every opportunity to include climate aspects in the strategic planning of their operations. The Swedish climate goals adopted in 2017 are the result of long-term efforts and part of the overarching objective of Swedish environmental policy. In 1999 the Swedish Parliament decided on a generational goal that sets out the direction of the transformation of society that needs to take place within a generation.', 'In 1999 the Swedish Parliament decided on a generational goal that sets out the direction of the transformation of society that needs to take place within a generation. The overarching objective of Swedish environmental policy is to hand over to the next generation a society in which the major environmental problems in Sweden have been solved, without increasing environmental and health problems outside Sweden’s borders. This generational goal is linked to 16 environmental quality objectives, including Reduced Climate Impact, which states that in accordance with the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere must be stabilised at a level that will prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Since 1999, the Swedish climate goals have been updated and developed further.', 'Since 1999, the Swedish climate goals have been updated and developed further. The climate policy decisions of 2002 and 2009 adopted national goals that were more ambitious than Sweden’s commitments under the first and second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol and in line with the EU’s effort sharing decision (ESD). In 2010, the Swedish Government appointed a parliamentary committee, the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives, tasked with proposing how Sweden’s environmental quality objectives and the generational goal could 68 Government Bill 2016/17:146, A climate policy framework for SwedenMinistry of the Environment 84 (87) be attained.', 'In 2010, the Swedish Government appointed a parliamentary committee, the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives, tasked with proposing how Sweden’s environmental quality objectives and the generational goal could 68 Government Bill 2016/17:146, A climate policy framework for SwedenMinistry of the Environment 84 (87) be attained. In December 2014, the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives received a specific mandate from the Government, which firstly resulted in the climate policy framework and a long-term target for 2045, and secondly a proposal for a long-term climate and air quality strategy including the milestone targets for 2030 and 2040. The work of the committee was conducted in close cooperation with public and private actors. Thirty experts in different categories were assigned to the Committee: government agencies, business representatives, researchers, environmental organisations and unions.', 'Thirty experts in different categories were assigned to the Committee: government agencies, business representatives, researchers, environmental organisations and unions. Central issues discussed in this context were the level of ambition and the timing set for the long-term target. At these meetings, representatives of research and environmental organisations asserted the importance of the target being net zero and that this needed to happen within a short timeframe to be in line with the IPCC’s conclusions. Furthermore, the experts had opportunities to react to assumptions of the potential of the measures made in the scenarios that were part of the basis for producing the levels in the milestone targets for 2030 and 2040 (see annex 1 “Modelling”).', 'Furthermore, the experts had opportunities to react to assumptions of the potential of the measures made in the scenarios that were part of the basis for producing the levels in the milestone targets for 2030 and 2040 (see annex 1 “Modelling”). Two reference groups were also attached to the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives, one with expertise in political science and law and one with expertise in climate economics. Moreover, six external dialogue groups were appointed with leading representatives from academia, the business community and civil society to discuss the development of areas identified as central to climate policy. The dialogue groups together presented what the challenges of the sectors looked like, the opportunities for action and the governance needed.', 'The dialogue groups together presented what the challenges of the sectors looked like, the opportunities for action and the governance needed. The text constituted part of the underlying data for the climate and air strategy. Once the mandate of the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives had been fulfilled and its report submitted to the Government, the proposal on a climate policy framework and a long-term target for 2045 was circulated to approximately 200 consultation bodies for comment over a three-month period69. A similar consultation procedure was also carried out for the long-term climate and air quality strategy70. The consultation bodies included voluntary organisations (NGOs), industry organisations, think tanks, universities and higher education institutions and government forslag-om-ett-klimatpolitiskt-ramverk-inklusive-langsiktigt-klimatmal/ en-klimat--och-luftvardsstrategi-for-sverige/Ministry of the Environment 85 (87) agencies.', 'The consultation bodies included voluntary organisations (NGOs), industry organisations, think tanks, universities and higher education institutions and government forslag-om-ett-klimatpolitiskt-ramverk-inklusive-langsiktigt-klimatmal/ en-klimat--och-luftvardsstrategi-for-sverige/Ministry of the Environment 85 (87) agencies. The consultations showed that there was largely broad-based support for the climate policy framework and the climate goals. Seven out of eight political parties with more than 85 per cent of the votes in the Parliament supported the new goals of the climate policy and the framework when these were decided in June 2017. Since then, a Climate Policy Council has been set up and submits its annual reports to the Government. Audits of the Government’s climate efforts have been presented each year.', 'Audits of the Government’s climate efforts have been presented each year. The Government presented its first climate policy action plan in line with the Climate Act in December 2019.Ministry of the Environment 86 (87) Annex 1 Modelling Results from scenario analyses were used as part of the underlying material for discussion in producing the milestone targets for 2030 and 2040 for the non-trading sector, and for the long-term target of net zero emissions. The underlying data from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency in 2012, in which five agencies worked together, formed the main basis of the scenarios. In line with this Government mandate, the agencies produced scenarios for different sectors to attain net zero emissions by 2050.', 'In line with this Government mandate, the agencies produced scenarios for different sectors to attain net zero emissions by 2050. The participating agencies were the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, the Swedish Energy Agency, the Swedish Board of Agriculture, the Swedish Forest Agency and the Swedish Transport Administration. Universities and an energy system modelling consultant were hired to produce parts of the data for the scenarios. In this context, a “bottom-up” method was used in which potential measures in the respective sector were identified. Calculations of how high cuts in emissions the respective measure was capable of contributing and expert assessments on when these measures might be able to be put in place were combined and described in scenarios. Figure 1.', 'Calculations of how high cuts in emissions the respective measure was capable of contributing and expert assessments on when these measures might be able to be put in place were combined and described in scenarios. Figure 1. Results of the target scenario work underlying the discussion on target levels for 2030, 2040 and 2045. The scenarios from the mandate in 2012 were developed further and updated in conjunction with the negotiations of the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives, see Figure 1. The starting point was assessments from research, environmental organisations and government agencies on the need for rapid action, together with different aspects of technical Mtonnes CO2eq. Transportation Households and services Agriculture Waste Non-road mobile machinery Other sectors Industry Energy productionMinistry of the Environment 87 (87) feasibility.', 'Transportation Households and services Agriculture Waste Non-road mobile machinery Other sectors Industry Energy productionMinistry of the Environment 87 (87) feasibility. Scenarios and proposed target levels were discussed in the Cross-Party Committee on Environmental Objectives. One important basis for the work on scenarios was the knowledge Sweden has on greenhouse gas emissions in the country and the scenarios that were constantly produced to evaluate emissions looking ahead in time with existing governance. To supplement the work on scenarios, the National Institute of Economic Research produced a model calculation to roughly estimate the economic consequences by 2030; see section 6, Consequences of Sweden’s goals and actions. Luleå University of Technology also completed a model analysis, TIMES Sweden, to shed light on cross-sectoral energy system consequences.'] | en-US |
317 | CHE | Switzerland | 1st NDC | 2017-10-06 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/15%2002%2027_INDC%20Contribution%20of%20Switzerland.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 39.370849 | 15.428414 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3a73d79f6a12163177cbcffb8af76567488e994847dff62cbd1f03be619aece7.pdf | ['Switzerland is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and clarifying information as per decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC Switzerland commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent over the period 2021-2030.', 'Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC Switzerland commits to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 35 percent over the period 2021-2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by 35 percent compared to 1990 levels is anticipated. Carbon credits from international mechanisms will partly be used. The INDC is subject to approval by Parliament. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss INDC are included in this communication. A.) Up-front Information 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Base year: 1990 Emissions in base year: 53.3 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the inventory submissions).', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Base year: 1990 Emissions in base year: 53.3 Mt per year (provisional, will be defined through the inventory submissions). Base year emissions from non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land) will be included, as necessary, after completion of a current study on these emissions1. Emissions/removals from forest land are not included in the base year, since only the net change in emissions is accounted for this sector. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: Time frame of the commitment is until end 2030. This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030.', 'This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030. Its achievement will be tracked through the information in Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s national inventories (accounting methodology for land sector explained below) and the addition/subtraction of emission reductions transferred internationally (carbon credits) in light of a budget approach. Information on the anticipated level of emissions for 2025 is given for international comparability. 3. Scope and coverage: Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where reference level is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and shipping on the basis of future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties (currently not included in Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC).', 'Scope and coverage: Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where reference level is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and shipping on the basis of future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties (currently not included in Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC). 4. Planning processes: National implementation: Until mid-2016, Switzerland will elaborate a draft for consultation at national level of its national climate policy for the period 2021-2030. It will include measures that allow emission reductions of its target of minus 50 percent by 2030 to be achieved mainly domestically. The proposed measures to achieve the commitments will build on existing measures and strategies.', 'The proposed measures to achieve the commitments will build on existing measures and strategies. The existing legal frameworks will have to be revised accordingly. These revisions are subject to approval by Parliament. 1 Emissions from non-forest land use and land use change are estimated to be in the order of 2 per cent of base year emissions.Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets. The Government of Switzerland has formulated an indicative goal to reduce emissions by 2050 by 70 to 85 percent compared to 1990 including use of international credits as well as the vision to reduce per capita emissions in Switzerland to 1 â\x80\x93 1.5 t CO2eq in the longer term.', 'The Government of Switzerland has formulated an indicative goal to reduce emissions by 2050 by 70 to 85 percent compared to 1990 including use of international credits as well as the vision to reduce per capita emissions in Switzerland to 1 â\x80\x93 1.5 t CO2eq in the longer term. These unavoidable emissions will have to be eventually compensated through sinks or removals. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches: Switzerland supports internationally agreed rules for accounting and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions. As they are yet to be agreed, Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC is based on the following assumptions and methodological approaches: Credits from market mechanisms: Switzerland will realize its INDC mainly domestically and will partly use carbon credits from international mechanisms.', 'As they are yet to be agreed, Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC is based on the following assumptions and methodological approaches: Credits from market mechanisms: Switzerland will realize its INDC mainly domestically and will partly use carbon credits from international mechanisms. Use of carbon credits with high environmental standards: Switzerland will use carbon credits from international mechanisms that deliver real, permanent, additional and verified mitigation outcomes and meet high environmental standards. Quality criteria which are at least in line with those of Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s current national legislation will be applied. Switzerland intends to use the CDM. In this context, Switzerland supports the revision of its modalities and procedures to fit in the new climate regime.', 'In this context, Switzerland supports the revision of its modalities and procedures to fit in the new climate regime. Switzerland also intends to use, as appropriate, the new market mechanisms under the Convention (NMM, activities under the FVA). Avoidance of double counting: Switzerland intends to include the above-mentioned carbon credits in accounting for its emission reduction commitment. For the CDM under its current use and operation, it is assumed that only the acquiring Party will account for the emission reductions covered by the credits acquired from the host Party. Beyond this, Switzerland supports the reform of the CDM in the context of host country Parties having also emission reduction commitments/contributions.', 'Beyond this, Switzerland supports the reform of the CDM in the context of host country Parties having also emission reduction commitments/contributions. For new market mechanisms, Switzerland supports the elaboration of UNFCCC rules for avoiding double counting of emission reductions, or otherwise appropriate arrangements will be necessary. Forest land: Land based approach with reference level: The same IPCC methodology as used to account for forest management in the second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol will be applied. The reference level for forest land will include living and dead biomass and harvested wood products (HWP). Anticipated accountable emissions/removals from forest land in target year: 0 Switzerland supports that reference levels, when based on a projection, are subject to a technical assessment or review process.', 'Anticipated accountable emissions/removals from forest land in target year: 0 Switzerland supports that reference levels, when based on a projection, are subject to a technical assessment or review process. Natural disturbances: Extraordinary events in forest land will be excluded from the accounting. Non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements, other land)1: Switzerland plans to include non-forest land from 2020 and anticipates to switch to a comprehensive land based approach. However, for the period 2021-2030, accounting is yet to be defined (currently a study on non-forest land reporting is on-going). The submitted INDC assumes 0 emissions from the non-forest lands.', 'The submitted INDC assumes 0 emissions from the non-forest lands. Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7 Global Warming Potential Values used: as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 Given the assumed approaches in methodologies and assumptions outlined above, Switzerland intends to account for all significant anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks and does not regress regarding the comprehensiveness in accounting. Switzerland further will continue to follow existing guidance under the Convention and IPCC methodologies in accounting and reporting.6.', 'Switzerland further will continue to follow existing guidance under the Convention and IPCC methodologies in accounting and reporting.6. Consideration on fairness & ambition: It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner. The same legal form and rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Partyâ\x80\x99s responsibility and capability. It is to note that Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science.', 'It is to note that Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science. It is further to note that Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s emission reductions by 2030 will mainly be achieved domestically, thereby further strengthening Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s transition to a low carbon economy. Given the low greenhouse gas intensity of Switzerland today, a high level of ambition is underlying Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s INDC for 2030. Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s understanding of a fair share includes consideration of the aspects below. It is to note that fairness considerations include various aspects and that no single indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countriesâ\x80\x99 efforts.', 'It is to note that fairness considerations include various aspects and that no single indicator on its own can accurately reflect fairness or a globally equitable distribution of countriesâ\x80\x99 efforts. It is further to note that the evolving nature of a countryâ\x80\x99s circumstances is to be reflected in fairness considerations. Responsibility is reflected in a countryâ\x80\x99s past, current and future greenhouse gas emissions. Total emissions as well as per capita emissions are to be considered. Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s responsibility in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is low: Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1% of worldâ\x80\x99s emissions and per capita emissions are at worldâ\x80\x99s average.', 'Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s responsibility in terms of greenhouse gas emissions is low: Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1% of worldâ\x80\x99s emissions and per capita emissions are at worldâ\x80\x99s average. Through climate policies implemented domestically, Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s total share in global emissions as well as per capita emissions are further decreasing despite a substantial growth in industrial production (1990 â\x80\x93 today: +54%) and population (1990 â\x80\x93 today: +18%). Also, Switzerland has a low level of historic emissions of around 0.2% since 1990.2 Capacity to contribute to solving the climate problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures, such as carbon-efficient technologies. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness considerations.', 'Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness considerations. Cost-efficient mitigation potential and abatement costs are a core aspect in considering a fair contribution of a country. Abatement costs vary strongly across countries. It is also to note, that marginal abatement costs increase if a country has undertaken ambitious mitigation actions in the past. In fairness considerations, it is important to merit past efforts and reward early movers. In Switzerland, abatement costs are high due to the limited availability of short term cost-efficient mitigation potential: Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry. Emission reduction potential mostly remains in the housing and transport sectors. This remaining potential has long transformation periods.', 'This remaining potential has long transformation periods. Switzerland is committed to continue to contribute its fair share in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in view of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius and to continue to act on the forefront of climate change. 7. How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2): Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s commitment to reduce emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the recommendations of the IPCC AR5 to reduce global emissions by minus 40 to 70 percent by 2050 below 2010 levels.', 'How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2): Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s commitment to reduce emissions by 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the recommendations of the IPCC AR5 to reduce global emissions by minus 40 to 70 percent by 2050 below 2010 levels. The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term vision of the Government of Switzerland to reduce per capita emissions to 1 â\x80\x93 1.5 t CO2eq in Switzerland. These unavoidable emissions will have to be eventually compensated through sinks or removals. It is to note that Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2010.', 'It is to note that Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2010. 2 CAIT 2.0 WIRâ\x80\x99s climate data explorer ( Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center ( Information on Switzerland Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is around 0.1 percent. In 2012, total greenhouse gas emissions of Switzerland equaled 51.4 million tCO2eq and per capita emissions were at worldâ\x80\x99s average (6.4 tCO2eq). The biggest share of greenhouse gas emissions arises from the transport and building sectors, followed by the industry, agriculture and waste sectors (see figure 1). Industrie Gebäude Verkehr Landwirtschaft Abfall Total GHG emissions: eq Per capita GHG emissions: eq Agriculture Waste (incl. waste incineration) Industry (incl. Power generation) Transport Buildings Figure 1. Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s greenhouse gas emissions by sectors in 2012. Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth.', 'Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth. These two parameters influence the consumption and production of energy, traffic volumes and the number and volumes of heated buildings, which strongly impact greenhouse gas emissions in almost all sectors. Compared to 1990, in 2012, Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 36 percent, the building space that had to be heated increased by 31 percent, over 36 percent more passenger cars were in circulation on Swiss roads and 19 percent more people lived in Switzerland.', 'Compared to 1990, in 2012, Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 36 percent, the building space that had to be heated increased by 31 percent, over 36 percent more passenger cars were in circulation on Swiss roads and 19 percent more people lived in Switzerland. Greenhouse gas emissions in this period nevertheless decreased slightly: new buildings are better insulated than in the past, cars have become more fuel efficient, heating oil is increasingly replaced by natural gas and electricity (e.g. for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions.', 'for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Figures 2 and 3 show the respective reduction over the period 1990 to 2012 in per capita emissions by approximately 20%, in emissions per GDP by close to 30% as well as the decoupling of economic growth from the rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 2. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012Figure 3. Per GDP greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012 Switzerland has long standing climate policies and since 2000 a specific CO2 Act has been established.', 'Per GDP greenhouse gas emissions 1990 - 2012 Switzerland has long standing climate policies and since 2000 a specific CO2 Act has been established. Switzerland has committed itself under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008-2012) and reached its target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8 percent compared to 1990, including through the use of carbon credits. At the beginning of 2013, the CO2 Act and the CO2 Ordinance entered into force in revised form. They form the framework of the current Swiss climate policy for the period from 2013 to 2020. The desired reduction of emissions by 2020 of 20 % below 1990 levels requires decisive action.', 'The desired reduction of emissions by 2020 of 20 % below 1990 levels requires decisive action. Ratification of Switzerlandâ\x80\x99s commitment from 2013 till 2020 under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol is currently under consideration by the Parliament. For the period from 2021 to 2030, the existing legal frameworks will have to be revised. These revisions are envisaged in the next few years and subject to approval by Parliament. Climate change has already left many marks in Switzerland. Both, the economy and society are affected. Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 °C. In the Alps, the glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980.', 'In the Alps, the glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980. Since 1999 alone, glaciers have lost over 12 percent of their volume. If the warming continues, only a fraction of the current glacier cover will be left by the end of the 21st century with large impacts on the seasonal availability of water for drinking water, agriculture and power generation. Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the permanently frozen subsoil in the high mountains also continues to thaw. More frequent mountain and rock falls as well as debris slides that can endanger transport links and infrastructure in the high mountains are a result of this. Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are also directly affected.', 'Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are also directly affected. Only recently has it also been recognized that even the slow but steady increase in daily temperatures has a demonstrable impact on the well-being of people. Daily maximum temperatures in Switzerland have risen steadily since 1960. Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities. Switzerland remains committed to and striving for an ambitious international agreement on climate change in line with recommendations by science to hold average global temperature increase below two degrees Celsius.'] | da-DK |
318 | CHE | Switzerland | Updated NDC | 2020-09-12 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Switzerland_Full%20NDC%20Communication%202021-2030%20incl%20ICTU.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 39.370849 | 15.428414 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/38316e3fabec5967edaa6386efcef86a6d498cd16004469677811e25b0477a28.pdf | ['Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021 – 2030) Switzerland is pleased to communicate its information necessary for clarity, transparency and under- standing of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agree- ment covering the years 2021 to 2030, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC decisions 1/CP.21 and 4/CMA.1.', 'Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021 – 2030) Switzerland is pleased to communicate its information necessary for clarity, transparency and under- standing of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agree- ment covering the years 2021 to 2030, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC decisions 1/CP.21 and 4/CMA.1. According to Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 24 and 25, Parties have the obligation to submit to the secretariat their nationally determined contributions at least 9 to 12 months in advance of the relevant session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, and Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution contains a time frame up to 2030 are requested to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter.', 'According to Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 24 and 25, Parties have the obligation to submit to the secretariat their nationally determined contributions at least 9 to 12 months in advance of the relevant session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, and Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution contains a time frame up to 2030 are requested to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter. Switzerland has accordingly communicated and updated its NDC on 19 February 2020 and announced that it will submit the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding once the deliberations on the revision of the third CO2 Act are concluded, following the guidance adopted at COP-24 in December 2018 in Katowice.', 'Switzerland has accordingly communicated and updated its NDC on 19 February 2020 and announced that it will submit the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding once the deliberations on the revision of the third CO2 Act are concluded, following the guidance adopted at COP-24 in December 2018 in Katowice. Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC is in line with latest findings by the IPCC1 to reduce global CO2 emissions by 40 – 50 percent compared with 2010 levels by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.', 'Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC is in line with latest findings by the IPCC1 to reduce global CO2 emissions by 40 – 50 percent compared with 2010 levels by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. For improved mutual understanding and com- parability of the contribution, Switzerland hereby provides the information necessary for clarity, trans- parency and understanding of its NDC by voluntarily applying the guidance in relation to the mitigation section of 1/CP.21 adopted at COP-24 in Katowice earlier than required (4/CMA.1). Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC and the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding are based on the third CO2 Act adopted by the Swiss Parliament in September 2020.', 'Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC and the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding are based on the third CO2 Act adopted by the Swiss Parliament in September 2020. The third CO2 Act is subject to a facultative referendum and, if the Act is definitively accepted, is intended to enter into force in 2022.', 'The third CO2 Act is subject to a facultative referendum and, if the Act is definitively accepted, is intended to enter into force in 2022. The updated and enhanced NDC represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); - a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reductions, from 60 percent to at least 75 percent; - compensation of imported “grey” emissions through additional emission reductions abroad, not counted towards Switzerland’s emission reductions objectives; Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.', 'The updated and enhanced NDC represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); - a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reductions, from 60 percent to at least 75 percent; - compensation of imported “grey” emissions through additional emission reductions abroad, not counted towards Switzerland’s emission reductions objectives; Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice. Switzerland’s NDC comprises a mitigation target only.', 'Switzerland’s NDC comprises a mitigation target only. Comprehensive information on adaptation strat- egies, planning, measures and implementation are found in Switzerland’s first adaptation communica- tion under the Paris Agreement (2020)2 and in Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (2018)3. 2 Switzerland’s adaptation communication has been submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2020. Given the adoption of the adaptation registry is still pending as of submission date, the document can be found here: Switzerland is committed to follow recommendations of science in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.', 'Given the adoption of the adaptation registry is still pending as of submission date, the document can be found here: Switzerland is committed to follow recommendations of science in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In view of its climate neutrality target by 2050, Switzerland’s NDC is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with 1990 levels is anticipated. Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will partly be used.', 'Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will partly be used. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss NDC are included in this communication. Long-term: Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. This target lays the foundations for Switzerland’s 2050 climate strategy, which is to be transmitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat within a few weeks of this submission.A) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I) 1.', 'This target lays the foundations for Switzerland’s 2050 climate strategy, which is to be transmitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat within a few weeks of this submission.A) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I) 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 For forest land: reference level For non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land): reference period b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions in base year (1990) comprise emissions from all sectors, except LULUCF. Indirect CO2 is also included.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 For forest land: reference level For non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land): reference period b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions in base year (1990) comprise emissions from all sectors, except LULUCF. Indirect CO2 is also included. Provisional value for base year emissions, subject to change due to recalculations of the greenhouse gas inventory, is 54158.92 kt CO2eq. The value for the final accounting will be defined in the inventory submission covering data up to 2030.', 'The value for the final accounting will be defined in the inventory submission covering data up to 2030. Emissions/removals from LULUCF will be reported and accounted for on a land-based ap- proach. Forest land and non-forest land are not included in base year emissions, since only the net change in emissions compared with the reference level/period is accounted for in the land use sector (see 5f below). c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in arti- cle 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or po- lices and measures as components of nationally de- termined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable.', 'c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in arti- cle 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or po- lices and measures as components of nationally de- termined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Emission reduction of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corre- sponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030.', 'd) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Emission reduction of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corre- sponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030. e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Data source for the quantified information on the base year and reference period as well as for the construction of the reference level is the respective greenhouse gas inventory.4 For the definition, see Switzerland’s NIR 2019, chapter 8 ( f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indica- tors.', 'f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indica- tors. Values of the reference indicators (base year, reference period, and reference level) are sub- ject to recalculations and technical corrections, in accordance with UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1. In addition, Switzerland’s National Inventory System Supervisory Board (NISSB) adopted principles for technical corrections of reference levels including that recalculations need to be based on sound scientific evidence, reflect the best available data and shall be transparently documented. Information on updates will be provided in the Biennial Transpar- ency Reports. 2.', 'Information on updates will be provided in the Biennial Transpar- ency Reports. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, in- cluding start and end date, consistent with any fur- ther relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030. Information on the anticipated level of emissions for 2025 is given for international comparability. b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Switzerland expresses its NDC both as single-year and multi-year target.', 'Switzerland expresses its NDC both as single-year and multi-year target. The reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corresponds to an average reduction of at least minus 35 percent over the period 2021-2030. 3. Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target compared with a base year. b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as ap- plicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where a reference level/period approach is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste and other4 (consistent with 2006 IPCC guidelines).', 'b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as ap- plicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where a reference level/period approach is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste and other4 (consistent with 2006 IPCC guidelines). All categories and pools in Switzerland’s inventory are covered. While Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and navigation on the basis of existing and future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties, Switzerland’s NDCcurrently does not include emissions from international aviation and navigation.', 'While Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and navigation on the basis of existing and future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties, Switzerland’s NDCcurrently does not include emissions from international aviation and navigation. In particular, Switzerland’s domestic emission reduction targets mentioned in the third CO2 Act do not in- clude emissions from international aviation, a part of which are already covered by the Swiss emission trading scheme (ETS) as well as by the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme CORSIA of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO. However, Switzerland’s domes- tic emissions reduction targets do include emissions from national aviation and navigation.', 'However, Switzerland’s domes- tic emissions reduction targets do include emissions from national aviation and navigation. c) How the Party has taken into consideration para- graph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; Switzerland has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adap- tation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation ac- tions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. 4.', 'd) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adap- tation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation ac- tions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. 4. Planning processes: a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s imple- mentation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public partici- pation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive man- ner; The emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 has been approved by the Swiss Parliament in 2016.', 'Planning processes: a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s imple- mentation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public partici- pation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive man- ner; The emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 has been approved by the Swiss Parliament in 2016. Comprehensive consultation proceedings for both the second CO2 Act and the ratification of the Paris Agreement including the 2030 target had preceded the parliamentary debate, allowing stakeholders in Switzerland to comment on the target and the implementation plan. The ratification of the Paris Agreement passed the parliamentary process in 2017, after the deadline for a facultative referendum expired.', 'The ratification of the Paris Agreement passed the parliamentary process in 2017, after the deadline for a facultative referendum expired. The second CO2 Act underwent revision and parliamentary debate and the third CO2 Act was adopted by both chambers on 25 September 2020. The third CO2 Act is subject to a facultative referendum and, if the Act is definitely accepted, is intended to enter into force in 2022. Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, the Swiss Government and Parliament decided to gradually phase out nuclear energy, i.e. new plants were banned while existing plants were allowed to continue operating as long as deemed safe.', 'new plants were banned while existing plants were allowed to continue operating as long as deemed safe. To replace the share of nuclear energy, the Energy Strategy 2050, along with implementing legislation, was adopted and eventually endorsed by a majority of Swiss voters in 2017. The Strategy foresees to in- crease annual generation from new renewable sources other than hydropower to 11,400 GWh(from 4,186 GWh in 2019) and average hydropower production to 37,400 GWh by 2035 (from 36,137 GWh in 2019). Efficiency policies aim at stabilizing electricity demand. Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets.', 'Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets. In August 2019, and in response to the findings of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the Swiss Government communicated that Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland contributes to the internationally agreed target of limiting global warming to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era. In November 2019, a popular initiative was submit- ted calling for a constitutional article to stipulate the net zero target and a ban of fossil fuels as of 2050. For further information on domestic institutional arrangements, see Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (NC) 5.', 'For further information on domestic institutional arrangements, see Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (NC) 5. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appro- priate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, cli- mate, economy, sustainable development and pov- erty eradication; Information on national circumstances can be found in Switzerland’s 7th National Communica- tion (NC) and in the annex of this communication. (b) Best practices and experience related to the prepa- ration of the nationally determined contribution; (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowl- edged when joining the Paris Agreement; Switzerland recognizes the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change, in line with the best available scientific knowledge.', '(b) Best practices and experience related to the prepa- ration of the nationally determined contribution; (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowl- edged when joining the Paris Agreement; Switzerland recognizes the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change, in line with the best available scientific knowledge. Switzerland fully sub- scribes to the view that Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote, and consider their respective human rights obligations, including due consideration for gender equality and gender sensitive policies, intergenerational equity, and the needs of particularly vulnerable groups.', 'Switzerland fully sub- scribes to the view that Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote, and consider their respective human rights obligations, including due consideration for gender equality and gender sensitive policies, intergenerational equity, and the needs of particularly vulnerable groups. Switzerland is further committed to upholding environmental integrity, including the integrity of ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity.In addition, Switzerland is aware of the importance of the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, due to their major impact on greenhouse gas emissions. At the national level, Switzerland is ac- tively reviewing its remaining fossil fuel subsidies.', 'At the national level, Switzerland is ac- tively reviewing its remaining fossil fuel subsidies. At the international level, Switzerland, to- gether with Costa Rica, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Uru- guay, is engaged in the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform who promote the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, in particular in G20-countries. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agree- ment to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agree- ment to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally deter- mined contribution has been informed by the out- comes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake takes place in 2023. As per UNFCCC decision 1/CP.24, paragraph 37, Switzerland considered the outcome of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius that was commissioned in this regard.', 'As per UNFCCC decision 1/CP.24, paragraph 37, Switzerland considered the outcome of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius that was commissioned in this regard. In this context, Switzer- land came to the conclusion that its NDC by 2030 is in line with recommendations of the IPCC to reduce emissions 40 – 50 percent compared with 2010 levels by 2030, given Switzerland’s per capita emissions are below global average. On the other hand and in line with the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the indicative target for 2050 communicated in 2015 has been revised and raised to net zero greenhouse gas emissions.', 'On the other hand and in line with the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the indicative target for 2050 communicated in 2015 has been revised and raised to net zero greenhouse gas emissions. d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribu- tion under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that con- sists of adaptation action and/or economic diversifi- cation plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits con- sistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', 'd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribu- tion under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that con- sists of adaptation action and/or economic diversifi- cation plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits con- sistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. (iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', '(iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', '(iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, con- sistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and ac- counting guidance adopted by the CMA; Switzerland’s greenhouse gas inventories form the basis for the accounting.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, con- sistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and ac- counting guidance adopted by the CMA; Switzerland’s greenhouse gas inventories form the basis for the accounting. Accounting ap- proaches underlying Switzerland’s NDC and methodologies used are outlined below and are consistent with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and UNFCCC decision 4/CMA.1.', 'Accounting ap- proaches underlying Switzerland’s NDC and methodologies used are outlined below and are consistent with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and UNFCCC decision 4/CMA.1. The respective reporting is contained in this communication as well as in future Biennial Trans- parency Reports (BTRs) under the Paris Agreement, consistent with UNFCCC decisions b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally deter- mined contribution; Not applicable. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emis- sions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropri- ate; Switzerland will develop a forest reference level (FRL) for managed forest lands.', 'c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emis- sions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropri- ate; Switzerland will develop a forest reference level (FRL) for managed forest lands. This refer- ence level will draw on Kyoto Protocol methodologies for developing what the Kyoto Protocol referred to as a forest management reference level (FMRL) (see UNFCCC decision 2/CMP.6).', 'This refer- ence level will draw on Kyoto Protocol methodologies for developing what the Kyoto Protocol referred to as a forest management reference level (FMRL) (see UNFCCC decision 2/CMP.6). For forest land, elements like the calculation method of harvested wood products (HWP), the calculation of the background level and margin for the exclusion of natural disturbances and the basic principles of the FMRL are used from the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC.d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimat- ing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guide- lines, or any subsequent version or refinement of the IPCC guidelines agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1, paragraph 1a and 18/CMA.1, paragraph 20.', 'For forest land, elements like the calculation method of harvested wood products (HWP), the calculation of the background level and margin for the exclusion of natural disturbances and the basic principles of the FMRL are used from the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC.d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimat- ing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guide- lines, or any subsequent version or refinement of the IPCC guidelines agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1, paragraph 1a and 18/CMA.1, paragraph 20. 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7.', '2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7. Global Warming Potential Values used: 100-yr GWP values from 5th IPCC assessment report, or from a subsequent IPCC assessment report as agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1 paragraph 37. e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as appli- cable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; For forest land, the provision of natural disturbances will be applied. In cases or events in which emissions of natural disturbances are higher than the nationally established threshold value, it will be possible to exclude these emissions.', 'In cases or events in which emissions of natural disturbances are higher than the nationally established threshold value, it will be possible to exclude these emissions. This threshold value is based on the background level and the margin and will be calculated consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement using the same data set as used for the development of the scenario (current management practices) on which the forest reference level is based on. For non-forest land, no provisions for natural disturbances will be applied. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and re- movals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are accounted for using a production approach (only wood from domestic harvest), consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and re- movals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are accounted for using a production approach (only wood from domestic harvest), consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; The effects of the age-class structure in forests are addressed through the forest reference level, which is calculated following the principles of the 2013 KP Supplement.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; The effects of the age-class structure in forests are addressed through the forest reference level, which is calculated following the principles of the 2013 KP Supplement. f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corre- sponding emissions and removals, including:(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or ref- erence level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parame- ters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LULUCF sector will be accounted for based on a land-based approach.', 'f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corre- sponding emissions and removals, including:(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or ref- erence level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parame- ters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LULUCF sector will be accounted for based on a land-based approach. Forest land Definitions: Forest land encompasses all forest land remaining in this category (managed for- est land) and all conversions from (deforested land) and to (afforested land) this category. For forest land, the same definition and parameters that Switzerland used under the Kyoto Protocol are applied. Managed forest land will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a forest refer- ence level (FRL).', 'Managed forest land will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a forest refer- ence level (FRL). Emissions and removals resulting from afforested and deforested land will be accounted for as being the total emissions and total removals for each of the years (gross- net). The FRL will include living and dead biomass and harvested wood products (HWP). To calcu- late the FRL, the following models or methods are used \uf02d Living biomass: The model Massimo calculates changes in living biomass. Massimo is also used to calculate the Swiss FMRL for Switzerland’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol Second Commitment Period. \uf02d Dead biomass (dead wood, litter, mineral soil): The model Yasso07 is applied.', '\uf02d Dead biomass (dead wood, litter, mineral soil): The model Yasso07 is applied. Yasso07 is also applied for the annual reporting in the context of the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory as well as for the calculation of dead wood of the FMRL. \uf02d HWP: The first order decay function and other methodological aspects from the 2013 KP Supplement are used, similar as for the FRML. For a detailed description of the application, validation and verification of Massimo and Yasso07 and of the methodology used for HWP see Switzerland’s NIR 20206 and the refer- ences within. The underlying scenario to calculate the FRL is based on the “extrapolation of forest manage- ment practices”, also called “current management practices”.', 'The underlying scenario to calculate the FRL is based on the “extrapolation of forest manage- ment practices”, also called “current management practices”. This scenario is statistically de- rived from data from the national forest inventory covering 1985-2006 (NFI1, NFI2, NFI3). By using these historical NFI-data, age class structure and other typical Swiss forest characteris- tics (growth conditions, mortality, harvesting practices, etc.) are reflected in the scenario. Otherdata sources used to establish the FRL are the same as used for the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory.', 'Otherdata sources used to establish the FRL are the same as used for the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory. Net accountable emissions/removals from managed forests lands are anticipated to be around zero if there are no distinct changes in forest management practices, assuming there are no clearly distinguishable changes within the NDC period arising from climate change and using the application of natural disturbance provisions where they arise. Non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements, other land) Non-forest lands will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a reference period that presents a long-term historic average preceding 2020 (preferably 1990-2020). In its 2019 inventory submission, Switzerland provided modelling for soil carbon for the first time. The model is under constant improvement, and numbers will most certainly change over time.', 'The model is under constant improvement, and numbers will most certainly change over time. An- nual variability in the model is large and trends are not yet fully understood. A single year reference is not considered representative. Consequently, Switzerland chooses a long refer- ence period to increase robustness of the reference value. Methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas fluxes for different land uses and land-use changes are currently subject to major developments. The final decision regarding the length of the reference period will depend on the availability of sufficient and reliable data sets required for the methodologies currently under development. Switzerland welcomes a specific technical assessment of reference levels, when based on a projection, in the context of the technical expert review process under the Paris Agreement (Transparency Framework).', 'Switzerland welcomes a specific technical assessment of reference levels, when based on a projection, in the context of the technical expert review process under the Paris Agreement (Transparency Framework). Additional technical details on the forest reference level for managed forest and the reference period of non-forest land including quantified information will be provided at a later stage, at the latest in the first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the Paris Agreement due in 2024. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, in- formation on assumptions and methodological ap- proaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally deter- mined contributions not covered by IPCC guide- lines, information on how the climate forcers are es- timated; Not applicable.', '(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally deter- mined contributions not covered by IPCC guide- lines, information on how the climate forcers are es- timated; Not applicable. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Switzerland will realize its NDC mainly domestically and will partly use internationally trans- ferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6. The third CO2 Act fore- sees that at least three-quarters (75 percent) of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions must be achieved through measures implemented in Switzerland, up from a previous 60 per- cent objective. This represents a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reduc- tions.', 'This represents a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reduc- tions. Until further international guidance is adopted under the UNFCCC, Switzerland commits, in line with the San José principles for high ambition and integrity in international carbon mar- kets7, to apply robust rules that avoid any form of double counting, ensure environmental in- tegrity and promote sustainable development, including the protection of human rights, and not to use pre-2020 units towards the achievement of its NDC. Therefore, Switzerland will apply the guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement as presented by the CMA-2 presidency on 15 December 2019 at 00:508, until mul- tilateral rules are agreed.', 'Therefore, Switzerland will apply the guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement as presented by the CMA-2 presidency on 15 December 2019 at 00:508, until mul- tilateral rules are agreed. Thereby, Switzerland will apply corresponding adjustment of the emission level covered by the NDC as reported in the inventory applying accounting by addi- tion/subtraction of ITMOs first transferred and used towards the NDC. Corresponding adjust- ment will be made on all transfers over the NDC period. As of the date of submission, Switzerland signed in October 2020 an agreement with Peru, followed by an agreement in November 2020 with Ghana, that create the necessary frame- works for cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'As of the date of submission, Switzerland signed in October 2020 an agreement with Peru, followed by an agreement in November 2020 with Ghana, that create the necessary frame- works for cooperative approaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. The agreements govern the transfers of mitigation outcomes and their use and define the method for corre- sponding adjustment. Towards a multi-year target (2021-2030), the total sum of the mitigation outcomes first-transferred or used towards NDC achievement over that period will be reflected; towards a single year target (2030) the average thereof. The ITMOs may be used for other mitigation purposes, such as e.g. voluntary climate neutrality targets by private or sub-stateactors, which would not be counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives.', 'voluntary climate neutrality targets by private or sub-stateactors, which would not be counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives. Furthermore, the agreements ensure environmental integrity, prevents double counting, and foresees concrete requirements regarding the promotion of sustainable development, includ- ing the protection of human rights. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on eq- uity; It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on eq- uity; It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner. The same rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capacity.', 'The same rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capacity. Switzerland’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science to keep average global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Switzerland’s emission reductions by 2030 will mainly be achieved domestically, thereby fur- ther strengthening Switzerland’s transition to a low carbon economy. Given the low green- house gas intensity of Switzerland today, this NDC represents a high level of ambition for 2030. Switzerland pursues its emission reduction efforts, giving due consideration for fairness and equity. Fairness considerations include various aspects.', 'Fairness considerations include various aspects. No single aspect on its own can ac- curately reflect fairness. The evolving nature of a country’s circumstances should also be re- flected in fairness considerations. Switzerland’s understanding of a fair share includes in particular consideration of the aspects below. \uf02d Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emis- sions. Total emissions as well as per capita emissions are to be considered. Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1 percent of world’s emissions and per capita emis- sions are below world’s average.', 'Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1 percent of world’s emissions and per capita emis- sions are below world’s average. Through climate policies implemented domestically, Switzerland’s total share in global emissions as well as per capita emissions continue to decrease despite a substantial growth in industrial production (1990 – today: +75.1 percent) and population (1990 – today: +27.1 percent). Switzerland has a low level of9 WRI’s climate watch data ( historic emissions, contributing less than 0.2 percent of cumulative global emissions \uf02d Capacity to contribute to solving the climate problem is closely related to the ability to invest in appropriate mitigation measures, such as carbon-efficient technologies. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness con- siderations.', 'Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness con- siderations. Another core aspect in considering a fair contribution of a country are cost-efficient mitigation potential and abatement costs. Abatement costs vary strongly across coun- tries. It is also to note that marginal abatement costs increase if a country has under- taken ambitious mitigation actions in the past. In fairness considerations, it is important to consider past efforts and early movers. In Switzerland, GDP per capita is high, signifying high ability to invest. At the same time, abatement costs are also high due to the limited availability of short-term cost- efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry.', 'At the same time, abatement costs are also high due to the limited availability of short-term cost- efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry. Territorial emission reduction potential mostly remains in the buildings and transport sectors. This remaining potential has long transformation periods. Based on equity considerations outlined above, Switzerland is committed to strongly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with emission reduction pathways that keep the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Switzerland stays committed to continue the fight against climate change at the forefront of international action.', 'Switzerland stays committed to continue the fight against climate change at the forefront of international action. In the interest of timely climate action and as an addition to domestic actions, Switzerland intends to use Article 6 activities, contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Under the third CO2 Act, which is subject to a facultative referendum, Switzerland is aiming to reduce additional emissions abroad that occurred during the production of goods abroad, im- ported to Switzerland and therefore not counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives. According to the law these emission reductions should correspond as far as possi- ble to the emissions imported to Switzerland through goods produced abroad.', 'According to the law these emission reductions should correspond as far as possi- ble to the emissions imported to Switzerland through goods produced abroad. The reduction of these emissions will be triggered through the Swiss Climate Fund, newly established underthe third CO2 Act, to be sourced in part by a share of the revenues generated by the CO2 levy and a newly established levy on private and business aviation. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement provides that each Party’s NDC will present a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC and reflect its highest possible ambition. Switzerland’s NDC reflects a progression of effort compared with its communication submitted in October 2017.', 'Switzerland’s NDC reflects a progression of effort compared with its communication submitted in October 2017. Given the clean energy mix in Switzerland, mitigation opportunities remaining are at high costs. The third CO2 Act adopted by Parliament stipulates an overall emission re- duction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, of which at least three-quarters or 75 percent of the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions must be achieved through measures implemented in Switzerland. This represents a progression from the previous, second CO2 Act, which foresaw that at least 60 percent of the reduction in green- house gas emissions were to be achieved by measures taken in Switzerland. Considerable efforts are needed to reach the target.', 'Considerable efforts are needed to reach the target. In this regard, Switzerland has continuously increased the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and processes fuels, reaching a rate of 96 Swiss francs per tonne of CO2 (about 99 US dollars per tonne of CO2) since 2018. The third CO2 Act allows this rate – while already being one of the highest worldwide – to further increase up to a maximum of 210 Swiss francs per tonne of CO2 in the coming years. Indeed, a ratcheting-up mechanism automatically increases the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and process fuels if intermediate targets are not met.', 'Indeed, a ratcheting-up mechanism automatically increases the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and process fuels if intermediate targets are not met. In addition to domestic efforts, and given Switzerland is a high-income country, Article 6 activ- ities will be used to complement domestic actions contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Furthermore, the enhanced NDC also reflects the decision by the Swiss Government to aim for a climate neutral Switzerland by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland strengthens its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the internationally agreed objec- tive of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era.', 'In doing so, Switzerland strengthens its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the internationally agreed objec- tive of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era. In addition, under the third CO2 Act, which is subject to a facultative referendum, Switzerland is aiming to reduce additional emissions abroad that are not counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives, but which contribute to limiting the global temperature in- crease in accordance with the objectives of the Paris Agreement.', 'In addition, under the third CO2 Act, which is subject to a facultative referendum, Switzerland is aiming to reduce additional emissions abroad that are not counted towards Switzerland’s emissions reductions objectives, but which contribute to limiting the global temperature in- crease in accordance with the objectives of the Paris Agreement. According to the law they should correspond as far as possible to Switzerland’s imported “grey” emissions.The updated and enhanced NDC therefore represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emis- sions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); - a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reductions, from 60 percent to at least 75 percent; - compensation of imported “grey” emissions through additional emission reductions abroad, not counted towards Switzerland’s emission reductions objectives; Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.', 'According to the law they should correspond as far as possible to Switzerland’s imported “grey” emissions.The updated and enhanced NDC therefore represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emis- sions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); - a 25 percent increase of the domestic share of emission reductions, from 60 percent to at least 75 percent; - compensation of imported “grey” emissions through additional emission reductions abroad, not counted towards Switzerland’s emission reductions objectives; Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement provides for developed countries, such as Swit- zerland, to continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide emission reduction targets.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement provides for developed countries, such as Swit- zerland, to continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide emission reduction targets. Switzerland has a long history of concrete climate policy measures and a CO2 Act since 2000. The country had absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets both under the first and second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and will continue to formulate absolute econ- omy-wide targets. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7.', 'e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards achieving the objective of the Conven- tion as set out in its Article 2; The Paris Agreement has been adopted in the context of the UNFCCC and specifies its provi- sions. Thus any actions and measures taken in view of Article 2.1a and 4.1 of the Paris Agree- ment serve the objective of the Convention. b) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'b) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Switzerland’s commitment to reduce emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the latest recommendations of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius to reduce global CO2 emissions by minus 40 to 50 percent by 2030 below 2010 levels. The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term aim of the Swiss Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.', 'The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term aim of the Swiss Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In order to reach net zero emissions, technol- ogies that permanently remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and store them are tobe used in the future to some extent. It is to note that Switzerland’s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2006.B) Information on Switzerland Today, Switzerland’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is around 0.1 percent. In 2018, total greenhouse gas emissions of Switzerland equated 46.4 million tCO2eq. This corresponds to emissions of 5.5 tCO2eq per capita, which is below world’s average.', 'This corresponds to emissions of 5.5 tCO2eq per capita, which is below world’s average. The largest shares of greenhouse gas emissions arise from transport (1A3) and from build- ings (energy use in the commercial/institutional sector (1A4a) and in the residential sector (1A4b)). Agriculture (3) and industrial activities (energy use in the manufacturing industries and construction sector (1A2) as well as emissions from industrial processes (2)) also contribute substantial shares to Switzerland’s total greenhouse gas emissions, while energy industries (1A1) are less emissions-intensive when compared with many other countries.', 'Agriculture (3) and industrial activities (energy use in the manufacturing industries and construction sector (1A2) as well as emissions from industrial processes (2)) also contribute substantial shares to Switzerland’s total greenhouse gas emissions, while energy industries (1A1) are less emissions-intensive when compared with many other countries. The remaining sources (energy use in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector (1A4c) and other (military) (1A5), as well as fugitive emissions from fuels (1B) and emissions from waste (5) and other (fire damages) (6)) as well as emissions of indirect CO2 are of lower importance (see figure 1). Figure 1. Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2018 by sector. Total emissions correspond to 46.4 million tCO2eq. Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth.', 'Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth. These two parame- ters influence the consumption and production of energy, traffic volumes and the number and volumes of heated build- ings, which strongly impact greenhouse gas emissions in almost all sectors. Compared with 1990, by 2018, Switzer- land’s real gross domestic product as a measure of economic output had risen by 56 percent, the building space that had to be heated for households and services increased by 43 percent, 48 percent more passenger cars, motor cycles and coaches were in circulation on Swiss roads and 27 percent more people lived in Switzerland.', 'Compared with 1990, by 2018, Switzer- land’s real gross domestic product as a measure of economic output had risen by 56 percent, the building space that had to be heated for households and services increased by 43 percent, 48 percent more passenger cars, motor cycles and coaches were in circulation on Swiss roads and 27 percent more people lived in Switzerland. Greenhouse gas emissions in this period nevertheless decreased slightly: new buildings are better insulated than in the past, cars have become more fuel efficient, heating oil is increasingly replaced by natural gas and electricity (e.g. for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions.', 'for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Figures 2 and 3 show the respective reduction over the period 1990 to 2018 in greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 33 percent and in greenhouse gas emissions per real gross domestic product by 45 percent, indicating the decoupling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. Industries 1A2 Manufacturing industries and construction processes Remaining sourcesFigure 2. Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2018 compared to the Swiss population (1990=100). Figure 3. Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2018 compared to the Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP).', 'Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2018 compared to the Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP). Switzerland has long-standing climate policies and since 2000, a specific CO2 Act has been established. Switzerland had committed itself under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and reached its target to reduce green- house gas emissions to 92 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2008 to 2012, including through the use of carbon credits. At the beginning of 2013, the second CO2 Act, a revision of the first CO2 Act, entered into force in revised form, providing the framework of the Swiss climate policy under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The committed target – i.e.', 'The committed target – i.e. a reduction to 84.2 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2013 to 2020 – required decisive action. Recently, the existing legal framework has again been revised and existing policies and measures strengthened in view of Switzerland’s commitment under the Paris Agreement for the period from 2021 to 2030 (third CO2 Act). GHG emissions CO₂ emissions Population GHG emissions per capita CO₂ emissions per capita GHG emissions CO₂ emissions GDP (real, reference 2010) GHG emissions per GDP CO₂ emissions per GDPClimate change has already left many marks in Switzerland. The environment, society, and the economy are affected. Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 degrees Celsius.', 'Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 degrees Celsius. In the Alps, the cryosphere is hard hit: glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980. Since 1999 alone, glaciers have lost over 12 percent of their volume. If the warming continues, only a fraction of the current glacier cover will be left by the end of the 21st century with large impacts on the seasonal availability of water for drinking water, agriculture and power generation. Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the perma- nently frozen subsoil (permafrost) in the high mountains also continues to thaw.', 'Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the perma- nently frozen subsoil (permafrost) in the high mountains also continues to thaw. More frequent mountain and rock falls as well as debris slides that can endanger transport links, infrastructure and human life in the high mountains are a result of this. Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are not only threatened by natural disasters caused by climate change, but their health is also directly affected. Only re- cently has it also been recognized that even the slow but steady increase in daily temperatures has a demonstrable impact on the well-being of people. Daily maximum temperatures in Switzerland have risen steadily since 1960. Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities.', 'Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities. Switzerland remains committed to an ambitious and robust implementation of the Paris Agreement, in line with recom- mendations by science to hold average global temperature increase to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius.'] | en-US |
319 | CHE | Switzerland | Updated NDC | 2021-12-17 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Swiss%20NDC%202021-2030%20incl%20ICTU_December%202021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 39.370849 | 15.428414 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/74161e9ba8f7029479ca5641615e1da5ef4091a73049ced5c1da694a6e209362.pdf | ['Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021 – 2030) Switzerland is pleased to update its information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement cov- ering the years 2021 to 2030, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC deci- sions 1/CP.21 and 4/CMA.1.', 'Switzerland’s information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement (2021 – 2030) Switzerland is pleased to update its information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement cov- ering the years 2021 to 2030, in accordance with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC deci- sions 1/CP.21 and 4/CMA.1. According to Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 24 and 25, Parties have the obligation to submit to the secretariat their nationally determined contributions at least 9 to 12 months in advance of the relevant session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, and Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution contains a time frame up to 2030 are requested to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter.', 'According to Decision 1/CP.21, paragraphs 24 and 25, Parties have the obligation to submit to the secretariat their nationally determined contributions at least 9 to 12 months in advance of the relevant session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement with a view to facilitating the clarity, transparency and understanding of these contributions, and Parties whose intended nationally determined contribution contains a time frame up to 2030 are requested to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter. Switzerland had accordingly communicated and updated its NDC on 19 February 2020 and announced that it will submit the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding once the deliberations on the revision of the third CO2 Act are concluded in Parliament.', 'Switzerland had accordingly communicated and updated its NDC on 19 February 2020 and announced that it will submit the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding once the deliberations on the revision of the third CO2 Act are concluded in Parliament. It also announced that it will follow the guidance adopted at COP-24 in December 2018 in Katowice. Accordingly, after conclusion of the par- liamentary deliberations of the revision of the third CO2 Act, Switzerland had submitted, on 9 December 2020, the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated NDC of 19 February 2020, highlighting that the revised CO2 Act is subject to a popular referendum.', 'Accordingly, after conclusion of the par- liamentary deliberations of the revision of the third CO2 Act, Switzerland had submitted, on 9 December 2020, the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its updated NDC of 19 February 2020, highlighting that the revised CO2 Act is subject to a popular referendum. On 13 June 2021, the revision of the third CO2 Act was rejected in the referendum by the Swiss population. This referendum did not question the NDC of Switzerland to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, neither its carbon neutrality target by 2050. Rather, it called into question specific measures of the revised CO2 Act to reach these objectives.', 'Rather, it called into question specific measures of the revised CO2 Act to reach these objectives. On 17 Decem- ber 2021, the Swiss Parliament approved an extension of the CO2 reduction target and crucial mitigation measures. This amendment to the CO2 Act ensures that Switzerland will continue to reduce its emis- sions by 1.5 per cent annually until 2024 compared to 1990 levels through mitigation measures taken mainly domestically. On 17 December 2021, the Swiss Federal Council opened formal discussions of a new proposal with concrete measures for the time after 2024 in view of reaching the objective as formu- lated in Switzerland’s NDC.', 'On 17 December 2021, the Swiss Federal Council opened formal discussions of a new proposal with concrete measures for the time after 2024 in view of reaching the objective as formu- lated in Switzerland’s NDC. Switzerland herewith submits a revised version of the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding which reflects the outcome of the referendum of June 2021 and the decisions taken since then by the Swiss Federal Council and the Swiss Parliament in December 2021. Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC is in line with latest findings by the IPCC1 to reduce global CO2 emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.', 'Switzerland’s updated and enhanced NDC is in line with latest findings by the IPCC1 to reduce global CO2 emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. For improved mutual understanding and comparability of the contribution, Switzerland hereby provides the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its NDC by voluntarily applying the guidance in relation to the mitigation section of 1/CP.21 adopted at COP-24 in Katowice earlier than required (4/CMA.1).', 'For improved mutual understanding and comparability of the contribution, Switzerland hereby provides the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of its NDC by voluntarily applying the guidance in relation to the mitigation section of 1/CP.21 adopted at COP-24 in Katowice earlier than required (4/CMA.1). The updated and enhanced NDC represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.Switzerland’s NDC comprises a mitigation target only.', 'The updated and enhanced NDC represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emissions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.Switzerland’s NDC comprises a mitigation target only. Comprehensive information on adaptation strat- egies, planning, measures and implementation are found in Switzerland’s first adaptation communica- tion under the Paris Agreement (2020)2 and in Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (2018)3.', 'Comprehensive information on adaptation strat- egies, planning, measures and implementation are found in Switzerland’s first adaptation communica- tion under the Paris Agreement (2020)2 and in Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (2018)3. Switzerland’s NDC Switzerland is committed to follow recommendations of science in order to limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In view of its climate neutrality target by 2050, Switzerland’s NDC is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, corresponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030. By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with 1990 levels is anticipated.', 'By 2025, a reduction of greenhouse gases by at least 35 percent compared with 1990 levels is anticipated. Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement will partly be used. The methodological approaches underlying the Swiss NDC are included in this communication. Long-term: Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. This target lays the foundations for Switzerland’s 2050 climate strategy, which was transmitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat on 28 January 2021. 2 Switzerland’s adaptation communication has been submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2020: fccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/adaptation-communicationsA) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I) 1.', '2 Switzerland’s adaptation communication has been submitted to the UNFCCC in December 2020: fccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/workstreams/adaptation-communicationsA) Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding of nationally determined contributions (4/CMA.1, Annex I) 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 For forest land: reference level For non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land): reference period b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions in base year (1990) comprise emissions from all sectors, except LULUCF. Indirect CO2 is also included.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 1990 For forest land: reference level For non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetlands, settlements, other land): reference period b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Emissions in base year (1990) comprise emissions from all sectors, except LULUCF. Indirect CO2 is also included. Provisional value for base year emissions, subject to change due to recalculations of the greenhouse gas inventory, is 54158.92 kt CO2eq. The value for the final accounting will be defined in the inventory submission covering data up to 2030.', 'The value for the final accounting will be defined in the inventory submission covering data up to 2030. Emissions/removals from LULUCF will be reported and accounted for on a land-based ap- proach. Forest land and non-forest land are not included in base year emissions, since only the net change in emissions compared with the reference level/period is accounted for in the land use sector (see 5f below). c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in arti- cle 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or po- lices and measures as components of nationally de- termined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable.', 'c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in arti- cle 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or po- lices and measures as components of nationally de- termined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Emission reduction of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corre- sponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030.', 'd) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; Emission reduction of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corre- sponding to an average reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of at least 35 percent over the period 2021–2030. e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Data source for the quantified information on the base year and reference period as well as for the construction of the reference level is the respective greenhouse gas inventory.4 For the definition, see Switzerland’s NIR 2019, chapter 8 ( f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indica- tors.', 'f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indica- tors. Values of the reference indicators (base year, reference period, and reference level) are sub- ject to recalculations and technical corrections, in accordance with UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1. In addition, Switzerland’s National Inventory System Supervisory Board (NISSB) adopted principles for technical corrections of reference levels including that recalculations need to be based on sound scientific evidence, reflect the best available data and shall be transparently documented. Information on updates will be provided in the Biennial Transpar- ency Reports. 2.', 'Information on updates will be provided in the Biennial Transpar- ency Reports. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, in- cluding start and end date, consistent with any fur- ther relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); This quantified commitment by 2030 is translated into an average commitment over the period from beginning 2021 to end 2030. Information on the anticipated level of emissions for 2025 is given for international comparability. b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Switzerland expresses its NDC both as single-year and multi-year target.', 'Switzerland expresses its NDC both as single-year and multi-year target. The reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels corresponds to an average reduction of at least minus 35 percent over the period 2021-2030. 3. Scope and coverage: a) General description of the target; Absolute economy-wide emission reduction target compared with a base year. b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as ap- plicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where a reference level/period approach is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste and other4 (consistent with 2006 IPCC guidelines).', 'b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as ap- plicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Base year for gases covered: all 1990 (not relevant where a reference level/period approach is applied) Sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture; land-use, land-use change and forestry; waste and other4 (consistent with 2006 IPCC guidelines). All categories and pools in Switzerland’s inventory are covered. While Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and navigation on the basis of existing and future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties, Switzerland’s NDCcurrently does not include emissions from international aviation and navigation.', 'While Switzerland supports the inclusion of international aviation and navigation on the basis of existing and future internationally agreed rules applicable to all Parties, Switzerland’s NDCcurrently does not include emissions from international aviation and navigation. In particular, Switzerland’s domestic emission reduction targets do not include emissions from international aviation, a part of which are already covered by the Swiss emission trading scheme (ETS) as well as by the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme CORSIA of the International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAO. However, Switzerland’s domestic emissions reduction targets do include emissions from national aviation and navigation. c) How the Party has taken into consideration para- graph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; Switzerland has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC.', 'c) How the Party has taken into consideration para- graph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; Switzerland has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adap- tation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation ac- tions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. 4. Planning processes: a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s imple- mentation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public partici- pation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive man- ner; The emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 has been approved by the Swiss Parliament in 2016.', 'Planning processes: a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s imple- mentation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public partici- pation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive man- ner; The emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 has been approved by the Swiss Parliament in 2016. Comprehensive consultation proceedings for both the second CO2 Act and the ratification of the Paris Agreement including the 2030 target had preceded the parliamentary debate, allowing stakeholders in Switzerland to comment on the target and the implementation plan. The ratification of the Paris Agreement passed the parliamentary process in 2017, after the deadline for a facultative referendum expired.', 'The ratification of the Paris Agreement passed the parliamentary process in 2017, after the deadline for a facultative referendum expired. The second CO2 Act underwent revision and parliamentary debate and the third CO2 Act was adopted by both chambers on 25 September 2020. The third CO2 Act was subject to a facultative referendum in June 2021 and was rejected by the Swiss population, following months of public debate. Parliament is cur- rently working on new legislation. Following the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, the Swiss Government and Parliament decided to gradually phase out nuclear energy, i.e. new plants were banned while existing plants were allowed to continue operating as long as deemed safe.', 'new plants were banned while existing plants were allowed to continue operating as long as deemed safe. To replace the share of nuclear energy, the Energy Strategy 2050, along with implementing legislation, was adopted and eventually endorsed by a majority of Swiss voters in 2017. The Strategy foresees to in- crease annual generation from new renewable sources other than hydropower to 11,400 GWh(from 4,186 GWh in 2019) and average hydropower production to 37,400 GWh by 2035 (from 36,137 GWh in 2019). Efficiency policies aim at stabilizing electricity demand. Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets.', 'Long term: Switzerland plans its climate policy in 10-year-steps, continuously strengthening its reduction targets. In August 2019, and in response to the findings of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the Swiss Government communicated that Switzerland aims to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland contributes to the internationally agreed target of limiting global warming to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era. In November 2019, a popular initiative was submit- ted calling for a constitutional article to stipulate the net zero target and a ban of fossil fuels as of 2050. In August 2021, the Federal Council adopted the message for a direct counter-pro- posal to the initiative (“Glacier Initiative”).', 'In August 2021, the Federal Council adopted the message for a direct counter-pro- posal to the initiative (“Glacier Initiative”). This pursues the same goal as the initiative: net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. However, the counter-draft refrains from a fundamental ban on fossil energy sources. The initiative and the Federal Council s message will be subject to parliamentary debate. For further information on domestic institutional arrangements, see Switzerland’s 7th National Communication (NC) 5. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appro- priate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, cli- mate, economy, sustainable development and pov- erty eradication; Information on national circumstances can be found in Switzerland’s 7th National Communica- tion (NC) and in the annex of this communication.', '(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appro- priate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, cli- mate, economy, sustainable development and pov- erty eradication; Information on national circumstances can be found in Switzerland’s 7th National Communica- tion (NC) and in the annex of this communication. (b) Best practices and experience related to the prepa- ration of the nationally determined contribution; (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowl- edged when joining the Paris Agreement; Switzerland recognizes the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change, in line with the best available scientific knowledge.', '(b) Best practices and experience related to the prepa- ration of the nationally determined contribution; (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowl- edged when joining the Paris Agreement; Switzerland recognizes the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change, in line with the best available scientific knowledge. Switzerland fully sub- scribes to the view that Parties should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote, and consider their respective human rights obligations, including due consideration for gender equality and gender sensitive policies, intergenerational equity, and the needs ofparticularly vulnerable groups. Switzerland is further committed to upholding environmental integrity, including the integrity of ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity.', 'Switzerland is further committed to upholding environmental integrity, including the integrity of ecosystems and the protection of biodiversity. In addition, Switzerland is aware of the importance of the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, due to their major impact on greenhouse gas emissions. At the national level, Switzerland is ac- tively reviewing its remaining fossil fuel subsidies. At the international level, Switzerland, to- gether with Costa Rica, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Uru- guay, is engaged in the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform who promote the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, in particular in G20-countries.', 'At the international level, Switzerland, to- gether with Costa Rica, Denmark, Ethiopia, Finland, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and Uru- guay, is engaged in the Friends of Fossil Fuel Subsidies Reform who promote the removal of fossil fuel subsidies, in particular in G20-countries. b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agree- ment to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable.', 'b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agree- ment to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally deter- mined contribution has been informed by the out- comes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; The first global stocktake takes place in 2023. As per UNFCCC decision 1/CP.24, paragraph 37, Switzerland considered the outcome of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius that was commissioned in this regard.', 'As per UNFCCC decision 1/CP.24, paragraph 37, Switzerland considered the outcome of the 2018 Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius that was commissioned in this regard. In this context, Switzer- land came to the conclusion that its NDC by 2030 is in line with recommendations of the IPCC to reduce emissions by about 45% percent compared with 2010 levels by 2030, given Switzer- land’s per capita emissions are below global average. On the other hand and in line with the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the indicative target for 2050 communicated in 2015 has been revised and raised to net zero greenhouse gas emissions.', 'On the other hand and in line with the IPCC report on 1.5 degrees Celsius, the indicative target for 2050 communicated in 2015 has been revised and raised to net zero greenhouse gas emissions. d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribu- tion under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that con- sists of adaptation action and/or economic diversifi- cation plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits con- sistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable.', 'd) Each Party with a nationally determined contribu- tion under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that con- sists of adaptation action and/or economic diversifi- cation plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits con- sistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: Not applicable. (iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; (iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', '(iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; (iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', '(iii) How the economic and social consequences of re- sponse measures have been considered in develop- ing the nationally determined contribution; (iv) Specific projects, measures and activities to be im- plemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, re- sources, water resources, coastal resources, hu- man settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, con- sistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and ac- counting guidance adopted by the CMA; Switzerland’s greenhouse gas inventories form the basis for the accounting.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, con- sistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and ac- counting guidance adopted by the CMA; Switzerland’s greenhouse gas inventories form the basis for the accounting. Accounting ap- proaches underlying Switzerland’s NDC and methodologies used are outlined below and are consistent with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and UNFCCC decision 4/CMA.1.', 'Accounting ap- proaches underlying Switzerland’s NDC and methodologies used are outlined below and are consistent with UNFCCC decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and UNFCCC decision 4/CMA.1. The respective reporting is contained in this communication as well as in future Biennial Trans- parency Reports (BTRs) under the Paris Agreement, consistent with UNFCCC decisions b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally deter- mined contribution; Not applicable. c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emis- sions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, Switzerland will develop a forest reference level (FRL) for managed forest lands.', 'c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emis- sions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, Switzerland will develop a forest reference level (FRL) for managed forest lands. This refer- ence level will draw on Kyoto Protocol methodologies for developing what the Kyoto Protocol referred to as a forest management reference level (FMRL) (see UNFCCC decision 2/CMP.6).', 'This refer- ence level will draw on Kyoto Protocol methodologies for developing what the Kyoto Protocol referred to as a forest management reference level (FMRL) (see UNFCCC decision 2/CMP.6). For forest land, elements like the calculation method of harvested wood products (HWP), theparagraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropri- ate; calculation of the background level and margin for the exclusion of natural disturbances and the basic principles of the FMRL are used from the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC.', 'For forest land, elements like the calculation method of harvested wood products (HWP), theparagraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropri- ate; calculation of the background level and margin for the exclusion of natural disturbances and the basic principles of the FMRL are used from the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC. d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimat- ing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guide- lines, or any subsequent version or refinement of the IPCC guidelines agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1, paragraph 1a and 18/CMA.1, paragraph 20.', 'd) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimat- ing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Inventory methodology used: IPCC 2006 guidelines, 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC guide- lines, or any subsequent version or refinement of the IPCC guidelines agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decisions 4/CMA.1, paragraph 1a and 18/CMA.1, paragraph 20. 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7.', '2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (2013 KP Supplement) by the IPCC, as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7. Global Warming Potential Values used: 100-yr GWP values from 5th IPCC assessment report, or from a subsequent IPCC assessment report as agreed upon by the CMA, as per UNFCCC decision 18/CMA.1 paragraph 37. e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as appli- cable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; For forest land, the provision of natural disturbances will be applied. In cases or events in which emissions of natural disturbances are higher than the nationally established threshold value, it will be possible to exclude these emissions.', 'In cases or events in which emissions of natural disturbances are higher than the nationally established threshold value, it will be possible to exclude these emissions. This threshold value is based on the background level and the margin and will be calculated consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement using the same data set as used for the development of the scenario (current management practices) on which the forest reference level is based on. For non-forest land, no provisions for natural disturbances will be applied. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and re- movals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are accounted for using a production approach (only wood from domestic harvest), consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and re- movals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are accounted for using a production approach (only wood from domestic harvest), consistent with the 2013 KP Supplement. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; The effects of the age-class structure in forests are addressed through the forest reference level, which is calculated following the principles of the 2013 KP Supplement.f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corre- sponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or ref- erence level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parame- ters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LULUCF sector will be accounted for based on a land-based approach.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; The effects of the age-class structure in forests are addressed through the forest reference level, which is calculated following the principles of the 2013 KP Supplement.f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corre- sponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or ref- erence level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parame- ters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LULUCF sector will be accounted for based on a land-based approach. Forest land Definitions: Forest land encompasses all forest land remaining in this category (managed for- est land) and all conversions from (deforested land) and to (afforested land) this category.', 'Forest land Definitions: Forest land encompasses all forest land remaining in this category (managed for- est land) and all conversions from (deforested land) and to (afforested land) this category. For forest land, the same definition and parameters that Switzerland used under the Kyoto Protocol are applied. Managed forest land will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a forest refer- ence level (FRL). Emissions and removals resulting from afforested and deforested land will be accounted for as being the total emissions and total removals for each of the years (gross- net). The FRL will include living and dead biomass and harvested wood products (HWP). To calcu- late the FRL, the following models or methods are used \uf02d Living biomass: The model Massimo calculates changes in living biomass.', 'To calcu- late the FRL, the following models or methods are used \uf02d Living biomass: The model Massimo calculates changes in living biomass. Massimo is also used to calculate the Swiss FMRL for Switzerland’s commitment under the Kyoto Protocol Second Commitment Period. \uf02d Dead biomass (dead wood, litter, mineral soil): The model Yasso07 is applied. Yasso07 is also applied for the annual reporting in the context of the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory as well as for the calculation of dead wood of the FMRL. \uf02d HWP: The first order decay function and other methodological aspects from the 2013 KP Supplement are used, similar as for the FRML.', '\uf02d HWP: The first order decay function and other methodological aspects from the 2013 KP Supplement are used, similar as for the FRML. For a detailed description of the application, validation and verification of Massimo and Yasso07 and of the methodology used for HWP see Switzerland’s NIR 20206 and the refer- ences within.The underlying scenario to calculate the FRL is based on the “extrapolation of forest manage- ment practices”, also called “current management practices”. This scenario is statistically de- rived from data from the national forest inventory covering 1985-2006 (NFI1, NFI2, NFI3). By using these historical NFI-data, age class structure and other typical Swiss forest characteris- tics (growth conditions, mortality, harvesting practices, etc.) are reflected in the scenario.', 'are reflected in the scenario. Other data sources used to establish the FRL are the same as used for the Swiss greenhouse gas inventory. Net accountable emissions/removals from managed forests lands are anticipated to be around zero if there are no distinct changes in forest management practices, assuming there are no clearly distinguishable changes within the NDC period arising from climate change and using the application of natural disturbance provisions where they arise. Non-forest land (cropland, grassland, wetland, settlements, other land) Non-forest lands will be accounted for by comparing emissions/removals to a reference period that presents a long-term historic average preceding 2020 (preferably 1990-2020). In its 2019 inventory submission, Switzerland provided modelling for soil carbon for the first time.', 'In its 2019 inventory submission, Switzerland provided modelling for soil carbon for the first time. The model is under constant improvement, and numbers will most certainly change over time. An- nual variability in the model is large and trends are not yet fully understood. A single year reference is not considered representative. Consequently, Switzerland chooses a long refer- ence period to increase robustness of the reference value. Methodologies to estimate greenhouse gas fluxes for different land uses and land-use changes are currently subject to major developments. The final decision regarding the length of the reference period will depend on the availability of sufficient and reliable data sets required for the methodologies currently under development.', 'The final decision regarding the length of the reference period will depend on the availability of sufficient and reliable data sets required for the methodologies currently under development. Switzerland welcomes a specific technical assessment of reference levels, when based on a projection, in the context of the technical expert review process under the Paris Agreement (Transparency Framework). Additional technical details on the forest reference level for managed forest and the reference period of non-forest land including quantified information will be provided at a later stage, at the latest in the first Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) under the Paris Agreement due in 2024. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, in- formation on assumptions and methodological ap- proaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, in- formation on assumptions and methodological ap- proaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally deter- mined contributions not covered by IPCC guide- lines, information on how the climate forcers are es- timated; Not applicable. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Switzerland will realize its NDC mainly domestically and will partly use internationally trans- ferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6.', 'Switzerland will realize its NDC mainly domestically and will partly use internationally trans- ferred mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) from cooperation under Article 6. Switzerland will imple- ment the guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, adopted at COP26, and the San José principles for high ambition and integrity in international carbon markets7, to apply robust rules that avoid any form of double counting, ensure environmental integrity and promote sustainable development, including the protection of human rights, and not to use pre-2020 units towards the achievement of its NDC. As of December 2021, Switzerland signed bilateral agreements with Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Vanuatu, and Dominica, creating the necessary frameworks for cooperative ap- proaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'As of December 2021, Switzerland signed bilateral agreements with Peru, Ghana, Senegal, Georgia, Vanuatu, and Dominica, creating the necessary frameworks for cooperative ap- proaches under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement. The agreements govern the transfers of mitigation outcomes and their use and define the method for corresponding adjustment. The ITMOs may be used for other mitigation purposes, such as e.g. voluntary climate neutrality targets by private or sub-state actors, which would not be counted towards Switzerland’s emis- sions reductions objectives. Furthermore, the agreements ensure environmental integrity, pre- vents double counting, and foresees concrete requirements regarding the promotion of sus- tainable development, including the protection of human rights.8 WRI’s climate watch data ( 6.', 'Furthermore, the agreements ensure environmental integrity, pre- vents double counting, and foresees concrete requirements regarding the promotion of sus- tainable development, including the protection of human rights.8 WRI’s climate watch data ( 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on eq- uity; It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: a) How the Party considers that its nationally deter- mined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on eq- uity; It is important to Switzerland that the global community shares the required efforts to combat global climate change in a fair and equitable manner. The same rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capacity.', 'The same rules must apply to all Parties, while the effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be differentiated according to a Party’s responsibility and capacity. Switzerland’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway in line with the recommendations by science to keep average global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Switzerland’s emission reductions by 2030 will mainly be achieved domestically, thereby fur- ther strengthening Switzerland’s transition to a low carbon economy. Given the low green- house gas intensity of Switzerland today, this NDC represents a high level of ambition for 2030. Switzerland pursues its emission reduction efforts, giving due consideration for fairness and equity. Fairness considerations include various aspects.', 'Fairness considerations include various aspects. No single aspect on its own can ac- curately reflect fairness. The evolving nature of a country’s circumstances should also be re- flected in fairness considerations. Switzerland’s understanding of a fair share includes in particular consideration of the aspects below. \uf02d Responsibility is reflected in a country’s past, current and future greenhouse gas emis- sions. Total emissions as well as per capita emissions are to be considered. Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1 percent of world’s emissions and per capita emis- sions are below world’s average.', 'Today, Switzerland emits around 0.1 percent of world’s emissions and per capita emis- sions are below world’s average. Through climate policies implemented domestically, Switzerland’s total share in global emissions as well as per capita emissions continue to decrease despite a substantial growth in industrial production (1990 – today: +75.1 percent) and population (1990 – today: +27.1 percent). Switzerland has a low level of historic emissions, contributing less than 0.2 percent of cumulative global emissions \uf02d Capacity to contribute to solving the climate problem is closely related to the ability toinvest in appropriate mitigation measures, such as carbon-efficient technologies. Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness con- siderations.', 'Hence, one aspect of capacity is to take into account GDP per capita in fairness con- siderations. Another core aspect in considering a fair contribution of a country are cost-efficient mitigation potential and abatement costs. Abatement costs vary strongly across coun- tries. It is also to note that marginal abatement costs increase if a country has under- taken ambitious mitigation actions in the past. In fairness considerations, it is important to consider past efforts and early movers. In Switzerland, GDP per capita is high, signifying high ability to invest. At the same time, abatement costs are also high due to the limited availability of short-term cost- efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry.', 'At the same time, abatement costs are also high due to the limited availability of short-term cost- efficient mitigation potential: Switzerland’s energy production is nearly carbon free and there is little heavy industry. Territorial emission reduction potential mostly remains in the buildings and transport sectors. This remaining potential has long transformation periods. Based on equity considerations outlined above, Switzerland is committed to strongly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in line with emission reduction pathways that keep the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Switzerland stays committed to continue the fight against climate change at the forefront of international action.', 'Switzerland stays committed to continue the fight against climate change at the forefront of international action. In the interest of timely climate action and as an addition to domestic actions, Switzerland intends to use Article 6 activities, contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement provides that each Party’s NDC will present a progression beyond the Party’s then current NDC and reflect its highest possible ambition. Switzerland’s NDC reflects a progression of effort compared with its communication submitted in October 2017. Given the clean energy mix in Switzerland, mitigation opportunities remaining are at high costs.', 'Given the clean energy mix in Switzerland, mitigation opportunities remaining are at high costs. Switzerland follows an overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels, partially using emission reductions abroad. Con- siderable efforts are needed to reach the target. In this regard, Switzerland has continuously increased the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and processes fuels, reaching a rate of 96 Swiss francs per tonne of CO2 (about 99 US dollars per tonne of CO2) since 2018.', 'In this regard, Switzerland has continuously increased the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and processes fuels, reaching a rate of 96 Swiss francs per tonne of CO2 (about 99 US dollars per tonne of CO2) since 2018. Indeed, a ratchet- ing-up mechanism automatically increases the rate of the CO2 levy on heating and process fuels if intermediate targets are not met.In addition to domestic efforts, and given Switzerland is a high-income country, Article 6 activ- ities will be used to complement domestic actions contributing to the overall emission reduction target of at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared with 1990 levels. Furthermore, the enhanced NDC also reflects the decision by the Swiss Government to aim for a climate neutral Switzerland by 2050.', 'Furthermore, the enhanced NDC also reflects the decision by the Swiss Government to aim for a climate neutral Switzerland by 2050. In doing so, Switzerland strengthens its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the internationally agreed objec- tive of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era.', 'In doing so, Switzerland strengthens its efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions in order to contribute to the internationally agreed objec- tive of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius when compared with the pre-industrial era. The updated and enhanced NDC therefore represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emis- sions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice.', 'The updated and enhanced NDC therefore represents a progression in several areas: - a progression of the NDC from minus 50 percent by 2030 to at least minus 50 percent by 2030 compared to 1990 levels; - an increase of the indicative goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero emis- sions by 2050 (compared to the previous objective of minus 70 to 85 percent by 2050 compared to 1990); Finally, Switzerland applies the guidance adopted at COP-24 in Katowice. d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement provides for developed countries, such as Swit- zerland, to continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide emission reduction targets.', 'd) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Article 4, paragraph 4 of the Paris Agreement provides for developed countries, such as Swit- zerland, to continue taking the lead by undertaking economy-wide emission reduction targets. Switzerland has a long history of concrete climate policy measures and a CO2 Act since 2000. The country had absolute economy-wide emission reduction targets both under the first and second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and will continue to formulate absolute econ- omy-wide targets. e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7.', 'e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2: a) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards achieving the objective of the Conven- tion as set out in its Article 2; The Paris Agreement has been adopted in the context of the UNFCCC and specifies its provi- sions. Thus any actions and measures taken in view of Article 2.1a and 4.1 of the Paris Agree- ment serve the objective of the Convention.b) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'Thus any actions and measures taken in view of Article 2.1a and 4.1 of the Paris Agree- ment serve the objective of the Convention.b) How the nationally determined contribution contrib- utes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Switzerland’s commitment to reduce emissions by at least 50 percent by 2030 relative to 1990 levels puts Switzerland on an emission development pathway that corresponds with the latest recommendations of the IPCC special report on 1.5 degrees Celsius to reduce global CO2 emissions by about 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030. The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term aim of the Swiss Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.', 'The formulated commitment by 2030 is further consistent with the longer term aim of the Swiss Government to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. In order to reach net zero emissions, technologies that permanently remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and store them are to be used in the future to some extent. It is to note that Switzerland’s per capita emissions were already at world average levels in 2006.B) Information on Switzerland Today, Switzerland’s share in global greenhouse gas emissions is around 0.1 percent. In 2019, total greenhouse gas emissions of Switzerland equated 46.2 million tCO2eq. This corresponds to emissions of 5.4 tCO2eq per capita, which is below world’s average.', 'This corresponds to emissions of 5.4 tCO2eq per capita, which is below world’s average. The largest shares of greenhouse gas emissions arise from transport (1A3) and from build- ings (energy use in the commercial/institutional sector (1A4a) and in the residential sector (1A4b)). Agriculture (3) and industrial activities (energy use in the manufacturing industries and construction sector (1A2) as well as emissions from industrial processes (2)) also contribute substantial shares to Switzerland’s total greenhouse gas emissions, while energy industries (1A1) are less emissions-intensive when compared with many other countries.', 'Agriculture (3) and industrial activities (energy use in the manufacturing industries and construction sector (1A2) as well as emissions from industrial processes (2)) also contribute substantial shares to Switzerland’s total greenhouse gas emissions, while energy industries (1A1) are less emissions-intensive when compared with many other countries. The remaining sources (energy use in the agriculture/forestry/fishing sector (1A4c) and other (military) (1A5), as well as fugitive emissions from fuels (1B) and emissions from waste (5) and other (fire damages) (6)) as well as emissions of indirect CO2 are of lower importance (see figure 1). Figure 1. Switzerland’s greenhouse gas emissions in 2019 by sector. Total emissions correspond to 46.2 million tCO2eq. Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth.', 'Over the last 25 years, Switzerland has experienced substantial economic and population growth. These two parame- ters influence the consumption and production of energy, traffic volumes and the number and volumes of heated build- ings, which strongly impact greenhouse gas emissions in almost all sectors. Compared with 1990, by 2019, Switzer- land’s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 61 percent, the building space that had to be heated for households and services increased by 45 percent, 49 percent more passenger cars, motor cycles and coaches were in circulation on Swiss roads and 28 percent more people lived in Switzerland.', 'Compared with 1990, by 2019, Switzer- land’s real gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of economic output had risen by 61 percent, the building space that had to be heated for households and services increased by 45 percent, 49 percent more passenger cars, motor cycles and coaches were in circulation on Swiss roads and 28 percent more people lived in Switzerland. Greenhouse gas emissions in this period nevertheless decreased slightly: new buildings are better insulated than in the past, cars have become more fuel efficient, heating oil is increasingly replaced by natural gas and electricity (e.g. for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions.', 'for heat pumps) and the trend away from petrol- to diesel-powered passenger cars also contributed to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Figures 2 and 3 show the respective reduction over the period 1990 to 2019 in greenhouse gas emissions per capita by 33 percent and in greenhouse gas emissions per real gross domestic product by 47 percent, indicating the decou- pling of economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. 1A1 Energy Industries industries and construction 2 Industrial processes Remaining sourcesFigure 2. Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2019 compared to the Swiss population (1990=100). Figure 3. Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2019 compared to the Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP).', 'Relative changes in Switzerland’s greenhouse gas (GHG) and CO2 emissions from 1990 to 2019 compared to the Switzerland’s real gross domestic product (GDP). Switzerland has long-standing climate policies and since 2000, a specific CO2 Act has been established. Switzerland had committed itself under the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol and reached its target to reduce green- house gas emissions to 92 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2008 to 2012, including through the use of carbon credits. At the beginning of 2013, the second CO2 Act, a revision of the first CO2 Act, entered into force in revised form, providing the framework of the Swiss climate policy under the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. The committed target – i.e.', 'The committed target – i.e. a reduction to 84.2 percent of base year (1990) emissions over the period 2013 to 2020 – required decisive action. Recently, the existing legal framework has again been subject to revision in view of Switzerland’s commitment under the Paris Agreement for the period from 2021 to 2030. GHG emissionen CO₂ emissions Population GHG emissions per capita CO₂ emissions per capita GHG emissions CO₂ emissions GDP (real, reference 2010) GHG emissions per GDP CO₂ emissions per GDPClimate change has already left many marks in Switzerland. The environment, society, and the economy are affected. Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 degrees Celsius.', 'Since the beginning of temperature measurements in Switzerland in 1864, the average annual temperature has risen by 1.75 degrees Celsius. In the Alps, the cryosphere is hard hit: glaciers have been retreating at an accelerating pace since 1980. Since 1999 alone, glaciers have lost over 12 percent of their volume. If the warming continues, only a fraction of the current glacier cover will be left by the end of the 21st century with large impacts on the seasonal availability of water for drinking water, agriculture and power generation. Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the perma- nently frozen subsoil (permafrost) in the high mountains also continues to thaw.', 'Parallel to the retreat of glaciers, the perma- nently frozen subsoil (permafrost) in the high mountains also continues to thaw. More frequent mountain and rock falls as well as debris slides that can endanger transport links, infrastructure and human life in the high mountains are a result of this. Already today, large investments are necessary to secure infrastructures at higher elevations. People are not only threatened by natural disasters caused by climate change, but their health is also directly affected. Only re- cently has it also been recognized that even the slow but steady increase in daily temperatures has a demonstrable impact on the well-being of people. Daily maximum temperatures in Switzerland have risen steadily since 1960. Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities.', 'Hotter than usual summers have already led to higher mortalities. Switzerland remains committed to an ambitious and robust implementation of the Paris Agreement, in line with recom- mendations by science to hold average global temperature increase to a maximum of 1.5 degrees Celsius.'] | en-US |
320 | CHE | Switzerland | LTS | 2021-01-28 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/LTS1_Switzerland.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 39.370849 | 15.428414 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0a51d4ec79a40761813cb1372c3c7ab9993c1d337ae938136630f9ef7f7ceb20.pdf | ['The Federal Council Switzerland s Long-Term Climate StrategyContents Summary . 4 2 Mandate for the development of a Long-Term Climate Strategy . 6 2.1 Scientific basis . 6 2.2 International provisions from the Paris Agreement . 8 2.3 National environment 8 3 Previous development of climate and emissions in Switzerland . 9 3.1 Climate development in Switzerland . 9 3.2 Development of emissions in Switzerland . 11 4.1 Classification and meaning . 13 4.2 Domestic and foreign shares of reductions . 14 5 Strategic principles of the Long-Term Climate Strategy 15 6 Switzerland s climate legislation . 17 6.1 Complete revision of the CO2 Act 18 6.2 Further measures in other sector policies . 21 6.3 Popular initiative For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) . 23 7 Emissions reductions by 2050 according to Energy Perspectives 2050+ . 23 7.1 The basis of the Energy Perspectives 2050+ 23 7.3 Framework data and developments of the EP2050+ 25 7.4 Development of power supply according to the EP2050+ 26 8 Strategic goals and challenges in the individual sectors . 27 8.1 Buildings sector . 27 8.2 Industry sector . 30 8.3 Transport sector 34 8.4 Aviation sector . 37 8.5 Food and agriculture sector . 38 8.6 Financial market sector . 41 8.7 Waste sector 45 8.8 Synthetic gases . 46 8.9 Negative emissions technologies 47 9 Development of total greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 51 10 Costs and benefits of the net-zero target 53 10.1 Benefits and cost savings of not taking action 53 10.2 Investments required, operating and maintenance costs and energy cost savings . 54 Literature references . 57 Glossary 60Summary On 28 August 2019, the Federal Council decided that Switzerland would aim to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 and gave the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC) the task of drawing up a long-term climate strategy, thus ensur- ing that Switzerland meets a requirement of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Federal Council Switzerland s Long-Term Climate StrategyContents Summary . 4 2 Mandate for the development of a Long-Term Climate Strategy . 6 2.1 Scientific basis . 6 2.2 International provisions from the Paris Agreement . 8 2.3 National environment 8 3 Previous development of climate and emissions in Switzerland . 9 3.1 Climate development in Switzerland . 9 3.2 Development of emissions in Switzerland . 11 4.1 Classification and meaning . 13 4.2 Domestic and foreign shares of reductions . 14 5 Strategic principles of the Long-Term Climate Strategy 15 6 Switzerland s climate legislation . 17 6.1 Complete revision of the CO2 Act 18 6.2 Further measures in other sector policies . 21 6.3 Popular initiative For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) . 23 7 Emissions reductions by 2050 according to Energy Perspectives 2050+ . 23 7.1 The basis of the Energy Perspectives 2050+ 23 7.3 Framework data and developments of the EP2050+ 25 7.4 Development of power supply according to the EP2050+ 26 8 Strategic goals and challenges in the individual sectors . 27 8.1 Buildings sector . 27 8.2 Industry sector . 30 8.3 Transport sector 34 8.4 Aviation sector . 37 8.5 Food and agriculture sector . 38 8.6 Financial market sector . 41 8.7 Waste sector 45 8.8 Synthetic gases . 46 8.9 Negative emissions technologies 47 9 Development of total greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 51 10 Costs and benefits of the net-zero target 53 10.1 Benefits and cost savings of not taking action 53 10.2 Investments required, operating and maintenance costs and energy cost savings . 54 Literature references . 57 Glossary 60Summary On 28 August 2019, the Federal Council decided that Switzerland would aim to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 and gave the Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications (DETEC) the task of drawing up a long-term climate strategy, thus ensur- ing that Switzerland meets a requirement of the Paris Agreement. This document Switzerland s Long- Term Climate Strategy is the result of this work.', 'This document Switzerland s Long- Term Climate Strategy is the result of this work. The science is clear: to ensure sufficiently high probability of global warming remaining below 1.5° Cel- sius, global CO2 emissions must be reduced to net zero by the middle of this century at the latest. Any CO2 still emitted at this point must be fully and permanently removed from the atmosphere through sinks (negative emissions). The emission of other greenhouse gases, particularly methane and nitrous oxide, must also be significantly reduced. The Paris Agreement adopted by the international community at the end of 2015 and ratified by Switzerland on 6 October 2017 aims to limit global warming to well below 2° Celsius but, if possible, to 1.5° Celsius.', 'The Paris Agreement adopted by the international community at the end of 2015 and ratified by Switzerland on 6 October 2017 aims to limit global warming to well below 2° Celsius but, if possible, to 1.5° Celsius. By aiming to cut its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050, Switzerland is making a contribution to the Paris Agreement that is in line with its climate policy responsibility and capacities. It has a strong foundation for achieving the net-zero target thanks to its already largely CO2-free domestic power supply, a strong clean-tech sector, its internationally renowned educational and research institutions, its high level of prosperity and prodigious capacity for innovation.', 'It has a strong foundation for achieving the net-zero target thanks to its already largely CO2-free domestic power supply, a strong clean-tech sector, its internationally renowned educational and research institutions, its high level of prosperity and prodigious capacity for innovation. By pursuing this goal, Switzerland is keeping pace with its most important trading partner, the European Union, which also announced its intention to become carbon-neutral by 2050, as well as China and Brazil which aim to achieve these goals by 2060. Various other states have already adopted legally binding net-zero targets or have pledged to do so, including France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, New Zealand, Canada, Japan, South Korea, South Africa and the United Kingdom. Switzerland s Long-Term Climate Strategy outlines the path to the net zero goal.', 'Switzerland s Long-Term Climate Strategy outlines the path to the net zero goal. It sets out ten key strategic principles that will guide and shape Switzerland s climate policy actions over the coming years: 1. Switzerland will take advantage of the opportunities presented by a systematic transition to net zero. 2. Switzerland will assume its climate policy responsibility. 3. Priority will be given to reducing domestic emissions. 4. Emissions will be reduced across entire value chains. 5. All energy sources will be used effectively taking account of their optimal usage potential. 6. The Swiss Confederation and the cantons will gear their planning activities to net zero in all climate- relevant areas. 7.', 'The Swiss Confederation and the cantons will gear their planning activities to net zero in all climate- relevant areas. 7. The transition to net zero will be carried out in a socially acceptable way. 8. The transition to net zero will be achieved in an economically viable way. 9. The transition to net zero will also improve environmental quality. 10. The Long-Term Climate Strategy is based on openness to all types of technology. The Long-Term Climate Strategy outlines possible developments up to 2050 for the buildings, industry, transport, food and agriculture, financial market, waste and synthetic gases and international aviation sectors and defines strategic goals for each sector.', 'The Long-Term Climate Strategy outlines possible developments up to 2050 for the buildings, industry, transport, food and agriculture, financial market, waste and synthetic gases and international aviation sectors and defines strategic goals for each sector. The strategy also determines the requirement for negative emissions that is likely to be needed to balance the remaining emissions. The following princi- ple applies: greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced as far as possible in every sector – whether through a sufficiently high price for emission-intensive technologies, through technical measures or by promoting alternatives. The buildings and transport sectors can cut their fossil emissions to zero by 2050 and energy-related emissions can also be almost completely eliminated in industry too.', 'The buildings and transport sectors can cut their fossil emissions to zero by 2050 and energy-related emissions can also be almost completely eliminated in industry too. The reduction potential in agriculture and the food industry will also be harnessed. Finally, international aviation will also have to contribute to the attainment of the target, particularly through the use of renewable sustain- able fuels and alternative drive systems. Difficult-to-avoid emissions from some industrial processes, such as cement production or incineration, will be offset by the use of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. These technologies can largely prevent emissions from entering the atmosphere. The revision of the CO2 Act adopted by Parliament in the 2020 autumn session requires greenhouse gas emissions to be halved by 2030.', 'The revision of the CO2 Act adopted by Parliament in the 2020 autumn session requires greenhouse gas emissions to be halved by 2030. The set of measures approved puts Switzerland on course toachieve the net-zero target by 2050 and is a key element in attaining this goal. Based on the scenarios available, a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by just under 90 per cent overall by 2050 compared with 1990 is possible. The greenhouse gas emissions remaining after the use of CCS technologies – just under seven million tonnes of CO2 equivalent in total – must be balanced with negative emissions. The respective shares to be achieved through measures in Switzerland or abroad by 2050 are not yet determined.', 'The respective shares to be achieved through measures in Switzerland or abroad by 2050 are not yet determined. The current level of compensation abroad, with projects that reduce emissions and there- fore substitute reductions in Switzerland, is to be increasingly replaced long-term through international commitment in the field of negative emissions as domestic capacity for geological storage is limited. When using negative emissions technologies abroad, the same standards in terms of social acceptance and environmental sustainability shall apply as in Switzerland. From a scientific perspective, the reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions to net zero is imperative to keep global warming below the critical threshold. A lack of or insufficient action would come at a very high price, even by 2050.', 'A lack of or insufficient action would come at a very high price, even by 2050. This applies especially to Switzerland which is significantly affected by climate change. If global warming continues, existing studies indicate that the cost for Switzerland by 2050 would amount to up to 4 per cent of annual GDP. However, if global emissions are significantly reduced and global warming is restricted to a maximum of 1.5° Celsius, the cost by 2050 would only stand at a maximum of 1.5 per cent of GDP. According to these estimates, the benefits of a global reduction in emissions to net zero would amount to 2.5 per cent of GDP for Switzerland by 2050. This roughly equates to around 20 to 30 billion Swiss francs.', 'This roughly equates to around 20 to 30 billion Swiss francs. These benefits increase sharply long-term as the cost of unchecked climate warming rises exponentially. This means it is in Switzerland s interests to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero and contribute to the global efforts to restrict global warming. Attaining the net-zero target requires a transformation of the current energy supply system which still relies heavily on fossil energies. Even without the net-zero goal, additional investment in the energy system of 1,400 billion francs is required by 2050, according to Energy Perspectives 2050+. The goal of achieving net zero by 2050 increases the need for invest- ment by 109 billion francs in total which is only 8 per cent.', 'The goal of achieving net zero by 2050 increases the need for invest- ment by 109 billion francs in total which is only 8 per cent. The cost of operating the energy supply plants rises by around 14 billion francs. Reducing emissions to net zero will also enable savings to be made on energy costs of 50 billion francs, in particular by eliminating imports of fossil energies,.1 Overall, additional annual expenditure of around 2.4 billion francs on average will be incurred over the period 2020–50. This means the reduction of emissions to net zero is also likely to pay off financially by 2050.', 'This means the reduction of emissions to net zero is also likely to pay off financially by 2050. A key factor will be structuring the transition to the net zero goal over the coming years in a socially acceptable, economically viable and environmentally sustainable way and aligning the regulatory environment ac- cordingly. The complete revision of the CO2 Act lays the foundation in this respect. 1 This figure does not include potential savings in international aviation. If they are also taken into account, the savings amount to around CHF 64 billion.Switzerland signed the Paris Agreement in 2015 and ratified it in 2017. The Paris Agreement obliges all states to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions for the first time.', 'The Paris Agreement obliges all states to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions for the first time. The main overarching objectives are limiting global warming to well below 2°C compared to the pre-industrial era, whereby a maximum in- crease in temperature of 1.5°C is being targeted, improving adaptability to climate change and making financial flows consistent with low-greenhouse-gas development. Switzerland wishes to make its contri- bution to achieving these goals. The Federal Council is endeavouring to cut greenhouse gas emissions to the target of net zero by 2050, as it announced in 2019.2 This means Switzerland should no longer produce any greenhouse gas emissions overall by 2050.', 'The Federal Council is endeavouring to cut greenhouse gas emissions to the target of net zero by 2050, as it announced in 2019.2 This means Switzerland should no longer produce any greenhouse gas emissions overall by 2050. Switzerland will therefore reduce the use of fossil energies to a minimum, cut its greenhouse gas emissions as far as possible and balance remain- ing emissions through negative emissions. Negative emissions technologies (NET) use technical or natural processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and permanently store it. Switzerland is also committed to making financial flows consistent with environmental sustainability at national and interna- tional level. Switzerland is already being severely impacted by climate change. Without effective climate protection measures, these effects will continue to worsen.', 'Without effective climate protection measures, these effects will continue to worsen. According to the CH-2018 Swiss Climate Change Sce- narios, the summers will be drier in future, heavy rainfall will be more intense, the average and highest temperatures will rise and snowfall and snow cover will continue to decline, particularly in lower-lying areas. There is great need for action. To attain the net-zero target, greenhouse gas emissions in Swit- zerland must decrease sharply over the coming years and decades. The revision of the CO2 Act, which was adopted by Parliament during the 2020 autumn session, establishes the climate policy framework until 2030. The new CO2 Act is a key element in ensuring Switzerland meets its 2050 climate target.', 'The new CO2 Act is a key element in ensuring Switzerland meets its 2050 climate target. It will enable Switzerland to halve its emissions overall by 2030 and reduce them by at least 37.5 per cent domestically. With the newly created Climate Fund, the emissions limits for buildings and new vehicles and the strengthening of established market economy approaches, it contains instruments that will have an impact beyond 2030. The Act also obliges the Federal Council to submit proposals to Parliament on post-2030 reduction objectives in good time. It puts Switzerland on course to achieve balanced green- house gas performance which is what the Federal Council is striving to attain in Switzerland by 2050.', 'It puts Switzerland on course to achieve balanced green- house gas performance which is what the Federal Council is striving to attain in Switzerland by 2050. In this Long-Term Climate Strategy, the Federal Council sets out how greenhouse gas emissions should develop overall in the various sectors to 2050, how high the requirement for negative emissions could be and the strategic principles on which climate policy action should be based at federal, cantonal and communal level over the coming years. 2 Mandate for the development of a Long-Term Climate Strategy The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero is based on the scientific evidence presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (Section 2.1).', '2 Mandate for the development of a Long-Term Climate Strategy The need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to net zero is based on the scientific evidence presented by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC (Section 2.1). The requirement to draw up long-term climate strategies is enshrined in the Paris Agreement (Section 2.2). The Federal Council therefore gave the departments responsible the task of drawing up a long-term climate strategy for Switzerland in August 2019. This strategy is the result of their work and enables Switzerland to assume its responsibility to limit the rise in the global temperature to 1.5° Celsius, to prevent mis-investment and to take advantage of emerging opportunities (Section 2.3).', 'This strategy is the result of their work and enables Switzerland to assume its responsibility to limit the rise in the global temperature to 1.5° Celsius, to prevent mis-investment and to take advantage of emerging opportunities (Section 2.3). 2.1 Scientific basis In autumn 2018, the IPCC published its special report on global warming of 1.5° Celsius (subsequently referred to as the 1.5° Report ).3 This summarises the current knowledge available on how global warm- ing can be limited to a maximum of 1.5° Celsius and what impacts such warming will have compared with a rise in temperature of 2° Celsius. According to the 1.5° Report , the global temperature has al- ready risen by around 1° Celsius since the beginning of industrialisation.', 'According to the 1.5° Report , the global temperature has al- ready risen by around 1° Celsius since the beginning of industrialisation. The sharp rise in warming since 1950 by around 0.65° Celsius can no longer be attributed to natural fluctuations. This has been caused by greenhouse gas emissions, especially from the use of fossil fuels, such as oil, gas and coal, and extensive changes in land use, for example the destruction of rain forests. 2 Federal Council press release of 28.8.2019, can be viewed at: releases.msg-id-76206.html. 3 IPCC (2018).The 1.5° Report outlines emissions pathways which are compatible with global warming by a maximum of 1.5° Celsius.', '3 IPCC (2018).The 1.5° Report outlines emissions pathways which are compatible with global warming by a maximum of 1.5° Celsius. The most important finding is that the global CO2 emissions in scenarios with no or limited overshoot will reach their peak by around 2020 and must then fall to around 45 per cent of the 2010 level by 2030 and to net zero by the middle of the century (2045–55). At the same time, the climate impacts of the other greenhouse gases (non-CO2 emissions), in particular from methane, nitrous oxide and black carbon, must also decline sharply by 2050 and beyond. Figure 1 shows this in a graphic. Figure 1: Global emissions pathways compatible with warming of 1.5°C.', 'Figure 1: Global emissions pathways compatible with warming of 1.5°C. Source: IPCC (2018) The 1.5° Report also clearly shows that the effects of global warming by 2° Celsius and by 1.5° Celsius differ significantly. In Central and Southern Europe, a significant water shortage and – particularly in the Mediterranean region – a sharp increase in extreme droughts are anticipated in the event of warming by 2° Celsius. As a result, there is a much greater risk, for example, of more frequent and significantly hotter heatwaves, water and food shortages, but also a greater loss of alpine habitats. The effects of climate change will also result in an increase in migration of people from severely affected regions and countries.', 'The effects of climate change will also result in an increase in migration of people from severely affected regions and countries. Net zero refers to the balance between the emission of greenhouse gases, on one hand, and their removal and storage in sinks on the other. The emission of greenhouse gases cannot be completely eliminated in some sectors. From a current perspective, this includes agricultural food production, some industrial processes, such as cement manufacture, and waste incineration. To achieve the net-zero goal, these remaining emissions must be balanced by the use of technologies or processes that remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it permanently. Long-term, i.e. beyond 2050, the emission balance must be negative overall so that the concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere falls further.', 'beyond 2050, the emission balance must be negative overall so that the concentration of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere falls further. Only then can global warming be limited to 1.5° Celsius with sufficiently high probability. If the emissions are not reduced on time and the temperature goal of 1.5° Celsius is then exceeded, the emissions balance must become negative at an earlier stage to reverse the overshooting of the temperature target. An early reduction in emissions also lessens dependency on technologies about the potential and costs of which there is still a great deal of uncertainty.These scientific findings form the basis for Switzerland s long-term climate policy goals. Climate protec- tion is a fundamental requirement if human wellbeing is to be ensured long-term.', 'Climate protec- tion is a fundamental requirement if human wellbeing is to be ensured long-term. Achieving the net-zero target is imperative for the international community and so too for Switzerland. Only then will the prob- ability of restricting climate warming to a tolerable level be sufficiently high. This requires global efforts to which Switzerland wishes to make its contribution in line with its responsibility and capabilities. This target should be attained while at the same time securing prosperity in an optimal way and ensuring social cohesion and the conservation of resources in all areas of the environment. 2.2 International provisions from the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement requires all contracting parties to draw up long-term climate strategies (Art. 4 para.', '2.2 International provisions from the Paris Agreement The Paris Agreement requires all contracting parties to draw up long-term climate strategies (Art. 4 para. "All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission devel- opment strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibili- ties and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances." The framework convention on climate change stipulates that the long-term climate strategies are to be submitted by the end of 2020 and should be based on a time horizon of the middle of the century (section 3 para. 35 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change).', '35 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC Framework Convention on Climate Change). Finally, the Paris Agreement stipulates that the global emissions must reach their peak as soon as possible and then fall sharply. A balance between emissions by sources and removal by sinks must be achieved by the second half of the century (Article 4 para. 1). These are the key points for the long-term climate strategies. This strategy is also based on these key points. In addition to the Paris Agreement, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also underlines the importance of climate protection.4 As one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals in total, Goal 13 calls on states to take immediate measures to combat climate change and its impacts.', 'In addition to the Paris Agreement, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also underlines the importance of climate protection.4 As one of 17 Sustainable Development Goals in total, Goal 13 calls on states to take immediate measures to combat climate change and its impacts. The Goal also provides for the incorporation of climate policy measures into national policies, strategies and planning (Target 13.2). Switzerland is primarily implementing the 2030 Agenda via its Sustainable Development Strategy (see Section 6.2). 2.3 National environment The Paris Agreement states that the long-term climate strategies should be based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and should take account of respective capabilities, in light of different national circumstances . Switzerland is a highly developed state with a strong economy and global trading relations.', 'Switzerland is a highly developed state with a strong economy and global trading relations. It therefore bears particular responsibility, together with other industrial states and emerging countries. Switzerland is in a favourable position to assume its climate policy responsibility long-term. Resolutely embarking on the path towards a greenhouse-gas-neutral future also presents the opportunity to con- solidate its leading role as a centre of innovation. Switzerland has internationally renowned universities and educational and research institutions. The two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology in Zurich and Lausanne are amongst the world s best universities and are regularly included in the top 20 in interna- tional rankings.', 'The two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology in Zurich and Lausanne are amongst the world s best universities and are regularly included in the top 20 in interna- tional rankings. Overall, universities, the private sector, private organisations and the Swiss Confedera- tion spend around 23 billion francs or 3.4 per cent of GDP on research and development, according to 2017 figures. OECD estimates indicate that this is the third highest figure worldwide, after South Korea and Israel. In total, the research and development sector employs 82,000 full-time equivalents. Many innovative companies are operating in Switzerland and the cleantech sector is well represented. The cleantech sector has achieved strong growth over recent years.', 'The cleantech sector has achieved strong growth over recent years. The environment sector has almost doubled its value creation since 2000 (from CHF 10.9 to CHF 21.2 billion).5 It has developed much more dynamically than the overall economy. The provision of renewable energies as well as energy saving and energy management (energy-saving measures, insulation, the construction of new low-energy-con- sumption buildings etc.) have seen particularly strong growth. Employment in the environment sector 4 See for an overview of the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'Employment in the environment sector 4 See for an overview of the Sustainable Development Goals. 5 According to the definition of the Federal Statistical Office, the environment sector covers "Activities concerning the manufac- ture of goods or the provision of services that protect the environment against pollution and other adverse effects, on one hand, and foster the conservation of natural resources on the other." For further details see: min.ch/bfs/de/home/statistiken/raumumwelt/umweltgesamtrechnung/umweltgueter-dienstleistungen.html.has risen by 87 per cent since 2000 to around 150,000 full-time equivalents. Overall, the environment sector and other cleantech-relevant sectors (such as public transport) today employ 5.1 per cent of the workforce and contribute 4.2 per cent of GDP. The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions presents growth opportunities that extend beyond the clean- tech sector.', 'The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions presents growth opportunities that extend beyond the clean- tech sector. Examples include the IT sector, which can contribute to emissions reduction with digital solutions in various areas, as well as the insurance and financial sectors. As a major global financial centre, Switzerland can also play a key role in making financial flows consistent with the climate-resilient development required by the Paris Agreement. The situation in Switzerland is also favourable in other respects. The Swiss recycling system performs well and companies are increasingly taking on board the concept of a circular econmy. Switzerland s electricity production is largely CO2-free, while emission-intensive industries only make up a relatively low share. Many developments required to achieve the net-zero target are already under way.', 'Many developments required to achieve the net-zero target are already under way. New buildings do not produce CO2 emissions in many cases today, the proportion of new registrations ac- counted for by electric vehicles is increasing rapidly, and the industry and services sectors are relying less and less on fossil fuels. These developments must be consistently driven forward. There are greater challenges in other areas, such as food and agriculture, international aviation and technologies for the capture and storage of CO2 and negative emissions. In terms of legislation, Switzerland has a broad-based foundation for assuming its climate policy respon- sibility. It has had national climate legislation since 2000 with the CO2 Act.', 'It has had national climate legislation since 2000 with the CO2 Act. In the 2020 autumn session, Parliament concluded its consultation on the complete revision of the CO2 Act. With the complete revi- sion, Parliament sets out goals and measures to 2030. The new CO2 Act nevertheless extends beyond 2030 and lays the foundation for Switzerland to achieve its climate goal for 2050 (see Section 6.1). This strategy outlines how greenhouse gas emissions could develop to 2050 and sets out the long-term objective. It reduces the risk of mis-investment in plants that will continue to emit high levels of green- house gases for decades. The Long-Term Climate Strategy creates planning stability and provides guid- ance for action in all sectors concerned.', 'The Long-Term Climate Strategy creates planning stability and provides guid- ance for action in all sectors concerned. If the renewal cycles are applied consistently with immediate effect to replace infrastructure, plants, vehicles and heating systems with lower-CO2-emiting alterna- tives, Switzerland will occupy an advantageous position over the medium to long-term.', 'If the renewal cycles are applied consistently with immediate effect to replace infrastructure, plants, vehicles and heating systems with lower-CO2-emiting alterna- tives, Switzerland will occupy an advantageous position over the medium to long-term. 3 Previous development of climate and emissions in Switzerland 3.1 Climate development in Switzerland Systematic observations of the climate system over many years show that Switzerland is severely af- fected by climate change.6 The near-ground air temperature has risen by around 2° Celsius between the pre-industrial reference period of 1871 to 1900 and the last 30 years between 1991 and 20207 – which is significantly higher than the global average of around 1° Celsius.8 Warming in Switzerland has been particularly high since the 1980s.', '3 Previous development of climate and emissions in Switzerland 3.1 Climate development in Switzerland Systematic observations of the climate system over many years show that Switzerland is severely af- fected by climate change.6 The near-ground air temperature has risen by around 2° Celsius between the pre-industrial reference period of 1871 to 1900 and the last 30 years between 1991 and 20207 – which is significantly higher than the global average of around 1° Celsius.8 Warming in Switzerland has been particularly high since the 1980s. In some years, such as in 2019, 2018 and 2015, it was even more than 2.5° Celsius warmer than in the pre-industrial reference period of 1871 to 1900.', 'In some years, such as in 2019, 2018 and 2015, it was even more than 2.5° Celsius warmer than in the pre-industrial reference period of 1871 to 1900. Nine of the ten warmest years since measurements began were in the 21st century (see Figure 2). The conse- quences of this warming are already evident today: heatwaves are occurring at increasingly closer in- tervals and to a greater extent than in the past, and intensive heavy rainfall is more frequent. The retreat of the alpine glaciers, whose volume has declined by around 60 per cent since the mid-19th century, is clearly visible. The number of days of snowfall per year has also fallen.', 'The number of days of snowfall per year has also fallen. At 2,000 metres above sea level, this is 20 per cent lower today than in 1970, and at 800 metres above sea level it only snows half as often as it did at that time. The vegetation period today is two to four weeks longer on average than 50 years ago.9 Climate change is also putting greater pressure on biodiversity and posing a threat to tradi- tional habitats. The climate changes are also having an impact on health.', 'The climate changes are also having an impact on health. For example, the heatwave summers in 2003, 2015 and 2019 resulted in significant excess mortality.10 6 National Climate Observing System (GCOS Switzerland): 8 At international level, the period 1850 to 1900 (early industrial period) is used as a reference and compared with a norm pe- riod (1981 to 2010). In this analysis, the temperature increase stands at 1.5°C in Switzerland and at 0.6°C globally. 9 See for a summary of the effects of cli- mate change in Switzerland. 10 Ragettli / Röösli (2020).Climate change will have an even greater impact in future.', '10 Ragettli / Röösli (2020).Climate change will have an even greater impact in future. MeteoSwiss and the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich showed how the climate could develop in Switzerland to the middle of the century and beyond in the CH2018 Swiss Climate Change Scenarios published in 2018.11 These scenarios indicate that – without effective global climate protection measures – summers will become drier and heavy rainfall more intensive, the average and highest temperatures will increase and snowfall and snow cover will continue to decrease. A comprehensive reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement would significantly mitigate climate change, also alleviating the effects in Switzerland.', 'A comprehensive reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement would significantly mitigate climate change, also alleviating the effects in Switzerland. In this scenario, the developments already under way would still continue but the extent of the changes would be significantly less overall. Based on the current situation, around half of the potential climate changes could be avoided by the middle of the century with systematic global climate protection measures and two-thirds by the end of the century. Table 1 shows the main effects – each to the middle of the century – according to the CH2018 Swiss Climate Change Scenarios.', 'Table 1 shows the main effects – each to the middle of the century – according to the CH2018 Swiss Climate Change Scenarios. Figure 2: Deviation of the average annual temperature in Switzerland from the average in the period 1871 to 1900. Without effective global climate protection measures (RCP 8.5 scenario) With systematic global climate protection measures (RCP 2.6 scenario) Change in precipitation in sum- mer Change in precipitation in winter -3% to +21% -1% to +16% Table 1: Overview of climate-related effects compared to the current situation (1981 to 2010) by the middle of the century (2045–74) with and without effective climate protection measures. Source: CH2018 (2018) The figures highlight that effective global climate protection measures in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement are in Switzerland s interests.', 'Source: CH2018 (2018) The figures highlight that effective global climate protection measures in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement are in Switzerland s interests. While temperatures would also continue to go up in this sce- nario, they would climb much less rapidly than in the event of an unchanged rise in emissions. The differences will become even clearer long-term towards the end of the century. For example, without global climate protection measures, the average summer temperature would rise by 4.1° to 7.2° Celsius in Switzerland by this time. Effective climate protection measures would slow the increase and limit it to 0.7° to 2.4° Celsius compared with the reference period of today.', 'Effective climate protection measures would slow the increase and limit it to 0.7° to 2.4° Celsius compared with the reference period of today. 11 CH2018 (2018).3.2 Development of emissions in Switzerland In 2018, Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions amounted to 46.4 million tonnes of CO2eq12 in total, according to the greenhouse gas inventory. Compared with the base year of 1990, this equates to a decline of around 14 per cent. A downward emissions trend has been observed since around 2005 – despite continuous population growth (see Figure 3). During the prior period, emissions remained rela- tively constant except for some annual fluctuations. The orange line shows the development of green- house gas emissions per capita.', 'The orange line shows the development of green- house gas emissions per capita. They have declined significantly since 1990 and stood at 5.4 tonnes of CO2eq in 2018. Even though the trend is generally moving in the right direction, Switzerland will not meet the target of reducing total emissions by 20 per cent in 2020 compared to 1990. Additional measures are required to put Switzerland back on course beyond 2020. Figure 3: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions overall (left axis) and per capita (excluding international avia- tion and shipping, right axis).', 'Figure 3: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions overall (left axis) and per capita (excluding international avia- tion and shipping, right axis). Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) If international aviation and shipping – which are not part of the international and national assessment parameters – are included, the emissions in 2018 would stand at 52.1 million tonnes of CO2eq which is around 9 per cent below the 1990 figure. The percentage decrease compared with 1990 is lower in this scenario which is attributable to the increase in emissions from international aviation. Figure 4: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions by gases (excluding international aviation and shipping). Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) 12 Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory: without international aviation and shipping.', 'Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) 12 Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory: without international aviation and shipping. eq/capita eq Total emissions in Mt CO₂eq International aviation and shipping GHG emissions per capitaThe breakdown by gases in Figure 4 shows the dominant role of CO2 emissions, which account for around 80 per cent of total emissions today. This means the fall in overall emissions since 1990 is pri- marily due to a decline in CO2 emissions. Around 16 per cent of total greenhouse gas emissions are methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which are predominantly generated in agriculture. The remaining just under 4 per cent is accounted for by synthetic greenhouse gases where hydrofluorocar- bons (HFC), which are used as refrigerants for example, are significant.', 'The remaining just under 4 per cent is accounted for by synthetic greenhouse gases where hydrofluorocar- bons (HFC), which are used as refrigerants for example, are significant. Figure 5: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions by sectors according to the CO2 Ordinance, supplemented by figures on international aviation and shipping. Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The breakdown by sectors in Figure 5 clearly shows that the emissions reductions are primarily attribut- able to the buildings sector. The annual fluctuations are weather-related and highlight the continued high level of dependence on fossil-fuel heating systems. Emissions in industry and – to a lesser extent – in agriculture have also fallen, while they have now stabilised in the waste sector13.', 'Emissions in industry and – to a lesser extent – in agriculture have also fallen, while they have now stabilised in the waste sector13. The transport sector has accounted for the highest share of emissions for several years. While the trend has been on a slight downward trajectory for around ten years, emissions are still at the level of 1990. International aviation emissions show a clear upward trend to 2019 and would now make up around 10 per cent of Switzerland s total emissions if they were included in the assessment.14 The short-term development over the coming years is still uncertain due to the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'While the trend has been on a slight downward trajectory for around ten years, emissions are still at the level of 1990. International aviation emissions show a clear upward trend to 2019 and would now make up around 10 per cent of Switzerland s total emissions if they were included in the assessment.14 The short-term development over the coming years is still uncertain due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 3 to Figure 5 show the emissions generated in Switzerland according to the international guide- lines (territorial or point of sale principle). Food and other goods imported into Switzerland and the as- sociated emissions abroad are not included here. In contrast, the footprint perspective covers the entire supply chain and differentiates between emissions generated in Switzerland and those generated abroad.', 'In contrast, the footprint perspective covers the entire supply chain and differentiates between emissions generated in Switzerland and those generated abroad. Figure 6 shows that the greenhouse gas emissions are more than twice as high as under the territorial principle if the share generated abroad is also considered. The share generated abroad has clearly risen over the course of time and almost completely offsets the reduction in domestic emis- Figure 6 shows the importance of emissions for which Switzerland is responsible abroad. A comprehen- sive climate policy must assume responsibility for this too. Domestic measures to conserve resources in Switzerland, for example by means of sustainable consumption, resource-efficient production pro- cesses, sustainable supply chains and recycling management policies, can make a substantial contri- bution to reducing environmental pollution abroad.', 'Domestic measures to conserve resources in Switzerland, for example by means of sustainable consumption, resource-efficient production pro- cesses, sustainable supply chains and recycling management policies, can make a substantial contri- bution to reducing environmental pollution abroad. This will enable Switzerland to reduce its footprint abroad by 2050. This also reflects the will of Parliament.16 13 The waste sector in this classification primarily includes the emissions from landfilling, biogas plants and wastewater treat- ment plants. Incineration plants are allocated to the industry sector. 14 The emissions from international shipping only amount to just over 20,000 tonnes of CO2 eq and are therefore negligible. 15 FSO Air Emissions Accounts (2020).', '15 FSO Air Emissions Accounts (2020). 16 Parliament added a provision to the CO2 Act which states that emissions reductions abroad, which are not included in the reduction target but also contribute to emissions reduction, should be in line with emissions caused by Switzerland abroad as far Act). eq Buildings Transport Industry Agriculture Waste Synthetic Gases International Aviation and ShippingFigure 6: Development of the greenhouse gas footprint based on Swiss final demand from 2000 to 2017, broken down by domestic and import-related emissions (emissions related to exported goods and services are not in- cluded).', 'eq Buildings Transport Industry Agriculture Waste Synthetic Gases International Aviation and ShippingFigure 6: Development of the greenhouse gas footprint based on Swiss final demand from 2000 to 2017, broken down by domestic and import-related emissions (emissions related to exported goods and services are not in- cluded). Source: FSO Air emissions accounts (2020) 4 Long-term target for 2050 In line with the scientific evidence, based on the Paris Agreement, in accordance with its highest pos- sible ambition 17 and in view of specific economic and social requirements, Switzerland has set itself the following long-term target18: Switzerland should achieve balanced greenhouse gas performance by 2050 at the latest (net zero).', 'Source: FSO Air emissions accounts (2020) 4 Long-term target for 2050 In line with the scientific evidence, based on the Paris Agreement, in accordance with its highest pos- sible ambition 17 and in view of specific economic and social requirements, Switzerland has set itself the following long-term target18: Switzerland should achieve balanced greenhouse gas performance by 2050 at the latest (net zero). Switzerland s greenhouse gas target for 2050 (net-zero target)… … means achieving equilibrium between sources of emissions and removal and covers all internation- ally governed greenhouse gases (not just CO2); … includes all sectors in the greenhouse gas inventory (energy, industrial processes and product us- age, agriculture, land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF), waste and others); … covers the emissions within Swiss national borders (territorial or point of sale principle); … also includes the emissions from international aviation and shipping attributable to Switzerland; … does not determine specific domestic and international shares for emission reductions; … represents an interim goal where future development after 2050 is still undecided.', 'Switzerland s greenhouse gas target for 2050 (net-zero target)… … means achieving equilibrium between sources of emissions and removal and covers all internation- ally governed greenhouse gases (not just CO2); … includes all sectors in the greenhouse gas inventory (energy, industrial processes and product us- age, agriculture, land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF), waste and others); … covers the emissions within Swiss national borders (territorial or point of sale principle); … also includes the emissions from international aviation and shipping attributable to Switzerland; … does not determine specific domestic and international shares for emission reductions; … represents an interim goal where future development after 2050 is still undecided. 4.1 Classification and meaning The net-zero target means that greenhouse gas emissions must achieve a balance between sources and removal by 2050 at the latest.', '4.1 Classification and meaning The net-zero target means that greenhouse gas emissions must achieve a balance between sources and removal by 2050 at the latest. The target covers all internationally governed greenhouse gases. In addition to CO2, it also includes methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as well as certain synthetic greenhouse gases. This is of particular significance because the methane and nitrous oxide emissions, especially in agriculture, are difficult to avoid or cannot be completely avoided as things currently stand.', 'This is of particular significance because the methane and nitrous oxide emissions, especially in agriculture, are difficult to avoid or cannot be completely avoided as things currently stand. The target covers all sectors in the greenhouse gas inventory: energy (1), industrial processes and product use (2), agriculture (3), land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF) (4), waste (5) and other (6).19 In its counter-proposal to the Glacier Initiative (see Section 6.3), the Federal Council pro- posed also including emissions from international aviation20 and international shipping in the target in 17 Highest possible ambition according to the Paris Agreement (Art. 4 para.', 'The target covers all sectors in the greenhouse gas inventory: energy (1), industrial processes and product use (2), agriculture (3), land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF) (4), waste (5) and other (6).19 In its counter-proposal to the Glacier Initiative (see Section 6.3), the Federal Council pro- posed also including emissions from international aviation20 and international shipping in the target in 17 Highest possible ambition according to the Paris Agreement (Art. 4 para. 3) 18 Federal Council press release of 28.8.2019, can be viewed at: 19 The figures in brackets refer to the corresponding categories in the greenhouse gas inventory in accordance with the provi- sions of the UNFCCC.', '3) 18 Federal Council press release of 28.8.2019, can be viewed at: 19 The figures in brackets refer to the corresponding categories in the greenhouse gas inventory in accordance with the provi- sions of the UNFCCC. 20 In 2018 greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation stood at 5.7 million tonnes of CO2 eq according to the green- house gas inventory. The emissions are based on the aviation fuel used in Switzerland for international flights. This figure does not include the indirect climate effects of aviation, such as its impact on cloud formation (see Section 8.4). Greenhouse gas footprint (mio t CO2 eq) Import-related emissions Domestic emissionsfuture, provided this is feasible scientifically and technically in line with the data in the greenhouse gas inventory.', 'Greenhouse gas footprint (mio t CO2 eq) Import-related emissions Domestic emissionsfuture, provided this is feasible scientifically and technically in line with the data in the greenhouse gas inventory. These emissions sources are not included in Switzerland s current reduction target. Net zero serves as a target value because Switzerland cannot reduce its emissions completely to zero in all sectors by 2050. The generation of greenhouse gases is technologically unavoidable as things stand in food production, in agriculture and in certain industrial processes, such as cement manufacture or waste incineration. These technically unavoidable emissions – assuming no alternatives are available or the emissions cannot be reduced in another way – must be balanced through the use of technical and natural removal or through emissions-reducing measures abroad.', 'These technically unavoidable emissions – assuming no alternatives are available or the emissions cannot be reduced in another way – must be balanced through the use of technical and natural removal or through emissions-reducing measures abroad. The net-zero target for all greenhouse gas emissions can simply be referred to as greenhouse gas neutrality . It refers, based on international reporting standards, to national greenhouse gas emissions, which means that the territorial or point of sale principle (for transport fuels) applies.21 Emissions that Switzerland generates abroad are not included in the reporting parameters of Switzerland s net-zero target. However, the climate goals of the Paris Agreement can only be achieved if these emissions are also reduced. These emissions must therefore be covered by the reduction targets of other countries.', 'These emissions must therefore be covered by the reduction targets of other countries. Achieving the net-zero target will require a comprehensive and rapid reduction in domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings and road traffic must become almost or completely free of fossil emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions must also be reduced in industry and the waste sector as far as technically feasible. The emission of synthetic greenhouse gases, which are used in cooling systems for example, must also be restricted to a minimum. Agriculture must utilise its full capacities – for example in manure and soil management and livestock farming – to reduce the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide.', 'Agriculture must utilise its full capacities – for example in manure and soil management and livestock farming – to reduce the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. Additional potential lies in the development of less greenhouse-gas-intensive foodstuffs in which Swiss companies are playing a leading role. The potential for reducing emissions in international aviation must also be exploited. The net-zero target requires the use of technologies to capture and store (CCS) or, in some cases, utilise CO2 (CCU), particularly at large, fixed-location point sources, such as incineration facilities and cement factories. The net-zero target also requires the use of negative emissions technol- ogies to balance the remaining emissions that are difficult to avoid technically (see Section 8.9).', 'The net-zero target also requires the use of negative emissions technol- ogies to balance the remaining emissions that are difficult to avoid technically (see Section 8.9). The reduction of global CO2 emissions to net zero by the middle of the century and the simultaneous comprehensive reduction of the other greenhouse gases is the only way of limiting global warming to below 1.5° Celsius, according to the scientific evidence. Switzerland s net-zero target is in line with the requirements of the Paris Agreement according to which developed countries should reduce their emis- sions to net zero more quickly than developing ones. Switzerland possesses the required capabilities and is well positioned by international comparison to systematically implement the transition to net zero.', 'Switzerland possesses the required capabilities and is well positioned by international comparison to systematically implement the transition to net zero. The completely revised CO2 Act plays a key role in this respect. An internationally coordinated climate policy that meets the goals of the Paris Agreement is essential for Switzerland. Switzerland is already being severely affected by the impacts of climate change today. It therefore has a strong interest in the international community taking joint action and the major emitters also setting and implementing ambitious reduction targets. Only by adopting this approach can the re- quired technologies be developed, produced and applied to the extent required. Switzerland is reliant on this global technological progress and its application to attain its target.', 'Switzerland is reliant on this global technological progress and its application to attain its target. Switzerland can only credibly call for robust framework conditions and a reduction in emissions at international level if it is implement- ing the measures required itself. Measures at national level and efforts at international level must there- fore go hand in hand. 4.2 Domestic and foreign shares of reductions The Long-Term Climate Strategy leaves open the level of the domestic and foreign shares of the emis- sions reductions required by 2050. In the completely revised CO2 Act, Parliament set the ratio between domestic and foreign reductions to at least three quarters versus a maximum of one quarter for 2030 (see Section 6.1).', 'In the completely revised CO2 Act, Parliament set the ratio between domestic and foreign reductions to at least three quarters versus a maximum of one quarter for 2030 (see Section 6.1). The principle of the highest possible ambition, to which the contracting parties to the Paris Agreement are committed, means that domestic greenhouse gas emissions should be reduced as far as possible. The inclusion of measures abroad is particularly beneficial during a transition period to obtain flexibility and time so that regular investment cycles for infrastructure renewal can be used. 21 The point of sale principle applies to transport fuels. The emissions are attributed to the country where the fuel is used.Reduction measures abroad are also an option long-term.', 'The emissions are attributed to the country where the fuel is used.Reduction measures abroad are also an option long-term. The potential for measures abroad is never- theless set to decrease as all countries must continuously reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to- ward net zero under the Paris Agreement. Their willingness to favourably assign allowable reduction options to other countries is likely to decrease, while the investment required to reduce the remaining emissions will increase. This means the prices for reductions abroad are set to rise long-term. Over the short and medium-term, reductions abroad can nevertheless provide support for partner countries and foster knowledge and technology transfer. The same quality requirements and environmental and social standards should apply to reduction efforts both domestically and abroad.', 'The same quality requirements and environmental and social standards should apply to reduction efforts both domestically and abroad. Climate change is a global phenomenon that does not recognise national borders. If Switzerland s re- sponsibility for climate change is viewed from an international perspective, it is evident that around two- thirds of Switzerland s greenhouse gas footprint is generated abroad (see Section 3.2).22 Switzerland, which is a technologically advanced and innovative country, can contribute towards establishing and expanding the use of low-emission technologies and processes in developing countries. Such commit- ment abroad therefore remains important. Internationally Switzerland advocates binding and effective rules on the allowability of reductions abroad (Article 6 of the Paris Agreement) and is already consid- ering bilateral cooperation with various states.', 'Internationally Switzerland advocates binding and effective rules on the allowability of reductions abroad (Article 6 of the Paris Agreement) and is already consid- ering bilateral cooperation with various states. In this respect, the Federal Council approved an agree- ment with Peru23 – the first of its kind in the world – on 14 October 2020 and an agreement with Ghana24 on 18 November 2020. Negative emissions technologies can generally be used both in Switzerland and abroad. Participation in relevant projects abroad can be worthwhile whereby the same requirements in terms of social accept- ability and environmental sustainability as in Switzerland must be ensured. The framework conditions for allowability must be governed at international level.', 'The framework conditions for allowability must be governed at international level. In view of uncertainty over the potential, costs and risks of negative emissions technologies, the comprehensive reduction of emissions in Switzerland is essential if the net-zero target is to be met. 5 Strategic principles of the Long-Term Climate Strategy The Long-Term Climate Strategy outlines how the net-zero target can be achieved by 2050. Building on the progress achieved by the complete revision of the CO2 Act, the climate strategy shows emissions developments, targets and the related challenges, going beyond the year 2030 and for the various sec- tors. The relevant future legal framework conditions can be defined on this basis.', 'The relevant future legal framework conditions can be defined on this basis. The Long-Term Climate Strategy faces a major challenge: while the global target status is clearly defined scientifically and is bindingly laid down in the Paris Agreement, significant uncertainty exists over imple- mentation. Forecasting technical developments is challenging. The effects of various instruments on the economy and society can only be predicted in general terms long-term. The scientific basis in all these areas must therefore be improved over the coming years. The course towards a low-greenhouse-gas future must nevertheless be set today despite the existing uncertainties.', 'The course towards a low-greenhouse-gas future must nevertheless be set today despite the existing uncertainties. The greatest possible room for manoeuvre should also be maintained: there must be scope for new models of thinking and action in society, the economy and technology as well as their development. Options, structures and require- ments may change over the next 30 years, for example with new forms of work, living and mobility. The Long-Term Climate Strategy marks the beginning of this process. It outlines the Federal Council s views on the direction of Switzerland s long-term climate policy and, in an initial step, sets out ten over- arching strategic principles which are crucial to attaining the net-zero target from a present-day perspec- tive.', 'It outlines the Federal Council s views on the direction of Switzerland s long-term climate policy and, in an initial step, sets out ten over- arching strategic principles which are crucial to attaining the net-zero target from a present-day perspec- tive. These principles aim to provide guidance for climate policy but also other related policy areas. They are key elements on the path to net zero but provide the greatest possible room for manoeuvre. 22 According to the Federal Statistical Office, just under two-thirds of Switzerland s total greenhouse gas footprint is generated abroad, see The FOEN uses a slightly different method in its estimations, but includes a similar Switzerland/abroad ratio. 23 Federal Council press release of 20.10.2020 can be viewed at lungen.msg-id-80791.html.', '23 Federal Council press release of 20.10.2020 can be viewed at lungen.msg-id-80791.html. 24 Federal Council press release of 23.11.2020 can be viewed at lungen.msg-id-81266.html.Switzerland will seize the opportunities presented by a systematic transition to net zero Systematic alignment with the net-zero target presents major opportunities for Switzerland as a centre of research and innovation. These opportunities must be seized. Switzerland can play a leading role in the development of new, low-emissions technologies, processes and solutions and thus enhance its competitive position – both in the real economy sectors as well as in the financial sector. This will benefit not only climate protection, but also the export industry.', 'This will benefit not only climate protection, but also the export industry. The goal of cutting emissions to net zero by 2050 sends out a clear message on the alignment of this innovation capability. It also encourages Swiss research and innovation actors to contribute to attainment of the target. In addition to the development of new technologies to reduce emissions, research can also support the transition to net zero with find- ings from interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary projects. Switzerland will assume its climate policy responsibility Switzerland is dependent on the commitment of other states in climate policy. It can only credibly call upon others to demonstrate this commitment if it is implementing the required measures itself.', 'It can only credibly call upon others to demonstrate this commitment if it is implementing the required measures itself. Switzer- land therefore relies on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and different capaci- ties (see Section 2.2) and will systematically pursue its path towards the net-zero target by 2050. In this way, it will also make its contribution to the global efforts on limiting global warming. It will also system- atically pursue the two other goals of the Paris Agreement, i.e. improving adaptability to a changed climate and making financial flows consistent with climatic sustainability. Switzerland also supports the reduction of direct and indirect subsidies for fossil energies. Reducing emissions in Switzerland will take priority Switzerland wishes to achieve some of its reduction by 2030 abroad.', 'Reducing emissions in Switzerland will take priority Switzerland wishes to achieve some of its reduction by 2030 abroad. This share achieved abroad is to become increasingly less long-term. The contributions to the net-zero target to be achieved in Switzer- land and abroad have been left open by the Federal Council. However, the key to attaining the net-zero target most probably lies in reducing emissions in Switzerland. Avoidable emissions must be completely eliminated as far as possible by 2050. This means that fossil heating and motor fuels can only be used in clearly defined exceptional cases. Remaining emissions will be balanced by negative emissions tech- nologies. These technologies will supplement the comprehensive emissions reduction.', 'These technologies will supplement the comprehensive emissions reduction. Owing to their limited potential, negative emissions technologies should be reserved for emissions that are difficult to avoid technically. Switzerland will also endeavour not to relocate emissions abroad as far as possible (carbon leakage). To the extent that this is compatible with international trade obligations , no electricity produced with fossil energies is to be used for power-based applications. The emissions will be reduced across entire value chains Goods and services imported into Switzerland cause greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere in the world.', 'The emissions will be reduced across entire value chains Goods and services imported into Switzerland cause greenhouse gas emissions elsewhere in the world. The aim is to structure the framework conditions in such a way that the production of and demand for goods and services across the entire value chain cause as little environmental pollution as possible and generate the lowest possible greenhouse gas emissions. The Swiss Confederation, the cantons and the communes will conserve natural resources and step up their efforts to apply the principle of a circular economy within the scope of their responsibilities and capabilities. This will also contribute towards reducing environmental pollution abroad.', 'This will also contribute towards reducing environmental pollution abroad. If materials are used for longer, their quantities are reduced, they are replaced by lower-emissions alternatives and reused, emissions will be cut across the entire value chain. All energy sources will be used efficiently taking account of their optimal utilisation In addition to completely avoiding fossil heating and motor fuels as far as possible and the rapid expan- sion of renewable energies, the efficient management of all energy sources is a further key element in target attainment. On one hand, this means that the potential available to improve energy efficiency and to reduce energy consumption is to be harnessed in all sectors. On the other, the energy sources avail- able should be used as efficiently as possible.', 'On the other, the energy sources avail- able should be used as efficiently as possible. They should be used on a cross-sector basis where theyare optimal for the application. Energy sources that are scarce or expensive to produce (e.g. synthetic energies) should be used where alternatives are difficult to find and there are no other solutions. The Swiss Confederation and the cantons will gear their planning activities to the net-zero tar- get in all climate-relevant areas A key requirement for attaining the long-term climate goals is avoiding mis-investment: buildings and infrastructure have a long lifespan and are in use for many years.', 'The Swiss Confederation and the cantons will gear their planning activities to the net-zero tar- get in all climate-relevant areas A key requirement for attaining the long-term climate goals is avoiding mis-investment: buildings and infrastructure have a long lifespan and are in use for many years. If such infrastructure is constructed and maintained with emissions-intensive building materials and operated with fossil energies or encour- age the use of fossil energies, they will cause emissions over the long-term. The Swiss Confederation and the cantons are therefore required to ensure careful planning activities geared to the climate goals. This applies in particular to spatial and transport planning, urban development and energy planning.', 'This applies in particular to spatial and transport planning, urban development and energy planning. New legal provisions and investment projects should also be verified for compatibility with the net-zero target and climate protection should be incorporated into all relevant policy areas and strategies. The transition to net zero will be carried out in a socially acceptable way The Swiss Confederation – together with the social partners, the cantons and the communes – will ensure that the transition to the net-zero target is carried out in a socially acceptable way. Additional financial burdens for low-income households or particular regions will be avoided or mitigated with ap- propriate measures. Infrastructure will be planned with a view to facilitating the transition to net zero for the population.', 'Infrastructure will be planned with a view to facilitating the transition to net zero for the population. The transition to net zero will be carried out in an economically viable way The Swiss Confederation will ensure that the transition to the net-zero target is carried out in an eco- nomically viable way, cost-efficiently and in line with the polluter-pays principle as far as possible and contributes to the internalisation of external costs. It will establish clear framework conditions so that investment and renewal cycles can be systematically used to avoid mis-investment and to largely re- place fossil energies. It will also ensure that sectors and companies facing international competition do not suffer any disadvantages vis-à-vis their competitors.', 'It will also ensure that sectors and companies facing international competition do not suffer any disadvantages vis-à-vis their competitors. The transition to net zero also improves environmental quality In addition to the climate, there are also major challenges in other areas of the environment. Attaining the net-zero target should therefore go hand in hand with greater conservation of other environmental resources. Many synergies exist, for example in the areas of air quality and biodiversity. However, in- terests must also be weighed up. Climate protection should not come at the expense of other environ- mental areas but should be compatible with them and support measures aimed at improvements.', 'Climate protection should not come at the expense of other environ- mental areas but should be compatible with them and support measures aimed at improvements. The Long-Term Climate Strategy is based on the principle of openness to all types of technol- ogy Long-term technological, economic and social developments can only be predicted with a large degree of uncertainty. As much political room for manoeuvre as possible should therefore be maintained. The Long-Term Climate Strategy is open to all types of technology. It is based on a broad understanding of technology. As well as digitalisation, material sciences and engineering, new farming methods in agri- culture, operational and organisational improvements and social and cultural innovations also play an important role.', 'As well as digitalisation, material sciences and engineering, new farming methods in agri- culture, operational and organisational improvements and social and cultural innovations also play an important role. In relation to negative emissions technologies, the strategy takes account of the limited availability of suitable CO2 storage sites and the fact that suitable processes are not yet available to the extent required. Negative emissions technologies should therefore only be used on the condition that no greenhouse gases from fossil energies which could be avoided through technical measures will be emitted by 2050 at the latest. 6 Switzerland s climate legislation The CO2 Act and the related CO2 Ordinance are the legal basis of Switzerland s climate policy. They set out the targets, instruments and responsibilities for implementation and enforcement.', 'They set out the targets, instruments and responsibilities for implementation and enforcement. The CO2 Act alsotransposes the international climate policy obligations (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement) into national law. In addition to the CO2 Act, measures from other sector policies and legislation also contribute to emissions reduction, particularly in the areas of the environment, energy, agriculture, forestry and timber management and voluntary measures. 6.1 Complete revision of the CO2 Act In autumn 2020, a complete revision of the currently valid CO2 Act was adopted which – subject to the outcome of the referendum – is set to enter into force in 2022 together with the applicable implementing provisions.', '6.1 Complete revision of the CO2 Act In autumn 2020, a complete revision of the currently valid CO2 Act was adopted which – subject to the outcome of the referendum – is set to enter into force in 2022 together with the applicable implementing provisions. The Act will make a contribution to the goals of the Paris Agreement, namely restricting global warming to well below 2° or 1.5° Celsius, to improving adaptability and making financial flows consistent with climatic sustainability. The Act s purpose article also explicitly stipulates the objective of balanced climate performance.25 The revision of the Act aims to halve Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared with 1990. At least three-quarters of the reduction should be achieved in Switzerland and a maximum of one quarter abroad.', 'At least three-quarters of the reduction should be achieved in Switzerland and a maximum of one quarter abroad. The CO2 Act also requires further reductions to be achieved abroad which cannot be included in the reduction target, and namely in the level of emissions that imported goods and services generate elsewhere in the world. In this way, Switzerland will undertake additional efforts to limit global warming to 1.5° Celsius. The revision of the Act builds on the exisiting set of measures in the buildings, transport and industry sectors and also incorporates the field of aviation. Long-term perspectives have already been adopted with various measures.', 'Long-term perspectives have already been adopted with various measures. They not only put Switzerland on course to halve emissions by 2030, but also have a long-term impact in relation to the net-zero target by 2050. The complete revision provides for the following measures: • A Climate Fund will be set up to finance climate protection measures. They will include measures to cut CO2 emissions from buildings and the funding of technologies and other measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This covers the promotion of measures aimed at innovative and direct reduction of the climate impacts of aviation, climate-friendly cross-border passenger transport (such as night trains) and measures undertaken by the cantons and communes.', 'This covers the promotion of measures aimed at innovative and direct reduction of the climate impacts of aviation, climate-friendly cross-border passenger transport (such as night trains) and measures undertaken by the cantons and communes. The current technology fund, which guarantees loans to innovative companies, will also be incorporated into the Climate Fund. These guarantees enable banks to make more debt capital available for the rollout and mar- keting of new technologies. However, the Climate Fund can also provide support in earlier phases of the innovation process and, for example, support pilot, demonstration and flagship projects. The development of climate-friendly technologies is the key to the transition to net zero.', 'The development of climate-friendly technologies is the key to the transition to net zero. The Climate Fund will receive a third of the revenues from the CO2 levy on fossil-based heating fuels – up to a maximum of 450 million francs – and just under half of revenues on levies on air travel. The Climate Fund will also fund measures to prevent damage caused by climate change. Half of the compensa- tion payments made by vehicle importers who fail to meet their CO2 target, further penalty revenues and income from the auctioning of emissions rights will also be available. • The CO2 levy on fossil-based heating fuels intended as an incentive tax encourages the economical use of fossil energies and greater conversion to low-CO2 and CO2-free energies.', '• The CO2 levy on fossil-based heating fuels intended as an incentive tax encourages the economical use of fossil energies and greater conversion to low-CO2 and CO2-free energies. Two-thirds of the revenues will be returned to the population and the economy which also makes them socially ac- ceptable. As an impact analysis conducted on behalf of FOEN shows, the CO2 levy has resulted in significant reductions in emissions since its introduction.26 It should therefore be continued using the same mechanism as today. Depending on the development of emissions from fuels, the levy rate may be increased from 96 francs per tonne of CO2 at present to a maximum of 210 francs per tonne of CO2 by 2030.', 'Depending on the development of emissions from fuels, the levy rate may be increased from 96 francs per tonne of CO2 at present to a maximum of 210 francs per tonne of CO2 by 2030. The maximum rate possible under the currently applicable law of 120 francs per tonne of CO2 did not have to be applied. If emissions are reduced to a sufficient degree, the maximum rate will not have to be used in future either. The CO2 levy contributes to the decarboni- sation of the heating supply system by making the replacement of fossil-based heating systems with emissions-free alternatives more attractive. This gradual and potentially complete replacement over the long term is a key requirement for attaining the net-zero target.', 'This gradual and potentially complete replacement over the long term is a key requirement for attaining the net-zero target. 25 Federal Act on the Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 Act) of 25 September 2020, Federal Gazette 2020 7847. 26 Ecoplan (2017).• The buildings programme will be continued indefinitely and will now be managed by the Climate Fund. Through overall contributions to the cantons, it supports energy-related renovation, the use of renewable energies, building technology and new replacement buildings. It will benefit, for exam- ple, homeowners wishing to improve their property s insulation. In addition to the buildings pro- gramme, the Swiss Confederation can now provide direct support for the replacement of fossil- based heating systems or guarantee investments in climate-friendly building improvements.', 'In addition to the buildings pro- gramme, the Swiss Confederation can now provide direct support for the replacement of fossil- based heating systems or guarantee investments in climate-friendly building improvements. To pro- mote electric mobility, contributions for the installation of charging stations in apartment blocks and multi-family buildings and other multi-party developments are provided for. To drive forward the introduction of district heating networks, investments in the construction or expansion of heating networks and heat generation systems can be guaranteed. The Climate Fund can also make a contribution to communes for spatially coordinated energy-relating planning and support production plants for renewable gas.', 'The Climate Fund can also make a contribution to communes for spatially coordinated energy-relating planning and support production plants for renewable gas. The buildings programme and the additional measures will contribute, on one hand, towards ensuring the energy consumption of buildings falls further towards the technically feasible and economically viable minimum. On the other, they will support renewable energies and the installation of local and district heating systems as a replacement for inefficient, decentralised solutions in the field of heating. • Responsibility for the energy-related buildings measures lies primarily with the cantons. In accord- ance with the completely revised CO2 Act, they should ensure that the CO2 emissions of the building stock falls by half on average by 2026 and 2027 compared to 1990.', 'In accord- ance with the completely revised CO2 Act, they should ensure that the CO2 emissions of the building stock falls by half on average by 2026 and 2027 compared to 1990. The cantonal building regula- tions based on the model energy regulations for the cantons (MuKEn) should make the main con- tribution in this respect. The MuKEn and their future development will also create incentives for replacing existing buildings that no longer meet the future requirements with new ones that comply with the current standards. This will also create opportunities for urban densification, the moderni- sation of the building stock and CO2-free energy supply. • With the complete revision of the CO2 Act, new binding limits will apply for buildings Switzerland- wide from 2023.', '• With the complete revision of the CO2 Act, new binding limits will apply for buildings Switzerland- wide from 2023. The Act differentiates between existing and new buildings. New buildings con- structed from 2023 must no longer generate any CO2 emissions. In contrast, existing buildings can continue to emit CO2. The Act takes account of the transition being easier in new buildings. How- ever, the Act defines limits where new heating systems are installed in existing buildings. From 2023, the target after the replacement of a heating system stands at a maximum of 20 kilograms of CO2 a year per m2 of energy reference area.', 'From 2023, the target after the replacement of a heating system stands at a maximum of 20 kilograms of CO2 a year per m2 of energy reference area. This target value falls in five-year increments by five kilograms of CO2 per m2 a year and, as a result, will stand at zero in 2043. The limits lay the foun- dation for CO2-neutral building stock long-term. In cantons, which had brought into effect Part F of the basic module of the MuKEn 2014 or a more stringent regulation in relation to the share of renewable energy in the replacement of heating systems by the entry into force of the CO2 Act, these provisions will apply from 2026. • The CO2 levy on fossil fuels also covers industry.', '• The CO2 levy on fossil fuels also covers industry. However, the CO2 Act takes account of economic viability. Much of industry receives a full refund on the CO2 levy and in return is subject to other instruments: o Companies in sectors of the economy whose competitiveness is adversely affected by the CO2 levy can obtain exemptions from the duty. In return, they make a commitment to the Swiss Confederation to reduce their emissions. The new CO2 Act is to make this option available to all companies. Only measures whose costs can be recouped within four years through savings will be required. The period is eight years for building measures.', 'The period is eight years for building measures. Operators of combined heat and power plants (CHP) can also obtain exemptions from the CO2 levy on fossil fuels which they use for power generation provided they commit to investment in efficiency measures. The CO2 duty and the reduction obligations will contribute to reducing avoidable emissions, particularly those from the generation of process heat, at the same pace as technical progress and the availability of renewable energies. Both instruments will pave the way for the gradual decarbonisation of industry. o Large emitters, such as the cement, glass, ceramics, paper and chemicals sectors, will par- ticipate in the emissions trading system (ETS) and are also exempt from the CO2 levy. The ETS provides a market where emission rights can be traded.', 'The ETS provides a market where emission rights can be traded. One emission right entitles the holder to the emission of one tonne of CO2. The total amount of emission rights is limited.The ETS participants are assigned some free emission rights. Emission rights can be pur- chased or sold on the trading system. This incentivises the major emitters to undertake measures to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. In total, over 50 plants in Switzerland are included in the ETS. Switzerland s emissions trading has been linked with that of the EU since 2020. This gives Swiss companies access to the European market for emission rights. Flights within Europe are also covered by emissions trading in the same way as in the EU.', 'Flights within Europe are also covered by emissions trading in the same way as in the EU. The emission rights available will be reduced by 2.2 per cent each year. The instru- ment is therefore geared towards the net-zero target long-term. If greenhouse gases are captured at the point of origin using carbon capture and storage (CCS) or removed from the atmosphere by negative emissions technologies (NET), they can be included in the ETS as an emissions-reduction measure. • Any new fossil-thermal power plants constructed in Switzerland will be subject to emissions trading. In line with EU regulations, they would not be assigned any free emission rights but would instead have to purchase them at auction or on the secondary market.', 'In line with EU regulations, they would not be assigned any free emission rights but would instead have to purchase them at auction or on the secondary market. Diverging from the EU, the CO2 price, which they must pay at the minimum, should be in line with external costs. • Incinerators of waste are currently excluded from emissions trading. In return, they entered into a sector agreement that is valid until the end of 2021. They undertook to make indirect emissions savings by increasing power and heat production and recycling more metal from slag. If a new sector agreement is concluded for the period from 2022, the incinerators will remain excluded from emis- sions trading.', 'If a new sector agreement is concluded for the period from 2022, the incinerators will remain excluded from emis- sions trading. The sector is already focusing intensively on CCS and NET with a view to carbon- neutral operation and is driving forward the implementation of the first specific projects. • If plants, which generate large volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, are newly constructed or upgraded, the operator will now ensure climate-friendly operation as far as possible. All possible technical and operational measures to reduce emissions must be taken into account as part of the environmental impact assessment. This counteracts the construction of additional new, potentially long-life infrastructure operated with fossil energies and emissions-intensive plants.', 'This counteracts the construction of additional new, potentially long-life infrastructure operated with fossil energies and emissions-intensive plants. • A CO2 emissions target value of 130 grams of CO2 per kilometre on average applied to new cars from 2013 in line with EU regulations. A target value of 95 grams of CO2 per kilometre on average has applied since 2020. Delivery vehicles and light articulated vehicles are also subject to emissions regulations for the first time (average target value of 147 grams of CO2 per kilometre; target values according to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)).', 'Delivery vehicles and light articulated vehicles are also subject to emissions regulations for the first time (average target value of 147 grams of CO2 per kilometre; target values according to the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC)). With the complete revision of the CO2 Act, target values for cars and light commercial vehicles will fall in line with the EU from 2025 by a further 15 per cent, from 2030 by 37.5 per cent for cars and 31 per cent for light commercial vehicles. Emis- sions regulations for heavy commercial vehicles will also apply from 2025 also based on EU regu- lations. Vehicle importers who fail to meet the target values must make compensation payments.', 'Vehicle importers who fail to meet the target values must make compensation payments. The emissions regulations incentivise importers to import more efficient vehicles and to increase the share of hybrid and electric vehicles. The emissions limits are a key instrument on the path to green- house-gas-free transport in view of the development beyond 2030 already defined. Compliance with the CO2 targets requires an increasing share of low-emission drive systems. The effectiveness of this mechanism is already evident: newly registered electric cars (battery-powered electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids) reached a new record high in Switzerland in 2019 with a share of 5.6 per cent. The trend also continued in 2020.', 'The trend also continued in 2020. The share of electric vehicles stood at 12.1 per cent in the first ten months with the target of 10 per cent – which the industry association auto-schweiz set itself for 2020 – already being surpassed. • Manufacturers and importers of fossil fuels are obliged to compensate some of the CO2 emissions from transport. In 2020, the share to be compensated for stood at 10 per cent. The fuel importers can pass on the costs of the compensation measures to consumers under the applicable law with a maximum surcharge of five centimes per litre of fuel.', 'The fuel importers can pass on the costs of the compensation measures to consumers under the applicable law with a maximum surcharge of five centimes per litre of fuel. With the complete revision of the CO2 Act, the compensation component can be set within a range of 15 to 90 per cent after consultation with the sector. As a result, the CO2 emissions from transport will be largely offset by compensation measures. Compensation abroad is now also allowable whereby the minimum reduction in Switzer- land must initially amount to 15 per cent, rising to 20 per cent from 2025. These requirements will result in an increase in investment in climate-protection measures.', 'These requirements will result in an increase in investment in climate-protection measures. To take account of fuel importers passing on the costs to consumers, the completely revised CO2 Act sets a ceiling for the surcharge.This cannot exceed 10 centimes per litre up to 2024 and 12 centimes per litre from 2025. The com- pensation obligation also applies to around 4 per cent of aviation fuels, which are used in Switzer- land for national and international flights and that are subject to mineral oil tax. • Biogenic fuels can replace gasoline and diesel, thus reducing CO2 emissions from transport. Mineral oil tax relief will continue to be granted on biogenic fuels until the end of 2023 provided environmen- tal and social requirements are met.', 'Mineral oil tax relief will continue to be granted on biogenic fuels until the end of 2023 provided environmen- tal and social requirements are met. Their use will subsequently be supported by fuel importers subject to compensation obligations. The CO2 compensation obligation has resulted in a sharp in- crease in the share of biogenic fuels over recent years. The complete revision allows vehicle im- porters to now include synthetic fuels in the calculation of the CO2 emissions of the new vehicle fleet.', 'The complete revision allows vehicle im- porters to now include synthetic fuels in the calculation of the CO2 emissions of the new vehicle fleet. • In public transport, disincentives to switch from diesel-fuelled buses to buses with lower greenhouse gas emissions will be eliminated as the partial mineral oil tax rebate for licensed transport companies gradually expires: initially in local transport from 2026, and also in regional passenger transport from 2030 unless topographical conditions prevent climate-friendly alternatives. The additional revenues from the mineral oil tax are earmarked for promoting CO2-neutral, renewable drive technologies. • Two new steering levies are provided for in aviation. At least half of the revenues will be redistributed to the population and economy.', 'At least half of the revenues will be redistributed to the population and economy. Up to 90 per cent of the population could benefit depending on the structure.27 A ticket levy will be introduced on scheduled and charter flights where the level can be varied within a range of 30 to 120 Swiss francs depending on distance and class of travel. A levy of 500 to 3,000 francs will be levied for business and private flights. The levy amount depends on the flight distance, take-off weight and competitiveness of the airports. Airlines which achieve significant emissions reductions can benefit from a lower rate for both levies. This provides them with an in- centive to use more renewable fuel, for example.', 'This provides them with an in- centive to use more renewable fuel, for example. Support with innovative measures to reduce cli- mate impact in aviation can also be provided by the Climate Fund which will receive less than half of the revenues from the flight levies. • In relation to financial flows, the completely revised CO2 Act ensures greater transparency over supervision. The Swiss National Bank and the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority will have to report regularly on climate-related risks. The measures adopted will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Switzerland by just under 38 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990 if implemented systematically.', 'The measures adopted will reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Switzerland by just under 38 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990 if implemented systematically. As this Long-Term Strategy outlines in Section 9, a reduction in emissions in Switzerland of around 88 per cent can be achieved by 2050 com- pared with 1990. The completely revised CO2 Act puts Switzerland on this reduction pathway. The re- vised Act is set to enter into force in 2022. 6.2 Further measures in other sector policies In addition to the CO2 Act, further pieces of legislation and sector policies also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', '6.2 Further measures in other sector policies In addition to the CO2 Act, further pieces of legislation and sector policies also contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. For the agricultural sector, which caused 14.2 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions in Switzerland in 2018, the Federal Council adopted its message on the future development of agricultural policy from 202228 on 12 February 2020 and introduced steps to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Specific reduction pathways and interim targets are also to be set in the implementing provisions for the complete revision of the CO2 Act. In the related message, the Federal Council proposed a domestic reduction contribution for the agricultural sector of 20 to 25 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990.', 'In the related message, the Federal Council proposed a domestic reduction contribution for the agricultural sector of 20 to 25 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990. This target is derived from the Climate Strategy for Agriculture in which the Federal Office for Agriculture assessed the potential for reducing emissions in the food and agriculture sectors in 2011. According to this climate strategy, emissions in agriculture can be cut by a third by 2050 compared with 1990. If the potential of the agricultural and food sectors is fully harnessed, a reduction of up to two-thirds can be achieved according to the Climate Strategy for Agriculture.29 27 Sotomo Research Institute (2020).', 'If the potential of the agricultural and food sectors is fully harnessed, a reduction of up to two-thirds can be achieved according to the Climate Strategy for Agriculture.29 27 Sotomo Research Institute (2020). 28 Message on the future development of agricultural policy from 2022 (AP22+), Federal Gazette 2020 3955 29 FOAG (2011).In addition to the technical measures and financial incentives that the Federal Council proposed in its Message on Agricultural Policy 2022+, greater emphasis is also being placed on the production and consumption of food. The Federal Council is also currently focusing on information, individual responsi- bility and improving the framework conditions. Closely related to this is the avoidance of food waste.', 'Closely related to this is the avoidance of food waste. The Federal Council is currently drawing up an action plan in fulfilment of a postulate.30 The Energy Strategy 2050, which aims to transform energy supply, makes a major contribution to at- taining the climate policy goals. A significant expansion of renewable energies – such as hydropower, photovoltaic systems, biomass, geothermal energy and wind energy – is planned in the field of power generation. In addition to efficiency measures, more domestic renewable energies are to replace fossil energies in the area of heating.', 'In addition to efficiency measures, more domestic renewable energies are to replace fossil energies in the area of heating. To consolidate the expansion of renewable energies, the Federal Coun- cil wishes – based on the results of a consultation procedure on an amendment to the Energy Act – to partially extend the support to 2035, on one hand, and to give it a more competitive structure on the other. It also wishes to turn the statutory limits for electricity generation from hydropower and other renewable energies of at least 54.4 TWh for 2035 into binding targets and to also define targets for 2050.', 'It also wishes to turn the statutory limits for electricity generation from hydropower and other renewable energies of at least 54.4 TWh for 2035 into binding targets and to also define targets for 2050. By opening up the electricity market to all customers, the Federal Council also intends to better integrate renewable energies into the market and to strengthen the position of decentralised electricity production to enable innovative services, such as district system solutions and electric mobility pack- ages, to be created. To drive forward the electrification of transport, the Swiss Confederation, together with the cantons, communes and various industry representatives, signed a joint roadmap to promote electric mobility on 18 December 2018.', 'To drive forward the electrification of transport, the Swiss Confederation, together with the cantons, communes and various industry representatives, signed a joint roadmap to promote electric mobility on 18 December 2018. This aims to increase the share of electric vehicles amongst newly registered cars to 15 per cent by 2022. Electric vehicles also enjoy various benefits. They are exempt from automobile duty, do not fall under mineral oil tax and in some cantons enjoy preferential treatment with regard to cantonal tax on vehicles. Federal government supports the expansion of the network of charging stations to improve the infrastructure. The Federal Council approved the report "Voraussetzungen für ein Schnellladenetz für Elektroautos auf Nationalstrassen" (Requirements for a fast-charging network for electric vehicles on national highways) on 28 June 2017.', 'The Federal Council approved the report "Voraussetzungen für ein Schnellladenetz für Elektroautos auf Nationalstrassen" (Requirements for a fast-charging network for electric vehicles on national highways) on 28 June 2017. The report outlines how the set-up of a fast- charging network can be driven forward. In addition to future drive systems, traffic avoidance and the modal shift also play a key role in the decarbonisation of transport. This also includes improved harmonisation of urban development and transport. Spatial planning coordinated with public transport infrastructure and the intelligent networking of all individual systems will enable the further promotion of lower-CO2 mobility.', 'Spatial planning coordinated with public transport infrastructure and the intelligent networking of all individual systems will enable the further promotion of lower-CO2 mobility. This also contributes to optimal efficiency of the overall transport system which DETEC has set itself as a target for 2040.31 The approval of the counterproposal to the Bike Initiative by the Swiss people on 23 September 2018 also gave the Federal Council a mandate to lay down the key principles for cycle path networks. Responsi- bility for planning, construction and maintenance remains with the cantons while the Swiss Confedera- tion can provide support through subsidiary measures. Various federal government strategies are also closely related to climate and support climate policy objectives.', 'Various federal government strategies are also closely related to climate and support climate policy objectives. The 2030 Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS 2030) by the Federal Council will set out the medium to long-term priorities for sustainable development. It also outlines Switzerland s contribu- tion to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Great importance is attached to climate policy. The SDS 2030 includes the thematic area of climate, energy and biodiversity as one of three priorities and refers to climate policy goals for 2030 and 2050. A further priority is consumption and production which underlines the need for transformation towards a sustainable food system.32 International cooperation also aims to cut emissions in value chains abroad despite these emissions not counting towards the Swiss climate target.', 'A further priority is consumption and production which underlines the need for transformation towards a sustainable food system.32 International cooperation also aims to cut emissions in value chains abroad despite these emissions not counting towards the Swiss climate target. The new CO2 Act nevertheless states that Switzerland should also contribute towards reducing emissions abroad and to the extent that it offsets the emissions it causes. According to the International Cooperation Strategy 2021–24, international cooperation re- sources in the field of climate change will be gradually increased from 300 million francs a year (2017– 20) to around 400 million francs per year by the end of 2024. To encourage the private sector to make 30 18.3829 Chevalley postulate. Action plan to combat food waste. 31 DETEC (2017).', 'Action plan to combat food waste. 31 DETEC (2017). 32 The SDS 2030 was still in the consultation procedure when the Long-Term Climate Strategy was adopted. See multilateral level, which will aim to mobilise private funds. In addition to the specific programmes, the issue of climate change is also covered by most international cooperation programmes.33 The Forestry Policy 2020, the New Growth Policy 2016–19, the Foreign Policy Strategy 2020–23 and the Digital Switzerland Strategy are also of importance.', 'In addition to the specific programmes, the issue of climate change is also covered by most international cooperation programmes.33 The Forestry Policy 2020, the New Growth Policy 2016–19, the Foreign Policy Strategy 2020–23 and the Digital Switzerland Strategy are also of importance. The Federal Council also duly noted the report entitled "Massnahmen des Bundes für eine ressourcenschonende, zukunftsfähige Schweiz" (Swiss Confederation measures for a resource-saving, future-oriented Switzerland) in June 2020 and will pro- pose measures to improve the conservation of resources and recycling on the basis of it.34 6.3 Popular initiative For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) The For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) , submitted at the end of November 2019, seeks to enshrine the objectives of the Paris Agreement in the constitution.', 'The Federal Council also duly noted the report entitled "Massnahmen des Bundes für eine ressourcenschonende, zukunftsfähige Schweiz" (Swiss Confederation measures for a resource-saving, future-oriented Switzerland) in June 2020 and will pro- pose measures to improve the conservation of resources and recycling on the basis of it.34 6.3 Popular initiative For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) The For a healthy climate (Glacier Initiative) , submitted at the end of November 2019, seeks to enshrine the objectives of the Paris Agreement in the constitution. It calls for Switzerland to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 at the latest. According to the initiative, no fossil heating and motor fuels can be sold from 2050 whereby exemptions are permitted if no technical alternatives are available.', 'According to the initiative, no fossil heating and motor fuels can be sold from 2050 whereby exemptions are permitted if no technical alternatives are available. The remaining emissions are to be balanced by safe greenhouse gas reductions in Switzerland. This also applies to the climate impacts of international aviation. The initiative also calls for the definition of a reduction pathway, including interim goals, at legislative level which will, at the minimum, ensure a linear reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The Federal Council decided to submit a direct counterproposal to the initiative,35 in which it supports the main requirements of the initiative, namely enshrining the net-zero target in the constitution and the withdrawal from fossil energies.', 'The Federal Council decided to submit a direct counterproposal to the initiative,35 in which it supports the main requirements of the initiative, namely enshrining the net-zero target in the constitution and the withdrawal from fossil energies. In contrast to the popular initiative, the Federal Council does not wish to ban fossil energies. Their use should continue to be permitted provided this is necessary for reasons of national security, the protection of the population or economic viability. Under this proposal, exemp- tions would also be possible if alternative energies are too expensive and would have an adverse impact on competitiveness. This may be the case in aviation, for example.', 'This may be the case in aviation, for example. According to the Federal Council – in agreement with the popular initiative – its emissions should also be included in the net-zero target, but only if this is scientifically and technically possible in line with the data in the greenhouse gas inven- tory. In contrast to the initiative, the Federal Council does not wish to restrict this offsetting of the remaining emissions through safe reduction of greenhouse gases to domestic reduction, but also wishes to permit reductions abroad. Such flexibility is far-sighted in view of the limited potential in Switzerland.', 'Such flexibility is far-sighted in view of the limited potential in Switzerland. 7 Emissions reductions by 2050 according to Energy Perspectives 2050+ This and the following sections on the various sectors indicate how greenhouse gas emissions in Swit- zerland could develop so that the targeted net-zero goal can be attained. The emissions pathways are largely based on the Energy Perspectives of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy. They are supple- mented by the estimates for sectors not covered by the Perspectives.', 'They are supple- mented by the estimates for sectors not covered by the Perspectives. In specific terms, this concerns methane and nitrous oxide emissions in the agriculture (category 3 in the greenhouse gas inventory), waste (category 5 in the greenhouse gas inventory), land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF or category 4 in the greenhouse gas inventory) and other (category 6 in the greenhouse gas inventory) sectors. 7.1 The basis of the Energy Perspectives 2050+ The Energy Perspectives help to estimate the long-term development of energy supply and demand in Switzerland based on various assumptions and scenarios. The latest version from 2012 (Energy Per- spectives 2050) formed the basis for reviewing and updating Swiss energy policy after the reactor acci- dent in Fukushima.', 'The latest version from 2012 (Energy Per- spectives 2050) formed the basis for reviewing and updating Swiss energy policy after the reactor acci- dent in Fukushima. This revision resulted in the Energy Strategy 2050 and the new Energy Act which entered into force on 1 January 2018. The possible long-term alignment of energy policy was set out in the new energy policy scenario which provided for the reduction of energy-related CO2 emissions to 33 The International Cooperation Strategy 2021–24 was still being drawn up when the Long-Term Climate Strategy was adopted. See 34 FOEN (2020). 35 Federal Council (2020).around 1.5 tonnes per capita a year by 2050 as an overarching strategic goal.', '35 Federal Council (2020).around 1.5 tonnes per capita a year by 2050 as an overarching strategic goal. If the population increased to around 10 million, around 15 million tonnes of CO2 would still be emitted by 2050. The Energy Perspectives 2050 were comprehensively revised, not least taking account of this Long- Term Climate Strategy. The framework data was updated and the new climate policy requirements were set as objectives.', 'The framework data was updated and the new climate policy requirements were set as objectives. The time horizon of the Perspectives was also extended by ten years to 2060 ( Energy Perspectives 2050+ and subsequently referred to as EP2050+ ).36 The EP2050+ and its scenarios provide a comprehensive model basis for the first time that sets out the objectives of energy and climate policy in an integral way, shows their implications and outlines the possible technological developments and measures to attain them. It focuses on measures in Switzerland. 7.2 Scenarios of the EP2050+ The EP2050+ scenarios are based on a set of assumptions and are not a forecast strictly speaking. They show possible emissions pathways for the individual sectors and contain two basic scenarios.', 'They show possible emissions pathways for the individual sectors and contain two basic scenarios. The net-zero scenario (ZERO basis) describes a possible development of the Swiss energy system and the resulting emissions on the path to the net-zero target by 2050. It is based on the trends of techno- logical progress currently being observed, projects them in the future and shows the technological de- velopments required for a reduction of emissions to net zero. It assumes a high increase in energy efficiency at the earliest possible stage, the sustainably useable biomass potential being exhausted and the energy system having a significantly higher degree of electrification, for example, as a result of the increasing importance of electric mobility and electrical heat pumps.', 'It assumes a high increase in energy efficiency at the earliest possible stage, the sustainably useable biomass potential being exhausted and the energy system having a significantly higher degree of electrification, for example, as a result of the increasing importance of electric mobility and electrical heat pumps. Synthetic heating and motor fuels and hydrogen (electricity-based energy sources, power-to-gas/liquid/H2) play a slightly less significant role but make major contributions in some sectors. These assumptions form the basis for what is called the basis variant of the net-zero scenario which is focused on below.37 Further reduction pathways are conceivable depending on the development of technology.', 'These assumptions form the basis for what is called the basis variant of the net-zero scenario which is focused on below.37 Further reduction pathways are conceivable depending on the development of technology. The EP2050+ therefore contains three additional variants of the ZERO scenario, each with different techno- logical priorities and measures in Switzerland.38 All variants are compatible with the net-zero target. This means the energy-related greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced as far as technically possible. Remaining emissions are generally only found in a few industrial sectors (e.g. geogenic emissions from cement production), in recycling, agriculture and from the use of synthetic greenhouse gases. They must be balanced with CCS or negative emissions technologies. The Business as usual (BAU) scenario serves as a comparative basis.', 'The Business as usual (BAU) scenario serves as a comparative basis. This scenario reflects the measures and instruments of energy and climate policy in force up to the end of 2018 and the current market conditions and projects them in the future without any further tightening of measures. It also carries forward current or presently foreseeable trends in efficiency increases of plants, installations, vehicles and systems into the future. The measures of the complete revision of the CO2 Act completed in 2020, which were still undergoing parliamentary consultation when the scenarios were being drawn up, are not included in the scenarios. The comparison of this scenario with the net-zero scenario reveals the need for additional action required for target attainment by 2050 under the assumptions made.', 'The comparison of this scenario with the net-zero scenario reveals the need for additional action required for target attainment by 2050 under the assumptions made. Ad- ditional investment requirements and cost increases or decreases can also be determined in the same way. The integration of the measures of the completely revised CO2 Act into the Business as usual scenario would result in a sharper decline in emissions in the Business as usual scenario. This narrows the gap to the ZERO basis scenario in terms of both emissions and additional investment requirements. 36 Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan (2020). 37 The measures implemented in the models are selected on the basis of existing potential restrictions (spatial and temporal) and technical feasibility.', '37 The measures implemented in the models are selected on the basis of existing potential restrictions (spatial and temporal) and technical feasibility. Additional criteria are cost efficiency, acceptance, security of supply and robustness of target achieve- ment. For a more detailed discussion, see Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan (2020). 38 Variant A is based on extensive electrification of the entire energy system. Biogas and synthetic gases (e.g. hydrogen) play a more important role in variant B in addition to electricity. Variant C attaches more importance to heating networks and fluid bio- genic and synthetic heating and motor fuels.', 'Variant C attaches more importance to heating networks and fluid bio- genic and synthetic heating and motor fuels. The results of the basis variant of the ZERO scenario are shown in the following sections under the assumption of electricity requirements being met by Switzerland s own production in the annual performance assessment by 2050 ( balanced annual performance strategy variant, nuclear power station duration: 50 years).7.3 Framework data and developments of the EP2050+ The framework for the long-term forecasts is based on economic and demographic developments. These framework developments can be estimated based on Swiss Confederation forecasts or on na- tional and international studies. Figure 7: population developments, GDP, energy prices (in USD/bbl or USD/MWh), CO2 prices, heating and cool- ing degree days according to EP2050+.', 'Figure 7: population developments, GDP, energy prices (in USD/bbl or USD/MWh), CO2 prices, heating and cool- ing degree days according to EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan (2020), partly unpublished detailed data. • The population will grow at an average rate of 0.9 per cent a year until 2030 and at an average of 0.4 per cent a year until 2050. Switzerland s permanent resident population will reach around 10.3 million people by 2050.39 39 FSO (2015), reference scenario A-00-2015.', 'Switzerland s permanent resident population will reach around 10.3 million people by 2050.39 39 FSO (2015), reference scenario A-00-2015. Population in millions GDP in billion CHF 2017 Energy prices in USD 2017 Crude oil BAU Natural gas BAU Coal BAU Crude oil ZERO Natural gas ZERO Coal ZERO CO₂ price BAU CO₂ price ZERO Cooling degree days (CDD) Heating degree days (HDD) HDD BAU HDD ZERO CDD BAU CDD ZERO• Economic output, measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), will rise at an average rate of 1.3 per cent a year until 2030 and then at an average of 0.9 per cent a year.', 'Population in millions GDP in billion CHF 2017 Energy prices in USD 2017 Crude oil BAU Natural gas BAU Coal BAU Crude oil ZERO Natural gas ZERO Coal ZERO CO₂ price BAU CO₂ price ZERO Cooling degree days (CDD) Heating degree days (HDD) HDD BAU HDD ZERO CDD BAU CDD ZERO• Economic output, measured in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), will rise at an average rate of 1.3 per cent a year until 2030 and then at an average of 0.9 per cent a year. This means GDP will increase by around 38 per cent by 2050 compared to today.40 • The energy price assumptions are based on the World Energy Outlook 2018 of the International Energy Agency and differ depending on the scenario.', 'This means GDP will increase by around 38 per cent by 2050 compared to today.40 • The energy price assumptions are based on the World Energy Outlook 2018 of the International Energy Agency and differ depending on the scenario. In the Business as usual scenario, the prices of the fossil energies increase until 2060. In contrast, they fall in the ZERO basis scenario due to • The international CO2 prices in the European emissions trading system also develop differently long-term based on the assumptions.', 'In contrast, they fall in the ZERO basis scenario due to • The international CO2 prices in the European emissions trading system also develop differently long-term based on the assumptions. In the ZERO basis scenario, a relatively sharp increase is required compared to today, whereas there is only a moderate rise in the Business as usual sce- The development of the heating and cooling degree days is based on the Swiss Climate Scenarios CH2018 (see Section 6). In the Business as usual scenario, the development is based on scenario RCP4.5 where the average annual temperature in Switzerland rises by around 1.8° Celsius by 2060 compared to the reference period of 1984 to 2002.', 'In the Business as usual scenario, the development is based on scenario RCP4.5 where the average annual temperature in Switzerland rises by around 1.8° Celsius by 2060 compared to the reference period of 1984 to 2002. The heating degree days fall by around 14 per cent up to 2050 compared to this reference period, while the cooling degree days increase significantly. The ZERO basis scenario is based on the RCP2.6 scenario. In this scenario the average annual temperature climbs by 0.8° Celsius by 2060. The heating degree days decline by 11 per cent by 2050 compared with the reference period and there is only a slight rise in the cooling degree days (all compared to the reference period 1984 to 2002).', 'The heating degree days decline by 11 per cent by 2050 compared with the reference period and there is only a slight rise in the cooling degree days (all compared to the reference period 1984 to 2002). The framework developments, in particular the international energy prices, must reflect a consistent world in the scenarios. This means Switzerland must pursue an internationally coordinated energy and climate policy and not act independently to avoid providing any inventive to relocate emissions abroad. The ZERO basis scenario applies the assumption that Switzerland s main trading partners, for example the EU, are pursuing equally ambitious targets.', 'The ZERO basis scenario applies the assumption that Switzerland s main trading partners, for example the EU, are pursuing equally ambitious targets. In relation to climate policy, this means that all contract- ing parties are pursuing the goals of the Paris Agreement just as systematically as Switzerland and are implementing appropriate measures. This requires international technological progress from which Swit- zerland also benefits. 7.4 Development of power supply according to the EP2050+ The EP2050+ shows the development of power supply in the context of the net-zero target (ZERO basis scenario). The second key framework condition – in addition to the net-zero target – is ensuring secure power supply at all times in future. The long-term development of demand for power is influenced by two opposing effects.', 'The long-term development of demand for power is influenced by two opposing effects. On one hand, the technical progress and the measures taken result in tangible efficiency improvements, reducing demand for electricity. On the other, there are developments resulting in greater demand for power, in particular the market penetration of electric vehicles and heat pumps as well as the production of electricity-based energies, such as hydrogen, and the deployment of CCS. Total gross power consumption (including the consumption of storage pumps and grid losses) rises to around 84 TWh by 2050 in the ZERO basis scenario. This represents an increase of around 30 per cent compared to today. The EP2050+ shows how Switzerland can meet this demand on an annual average with its own production by 2050.', 'The EP2050+ shows how Switzerland can meet this demand on an annual average with its own production by 2050. Long term, Switzerland s power supply will be provided by hydropower plants and other renewable energies. Generation by hydropower plants and other renewable energies (primarily photovoltaic systems) rises continually over the course of time. Electricity imports will be re- quired in the annual balance during the transition period. The integration into the European power sys- tem via imports and exports always remains fundamentally important in order to meet power require- ments seasonally and at all times. Figure 8 shows the development of power generation by technologies based on the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+.', 'Figure 8 shows the development of power generation by technologies based on the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+. The significant renewable electricity production – particularly through photovoltaic systems – can be integrated into the power system if the national grids have the required capacities. The anticipated high 40 SECO (2018). 41 IEA (2018). 42 IEA (2018).degree of flexibility in the Swiss power system helps in this respect: existing and new hydropower plants and additional flexibility in power consumption can make significant contributions in future. Figure 8: Development of power generation by technology according to the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+ (strategy variant balanced annual performance 2050 , nuclear power plant term: 50 years).', 'Figure 8: Development of power generation by technology according to the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+ (strategy variant balanced annual performance 2050 , nuclear power plant term: 50 years). Source: Prognos/TEP 8 Strategic goals and challenges in the individual sectors 8.1 Buildings sector For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in the buildings sector to attain the overall net-zero target for greenhouse gas emissions: 2050 target: the building stock no longer generates any greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. Figure 9: Emissions from the buildings sector in million tonnes of CO2eq. Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The buildings sector covers emissions from private households (category 1A4b of the greenhouse gas inventory) and the services sector (category 1A4a).', 'Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The buildings sector covers emissions from private households (category 1A4b of the greenhouse gas inventory) and the services sector (category 1A4a). In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions stood at 11.2 million tonnes of CO2eq which is over 34 per cent below the level in 1990. The buildings sector has met its sectoral goal for 2015 in accordance with the CO2 Ordinance (minus 22 per cent compared with 1990). Under the revised CO2 Act, the cantons must ensure that emissions from buildings are 50 per cent lower by 2026/27 than in 1990. These efforts and the measures set out in the revised CO2 Act can reduce emissions by 65 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990.', 'These efforts and the measures set out in the revised CO2 Act can reduce emissions by 65 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990. TWh Kalenderjahr Existing hydropower New hydropower Existing nuclear power plants Existing fossil-fuel plants New fossil-fuel plants Existing renewables New renewables (including limited RES) Net imports Gross consumption Total buildings Households Services Sector targetsThe annual fluctuations in the historic emissions are attributable to weather conditions. Demand for heating – which still primarily comes from fossil-based sources – rises in years with colder winter tem- peratures. The emissions are higher in these years. The trend is reversed in years with relatively warm winters.', 'The trend is reversed in years with relatively warm winters. Figure 10: Emission developments of households (left) and the services sector (right) in Mt CO2eq based on the Business as usual and ZERO basis scenarios of the EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020. Figure 10 shows the possible development of emissions from households and in the services sector according to EP2050+ to 2050. A reduction to zero for households is possible by 2050, but there are low levels of remaining emissions from older infrastructure in the services sector. The comparison with the Business as usual scenario clearly shows that much greater efforts are needed to maintain the reduction pathway towards net-zero emissions.', 'The comparison with the Business as usual scenario clearly shows that much greater efforts are needed to maintain the reduction pathway towards net-zero emissions. According to the EP2050+, the decarbonisation of the heating supply system is the first main lever for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions of households. Heating supply will continue to make up the biggest part of energy requirements long-term. It is mainly met today by heating oil and natural gas. These fossil energies must be replaced by emission-free alternatives by 2050. Figure 11 shows the development of energy consumption in the ZERO basis scenario according to EP2050+.', 'Figure 11 shows the development of energy consumption in the ZERO basis scenario according to EP2050+. Figure 11: Development of the energy consumption of households by energy source (left) and by use (right) in PJ according to the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, un- published detailed data. The fossil energies are almost completely eliminated in the buildings sector by 2050. By contrast, the importance of new renewable energies and district heating increases significantly. They meet – together with electricity – almost all energy demand by 2050 despite the simultaneous increase in heated living space (driven by population growth).', 'They meet – together with electricity – almost all energy demand by 2050 despite the simultaneous increase in heated living space (driven by population growth). This depends on future renovations and new buildings being much Households BAU ZERO Services BAU ZERO Coal Other energies Crude oil products Natural gases Renewable energies Electricity District heating PtX Others Hot water Space heating Air con, ventilation and build. tech. Process heat I&C, entertainment media Drives, processes Lightingmore efficient than today. These efficiency improvements are the second main lever. Heating demand per m2 is set to fall by around 35 per cent in new single and multi-family homes in comparison with 2020–50, according to the EP2050+. Progress on a similar scale is required for renovations.', 'Progress on a similar scale is required for renovations. Figure 11 (right) also shows the proportionally dominant role of heating supply long-term and also its decline (in absolute terms) compared to today. There is increasing energy demand mainly in the areas of air-con- ditioning, ventilation and building technology owing to the rising demand for air-conditioned living space. Compared to space heating, this area nevertheless still accounts for a small share of energy demand of residential buildings. Electricity is also primarily used. Renovation work must significantly increase over the coming years in order to replace fossil energies quickly and fully. The frequency for energy-related renovations of building components (windows, fa- çade, roof and flooring) then also increases significantly in the ZERO basis scenario.', 'The frequency for energy-related renovations of building components (windows, fa- çade, roof and flooring) then also increases significantly in the ZERO basis scenario. The renovation rates in old building stock are 30 to 50 per cent higher than in the Business as usual scenario. The renovation rate for single-family homes rises to around 1.4 per cent a year by 2040 in old housing stock. The rate then stands at 1.2 per cent a year for the entire housing stock. For multi-family homes, the rate in old housing stock stands at 1.6 per cent a year (1.2 per cent a year for the entire housing stock). The level of renovation also changes in parallel with renovation frequency.', 'The level of renovation also changes in parallel with renovation frequency. The consumption of extensively renovated buildings falls to 50 kWh/m2 per year (for space heating) long-term for single-family homes and to around 35 to 40 kWh/m2 a year for multi-family homes. Restrictions on insulation (e.g. heritage protection, planning restrictions) in some of the buildings holds back the reduction. From 2040, new buildings reach around 30 to 35 kWh per m2 of energy reference area per year for single-family homes and 25 kWh per m2 of energy reference area per year for multiple-family homes. According to the EP2050+, heat generation is also the main driver behind the development of emissions for services. The generation of process heat and air conditioning also play a role.', 'The generation of process heat and air conditioning also play a role. The demand for heat- ing and cooling is based on the development of gross value creation and full-time equivalents (FTE) in the individual sectors. Sector scenarios are available which estimate the developments of these param- eters. These scenarios indicate that FTEs increase by 2040 and then remain stable (see Figure 12 left). Gross value creation rises relatively consistently overall (see Figure 12 right). The importance of the retail sector increases by 2050. Further major contributions come from the financial sector and other services, including real estate and housing. Figure 12: Development of full-time equivalents (left) and gross value creation (right, in billion CHF) in services by sector according to the EP2050+. Source: Ecoplan, 2018.', 'Figure 12: Development of full-time equivalents (left) and gross value creation (right, in billion CHF) in services by sector according to the EP2050+. Source: Ecoplan, 2018. Sector scenarios 2014 to 2030–60 – update 2018. On behalf of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, Bern. Modifications by Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. To reduce the emissions, the decarbonisation of energy supply, particularly heat generation, is also imperative in the services sector. The fossil energies widely used today (heating oil and natural gas) are to be replaced by lower-emission or emission-free alternatives. In a similar way to households, heat pumps and heating networks also play a key role in the services sector. In addition, the increased use of biomass-based heating systems (incl.', 'In addition, the increased use of biomass-based heating systems (incl. biomethane) and district heating will enable the almost com- plete replacement of fossil-based energies by 2050 (see Figure 13 left). Retail Transport, communications Hospitality Finance Public administration Education Health Other services Retail Transport, communications Hospitality Finance Public administration Education Health Other servicesIn addition to the extensive decarbonisation of energy supply, the improvement of energy efficiency is the second main pillar. The potential available must be fully exploited as far as possible as with house- holds. If this is achieved, significant savings can be made on applications that are relevant to the devel- opment of greenhouse gas emissions (process heat and space heating, hot water).', 'If this is achieved, significant savings can be made on applications that are relevant to the devel- opment of greenhouse gas emissions (process heat and space heating, hot water). Figure 13 (right) shows the development of energy consumption by types of use and outlines the efficiency improve- ments, particularly in space heating. Figure 13: Development of energy consumption of services by energy source (left) and type of use (right) in PJ according to the ZERO basis scenario of EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, un- published detailed data. Investment cycles in the buildings sector tend to be medium to long-term. The fact that lots of old oil and gas heating systems are still being replaced with new fossil-based systems is therefore an issue.', 'The fact that lots of old oil and gas heating systems are still being replaced with new fossil-based systems is therefore an issue. A rapid change of approach is required in this respect. The current low-interest rate environment and the existing incentive mechanisms of the Swiss Confederation and the cantons (buildings programme, tax allow- ances, CO2 levy on fossil fuels) actually provide good incentives for full or partial energy-related reno- vations, particularly in larger services buildings.', 'The current low-interest rate environment and the existing incentive mechanisms of the Swiss Confederation and the cantons (buildings programme, tax allow- ances, CO2 levy on fossil fuels) actually provide good incentives for full or partial energy-related reno- vations, particularly in larger services buildings. However, a study conducted as part of the city of Zur- ich s research programme shows that over half of people who have opted for a fossil-based system did not even consider a non-fossil alternative.43 This illustrates that a reduction in emissions in the buildings sector can only be achieved to the required extent if suitable framework conditions or regulations exist. At institutional level, the allocation of responsibilities between the Swiss Confederation and the cantons is a key factor.', 'At institutional level, the allocation of responsibilities between the Swiss Confederation and the cantons is a key factor. The cantons have extensive powers in the field of buildings which means they are also responsible for reducing emissions in line with the target. Under the new CO2 Act, the cantons will re- ceive targeted support from the Swiss Confederation in this area (specification of CO2 limits for replace- ment of fossil-based heating systems, overall contributions to cantonal funding programmes, supple- mentary Confederation programmes, CO2 duty). The effects of these new measures must be closely monitored to develop further regulations or measures if required to ensure the long-term targets are met. Various structural obstacles also exist which often obstruct the use of renewable energies and energy- related building shell renovations.', 'Various structural obstacles also exist which often obstruct the use of renewable energies and energy- related building shell renovations. These include, for example, different ownership relationships, land- lord-tenant issues, expensive planning permission processes or stringent requirements in relation to creditworthiness. These obstacles cannot be overcome with a simple solution. A combination of various approaches geared to the individual target groups is needed that takes account of the different chal- lenges in the best possible way. 8.2 Industry sector For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in the industry sector to achieve the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 43 Lehmann / Meyer / Kaiser / Ott (2017).', '8.2 Industry sector For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in the industry sector to achieve the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 43 Lehmann / Meyer / Kaiser / Ott (2017). Coal Other energies Crude oil products Natural gases Renewable energies Electricity District heating PtX Lighting Drives, processes I&C, entertainment media Process heat Air con, ventilation and build. tech. Space heating Hot water Others2050 target: Greenhouse gas emissions in the industry sector are reduced by at least 90 per cent com- pared with 1990. The industry sector is made up of various sub-sectors. According to the greenhouse gas inventory, it comprises energy conversion (category 1A1), industry (1A2), evaporative emissions (1B) and emissions from industrial processes (2 without synthetic gases). Category 1A1 also includes incineration.', 'Category 1A1 also includes incineration. In 2018, greenhouse gas emissions in the industry sector stood at 11.2 million tonnes of CO2eq which was around 18 per cent below the 1990 level. The industry sector met the interim target for 2015 according to the CO2 Ordinance (minus 7 per cent compared with 1990). According to the explanatory report on the CO2 Ordinance, the expected target contribution for 2020 (minus 15 per cent compared with 1990) was also already reached by 2017. However, the target attainment for 2020 has not yet been confirmed owing to additional emissions of nitrous oxide emissions discovered in the chemical industry in 2018.', 'However, the target attainment for 2020 has not yet been confirmed owing to additional emissions of nitrous oxide emissions discovered in the chemical industry in 2018. With the complete revision of the CO2 Act, emissions can be reduced by around 35 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990. Figure 14: Emissions in the industry sector in million tonnes of CO2eq. Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas in- ventory (FOEN 2020) Figure 14 shows the development of emissions in the industry sector since 1990, broken down by indi- vidual sub-sectors. Industry (1A2) today accounts for just under half of the emissions. Energy conversion (1A1) makes up around 30 per cent. Its share has risen since 1990 which is mainly attributable to the increasing emissions from waste incineration.', 'Its share has risen since 1990 which is mainly attributable to the increasing emissions from waste incineration. Conversely, emissions from industrial processes have fallen (2). Their share has gone down since 1990 and today accounts for around a fifth. The evaporative emissions are relatively low. Overall, emissions have fallen significantly since 1990. The sector scenarios also form the basis for assessing the development of emissions in the industrial sector.44 The development of employment and gross value creation are taken into account. In general, these scenarios indicate that employment is set to fall slightly by 2050, except in the construction sec- tor and the chemicals and pharmaceutical sector.', 'In general, these scenarios indicate that employment is set to fall slightly by 2050, except in the construction sec- tor and the chemicals and pharmaceutical sector. Value creation in the industry sector will go up by 2050, primarily driven by a significant rise in the chemicals and pharmaceutical sector. 44 The industry sector in the EP2050+ is not exactly the same as the definition used in the CO2 Ordinance. Energy conversion, which includes incinerators for example, is assessed separately in the EP2050+. Industry total Energy industries (1A1) Industry (1A2) Fugitive emissions (1B) Industrial processes (2) Sector targetsFigure 15: Development of full-time equivalents (left) and gross value creation (right in billion CHF) in the industry sector (without energy conversion) by sector according to EP2050+. Source: ECOPLAN, 2018.', 'Industry total Energy industries (1A1) Industry (1A2) Fugitive emissions (1B) Industrial processes (2) Sector targetsFigure 15: Development of full-time equivalents (left) and gross value creation (right in billion CHF) in the industry sector (without energy conversion) by sector according to EP2050+. Source: ECOPLAN, 2018. Sector scenarios 2014 to 2030–60 – Update 2018. On behalf of the Federal Office of Energy, Bern. Modifications by Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. Figure 16 shows the possible development of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the EP2050+, in the industrial sector by 2050 compared with the Business as usual scenario (left) and broken down by the categories of the greenhouse gas inventory (right). Overall, there will still be around six million tonnes of CO2eq in 2050 which cannot be avoided.', 'Overall, there will still be around six million tonnes of CO2eq in 2050 which cannot be avoided. The remaining emissions mainly come from the cement production process (included in 2), the incinerators (included in 1A1) and the chemicals and pharma- ceutical sector (included in 1A2). In contrast, the combustion-related emissions can be almost com- pletely avoided by 2050. EP2050+ indicates there will still be around 2.4 million tonnes of CO2 in the cement industry in 2050 which cannot be prevented with measures to increase efficiency or through the replacement of fossil fuels. Most of them are geogenic emissions generated during manufacturing processes, i.e. during the burning of raw materials (limestone). CCS technologies are required to prevent these emissions.', 'CCS technologies are required to prevent these emissions. Only minimal residual emissions will remain in 2050 if CCS with a CO2 capture rate of 90 per cent is deployed. Figure 16: Development of greenhouse gas emissions in the industry sector overall (left) and by categories (right, only ZERO basis scenario) in Mt CO2eq according to EP2050+ both without CCS and NET. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020. The waste incineration situation is similar. The systematic recycling of reusable materials, more inten- sive separation in collection and digitalisation will enable emissions from waste incineration to be stabi- lised by 2050 compared to today despite the growth in the population and economy.', 'The systematic recycling of reusable materials, more inten- sive separation in collection and digitalisation will enable emissions from waste incineration to be stabi- lised by 2050 compared to today despite the growth in the population and economy. This means there will be a remaining four million tonnes of CO2 by 2050 of which around 1.5 million tonnes are of biogenic origin. Incineration plants are suitable as point sources for the use of technologies for the capture and Food, tobacco Textiles Paper, printing Chemicals, pharma Minerals Metals Metal products, devices Mechanical engin., automotive ind. Others Water supply, waste Construction Food, tobacco Textiles Paper, printing Chemicals, pharma Minerals Metals Metal products, devices Mechanical engin., automotive ind. Others Water supply, waste Construction BAU ZERO Energy industries (1A1) Industry (1A2) Fugitive emissions (1B) Industrial processes (2)storage of CO2.', 'Others Water supply, waste Construction BAU ZERO Energy industries (1A1) Industry (1A2) Fugitive emissions (1B) Industrial processes (2)storage of CO2. The extensive application of such technologies will enable emissions from waste incin- eration to be almost completely eliminated and could even result in negative emissions from the biogenic share. Residual emissions are likely to remain in certain other sectors, particularly chemicals and pharmaceu- ticals. Less emphasis is placed on CCS as large point sources are not generally found in these sectors. The remaining emissions would therefore be balanced with negative emission technologies (NET). Ac- cording to the EP2050+, a reduction of just under 60 per cent is feasible in the industry sector overall by 2050 compared with 1990 under the assumptions made and without contributions from CCS and NET.', 'Ac- cording to the EP2050+, a reduction of just under 60 per cent is feasible in the industry sector overall by 2050 compared with 1990 under the assumptions made and without contributions from CCS and NET. If the potential contributions of CCS are included (also see Section 8.9), there will still be around 1.2 million tonnes of CO2eq in remaining emissions by 2050. In a similar way to the buildings sector, increased energy efficiency and the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable energies and greater electrification are also the main levers for reducing emissions in industry, according to the EP2050+. On one hand, the efficiency potential available must be utilised and implemented as systematically and comprehensively as possible in all sectors.', 'On one hand, the efficiency potential available must be utilised and implemented as systematically and comprehensively as possible in all sectors. This concerns both tech- nologies for heat generation (burners, ovens, steam generators) as well as electricity-based interdisci- plinary technologies (e.g. pumps, presses and mills). Industrial processes also need to be optimised to achieve maximum efficiency. On the other hand, the replacement of fossil energies must be as compre- hensively as possible. EP2050+ indicates that more biomass can be used to generate process heat in the medium temperature range. Renewable gases can be used instead of natural gas for the generation of process heat in the high temperature range.', 'Renewable gases can be used instead of natural gas for the generation of process heat in the high temperature range. There is still moderate potential in the electrification of heat generation in the food industry, the papermaking sector and chemicals industry. Heat pumps and district heating can replace fossil energies as sources of building heating. Figure 17 shows the development of energy consumption by energy sources (left) and type of use (right) in the industry sector (without energy conversion). The consumption of fossil energies falls sharply, whereas renewable energies play an increasingly important role. The generation of process heat re- mains predominant in terms of type of use.', 'The generation of process heat re- mains predominant in terms of type of use. Figure 17: Development of final energy consumption in the industry sector (without energy conversion) by energy sources (left) and by type of use (right) in PJ according to the ZERO basis scenario of EP2050+ Source: Prog- nos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan (2020), unpublished detailed data. The industry sector is extremely heterogeneous. The opportunities and approaches to emission reduc- tion sometimes differ greatly between the individual sectors. Situation-oriented incentives are required to put the sector on course to meet the target. The reduction obligations in their current form only provide for the implementation of economic measures and do not therefore achieve any significant additional reductions. Systematic orientation to the net-zero target is required over the medium term.', 'Systematic orientation to the net-zero target is required over the medium term. Orientation to net zero at the earliest possible stage also presents an opportunity for Switzerland as a centre of innovation and provides many sectors with new growth potential. It must be ensured that there is no relocation of emission-intensive activities abroad. Coal Other energies Crude oil products Natural gases Renewable energies Electricity District heating PtX Lighting Drives, processes I&C, entertainment media Process heat Air con, ventilation and build. tech. Space heating Hot water OthersA second challenge is presented by reducing emissions that are technically difficult to avoid, particularly in the cement industry and waste incineration.', 'Space heating Hot water OthersA second challenge is presented by reducing emissions that are technically difficult to avoid, particularly in the cement industry and waste incineration. The CO2 capture technologies required have barely been tested in practice at this stage and must therefore be brought to market over the coming years. 8.3 Transport sector For the time horizon 2050, Switzerland is aiming to achieve the following objective for transport (exclud- ing international aviation) to attain the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 2050 target: Land transport does not generate any more greenhouse gas emissions in 2050 with few exceptions. Figure 18: Emissions from the transport sector in million tonnes of CO2eq (graphic above: transport emissions by sub-category; graphic below: emissions from road transport by sub-category).', 'Figure 18: Emissions from the transport sector in million tonnes of CO2eq (graphic above: transport emissions by sub-category; graphic below: emissions from road transport by sub-category). Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The transport sector is made up of the transport (1A3) and military (1A5) emissions categories. In the greenhouse gas inventory, the category 1A3 is broken down into road transport, domestic aviation (ex- cluding military), rail, domestic shipping and pipeline transport. The transport emissions stood at 15 mil- lion tonnes of CO2eq in 2018 which is slightly above the 1990 level (14.9 million tonnes of CO2eq). Over 97 per cent of transport emissions come from road transport which is why it is covered by this section.', 'Over 97 per cent of transport emissions come from road transport which is why it is covered by this section. International aviation is not part of the transport sector and is indicated separately in the greenhouse gas inventory. The CO2 Ordinance stipulated that transport emissions had to be reduced to the level of 1990 by 2015. The sector clearly failed to meet this interim target (2015 emissions: 15.48 million tonnes of CO2eq). According to the explanatory report on the CO2 Ordinance, transport emissions should be 10 per cent Road transport Railways Domestic navigation Pipeline transport Other (military) Total transport Total road transportation Cars Light duty trucks Heavy duty trucks Buses Motorcycles Fuel tourism and statistical diff. Sector targetslower by 2020 than the 1990 level.', 'Sector targetslower by 2020 than the 1990 level. The transport sector also looks likely to fall short of this expected target. One reason for this is that the compensation obligation on fuel importers has only resulted in negligible emissions reductions in the transport sector – most compensation projects are being carried out in other sectors. With the revision of the CO2 Act, emissions can be reduced by 25 per cent by 2030 compared with 1990. Figure 19 shows technologically feasible development of emissions under the ZERO basis target sce- nario compared with the Business as usual scenario for the sub-sectors of road transport. From a technological perspective, the transport sector can operate on a greenhouse-gas-neutral basis by 2050 according to EP2050+.', 'From a technological perspective, the transport sector can operate on a greenhouse-gas-neutral basis by 2050 according to EP2050+. Compared with the Business as usual scenario, this nevertheless requires much greater reductions. Figure 19: Emissions development in the transport sector by 2050 (in million tonnes of CO2eq) according to EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. The number of kilometres travelled and the road-rail modal split in the EP2050+ are based on the fore- casts in the Transport Outlook 204045 reference scenario. The number of kilometres travelled and the modal split are identical for all scenarios of the EP2050+. The number of kilometres travelled rises sharply by 2060.', 'The number of kilometres travelled rises sharply by 2060. The reduction in emissions according to EP2050+ compared with the Business as usual scenario is therefore due to a change in the fleet composition, extensive electrification, the use of greenhouse-gas-neutral fuels and greater efficiency across all vehicle categories (cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy goods vehicles). The emissions per kilometre travelled should fall much more quickly than in the past. According to the EP2050+, the emissions reductions for cars and light commercial vehicles are achieved long-term through extensive electrification of the vehicle fleets: Figure 20 shows that the share of cars with combustion engines declines after 2020 and new vehicles with electric drives increase rapidly, particularly after 2030.', 'According to the EP2050+, the emissions reductions for cars and light commercial vehicles are achieved long-term through extensive electrification of the vehicle fleets: Figure 20 shows that the share of cars with combustion engines declines after 2020 and new vehicles with electric drives increase rapidly, particularly after 2030. From 2025–30, the EP2050+ assumes cost equivalence between electric and conventional vehicles for many applications. The range of an average battery-powered electric car of over 400 kilometres will be enough for most users. This means battery-powered vehicles play the most important role by far long-term (2050: 90 per cent of all new vehicles in the car and light commercial vehicle categories).', 'This means battery-powered vehicles play the most important role by far long-term (2050: 90 per cent of all new vehicles in the car and light commercial vehicle categories). The remaining ten per cent of new vehicles in 2050 are fuel cell vehicles (included in electric car or electric light commercial vehicle in the graphic above). They will be used where greater ranges or short refuelling times are required. Hybrid drives are relevant in all scenarios during the tran- sitional phase but will be replaced by purely electric vehicles long-term. Almost half of the drive energy required is provided by renewable electricity-based and biogenic fuels which are used in combustion engines.', 'Almost half of the drive energy required is provided by renewable electricity-based and biogenic fuels which are used in combustion engines. Overall cars and light commercial vehicles with combustion engines which are still in circulation in 2050 can be operated on a greenhouse-gas-neutral basis, according to EP2050+. 45 Federal Office for Spatial Planning (2016). Total transport BAU ZERO Road transportation emissions Cars Light duty trucks Heavy duty trucks Buses Motorcycles Fuel tourism BAUFigure 20: Fleet development of cars (C) and light commercial vehicles (LCV) (left, in millions) and heavy goods vehicles (HGV) (right, in thousands) by vehicle categories by 2050 according to the ZERO basis scenario of EP2050+. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. According to EP2050+, new heavy goods vehicles will account for most fuel cell vehicles.', 'According to EP2050+, new heavy goods vehicles will account for most fuel cell vehicles. Electricity- based or biogenic renewable fuels are only used for road transport if they are not required for other purposes for which fewer alternatives exist. Biogas could play a relevant role for heavy goods vehicles in a transition period. Electric vehicles are mainly used in public urban transport. It is nevertheless an- ticipated that vehicles with diesel engines, but which could be run on renewable fuels, will still be used long-term on longer routes in heavy goods transport (electricity-based or biogenic). Their share of the new vehicle fleet will still stand at around 20 per cent in 2050, according to EP2050+.', 'Their share of the new vehicle fleet will still stand at around 20 per cent in 2050, according to EP2050+. Transport modelling forecasts a further rise in passenger and freight transport driven by the expected growth in the economy and population. Owing to an increase in the number of kilometres travelled, there is a rise in energy demand, putting greater pressure on infrastructure and the environment. The tech- nologies for largely greenhouse-gas-neutral transport already exist but are still not widely used enough. A widely accepted, effective operating framework is required here to accelerate the penetration of these technologies. Further challenges facing greenhouse-gas-neutral transport are the conservation of resources in all ar- eas of the environment (e.g.', 'Further challenges facing greenhouse-gas-neutral transport are the conservation of resources in all ar- eas of the environment (e.g. during raw material production for the batteries of electric vehicles and their recycling) and energy efficiency (for example, the use of synthetic fuels). Analyses of transport often only take account of the climate effects during the operational phase. This is in line with the applicable international requirements. However, the climate effects of the entire life cycle of the vehicles, transport chains and mobility infrastructure must be taken into account long-term (this takes place to some extent through emissions reductions in industry). At European level, the inclusion of lifecycle emissions in the regulation on fleet emissions is currently being assessed.', 'At European level, the inclusion of lifecycle emissions in the regulation on fleet emissions is currently being assessed. A proposal on the recording of these emis- sions is to be presented by the European Commission by the end of 2023. Digitalisation can make a positive contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in various ways. Working from home and digital forms of collaboration can result in a reduction in the number of kilometres travelled and therefore lower energy consumption. Multimodal mobility services enable vari- ous energy-efficient and climate-friendly modes of transport to be linked. In online retail, fewer CO2 emissions are generated per order on average if consignments are efficiently combined.', 'In online retail, fewer CO2 emissions are generated per order on average if consignments are efficiently combined. Self-driving vehicles may result in a reduction in the number of journeys if vehicles are shared in future. Appropriate framework conditions must be established in order to harness this potential. A greater shift of transport from road to rail also offers great reduction potential. A shift of transport to rail makes a major contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring climate-compatible spatial development if the (additional) power used is produced in a renewable and sustainable way.', 'A shift of transport to rail makes a major contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring climate-compatible spatial development if the (additional) power used is produced in a renewable and sustainable way. The strengths of rail transport – particularly the high transportation capacity on a small area and relatively low energy consumption with good capacity utilisation – and technological innovations must be used in Car conventional Car gas Car electric LDV conventional LDV gas LDV electric HDV conventional HDV gas HDV electric Coach conventional Coach gas Coach electric Urban bus conventional Urban bus gas Urban bus electrican optimal way. This also applies to freight transport in particular. Innovative changes are required to transport goods competitively and in an eco-friendly way by rail.', 'Innovative changes are required to transport goods competitively and in an eco-friendly way by rail. 8.4 Aviation sector For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in international aviation to achieve the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 2050 target: International aviation from Switzerland should no longer generate climate-impacting emis- sions in net terms by 2050 as far as possible. This means: • Fossil CO2 emissions amount to net zero. • The other climate impacts decline or are offset with other measures. Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation from Switzerland are currently excluded from the reduction target in exactly the same way as those from international shipping traffic.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions from international aviation from Switzerland are currently excluded from the reduction target in exactly the same way as those from international shipping traffic. While these emis- sions are indicated separately in Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory, they are not included in the assessment of target attainment in accordance with the CO2 Act. While greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping are negligible for Switzerland, those created by international aviation are increas- ingly significant. In 2018, these emissions stood at around 5.7 million tonnes of CO2eq (of which 5.6 mil- lion tonnes was CO2).', 'In 2018, these emissions stood at around 5.7 million tonnes of CO2eq (of which 5.6 mil- lion tonnes was CO2). This means international aviation accounted for around 11 per cent of Switzer- land s total greenhouse gas emissions and for around 13 per cent of total CO2 emissions.46 International aviation, which has seen steady growth to date, is increasingly responsible for emissions from a climate policy perspective. As a result, the 193 member states of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), including Switzerland, agreed a global CO2 compensation system in 2016 (Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation CORSIA) in which Switzerland is also par- ticipating. CORSIA aims to achieve CO2-neutral growth in international aviation.', 'CORSIA aims to achieve CO2-neutral growth in international aviation. The commitment of member states to the compensation obligations is voluntary until 2026.47 The system initially applies until 2035 and will then – depending on the impact – be continued or replaced by a new system. In its direct counterproposal to the Glacier Initiative, the Federal Council proposes including the emis- sions of international aviation in the net-zero target for 2050 provided this is scientifically and technically feasible in line with the data in the greenhouse gas inventory. This is currently possible for the green- house gases CO2, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The reduction of CO2 emissions is therefore a priority in the near future as they remain in the atmosphere for a long period.', 'The reduction of CO2 emissions is therefore a priority in the near future as they remain in the atmosphere for a long period. In addition to these gases covered by the greenhouse gas inventory, international aviation also generates other emissions that have an impact on the climate. These include water vapour (H2O), nitrogen oxide (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and black carbon. In particular, the vapour trails and the high thin clouds that form as a result of them (cirri) are relevant. The impact of the latter on the climate is at least the same as that of CO2.', 'The impact of the latter on the climate is at least the same as that of CO2. Both for the current climate impact of previous emissions from aviation and also with a focus on the remaining emissions budget that is compatible with the warming limit of 1.5ׄ°, the CO2 emissions of aviation must be multiplied by a factor of around 2.5 according to the information currently available to reflect the total impact on the climate.48 This figure is a global average. The factor can fluctuate significantly depending on weather conditions and altitude for an individual flight which means there is an element of uncertainty. These emissions are not currently included in the greenhouse gas inventory on account of this element of uncertainty.', 'These emissions are not currently included in the greenhouse gas inventory on account of this element of uncertainty. These emissions have a limited impact temporally in view of their short lifespan. They should also decrease long-term. However, the cutting of these emissions should not come at the ex- pense of reducing fossil-based CO2 emissions which remain in the atmosphere for significantly longer. 46 To ensure a global assessment that is as complete as possible, emissions are calculated according to the point of sales prin- ciple. In the case of international aviation this means the emissions of a flight are attributed to the country where the fuel for this flight was provided.', 'In the case of international aviation this means the emissions of a flight are attributed to the country where the fuel for this flight was provided. If the principle of national treatment – based on the data on the kilometres flown annually according to the transport micro-census – is applied instead of the point of sales principle, the emissions caused by the inhabitants of Switzer- land would stand at around 7.7 million t CO2 . 47 To date (as at November 2020) 88 states have committed to voluntary participation in the compensation obligations from 1.1.2021. With the participation of these states, around 77 percent of total emissions from international aviation are covered. 48 Neu (2020).', 'With the participation of these states, around 77 percent of total emissions from international aviation are covered. 48 Neu (2020). Comparing the climate impact of CO2 , which remains in the atmosphere for a long period, and short-life non-CO2 emissions is generally complex and involves an element of uncertainty. The factor of 2.5 is based on the best estimate accord- ing to the information currently available.A further challenge is the fact that the technical options for reducing emissions in international aviation are limited. The aviation sector should increasingly focus on renewable, sustainable fuels and on alter- native drive systems. Options include synthetic fuels from renewable energies and advanced biofuels, hybrid drives and electric or hydrogen drives.', 'Options include synthetic fuels from renewable energies and advanced biofuels, hybrid drives and electric or hydrogen drives. However, it should be noted that – in contrast with other modes of transport – alternative drive technologies in aviation are unlikely to be suitable, as things stand, for large aircraft or long distances even long-term on account of the high energy density required for the energy sources as well as other technical requirements. The use of CO2-neutral synthetic fuels may represent the only genuine alternative in the period under consideration to 2050. This potential – to- gether with that of organisational measures (e.g. optimising flight routes) – must be harnessed. Remain- ing emissions must be balanced with negative emissions.', 'Remain- ing emissions must be balanced with negative emissions. 8.5 Food and agriculture sector Agriculture is part of the food system that covers the entire value chain encompassing the production, processing, sale and consumption of food. For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the fol- lowing objectives to achieve the overarching net-zero goal on greenhouse gas emissions: Thanks to favourable framework conditions for sustainable food systems, the greenhouse-gas footprint of food is falling in line with the net-zero target and further relocation of greenhouse gas emissions abroad will be avoided. • The greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production in Switzerland have been cut by at least 40 per cent compared to 1990.', '• The greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production in Switzerland have been cut by at least 40 per cent compared to 1990. • Swiss agriculture will contribute a significant share of Switzerland s food supply of at least 50 per cent by 2050. The emissions of agricultural production are distributed across several sectors and categories of the greenhouse gas inventory.', 'The emissions of agricultural production are distributed across several sectors and categories of the greenhouse gas inventory. They include: • The methane and nitrous oxide emissions from livestock farming as well as nitrous oxide and CO2 emissions from the use of fertilisers on agricultural soils (category 3 of the inventory); • The greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil heating and motor fuels in grass-drying oper- ations and greenhouses as well as agricultural machinery and vehicles (parts of 1A4c); • The carbon footprint of mineral and organic soils used in agriculture and the biomass grown on it (4B and parts of 4C). Greenhouse gases from the production of imported fertilisers and fodder lie outside the system limits of national climate reporting.', 'Greenhouse gases from the production of imported fertilisers and fodder lie outside the system limits of national climate reporting. They are attributed according to the international guidelines on countries of origin. In total, the greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture stood at 7.3 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2018 which is around 1.1 million tonnes of CO2eq or just under 13 per cent below the level in 1990. The development of emissions reflects the changes in the cattle population and the use of nitrogen-based fertilisers. Emissions have stagnated since the 2000s.', 'Emissions have stagnated since the 2000s. Since 2007, they have not been on the pathway defined in the Climate Strategy for Agriculture which provides for a linear reduction from one to two- thirds by 2050 compared with 1990.49 The indicative minimum target – according to the Climate Strategy for Agriculture – for 2020 (around 7 million tonnes of CO2eq or a reduction by a sixth compared with 1990) is likely to be missed. Figure 21 shows the development of emissions in agriculture since 1990, broken down by individual sub-categories. The methane emissions from the digestive process in livestock account for the greatest share at around 45 per cent.', 'The methane emissions from the digestive process in livestock account for the greatest share at around 45 per cent. The nitrous oxide emissions from soil management makes up 20 per cent and the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from manure storage around 16 per cent. Livestock farming is very significant in Switzerland. Around 70 per cent of land used for agricultural purposes is managed as pastureland and converted into food through ruminant animals. Animal fodder is grown on around 60 per cent of arable land and the imported animal fodder requires another approx- imately 250,000 hectares of arable land abroad. Finally, around half of the food produced in Switzerland 49 FOAG (2011).comes from animal production.', 'Finally, around half of the food produced in Switzerland 49 FOAG (2011).comes from animal production. Animal production accounts for over 85 per cent of agricultural green- house gas emissions.50 Figure 21: Development of emissions from agriculture in millions of tonnes of CO2eq by sub-categories according to the national greenhouse gas inventory and the target pathways of the Climate Strategy for Agriculture (dotted lines). Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The greenhouse gas inventory covers the emissions generated by agricultural production in Switzerland to the point of leaving the farm. However, emissions are then also generated downstream in the pro- cessing, sales and consumption of food. These emissions are attributed to the industry or services sec- tor. A large proportion of food is also imported.', 'A large proportion of food is also imported. The greenhouse gas footprint provides a more compre- hensive evaluation of the domestic consumption of food as this also includes the downstream and im- port-related emissions. In 2018, the footprint of households for the emission item food – according to the overall environmental analysis of the Federal Statistical Office – stood at 15.6 million tonnes of CO2eq51. This equates to around two tonnes of CO2eq per person. This also includes food waste. The import-related emissions account for a share of 68 per cent. Key elements of agricultural policy are border controls, direct payments and the evidence of ecological performance requirements (ÖLN).', 'Key elements of agricultural policy are border controls, direct payments and the evidence of ecological performance requirements (ÖLN). In the agriculture and food sector, the following climate-relevant in- struments are in force or being planned: • The funding of research and advisory projects enables the decision-making basis for agricultural policy to be established and support to be provided for agricultural businesses with implementation of scientific findings in practice. In addition to various research projects, the Swiss Confederation has also supported the AgroCleanTech association with setting up a platform to provide information and exchange knowledge on energy and climate protection. • The co-funding of projects as part of the resources programme enables new paths to be forged to improve resource efficiency in agriculture.', '• The co-funding of projects as part of the resources programme enables new paths to be forged to improve resource efficiency in agriculture. Two resources projects have been running in the field of climate protection since 2016: a measures-based points system for greater climate protection on farming businesses is being created and applied as part of the IP-Suisse project. The Flaachtal project of the AgroCO2ncept association aims to harness the specific optimisation potential on individual farms through operational greenhouse gas assessments and targeted advisory services. • By promoting quality, innovative projects can foster the improvement of the quality and sustainability of Swiss agricultural products.', '• By promoting quality, innovative projects can foster the improvement of the quality and sustainability of Swiss agricultural products. Opportunities for contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions also exist in sales promotion, the water protection programme, rural development, struc- tural improvements, livestock farming and crop cultivation. Larger farms can obtain an exemption 50 Bretscher / Ammann / Wüst / Nyfeler / Felder (2018) 51 Federal Statistical Office, overall environmental analysis, ment/environmental-accounting/air-emissions.html.from the CO2 duty on fossil fuels if they in return commit to a reduction obligation with the Swiss Confederation. Some farms using greenhouse production and processing companies are already taking advantage of this option.', 'Some farms using greenhouse production and processing companies are already taking advantage of this option. • Manufacturers and importers of fossil fuels are obliged to offset some of the CO2 emissions from transport by supporting Swiss projects aimed at emissions reduction. Several biogas plants and the use of a specific fertiliser have been registered as compensatory projects in agriculture so far. The message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act for the post-2020 period indicated that a sectoral target on emissions reduction is also provided for in agriculture.52 The Federal Council used the target of the Climate Strategy for Agriculture and proposed a reduction contribution of 20 to 25 per cent by 2030 compared to the base year of 1990.', 'The message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act for the post-2020 period indicated that a sectoral target on emissions reduction is also provided for in agriculture.52 The Federal Council used the target of the Climate Strategy for Agriculture and proposed a reduction contribution of 20 to 25 per cent by 2030 compared to the base year of 1990. The target is primarily to be achieved through measures based on agricultural legislation. According to the message on the development of agricultural policy after 2022 (AP22+), agriculture should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 10 per cent by 2025 compared with 2015 in an interim stage.', 'According to the message on the development of agricultural policy after 2022 (AP22+), agriculture should reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 10 per cent by 2025 compared with 2015 in an interim stage. This represents a reduction by 19 per cent compared with 1990 and is also in line with the minimum target of the Climate Strategy for Agriculture. The interim target is to be achieved through additional requirements and incentives relating to evidence of environmental perfor- mance, direct payments and structural improvements as well as through pilot projects and networks. • With regard to evidence of environmental performance, the tolerance limit of 10 per cent and any other allowance options in the nutrient balance are to be abolished.', '• With regard to evidence of environmental performance, the tolerance limit of 10 per cent and any other allowance options in the nutrient balance are to be abolished. Distributors of nutrients in the form of fertilisers and fodder also undertake to disclose their deliveries to agricultural businesses. • In relation to direct payments, production system contributions are planned to limit the input of raw protein into ruminant fodder, to ensure a longer period of use for cows, to reduce ammonia in live- stock farming, to improve the efficiency of the use of nitrogen in crop cultivation and in special crops, to promote humus formation and soil fertility and to establish agroforestry systems. A reduction in the use of fossil energies is also provided for.', 'A reduction in the use of fossil energies is also provided for. The replacement of fossil-fuel-operated machinery should be facilitated through (optional) investment loans and the use of alternative machinery should (for a limited period) also be supported with production system contributions. Contributions should also be paid to promote locally adapted agriculture based on regional agricultural strategies. The Swiss Confederation should also provide investment support for innovative technologies to reduce negative environmental impacts. • Pilot and demonstration projects, which contribute towards forming networks between research, education and advisory services, on one hand, and practical application in the agriculture and food sectors, on the other, will receive financial support. The same applies to networks of excellence and innovation for crop cultivation, livestock farming, livestock/animal health and animal welfare.', 'The same applies to networks of excellence and innovation for crop cultivation, livestock farming, livestock/animal health and animal welfare. Live- stock farming legislation should also be amended so that environmental impacts are included in the assessment of state support. Swiss agriculture should also make a major contribution to the food supply of the Swiss population in 2050. Food production results in emissions which cannot be completely avoided. According to the sci- entific information currently available, a halving of emissions in Swiss agriculture is possible by 2050 compared with 1990 while also achieving a higher level of self-sufficiency – provided the reduction po- tential in the food industry is also systematically harnessed.', 'According to the sci- entific information currently available, a halving of emissions in Swiss agriculture is possible by 2050 compared with 1990 while also achieving a higher level of self-sufficiency – provided the reduction po- tential in the food industry is also systematically harnessed. The food-related emissions could even be reduced overall by three-quarters per person a year compared to the current level, i.e. from 2 to 0.5 tonnes of CO2eq. Figure 22 shows the possible contributions from sets of measures in an ideal scenario from a current perspective based on their reduction potential by 2050.', 'Figure 22 shows the possible contributions from sets of measures in an ideal scenario from a current perspective based on their reduction potential by 2050. The graphic shows greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture in absolute terms (production perspective based on the territorial principle according to the greenhouse gas inventory; left) and the greenhouse gas footprint of food per person (consumption perspective including emissions abroad from imports and excluding domestic emissions of exports ac- cording to the overall environmental analysis; right). 52 Message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act post-2020, Federal Gazette 2018 247.Figure 22: Greenhouse gas emissions and reduction potential by 2050 in agriculture and food from production and consumption perspectives according to the greenhouse gas inventory and the overall environmental analysis.', '52 Message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act post-2020, Federal Gazette 2018 247.Figure 22: Greenhouse gas emissions and reduction potential by 2050 in agriculture and food from production and consumption perspectives according to the greenhouse gas inventory and the overall environmental analysis. The greatest reduction contribution results from a change to consumption and production patterns. Es- tablishing suitable framework conditions could more than halve this sector s greenhouse gas footprint as well as other negative environmental impacts.', 'Es- tablishing suitable framework conditions could more than halve this sector s greenhouse gas footprint as well as other negative environmental impacts. Combined with the complete avoidance of food waste in households, a reduction of 66 per cent in total could actually be achieved.53 On the production side, the use of space changes: whereas pastureland can still largely be used for dairy cattle farming, arable farmland is used for food production where possible and feasible. This could cut Switzerland s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by a fifth compared to the current level.54 The emissions in agriculture and food production could also be further reduced through technical opti- misations.', 'This could cut Switzerland s agricultural greenhouse gas emissions by a fifth compared to the current level.54 The emissions in agriculture and food production could also be further reduced through technical opti- misations. In agricultural production this involves efficiency improvements in herd management and fodder (livestock farming), low-loss fertiliser management (nutrient management), maintaining the car- bon stocks in moor soils (soil carbon) and the complete replacement of fossil heating and motor fuels with renewable energy sources (energy use). The latter also concerns the downstream sectors of pro- cessing and retail. Around 4.1 million tonnes of CO2eq from domestic agricultural production will remain by 2050 which cannot be avoided under the assumptions made based on the information currently available. This re- maining amount must be balanced with negative emissions.', 'This re- maining amount must be balanced with negative emissions. It is unclear to what extent a further reduc- tion or compensation of these emissions through a permanent increase in the carbon stocks in agricul- tural soil and biomass (for example, through humus formation, biochar and agroforestry) would be pos- sible. The greenhouse gas emissions generated by agricultural production are predominantly related to bio- logical and biophysical processes and come from diffuse sources or sources that fluctuate significantly in terms of time and space. The various business operations also differ greatly. This makes it difficult to develop generally applicable and simple measures and to assess greenhouse gas emissions accurately at the level of the individual agricultural businesses. On one hand, there is substantial need for research and data evaluation.', 'On one hand, there is substantial need for research and data evaluation. On the other, the major emissions drivers have long been identified and are undis- puted. Research and digitalisation must be stepped up without holding back or preventing the simulta- neous realisation of the identified and undisputed reduction potential. Conflicting priorities can arise between a strategy focused on climate protection and a comprehensive sustainability strategy. In Switzerland the land of pasture , grass-fed ruminants play a major role, while the greenhouse-gas footprint of this form of production and the products made in this way should not be overlooked. Similar conflicting priorities are also apparent between soil cultivation and the use of herbi- cides.', 'Similar conflicting priorities are also apparent between soil cultivation and the use of herbi- cides. In a first step, the existing conflicting priorities should be made transparent and then resolved as far as possible. Balanced solutions should be aimed at. 8.6 Financial market sector For the time horizon 2050, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in the financial sector to achieve the overarching net-zero target on greenhouse gas emissions: 53 Zimmermann / Nemecek / Waldvogel (2017). 54 Bretscher / Ammann / Wüst / Nyfeler / Felder (2018).2050 target: Switzerland s financial flows are to be made consistent with a pathway towards low green- house gas emissions and climate-resilient development by 2050 in accordance with the target of the Paris Agreement.', '54 Bretscher / Ammann / Wüst / Nyfeler / Felder (2018).2050 target: Switzerland s financial flows are to be made consistent with a pathway towards low green- house gas emissions and climate-resilient development by 2050 in accordance with the target of the Paris Agreement. Article 2.1c of the Paris Agreement provides for the goal of: "Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development." In theory, estab- lishing a climate-compatible real economy for the financial markets would be the most efficient way of achieving the net-zero target. This would mean investment and finance being automatically geared to- wards this objective.', 'This would mean investment and finance being automatically geared to- wards this objective. However, in view of this issue becoming much more urgent and the difficulty of achieving global internalisation in pragmatic political terms, the international community has agreed that the financial market should also play a proactive role in the transition to a climate-compatible global economy. By ratifying the Paris Agreement, Switzerland undertook to make financial flows compatible with climate goals. The objective has now also been enshrined in the revised CO2 Act s purpose article. The financial sector plays a key role in achieving the climate goals and the fundamental and rapid changes to the global economy required to attain the net-zero target by 2050.', 'The financial sector plays a key role in achieving the climate goals and the fundamental and rapid changes to the global economy required to attain the net-zero target by 2050. Accounting for over 9 per cent of GDP, the financial sector is a key part of the Swiss economy. It covers insurance companies, pension institutions and foundations on one hand. These are institutional inves- tors which possess or manage significant assets (asset owners). The Swiss National Bank (SNB) also has assets of a similar volume to the pension institutions which it manages as part of its monetary policy mandate. Other key players on the Swiss financial market are intermediaries which advise institutional and private clients and manage their assets (asset managers).', 'Other key players on the Swiss financial market are intermediaries which advise institutional and private clients and manage their assets (asset managers). These include banks, fund management companies and investment firms. Other actors, which can have a climate-relevant impact on the financial market players previously mentioned, are consultancy firms, (foreign) credit rating agencies and stock exchanges. The various financial market actors are closely interlinked with one another, but also with sectors in the real economy, such as buildings, industry and transport – in particular via the domestic mortgage and lending market and investments in Swiss and foreign companies. On one hand, the general global con- ditions for the real economy and the inherent price signals influence the activities and risk assessments of financial market actors.', 'On one hand, the general global con- ditions for the real economy and the inherent price signals influence the activities and risk assessments of financial market actors. On the other, the various financial market actors create incentives – through advisory services, products/services or conditions – for companies and households which have a range of impacts from a climate perspective. Through their investment and financing decisions, dialogue with companies and political activities, they also influence climate-relevant developments in the real econ- omy. The more aware financial market actors are about the climate impact of investment and financing activities and the more transparent and comparable their reporting on the relevant decisions and prod- ucts/services is, the better the decision-making basis for customers, insured parties, politicians and su- pervisory authorities.', 'The more aware financial market actors are about the climate impact of investment and financing activities and the more transparent and comparable their reporting on the relevant decisions and prod- ucts/services is, the better the decision-making basis for customers, insured parties, politicians and su- pervisory authorities. Thus far investors have not primarily focused on the impact they could have on containing climate change, but instead on the impact that climate change or its containment could have on their assets (climate risks for investors). This is also confirmed by an expert opinion by FOEN. It shows that financial market actors already take account of material risks – including climate risks – today in accordance with the legal provisions and are obliged to report on them.', 'It shows that financial market actors already take account of material risks – including climate risks – today in accordance with the legal provisions and are obliged to report on them. However, in contrast to risk analyses, reporting on the short and long-term climate impacts of investment and financing decisions are currently not ex- plicitly required in any part of the applicable financial market legislation.55 Supervisory authorities and central banks are increasingly focusing on the various risks. This is helping to raise awareness amongst financial market actors about the importance of the issue. However, it can- not be assumed that financial market actors will take climate-relevant measures based on risk analyses, i.e. measures that contribute to containing climate change and the transition to a low-emissions age.', 'measures that contribute to containing climate change and the transition to a low-emissions age. The existing findings indicate that investments on the Swiss financial market do not support the climate goals sufficiently.56 This reflects the fact that the global economy is not on course to meet the obligations of the Paris Agreement. This means the financial market actors are still currently investing too heavily in companies that plan or promote an expansion of the production of CO2-intensive technologies (gas- fired plants, the transportation of oil and gas, petrol and diesel vehicles etc.). Global investments in low- 55 Eggen / Stengel (2019). 56 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020).CO2 alternatives, such as renewable energies or vehicles using alternative drive systems, have not yet increased sufficiently either.', '56 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020).CO2 alternatives, such as renewable energies or vehicles using alternative drive systems, have not yet increased sufficiently either. A similar picture emerges amongst the lenders on the Swiss financial mar- ket at global level.57 In this area too, the climate impacts are comparable with those of listed companies on the global market which is not in line with the goal of the Paris Agreement. Institutional investors have large portions of their assets invested in the Swiss real estate market. Through energy-efficient renovations and the replacement of fossil-fuel heating systems with alterna- tives using renewable energy supply, institutional investors can have a direct impact on the development of emissions in the buildings sector.', 'Through energy-efficient renovations and the replacement of fossil-fuel heating systems with alterna- tives using renewable energy supply, institutional investors can have a direct impact on the development of emissions in the buildings sector. Examples from Switzerland and abroad show that returns for inves- tors can be improved with low expenditure, depending on the circumstances, through renovation measures in the case of existing buildings with an average to low energy standard.58 In the 2020 climate compatibility test, pension funds indicated that they are carrying out conversion from fossil energy to renewable heating systems for 30 per cent of their buildings.', 'Examples from Switzerland and abroad show that returns for inves- tors can be improved with low expenditure, depending on the circumstances, through renovation measures in the case of existing buildings with an average to low energy standard.58 In the 2020 climate compatibility test, pension funds indicated that they are carrying out conversion from fossil energy to renewable heating systems for 30 per cent of their buildings. Overall, 70 per cent of the buildings tested were still heated with oil and gas, while the figure was as high as around 80 per cent for mortgaged Financial consultants and asset managers have the opportunity to systematically survey the climate and environmental goals of their institutional and private customers and to incorporate them into investment advice and portfolio management.', 'Overall, 70 per cent of the buildings tested were still heated with oil and gas, while the figure was as high as around 80 per cent for mortgaged Financial consultants and asset managers have the opportunity to systematically survey the climate and environmental goals of their institutional and private customers and to incorporate them into investment advice and portfolio management. Studies from the EU nevertheless indicate that most asset managers barely take account of climate criteria and risks during financial consultancy, but instead focus on finan- cial criteria.60 A third of the institutions surveyed in the 2020 climate alignment test indicated that they take account of their customers climate and sustainability objectives. However, only five per cent regu- larly address the issue of their own accord.', 'However, only five per cent regu- larly address the issue of their own accord. Most only survey their customers when they request it. Investment trends are undergoing change. The financial markets can actively support this process. The results of the 2020 climate alignment test show that there are significant differences both between asset classes and between the portfolios of the individual financial institutions. The number of actors that see opportunities in actively supporting the transition towards net zero is also continually increasing. Two- thirds of participants in the 2020 climate alignment test said that they were pursuing a climate strategy.', 'Two- thirds of participants in the 2020 climate alignment test said that they were pursuing a climate strategy. Improvements are nevertheless required to ensure these strategies make an impact and that customers are sufficiently well informed about the climate risks and effects of their investments. For example, more than half of the institutions – which indicate that they exclude coal from their investments – still hold equities and bonds of companies that mine coal or produce coal-based electricity.61 In the financial sector, the following climate policy instruments are in force or are being planned: • Increasing individual responsibility: the revised CO2 Act is relying on the individual responsibility of the sector for the time being for the period 2021–30.', 'For example, more than half of the institutions – which indicate that they exclude coal from their investments – still hold equities and bonds of companies that mine coal or produce coal-based electricity.61 In the financial sector, the following climate policy instruments are in force or are being planned: • Increasing individual responsibility: the revised CO2 Act is relying on the individual responsibility of the sector for the time being for the period 2021–30. The financial market actors should work to make financial flows compatible with climate-resilient development through voluntary measures. The Swiss Confederation lays the foundations and provides support, regularly measures progress (the next climate compatibility test is scheduled for 2022) and assesses further options and incen- tives if insufficient impact is being achieved.', 'The Swiss Confederation lays the foundations and provides support, regularly measures progress (the next climate compatibility test is scheduled for 2022) and assesses further options and incen- tives if insufficient impact is being achieved. • Transparency and dialogue: The broad-based and representative participation in the voluntary cli- mate compatibility tests in 2017 and 2020 shows that more attention is being paid to the issue of climate impact.', '• Transparency and dialogue: The broad-based and representative participation in the voluntary cli- mate compatibility tests in 2017 and 2020 shows that more attention is being paid to the issue of climate impact. The Federal Council has given the administration the task of assessing whether there is need for regulatory action in the areas of transparency, fiduciary obligations and risk.62 It also discussed these matters in the report "Sustainability in Switzerland s financial sector – Situation analysis and positioning with a focus on environmental aspects".63 As a result, the State Secretariat for International Financial Matters (SIF) has stepped up – in close cooperation the FOEN as well as 57 Banktrack (2018). 58 See for example ratings-have-higher-house-prices-econometric-approach; 59 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020).', '58 See for example ratings-have-higher-house-prices-econometric-approach; 59 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020). 60 European Commission (2016) and 2° Investing Initiative (2017). 61 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020). 62 Federal Council press release of 6.12.2019, can be viewed at 63 Federal Council (2020).SECO and the FDFA – discussions with the sector as well as international activities related to this issue.', '62 Federal Council press release of 6.12.2019, can be viewed at 63 Federal Council (2020).SECO and the FDFA – discussions with the sector as well as international activities related to this issue. • Development of approaches: The Federal Council wishes to increasingly work towards industry agreements with the financial market actors in future.64 A postulate submitted by the Council of States in autumn 2019 calls upon the Federal Council to outline – based on the results of the climate compatibility tests – how Switzerland can make its financial flows compatible with climate-compati- ble goals and to propose suitable measures.65 In its responses to various parliamentary procedural requests, the Federal Council has underlined in the past that it regularly assesses the climate impact of the efforts made as part of individual responsibility and, on this basis, evaluates whether further steps are advisable.', '• Development of approaches: The Federal Council wishes to increasingly work towards industry agreements with the financial market actors in future.64 A postulate submitted by the Council of States in autumn 2019 calls upon the Federal Council to outline – based on the results of the climate compatibility tests – how Switzerland can make its financial flows compatible with climate-compati- ble goals and to propose suitable measures.65 In its responses to various parliamentary procedural requests, the Federal Council has underlined in the past that it regularly assesses the climate impact of the efforts made as part of individual responsibility and, on this basis, evaluates whether further steps are advisable. The European Union launched a comprehensive action plan to fund sustainable growth in 2018 and has adopted various regulations in this regard.66 A renewed 2020 Strategy aims to strengthen the aspects of both risks and impact and to mobilise more private funds for the European Green Deal .67 As many Swiss financial market actors also sell financial products in the EU, EU regulations are also highly rele- vant for Switzerland.', 'The European Union launched a comprehensive action plan to fund sustainable growth in 2018 and has adopted various regulations in this regard.66 A renewed 2020 Strategy aims to strengthen the aspects of both risks and impact and to mobilise more private funds for the European Green Deal .67 As many Swiss financial market actors also sell financial products in the EU, EU regulations are also highly rele- vant for Switzerland. The investments and financial assets, loans, mortgages, consultations and products of the Swiss finan- cial market actors should support the transition to a climate-compatible national and global economy and contribute to the net-zero target of the real economy sectors overall and their adaptation to climate change by 2050.', 'The investments and financial assets, loans, mortgages, consultations and products of the Swiss finan- cial market actors should support the transition to a climate-compatible national and global economy and contribute to the net-zero target of the real economy sectors overall and their adaptation to climate change by 2050. This means avoiding new investments in fossil energies and their financing medium- term. The financial market can also play a key role in the penetration of alternative technologies and renewable energies and achieving a reduction in the emissions of its real estate portfolios in line with targets as quickly as possible.', 'The financial market can also play a key role in the penetration of alternative technologies and renewable energies and achieving a reduction in the emissions of its real estate portfolios in line with targets as quickly as possible. The more transparently, consistently and comparably financial market actors explain the climate impacts of their products and corporate strategies to their customers and insured parties, the better they will be able to manage them according to their sustainability preferences. To ensure financial consultants and asset managers disclose comparable information on climate impacts proactively and comprehensively, in-depth and broad-based training and education and the development of the existing information on the climate impacts of financial flows are required.', 'To ensure financial consultants and asset managers disclose comparable information on climate impacts proactively and comprehensively, in-depth and broad-based training and education and the development of the existing information on the climate impacts of financial flows are required. Efforts to create an eco-friendly image without legitimate grounds, which is known as greenwashing, can be counteracted through reliable indicators and stand- ards. Today there is still no standard definition of when a financial product is classified as climate com- patible or not. The Swiss Confederation nevertheless provides free, comparable and targeted climate compatibility tests on a regular basis. This tool is being continually improved and is coordinated interna- tionally.68 Participation in these tests, which is as representative as possible, enables progress or short- falls to be highlighted.', 'This tool is being continually improved and is coordinated interna- tionally.68 Participation in these tests, which is as representative as possible, enables progress or short- falls to be highlighted. Such monitoring but also minimum requirements, provisions and standards can support market transparency and help to avoid greenwashing. Switzerland s approach is based on in- ternational standards and developments. A challenge for climate-compatible investment is the various time horizons. Whereas investment and supervisory decisions and financial incentive systems are geared to the short term today (months to a few years), a long-term horizon is required to take account of climate risks and effects.', 'Whereas investment and supervisory decisions and financial incentive systems are geared to the short term today (months to a few years), a long-term horizon is required to take account of climate risks and effects. Some European supervisory authorities are therefore discussing to what extent this can be corrected and climate risks can be tackled more effectively by means of taxation or equity or solvency requirements. One option would be financial incentives for more climate-compatible investment and financing decisions. Accord- ingly aligned, climate-optimised price signals from the global real economy – in other words CO2 prices which internalise the external costs of climate change – would simplify the efforts of the financial market.', 'Accord- ingly aligned, climate-optimised price signals from the global real economy – in other words CO2 prices which internalise the external costs of climate change – would simplify the efforts of the financial market. The EU is also increasingly assessing, as mentioned above, regulatory approaches that go beyond purely voluntary measures. It wishes to put the entire financial market on course to meet the target. The 64 Federal Council press release of 26.6.2019, can be viewed at leases.msg-id-75599.html. 65 19.3966 ESPEC-S postulate: Klimaverträgliche Ausrichtung und Verstärkung der Transparenz der Finanzmittelflüsse in Um- setzung des Übereinkommens von Paris (Climate-compatible alignment and strengthening of the transparency of financial flows as part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement). 66 European Commission (2018).', '65 19.3966 ESPEC-S postulate: Klimaverträgliche Ausrichtung und Verstärkung der Transparenz der Finanzmittelflüsse in Um- setzung des Übereinkommens von Paris (Climate-compatible alignment and strengthening of the transparency of financial flows as part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement). 66 European Commission (2018). 68 See Confederation welcomes the current initiatives based on individual responsibility of various indus- try associations and continues to regularly monitor progress. It will continue the preliminary work already started, especially the climate compatibility tests, and will monitor the impact of the new provisions of the completely revised CO2 Act on assessing climate-related financial risks. Depending on the progress made by 2030, new, significantly more effective approaches may also be required in Switzerland, for example in the regulatory environment and in training and education.', 'Depending on the progress made by 2030, new, significantly more effective approaches may also be required in Switzerland, for example in the regulatory environment and in training and education. This may be based on research results on the effectiveness of measures and the experiences of particularly advanced representatives at institutional and sectoral level. 8.7 Waste sector The waste sector (category 5 of the greenhouse gas inventory) covers non-energy waste treatment in landfill sites and wastewater purification plants as well as through biological recycling. The thermal re- cycling of waste in incinerators and special-waste incineration plants falls under energy conversion and therefore the industry sector (see Section 8.2). As Figure 23 shows, the emissions from landfill sites and wastewater purification are most relevant.', 'As Figure 23 shows, the emissions from landfill sites and wastewater purification are most relevant. The former have declined steeply since 1990 which has in turn led to a fall in emissions in the sector as a whole. Emissions from wastewater treatment have risen slightly since 1990, partly due to population growth. However, there is an element of uncertainty about the level of these emissions. A research project conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) provides grounds to assume that emissions from wastewater treat- ment plants may be three times higher than previously assumed.69 The contributions from the other categories are negligible.', 'A research project conducted by the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) provides grounds to assume that emissions from wastewater treat- ment plants may be three times higher than previously assumed.69 The contributions from the other categories are negligible. In total, emissions from the waste sector amounted to over 670,000 tonnes of CO2eq in 2018, which is around 37 per cent below the level of 1990. The depositing of combustible waste in landfill sites has been banned in Switzerland since 1 January 2000. No such waste has been deposited in landfill sites since this date. The future development of landfill emissions can be projected relatively easily using models. These projections indicate that emis- sions will fall to around 60,000 tonnes of CO2eq by 2050.', 'These projections indicate that emis- sions will fall to around 60,000 tonnes of CO2eq by 2050. The scope for technical reduction is limited and is largely already being implemented, in particular through a programme as part of the compensa- tion obligation for fuel importers. Figure 23: Emissions from the waste sector from 1990 to 2018 in million tonnes of CO2eq. Source: Switzerland s greenhouse gas inventory (FOEN 2020) The forecast shows emissions from wastewater treatment plants develops in line with population growth. This estimate is quite conservative and reflects the fact that the level of understanding of the impact of potential reduction measures (e.g. reduction of methane emissions by covering sludge tanks, reducing nitrous oxide emissions from biological purification through increased nitrogen elimination) is currently still quite low.', 'reduction of methane emissions by covering sludge tanks, reducing nitrous oxide emissions from biological purification through increased nitrogen elimination) is currently still quite low. The time series may also need to be corrected upwards based on the new findings indi- cated. The other components may also remain at around the current level long-term. Total emissions from the waste sector may still stand at around 500,000 tonnes of CO2eq by 2050.', 'Total emissions from the waste sector may still stand at around 500,000 tonnes of CO2eq by 2050. Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste Incineration and open burning of waste Wastewater treatment and discharge Other (shredding)Figure 24: Possible emissions development in the waste sector by 2050 in million tonnes of CO2eq 8.8 Synthetic gases The synthetic gases (known as F gases , category 2 of the greenhouse gas inventory, excluding CO2, CH4, N2O) include the emissions from hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), sulphur hex- afluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3). HFC and PFC are mainly found in refrigerants and in foam materials for heat insulation. SF6 is used, for example, as an insulation gas in electrical switching sys- tems and NF3 in the manufacture of flatscreen TVs and solar cells.', 'SF6 is used, for example, as an insulation gas in electrical switching sys- tems and NF3 in the manufacture of flatscreen TVs and solar cells. The F gases are classified as substances stable in the atmosphere in the Chemical Risk Reduction Ordinance. Here their use is restricted to applications for which there is currently no alternative and is set to be restricted further in future. The HFCs are covered by an international agreement signed by the international community at the 28th Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol held in Kigali in 2016. It provides for the gradual, comprehensive avoidance of use of this substance (Kigali Amendment). Switzerland ratified the Kigali Amendment in November 2018 and is implementing its provisions.', 'Switzerland ratified the Kigali Amendment in November 2018 and is implementing its provisions. Swit- zerland can also provide for further measures if alternative technologies are available. In addition to the legal requirements, the compensation programmes also contribute towards reducing refrigerant-based emissions. In industrial and commercial applications, these programmes reduce the number of stationary cooling systems which are operated with refrigerants that are particularly harmful to the climate. Depending on the situation, this reduction is achieved through one of three measures. Firstly, these programmes promote the replacement of still functional systems operated with HFCKW or HFKW refrigerants with systems operated with natural refrigerants (early replacement).70 Secondly, they aim to replace HFKW refrigerants that are particularly harmful to the climate with less harmful synthetic ones (drop-in).', 'Firstly, these programmes promote the replacement of still functional systems operated with HFCKW or HFKW refrigerants with systems operated with natural refrigerants (early replacement).70 Secondly, they aim to replace HFKW refrigerants that are particularly harmful to the climate with less harmful synthetic ones (drop-in). Thirdly, they support the new development of small commercial cooling systems which can be operated with natural refrigerants instead of HFKW. For SF6 an industry agreement exists in Switzerland between the FOEN and the operators of electrical switching devices and systems as well as particle accelerators which defines the reduction targets for SF6 emissions. The scenarios therefore assume that the emissions of F gases will decline long-term. No more than around 0.3 million tonnes of CO2eq should remain by 2050.', 'No more than around 0.3 million tonnes of CO2eq should remain by 2050. 70 HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbons; HFC: hydrofluorocarbons.', '70 HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbons; HFC: hydrofluorocarbons. Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste Incineration and open burning of waste Wastewater treatment and discharge Other (shredding)Figure 25: Possible development of emissions from the use of F gases in million tonnes of CO2eq 8.9 Negative emissions technologies For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in relation to negative emis- sions technologies (NET) as a contribution to the attainment of the overarching net-zero target for green- house gas emissions: 2050 target: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions that are technically difficult to prevent and which are still occurring in 2050 will be completely balanced by means of biological and technical sinks by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it permanently, securely and sustainably (negative emis- sions).', 'Solid waste disposal Biological treatment of solid waste Incineration and open burning of waste Wastewater treatment and discharge Other (shredding)Figure 25: Possible development of emissions from the use of F gases in million tonnes of CO2eq 8.9 Negative emissions technologies For the 2050 time horizon, Switzerland is pursuing the following objective in relation to negative emis- sions technologies (NET) as a contribution to the attainment of the overarching net-zero target for green- house gas emissions: 2050 target: Switzerland s greenhouse gas emissions that are technically difficult to prevent and which are still occurring in 2050 will be completely balanced by means of biological and technical sinks by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it permanently, securely and sustainably (negative emis- sions). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero requires the use of negative emissions technologies (NET).71 NET remove CO2 from the atmosphere using biological and technical methods and store it permanently.', 'Reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero requires the use of negative emissions technologies (NET).71 NET remove CO2 from the atmosphere using biological and technical methods and store it permanently. NET must remove the emissions remaining in 2050 which cannot be eliminated through measures to prevent or reduce them. This means they must remove at least as many tonnes of CO2eq from the atmosphere as the remaining emissions still being generated. Only then will the emissions actually reach the net-zero target.', 'Only then will the emissions actually reach the net-zero target. The Federal Council outlined its view in its report of 2 September 2020 in response to a postulate on the possible role of NET in Swiss climate policy.72 It relies heavily on a report by the Risiko-Dialog foundation and underlines that NETs are not a substitute for the priority and comprehensive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.73 Emissions-free alternatives are already available today in the buildings, transport and industry sectors. The potential for reducing emissions must therefore be fully harnessed in these sectors by 2050 so that they do not generate any greenhouse gas emissions as far as possible.', 'The potential for reducing emissions must therefore be fully harnessed in these sectors by 2050 so that they do not generate any greenhouse gas emissions as far as possible. The other, non-energy-related greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture, in the waste sector, from ce- ment production and from the use of solvents and refrigerants should be reduced as far as possible. NET should be regarded as a complementary element to emissions reduction. However, they should only be used for emissions that are difficult to avoid owing to limited domestic storage potential, the required transport of removed CO2 over sometimes long distances, the current high costs involved, the potential risks, the concerns over acceptance by the public and the uncertainty over further technological development.', 'However, they should only be used for emissions that are difficult to avoid owing to limited domestic storage potential, the required transport of removed CO2 over sometimes long distances, the current high costs involved, the potential risks, the concerns over acceptance by the public and the uncertainty over further technological development. In order for them to perform this role over the medium to long-term, suitable framework conditions must be established in good time both at national and international level. The research, de- velopment and implementation of all possible methods should be rapidly driven forward. NET is a collective term for various approaches which aim to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it permanently. In general terms, it can be divided into natural and technical methods.', 'In general terms, it can be divided into natural and technical methods. The natural methods remove CO2 through photosynthesis. It is stored either directly in biomass or in the ground, in the sea or – in the case of combination with CCS – in geological underground disposal sites (bioenergy 71 In international climate policy the term carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is increasingly being used to indicate negative emis- sions technologies (NET). The two terms are equally valid. 72 Federal Council (2020). 73 Risiko-Dialog Foundation (2019). BAU ZEROcarbon capture and storage BECCS). The technical approaches are based on chemical processes. CO2 can be removed from ambient air by means of air filtration and the removed CO2 can then also be stored underground (DACCS).', 'CO2 can be removed from ambient air by means of air filtration and the removed CO2 can then also be stored underground (DACCS). Minerals can also remove CO2 from the air and permanently store it chemically (enhanced weathering). Figure 26 provides an overview of the methods. Figure 26: Negative emissions approaches. Source: FOEN graphic based on Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change MCC. A key requirement for all NET is the permanent storage of the removed CO2 as far as possible for several decades, or ideally centuries. This requirement is met in the case of storage in geological underground disposal sites. Secure storage of at least several thousand years can be assumed here. For permanent storage, the natural approaches require continuous, targeted management.', 'For permanent storage, the natural approaches require continuous, targeted management. Even then there is the risk, particularly with storage in biomass, that the CO2 captured will be released again. This could happen, for example, in the event of extensive forest fires. The potential of natural approaches – depending on the method – could be exhausted within a few decades if the natural sinks reach saturation point. The potential of the individual approaches for application in Switzerland and the costs and risks involved have only partially been established to date and are being explored as part of current research. Initial findings indicate that (re)forestation is likely to play a subordinate role in view of the limited space avail- able.', 'Initial findings indicate that (re)forestation is likely to play a subordinate role in view of the limited space avail- able. The Swiss forests can continue to act as a CO2 sink if targeted forestry management measures are implemented. The long-lasting use of wood, for example in buildings, with subsequent energy usage could store CO2 for a period and also replace CO2-intensive materials (such as cement) and energy sources. Approaches in the field of soil management and the storage of biochar offer potential – de- pending on the method – which could be used sustainably. The same applies to bioenergy usage with CO2 removal and storage (BECCS).', 'The same applies to bioenergy usage with CO2 removal and storage (BECCS). Incinerators could play a role here as a significant share (currently around 50 per cent) of the CO2 emitted during the burning of waste is of biogenic origin. This approach as well as machine-based CO2 air filtration and storage (DACCS) are limited due to Switzerland s geo- logical storage potential. Only rough estimates currently exist as the geological substructure has not been explored for this purpose. It can be assumed that there is capacity available at least for several decades provided such geological CO2 storage sites can be successfully developed.', 'It can be assumed that there is capacity available at least for several decades provided such geological CO2 storage sites can be successfully developed. Switzerland is likely to also be dependent on access to storage sites abroad.Figure 27: Development of emissions by 2050 by sectors in million tonnes of CO2eq according to ZERO basis scenario of EP 2050+, including international aviation. Source: Own graphic based on Prognos/TEP Energy/In- fras/Ecoplan 2020. The use of NETs has an impact on other environmental and policy areas, for example land use, spatial planning and energy consumption. This means they must be deployed in agreement with these areas.', 'This means they must be deployed in agreement with these areas. Their use should also be based on recognised sustainability criteria and take account of the environ- mental, economic and social dimensions in an appropriate way. The section on the individual sectors has shown the extent to which greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by 2050. Technically difficult or unavoidable remaining emissions will continue to exist mainly in industry (cement production, incineration and the chemical industry), in agriculture and, to a lesser extent, in the households, services, transport, waste, synthetic gases and other sectors. Figure 27 shows the development of greenhouse gas emissions to 2050 by sectors. Around 11.8 million tonnes of CO2eq will remain by 2050.', 'Around 11.8 million tonnes of CO2eq will remain by 2050. To eliminate the remaining emissions and to create negative emissions long-term, the use of CCS and negative emissions technology is required. The following scenarios are conceivable: • The remaining emissions from cement production (around 2.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2050) can largely be reduced with CCS.74 CCS can also make a contribution in some other industrial sectors, particularly the chemicals and pharmaceutical sector. • Around four million tonnes of CO2eq of residual emissions may remain from incineration in 2050. CCS can also be used in incinerators. As some of the burned waste is of biogenic origin, negative emissions can be generated with the biogenic share. The biogenic share currently stands at around 50 per cent.', 'The biogenic share currently stands at around 50 per cent. This may decline long-term as biomass is also increasingly attractive for other applica- tions. The EP2050+ assumes that around 1.5 million tonnes of CO2eq (or over 37 per cent) will be of biogenic origin by 2050. The remaining 2.5 million tonnes of CO2eq is fossil-based. Storage ca- pacity is in turn required for the total emissions removed of around 3.6 million tonnes of CO2eq (at a capture rate of 90 per cent). • The emissions from international aviation are difficult to forecast. The EP2050+ assumes that a complete conversion to synthetic fuels is technically and economically possible by 2050. This means CO2 emissions in 2050 would stand at almost zero.', 'This means CO2 emissions in 2050 would stand at almost zero. In view of the limited potential and uncertain economic viability of synthetic fuels, this forecast is deemed optimistic from a current perspective, but is nevertheless used as a basis below. If there are still emissions remaining in 2050, the need for NET would increase accordingly. The same would also apply for other climate effects if they were included in the net-zero target. • The remaining emissions of 6.9 million tonnes of CO2, most of which are accounted for by agricul- ture, must be balanced to achieve the net-zero target. Various options could be considered. Around 1.5 million tonnes of CO2eq could be covered by the biogenic share of the incinerated waste.', 'Around 1.5 million tonnes of CO2eq could be covered by the biogenic share of the incinerated waste. Further 74 A capture rate of around 90 per cent is assumed. This means around 0.2 million tonnes remain from cement production. Buildings Industry Transport Agriculture Waste Synthetic gases International aviation Total emissionspotential exists in land management, the use of wood and the application of biochar as well as in the areas of DACCS, BECCS and in the enhanced weathering of minerals (cement). These esti- mates should be viewed with caution. The potential for DACCS and BECCS in Switzerland is still unclear. Restrictive factors are the high energy usage, possible conflicting priorities over the use of biomass, the currently still high costs and the limited storage capacity.', 'Restrictive factors are the high energy usage, possible conflicting priorities over the use of biomass, the currently still high costs and the limited storage capacity. • It is uncertain whether the domestic potential will be sufficient to fully meet the requirement for neg- ative emissions. Switzerland is also likely to have to rely on negative emissions abroad. Table 2 shows the remaining emissions in 2050 and possible approaches to avoid or remove them using NET. Geological storage capacity is required for CO2 emissions that are captured directly at an emis- sions source (cement factory, incinerator) or directly from the atmosphere.', 'Geological storage capacity is required for CO2 emissions that are captured directly at an emis- sions source (cement factory, incinerator) or directly from the atmosphere. The carbon-neutral recycling of CO2 represents a good approach on the path towards the net-zero target, depending on the applica- tion scenario, if the CO2 comes from biogenic sources or directly from the atmosphere. However, only the permanent removal from the atmosphere is compatible with the net-zero target long-term. The extent of the potential in Switzerland for geological CO2 sinks has not yet been conclusively established. A study carried out in 2010 estimated the theoretical geological storage potential at around 2.7 billion tonnes of CO2 75 in total. This equates to just under 60 times Switzerland s current annual greenhouse gas emissions.', 'This equates to just under 60 times Switzerland s current annual greenhouse gas emissions. Annual storage capacities of at least five million tonnes of CO2 would be required by 2050; and even more if CCS is used in the production of biochar and/or DACCS. The current major uncertainty over the level and location of geological storage potential can only be reduced through pro- spection and exploration strategies. Heating supply based on geothermal technology would also benefit from such strategies. Better knowledge about the geological substructure is also urgently required for Emissions source Emissions in Avoidance through CCS NET requirement Waste (landfill sites) 0.5 0.5 Negative emissions – incineration plants -1.3 Other NET (e.g.', 'Better knowledge about the geological substructure is also urgently required for Emissions source Emissions in Avoidance through CCS NET requirement Waste (landfill sites) 0.5 0.5 Negative emissions – incineration plants -1.3 Other NET (e.g. biochar, capture of pyrolysis emis- sions, BECCS, DACCS, abroad) Table 2: Possible remaining emissions in 2050 and approaches to avoid or offset them according to the ZERO basis scenario of EP 2050+ (figures in million tonnes of CO2eq). Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. If Switzerland is dependent on capacity abroad for depositing CO2, there is a good chance that it will also one day be available. The North Sea, where projects concerning the geological storage of CO2 are already under way, is a possibility. The transport of the captured CO2 is one challenge.', 'The transport of the captured CO2 is one challenge. This must be 75 Chevalier / Diamond / Leu (2010). 76 The motion 20.4063 calls on the Federal Council to present a programme for the nationwide exploration of the geological substructure. The Federal Council recommends the motion for approval.cost-effective and not generate any additional emissions. Transport via rail would be conceivable or, as a much more efficient option, the construction of a Europe-wide transport network to the deposition sites, for example via CO2 pipelines. This would require pan-European cooperation. Initial, albeit not very specific, considerations are already being given to this, including by the relevant actors in Switzerland.77 For Switzerland, DACCS could be implemented partly or exclusively directly at geologically suitable locations abroad.', 'Initial, albeit not very specific, considerations are already being given to this, including by the relevant actors in Switzerland.77 For Switzerland, DACCS could be implemented partly or exclusively directly at geologically suitable locations abroad. This would eliminate transport costs and the storage capacity available in Switzerland would be available to domestic point sources (cement factories, incinerators or other large plants). It is important that CCS and NET capacities are developed over the coming years and then increased. The EP2050+ anticipates that the first capture of CO2 in incinerators will be possible from 2035 (see Figure 28). These volumes increase rapidly after 2040.', 'These volumes increase rapidly after 2040. Figure 28: Development of the remaining emissions and contributions of NET and CCS in Switzerland and abroad (figures in million tonnes of CO2eq) according to the ZERO basis scenario of EP2050+, including international aviation. Source: Own graphic based on Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020. 9 Development of total greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 Switzerland wishes to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. It has the technical potential to achieve this objective. However, all actors are required to make their contribution as quickly and fully as possible. The key requirement for attaining the target is reducing all avoidable emissions in Switzerland. In addition to the approaches to replace fossil energies and to improve energy efficiency, CCS methods are also required.', 'In addition to the approaches to replace fossil energies and to improve energy efficiency, CCS methods are also required. The remaining emissions which cannot be avoided with technical measures must be balanced with negative emissions technologies (NET). The reduction of avoidable greenhouse gas emissions as completely as possible, on one hand, and the development and provision of the technical and natural sinks, on the other, represent two different chal- lenges. This requires the involvement of various actors and the use of targeted regulatory incentives.', 'This requires the involvement of various actors and the use of targeted regulatory incentives. It is therefore advisable to aim to achieve the development required to meet the net-zero objective using two targets: with a reduction pathway for the greenhouse gas emissions and a target (or a development pathway) for the negative emissions (including CCS contributions where applicable). This separate ap- proach is required to ensure both challenges are given the appropriate status. It also enables specific objectives to be determined for the long-term reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Switzerland and for the required sink performance. 77 The association of Swiss waste recycling facility operators has developed the Carbon Hub project which also focuses on the concept of a pan-European pipeline network.', '77 The association of Swiss waste recycling facility operators has developed the Carbon Hub project which also focuses on the concept of a pan-European pipeline network. Residual emissions CCS and NET in Switzerland NET abroad Net emissionsFigure 29: Reduction pathways of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 in the Business as usual and ZERO basis scenarios (in Mt CO2eq) of EP2050+, both excluding CCS and NET, but including international aviation. Source: THGI FOEN & own graphic based on Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras 2020. The completely revised CO2 Act covers the period up to 2030. Domestic greenhouse gas emissions should decrease by at least 37.5 per cent by this point in time. A reduction to around 11.8 million tonnes of CO2eq is possible by 2050, excluding contributions from CCS.', 'A reduction to around 11.8 million tonnes of CO2eq is possible by 2050, excluding contributions from CCS. Figure 29 shows the resulting reduction pathway. An average annual reduction of over one million tonnes of CO2eq is required by 2030 in order to achieve the target of minus 37.5 per cent compared with 1990. Emissions should subsequently fall at a greater rate of around 1.2 million tonnes of CO2eq. Figure 29 shows the difference to the Business as usual scenario. Without further efforts, greenhouse gas emissions would still stand at well over 30 mil- lion tonnes of CO2eq in 2050 according to this scenario. Compared to the reduction pathway anticipated to 2030, ambitions should be further increased after 2030 so that emissions continue to fall.', 'Compared to the reduction pathway anticipated to 2030, ambitions should be further increased after 2030 so that emissions continue to fall. The measures planned to 2030 put the emissions on course to meet the target if they are systematically implemented. The capacities required for CCS and NET must be developed so that they can balance the remaining emissions long-term.78 The following figures have been produced for the years 2040 and 2050 based on the above information. These figures could pro- vide a basis for the definition of binding targets at a later stage.', 'These figures could pro- vide a basis for the definition of binding targets at a later stage. Greenhouse gas emissions excluding CCS contri- bution (in brackets: reduction compared with 1990) Greenhouse gas emissions including CCS contri- bution (in brackets: reduction compared with 1990) Table 3: Greenhouse gas emissions in 2040 and 2050, including international aviation (in Mt CO2eq). Source: EP 2050+ ZERO basis scenario, Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. The remaining emissions in 2050 are to be balanced by CCS and NET. CCS could make a reduction contribution of around five million tonnes of CO2eq by 2050. Negative emissions of around 6.8 million tonnes of CO2eq would be required. Targets for NET or for NET plus CCS can in turn be set based on these figures.', 'Targets for NET or for NET plus CCS can in turn be set based on these figures. The following figures have been produced for 2040 and 2050 broken down by sector: 78 IPCC (2018). BAU ZEROCCS and NET in Switzerland 1.7 (of which CCS: 1.3) 7.0 (of which CCS: 5.0) Table 4: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector in 2040 and 2050 (in million CO2eq or in per cent compared with 1990). Source: EP 2050+ ZERO basis scenario, Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed data. 10 Costs and benefits of the net-zero target The aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 is to avoid dangerous disruption to the climatic system and to contain the negative impacts of climate change.', '10 Costs and benefits of the net-zero target The aim of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050 is to avoid dangerous disruption to the climatic system and to contain the negative impacts of climate change. These impacts include – in addition to the general increase in the average temperature – changes to precipitation patterns, the increase in extreme events (severe weather, storms, heatwaves), the melting of glaciers and the rise in the sea level. The main benefits of climate policy are reducing these impacts and the associated costs involved. A further benefit is reducing dependence on fossil energies which Switzerland imports entirely from abroad. Over the past ten years alone, over 80 billion francs have been transferred abroad for fossil energies.', 'Over the past ten years alone, over 80 billion francs have been transferred abroad for fossil energies. These funds could be invested in Switzerland. The benefits must be weighed up against the investment costs for the implementation of emission- reducing measures. Further impacts on the economy and consumers will arise from structural change and changes to the price of goods, employment and foreign trade. Finally, secondary effects must also be taken into account. This refers to effects that do not relate to the actual goal of climate policy and occur as a biproduct of the measures undertaken. Examples include the reduction of the emission of air pollutants by converting to renewable energies and lower noise pollution from transport by switching from combustion to electric engines.', 'Examples include the reduction of the emission of air pollutants by converting to renewable energies and lower noise pollution from transport by switching from combustion to electric engines. The measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are mainly to be implemented over the next three decades. This means the investments – particularly for the conversion of the energy supply, the reno- vation of the building stock and the replacement of fossil fuels – will largely be incurred during this period. In contrast, the benefits will only become fully apparent long-term. Studies indicate that the costs of unchecked climate warming are limited up until the middle of the century, but then increase sharply towards the end of the century and beyond.', 'Studies indicate that the costs of unchecked climate warming are limited up until the middle of the century, but then increase sharply towards the end of the century and beyond. A reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in line with the scientific recommendations will result in significantly lower costs long-term. The benefits of reducing emissions to net zero pay off long-term and significantly exceed the investments required. 10.1 Benefits and cost savings of not taking action Climate change causes an increase in damage to infrastructure, higher health costs, lower agricultural productivity and lower earnings in economic sectors severely affected by climate change, e.g. winter tourism. These and other impacts of climate change result in costs.', 'These and other impacts of climate change result in costs. The level of such costs depends on the future development of global greenhouse gas emissions, temperatures and other climate parame- ters. If inadequate or, in an extreme scenario, no measures at all are taken to combat climate change, the impacts and costs involved will increasingly rise over the course of time. In the event of excessive warming, there is the danger of reaching tipping points which will change the climate system perma- nently and irreversibly. Science indicates that even global warming of over 2° Celsius compared to thepre-industrial level is likely to result in the permanent melting of the ice caps and irreversible changes to monsoon systems.', 'Science indicates that even global warming of over 2° Celsius compared to thepre-industrial level is likely to result in the permanent melting of the ice caps and irreversible changes to monsoon systems. The costs involved in reaching such tipping points are extremely high. The aim of the climate policy is to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases harmful to the climate and in this way restrict climate change and its impacts. The benefits are the avoidance of the associated costs. Estimating these is methodically complex. Climate change results in costs in many areas which are not traded on markets at measurable prices. They include impacts on the ecosystems, biodiversity and more generally on the integrity of nature and landscapes.', 'They include impacts on the ecosystems, biodiversity and more generally on the integrity of nature and landscapes. These costs are difficult to express in monetary terms and are therefore omitted from most studies available. It should also be noted that the benefits for Switzerland are heavily dependent on the development of global emissions. Containing climate change requires measures from all countries. Switzerland will contribute to these global efforts with its net-zero target but cannot stop the consequences of climate change alone. Various studies exist for Switzerland which generally focus on specific sub-areas. They include, for ex- ample, the impacts of climate change on infrastructure, healthcare costs or economic productivity.', 'They include, for ex- ample, the impacts of climate change on infrastructure, healthcare costs or economic productivity. Some studies evaluate the costs of climate change at macroeconomic level.79 The existing studies show that the costs of not taking action – i.e. the costs of unchecked global warming – for Switzerland will reach an annual amount of up to four per cent of GDP by 2050.80 If the development of GDP according to EP2050+ is taken as an approximate basis, these costs will amount to around CHF 38 billion. According to these estimates, annual costs of around one billion francs will be incurred on infrastructure from 2050 and annual costs of up to 11 billion francs in healthcare from 2060.', 'According to these estimates, annual costs of around one billion francs will be incurred on infrastructure from 2050 and annual costs of up to 11 billion francs in healthcare from 2060. If global efforts succeed in restricting climate change in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement, the costs will be much lower. In this case, the annual costs in 2050 would amount to a maximum of 1.5 per cent of GDP81 which equates to around 14 billion francs. This means the benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero would stand at 2.5 per cent of GDP a year. This is roughly 20 to 30 billion francs. The figures available today on the costs of climate change should be regarded as conservative estimates.', 'The figures available today on the costs of climate change should be regarded as conservative estimates. This is mainly due to a lack of comprehensive cost calculations that take account of all climate impacts. The actual costs of climate change – and so too the benefits of comprehensive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions – may be significantly higher. These results are consistent with studies that adopt a global perspective. The much-cited report by the economist Nicholas Stern (Stern Report) maintains that unchecked climate change over the next two centuries would result in a fall in global GDP of 5 to 20 per cent a year on average.', 'The much-cited report by the economist Nicholas Stern (Stern Report) maintains that unchecked climate change over the next two centuries would result in a fall in global GDP of 5 to 20 per cent a year on average. The costs of stabi- lising emissions at a level that restricts warming to a maximum of 2° Celsius would only amount to around 1 per cent of annual GDP.82 The OECD s estimates are similar. It quantifies the costs of un- checked climate warming at up to 3.3 per cent of GDP for 2060 and at up to 10 per cent of GPD per year by the end of the century.83 These high costs provide justification for rapid and decisive action.', 'It quantifies the costs of un- checked climate warming at up to 3.3 per cent of GDP for 2060 and at up to 10 per cent of GPD per year by the end of the century.83 These high costs provide justification for rapid and decisive action. This will also be beneficial economically, as the OECD also maintains. With an integrated strategy on growth and climate change, economic output in the G20 countries could be one per cent higher on average by 2021 and 2.8 per cent higher by 2050 than if the recommended measures were not implemented.', 'With an integrated strategy on growth and climate change, economic output in the G20 countries could be one per cent higher on average by 2021 and 2.8 per cent higher by 2050 than if the recommended measures were not implemented. If the avoidance of economic damage is also factored in, economic output could be increased by almost five per cent by 2050.84 10.2 Investments required, operating and maintenance costs and energy cost savings The conversion of the energy system requires investment in plants and infrastructure as well as emis- sion-reducing and efficiency-increasing measures in buildings, transport and industry. Costs are also incurred on the operation and maintenance of these plants. The withdrawal from fossil heating and motor fuels and increasing energy efficiency also results in savings on energy costs.', 'The withdrawal from fossil heating and motor fuels and increasing energy efficiency also results in savings on energy costs. Even without the net-zero target, additional investments in the energy system of 1400 billion francs are required by 2050. With the net-zero target by 2050, the investment requirement increases by 109 billion 80 Kahn et al. (2019). These impacts depend heavily on the underlying assumptions and scenarios and the impacts taken into account and may differ significantly depending on the study. 81 Kahn et al. (2019) 82 N. Stern (2006). 83 OECD (2015). 84 OECD (2017).francs in total or by eight per cent. Then there are additional operating costs of around 14 billion francs in total.', 'Then there are additional operating costs of around 14 billion francs in total. Reaching the net-zero target eliminates costs for importing fossil energies which results in sav- ings of around 50 billion francs.85 The cumulative additional costs over the period 2020 to 2050 amount to 73 billion francs in total. Figure 30: Development of annualised investments, operating and maintenance costs and energy cost savings in the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+ (in million CHF, difference compared to the Business as usual scenario, excluding international aviation). Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020.', 'Figure 30: Development of annualised investments, operating and maintenance costs and energy cost savings in the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+ (in million CHF, difference compared to the Business as usual scenario, excluding international aviation). Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020. Figure 31: Development of costs (investment and operating costs; aggregated energy cost savings) by sector in the ZERO basis scenario of the EP2050+ (in million CHF, difference compared to the Business as usual sce- nario, excluding international aviation). Industry including electricity, district heating, other conversion measures. Source: Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan 2020, unpublished detailed information. The development shown in Figure 31 is broken down by sectors. In the buildings sector, the annualised investments required increase until around 2050 and then stabilise.', 'In the buildings sector, the annualised investments required increase until around 2050 and then stabilise. By 2050, they amount to around 2.9 billion francs, including operating costs. A similar development is observed in the industry sector which has the highest investments due to the required conversion of the power supply system. By 2050, they stand at around 5.2 billion francs (annualised, including operating costs). In the transport sector the direct costs are lower long-term than in the Business as usual scenario owing to lower infrastructure and maintenance costs (primarily due to a continual decrease in the cost of electric vehicles). In 2050 the difference is around 1.4 billion francs. In contrast, additional investment requirements arise owing to the use of CCS and NET.', 'In contrast, additional investment requirements arise owing to the use of CCS and NET. These investments are predominantly incurred after 2040 and stand at around 85 In international aviation the changeover from fossil to synthetic fuels would enable additional savings to be made of CHF 14 billion, including any costs incurred on the import of synthetic fuels. Mio. CHF Investments (annualised) Operating costs and maintenance Energy costs Total Buildings Industry Transport NET/CCS Energy costs Total2.2 billion francs in 2050. The energy costs by 2050 are similar to those in the Business as usual sce- nario due to the import of electricity-based fuels.', 'The energy costs by 2050 are similar to those in the Business as usual sce- nario due to the import of electricity-based fuels. From a scientific perspective, there is no alternative to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to net zero if the goals of the Paris Agreement are to be achieved. It is not a question of whether a climate protection policy based on these goals should be pursued, but rather which measures should be used to achieve the targets. Net zero is achievable from a technological perspective. The decisive factor will be ensuring the transition to the net-zero goal is carried out in a socially acceptable, economically viable and eco-friendly way as far as possible and creating a suitable regulatory environment.', 'The decisive factor will be ensuring the transition to the net-zero goal is carried out in a socially acceptable, economically viable and eco-friendly way as far as possible and creating a suitable regulatory environment. The long-term benefits are likely to exceed the investment required by the middle of the century, but most definitely over the long-term. The extremely high potential costs of inadequate climate protection justify decisive action, both globally and in Switzerland. It should be noted that a cost-benefit analysis is only possible to a limited extent for various reasons which makes exact quantification difficult. The studies available are based on different assumptions, take account of different cost and benefit aspects, use different parameters86 and cover different time horizons.', 'The studies available are based on different assumptions, take account of different cost and benefit aspects, use different parameters86 and cover different time horizons. As a result, the figures from the preceding sections cannot be compared directly. It is clear that the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions to net zero is urgently required if global warming is to be limited to a maximum of 1.5° Celsius. Unless this goal is systematically pursued, serious and some- times difficult-to-estimate consequences involving high costs are anticipated. These costs would be much higher than those required to cut greenhouse gas emissions to net zero. Continuing as before is therefore no longer an option.', 'Continuing as before is therefore no longer an option. The investment costs required to attain the net-zero target will predomi- nantly be incurred over the next 30 years but will make a major contribution to avoiding much higher subsequent costs. The reduction of emissions to net zero will pay off long-term as various studies on the impacts at global level clearly indicate. Put simply, climate protection will incur costs, but no climate protection will cost a great deal more.', 'Put simply, climate protection will incur costs, but no climate protection will cost a great deal more. 86 The costs are generally expressed in francs per tonne of CO2 eq saved and the benefits in francs per degree Celsius of warm- ing avoided.Literature references 2°Investing Initiative (2017): Non-Financial Message in a Bottle – How the environmental objectives of retail investors are overlooked in MIFID II – PRIIPS implementation. Paris / New York / London / Berlin. 2°Investing Initiative / Wüest Partner (2020): Bridging the Gap: Measuring progress on the climate goal alignment and climate actions of Swiss Financial Institutions. On Behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment. Bern. Banktrack (2018): Banking on Climate Change. Fossil Fuel Finance Report Card 2018.', 'Fossil Fuel Finance Report Card 2018. Bretscher Daniel / Ammann Christof / Wüst Chloë / Nyfeler Aurelia / Felder Daniel (2018): Reduktions- potenziale von Treibhausgasemissionen aus der Schweizer Nutztierhaltung. (Potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Swiss livestock farming) Agrarforschung Schweiz 9 (11+12), pp. 376–383. CH2018 (2018): CH2018 – Climate Scenarios for Switzerland, Technical Report, National Centre for Climate Services, Zurich, 271 pp. Chevalier, Gabriel / Diamond, Larryn W. / Leu, Werner (2010): Potential for Deep Geological Seques- tration of CO2 in Switzerland: A First Appraisal. In: Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103, 427-455. EAWAG (2018): Review of "Source category 5D – Wastewater treatment and discharge" in Switzerland. On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN.', 'On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN. Ecoplan (2007): Auswirkungen der Klimaänderung auf die Schweizer Volkswirtschaft (nationale Ein- flüsse) (Impacts of climate change on the Swiss economy – national impacts). On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment and the Federal Office of Energy. Bern. Ecoplan (2017): Wirkungsabschätzung zur CO2-Abgabe. Aktualisierung bis 2015 (Impact assessment of CO2 duty. Update to 2015). On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment, Bern/Altdorf. to 2030/2060. Update 2018) On behalf of the Federal Office of Energy, Bern. Eggen Mirjam / Stengel Cornelia (2019): Rechtliches Gutachten Berücksichtigung von Klimarisiken und -wirkungen auf dem Finanzmarkt.', 'Eggen Mirjam / Stengel Cornelia (2019): Rechtliches Gutachten Berücksichtigung von Klimarisiken und -wirkungen auf dem Finanzmarkt. (Expert legal opinion on the consideration of climate risks and impacts on the financial market) On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment. Bern/Zurich. EPFL (2017): Assessing the impacts of climate change for Switzerland. On behalf of the FOEN. Lau- sanne. European Commission (2018): Action Plan: Financing Sustainable Growth, COM(2018) 97, Brussels. European Commission (2016): Summary of the Responses to the Public Consultation on Long-Term and Sustainable Investment, Brussels. Federal Council (2020): Explanatory report on the popular initiative "For a healthy climate (Glacier Initi- ative)" and on the direct counterproposal (Federal decree on climate policy) of 2 September 2020. Bern.', 'Federal Council (2020): Explanatory report on the popular initiative "For a healthy climate (Glacier Initi- ative)" and on the direct counterproposal (Federal decree on climate policy) of 2 September 2020. Bern. Federal Council (2020): Sustainability in Switzerland s financial sector – Situation analysis and position- ing with a focus on environmental aspects. Bern. Federal Council (2020): Digital Switzerland Strategy. Bern. Federal Council (2020): What role can negative CO2 emissions play in Switzerland s future climate policy measures? Report in fulfilment of postulate 18.4211 submitted by Thorens Goumaz of 12 December 2018. Bern. Federal Council message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act post-2020 of 1 December 2017. Federal Gazette 2018 247.', 'Federal Council message on the complete revision of the CO2 Act post-2020 of 1 December 2017. Federal Gazette 2018 247. Federal Council message of 12 February 2020 on the development of agricultural policy from 2022 (AP22+). Federal Gazette 2020 3955. Federal Council message on international cooperation 2021–24 (International Cooperation Strategy 2021–24), preprint.Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC (2017): Swit- zerland Future Mobility – DETEC Guiding Framework 2040. Bern. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (2020): Foreign Policy Strategy 2020–23. Report to the Federal Council. Bern. Federal Office for Agriculture (2011): Climate Strategy for Agriculture. Bern. Federal Office for Spatial Development (2016): Transport Outlook 2040 – Development of Passenger and Freight Transport in Switzerland. Bern.', 'Federal Office for Spatial Development (2016): Transport Outlook 2040 – Development of Passenger and Freight Transport in Switzerland. Bern. Federal Statistical Office (2015): Population projections for Switzerland 2015–45. Neuchâtel. Federal Office for the Environment (2013): Forest Policy 2020 - Visions, objectives and measures for the sustainable management of forests in Switzerland. Bern. Federal Office for the Environment (2020): Federal government measures for a resource-conserving, future-proof Switzerland (Green Economy). Report to the Federal Council. Bern. International Energy Agency IEA (2018), World Energy Outlook 2018, IEA, Paris. IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C.', 'IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Masson-Delmotte / P. Zhai,/ H.-O. Pörtner / D. Roberts / J. Skea / P.R. Shukla / A. Pirani / W. Moufouma-Okia / C. Péan / R. Pidcock / S. Connors / J.B.R. Matthews / Y. Chen / X. Zhou / M.I. Gomis / E. Lonnoy / T. Maycock / M. Tignor / T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.', 'Gomis / E. Lonnoy / T. Maycock / M. Tignor / T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. Kahn M. / Mohaddes K. / Ng R. / Hashem Pesaran M. / Raissi M. / Yang J.-C. (2019): Long-Term Macroeconomic Effects of Climate Change: A Cross-Country Analysis. IMF Working Paper 19/215. Lehmann Meta / Meyer Martin / Kaiser Nicole / Ott Walter (2017): Umstieg von fossilen auf erneuerbare Energieträger beim Heizungsersatz (Switching from fossil to renewable energies when replacing heating systems). Energy Research Unit, City of Zurich, Report no. 37, FP-2.8 research project. Neu Urs (2020): Die Auswirkungen der Flugverkehrsemissionen auf das Klima. (The impacts of aviation emissions on the climate) In: Swiss Academies Communications 15 (9).', '(The impacts of aviation emissions on the climate) In: Swiss Academies Communications 15 (9). OECD (2015): The Economic Consequences of Climate Change, OECD Publishing, Paris. OECD (2017): Investing in Climate, Investing in Growth, OECD Publishing, Paris. Prognos/TEP Energy/Infras/Ecoplan (2020): Energy Perspectives 2050+ short report, on behalf of the Federal Office of Energy, Bern Ragettli Martina S. / Röösli Martin (2020): Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Hitze in der Schweiz und die Bedeutung von Präventionsmassnahmen. Hitzebedingte Todesfälle im Hitzesommer 2019 – und ein Vergleich mit den Hitzesommer 2003, 2015 und 2018. (Health effects of heat in Switzerland and the importance of preventative measures. Heat-related deaths during the heatwave of 2019 – a comparison with the heatwaves of 2003, 2015 and 2018) Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Basel.', 'Heat-related deaths during the heatwave of 2019 – a comparison with the heatwaves of 2003, 2015 and 2018) Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. Basel. Sotomo Research Institute (2020): Grundlagenstudie Flugticketabgabe Schweiz. (Study on air ticket levy in Switzerland). Zurich. State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (2018): Langfristszenarien für das BIP (Long-term GDP scenar- ios), Bern. Stern Nicholas (2006): The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change, HM Treasury, London. Stiftung Risiko-Dialog (2019): The Role of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Removal in Swiss Climate Pol- icy. Report on behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment, Bern. Swiss Economics (2019): Bedeutung des Klimawandels für die Infrastrukturen der Schweiz – Stand der Literatur (Importance of climate change for Switzerland s infrastructure – current status of the literature).', 'Swiss Economics (2019): Bedeutung des Klimawandels für die Infrastrukturen der Schweiz – Stand der Literatur (Importance of climate change for Switzerland s infrastructure – current status of the literature). Zurich.Vöhringer Frank / Vielle Marc / Thalmann Philippe / Frehner Anita / Knoke Wolfgang / Stocker Dario / Thurm Boris (2019): Cost and benefits of climate change in Switzerland, Climate Change Economics 10 (2), 1–34. Zimmermann Albert / Nemecek Thomas / Waldvogel Tuija (2017): Umwelt- und ressourcenschonende Ernährung: Detaillierte Analyse für die Schweiz. (Eco-friendly and resource-conserving food: a de- tailed analysis for Switzerland) Agroscope,,Tänikon, Ettenhausen. Agroscope Science 55, 170 pages.Glossary CO2eq Greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide (CO2) are converted into CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) based on their climate impact to make them com- parable.', 'Agroscope Science 55, 170 pages.Glossary CO2eq Greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide (CO2) are converted into CO2 equivalent (CO2eq) based on their climate impact to make them com- parable. CO2 neutrality Achievement of the net-zero target for carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions Climate neutrality Meeting the net-zero target for all greenhouse gases (including all climate effects of international aviation) and taking account of grey emissions generated abroad as a result of domestic consumption (consumption footprint). Net zero Equilibrium between emissions and capture, usually in relation to CO2 or other greenhouse gases. Net-zero target Equilibrium for greenhouse gases between emissions, on one hand, and capture and storage in sinks on the other. Difficult-to-avoid emissions Emissions which, based on the information currently available, cannot be prevented with technical measures alone.', 'Difficult-to-avoid emissions Emissions which, based on the information currently available, cannot be prevented with technical measures alone. If these emissions cannot be reduced by using alternatives or through avoidance, they must be bal- anced with negative emissions technologies. Greenhouse gas neutrality Meeting the net-zero target for all greenhouse gases excluding grey emissions generated abroad as a result of domestic consumption (see climate neutrality ).'] | en-US |
321 | SYR | Syrian Arab Republic | 1st NDC | 2018-11-30 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/FirstNDC-Eng-Syrian%20Arab%20Republic.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Asia | 0 | 29.160713 | 6.546657 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/87c3c223accdb0fed38bae71979a28168fe2b49841c77f1cf0b6807e2155c478.pdf | ['Syrian Arab Republic Nationally Determined Contributions Under Paris Agreement on ClimateSummary This document represents the Syrian Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) on a voluntary basis, as a national need and contribution to support international efforts to achieve Paris agreement goals, in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. It comes based on the commitment of the Syrian Arab Republic to environmental conventions, protocols and agreements, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'It comes based on the commitment of the Syrian Arab Republic to environmental conventions, protocols and agreements, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Syrian Arab Republic, as a developing and non-industrialized country that located in arid to semi-arid region, is affected by the impacts of climate changes in its multiple dimensions, it also faces exceptional circumstances as a result of the terrorist war launched since 2011, and the operations of the illegal "international coalition", in which resulted a massive destruction to infrastructure and environment, and allocating a large part of the national efforts and available resources to address the repercussions of these circumstances.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic, as a developing and non-industrialized country that located in arid to semi-arid region, is affected by the impacts of climate changes in its multiple dimensions, it also faces exceptional circumstances as a result of the terrorist war launched since 2011, and the operations of the illegal "international coalition", in which resulted a massive destruction to infrastructure and environment, and allocating a large part of the national efforts and available resources to address the repercussions of these circumstances. The unilateral coercive economic measures imposed by some states and regional entities on the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011, have caused enormous losses of economic structures and negatively affected the efforts of the Syrian State institutions and civil society for protecting the environment and supporting national plans of adaptation and mitigation.', 'The unilateral coercive economic measures imposed by some states and regional entities on the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011, have caused enormous losses of economic structures and negatively affected the efforts of the Syrian State institutions and civil society for protecting the environment and supporting national plans of adaptation and mitigation. The continuation of these measures is the biggest challenge that Syrian’s effort faces in accordance with its international commitments related to the climate change and environment, and to strengthen the society’s resilience since these measures, accompanied by a deliberated reduction of international aid and financing, targeted the key sectors of the Syrian economy, particularly technological components, energy and financing channels.', 'The continuation of these measures is the biggest challenge that Syrian’s effort faces in accordance with its international commitments related to the climate change and environment, and to strengthen the society’s resilience since these measures, accompanied by a deliberated reduction of international aid and financing, targeted the key sectors of the Syrian economy, particularly technological components, energy and financing channels. Not to mention the catastrophic impacts of the continued occupation of the Occupied Syrian Golan by Israel, the occupying power, in which depletes its resources and pollutes its natural environment. The terrorist war against the Syrian Arab Republic has hindered the implementation of the national environmental strategy. Therefore, the transitional period after the war requires a special strategy aiming to a new stage of recovery.', 'Therefore, the transitional period after the war requires a special strategy aiming to a new stage of recovery. The main phase of this strategy is to insure a rapid respond to restore all affected production and service structures and environmental systems, in addition to providing the requirements of linking between local development projects and their contributions to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change, especially through the national ownership of reconstruction projects and strengthening the legal environment aiming at protecting and investing natural and environmental resources, as well as achieving the national response to urgent and long- term needs, in order to reach the inclusive economic growth period with its environmental dimension.', 'The main phase of this strategy is to insure a rapid respond to restore all affected production and service structures and environmental systems, in addition to providing the requirements of linking between local development projects and their contributions to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change, especially through the national ownership of reconstruction projects and strengthening the legal environment aiming at protecting and investing natural and environmental resources, as well as achieving the national response to urgent and long- term needs, in order to reach the inclusive economic growth period with its environmental dimension. This report covers the visions and ambitions of the Syrian Arab Republic for addressing the impacts of climate change, and the efforts of mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2030, as well as acknowledging the importance of strengthening the pillars of sustainability as a "developmental status", including the environmental dimension, taking into account the special national circumstances and effects of the terrorist war which resulted in major losses in previous development achievements.Thus, the Syrian Arab Republic considers its contributions in line with the principles of the UNFCCC, and reaffirms, according to the Paris Agreement, that Developed Country parties shall provide support to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in order to implementing their contributions and increase resilience, thus pursuing efforts, assess the impacts of GHG emissions, plan, and implement the relevant activities within specific periods of time.', 'This report covers the visions and ambitions of the Syrian Arab Republic for addressing the impacts of climate change, and the efforts of mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2030, as well as acknowledging the importance of strengthening the pillars of sustainability as a "developmental status", including the environmental dimension, taking into account the special national circumstances and effects of the terrorist war which resulted in major losses in previous development achievements.Thus, the Syrian Arab Republic considers its contributions in line with the principles of the UNFCCC, and reaffirms, according to the Paris Agreement, that Developed Country parties shall provide support to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in order to implementing their contributions and increase resilience, thus pursuing efforts, assess the impacts of GHG emissions, plan, and implement the relevant activities within specific periods of time. These efforts shall be developed in accordance with the level of progress achieved in the targeted sectors.', 'These efforts shall be developed in accordance with the level of progress achieved in the targeted sectors. The terrorist war on the Syrian Arab Republic, and the continuation of the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic, have caused a massive destruction of a number of production structures, a significant decline in economic, social and environmental factors, prioritizing issues at the expense of others, lack of access to technology, including production technologies, as well as freezing of international funding and support in many fields, including funds for the preparation and implementation of the national plans aimed to protect the environment.', 'The terrorist war on the Syrian Arab Republic, and the continuation of the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic, have caused a massive destruction of a number of production structures, a significant decline in economic, social and environmental factors, prioritizing issues at the expense of others, lack of access to technology, including production technologies, as well as freezing of international funding and support in many fields, including funds for the preparation and implementation of the national plans aimed to protect the environment. However, these circumstances have enhanced the Syrian state s decision regarding the necessity of adopting the approach of sustainability as a national priority, especially by restoring the lost previous developmental gains, overcoming the impacts of the war and addressing the challenges that Syrian society faced with them.', 'However, these circumstances have enhanced the Syrian state s decision regarding the necessity of adopting the approach of sustainability as a national priority, especially by restoring the lost previous developmental gains, overcoming the impacts of the war and addressing the challenges that Syrian society faced with them. These national efforts were implemented through continuing of rehabilitating and sustaining physical, service and environmental infrastructure; increasing the use of alternative energies; reducing waste generation and increasing recycling; upgrading the efficiency of housing by applying the green architecture; rationalizing energy consumption; and promoting sustainable transportation; in which all contribute to reduce GHG emissions and support mitigating the impacts of climate change.', 'These national efforts were implemented through continuing of rehabilitating and sustaining physical, service and environmental infrastructure; increasing the use of alternative energies; reducing waste generation and increasing recycling; upgrading the efficiency of housing by applying the green architecture; rationalizing energy consumption; and promoting sustainable transportation; in which all contribute to reduce GHG emissions and support mitigating the impacts of climate change. Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities ( CBDR) as stipulated in UNFCCC and its related agreements and protocols, the Syrian Arab Republic stresses the need of developed countries to meet their responsibilities related to the Climate Change ,especially through providing an adequate and predictable finance, capacity building and transfer of technology ,to support the national plans of developing countries related to adaptation of the impacts of climate change.', 'Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities ( CBDR) as stipulated in UNFCCC and its related agreements and protocols, the Syrian Arab Republic stresses the need of developed countries to meet their responsibilities related to the Climate Change ,especially through providing an adequate and predictable finance, capacity building and transfer of technology ,to support the national plans of developing countries related to adaptation of the impacts of climate change. Following of the Syrian Arab Republic’s ratification of Paris Agreement on 13/11/2017, the national committee established in the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, which includes representatives of the relevant ministries and national bodies, intensified its work in preparing the first NDC.', 'Following of the Syrian Arab Republic’s ratification of Paris Agreement on 13/11/2017, the national committee established in the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, which includes representatives of the relevant ministries and national bodies, intensified its work in preparing the first NDC. The Syrian NDCs prepares on a voluntary basis for the period 2020-2030 and in line with national priorities. It has been developed within institutional frameworks through sectorial consultations and workshops in the Syrian governorates with participation of national stakeholders and representatives of local administration.2.', 'It has been developed within institutional frameworks through sectorial consultations and workshops in the Syrian governorates with participation of national stakeholders and representatives of local administration.2. National Circumstances Although the Syrian Arab Republic is not one of the major contributor countries to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the countries highly affected by the global warming and climate change, especially the unprecedented climatic phenomenon, such as precipitation change and rainstorms, drying up of some rivers or dropping water levels of natural and artificial lakes, frequent drought and its increasing risks, unprecedented levels of temperatures, heatwaves, forest fires, sand and dust storms, increasing duration and frequency of sand and dust storms, and desertification.', 'National Circumstances Although the Syrian Arab Republic is not one of the major contributor countries to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the countries highly affected by the global warming and climate change, especially the unprecedented climatic phenomenon, such as precipitation change and rainstorms, drying up of some rivers or dropping water levels of natural and artificial lakes, frequent drought and its increasing risks, unprecedented levels of temperatures, heatwaves, forest fires, sand and dust storms, increasing duration and frequency of sand and dust storms, and desertification. The impact of global climate changes with their local impacts on land-use patterns and the accelerating pace of their degradation has put pressure on: - Natural resources for agriculture and livestock exploitation, and the implications on sustainable production and strengthening communities resilience.', 'The impact of global climate changes with their local impacts on land-use patterns and the accelerating pace of their degradation has put pressure on: - Natural resources for agriculture and livestock exploitation, and the implications on sustainable production and strengthening communities resilience. - Renewable energy resources such as hydropower, due to drop in water levels, and wind power, as a result of climate variability. - Water resources, which are already limited, especially the suffering from a growing water deficit due to the increasing demand of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. - Natural ecosystems and their balance, as well as the overall impact on public health and other economic, production, service and social sectors.', '- Natural ecosystems and their balance, as well as the overall impact on public health and other economic, production, service and social sectors. In fact, the Syrian Arab Republic faces obstacles to obtain advanced technologies that meet all environmental standards in which play a key role in sustaining and strengthening mitigation and adaptation measures, and building resilience. It faces also the lack of specialized skills in such areas, particularly the expertise in environmental economics and environmental degradation costs.', 'It faces also the lack of specialized skills in such areas, particularly the expertise in environmental economics and environmental degradation costs. In addition, it faces obstacles in the context of implementation the vital projects, including CDM projects, as well as localization of many technologies and software in order to monitor the current situation and to simulate and extrapolate the future, while these tools are important for developing all economic, social and environmental indicators and measuring the level of meeting the needs of management and planning of sustainable development.', 'In addition, it faces obstacles in the context of implementation the vital projects, including CDM projects, as well as localization of many technologies and software in order to monitor the current situation and to simulate and extrapolate the future, while these tools are important for developing all economic, social and environmental indicators and measuring the level of meeting the needs of management and planning of sustainable development. Not to mention, that these obstacles are mainly due to the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on Syrian Arab Republic for decades ago, in which increased since 2011, and their serious implications on building an economy, which be able to adapt climate change.', 'Not to mention, that these obstacles are mainly due to the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on Syrian Arab Republic for decades ago, in which increased since 2011, and their serious implications on building an economy, which be able to adapt climate change. However, these obstacles did not prevent the Syrian state from paying the appropriate attention to the environmental dimension, through: - The new constitution (2012) in which stipulates that: "Protection of the environment shall be the responsibility of the state and society and it shall be the duty of every citizen". - The Local Planning regulation (107/2011) gives the local units the tasks of achieving a balanced and sustainable development.- The Regional Planning Law No.', '- The Local Planning regulation (107/2011) gives the local units the tasks of achieving a balanced and sustainable development.- The Regional Planning Law No. 26 (2010) adopts regional planning approach and contributes to support development across regions according to priorities and requirement. - The Environment Law NO 12 (2012) established the rules of protection and preservation of environmental elements and its main components. The Syrian Arab Republic presented its first national communication on climate change in 2010, while the national emission inventory study showed that the total GHG emissions reached 79.07 TGCO2 eq in 2005. The share of emissions from the energy sector was 73%, followed by agriculture sector 18%, industrial sector 4%, and waste sector 5%.', 'The share of emissions from the energy sector was 73%, followed by agriculture sector 18%, industrial sector 4%, and waste sector 5%. The preparing of the second national communication began in 2012 and could not be fulfilled as a result of the freezing of funding by international donors. This fact highlights the urgent need to resume international support in order to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to complete this communication. The impacts of the war have prevented the realization of the requirements of linking national development projects with their objectives of adaptation and mitigation.', 'The impacts of the war have prevented the realization of the requirements of linking national development projects with their objectives of adaptation and mitigation. The above mentioned challenges have been exacerbated by several aspects: - Terrorist groups attacks to infrastructure of water resources, dams, irrigation networks, electricity, oil and gas fields; as well as sabotage or destruction of equipment at the stations; poisoning of water resources, including potable water; random extraction of crude oil and using primitive ways to transport and refining the stolen petroleum products which caused a significant environmental contamination; also cutting and burning of forests; degradation of forest vegetation due to vandalism, which has adversely affected biodiversity.', 'The above mentioned challenges have been exacerbated by several aspects: - Terrorist groups attacks to infrastructure of water resources, dams, irrigation networks, electricity, oil and gas fields; as well as sabotage or destruction of equipment at the stations; poisoning of water resources, including potable water; random extraction of crude oil and using primitive ways to transport and refining the stolen petroleum products which caused a significant environmental contamination; also cutting and burning of forests; degradation of forest vegetation due to vandalism, which has adversely affected biodiversity. - The strikes of the so-called "international coalition" on Syrian infrastructure and natural resources, using of internationally banned munitions and weapons in its operations, as well as the Turkish military aggression, which all have caused massive damages and environmental disasters, pollution in agricultural and pastoral lands, surface and underground waters, and the proliferation of fumes containing harmful and carcinogenic substances.', '- The strikes of the so-called "international coalition" on Syrian infrastructure and natural resources, using of internationally banned munitions and weapons in its operations, as well as the Turkish military aggression, which all have caused massive damages and environmental disasters, pollution in agricultural and pastoral lands, surface and underground waters, and the proliferation of fumes containing harmful and carcinogenic substances. Thus, these strikes have negative impacts on public health and threaten the life cycle of animals and plants. The Syrian Arab Republic looks forward to restore and support the pillars of sustainability on the local level ,by rehabilitating all production and service systems in their environmental dimensions within institutional and governance framework.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic looks forward to restore and support the pillars of sustainability on the local level ,by rehabilitating all production and service systems in their environmental dimensions within institutional and governance framework. The achievement of national contributions and their successive phases depends on the international commitment in providing the adequate and predictable financial support, as well as enhancing the transfer of technology and capacity building of national institutions.3. Mitigation Measures Despite the difficult conditions in Syrian Arab Republic, a number of projects, policies and strategies that contribute to reducing emissions in many sectors, have been developed through the following intervention sectors: 1.', 'Mitigation Measures Despite the difficult conditions in Syrian Arab Republic, a number of projects, policies and strategies that contribute to reducing emissions in many sectors, have been developed through the following intervention sectors: 1. Energy sector The Syrian energy sector, in which oil and gas are the main sources of it, is a strategic and most important sector in achieving the growth rate required to formulate the output of all sectors of the economy. Unfortunately, the sector has been one of the most affected sectors by the war in which caused huge destruction of its infrastructure, including production facilities, treatment plants, and network of oil and natural gas pipelines. In addition, the energy sector has been affected by the economic coercive measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic.', 'In addition, the energy sector has been affected by the economic coercive measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic. The direct and indirect losses of the oil and gas sector, from the beginning of the war until March 2016 were estimated by 62 billion USD, and the damage to electricity system reaches 4 billion USD, which all led to raising the prices of energy.', 'The direct and indirect losses of the oil and gas sector, from the beginning of the war until March 2016 were estimated by 62 billion USD, and the damage to electricity system reaches 4 billion USD, which all led to raising the prices of energy. In parallel, with the decline in productive and service economic activities and the contraction of GDP due to the effects of unilateral coercive economic measures ,the demand on energy sources has fallen between 2011 and 2016 by less than half (approximately from 25 to 10 million tons of oil equivalent), and Many generation plants are out of service .The overall demand for energy consumption, including in transportation ,industry and household sectors, has led to a significant reduction in emissions as a whole, including CO2 emissions from the energy sector as shown below: CO2 emissions from the energy sector (Mton CO2 equivalent ( Source: Ministry of Electricity, National Energy Research Centre.In fact, energy sector is facing several challenges, the most important is the improvement of the level of crude oil production, development of power generation capacity, restoration of the transmission and distribution network, financing of existing refineries improvement projects and the construction of new refineries to produce oil products in international specifications, in order to mitigate fuel combustion emissions (gasoline and fuel oil).', 'In parallel, with the decline in productive and service economic activities and the contraction of GDP due to the effects of unilateral coercive economic measures ,the demand on energy sources has fallen between 2011 and 2016 by less than half (approximately from 25 to 10 million tons of oil equivalent), and Many generation plants are out of service .The overall demand for energy consumption, including in transportation ,industry and household sectors, has led to a significant reduction in emissions as a whole, including CO2 emissions from the energy sector as shown below: CO2 emissions from the energy sector (Mton CO2 equivalent ( Source: Ministry of Electricity, National Energy Research Centre.In fact, energy sector is facing several challenges, the most important is the improvement of the level of crude oil production, development of power generation capacity, restoration of the transmission and distribution network, financing of existing refineries improvement projects and the construction of new refineries to produce oil products in international specifications, in order to mitigate fuel combustion emissions (gasoline and fuel oil). The Syrian Arab Republic has abundant renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic has abundant renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy. And in the light of limited water resources, which are subject to extreme fluctuations (related to the precipitation), further regulations and policies have been adopted, in which take into account the environmental aspects and increase the contribution of renewable energy to future supply, as well as its role to improves supply security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the generation sector, especially during the war. The ratio of renewable energy is expected to reach 10% of power production by 2030 in case a real support by international donors is provided in order to sustain the existing initiatives and implement projects on the ground. 2.', 'The ratio of renewable energy is expected to reach 10% of power production by 2030 in case a real support by international donors is provided in order to sustain the existing initiatives and implement projects on the ground. 2. Forests, lands and agricultural sector: The Syrian Arab Republic was covered with forests and trees for decades ago extended from the Mediterranean to the Syrian Badia, while forests covered 32% of Syrian territories last century, but gradually deteriorated to less than 3% due to the effect of frequent drought spells, wildfires and transgression of land and forest sites.', 'Forests, lands and agricultural sector: The Syrian Arab Republic was covered with forests and trees for decades ago extended from the Mediterranean to the Syrian Badia, while forests covered 32% of Syrian territories last century, but gradually deteriorated to less than 3% due to the effect of frequent drought spells, wildfires and transgression of land and forest sites. The impacts of climate change and the war on the agriculture sector have been manifested by deterioration of large areas of agricultural lands (rain-fed and irrigated lands), as well as the damage on agricultural machines and equipment and the shortage of spare parts.', 'The impacts of climate change and the war on the agriculture sector have been manifested by deterioration of large areas of agricultural lands (rain-fed and irrigated lands), as well as the damage on agricultural machines and equipment and the shortage of spare parts. In addition, the destruction of irrigation networks and water channels have led to the lack of agricultural crops and poor quality, in which has been accompanied by an unprecedented decline in the numbers of sheep, cows and camels. The quantity of GHG emissions in the agriculture sector varies by source, while in 2005, the GHG emissions in this sector was estimates 18% of the total GHG emissions.', 'The quantity of GHG emissions in the agriculture sector varies by source, while in 2005, the GHG emissions in this sector was estimates 18% of the total GHG emissions. Mitigating the emission of GHG from agricultural activities requires reconsideration of existing farming systems ,activities in changing land-use patterns and energy consumption, taking into account the current and future requirements for food security and other agricultural needs.', 'Mitigating the emission of GHG from agricultural activities requires reconsideration of existing farming systems ,activities in changing land-use patterns and energy consumption, taking into account the current and future requirements for food security and other agricultural needs. The government aims to develop the sector as a whole and to address the impacts of global warming and the war, as follows: - Organizing agricultural production according to the map of land use and determining appropriate agricultural rotations, according to the capacity of natural and terrestrial resources, in order to ensure their sustainability and increase the efficiency of their investment.- Manage and manufacture agricultural waste and safe recycling of residues instead of burning them, and taking advantage of solid waste and liquid residues in the production of alternative energy by establishing modern plants.', 'The government aims to develop the sector as a whole and to address the impacts of global warming and the war, as follows: - Organizing agricultural production according to the map of land use and determining appropriate agricultural rotations, according to the capacity of natural and terrestrial resources, in order to ensure their sustainability and increase the efficiency of their investment.- Manage and manufacture agricultural waste and safe recycling of residues instead of burning them, and taking advantage of solid waste and liquid residues in the production of alternative energy by establishing modern plants. - Rehabilitation of degraded pastures and application of conservation agriculture. - Supporting renewable energy projects for agricultural uses. - Strengthening capacities and training of human resources in all branches of this sector.', '- Strengthening capacities and training of human resources in all branches of this sector. - Achieving a sustainable management of forest wealth and increasing forest area in order to develop and rehabilitate burned and degraded forests, implement integrated management of natural and artificial forest fires, adopt participatory approach and enhance extension agriculture programs, and to increase the production of forest plantations and forest area in the Syrian Arab Republic, so that contributing to enhance the role of forests in carbon sequestration.', '- Achieving a sustainable management of forest wealth and increasing forest area in order to develop and rehabilitate burned and degraded forests, implement integrated management of natural and artificial forest fires, adopt participatory approach and enhance extension agriculture programs, and to increase the production of forest plantations and forest area in the Syrian Arab Republic, so that contributing to enhance the role of forests in carbon sequestration. - Developing of production and productivity, and enhancing of the ability to cope the impact of climate change and drought, through issuing a number of national laws and communications, such as organizing the investment of state lands to establish productive and service projects for this sector; technical conditions governing the trade and manufacture of fertilizers; livestock and their requirements, protection of the desert, cultivation of pastoral shrubs and issuing the Forest Law No.', '- Developing of production and productivity, and enhancing of the ability to cope the impact of climate change and drought, through issuing a number of national laws and communications, such as organizing the investment of state lands to establish productive and service projects for this sector; technical conditions governing the trade and manufacture of fertilizers; livestock and their requirements, protection of the desert, cultivation of pastoral shrubs and issuing the Forest Law No. 6 of 2018. 3. Transport sector The Syrian car fleet contains more than 2 million vehicles, while a significant proportion of cars are old in which led, with the quality of the fuel used in their operation, to high emissions and poor air quality in overcrowded areas.', 'Transport sector The Syrian car fleet contains more than 2 million vehicles, while a significant proportion of cars are old in which led, with the quality of the fuel used in their operation, to high emissions and poor air quality in overcrowded areas. The transport strategy to mitigate emissions includes the following plans and projects: - Updating and activating the technical inspection procedures in order to comply with the permitted percentages of the gas emission by the car exhausts, and rehabilitating the technical inspection lanes in the transport directorates, especially the modern and advanced equipment needed, such as exhaust gases.', 'The transport strategy to mitigate emissions includes the following plans and projects: - Updating and activating the technical inspection procedures in order to comply with the permitted percentages of the gas emission by the car exhausts, and rehabilitating the technical inspection lanes in the transport directorates, especially the modern and advanced equipment needed, such as exhaust gases. - Developing urban transportation systems and encouraging sustainable transportation, as well as rehabilitating and developing of railways, taking into account the role of railways to reduce the rates of pollution caused by other means of transportation. - Improving the quality of fuel used in transportation ,as well as the use of green fuel and blue gasoline.', '- Improving the quality of fuel used in transportation ,as well as the use of green fuel and blue gasoline. - Encouraging the use of gas-powered buses and environmentally-vehicles powered operated by modern technology (gas, electricity, and hybrid). - Freezing the importation or introduction of used cars more than 3 years, as well as following-up studies on the replacement of old vehicles currently in the transportation fleet.4. Industry sector This sector is one of the main sources of GHG emission ,whether from physical and chemical transformations associated with various industrial processes (cement - chemical - engineering industries) ,or as a result of fuel combustion for energy.', 'Industry sector This sector is one of the main sources of GHG emission ,whether from physical and chemical transformations associated with various industrial processes (cement - chemical - engineering industries) ,or as a result of fuel combustion for energy. The Syrian government is working to invest available national resources, relying on solar energy as one of the renewable sources of energy in the industry, replacing fuel with natural gas in energy- intensive industries, such as in cement industry ,and improving the specifications of oil products resulting from refineries. The investment environment was also developed for the establishment of large and medium- enterprises and handicraft facilities, and rehabilitation of the affected ones.', 'The investment environment was also developed for the establishment of large and medium- enterprises and handicraft facilities, and rehabilitation of the affected ones. Also, the Government has taken necessary measures to prevent the import of production lines and used machinery and equipment. The future challenge will be represented by organizing the industrial map in a way that meets environmental standards and take off industrial activities with advanced production chains, including the production of equipment to enhance the role of renewable energies and those used in energy consumption and overall mitigation of emissions, especially through rehabilitation of industrial wastewater treatment plants (such as the Phosphate and NOx SOx fertilizer) and the establishment of new ones for the generation of biogas. 5.', 'The future challenge will be represented by organizing the industrial map in a way that meets environmental standards and take off industrial activities with advanced production chains, including the production of equipment to enhance the role of renewable energies and those used in energy consumption and overall mitigation of emissions, especially through rehabilitation of industrial wastewater treatment plants (such as the Phosphate and NOx SOx fertilizer) and the establishment of new ones for the generation of biogas. 5. Solid waste Sector The solid waste management was significantly affected during the war and faced many obstacles and pressures in which have led to a decline the performance of this sector.', 'Solid waste Sector The solid waste management was significantly affected during the war and faced many obstacles and pressures in which have led to a decline the performance of this sector. The inability of local administrative units in some areas to reach their workplaces for the removal of solid waste, due to the spread out of terrorists, has led to the accumulation of large amounts of solid waste and prevented from moving and safe disposal such wastes. The inhabitants of these areas were forced to burn the wastes, so that caused the emission of harmful pollutants.', 'The inhabitants of these areas were forced to burn the wastes, so that caused the emission of harmful pollutants. Therefore, the Syrian government is looking forward to improve this sector, especially after the overcoming of the obstacles mentioned above, through a number of procedures: - Assessing the current situation of solid waste management and develop the national strategy in this regard. - Finding out suitable solutions for random dumps, preventing random burning and updating the fleet of waste management mechanisms. - Encouraging the implementation of pilot projects related to the sorting of solid waste from the source and treatment plants, particularly in the large cities with intensive economic activities. - Regulate and encourage the recycling industry, and develop standards for necessary facilities and equipments.', '- Regulate and encourage the recycling industry, and develop standards for necessary facilities and equipments. - Conversion of sanitary landfill gases into energy (and utilization of biogas).The Syrian Arab Republic has not received a significant international support in the field of integrated solid waste management in which consider as a priority of priorities for the recovery phase, in particular to ensure an appropriate environment for the return of internally displaced persons and refugees to their areas and normal life. 6. Housing sector During the war, the housing sector in several governorates faced destruction and vandalism by armed groups in which targeted infrastructure, industrial units & factories, residential buildings and places of worship.', 'Housing sector During the war, the housing sector in several governorates faced destruction and vandalism by armed groups in which targeted infrastructure, industrial units & factories, residential buildings and places of worship. Therefore, this sector face (faces) a major challenge in rehabilitating the affected areas in terms of the lack of machineries and equipments to remove, demolish, sort, recycle and utilize the damaged buildings according to specific areas, in addition to the need of sustainable rehabilitating the infrastructure in a sustainable manner.', 'Therefore, this sector face (faces) a major challenge in rehabilitating the affected areas in terms of the lack of machineries and equipments to remove, demolish, sort, recycle and utilize the damaged buildings according to specific areas, in addition to the need of sustainable rehabilitating the infrastructure in a sustainable manner. Despite of these challenges, the Government is making great efforts to develop rehabilitation mechanisms for the affected areas in the reconstruction phase and to design and develop modern and sustainable urban communities through the housing map, issuing evidences of damage assessment and adopting the required interventions that meet the structural, environmental, as well as energy conservation criteria.', 'Despite of these challenges, the Government is making great efforts to develop rehabilitation mechanisms for the affected areas in the reconstruction phase and to design and develop modern and sustainable urban communities through the housing map, issuing evidences of damage assessment and adopting the required interventions that meet the structural, environmental, as well as energy conservation criteria. This will be achieved by the following steps: - Setting standards and regulations that take into consideration the environmental factors and allow the investment of alternative and renewable energies, the preservation of agricultural lands and the creation of a modern infrastructure and services system. - Developing areas outside cities to reduce rural-urban migration by providing decent jobs and livelihood, as well as and housing that meets the requirements of green architecture.', '- Developing areas outside cities to reduce rural-urban migration by providing decent jobs and livelihood, as well as and housing that meets the requirements of green architecture. - Following up the application of the green architecture guide effectively, and encourage the use of modern environmental technologies such as the production and use of environmentally building materials and thermal insulation techniques.4. Adaptation Measures A national strategy and plan of action for adaptation to climate change has been proposed through the preparation of the initial national communication on climate change, aimed at improving the management of natural resources and promoting environmental sustainability. This action plan identified priority measures for adapting with climate change. However, due to the current circumstances and exacerbated environmental challenges, none of these measures and procedures has been implemented.', 'However, due to the current circumstances and exacerbated environmental challenges, none of these measures and procedures has been implemented. Therefore, the strategy and plan of action needs to be developed and adjusted according to current conditions and possibilities, as well as the future visions and international support for this plan. The following actions aim to promote adaptation to address climate change and to increase resilience to its impacts. The implementation of these measures will require cooperation between all sectors of the economy on the national level, in addition to international cooperation and support, as well as providing financial resources to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to protect natural systems and human health. 1.', 'The implementation of these measures will require cooperation between all sectors of the economy on the national level, in addition to international cooperation and support, as well as providing financial resources to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to protect natural systems and human health. 1. Water resources management The priorities for water scarcity adaptation are to reduce vulnerability and focus on sustainability of agricultural production and protection of the environment. This requires significant changes in the management of water resources, policies and associated infrastructure. Water scarcity adaptation in the agricultural sector could include: - Protecting of water resources (and preventing pollution of surface and groundwater resources). - Reducing water losses, reducing water leakage from canals, and maintaining soil moisture by improving their organic matter content.', '- Reducing water losses, reducing water leakage from canals, and maintaining soil moisture by improving their organic matter content. - Raising the efficiency of irrigation water use, support water harvesting projects, using highly efficient irrigation methods, and providing actual quantities of water needed by plants, as well as using supplementary irrigation to irrigate rain crops during droughts. - Enhancing the use of non-traditional water resources (treated sewage and agricultural drainage, supporting industrial wastewater treatment plants for large rivers, such as Euphrates River and Orontes River, typical village treatment plants, spatial treatment plants for small communities, and producing irrigation water).', '- Enhancing the use of non-traditional water resources (treated sewage and agricultural drainage, supporting industrial wastewater treatment plants for large rivers, such as Euphrates River and Orontes River, typical village treatment plants, spatial treatment plants for small communities, and producing irrigation water). - Improvement of the current agricultural practices ( changing sowing dates and deepening, improving plant nutrition, using of crops with low water needs, drought- resistant crops, diversification of cultivated crops, combination of crop cultivation, domestic animal husbandry, providing agricultural and rural extension services to both males and females, strengthen market linkages).2. Conservation of biodiversity The fifth national report of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2016) noted that there are7213 types of documented species in which belong to the most important vital groups in the Syrian Arab Republic.', 'Conservation of biodiversity The fifth national report of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2016) noted that there are7213 types of documented species in which belong to the most important vital groups in the Syrian Arab Republic. Despite the richness of biodiversity, it suffers from critical conditions due to the deterioration of some ecosystems, especially in forests, and the decline or disappearance of some wild plants, as well as the low density or disappearance of some wild animals.', 'Despite the richness of biodiversity, it suffers from critical conditions due to the deterioration of some ecosystems, especially in forests, and the decline or disappearance of some wild plants, as well as the low density or disappearance of some wild animals. The Syrian Arab Republic has continued to follow its commitments to the international conventions and protocols, in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity and other important protocols, including Nagoya Protocol for the Protection of Plant and Animal Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Resulting from it adopted in 2012, and accession to the Nagoya Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2012. It also works to protect the components of biodiversity and the sustainable development of natural resources.', 'It also works to protect the components of biodiversity and the sustainable development of natural resources. Adaptation actions here could include: - Establishment of temporary nurseries for the propagation of endangered plants. - Rehabilitation of damaged Reserves during the previous years, and the streamlining of the participatory principle in its management. - Conducting surveys and documentation of degraded forest areas and affected animal and plant species. - Supporting forestry and agricultural reserves and increasing the number of natural protected areas.', '- Supporting forestry and agricultural reserves and increasing the number of natural protected areas. - Motivate local communities economically and provide local alternatives to improve the economic situation of the local population, and promote the establishment of medium and small rural handicraft, traditional and food industries in the Badia in order to increase employment opportunities, combat poverty and prevent the depletion of natural resources. 3. Combating Land Degradation and Desertification The Syria Arab Republic suffers from the phenomenon of desertification and land degradation, especially agricultural ones, which negatively affect the lives of many people and pose a threat to national food security and quality of life.', 'Combating Land Degradation and Desertification The Syria Arab Republic suffers from the phenomenon of desertification and land degradation, especially agricultural ones, which negatively affect the lives of many people and pose a threat to national food security and quality of life. In addition to its follow-up within the framework of the Convention on Desertification and Drought Mitigation, the proposed measures to address these challenges will be as follows: - Achieving land degradation neutrality and improve management practices, particularly in the agriculture and forestry sectors.', 'In addition to its follow-up within the framework of the Convention on Desertification and Drought Mitigation, the proposed measures to address these challenges will be as follows: - Achieving land degradation neutrality and improve management practices, particularly in the agriculture and forestry sectors. - Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region.', '- Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region. 4.', '- Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region. 4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans Many necessary measures have been adopted to develop and implement integrated coastal zone management plans, taking into account the protection of coastal infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, ports, etc., in addition to capacity building of relevant institutions and public awareness on this matter.', 'Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans Many necessary measures have been adopted to develop and implement integrated coastal zone management plans, taking into account the protection of coastal infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, ports, etc., in addition to capacity building of relevant institutions and public awareness on this matter. In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development.', 'In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development. 5.', 'In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development. 5. Development of early warning systems It’s very fundamental that developing countries developed early warning systems for monitoring droughts and extreme weather conditions such as rainstorms, floods and dust storms in order to increase the capacity of the infrastructure and improve readiness to resilience.', 'Development of early warning systems It’s very fundamental that developing countries developed early warning systems for monitoring droughts and extreme weather conditions such as rainstorms, floods and dust storms in order to increase the capacity of the infrastructure and improve readiness to resilience. However, this target requires technical and financial support by developed countries for access to computer systems, monitoring technologies, remote sensing techniques, analysis methodologies and globally applied programs for drought forecasting, climate variability and storms. 5. Time Frame This document contains the future visions and policies for addressing the impacts of climate change in the Syrian Arab Republic for the period 2020-2030. The projects are implemented according to national priorities for sustainable development.', 'The projects are implemented according to national priorities for sustainable development. Estimates and visions will be adjusted according to the level of development, progress and information provided by different sectors.6. Means of Implementation The Syrian Arab Republic stresses the necessity of continuing efforts to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement and the importance of the international cooperation to achieve the purpose of these contributions, especially in the area of: - Building capacity and expertise in order to support the implementation of said contributions. - Raising awareness and developing sustainable awareness regarding to climate change, as well as establishing a participatory approach with the public, and enhancing the role of local communities in formulating and implementing of development programs.', '- Raising awareness and developing sustainable awareness regarding to climate change, as well as establishing a participatory approach with the public, and enhancing the role of local communities in formulating and implementing of development programs. - Developing less GHG production technologies and transferring appropriate environment technologies in all sectors, particularly in the areas of: \uf0fc Savings in water consumption, recycling and collection, irrigation and sustainable management for agricultural purposes; \uf0fc Improving the efficiency of energy production consumption and environmental sustainability. \uf0fc Early warning systems for severe weather events (e.g. floods, storms and droughts). \uf0fc Transport techniques that are flexible and able to be resilient the negative impacts of climate change, and minimizing emissions from transportation. \uf0fc Supporting Integrated Solid Waste Management.', '\uf0fc Supporting Integrated Solid Waste Management. - Supporting and developing scientific research as an essential tool and a process to promote and develop appropriate new technological responses in order to address the impacts of climate change to all economic activities and sectors in which have direct and indirect impacts on society. - Protecting forests from deforestation, especially fires and cutting, planting new areas, and rehabilitating degraded sites in accordance to annual plans.', '- Protecting forests from deforestation, especially fires and cutting, planting new areas, and rehabilitating degraded sites in accordance to annual plans. The Syrian Arab Republic strongly reaffirms that implementation of these contributions, requires full and serious commitment from developed countries to provide an adequate and predictable financial support to developing countries, under the international environmental conventions, including UNFCCC, in order to fulfill their national plans in the contexts of Paris Agreement, as well as guarantees that funds and funding mechanisms which accessible for developing countries in order to analyze needs and opportunities for developing their national programs, and encouraging investment in projects contributing to mitigation and adaptation to the impacts of climate change.'] | en-US |
322 | SYR | Syrian Arab Republic | Updated NDC | 2019-03-13 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/FirstNDC-Eng-Syrian%20Arab%20Republic.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Asia | 0 | 29.160713 | 6.546657 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/87c3c223accdb0fed38bae71979a28168fe2b49841c77f1cf0b6807e2155c478.pdf | ['Syrian Arab Republic Nationally Determined Contributions Under Paris Agreement on ClimateSummary This document represents the Syrian Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) on a voluntary basis, as a national need and contribution to support international efforts to achieve Paris agreement goals, in order to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change. It comes based on the commitment of the Syrian Arab Republic to environmental conventions, protocols and agreements, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'It comes based on the commitment of the Syrian Arab Republic to environmental conventions, protocols and agreements, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Syrian Arab Republic, as a developing and non-industrialized country that located in arid to semi-arid region, is affected by the impacts of climate changes in its multiple dimensions, it also faces exceptional circumstances as a result of the terrorist war launched since 2011, and the operations of the illegal "international coalition", in which resulted a massive destruction to infrastructure and environment, and allocating a large part of the national efforts and available resources to address the repercussions of these circumstances.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic, as a developing and non-industrialized country that located in arid to semi-arid region, is affected by the impacts of climate changes in its multiple dimensions, it also faces exceptional circumstances as a result of the terrorist war launched since 2011, and the operations of the illegal "international coalition", in which resulted a massive destruction to infrastructure and environment, and allocating a large part of the national efforts and available resources to address the repercussions of these circumstances. The unilateral coercive economic measures imposed by some states and regional entities on the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011, have caused enormous losses of economic structures and negatively affected the efforts of the Syrian State institutions and civil society for protecting the environment and supporting national plans of adaptation and mitigation.', 'The unilateral coercive economic measures imposed by some states and regional entities on the Syrian Arab Republic since 2011, have caused enormous losses of economic structures and negatively affected the efforts of the Syrian State institutions and civil society for protecting the environment and supporting national plans of adaptation and mitigation. The continuation of these measures is the biggest challenge that Syrian’s effort faces in accordance with its international commitments related to the climate change and environment, and to strengthen the society’s resilience since these measures, accompanied by a deliberated reduction of international aid and financing, targeted the key sectors of the Syrian economy, particularly technological components, energy and financing channels.', 'The continuation of these measures is the biggest challenge that Syrian’s effort faces in accordance with its international commitments related to the climate change and environment, and to strengthen the society’s resilience since these measures, accompanied by a deliberated reduction of international aid and financing, targeted the key sectors of the Syrian economy, particularly technological components, energy and financing channels. Not to mention the catastrophic impacts of the continued occupation of the Occupied Syrian Golan by Israel, the occupying power, in which depletes its resources and pollutes its natural environment. The terrorist war against the Syrian Arab Republic has hindered the implementation of the national environmental strategy. Therefore, the transitional period after the war requires a special strategy aiming to a new stage of recovery.', 'Therefore, the transitional period after the war requires a special strategy aiming to a new stage of recovery. The main phase of this strategy is to insure a rapid respond to restore all affected production and service structures and environmental systems, in addition to providing the requirements of linking between local development projects and their contributions to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change, especially through the national ownership of reconstruction projects and strengthening the legal environment aiming at protecting and investing natural and environmental resources, as well as achieving the national response to urgent and long- term needs, in order to reach the inclusive economic growth period with its environmental dimension.', 'The main phase of this strategy is to insure a rapid respond to restore all affected production and service structures and environmental systems, in addition to providing the requirements of linking between local development projects and their contributions to the adaptation and mitigation of climate change, especially through the national ownership of reconstruction projects and strengthening the legal environment aiming at protecting and investing natural and environmental resources, as well as achieving the national response to urgent and long- term needs, in order to reach the inclusive economic growth period with its environmental dimension. This report covers the visions and ambitions of the Syrian Arab Republic for addressing the impacts of climate change, and the efforts of mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2030, as well as acknowledging the importance of strengthening the pillars of sustainability as a "developmental status", including the environmental dimension, taking into account the special national circumstances and effects of the terrorist war which resulted in major losses in previous development achievements.Thus, the Syrian Arab Republic considers its contributions in line with the principles of the UNFCCC, and reaffirms, according to the Paris Agreement, that Developed Country parties shall provide support to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in order to implementing their contributions and increase resilience, thus pursuing efforts, assess the impacts of GHG emissions, plan, and implement the relevant activities within specific periods of time.', 'This report covers the visions and ambitions of the Syrian Arab Republic for addressing the impacts of climate change, and the efforts of mitigation and adaptation for the period 2020-2030, as well as acknowledging the importance of strengthening the pillars of sustainability as a "developmental status", including the environmental dimension, taking into account the special national circumstances and effects of the terrorist war which resulted in major losses in previous development achievements.Thus, the Syrian Arab Republic considers its contributions in line with the principles of the UNFCCC, and reaffirms, according to the Paris Agreement, that Developed Country parties shall provide support to assist developing countries with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in order to implementing their contributions and increase resilience, thus pursuing efforts, assess the impacts of GHG emissions, plan, and implement the relevant activities within specific periods of time. These efforts shall be developed in accordance with the level of progress achieved in the targeted sectors.', 'These efforts shall be developed in accordance with the level of progress achieved in the targeted sectors. The terrorist war on the Syrian Arab Republic, and the continuation of the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic, have caused a massive destruction of a number of production structures, a significant decline in economic, social and environmental factors, prioritizing issues at the expense of others, lack of access to technology, including production technologies, as well as freezing of international funding and support in many fields, including funds for the preparation and implementation of the national plans aimed to protect the environment.', 'The terrorist war on the Syrian Arab Republic, and the continuation of the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic, have caused a massive destruction of a number of production structures, a significant decline in economic, social and environmental factors, prioritizing issues at the expense of others, lack of access to technology, including production technologies, as well as freezing of international funding and support in many fields, including funds for the preparation and implementation of the national plans aimed to protect the environment. However, these circumstances have enhanced the Syrian state s decision regarding the necessity of adopting the approach of sustainability as a national priority, especially by restoring the lost previous developmental gains, overcoming the impacts of the war and addressing the challenges that Syrian society faced with them.', 'However, these circumstances have enhanced the Syrian state s decision regarding the necessity of adopting the approach of sustainability as a national priority, especially by restoring the lost previous developmental gains, overcoming the impacts of the war and addressing the challenges that Syrian society faced with them. These national efforts were implemented through continuing of rehabilitating and sustaining physical, service and environmental infrastructure; increasing the use of alternative energies; reducing waste generation and increasing recycling; upgrading the efficiency of housing by applying the green architecture; rationalizing energy consumption; and promoting sustainable transportation; in which all contribute to reduce GHG emissions and support mitigating the impacts of climate change.', 'These national efforts were implemented through continuing of rehabilitating and sustaining physical, service and environmental infrastructure; increasing the use of alternative energies; reducing waste generation and increasing recycling; upgrading the efficiency of housing by applying the green architecture; rationalizing energy consumption; and promoting sustainable transportation; in which all contribute to reduce GHG emissions and support mitigating the impacts of climate change. Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities ( CBDR) as stipulated in UNFCCC and its related agreements and protocols, the Syrian Arab Republic stresses the need of developed countries to meet their responsibilities related to the Climate Change ,especially through providing an adequate and predictable finance, capacity building and transfer of technology ,to support the national plans of developing countries related to adaptation of the impacts of climate change.', 'Based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities ( CBDR) as stipulated in UNFCCC and its related agreements and protocols, the Syrian Arab Republic stresses the need of developed countries to meet their responsibilities related to the Climate Change ,especially through providing an adequate and predictable finance, capacity building and transfer of technology ,to support the national plans of developing countries related to adaptation of the impacts of climate change. Following of the Syrian Arab Republic’s ratification of Paris Agreement on 13/11/2017, the national committee established in the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, which includes representatives of the relevant ministries and national bodies, intensified its work in preparing the first NDC.', 'Following of the Syrian Arab Republic’s ratification of Paris Agreement on 13/11/2017, the national committee established in the Ministry of Local Administration and Environment, which includes representatives of the relevant ministries and national bodies, intensified its work in preparing the first NDC. The Syrian NDCs prepares on a voluntary basis for the period 2020-2030 and in line with national priorities. It has been developed within institutional frameworks through sectorial consultations and workshops in the Syrian governorates with participation of national stakeholders and representatives of local administration.2.', 'It has been developed within institutional frameworks through sectorial consultations and workshops in the Syrian governorates with participation of national stakeholders and representatives of local administration.2. National Circumstances Although the Syrian Arab Republic is not one of the major contributor countries to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the countries highly affected by the global warming and climate change, especially the unprecedented climatic phenomenon, such as precipitation change and rainstorms, drying up of some rivers or dropping water levels of natural and artificial lakes, frequent drought and its increasing risks, unprecedented levels of temperatures, heatwaves, forest fires, sand and dust storms, increasing duration and frequency of sand and dust storms, and desertification.', 'National Circumstances Although the Syrian Arab Republic is not one of the major contributor countries to climate change and greenhouse gas emissions, it is one of the countries highly affected by the global warming and climate change, especially the unprecedented climatic phenomenon, such as precipitation change and rainstorms, drying up of some rivers or dropping water levels of natural and artificial lakes, frequent drought and its increasing risks, unprecedented levels of temperatures, heatwaves, forest fires, sand and dust storms, increasing duration and frequency of sand and dust storms, and desertification. The impact of global climate changes with their local impacts on land-use patterns and the accelerating pace of their degradation has put pressure on: - Natural resources for agriculture and livestock exploitation, and the implications on sustainable production and strengthening communities resilience.', 'The impact of global climate changes with their local impacts on land-use patterns and the accelerating pace of their degradation has put pressure on: - Natural resources for agriculture and livestock exploitation, and the implications on sustainable production and strengthening communities resilience. - Renewable energy resources such as hydropower, due to drop in water levels, and wind power, as a result of climate variability. - Water resources, which are already limited, especially the suffering from a growing water deficit due to the increasing demand of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial purposes. - Natural ecosystems and their balance, as well as the overall impact on public health and other economic, production, service and social sectors.', '- Natural ecosystems and their balance, as well as the overall impact on public health and other economic, production, service and social sectors. In fact, the Syrian Arab Republic faces obstacles to obtain advanced technologies that meet all environmental standards in which play a key role in sustaining and strengthening mitigation and adaptation measures, and building resilience. It faces also the lack of specialized skills in such areas, particularly the expertise in environmental economics and environmental degradation costs.', 'It faces also the lack of specialized skills in such areas, particularly the expertise in environmental economics and environmental degradation costs. In addition, it faces obstacles in the context of implementation the vital projects, including CDM projects, as well as localization of many technologies and software in order to monitor the current situation and to simulate and extrapolate the future, while these tools are important for developing all economic, social and environmental indicators and measuring the level of meeting the needs of management and planning of sustainable development.', 'In addition, it faces obstacles in the context of implementation the vital projects, including CDM projects, as well as localization of many technologies and software in order to monitor the current situation and to simulate and extrapolate the future, while these tools are important for developing all economic, social and environmental indicators and measuring the level of meeting the needs of management and planning of sustainable development. Not to mention, that these obstacles are mainly due to the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on Syrian Arab Republic for decades ago, in which increased since 2011, and their serious implications on building an economy, which be able to adapt climate change.', 'Not to mention, that these obstacles are mainly due to the unilateral coercive economic measures imposed on Syrian Arab Republic for decades ago, in which increased since 2011, and their serious implications on building an economy, which be able to adapt climate change. However, these obstacles did not prevent the Syrian state from paying the appropriate attention to the environmental dimension, through: - The new constitution (2012) in which stipulates that: "Protection of the environment shall be the responsibility of the state and society and it shall be the duty of every citizen". - The Local Planning regulation (107/2011) gives the local units the tasks of achieving a balanced and sustainable development.- The Regional Planning Law No.', '- The Local Planning regulation (107/2011) gives the local units the tasks of achieving a balanced and sustainable development.- The Regional Planning Law No. 26 (2010) adopts regional planning approach and contributes to support development across regions according to priorities and requirement. - The Environment Law NO 12 (2012) established the rules of protection and preservation of environmental elements and its main components. The Syrian Arab Republic presented its first national communication on climate change in 2010, while the national emission inventory study showed that the total GHG emissions reached 79.07 TGCO2 eq in 2005. The share of emissions from the energy sector was 73%, followed by agriculture sector 18%, industrial sector 4%, and waste sector 5%.', 'The share of emissions from the energy sector was 73%, followed by agriculture sector 18%, industrial sector 4%, and waste sector 5%. The preparing of the second national communication began in 2012 and could not be fulfilled as a result of the freezing of funding by international donors. This fact highlights the urgent need to resume international support in order to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to complete this communication. The impacts of the war have prevented the realization of the requirements of linking national development projects with their objectives of adaptation and mitigation.', 'The impacts of the war have prevented the realization of the requirements of linking national development projects with their objectives of adaptation and mitigation. The above mentioned challenges have been exacerbated by several aspects: - Terrorist groups attacks to infrastructure of water resources, dams, irrigation networks, electricity, oil and gas fields; as well as sabotage or destruction of equipment at the stations; poisoning of water resources, including potable water; random extraction of crude oil and using primitive ways to transport and refining the stolen petroleum products which caused a significant environmental contamination; also cutting and burning of forests; degradation of forest vegetation due to vandalism, which has adversely affected biodiversity.', 'The above mentioned challenges have been exacerbated by several aspects: - Terrorist groups attacks to infrastructure of water resources, dams, irrigation networks, electricity, oil and gas fields; as well as sabotage or destruction of equipment at the stations; poisoning of water resources, including potable water; random extraction of crude oil and using primitive ways to transport and refining the stolen petroleum products which caused a significant environmental contamination; also cutting and burning of forests; degradation of forest vegetation due to vandalism, which has adversely affected biodiversity. - The strikes of the so-called "international coalition" on Syrian infrastructure and natural resources, using of internationally banned munitions and weapons in its operations, as well as the Turkish military aggression, which all have caused massive damages and environmental disasters, pollution in agricultural and pastoral lands, surface and underground waters, and the proliferation of fumes containing harmful and carcinogenic substances.', '- The strikes of the so-called "international coalition" on Syrian infrastructure and natural resources, using of internationally banned munitions and weapons in its operations, as well as the Turkish military aggression, which all have caused massive damages and environmental disasters, pollution in agricultural and pastoral lands, surface and underground waters, and the proliferation of fumes containing harmful and carcinogenic substances. Thus, these strikes have negative impacts on public health and threaten the life cycle of animals and plants. The Syrian Arab Republic looks forward to restore and support the pillars of sustainability on the local level ,by rehabilitating all production and service systems in their environmental dimensions within institutional and governance framework.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic looks forward to restore and support the pillars of sustainability on the local level ,by rehabilitating all production and service systems in their environmental dimensions within institutional and governance framework. The achievement of national contributions and their successive phases depends on the international commitment in providing the adequate and predictable financial support, as well as enhancing the transfer of technology and capacity building of national institutions.3. Mitigation Measures Despite the difficult conditions in Syrian Arab Republic, a number of projects, policies and strategies that contribute to reducing emissions in many sectors, have been developed through the following intervention sectors: 1.', 'Mitigation Measures Despite the difficult conditions in Syrian Arab Republic, a number of projects, policies and strategies that contribute to reducing emissions in many sectors, have been developed through the following intervention sectors: 1. Energy sector The Syrian energy sector, in which oil and gas are the main sources of it, is a strategic and most important sector in achieving the growth rate required to formulate the output of all sectors of the economy. Unfortunately, the sector has been one of the most affected sectors by the war in which caused huge destruction of its infrastructure, including production facilities, treatment plants, and network of oil and natural gas pipelines. In addition, the energy sector has been affected by the economic coercive measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic.', 'In addition, the energy sector has been affected by the economic coercive measures imposed on the Syrian Arab Republic. The direct and indirect losses of the oil and gas sector, from the beginning of the war until March 2016 were estimated by 62 billion USD, and the damage to electricity system reaches 4 billion USD, which all led to raising the prices of energy.', 'The direct and indirect losses of the oil and gas sector, from the beginning of the war until March 2016 were estimated by 62 billion USD, and the damage to electricity system reaches 4 billion USD, which all led to raising the prices of energy. In parallel, with the decline in productive and service economic activities and the contraction of GDP due to the effects of unilateral coercive economic measures ,the demand on energy sources has fallen between 2011 and 2016 by less than half (approximately from 25 to 10 million tons of oil equivalent), and Many generation plants are out of service .The overall demand for energy consumption, including in transportation ,industry and household sectors, has led to a significant reduction in emissions as a whole, including CO2 emissions from the energy sector as shown below: CO2 emissions from the energy sector (Mton CO2 equivalent ( Source: Ministry of Electricity, National Energy Research Centre.In fact, energy sector is facing several challenges, the most important is the improvement of the level of crude oil production, development of power generation capacity, restoration of the transmission and distribution network, financing of existing refineries improvement projects and the construction of new refineries to produce oil products in international specifications, in order to mitigate fuel combustion emissions (gasoline and fuel oil).', 'In parallel, with the decline in productive and service economic activities and the contraction of GDP due to the effects of unilateral coercive economic measures ,the demand on energy sources has fallen between 2011 and 2016 by less than half (approximately from 25 to 10 million tons of oil equivalent), and Many generation plants are out of service .The overall demand for energy consumption, including in transportation ,industry and household sectors, has led to a significant reduction in emissions as a whole, including CO2 emissions from the energy sector as shown below: CO2 emissions from the energy sector (Mton CO2 equivalent ( Source: Ministry of Electricity, National Energy Research Centre.In fact, energy sector is facing several challenges, the most important is the improvement of the level of crude oil production, development of power generation capacity, restoration of the transmission and distribution network, financing of existing refineries improvement projects and the construction of new refineries to produce oil products in international specifications, in order to mitigate fuel combustion emissions (gasoline and fuel oil). The Syrian Arab Republic has abundant renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy.', 'The Syrian Arab Republic has abundant renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy. And in the light of limited water resources, which are subject to extreme fluctuations (related to the precipitation), further regulations and policies have been adopted, in which take into account the environmental aspects and increase the contribution of renewable energy to future supply, as well as its role to improves supply security by reducing dependence on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the generation sector, especially during the war. The ratio of renewable energy is expected to reach 10% of power production by 2030 in case a real support by international donors is provided in order to sustain the existing initiatives and implement projects on the ground. 2.', 'The ratio of renewable energy is expected to reach 10% of power production by 2030 in case a real support by international donors is provided in order to sustain the existing initiatives and implement projects on the ground. 2. Forests, lands and agricultural sector: The Syrian Arab Republic was covered with forests and trees for decades ago extended from the Mediterranean to the Syrian Badia, while forests covered 32% of Syrian territories last century, but gradually deteriorated to less than 3% due to the effect of frequent drought spells, wildfires and transgression of land and forest sites.', 'Forests, lands and agricultural sector: The Syrian Arab Republic was covered with forests and trees for decades ago extended from the Mediterranean to the Syrian Badia, while forests covered 32% of Syrian territories last century, but gradually deteriorated to less than 3% due to the effect of frequent drought spells, wildfires and transgression of land and forest sites. The impacts of climate change and the war on the agriculture sector have been manifested by deterioration of large areas of agricultural lands (rain-fed and irrigated lands), as well as the damage on agricultural machines and equipment and the shortage of spare parts.', 'The impacts of climate change and the war on the agriculture sector have been manifested by deterioration of large areas of agricultural lands (rain-fed and irrigated lands), as well as the damage on agricultural machines and equipment and the shortage of spare parts. In addition, the destruction of irrigation networks and water channels have led to the lack of agricultural crops and poor quality, in which has been accompanied by an unprecedented decline in the numbers of sheep, cows and camels. The quantity of GHG emissions in the agriculture sector varies by source, while in 2005, the GHG emissions in this sector was estimates 18% of the total GHG emissions.', 'The quantity of GHG emissions in the agriculture sector varies by source, while in 2005, the GHG emissions in this sector was estimates 18% of the total GHG emissions. Mitigating the emission of GHG from agricultural activities requires reconsideration of existing farming systems ,activities in changing land-use patterns and energy consumption, taking into account the current and future requirements for food security and other agricultural needs.', 'Mitigating the emission of GHG from agricultural activities requires reconsideration of existing farming systems ,activities in changing land-use patterns and energy consumption, taking into account the current and future requirements for food security and other agricultural needs. The government aims to develop the sector as a whole and to address the impacts of global warming and the war, as follows: - Organizing agricultural production according to the map of land use and determining appropriate agricultural rotations, according to the capacity of natural and terrestrial resources, in order to ensure their sustainability and increase the efficiency of their investment.- Manage and manufacture agricultural waste and safe recycling of residues instead of burning them, and taking advantage of solid waste and liquid residues in the production of alternative energy by establishing modern plants.', 'The government aims to develop the sector as a whole and to address the impacts of global warming and the war, as follows: - Organizing agricultural production according to the map of land use and determining appropriate agricultural rotations, according to the capacity of natural and terrestrial resources, in order to ensure their sustainability and increase the efficiency of their investment.- Manage and manufacture agricultural waste and safe recycling of residues instead of burning them, and taking advantage of solid waste and liquid residues in the production of alternative energy by establishing modern plants. - Rehabilitation of degraded pastures and application of conservation agriculture. - Supporting renewable energy projects for agricultural uses. - Strengthening capacities and training of human resources in all branches of this sector.', '- Strengthening capacities and training of human resources in all branches of this sector. - Achieving a sustainable management of forest wealth and increasing forest area in order to develop and rehabilitate burned and degraded forests, implement integrated management of natural and artificial forest fires, adopt participatory approach and enhance extension agriculture programs, and to increase the production of forest plantations and forest area in the Syrian Arab Republic, so that contributing to enhance the role of forests in carbon sequestration.', '- Achieving a sustainable management of forest wealth and increasing forest area in order to develop and rehabilitate burned and degraded forests, implement integrated management of natural and artificial forest fires, adopt participatory approach and enhance extension agriculture programs, and to increase the production of forest plantations and forest area in the Syrian Arab Republic, so that contributing to enhance the role of forests in carbon sequestration. - Developing of production and productivity, and enhancing of the ability to cope the impact of climate change and drought, through issuing a number of national laws and communications, such as organizing the investment of state lands to establish productive and service projects for this sector; technical conditions governing the trade and manufacture of fertilizers; livestock and their requirements, protection of the desert, cultivation of pastoral shrubs and issuing the Forest Law No.', '- Developing of production and productivity, and enhancing of the ability to cope the impact of climate change and drought, through issuing a number of national laws and communications, such as organizing the investment of state lands to establish productive and service projects for this sector; technical conditions governing the trade and manufacture of fertilizers; livestock and their requirements, protection of the desert, cultivation of pastoral shrubs and issuing the Forest Law No. 6 of 2018. 3. Transport sector The Syrian car fleet contains more than 2 million vehicles, while a significant proportion of cars are old in which led, with the quality of the fuel used in their operation, to high emissions and poor air quality in overcrowded areas.', 'Transport sector The Syrian car fleet contains more than 2 million vehicles, while a significant proportion of cars are old in which led, with the quality of the fuel used in their operation, to high emissions and poor air quality in overcrowded areas. The transport strategy to mitigate emissions includes the following plans and projects: - Updating and activating the technical inspection procedures in order to comply with the permitted percentages of the gas emission by the car exhausts, and rehabilitating the technical inspection lanes in the transport directorates, especially the modern and advanced equipment needed, such as exhaust gases.', 'The transport strategy to mitigate emissions includes the following plans and projects: - Updating and activating the technical inspection procedures in order to comply with the permitted percentages of the gas emission by the car exhausts, and rehabilitating the technical inspection lanes in the transport directorates, especially the modern and advanced equipment needed, such as exhaust gases. - Developing urban transportation systems and encouraging sustainable transportation, as well as rehabilitating and developing of railways, taking into account the role of railways to reduce the rates of pollution caused by other means of transportation. - Improving the quality of fuel used in transportation ,as well as the use of green fuel and blue gasoline.', '- Improving the quality of fuel used in transportation ,as well as the use of green fuel and blue gasoline. - Encouraging the use of gas-powered buses and environmentally-vehicles powered operated by modern technology (gas, electricity, and hybrid). - Freezing the importation or introduction of used cars more than 3 years, as well as following-up studies on the replacement of old vehicles currently in the transportation fleet.4. Industry sector This sector is one of the main sources of GHG emission ,whether from physical and chemical transformations associated with various industrial processes (cement - chemical - engineering industries) ,or as a result of fuel combustion for energy.', 'Industry sector This sector is one of the main sources of GHG emission ,whether from physical and chemical transformations associated with various industrial processes (cement - chemical - engineering industries) ,or as a result of fuel combustion for energy. The Syrian government is working to invest available national resources, relying on solar energy as one of the renewable sources of energy in the industry, replacing fuel with natural gas in energy- intensive industries, such as in cement industry ,and improving the specifications of oil products resulting from refineries. The investment environment was also developed for the establishment of large and medium- enterprises and handicraft facilities, and rehabilitation of the affected ones.', 'The investment environment was also developed for the establishment of large and medium- enterprises and handicraft facilities, and rehabilitation of the affected ones. Also, the Government has taken necessary measures to prevent the import of production lines and used machinery and equipment. The future challenge will be represented by organizing the industrial map in a way that meets environmental standards and take off industrial activities with advanced production chains, including the production of equipment to enhance the role of renewable energies and those used in energy consumption and overall mitigation of emissions, especially through rehabilitation of industrial wastewater treatment plants (such as the Phosphate and NOx SOx fertilizer) and the establishment of new ones for the generation of biogas. 5.', 'The future challenge will be represented by organizing the industrial map in a way that meets environmental standards and take off industrial activities with advanced production chains, including the production of equipment to enhance the role of renewable energies and those used in energy consumption and overall mitigation of emissions, especially through rehabilitation of industrial wastewater treatment plants (such as the Phosphate and NOx SOx fertilizer) and the establishment of new ones for the generation of biogas. 5. Solid waste Sector The solid waste management was significantly affected during the war and faced many obstacles and pressures in which have led to a decline the performance of this sector.', 'Solid waste Sector The solid waste management was significantly affected during the war and faced many obstacles and pressures in which have led to a decline the performance of this sector. The inability of local administrative units in some areas to reach their workplaces for the removal of solid waste, due to the spread out of terrorists, has led to the accumulation of large amounts of solid waste and prevented from moving and safe disposal such wastes. The inhabitants of these areas were forced to burn the wastes, so that caused the emission of harmful pollutants.', 'The inhabitants of these areas were forced to burn the wastes, so that caused the emission of harmful pollutants. Therefore, the Syrian government is looking forward to improve this sector, especially after the overcoming of the obstacles mentioned above, through a number of procedures: - Assessing the current situation of solid waste management and develop the national strategy in this regard. - Finding out suitable solutions for random dumps, preventing random burning and updating the fleet of waste management mechanisms. - Encouraging the implementation of pilot projects related to the sorting of solid waste from the source and treatment plants, particularly in the large cities with intensive economic activities. - Regulate and encourage the recycling industry, and develop standards for necessary facilities and equipments.', '- Regulate and encourage the recycling industry, and develop standards for necessary facilities and equipments. - Conversion of sanitary landfill gases into energy (and utilization of biogas).The Syrian Arab Republic has not received a significant international support in the field of integrated solid waste management in which consider as a priority of priorities for the recovery phase, in particular to ensure an appropriate environment for the return of internally displaced persons and refugees to their areas and normal life. 6. Housing sector During the war, the housing sector in several governorates faced destruction and vandalism by armed groups in which targeted infrastructure, industrial units & factories, residential buildings and places of worship.', 'Housing sector During the war, the housing sector in several governorates faced destruction and vandalism by armed groups in which targeted infrastructure, industrial units & factories, residential buildings and places of worship. Therefore, this sector face (faces) a major challenge in rehabilitating the affected areas in terms of the lack of machineries and equipments to remove, demolish, sort, recycle and utilize the damaged buildings according to specific areas, in addition to the need of sustainable rehabilitating the infrastructure in a sustainable manner.', 'Therefore, this sector face (faces) a major challenge in rehabilitating the affected areas in terms of the lack of machineries and equipments to remove, demolish, sort, recycle and utilize the damaged buildings according to specific areas, in addition to the need of sustainable rehabilitating the infrastructure in a sustainable manner. Despite of these challenges, the Government is making great efforts to develop rehabilitation mechanisms for the affected areas in the reconstruction phase and to design and develop modern and sustainable urban communities through the housing map, issuing evidences of damage assessment and adopting the required interventions that meet the structural, environmental, as well as energy conservation criteria.', 'Despite of these challenges, the Government is making great efforts to develop rehabilitation mechanisms for the affected areas in the reconstruction phase and to design and develop modern and sustainable urban communities through the housing map, issuing evidences of damage assessment and adopting the required interventions that meet the structural, environmental, as well as energy conservation criteria. This will be achieved by the following steps: - Setting standards and regulations that take into consideration the environmental factors and allow the investment of alternative and renewable energies, the preservation of agricultural lands and the creation of a modern infrastructure and services system. - Developing areas outside cities to reduce rural-urban migration by providing decent jobs and livelihood, as well as and housing that meets the requirements of green architecture.', '- Developing areas outside cities to reduce rural-urban migration by providing decent jobs and livelihood, as well as and housing that meets the requirements of green architecture. - Following up the application of the green architecture guide effectively, and encourage the use of modern environmental technologies such as the production and use of environmentally building materials and thermal insulation techniques.4. Adaptation Measures A national strategy and plan of action for adaptation to climate change has been proposed through the preparation of the initial national communication on climate change, aimed at improving the management of natural resources and promoting environmental sustainability. This action plan identified priority measures for adapting with climate change. However, due to the current circumstances and exacerbated environmental challenges, none of these measures and procedures has been implemented.', 'However, due to the current circumstances and exacerbated environmental challenges, none of these measures and procedures has been implemented. Therefore, the strategy and plan of action needs to be developed and adjusted according to current conditions and possibilities, as well as the future visions and international support for this plan. The following actions aim to promote adaptation to address climate change and to increase resilience to its impacts. The implementation of these measures will require cooperation between all sectors of the economy on the national level, in addition to international cooperation and support, as well as providing financial resources to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to protect natural systems and human health. 1.', 'The implementation of these measures will require cooperation between all sectors of the economy on the national level, in addition to international cooperation and support, as well as providing financial resources to enable the Syrian Arab Republic to protect natural systems and human health. 1. Water resources management The priorities for water scarcity adaptation are to reduce vulnerability and focus on sustainability of agricultural production and protection of the environment. This requires significant changes in the management of water resources, policies and associated infrastructure. Water scarcity adaptation in the agricultural sector could include: - Protecting of water resources (and preventing pollution of surface and groundwater resources). - Reducing water losses, reducing water leakage from canals, and maintaining soil moisture by improving their organic matter content.', '- Reducing water losses, reducing water leakage from canals, and maintaining soil moisture by improving their organic matter content. - Raising the efficiency of irrigation water use, support water harvesting projects, using highly efficient irrigation methods, and providing actual quantities of water needed by plants, as well as using supplementary irrigation to irrigate rain crops during droughts. - Enhancing the use of non-traditional water resources (treated sewage and agricultural drainage, supporting industrial wastewater treatment plants for large rivers, such as Euphrates River and Orontes River, typical village treatment plants, spatial treatment plants for small communities, and producing irrigation water).', '- Enhancing the use of non-traditional water resources (treated sewage and agricultural drainage, supporting industrial wastewater treatment plants for large rivers, such as Euphrates River and Orontes River, typical village treatment plants, spatial treatment plants for small communities, and producing irrigation water). - Improvement of the current agricultural practices ( changing sowing dates and deepening, improving plant nutrition, using of crops with low water needs, drought- resistant crops, diversification of cultivated crops, combination of crop cultivation, domestic animal husbandry, providing agricultural and rural extension services to both males and females, strengthen market linkages).2. Conservation of biodiversity The fifth national report of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2016) noted that there are7213 types of documented species in which belong to the most important vital groups in the Syrian Arab Republic.', 'Conservation of biodiversity The fifth national report of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2016) noted that there are7213 types of documented species in which belong to the most important vital groups in the Syrian Arab Republic. Despite the richness of biodiversity, it suffers from critical conditions due to the deterioration of some ecosystems, especially in forests, and the decline or disappearance of some wild plants, as well as the low density or disappearance of some wild animals.', 'Despite the richness of biodiversity, it suffers from critical conditions due to the deterioration of some ecosystems, especially in forests, and the decline or disappearance of some wild plants, as well as the low density or disappearance of some wild animals. The Syrian Arab Republic has continued to follow its commitments to the international conventions and protocols, in particular the Convention on Biological Diversity and other important protocols, including Nagoya Protocol for the Protection of Plant and Animal Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of the Benefits Resulting from it adopted in 2012, and accession to the Nagoya Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2012. It also works to protect the components of biodiversity and the sustainable development of natural resources.', 'It also works to protect the components of biodiversity and the sustainable development of natural resources. Adaptation actions here could include: - Establishment of temporary nurseries for the propagation of endangered plants. - Rehabilitation of damaged Reserves during the previous years, and the streamlining of the participatory principle in its management. - Conducting surveys and documentation of degraded forest areas and affected animal and plant species. - Supporting forestry and agricultural reserves and increasing the number of natural protected areas.', '- Supporting forestry and agricultural reserves and increasing the number of natural protected areas. - Motivate local communities economically and provide local alternatives to improve the economic situation of the local population, and promote the establishment of medium and small rural handicraft, traditional and food industries in the Badia in order to increase employment opportunities, combat poverty and prevent the depletion of natural resources. 3. Combating Land Degradation and Desertification The Syria Arab Republic suffers from the phenomenon of desertification and land degradation, especially agricultural ones, which negatively affect the lives of many people and pose a threat to national food security and quality of life.', 'Combating Land Degradation and Desertification The Syria Arab Republic suffers from the phenomenon of desertification and land degradation, especially agricultural ones, which negatively affect the lives of many people and pose a threat to national food security and quality of life. In addition to its follow-up within the framework of the Convention on Desertification and Drought Mitigation, the proposed measures to address these challenges will be as follows: - Achieving land degradation neutrality and improve management practices, particularly in the agriculture and forestry sectors.', 'In addition to its follow-up within the framework of the Convention on Desertification and Drought Mitigation, the proposed measures to address these challenges will be as follows: - Achieving land degradation neutrality and improve management practices, particularly in the agriculture and forestry sectors. - Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region.', '- Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region. 4.', '- Preparation of programs and plans for the reduction and rehabilitation of soil degradation and conducting drift measurements in degraded areas by setting up test stations, preparation of soil degradation risk maps using remote sensing, monitoring and GIS techniques and implementation of projects for the rehabilitation of affected areas.- Developing studies and methods for identifying and controlling dust storms in affected or threatened areas through the use of green belts and barriers, as well as studying suitable plant species to mitigate the effects of long-term dust storms that are appropriate to the conditions of the region. 4. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans Many necessary measures have been adopted to develop and implement integrated coastal zone management plans, taking into account the protection of coastal infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, ports, etc., in addition to capacity building of relevant institutions and public awareness on this matter.', 'Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plans Many necessary measures have been adopted to develop and implement integrated coastal zone management plans, taking into account the protection of coastal infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, ports, etc., in addition to capacity building of relevant institutions and public awareness on this matter. In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development.', 'In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development. 5.', 'In this context, the Syrian Arab Republic reaffirms the necessity of an immediate implementation of the relevant UN resolutions in which request “Israel”, the occupying Power, to resume its responsibilities for repairing the environmental damage, including the restoration of the Syrian marine environment, as a result to the massive destruction by the Israeli Air Force in 2006 of the oil storage tanks in the direct vicinity of the Jiyah electric power plant in Lebanon, resulting in an oil slick covered the entirety of the Lebanese coastline, extended to the Syrian coastline and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development. 5. Development of early warning systems It’s very fundamental that developing countries developed early warning systems for monitoring droughts and extreme weather conditions such as rainstorms, floods and dust storms in order to increase the capacity of the infrastructure and improve readiness to resilience.', 'Development of early warning systems It’s very fundamental that developing countries developed early warning systems for monitoring droughts and extreme weather conditions such as rainstorms, floods and dust storms in order to increase the capacity of the infrastructure and improve readiness to resilience. However, this target requires technical and financial support by developed countries for access to computer systems, monitoring technologies, remote sensing techniques, analysis methodologies and globally applied programs for drought forecasting, climate variability and storms. 5. Time Frame This document contains the future visions and policies for addressing the impacts of climate change in the Syrian Arab Republic for the period 2020-2030. The projects are implemented according to national priorities for sustainable development.', 'The projects are implemented according to national priorities for sustainable development. Estimates and visions will be adjusted according to the level of development, progress and information provided by different sectors.6. Means of Implementation The Syrian Arab Republic stresses the necessity of continuing efforts to achieve the objectives of the Paris Agreement and the importance of the international cooperation to achieve the purpose of these contributions, especially in the area of: - Building capacity and expertise in order to support the implementation of said contributions. - Raising awareness and developing sustainable awareness regarding to climate change, as well as establishing a participatory approach with the public, and enhancing the role of local communities in formulating and implementing of development programs.', '- Raising awareness and developing sustainable awareness regarding to climate change, as well as establishing a participatory approach with the public, and enhancing the role of local communities in formulating and implementing of development programs. - Developing less GHG production technologies and transferring appropriate environment technologies in all sectors, particularly in the areas of: \uf0fc Savings in water consumption, recycling and collection, irrigation and sustainable management for agricultural purposes; \uf0fc Improving the efficiency of energy production consumption and environmental sustainability. \uf0fc Early warning systems for severe weather events (e.g. floods, storms and droughts). \uf0fc Transport techniques that are flexible and able to be resilient the negative impacts of climate change, and minimizing emissions from transportation. \uf0fc Supporting Integrated Solid Waste Management.', '\uf0fc Supporting Integrated Solid Waste Management. - Supporting and developing scientific research as an essential tool and a process to promote and develop appropriate new technological responses in order to address the impacts of climate change to all economic activities and sectors in which have direct and indirect impacts on society. - Protecting forests from deforestation, especially fires and cutting, planting new areas, and rehabilitating degraded sites in accordance to annual plans.', '- Protecting forests from deforestation, especially fires and cutting, planting new areas, and rehabilitating degraded sites in accordance to annual plans. The Syrian Arab Republic strongly reaffirms that implementation of these contributions, requires full and serious commitment from developed countries to provide an adequate and predictable financial support to developing countries, under the international environmental conventions, including UNFCCC, in order to fulfill their national plans in the contexts of Paris Agreement, as well as guarantees that funds and funding mechanisms which accessible for developing countries in order to analyze needs and opportunities for developing their national programs, and encouraging investment in projects contributing to mitigation and adaptation to the impacts of climate change.'] | en-US |
323 | TJK | Tajikistan | 1st NDC | 2017-03-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-TJK%20final%20ENG.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 8.918523 | 2.566321 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0b99f83ddb587a5f381f4da7d244e84b7b46fa8e283949668837e0cd9c9e6fa9.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards the achievement of the global goal of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the Republic of Tajikistan The Republic of Tajikistan, pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC, COP-19 and COP-20 of the UNFCCC, including the Lima Call for Action to Combat Climate Change (Lima, Peru, December 2014), submits herewith its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and the explanations concerned. The final decision concerning the INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan within the framework of a new global climate change agreement, which will be proposed for signing during the COP-21 (Paris, France, December 2015), is expected to be taken with due account for the outcomes of the negotiating process at this meeting.', 'The final decision concerning the INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan within the framework of a new global climate change agreement, which will be proposed for signing during the COP-21 (Paris, France, December 2015), is expected to be taken with due account for the outcomes of the negotiating process at this meeting. The Republic of Tajikistan, as a mountainous and landlocked country with a developing economy and low per capita GDP, is characterized by the low level of gross and specific greenhouse gas emissions and an extreme vulnerability to climate change, including frequent natural disasters. More than 60% of the water resources of the Central Asia Region, which originate from the high mountain glaciers, are generated in the country. Tajikistan adheres to the policy of sustainable development.', 'Tajikistan adheres to the policy of sustainable development. Since independence, fundamental regulatory and legal instruments, national strategies and programmes have been adopted and the key environmental international conventions and agreements have been ratified, serving on a global scale as a safeguard towards preservation of the natural environment and preventing ecological disasters. With the assistance of the international institutions, measures are being developed and implemented to fulfil the commitments which have been made in accordance with the UN environmental conventions, and the relevant institutional structures are established. The Republic of Tajikistan is a participating country of the international Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PRCR).', 'The Republic of Tajikistan is a participating country of the international Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PRCR). At the time of preparation of the INDC, the main efforts of the PPCR in the Republic of Tajikistan are focused on hydraulic power industry, development of other renewable sources of energy, agriculture and forestry, adequate response to and risk reduction against natural disasters, provision of hydrometerological services, as well as measures to raise public awareness.', 'At the time of preparation of the INDC, the main efforts of the PPCR in the Republic of Tajikistan are focused on hydraulic power industry, development of other renewable sources of energy, agriculture and forestry, adequate response to and risk reduction against natural disasters, provision of hydrometerological services, as well as measures to raise public awareness. The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the impact on the climate system, without attracting new substantial international funding A flexible target, not exceeding 80-90% of the 1990 level by 2030, which amounts to 1.7-2.2 tons in CO2 equivalent per capita, has been determined as the country’s contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission reductions.', 'The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the impact on the climate system, without attracting new substantial international funding A flexible target, not exceeding 80-90% of the 1990 level by 2030, which amounts to 1.7-2.2 tons in CO2 equivalent per capita, has been determined as the country’s contribution to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission reductions. Systematic reforestation in accordance with the adopted State programmes is a considerable contribution of the country to the reduction of negative impacts on the climate system.', 'Systematic reforestation in accordance with the adopted State programmes is a considerable contribution of the country to the reduction of negative impacts on the climate system. The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the impact on the climate system, subject to new substantial international funding and technology transfer The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan to achieve a target of 65- 75% of the 1990 level by 2030, which amounts to equivalent per capita.', 'The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the impact on the climate system, subject to new substantial international funding and technology transfer The potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan to achieve a target of 65- 75% of the 1990 level by 2030, which amounts to equivalent per capita. It will be possible in case of implementation of investment projects and national programmes in the sphere of power industry, transport, agriculture and forestry and water resources management, risk reduction of natural disasters, promotion and diversification of renewable energy sources and reduction of energy losses; modernization, introduction of new technologies and development of the sectors of theeconomy. Reference year and volume of emissions equivalent. Timeframe 2021-2030.', 'Reference year and volume of emissions equivalent. Timeframe 2021-2030. Scope and coverage Basic spheres of economic activity, included in the INDC the Republic of Tajikistan: • Power industry and water resources; • Industry and construction; • Land use, agriculture and gardening and grazing; • Forestry and biodiversity; • Transportation and infrastructure. Greenhouse gases • Carbon dioxide (СО2 ); • Methane (СН4 ); • Nitrous oxide (N2 O).', 'Greenhouse gases • Carbon dioxide (СО2 ); • Methane (СН4 ); • Nitrous oxide (N2 O). The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to climate adaptation, without attracting new substantial international funding Reduction of the adverse impacts of the dangerous weather events and climate change will be ensured by: modernization of the hydrometeorological services and improvement of the process of serving the needs of the economy and of the citizens; implementation of the Medium-Term Development Programme of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period 2016-2020; Agriculture Reform Programme of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2012-2020; State Programme for Study and Preservation of Glaciers of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2010-2030; State Development Programme of Geology Industry of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2012-2020; National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2009-2015; National Plan for Emergency Preparedness and Response of the Republic of Tajikistan and other sectoral programmes. .', 'The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to climate adaptation, without attracting new substantial international funding Reduction of the adverse impacts of the dangerous weather events and climate change will be ensured by: modernization of the hydrometeorological services and improvement of the process of serving the needs of the economy and of the citizens; implementation of the Medium-Term Development Programme of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period 2016-2020; Agriculture Reform Programme of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2012-2020; State Programme for Study and Preservation of Glaciers of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2010-2030; State Development Programme of Geology Industry of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2012-2020; National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2009-2015; National Plan for Emergency Preparedness and Response of the Republic of Tajikistan and other sectoral programmes. . It is important to bear in mind that for several reasons the planned and approved State programmes and strategies are not fully implemented due to the lack of financial resources.', 'It is important to bear in mind that for several reasons the planned and approved State programmes and strategies are not fully implemented due to the lack of financial resources. In the future it will be important to ensure mobilization of additional external resources and enhancement of scientific and technical assistance to ensure the full-fledged implementation of these and other important programmes.', 'In the future it will be important to ensure mobilization of additional external resources and enhancement of scientific and technical assistance to ensure the full-fledged implementation of these and other important programmes. The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to climate adaptation, subject to new substantial international funding and technology transfer The reduction of vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by means of full-scale integration of the climate resilience and adaptation measures into the planning and development of the green infrastructure in the following sectors: • agriculture, irrigation and water systems, • power engineering and industrial facilities,• transport and housing infrastructures, as well as in the following areas: • resilience to the hydrometeorological hazards and climate changes; • disaster risk reduction; • promotion of adaptation of globally significant biological species and natural ecosystems to climate change; • monitoring and preservation of the glaciers and water resources in the runoff formation zones under the conditions of climate warming; • improvement of occupational safety, life- sustaining activity and health of the population, maternity and childhood protection in the context of climate warming.', 'The INDC of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to climate adaptation, subject to new substantial international funding and technology transfer The reduction of vulnerability to the impacts of climate change by means of full-scale integration of the climate resilience and adaptation measures into the planning and development of the green infrastructure in the following sectors: • agriculture, irrigation and water systems, • power engineering and industrial facilities,• transport and housing infrastructures, as well as in the following areas: • resilience to the hydrometeorological hazards and climate changes; • disaster risk reduction; • promotion of adaptation of globally significant biological species and natural ecosystems to climate change; • monitoring and preservation of the glaciers and water resources in the runoff formation zones under the conditions of climate warming; • improvement of occupational safety, life- sustaining activity and health of the population, maternity and childhood protection in the context of climate warming. The introduction of climate change adaptation measures will be carried out by means of: • new methods and planning for water resources management; • monitoring and hydrometeorological survey; • ensuring food security and improving well- being of the population; • infrastructure development; • active role of women and civil society on the issues of climate change and disaster risk reduction; • dissemination of knowledge and experience on climate change at various levels.', 'The introduction of climate change adaptation measures will be carried out by means of: • new methods and planning for water resources management; • monitoring and hydrometeorological survey; • ensuring food security and improving well- being of the population; • infrastructure development; • active role of women and civil society on the issues of climate change and disaster risk reduction; • dissemination of knowledge and experience on climate change at various levels. Involvement of different stakeholders in the process of preparation and discussion of the INDC and the legal framework to support implementation of the INDC The representatives of all key ministries and agencies, branches of the economy and the general public took part in the process of preparation and discussion of the INDC.', 'Involvement of different stakeholders in the process of preparation and discussion of the INDC and the legal framework to support implementation of the INDC The representatives of all key ministries and agencies, branches of the economy and the general public took part in the process of preparation and discussion of the INDC. In the Republic of Tajikistan, the programmes, strategies and legislative instruments are in place or being elaborated, aimed at developing renewable sources of energy, energysaving and energy efficiency, reforming agriculture, modernizing industry and transport, developing forestry and land use planning. In 2003, the National Action Plan of the Republic of Tajikistan on Climate Change Mitigation was adopted. At present, the National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2015 is being implemented.', 'At present, the National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2015 is being implemented. At the time of preparation of the INDC, the National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan (2030), National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy and other sectoral strategies are being developed. Taking into account the results of the negotiations and the decisions of COP-21 to the UNFCCC in Paris, December 2015, the Republic of Tajikistan may review or develop legislative and regulatory instruments; specify and complement sectoralstrategies and action plans to reflect adequately the priority issues of climate change, as well as develop projects and programmes for ‘climate-sensitive’ investment and fulfillment of the intentions of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and climate adaptation, as outlined in this INDC.', 'Taking into account the results of the negotiations and the decisions of COP-21 to the UNFCCC in Paris, December 2015, the Republic of Tajikistan may review or develop legislative and regulatory instruments; specify and complement sectoralstrategies and action plans to reflect adequately the priority issues of climate change, as well as develop projects and programmes for ‘climate-sensitive’ investment and fulfillment of the intentions of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and climate adaptation, as outlined in this INDC. The system of making regular biennial inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks should be created, and the organizational arrangements on the issues of climate change should be improved.', 'The system of making regular biennial inventory of greenhouse gas emissions and sinks should be created, and the organizational arrangements on the issues of climate change should be improved. Methodological approaches, used for assessment and accounting of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and sinks and for forecasting The methodological approaches are based on the following international techniques: • IPCC Good Practice Guidance, 2003; • IPCC Guidance, 2006. The post-2015 statistics, macroeconomic forecasts and the indicative development goals. Starting from 2016, it is expected that regular biennial inventory and reporting for greenhouse gas emissions will be introduced and the progressive establishment of systems for monitoring and verification measures will be carried out. The following global warming potentials are used, recommended by the decision 24 (COP-19 to the UNFCCC): • Carbon dioxide (СО2 • Methane (СН4 • Nitrous oxide (N2 O): 298.', 'The following global warming potentials are used, recommended by the decision 24 (COP-19 to the UNFCCC): • Carbon dioxide (СО2 • Methane (СН4 • Nitrous oxide (N2 O): 298. Why the INDC is fair and ambitious, taking into account national peculiarities The Republic of Tajikistan has one of the lowest levels of greenhouse gas emissions but, in spite of a high share of renewable power generation, it faces acute power shortages against the background of the economy and population growth. Since 1991, at the initial stage of the period of state independence, and especially during the period 1992-2000, the Republic of Tajikistan had experienced grave consequences resulting from civil war and of the transition from a centrally planned to a market-based economy, with a sharp increase in poverty.', 'Since 1991, at the initial stage of the period of state independence, and especially during the period 1992-2000, the Republic of Tajikistan had experienced grave consequences resulting from civil war and of the transition from a centrally planned to a market-based economy, with a sharp increase in poverty. During the period 2008- 2015, the socio-economic indicators of the Republic of Tajikistan have improved. For the Republic of Tajikistan, the basic priority of climate measures lies in adaptation because of high dependence of the considerable part of the population and of the branches of the economy on climatic conditions, also taking into account the key role of the country’s mountain ecosystems in water resources generation and biological diversity for Central Asia.', 'For the Republic of Tajikistan, the basic priority of climate measures lies in adaptation because of high dependence of the considerable part of the population and of the branches of the economy on climatic conditions, also taking into account the key role of the country’s mountain ecosystems in water resources generation and biological diversity for Central Asia. The existing assessed contribution of the Republic of Tajikistan to global greenhouse gas emissions is less than 0.02%.', 'The existing assessed contribution of the Republic of Tajikistan to global greenhouse gas emissions is less than 0.02%. In view of a low level of greenhouse gas emissionsand a very high share of hydro-power (more than 90%), the level of greenhouse gas emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan will amount to 80-90% by 2030, as compared to 1990 (as stated in the INDC); this will ensure the achievement of socially acceptable and scientifically grounded indicators, both in absolute and per capita terms.', 'In view of a low level of greenhouse gas emissionsand a very high share of hydro-power (more than 90%), the level of greenhouse gas emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan will amount to 80-90% by 2030, as compared to 1990 (as stated in the INDC); this will ensure the achievement of socially acceptable and scientifically grounded indicators, both in absolute and per capita terms. By doing so, the Republic of Tajikistan adheres to the basic principle of the UNFCCC – common but differentiated responsibility – and expects an adequate level of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from economically developed countries and the largest countries-emitters of greenhouse gases in accordance with the IPCC scientific recommendations to prevent global warming of more than 2°С.', 'By doing so, the Republic of Tajikistan adheres to the basic principle of the UNFCCC – common but differentiated responsibility – and expects an adequate level of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from economically developed countries and the largest countries-emitters of greenhouse gases in accordance with the IPCC scientific recommendations to prevent global warming of more than 2°С. The international support of the intentions of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and a full- scale implementation of climate adaptation and resilience measures will enable the country to be strongly on track to green economy and climate- resilient development.', 'The international support of the intentions of the Republic of Tajikistan with respect to reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and a full- scale implementation of climate adaptation and resilience measures will enable the country to be strongly on track to green economy and climate- resilient development. The forests and gardens in Tajikistan are of critical importance for the preservation of mountain ecosystems and biodiversity, improvement of the state of lands and prevention of their further degradation, protection of vulnerable infrastructure, protection of water resources and carbon absorption from the atmosphere. That is why they play a specific role both in terms of mitigating the impact of anthropogenic activity on the climate and reducing negative consequences.', 'That is why they play a specific role both in terms of mitigating the impact of anthropogenic activity on the climate and reducing negative consequences. How do the INDCs promote the achievement of the goal of the Convention, indicated in the Article 2 The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as compared to 1990, by its own and ongoing joint efforts, as well as at the expense of additional new funding and technology transfer on the part of the international community, will enable the country to take the path towards sustainable “green” development which is consistent with the Convention’s goal – to prevent global warming of more than 2°С.', 'How do the INDCs promote the achievement of the goal of the Convention, indicated in the Article 2 The reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, as compared to 1990, by its own and ongoing joint efforts, as well as at the expense of additional new funding and technology transfer on the part of the international community, will enable the country to take the path towards sustainable “green” development which is consistent with the Convention’s goal – to prevent global warming of more than 2°С. The achievement of such an ambitious goal is only possible by means of substantial and differentiated efforts of all countries that are in support of a new and ambitious climate agreement within the UNFCCC.'] | en-US |
324 | TJK | Tajikistan | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/NDC_TAJIKISTAN_ENG.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 8.918523 | 2.566321 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1dcb12ef1097f04e923b07af88e460ec272623c62acc7176dd725867078f0a40.pdf | ['THE UPDATED NDC OF THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN 1. VISION FOR CLIMATE CHANGE The Republic of Tajikistan is a lower middle-income country, which, on the one hand, has one of the lowest GHG emissions in Central Asia, and on the other hand, is highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Coping with climate change is a challenge for a landlocked mountainous developing country such as the Republic of Tajikistan. Affected by extreme events and dependent on natural resources, the country is highly vulnerable to climate variability and climate change impacts.', 'Affected by extreme events and dependent on natural resources, the country is highly vulnerable to climate variability and climate change impacts. Taking into account that climate change will exacerbate existing problems and pose additional risks to the achievement of national development priorities, the Republic of Tajikistan is aimed to address the economic and social impacts of climate change in a sustainable way and initiate transformational change in different economic sectors. The enhancement of adaptive capacity of the community and the different economic sectors by the building of climate resilience across the country is one of the essential pillars of the Republic of Tajikistan. In this regard, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in order to address the development priorities requires close cooperation with international and national institutions.', 'In this regard, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan in order to address the development priorities requires close cooperation with international and national institutions. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) significantly affected the socio-economic situations in the country, including the impact of pandemic on climate change initiatives. This unprecedented situation highlighted the importance to de-risk and properly plan further actions and consider new collaborative opportunities in the field of climate change. The main objective of NDC of the country is to support the sustainable and efficient development taking into consideration climate change, environmental and socio-economic challenges. The Republic of Tajikistan formally communicated its INDC under the Paris Agreement in 2015 which became its NDC upon ratification of the Paris Agreement in 2017.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan formally communicated its INDC under the Paris Agreement in 2015 which became its NDC upon ratification of the Paris Agreement in 2017. During this short period, the Republic of Tajikistan has undertaken steps to increase its ambition through development of the national regulatory framework, as well as implementation of different projects and interventions. Mainly, the Republic of Tajikistan has increased its understanding of climate change impact and has made progress in coping with it with help of the international support (financial and technical) and by developing the institutional framework. However, institutional and community capacity in climate risk management requires enhancement.', 'However, institutional and community capacity in climate risk management requires enhancement. Unlike country s original NDC, the Updated NDC includes the changes in an unconditional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction goal for 2030 and a conditional GHG emissions reduction goal. Additionally, the focus on adaptation has been strengthen. The Updated NDC is significantly improved by involving a broader scope of the participants from line ministries, academia, international organizations, donors, nongovernment organizations, business representatives and media, and their continued support during the implementation process is appreciated. Taking into account its national circumstances, the Republic of Tajikistan offers the ambitious targets and measures to achieve the transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient development in a sustainable manner.', 'Taking into account its national circumstances, the Republic of Tajikistan offers the ambitious targets and measures to achieve the transition to a low-carbon and climate-resilient development in a sustainable manner. The Republic of Tajikistan is keen to achieve a progress towards implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at national level by mainstreaming the focus of Agenda 2030 into the Updated NDC. NDCs’ revision process involves five key sectors identified as priorities for Tajikistan: agriculture, energy, forestry & biodiversity, industry & construction, transport & infrastructure.', 'NDCs’ revision process involves five key sectors identified as priorities for Tajikistan: agriculture, energy, forestry & biodiversity, industry & construction, transport & infrastructure. This document enhances the initial effort of Tajikistan NDCs in accordance with decisions 1/CMA.2 of the Paris Agreement, 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, as well as the country’s interest to work together with the international community to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius as stated in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement.The updated information on Tajikistan NDCs consists of mitigation contributions to be implemented with its own efforts and conditional contributions that rely on adequate international support, namely financial and technical support, technology transfer as well as capacity building.', 'This document enhances the initial effort of Tajikistan NDCs in accordance with decisions 1/CMA.2 of the Paris Agreement, 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC and Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, as well as the country’s interest to work together with the international community to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius as stated in Article 2 of the Paris Agreement.The updated information on Tajikistan NDCs consists of mitigation contributions to be implemented with its own efforts and conditional contributions that rely on adequate international support, namely financial and technical support, technology transfer as well as capacity building. The whole supporting package will accelerate the mitigation efforts and adaptation practice in the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'The whole supporting package will accelerate the mitigation efforts and adaptation practice in the Republic of Tajikistan. The unconditional contribution (NDC) of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in Tajikistan is not to exceed 60-70% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as of 1990, which is the reference year, by 2030. The conditional contribution (NDC), subject to a significant international funding and technology transfer, is not to exceed 50-60% GHG emissions as of 1990 by 2030. The adaptation of these measures reflects a broader understanding of the country s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, and comprises 5 strategic sectors and 27 lines of action defined for the implementation in the country.', 'The adaptation of these measures reflects a broader understanding of the country s high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, and comprises 5 strategic sectors and 27 lines of action defined for the implementation in the country. This document contains the scope and the criteria followed by the Republic of Tajikistan to enhance its ambition in adaptation and mitigation efforts of its initial NDCs. Furthermore, the updated NDCs also include information on the initial elements for establishing an Enhanced Transparency Framework as outlined by Article 13 of the Paris Agreement. 2. MITIGATION EFFORT 2.1. GHG INVENTORY Tajikistan as one of the main efforts in its NDC Update process has updated its GHG Inventory from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines to 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'GHG INVENTORY Tajikistan as one of the main efforts in its NDC Update process has updated its GHG Inventory from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines to 2006 IPCC Guidelines. It has resulted in a significant increase in the GHG emissions of the country initially reported. As it can be seen in the Figure 1, the entire dataset of the GHG Inventory yields higher values, especially for the period of 1990 to 2003 as for the rest of the years after 2003 year (2004 -2016). The last is owe to the fact that the previous GHG Inventory dataset of 1990 to 2003 was calculated with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and from 2004 to 2016 with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'The last is owe to the fact that the previous GHG Inventory dataset of 1990 to 2003 was calculated with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and from 2004 to 2016 with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Consequently, the update and harmonisation of the entire GHG Inventory affected the GHG emissions of the base year, which is 1990 by the subsequent increase of the overall GHG emission value of the country from 25.52 MtCO2eq to 35.53 MtCO2eq. The main increase in the GHG emissions is due to the new estimations in Agriculture and in the Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU). The last also affected the initial per capita emissions of the country.', 'The last also affected the initial per capita emissions of the country. In the initial NDC Tajikistan indicated that its per capita emissions value was of 4.1 tCO2 eq in 1990. With the current update the new per captia emissions value has increased up to 6.73 tCO2 eq in 1990.', 'With the current update the new per captia emissions value has increased up to 6.73 tCO2 eq in 1990. Tajikistan considers the update of its GHG Inventory as substantial enhancement to its updated NDC in order to bring more transparency and clarity and understanding, including the mitigation targets.Figure 1: Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Tajikistan for 1990 to 2016 Source: FAO, based in the GHG Inventory provided by Hydromet and UNDP The analysis of the GHG emissions per sector shows that in 1990 the 60% of the overall GHG emissions of the country comes from the Energy sector, followed by Agriculture with 35% and IPPU with 9% of the total GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan (Figure 2).', 'Tajikistan considers the update of its GHG Inventory as substantial enhancement to its updated NDC in order to bring more transparency and clarity and understanding, including the mitigation targets.Figure 1: Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Tajikistan for 1990 to 2016 Source: FAO, based in the GHG Inventory provided by Hydromet and UNDP The analysis of the GHG emissions per sector shows that in 1990 the 60% of the overall GHG emissions of the country comes from the Energy sector, followed by Agriculture with 35% and IPPU with 9% of the total GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan (Figure 2). Waste and LULUCF has minor weight in the overall GHG emissions of the country in 1990.', 'Waste and LULUCF has minor weight in the overall GHG emissions of the country in 1990. Figure 2: GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan in 1990 expressed as percentage Source: FAO, based in the GHG Inventory provided by Hydromet and UNDPAlthough there is an overall increase in the base year, it is necessary to highlight that the last year of the GHG Inventory, which is 2016, solely represents the 39% of the overall GHG emissions emitted in 1990. Therefore, the Republic of Tajikistan believes that this substantial reduction favours the world common goals of global GHG emissions reduction, and with the support of the international community the Republic of Tajikistan can reach a low carbon development. 2.2.', 'Therefore, the Republic of Tajikistan believes that this substantial reduction favours the world common goals of global GHG emissions reduction, and with the support of the international community the Republic of Tajikistan can reach a low carbon development. 2.2. GHG EMISSION PROJECTION SCENARIOS The Republic of Tajikistan has followed a novel approach of generating a hybrid model for formulating its future GHG emission scenarios. The first step was to establish the macroeconomic and other general parameters that were used for defining the Baseline and mitigation scenarios (Table 1). The second step was the formulation of the Bottom-up models for each sector considered under the Updated NDC. The sectors considered were: 1) Energy; 2) Agriculture; 3) Forestry (LULUCF); 4) Transport; and 5) Industry and Construction.', 'The sectors considered were: 1) Energy; 2) Agriculture; 3) Forestry (LULUCF); 4) Transport; and 5) Industry and Construction. Once the sectoral assessment was conducted, their GHG estimations were integrated into the overall country scenarios. Table 1.', 'Once the sectoral assessment was conducted, their GHG estimations were integrated into the overall country scenarios. Table 1. Macroeconomic and other parameters used for formulating the baseline and the mitigation scenarios of the Republic of Tajikistan for the Updated NDC SCENARIOS Baseline Mitigation COMMON PARAMETERS Includes all policies and measures adopted up to 2020 Includes NEW policies and measures Moderate Growth Intermediate Growth Fast Growth Moderate Growth Intermediate Growth Fast Growth GDP (Real, %/year (UN Median) for (UN Median) Median) (UN Median) for (UN Median) SECTORAL PARAMETERES Sectoral GDP growth per year, expressed in percentage; Percentage share contribution to the GDP; GDP per capita; Country Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Emissions factor used by the Republic of Tajikistan Source: FAO based on the inputs of UNDP, GIZ, European Commission and the WB For formulating the projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (Gg e), three scenarios were formulated: 1) Baseline scenario.', 'Macroeconomic and other parameters used for formulating the baseline and the mitigation scenarios of the Republic of Tajikistan for the Updated NDC SCENARIOS Baseline Mitigation COMMON PARAMETERS Includes all policies and measures adopted up to 2020 Includes NEW policies and measures Moderate Growth Intermediate Growth Fast Growth Moderate Growth Intermediate Growth Fast Growth GDP (Real, %/year (UN Median) for (UN Median) Median) (UN Median) for (UN Median) SECTORAL PARAMETERES Sectoral GDP growth per year, expressed in percentage; Percentage share contribution to the GDP; GDP per capita; Country Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions; Emissions factor used by the Republic of Tajikistan Source: FAO based on the inputs of UNDP, GIZ, European Commission and the WB For formulating the projections of greenhouse gas emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (Gg e), three scenarios were formulated: 1) Baseline scenario. This scenario considers that any mitigation measure would be successfully implemented; 2) Unconditional scenario.', 'This scenario considers that any mitigation measure would be successfully implemented; 2) Unconditional scenario. This scenario considers all the existing mitigation measures that will be implemented with country efforts up to 2030; and 3) Conditional scenario. This scenario considers additional mitigation measures, for implementation of which the Republic of Tajikistan will require a support of the international community.The results of the formulation of the three aforementioned scenarios could be seen in the Figure 3., where the expected GHG emissions under the Baseline scenario are of 23.54 MtCO2 eq by 2030, under an intermediate growth. The last implies that under this scenario the overall GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan would reach the 66.25% of the existing GHG emissions in 1990.', 'The last implies that under this scenario the overall GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan would reach the 66.25% of the existing GHG emissions in 1990. Figure 3: GHG Emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan by scenario Source: Lopez Blanco, M.J., Martín Ortega, J.L., Rivas, A. 2021. GHG forecasting in key sectors and impact assessment of climate change mitigation policies and measures. Projections of GHG emissions to 2030 in Tajikistan. UNDP Under the unconditional scenario the GHG emissions expected by 2030 are of 21.87 MtCO2 eq. The last represents to 61.55% of the existing GHG emissions in 1990 or a reduction of 7% compared to the baseline scenario.', 'The last represents to 61.55% of the existing GHG emissions in 1990 or a reduction of 7% compared to the baseline scenario. Whereas under the conditional scenario, the GHG emissions by 2030 will be of 17.83 MtCO2 eq, amount that means 50.10% of the GHG emissions of 1990 or a reduction of 24% compared to the baseline scenario. 2.3. MITIGATION TARGETS It is important to highlight that the Republic of Tajikistan has defined an emission cap target in its initial NDC: the unconditional target was an emission cap between 80 to 90% of the GHG emissions of 1990 and the conditional target was an emission cap between 65 to 75% of GHG emissions of 1990.', 'MITIGATION TARGETS It is important to highlight that the Republic of Tajikistan has defined an emission cap target in its initial NDC: the unconditional target was an emission cap between 80 to 90% of the GHG emissions of 1990 and the conditional target was an emission cap between 65 to 75% of GHG emissions of 1990. The unconditional target expressed in per capita was of 1.7 to 2.0 tCO2 eq by 2030. Whereas the conditional target expressed in per capita emissions was of 1.4 to 1.7 tCO2 eq. For the Updated NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan the mitigation targets were defined based on the three GHG emission scenarios formulated for the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'For the Updated NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan the mitigation targets were defined based on the three GHG emission scenarios formulated for the Republic of Tajikistan. Therefore, based on the GHG emission projections, the Republic of Tajikistan would have an unconditional target which is an emissions cap of 60 to 70% of existing GHG emissions in 1990. The last means that the Republic of Tajikistan should not goes beyond 21.32 to 24.87 MtCO2 eq emitted in 2030. Whereas the conditional target would be an emission cap of 50 to 60% of GHG emissions occurred in 1990.', 'Whereas the conditional target would be an emission cap of 50 to 60% of GHG emissions occurred in 1990. Thus represents a eq emitted in 2030.The last if it is expressed as GHG emissions per capita indicates that the unconditional target goes between 1.9 to 2.2 tCO2eq and the conditional target goes between 1.5 to 1.9 tCO2eq per capita by 2030. The table below provides the summary of the Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTUs) of the enhanced Tajikistan’s NDCs.1.', 'The table below provides the summary of the Information on Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTUs) of the enhanced Tajikistan’s NDCs.1. QUANTIFIABLE INFORMATION ON THE REFERENCE POINT (INCLUDING, WHERE APPROPRIATE, A REFERENCE YEAR): A Quantifiable Information on the Reference Point (including, where appropriate, a reference year): ● Reference year or Base year is 1990 B Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), reference year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The net GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan in eq. Gases Covered: GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol -Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), ), -Nitrous Oxide (N2 O). Sectors Covered: eq; 2) Industrial processes and Product Use (IPPU): 3.18 eq; 3) Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU): eq. eq; b. Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU): -1.82 eq; eq. Methodology: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Methodology: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. C For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures making part of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) of the above Agreement is not applicable, Parties are to provide other relevant information; Not applicable.D Target indicator(s) compared to the reference one(s), expressed numerically, for example in% or amount of reduction; The Republic of Tajikistan is committed to an unconditional target, which is an emissions cap of 60 to 70% of existing GHG emissions in 1990 level by 2030, which stands at 21.32 capita.', 'C For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures making part of NDCs where paragraph 1(b) of the above Agreement is not applicable, Parties are to provide other relevant information; Not applicable.D Target indicator(s) compared to the reference one(s), expressed numerically, for example in% or amount of reduction; The Republic of Tajikistan is committed to an unconditional target, which is an emissions cap of 60 to 70% of existing GHG emissions in 1990 level by 2030, which stands at 21.32 capita. The conditional target of reducing GHG emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan would have an emissions cap of 50 to 60% compared to the 1990 level by 2030, which stands at capita if provided access to affordable financial resources, technology transfer and technical cooperation.', 'The conditional target of reducing GHG emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan would have an emissions cap of 50 to 60% compared to the 1990 level by 2030, which stands at capita if provided access to affordable financial resources, technology transfer and technical cooperation. E Information on data sources used when quantifying the reference point(s); The following data sources were used in order to quantify the reference points: i. National Development Strategy (NDS) of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030; ii. Mid-Term Development Program (MDP) of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period of 2021-2025; iii. First Nationally Determined Contribution of iv. National Communications of the Republic of Tajikistan under the UNFCCC; v. The First Biennial Update Report of the Republic of Tajikistan under the UNFCCC, 2019; vi. National GHG Inventories for the period of 1990- vii.', 'National GHG Inventories for the period of 1990- vii. National Statistical Data; viii. National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan on Disaster Risk Reduction for the period of 2019- ix. National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030; x. Sectoral Strategies of the sectors involved in the NDC implementation, which are: o Agriculture, Irrigation, Energy, Forestry & Biodiversity, Industry & Construction, Transport & Infrastructure. xi. National cross-sectoral long-term strategies, national programs and regulations of the Republic of Tajikistan. xii. Assessments carried out by international development partners.F Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the reference indicators. Throughout the NDCs enhancement process, the reference year and GHG Inventories were recalculated according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'Throughout the NDCs enhancement process, the reference year and GHG Inventories were recalculated according to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Nevertheless, some sectoral assessments were estimated using Global Warming Potential of the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (Agriculture and Forestry). The reference indicators might be recalculated and updated through: ‐ Continuous improvement in the methodological approach to the baseline or the mitigation scenarios; ‐ Improvement in the activity data by virtue of the enhancement of the national statistics; ‐ Application of higher methodological tier from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; ‐ Update or new national emission factors; ‐ Reduction of uncertainty in the national GHG inventory; ‐ Update of the national GHG inventory according to the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'The reference indicators might be recalculated and updated through: ‐ Continuous improvement in the methodological approach to the baseline or the mitigation scenarios; ‐ Improvement in the activity data by virtue of the enhancement of the national statistics; ‐ Application of higher methodological tier from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; ‐ Update or new national emission factors; ‐ Reduction of uncertainty in the national GHG inventory; ‐ Update of the national GHG inventory according to the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Whether the baseline scenario target is static (constant value in a period of time) or dynamic (changing value in a period of time), if applicable; any threshold of significance in order to determine whether changes in emissions drivers are enough to require a recalculation of the scenario.', 'Whether the baseline scenario target is static (constant value in a period of time) or dynamic (changing value in a period of time), if applicable; any threshold of significance in order to determine whether changes in emissions drivers are enough to require a recalculation of the scenario. The target indicator of the baseline scenario is static as it corresponds to the overall GHG emissions of the Republic of Tajikistan in 1990. The only plausible option of being modified is a transition from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 2.', 'The only plausible option of being modified is a transition from the 2006 IPCC Guidelines to the 2019 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 2. TIME FRAMES AND/OR PERIODS OF IMPLEMENTATION:A Time frame and/or period of implementation, including start and end date, taking into account any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); The deadlines to fulfil the obligations under the enhanced NDCs of the Republic of Tajikistan will begin immediately after the submission of the Updated NDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat. The commitments stated in the document are valid until December 31, 2030. Nevertheless, the Republic of Tajikistan will revise its target indicators in its second NDC to be submitted in 2025.', 'Nevertheless, the Republic of Tajikistan will revise its target indicators in its second NDC to be submitted in 2025. Tracking of the country commitments will be conducted on a biennial basis through the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR). BUR will be the viable reporting mechanism until 2023, and BTR - from 2024 on onwards. Both reports will, according to the requirements of the UNFCCC, communicate the updated GHG inventory and the implementation of the relevant mitigation efforts to fulfil the mitigation targets of the country. B Whether target indicator(s) is/are single-year or multi- year (where applicable); The target indicators are single-year and are set for 2030. 3.', 'B Whether target indicator(s) is/are single-year or multi- year (where applicable); The target indicators are single-year and are set for 2030. 3. SCOPE AND COVERAGE A General description of the target indicator(s); The Republic of Tajikistan is committed to an unconditional target which is an emissions cap of 60 to 70% of existing GHG emissions in 1990 level by 2030, which stands at 21.32 capita.', 'SCOPE AND COVERAGE A General description of the target indicator(s); The Republic of Tajikistan is committed to an unconditional target which is an emissions cap of 60 to 70% of existing GHG emissions in 1990 level by 2030, which stands at 21.32 capita. The conditional target of reducing GHG emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan would have an emissions cap of 50 to 60% compared to the 1990 level by 2030, which stands at capita if support in terms of finance, technology transfer and capacity building is provided to the Republic of Tajikistan by the international community.B Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by NDCs, including, where applicable, references to the IPCC Guidelines; Gases covered: GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: ● Carbon dioxide (CO₂); ● Methane (CH₄); ● Nitrous oxide (N₂O); IPCC Sectors covered: 2) Industrial processes and Product Use (IPPU); a) Agriculture; b) Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) 4) Waste.', 'The conditional target of reducing GHG emissions in the Republic of Tajikistan would have an emissions cap of 50 to 60% compared to the 1990 level by 2030, which stands at capita if support in terms of finance, technology transfer and capacity building is provided to the Republic of Tajikistan by the international community.B Sectors, gases, categories, and pools covered by NDCs, including, where applicable, references to the IPCC Guidelines; Gases covered: GHG not controlled by the Montreal Protocol: ● Carbon dioxide (CO₂); ● Methane (CH₄); ● Nitrous oxide (N₂O); IPCC Sectors covered: 2) Industrial processes and Product Use (IPPU); a) Agriculture; b) Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) 4) Waste. The Republic of Tajikistan will reduce GHG emissions at economy-wide level and it has not settled any specific mitigation contribution per sector.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan will reduce GHG emissions at economy-wide level and it has not settled any specific mitigation contribution per sector. C Party’s considerations on paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of The Republic of Tajikistan has included all relevant GHG sources and sinks in its Updated NDC, and is committed to extend its scope and coverage to all categories of anthropogenic emissions.D Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Party’s adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives thereof; Mitigation co-benefits resulting from the adaptation actions are aligned with the national policies of the Republic of Tajikistan and were identified for each sector as follows: Energy: ● Promoting water-energy-land interaction with renewable energy sources; ● Climate protection of the energy system infrastructure; ● Ensuring the functioning of the energy infrastructure under any climatic condition; ● Modernization of existing Hydroelectric Power Stations and construction of new HPPs.', 'C Party’s considerations on paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of The Republic of Tajikistan has included all relevant GHG sources and sinks in its Updated NDC, and is committed to extend its scope and coverage to all categories of anthropogenic emissions.D Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Party’s adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives thereof; Mitigation co-benefits resulting from the adaptation actions are aligned with the national policies of the Republic of Tajikistan and were identified for each sector as follows: Energy: ● Promoting water-energy-land interaction with renewable energy sources; ● Climate protection of the energy system infrastructure; ● Ensuring the functioning of the energy infrastructure under any climatic condition; ● Modernization of existing Hydroelectric Power Stations and construction of new HPPs. ; ● Improving the energy efficiency in industry by means of more efficient equipment, production technology improvements, reduction of heat losses and/or increased utilization of waste heat, resource efficiency; ● Modernization of transmission lines or substations and/or distribution systems to reduce energy consumption and/or technical losses, including increasing stability/reliability of the network (in case of capacity expansion, under the condition of the investment provided and contribution to the reduction of existing losses); ● Modernization of a thermal power plant through a switch from a GHG-intensive fuel to less GHG-intensive fuel; ● Use of architectural designs of efficient houses and buildings, which comprise a set of measures that goes from energy efficient appliances and equipment, building practices with aim to reduce the energy consumption, surpass the available standards and meet high energy efficiency certifications or rating; ● Retrofitting of existing buildings: architectural or construction changes that reduce energy consumption; ● Improving energy efficiency in the utilities by installing more efficient lighting or equipment, improving energy consumption, reducing losses or improving resource efficiency; ● Reconstruction of district heating and cooling systems.', '; ● Improving the energy efficiency in industry by means of more efficient equipment, production technology improvements, reduction of heat losses and/or increased utilization of waste heat, resource efficiency; ● Modernization of transmission lines or substations and/or distribution systems to reduce energy consumption and/or technical losses, including increasing stability/reliability of the network (in case of capacity expansion, under the condition of the investment provided and contribution to the reduction of existing losses); ● Modernization of a thermal power plant through a switch from a GHG-intensive fuel to less GHG-intensive fuel; ● Use of architectural designs of efficient houses and buildings, which comprise a set of measures that goes from energy efficient appliances and equipment, building practices with aim to reduce the energy consumption, surpass the available standards and meet high energy efficiency certifications or rating; ● Retrofitting of existing buildings: architectural or construction changes that reduce energy consumption; ● Improving energy efficiency in the utilities by installing more efficient lighting or equipment, improving energy consumption, reducing losses or improving resource efficiency; ● Reconstruction of district heating and cooling systems. Decrease in heat losses and/or increase in waste heat recovery; ● Extensive use of renewable energy sources, primarily solar energy, solar water heaters and other available technologies of thermal use of solar energy in all sectors of the economy; ● Use of renewable energy resources in the construction sector and rational use of waste heat from power generation plants.Industrial and construction sector: ● equipping large enterprises with modern energy- saving and digital technologies; ● development of industrial sectors of the national economy, taking into account the implementation of measures for environmental protection and the "green economy"; ● introduction of rational consumption and production models, the "greening" of enterprises; ● development of sustainable infrastructure based on the implementation of "green" investment projects, ● creation of early warning systems for the adoption of protective measures and prevention of damage and loss of infrastructure.', 'Decrease in heat losses and/or increase in waste heat recovery; ● Extensive use of renewable energy sources, primarily solar energy, solar water heaters and other available technologies of thermal use of solar energy in all sectors of the economy; ● Use of renewable energy resources in the construction sector and rational use of waste heat from power generation plants.Industrial and construction sector: ● equipping large enterprises with modern energy- saving and digital technologies; ● development of industrial sectors of the national economy, taking into account the implementation of measures for environmental protection and the "green economy"; ● introduction of rational consumption and production models, the "greening" of enterprises; ● development of sustainable infrastructure based on the implementation of "green" investment projects, ● creation of early warning systems for the adoption of protective measures and prevention of damage and loss of infrastructure. Water resources: ● Assessment of the water resources available, better access to water resources and effective water management; ● Taking into account social and gender issues related to water access and management; ● Reducing the risk of water-related disasters; efficient water purification and water reuse.', 'Water resources: ● Assessment of the water resources available, better access to water resources and effective water management; ● Taking into account social and gender issues related to water access and management; ● Reducing the risk of water-related disasters; efficient water purification and water reuse. ● Achievement of economically efficient and environmentally sustainable management of water resources; ● Improving water resources management through the full implementation of basin and integrated water resources management; ● Adoption and implementation of the National Water Strategy of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030; ● Development and implementation of basin plans for water resources management; ● Development and implementation of the Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Program for the period up ● Development and implementation of the Program for the Development of Land Reclamation and Irrigation for the Period up to 2030.', '● Achievement of economically efficient and environmentally sustainable management of water resources; ● Improving water resources management through the full implementation of basin and integrated water resources management; ● Adoption and implementation of the National Water Strategy of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030; ● Development and implementation of basin plans for water resources management; ● Development and implementation of the Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Program for the period up ● Development and implementation of the Program for the Development of Land Reclamation and Irrigation for the Period up to 2030. Agriculture: Managing the balance between emissions and removals can help guide Tajikistan’s transformational pathway towards a low-carbon and resilient agriculture. There are strong synergies and trade-offs between their impact on productivity, adaptation benefits, GHG mitigation benefits, gender and biodiversity benefits.', 'There are strong synergies and trade-offs between their impact on productivity, adaptation benefits, GHG mitigation benefits, gender and biodiversity benefits. The mitigation potential in the agricultural sector is assessed as a co-benefit of agricultural development and adaptation measures. Adaptation measures identified have also many synergies with the national objectives to increaseagricultural productivity, improve farming profitability and incomes, protect biodiversity and promote gender inclusive agricultural growth. Some measures have a net mitigation co-benefits and are in line with existing polices and measures, such as: ● Promoting efficient irrigation technologies, ● Rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage systems ● Optimizing the use of fertilizers, i.e.', 'Some measures have a net mitigation co-benefits and are in line with existing polices and measures, such as: ● Promoting efficient irrigation technologies, ● Rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage systems ● Optimizing the use of fertilizers, i.e. reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers); ● Promoting crop diversity; ● Integrated pest management; ● Advancing integrated food, water and energy systems ● Promoting and scaling of agroforestry, horticulture, viticulture, climate-smart and conservation agriculture; ● Improved pasture management planning; ● Improve existing carbon pools, such as rangeland management, collection and use of oil cake, rice hulls or other agricultural waste, reducing the use of tillage methods that increase soil carbon, restoring degraded land, etc.', 'reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers); ● Promoting crop diversity; ● Integrated pest management; ● Advancing integrated food, water and energy systems ● Promoting and scaling of agroforestry, horticulture, viticulture, climate-smart and conservation agriculture; ● Improved pasture management planning; ● Improve existing carbon pools, such as rangeland management, collection and use of oil cake, rice hulls or other agricultural waste, reducing the use of tillage methods that increase soil carbon, restoring degraded land, etc. ; ● Introduction of technologies and equipment for collecting of anaerobic systems, manure storage and processing and also an adequate poultry manure management; ● Mastering ecologically safety, highly efficient and energy-saving technologies for the disposal and use of agricultural waste; ● Biofuel production, including biodiesel and bioethanol (only if net emission reductions can be demonstrated); ● Improved livestock breeding; ● Sustainable practices in the pasture management.', '; ● Introduction of technologies and equipment for collecting of anaerobic systems, manure storage and processing and also an adequate poultry manure management; ● Mastering ecologically safety, highly efficient and energy-saving technologies for the disposal and use of agricultural waste; ● Biofuel production, including biodiesel and bioethanol (only if net emission reductions can be demonstrated); ● Improved livestock breeding; ● Sustainable practices in the pasture management. Forestry: ● afforestation/reforestation, natural regeneration and active regeneration for erosion stabilization/prevention, timber production, firewood production, NTFP production, degradation reduction; ● promoting Nature based Solutions, Forest Landscape restoration and other relevant approaches to improve forest conditions; ● promoting forest protection and sustainable management of existing forests and ecosystem services; restoration in degraded pastures, agroforestry and silvopastoral practices; ● promoting crosscutting actions: integrated land management, improving the regulatory framework, strengthening law enforcement, developing a sustainable financing system, conducting inventory and monitoring, and investing in science and innovation.', 'Forestry: ● afforestation/reforestation, natural regeneration and active regeneration for erosion stabilization/prevention, timber production, firewood production, NTFP production, degradation reduction; ● promoting Nature based Solutions, Forest Landscape restoration and other relevant approaches to improve forest conditions; ● promoting forest protection and sustainable management of existing forests and ecosystem services; restoration in degraded pastures, agroforestry and silvopastoral practices; ● promoting crosscutting actions: integrated land management, improving the regulatory framework, strengthening law enforcement, developing a sustainable financing system, conducting inventory and monitoring, and investing in science and innovation. Transport: ● Resilient urban infrastructure to reduce exposure to climate risks;● Increasing climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks); ● Adoption of climate resilience codes and standards; ● Access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system that takes into account social, age and gender issues; ● Switch to cleaner and environmentally friendly fuels for vehicles.', 'Transport: ● Resilient urban infrastructure to reduce exposure to climate risks;● Increasing climate resilience of transport infrastructure (roads, bridges, viaducts, railways, tracks); ● Adoption of climate resilience codes and standards; ● Access of the rural population to a climate-resilient road system that takes into account social, age and gender issues; ● Switch to cleaner and environmentally friendly fuels for vehicles. Further expansion in use of vehicles having high fuel efficiency, corresponding to the world standards; ● Measures to encourage transition from polluting fuels to other less polluting energy or fuels, or biofuels, as well as transition to a modern energy efficient transport working on energies like gasoline to liquefied gas, hybrid vehicles (gasoline/electricity), electric vehicles and etc; ● Building facilities for car manufacturing as well as for disposal and recycling of old vehicles; ● Planting of protective tree rows along roads on the roadsides; ● Altering modes of urban transportation: priority to public urban transportation, non-motorized transport (bicycles, skateboards and pedestrians); ● Development of transport and urban planning (multipurpose land use, pedestrian communities, multimodal and intermodal transport, etc.)', 'Further expansion in use of vehicles having high fuel efficiency, corresponding to the world standards; ● Measures to encourage transition from polluting fuels to other less polluting energy or fuels, or biofuels, as well as transition to a modern energy efficient transport working on energies like gasoline to liquefied gas, hybrid vehicles (gasoline/electricity), electric vehicles and etc; ● Building facilities for car manufacturing as well as for disposal and recycling of old vehicles; ● Planting of protective tree rows along roads on the roadsides; ● Altering modes of urban transportation: priority to public urban transportation, non-motorized transport (bicycles, skateboards and pedestrians); ● Development of transport and urban planning (multipurpose land use, pedestrian communities, multimodal and intermodal transport, etc.) that helps to reduce the use of cars; ● Encouraging railway transportation, which allows to move the freight and/or passenger flows from road to rail; improvement of existing lines or construction of new railways and electrification of railway lines.', 'that helps to reduce the use of cars; ● Encouraging railway transportation, which allows to move the freight and/or passenger flows from road to rail; improvement of existing lines or construction of new railways and electrification of railway lines. Waste utilization: ● improvement of industrial waste management; ● improving economic mechanisms in waste management; development of a static accounting system for waste generation, monitoring of waste movement and disposal sites; ● development of innovative technologies and infrastructure in the involvement of waste into economic circulation.4 PLANNING PROCESS: A Information on the planning processes the Party undertook to prepare its NDCs and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including: The enhanced NDCs have been formulated on the basis of the first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the draft of the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Tajikistan under the UNFCCC (the Fourth NC of the Republic of Tajikistan will be formally approved tentatively on October 30, 2021).', 'Waste utilization: ● improvement of industrial waste management; ● improving economic mechanisms in waste management; development of a static accounting system for waste generation, monitoring of waste movement and disposal sites; ● development of innovative technologies and infrastructure in the involvement of waste into economic circulation.4 PLANNING PROCESS: A Information on the planning processes the Party undertook to prepare its NDCs and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including: The enhanced NDCs have been formulated on the basis of the first Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the draft of the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Tajikistan under the UNFCCC (the Fourth NC of the Republic of Tajikistan will be formally approved tentatively on October 30, 2021). The baseline scenario and the mitigation efforts were widely discussed with all national stakeholders between 2017 and 2019.', 'The baseline scenario and the mitigation efforts were widely discussed with all national stakeholders between 2017 and 2019. The sectoral assessments were conducted between 2020 and 2021 with the support of the partners of the Climate Action Enhancement Action Package (CAEP) for the energy, agriculture, irrigation, industry & construction, transport & infrastructure and forestry sector. Various meetings at sectoral level and inter-ministerial technical working group took place to agree upon the progress and contents of the sectoral reports, as well as the enhanced NDCs. Hence, in December 2020, the first draft of the enhanced NDCs was submitted to the government and the civil society for comments and suggestions. The latter have been included in the final draft of the enhanced NDCs before their approval.', 'The latter have been included in the final draft of the enhanced NDCs before their approval. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples in a gender- responsive manner; The domestic arrangements for the enhanced NDCs were carried out by the Committee of Environmental Protection (CEP) under the advisory of an Inter-ministerial Technical Working Group (IMTWG), - established for the revision and approval of the NDC, and with the scientific advisory of the National Agency for Hydrometeorology. Specific consultations on gender and climate change were held with the civil society and the Committee on Women’s Affairs and Family. The enhanced NDCs were available for the perusal by the civil society at the website of the CEP. Two multistakeholder meetings were held with the participation of NGOs, business representatives and academia.', 'Two multistakeholder meetings were held with the participation of NGOs, business representatives and academia. Those suggestions were analysed and considered by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan, including by the above-mentioned IMTWG set up to formulate the enhanced NDCs and submit them for approval. A.2 Information on context, including, inter alia:A.2.1 National set of conditions, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Geography. The Republic of Tajikistan is a landlocked country in the southeast part of Central Asia. The country covers an area of 142.100 km2; to the north, it borders Kyrgyzstan (border length: 630 km), to the east - China (430 km), to the south - Afghanistan (1,030 km), and to the north and west - Uzbekistan (910 km).', 'The country covers an area of 142.100 km2; to the north, it borders Kyrgyzstan (border length: 630 km), to the east - China (430 km), to the south - Afghanistan (1,030 km), and to the north and west - Uzbekistan (910 km). Three mountain systems - Tien Shan, Gissar-Alay and Pamir - occupy about 93% of the country s territory. The terrain height ranges from 300 to 7.495 meters above sea level, with almost half of the country s territory at an altitude of over 3.000 m above sea level (ASL). In addition to the highest mountain peak in the country, Kullay Ismoili Somoni (7.495 m), located in the Pamir mountain range, there are 72 mountain peaks in the Republic of Tajikistan with a height of over 6.000 m ASL.', 'In addition to the highest mountain peak in the country, Kullay Ismoili Somoni (7.495 m), located in the Pamir mountain range, there are 72 mountain peaks in the Republic of Tajikistan with a height of over 6.000 m ASL. The Republic of Tajikistan is prone to frequent earthquakes, as it is located in a seismic belt that covers the entire southeast part of Central Asia. High mountains are constantly covered with snow, ice and glaciers, which occupy 8.476 km2, or about 6% of the country s total area, and are estimated to contain 576 km3 of fresh water. Melting snow and glaciers feed the rivers of the Aral Sea basin with 6-13 km3 of fresh water per year, which is approximately 10-20% of the total river flow of the basin.', 'Melting snow and glaciers feed the rivers of the Aral Sea basin with 6-13 km3 of fresh water per year, which is approximately 10-20% of the total river flow of the basin. One of the topographic features of the Republic of Tajikistan are alpine lakes with a total area of over 680 km2, most of which are located in the eastern part of the Pamir. Among approximately 1.000 lakes, 80% are located over 3.000 m ASL. The features that distinguish the west of the country are foothills and steppes (semi-arid grassy plains), while lowlands are located only in river valleys in the southwest and in the extreme north, where the Republic of Tajikistan owns a strip of land that includes part of the fertile Fergana Valley.', 'The features that distinguish the west of the country are foothills and steppes (semi-arid grassy plains), while lowlands are located only in river valleys in the southwest and in the extreme north, where the Republic of Tajikistan owns a strip of land that includes part of the fertile Fergana Valley. Unique natural ecosystems – from hot deserts to cold highlands – are home to a variety of animal species. The vast variety of local flora ranges from drought-tolerant grasses and low-growing shrubs in steppe regions to dense coniferous forests that cover the mountain slopes. Climate. The climate of the country is a continental one.', 'The climate of the country is a continental one. However, a large amplitude of heights in combination with a very complex relief structure determines the formation of unique regional and local climatic zones with large differences in temperatures, characterized by significant daily and seasonal fluctuations in weather conditions. There are abrupt changes in the average annual precipitation – from a minimum level of less than 100 mm in the Eastern Pamirs to 500-600 mm in the Vakhsh river valley in the south and a maximum value of over 2.000 mm on the Fedchenko glacier.Economy.', 'There are abrupt changes in the average annual precipitation – from a minimum level of less than 100 mm in the Eastern Pamirs to 500-600 mm in the Vakhsh river valley in the south and a maximum value of over 2.000 mm on the Fedchenko glacier.Economy. The economy of the Republic of Tajikistan is a mix of agrarian and industrial ones, where the basis is agriculture: cotton and other various crops cultivation, animal husbandry as well as industry, mechanical engineering, production of aluminium, mineral fertilizers, textile and light industry, energy and production of consumer goods. Relative remoteness and communication isolation from the existing world transport infrastructure, high-mountainous relief, lack of access to the sea shape a largely unfavourable economic and geographical position.', 'Relative remoteness and communication isolation from the existing world transport infrastructure, high-mountainous relief, lack of access to the sea shape a largely unfavourable economic and geographical position. The total GDP of the Republic of Tajikistan in 2019 amounted to USD 8.1 billion, which gives USD 840 per capita. The structure of GDP is the following: agriculture - 22%, industry - 15.1%, construction - 15%, services - 35%, transport - 10% and net product tax - 6%. Tajikistan s public external debt at the end of 2018 amounted to USD 2.9 billion (40% of GDP), compared to 24% of GDP in 2014. According to the World Bank, real GDP growth slowed from between 2020-2021, reflecting a weaker economic growth in Russia and the decline in world commodity prices associated with COVID-19.', 'According to the World Bank, real GDP growth slowed from between 2020-2021, reflecting a weaker economic growth in Russia and the decline in world commodity prices associated with COVID-19. Remittance inflows will remain slow in the medium term. Economic activity will be mainly supported by mining, manufacturing and construction. Out of the total employed population, 46% are employed in agriculture, 6.8% in industry, 8.6% in construction, 12.2% in trade and services, 4.6% in the public administration system, 4.1% in healthcare, 8.1% in the education system and 9.3% in other sectors of the economy (finance, communications, science, etc.) Sustainable development and poverty eradication. It is important to stress that the Republic of Tajikistan was included in the list of 10 countries with the fastest rate of poverty reduction over the last few decades.', 'It is important to stress that the Republic of Tajikistan was included in the list of 10 countries with the fastest rate of poverty reduction over the last few decades. The poverty rate fell from 81% in 1999 to 29.7% in 2017. The extreme poverty rate fell from 73% to 14% accordingly. The analysis of data from 2003 to 2018 showed that the factors that reduced poverty were wage increases, remittances from abroad, timely pension payments, among others. In the world ranking by the Human Capital Index (HDI-0.53), the Republic of Tajikistan was ranked 57th among 130 countries in 2018.', 'In the world ranking by the Human Capital Index (HDI-0.53), the Republic of Tajikistan was ranked 57th among 130 countries in 2018. According to the Human Development Index (HDI-0.656) of 2019, the Republic of Tajikistan is 129th among 187 countries and according to the Gender Inequality Index (GII- 0.377) the Republic of Tajikistan reached the 84th place in 2019.A.2.2 Best practices and experience to formulate NDCs Methodology to estimate emissions: the recalculation/update of GHG emissions was carried out in accordance with the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventories. Stakeholder engagement: all key stakeholders, both governmental and non-governmental, were fully involved and constructively engaged in the decision-making when working out NDCs.', 'Stakeholder engagement: all key stakeholders, both governmental and non-governmental, were fully involved and constructively engaged in the decision-making when working out NDCs. Commitment: NDCs have been formulated in conformity with the relevant national policies and strategies, in particular the National Development Strategy of the country until 2030, the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change until 2030 and other sectoral plans and programs. The process of formulating the Updated NDC included involvement of the different stakeholders (mentioned above) to make the process as most inclusive possible.', 'The process of formulating the Updated NDC included involvement of the different stakeholders (mentioned above) to make the process as most inclusive possible. A.3 Specific information applicable to the Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member states that decided to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that decided to act jointly under Article 4 paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable A.4 How the Party uses the outcome of the global stocktake in preparation of its NDCs, in accordance with Article 4 paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Information on the results of the global stocktake in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement will be taken into account when preparing the subsequent NDCs of the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'A.3 Specific information applicable to the Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member states that decided to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that decided to act jointly under Article 4 paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable A.4 How the Party uses the outcome of the global stocktake in preparation of its NDCs, in accordance with Article 4 paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement: Information on the results of the global stocktake in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement will be taken into account when preparing the subsequent NDCs of the Republic of Tajikistan. A.5 Information on adaptation action(s) and/or economic diversification plan(s) resulting in mitigation co- benefits, in conformity with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement: Please refer to Section 3 (d) above.', 'A.5 Information on adaptation action(s) and/or economic diversification plan(s) resulting in mitigation co- benefits, in conformity with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement: Please refer to Section 3 (d) above. A.5.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures taken into account when formulating NDCs; Not applicableA.5.2 Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits that may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; economic diversification actions that may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5.', 'A.5.1 Economic and social consequences of response measures taken into account when formulating NDCs; Not applicableA.5.2 Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits that may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; economic diversification actions that may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Not applicable 5. ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ASSESSING ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, WHERE APPROPRIATE, GREENHOUSE GAS REMOVALS: A Assumptions and methodological approaches used for assessing anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDCs, in conformity with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The Republic of Tajikistan assesses its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as guided by decision 1/CP.21 and Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Agreement.', 'ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES, INCLUDING THOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND ASSESSING ANTHROPOGENIC GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND, WHERE APPROPRIATE, GREENHOUSE GAS REMOVALS: A Assumptions and methodological approaches used for assessing anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s NDCs, in conformity with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The Republic of Tajikistan assesses its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories as guided by decision 1/CP.21 and Article 4, paragraph 13 of the Paris Agreement. B Assumptions and methodological approaches used for assessing the policies, measures or strategies to implement NDCs; For the GHG emissions assessment in the baseline scenario, the key elements that could affect the GHG emission values are the following: 1) Yearly GDP growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 2) Estimated population growth of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 For the choice of mitigation efforts, the critical parameters are: 1) Yearly GDP growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 2) Estimated population growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 3) Implementation of envisaged policies with direct impact on GHG emissions reduction.C Estimated impact on GHG emissions and/or non-GHG indicators; methodologies used to estimate impacts, including the baseline scenario and other assumptions; uncertainty of estimated impacts (evaluation or description); information on potential interactions with other policies/actions For the sectoral estimations, the following parameters are critical for estimating the baseline scenario and the potential mitigation impact of the foreseen policies and measures: 1) Sectoral GDP growth per year (until 2030) 2) Sector share contribution to the GDP (in percent) 3) GDP per capita 4) GHG emissions inventory 5) Emission factors.', 'B Assumptions and methodological approaches used for assessing the policies, measures or strategies to implement NDCs; For the GHG emissions assessment in the baseline scenario, the key elements that could affect the GHG emission values are the following: 1) Yearly GDP growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 2) Estimated population growth of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 For the choice of mitigation efforts, the critical parameters are: 1) Yearly GDP growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 2) Estimated population growth of the Republic of Tajikistan 3) Implementation of envisaged policies with direct impact on GHG emissions reduction.C Estimated impact on GHG emissions and/or non-GHG indicators; methodologies used to estimate impacts, including the baseline scenario and other assumptions; uncertainty of estimated impacts (evaluation or description); information on potential interactions with other policies/actions For the sectoral estimations, the following parameters are critical for estimating the baseline scenario and the potential mitigation impact of the foreseen policies and measures: 1) Sectoral GDP growth per year (until 2030) 2) Sector share contribution to the GDP (in percent) 3) GDP per capita 4) GHG emissions inventory 5) Emission factors. + other relevant criteria that affect the expected performance of the sector.', '+ other relevant criteria that affect the expected performance of the sector. D If applicable, information on the way the Party takes into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to assess anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement; Please refer to Section 5 (a) above. E IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals; The following global warming potential (GWP) indicators are used in compliance with decision 24/CP.19: F Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with the IPCC Guidance, as appropriate, including: F.1 Approach to emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Please refer to Section 5 (a) above. 6.', 'E IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals; The following global warming potential (GWP) indicators are used in compliance with decision 24/CP.19: F Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with the IPCC Guidance, as appropriate, including: F.1 Approach to emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Please refer to Section 5 (a) above. 6. HOW THE PARTY’S PREPARATION OF ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION HAS BEEN INFORMED BY THE OUTCOMES OF THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4 PARAGRAPH 9, OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA.', 'HOW THE PARTY’S PREPARATION OF ITS NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION HAS BEEN INFORMED BY THE OUTCOMES OF THE GLOBAL STOCKTAKE, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4 PARAGRAPH 9, OF THE PARIS AGREEMENT According to Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) shall undertake its first global stocktake in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter unless otherwise decided by the CMA. It is expected that the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan will be considered in the Global Stocktake Report to be published in 2023.', 'It is expected that the reduction commitments of the updated NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan will be considered in the Global Stocktake Report to be published in 2023. Subsequent revisions of Tajikistan’s NDC will be informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake in accordance with article 4 Paragraph 9 of the Paris Agreement.A How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The Republic of Tajikistan considers that its Updated NDC is fair and ambitious as its reducing 30 to 40% of its GHG emissions in 1990 as unconditional target. Whereas the conditional target reaches a GHG emission reduction between 40 to 50% of the base year.', 'Whereas the conditional target reaches a GHG emission reduction between 40 to 50% of the base year. The last represents a tremendous effort of the Republic of Tajikistan in order to keep its GHG emissions far below of its peak emissions occurred in 1990. Moreover, the Republic of Tajikistan presents one of the lowest per capita emissions of Central Asia, which expects to be around 1.9 to 2.2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2030 as unconditional target and around 1.5 to 1.9 2 tCO2 eq per capita by 2030 as conditional target. Finally, for the Republic of Tajikistan is paramount to continue with its development as it is considered a lower middle income country and requires a strong support by the international community in order to achieve its SDGs. B.', 'Finally, for the Republic of Tajikistan is paramount to continue with its development as it is considered a lower middle income country and requires a strong support by the international community in order to achieve its SDGs. B. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The updated NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan goes in line with the GHG emissions trajectories towards 2050 and onwards that correspond to keeping global warming in line with the global long- term goal of the Paris Agreement. Furthermore, the Republic of Tajikistan is a non-Annex I Party of the UNFCCC and it is applying the “common but differentiated responsibilities”. Thus, the Republic of Tajikistan is contributing by far more than its initial responsibilities assumed to the Convention.', 'Thus, the Republic of Tajikistan is contributing by far more than its initial responsibilities assumed to the Convention. C. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Tajikistan takes into account Article 4 paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement and will submit each subsequent Nationally Determined Contribution with higher ambition and progress towards emission reductions. In the current Update of its initial NDC the Republic of Tajikistan has shown an enhance in its mitigation ambition pushing forward its initial mitigation contribution up to reducing up to 30% of its GHG emissions of 1990 by 2030.', 'In the current Update of its initial NDC the Republic of Tajikistan has shown an enhance in its mitigation ambition pushing forward its initial mitigation contribution up to reducing up to 30% of its GHG emissions of 1990 by 2030. To support the limited national resources and technical capacity available to combat climate change through the implementation of the NDC, the Republic of Tajikistan anticipates access to multilateral and bilateral support will be required, including from the Green Climate Fund and other multilateral and bilateral development agencies. D. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable as the Republic of Tajikistan is not a Least Developed Country nor Small Island Developing State. 7.', 'D. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable as the Republic of Tajikistan is not a Least Developed Country nor Small Island Developing State. 7. HOW THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE CONVENTION AS SET OUT IN ITS ARTICLE 2 A.', 'HOW THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVE OF THE CONVENTION AS SET OUT IN ITS ARTICLE 2 A. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan is fully committed to ambitious national and global climate action to achieve the aims within the Article 2 of the Convention, “aimed at stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and to building resilience to the impacts of climate change”.A.1 Comparison of the contribution to multiple indicators related to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The NDC of the Republic of Tajikistan is fully committed to ambitious national and global climate action to achieve the aims within the Article 2 of the Convention, “aimed at stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and to building resilience to the impacts of climate change”.A.1 Comparison of the contribution to multiple indicators related to achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2. Factors that Parties may want to consider Not applicable A.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph of the Paris Agreement The Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Tajikistan is in line with Article 2 paragraph 1 (a) and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Factors that Parties may want to consider Not applicable A.2 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph of the Paris Agreement The Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Tajikistan is in line with Article 2 paragraph 1 (a) and Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement. The economy-wide target is consistent with the best available science and scientific data; it is fair and consistent with the level of ambition required to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and contributes to the achievement of the Objective of the Convention with enabling economic development in a sustainable manner. 3. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION 3.1.', 'The economy-wide target is consistent with the best available science and scientific data; it is fair and consistent with the level of ambition required to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and contributes to the achievement of the Objective of the Convention with enabling economic development in a sustainable manner. 3. ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION 3.1. National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal framework The Republic of Tajikistan aims to tackle the socio-economic impacts of climate change on vulnerable members of the society, agricultural productivity and water availability, and other sectors by increasing the resilience of different communities in the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as decreasing vulnerability capacity of different stakeholders in the country.', 'National circumstances, institutional arrangements and legal framework The Republic of Tajikistan aims to tackle the socio-economic impacts of climate change on vulnerable members of the society, agricultural productivity and water availability, and other sectors by increasing the resilience of different communities in the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as decreasing vulnerability capacity of different stakeholders in the country. The Republic of Tajikistan has a regulatory and institutional framework for implementing adaptive measures aimed at solving problems related to climate change. Many state bodies and institutions are implementing programs related to adaptation to climate change and all of them are accountable to the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'Many state bodies and institutions are implementing programs related to adaptation to climate change and all of them are accountable to the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. General guidance for coordinating activities on climate change adaptation of sectoral ministries and departments is led by the Committee for Environmental Protection (CEP) under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. In accordance with the governmental decree, the Committee is responsible for the implementation of the National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period until 2030. Moreover, the CEP is also the National Designated Authority (NDA) to the Green Climate Fund (GCF). 3.2.', 'Moreover, the CEP is also the National Designated Authority (NDA) to the Green Climate Fund (GCF). 3.2. Implementation of adaptive measures within the framework of strategies and plans It should be noted that after the signing of the Paris Agreement and the submission of the first NDC, a number of strategic documents, programs and concepts were adopted, which directly or indirectly affects the adaptive measures aimed at reducing the impact of climate change.', 'Implementation of adaptive measures within the framework of strategies and plans It should be noted that after the signing of the Paris Agreement and the submission of the first NDC, a number of strategic documents, programs and concepts were adopted, which directly or indirectly affects the adaptive measures aimed at reducing the impact of climate change. The National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (NDS 2030), adopted in 2016, outlines the general directions of economic development, the implementing measures that can help to reduce the impact of climate change, which include: i) the use of non-traditional (renewable) energy sources; ii) the minimization of the negative impact of the transportation on the environment and human health; iii) fostering the development of "green employment", expanding the environmental entrepreneurship and the environmental services market with the support of the state.The National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030 (NSACC 2030), adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on October 2, 2019, became a strategic document to achieve the goals stated in the Paris Agreement.', 'The National Development Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (NDS 2030), adopted in 2016, outlines the general directions of economic development, the implementing measures that can help to reduce the impact of climate change, which include: i) the use of non-traditional (renewable) energy sources; ii) the minimization of the negative impact of the transportation on the environment and human health; iii) fostering the development of "green employment", expanding the environmental entrepreneurship and the environmental services market with the support of the state.The National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change of the Republic of Tajikistan for the period up to 2030 (NSACC 2030), adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on October 2, 2019, became a strategic document to achieve the goals stated in the Paris Agreement. This strategy summarizes the information needed to identify risks, threats and adaptive measures related to climate change.', 'This strategy summarizes the information needed to identify risks, threats and adaptive measures related to climate change. The Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has prioritized four sectors that are both climate sensitive and development priorities: i) energy; ii) water; iii) transport; and iv) agriculture. The strategy outlines adaptive measures in key sectors of the economy, and suggests mechanisms and sources of financing. In the Medium-Term Development Program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2020 (MDP 2016-2020), the main measures to reduce the impact of climate change consist of expanding access to natural resources and their rational use, creating legal protection mechanisms, providing financial support and meeting the needs for new technologies, developing a green economy and preventing the risks of climate change.', 'In the Medium-Term Development Program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2020 (MDP 2016-2020), the main measures to reduce the impact of climate change consist of expanding access to natural resources and their rational use, creating legal protection mechanisms, providing financial support and meeting the needs for new technologies, developing a green economy and preventing the risks of climate change. Development of renewable energy sources, modernization of all types of transport, construction of 6 hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of 700 kWh, reconstruction of 700 km of highways. In the Medium-Term Development Program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2021-2025 (MDP 2021-2025), adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on April 30, 2021, under Decree No.', 'In the Medium-Term Development Program of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2021-2025 (MDP 2021-2025), adopted by the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan on April 30, 2021, under Decree No. 168, a special section is devoted to environmental protection, climate change and natural disasters. The adoption of NSACC strengthens the mechanisms for deploying capacity building processes on climate change adaptation of employees of authorized bodies and civil servants. Furthermore, the development of gender-sensitive indicators for climate change were noted as adaptive measures. Within the framework of this program, sectoral measures for adaptation to climate change have been formulated. The issues of adaptation measures related to climate change after the submission of the first NDC were also reflected in sectoral programs, strategies and plans.', 'The issues of adaptation measures related to climate change after the submission of the first NDC were also reflected in sectoral programs, strategies and plans. In the framework of adaptation measures, the Agricultural Reform Program (2012-2020) implies development and implementation of new agricultural technologies (for example, drought-resistant crops), research, setting up a support system for the development of livestock and meeting the needs of farms in better breeds and pastures, improved structure of sown areas for fodder crops. In the framework of adaptation measures, the Comprehensive Program for the Development of Livestock in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2018-2022, considered as one of adaptation measures, imples selection and improved breeding, cultivation technology and feeding rates, as well as increased productivity of pastures.', 'In the framework of adaptation measures, the Comprehensive Program for the Development of Livestock in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2018-2022, considered as one of adaptation measures, imples selection and improved breeding, cultivation technology and feeding rates, as well as increased productivity of pastures. In the framework of adaptation measures, the Program for the Development of Pastures for 2016- 2020 envisages to increase the stocks of pasture fodder, promotes an increase in the number of highly productive livestock, preparing land for sowing seeds, improving the condition of grazing lands, repairing and building roads and bridges, improving the condition of 1500 hectares of pastures, importing and producing grass seeds, and repairing livestock routes.', 'In the framework of adaptation measures, the Program for the Development of Pastures for 2016- 2020 envisages to increase the stocks of pasture fodder, promotes an increase in the number of highly productive livestock, preparing land for sowing seeds, improving the condition of grazing lands, repairing and building roads and bridges, improving the condition of 1500 hectares of pastures, importing and producing grass seeds, and repairing livestock routes. The Program for Reforming the Water Sector of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2025 envisages the development of a long-term basin plan for the use and protection of water resources in 5 river basins, the development of seasonal and annual plans for the distribution and management of water resources in river basins, the restoration of irrigation infrastructure and improvement of conditions for its maintenance and operation, the introduction of new water-saving technologies.', 'The Program for Reforming the Water Sector of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2016-2025 envisages the development of a long-term basin plan for the use and protection of water resources in 5 river basins, the development of seasonal and annual plans for the distribution and management of water resources in river basins, the restoration of irrigation infrastructure and improvement of conditions for its maintenance and operation, the introduction of new water-saving technologies. In the framework of adaptation measures, the National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan on Disaster Risk Reduction for 2019-2030 ensures access of all stakeholders to information on disaster risk, integrating disaster risk management into development processes, and improving mechanisms for disaster preparedness and response.', 'In the framework of adaptation measures, the National Strategy of the Republic of Tajikistan on Disaster Risk Reduction for 2019-2030 ensures access of all stakeholders to information on disaster risk, integrating disaster risk management into development processes, and improving mechanisms for disaster preparedness and response. In the framework of mitigation and adaptation measures, the Strategy for the Development of Industry in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 implies the introduction of new technologies relatedto reducing emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere, saving raw materials and energy resources. According to the State Target Program for the Development of the Transport Complex of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2025, the life cycle of the transport infrastructure will be increased, which will make it more resilient to climate change.', 'According to the State Target Program for the Development of the Transport Complex of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2025, the life cycle of the transport infrastructure will be increased, which will make it more resilient to climate change. The main goal of this action is to bring the transport infrastructure in line with international environmental standards. Specific activities include improving pavement, increasing traffic capacity, building bypass roads in settlements, applying paints, plastics and protecting metals from corrosion, and creating roadside protection belts. This measure is integrated into numerous road construction and reconstruction projects that are being implemented and planned in the country.', 'This measure is integrated into numerous road construction and reconstruction projects that are being implemented and planned in the country. The Draft Strategy for the Development of Forestry for the period 2016–2030 defines priorities for the development of national forestry which includes realization of institutional, legal and financial reforms; and development of the forestry management framework. The goal of the Forest Strategy is sustainable development of the sector by ensuring a balance of ecological, economic and social functions. While the Action Plan for the implementation of the Forestry Sector Strategy lists detailed activities along with specific targets, due to issues with investment, budget and capacity, most activities have not been started and targets remain challenged to be attained. 3.3.', 'While the Action Plan for the implementation of the Forestry Sector Strategy lists detailed activities along with specific targets, due to issues with investment, budget and capacity, most activities have not been started and targets remain challenged to be attained. 3.3. National risks, impacts and vulnerability to climate change Tajikistan s high dependence on climate-sensitive sectors of the economy is a factor that increases the country s vulnerability to climate change and extreme weather events. According to preliminary forecasts, the average annual temperature in the country will increase between 0.2 °C and 0.4 °C, by 2030 and the average annual rainfall will decrease by 5% by 2050.', 'According to preliminary forecasts, the average annual temperature in the country will increase between 0.2 °C and 0.4 °C, by 2030 and the average annual rainfall will decrease by 5% by 2050. As a result of consultations with key ministries and government departments, NSACC 2030 identifies the following sectors as the most susceptible to climate change: energy, water resources, agriculture and transport. The main risks and impacts of climate change on the main sectors of the economy were identified and ranked based on the analysis of NDS 2030, NSACC 2030, the Medium-Term Development program for 2016-2020, the Draft Medium-Term Development program for 2021-2025, sectoral strategies and programs, consultations with representatives of academia, civil society, employees of relevant ministries and departments, and development partners.', 'The main risks and impacts of climate change on the main sectors of the economy were identified and ranked based on the analysis of NDS 2030, NSACC 2030, the Medium-Term Development program for 2016-2020, the Draft Medium-Term Development program for 2021-2025, sectoral strategies and programs, consultations with representatives of academia, civil society, employees of relevant ministries and departments, and development partners. The highest goal of the long-term development of the Republic of Tajikistan is to improve the living standards of the country s population on the basis of ensuring sustainable economic development.', 'The highest goal of the long-term development of the Republic of Tajikistan is to improve the living standards of the country s population on the basis of ensuring sustainable economic development. To achieve it, NDS 2030 defines the following strategic development goals for the next 15 years: a) ensuring energy security and efficient use of electricity; b) breaking the communication deadlock and transforming the country into a transit country; c) ensuring food security and access of the population to quality food; d) expansion of productive employment. Energy production and transmission in the Republic of Tajikistan is susceptible to climate change and related extreme weather events.', 'Energy production and transmission in the Republic of Tajikistan is susceptible to climate change and related extreme weather events. Due to the interconnectedness of energy and water systems, changes in rainfall, increased risk of drought, reduced snow cover and varying snowmelt times can adversely affect energy production and delivery. Agriculture. Another priority sector, covering a significant part of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan and providing livelihoods, income and employment, is affected by climate change. Climate- related droughts, declining rain fed agriculture, declining yields and production, as well as crop failures and loss of livestock can have a detrimental effect on dehkan farms.', 'Climate- related droughts, declining rain fed agriculture, declining yields and production, as well as crop failures and loss of livestock can have a detrimental effect on dehkan farms. Climate change is expected to have major impacts on forests, especially those important to produce non-timber forest products such as walnuts, pistachio fruits and berries. The changes in precipitation,temperature will likely lead to reduced forest productivity and increased natural hazard risk such as forest fire. These trends are also resulting in a changing regional distribution of forests (and narrowing production zones for alpine species), as well as an increasing incidence of pest and disease. Climate change can also directly affect the transport sector through inefficient infrastructure.', 'Climate change can also directly affect the transport sector through inefficient infrastructure. Highways, which comprise more than 90% of passenger and freight traffic, may be affected by more frequent or intense flooding. Increased rainfall and flooding can accelerate the degradation of road infrastructure. Taking into account risk indicators, climate change impacts and existing adaptive potential in the country, the most vulnerable regions to climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan were identified. Where the most vulnerable area is the central mountainous regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, followed by the populated southern mountains and lowland regions of the country (Khatlon region) and by the northern slopes of Zeravhsan and Turkestan (Sughd region)1.', 'Where the most vulnerable area is the central mountainous regions of the Republic of Tajikistan, followed by the populated southern mountains and lowland regions of the country (Khatlon region) and by the northern slopes of Zeravhsan and Turkestan (Sughd region)1. In order to sign up to the SDGs and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, based on the goals and objectives of the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for 2019-2030 and information received from the Committee on Emergency Situation and Civil Defence, the main types of risks and losses from natural disasters related to climate change were identified. The main types of natural disaster risks causing the greatest damage are: high water and flooding, landslides, mudflows, avalanches and drought. 3.4.', 'The main types of natural disaster risks causing the greatest damage are: high water and flooding, landslides, mudflows, avalanches and drought. 3.4. National adaptation priorities, strategies, policies, plans, goals and actions To overcome the current and future serious economic and social consequences of climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan, it is necessary to encourage an implementation of effective adaptive measures and avoid maladaptation, across the priority sectors of the economy. In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, a number of strategic documents, programs and approaches have been adopted to address the implementation of adaptive measures.', 'In order to mitigate the effects of climate change, a number of strategic documents, programs and approaches have been adopted to address the implementation of adaptive measures. The National Development Strategy until 2030 (NDS 2030) defines the general directions of economic development, which, if implemented, can contributes to reduce the climate change through the implementation of necessary adaptive measures which aims to use more renewable energy sources, minimize the impact of the transport sector on the environment and foster the development of "green employment". The National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (NSACC 2030), adopted by the Government in 2019, is a consolidated strategic document reflecting measures to adapt to the climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'The National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change in the Republic of Tajikistan until 2030 (NSACC 2030), adopted by the Government in 2019, is a consolidated strategic document reflecting measures to adapt to the climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan. During the national consultations on NSACC, four sectors were identified as adaptation priorities, taking into account both vulnerability to climate change and development priorities. Those are: (1) energy, (2) water resources, (3) transport and (4) agriculture. Seven cross-cutting areas were also included: (1) health, (2) education, (3) gender, (4) youth, (5) migration, (6) environment, and (7) emergencies.', 'Seven cross-cutting areas were also included: (1) health, (2) education, (3) gender, (4) youth, (5) migration, (6) environment, and (7) emergencies. Based on the targets formulated in NDS 2030 framework, the NSACC takes into account the provisions of other fundamental documents, namely the Medium-Term Development program for 2021-2025, the preliminary results of the Fourth National Communication of the Republic of Tajikistan under the UNFCCC (2021), sectoral programs and strategies, research carried out by development partners, as well as consultations with specialists from key ministries and departments, and defines long-term adaptive measures to be implemented in the key sectors of the economy. Those sectors are: (1) energy, (2) water resources, (3) agriculture and forestry, (4) transport and infrastructure, (5) industry and construction, as 1 Mustaeva, Nailya, et al.', 'Those sectors are: (1) energy, (2) water resources, (3) agriculture and forestry, (4) transport and infrastructure, (5) industry and construction, as 1 Mustaeva, Nailya, et al. Tajikistan: Country situation assessment. PRISE working paper. odi. org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Tajikistan_Country_Situa tion_Assessment. pdf, 2015.well as cross-sectoral sectors of the economy, which are: i) education, ii) health, iii) migration, iv) environmental protection, and iv) gender. Development partners have greatly contributed to the Republic of Tajikistan in the identification of adaptive measures at sectoral level in the process of updating its NDC. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) carried out an analysis of the sectors of industry and construction, as well as transport as part of the enhance of its initial NDCs reduction of GHG emissions in accordance with the UNFC.', 'The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) carried out an analysis of the sectors of industry and construction, as well as transport as part of the enhance of its initial NDCs reduction of GHG emissions in accordance with the UNFC. Special sections of these reports are devoted to policy and adaptation measures in the industrial, construction and transport sectors, which are also included in the climate change priorities. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ, German Society for International Cooperation) conducted an analysis of the land use sector and an in-depth analysis of the agricultural sector for the NDC revision in the Republic of Tajikistan. Based on the analyses, the identified risks, and their impact, the report develops specific adaptation measures.', 'Based on the analyses, the identified risks, and their impact, the report develops specific adaptation measures. The World Bank analyzed the forestry sector, its potential contribution to mitigation and adaptation and prepared a report on “Forestry Sector Analysis for NDC Revision and Updating in the Republic of Tajikistan”. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has prepared an analytical report Irrigation and climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan. State and Trends of Water Resources. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the irrigation system and existing problems, a list of adaptation measures was submitted and then included in the general plan to update NDCs for the water sector.', 'Based on a comprehensive analysis of the irrigation system and existing problems, a list of adaptation measures was submitted and then included in the general plan to update NDCs for the water sector. Based on the general analysis of the information received, the following adaptation measures have been formulated for the key sectors of the economy: Key adaptation measures in the energy sector include: ● development of short-term impact models and effective adaptation options for extreme weather conditions such as droughts; ● raising the level of qualifications of sector specialists in methods of assessing climate risks and vulnerability; ● taking measures to ensure the security of the infrastructure; ● revision of maintenance procedures and measures to improve the safety of transmission and distribution networks from weather events; ● development of networks of small hydroelectric power plants and widespread development of other renewable energy sources in the remote mountainous and rural regions of the country; ● strengthening hydropower potential and increasing the reliability factor taking into account the effects of climate change (increase in maximum floods or decrease in runoff).', 'Based on the general analysis of the information received, the following adaptation measures have been formulated for the key sectors of the economy: Key adaptation measures in the energy sector include: ● development of short-term impact models and effective adaptation options for extreme weather conditions such as droughts; ● raising the level of qualifications of sector specialists in methods of assessing climate risks and vulnerability; ● taking measures to ensure the security of the infrastructure; ● revision of maintenance procedures and measures to improve the safety of transmission and distribution networks from weather events; ● development of networks of small hydroelectric power plants and widespread development of other renewable energy sources in the remote mountainous and rural regions of the country; ● strengthening hydropower potential and increasing the reliability factor taking into account the effects of climate change (increase in maximum floods or decrease in runoff). A list of adaptation measures for the use of water resources is envisaged, addressing the problem of water scarcity in the future and therefore ● increasing the efficiency of water use, recycling, processing and demand management; ● strengthening the capacity of Water Users Association (WUAs); ● stricter regulation of wastewater treatment and discharge, providing backup systems for storage water resources management; ● improvement of groundwater management; ● widespread application of the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM); ● rehabilitation of irrigation systems and drainages to improve reclamation of saline lands and wetlands; ● use of effective irrigation methods (drip irrigation); ● improvement of the water flow forecasting system; ● development of national measures for adaptation and resilience to climate change in the water sector.Tajikistan’s agriculture is very vulnerable to climate change.', 'A list of adaptation measures for the use of water resources is envisaged, addressing the problem of water scarcity in the future and therefore ● increasing the efficiency of water use, recycling, processing and demand management; ● strengthening the capacity of Water Users Association (WUAs); ● stricter regulation of wastewater treatment and discharge, providing backup systems for storage water resources management; ● improvement of groundwater management; ● widespread application of the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM); ● rehabilitation of irrigation systems and drainages to improve reclamation of saline lands and wetlands; ● use of effective irrigation methods (drip irrigation); ● improvement of the water flow forecasting system; ● development of national measures for adaptation and resilience to climate change in the water sector.Tajikistan’s agriculture is very vulnerable to climate change. Without substantial adaptation measures, food and nutrition security, poverty eradication and sustainable development may be adversely affected.', 'Without substantial adaptation measures, food and nutrition security, poverty eradication and sustainable development may be adversely affected. Adaptation measures are of priority both for crop production (including cereals and leguminous crops, technical crops, vegetables and horticulture and viticulture) and livestock sub- sectors. Agricultural adaptation measures contribute to national policy objectives for agriculture, food and nutrition security, gender, disaster risk reduction, industrial development, and biodiversity conservation (e.g., National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan under the CBD), and thus contribute to multiple SDGs, the Sendai Framework and commitments under the CBD and the UNCCD. Giving high priority to agricultural adaptation enhances the NDC by maximizing synergies with other key development objectives.', 'Giving high priority to agricultural adaptation enhances the NDC by maximizing synergies with other key development objectives. ● Introduction of "green" technologies and "green" infrastructure in agro-industrial production ● Improvement of livestock breeding, ● Development of agroforestry and conservation agriculture, ● Crop rotation, intercropping and crop diversity (resilience to droughts and pests), ● Enhancement of seeds, ● Promoting soil protection and integrated pest management, ● Improved management of irrigation and drainage systems, ● Improved pasture management, ● Raising awareness and increasing access to climate change information for rural populations, farmers and agricultural enterprisers.', '● Introduction of "green" technologies and "green" infrastructure in agro-industrial production ● Improvement of livestock breeding, ● Development of agroforestry and conservation agriculture, ● Crop rotation, intercropping and crop diversity (resilience to droughts and pests), ● Enhancement of seeds, ● Promoting soil protection and integrated pest management, ● Improved management of irrigation and drainage systems, ● Improved pasture management, ● Raising awareness and increasing access to climate change information for rural populations, farmers and agricultural enterprisers. In forestry, adaptation measures (many of which also have strong mitigation benefits) include reforestation/afforestation, natural and active/assisted regeneration, forest protection from cutting, grazing, fire, pests etc., improved and sustainable management of existing forest, improved pasture productivity, promoting crosscutting actions: integrated land management, improving the regulatory framework, strengthening law enforcement, developing a sustainable financing system, conducting inventory and monitoring, and investing in science and innovation.', 'In forestry, adaptation measures (many of which also have strong mitigation benefits) include reforestation/afforestation, natural and active/assisted regeneration, forest protection from cutting, grazing, fire, pests etc., improved and sustainable management of existing forest, improved pasture productivity, promoting crosscutting actions: integrated land management, improving the regulatory framework, strengthening law enforcement, developing a sustainable financing system, conducting inventory and monitoring, and investing in science and innovation. List of adaptation measures in the transport sector: ● improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure; ● updating national building codes for the construction of bridges; ● providing support to improve infrastructure and access roads in the country, in particular in hazardous and vulnerable areas; ● adapting rail, road, air and all modes of transport, including non-traditional and special modes of transport, to the requirements under international standards; ● promoting the implementation of incentives and regulations for fuel-efficient vehicles.', 'List of adaptation measures in the transport sector: ● improving the protection and long-term maintenance of transport infrastructure; ● updating national building codes for the construction of bridges; ● providing support to improve infrastructure and access roads in the country, in particular in hazardous and vulnerable areas; ● adapting rail, road, air and all modes of transport, including non-traditional and special modes of transport, to the requirements under international standards; ● promoting the implementation of incentives and regulations for fuel-efficient vehicles. List of adaptation measures in the industry and construction sector: ● equipping large enterprises with modern energy-saving and digital technologies; ● a national industrial sector that embraces the environmental protection and creation of a green economy; introduction of rational consumption and production patterns; greening of industry; ● development of sustainable infrastructure based on the implementation of green investment projects; ● creation of early warning systems for the adoption of protective measures and prevention of damage and loss of infrastructure.', 'List of adaptation measures in the industry and construction sector: ● equipping large enterprises with modern energy-saving and digital technologies; ● a national industrial sector that embraces the environmental protection and creation of a green economy; introduction of rational consumption and production patterns; greening of industry; ● development of sustainable infrastructure based on the implementation of green investment projects; ● creation of early warning systems for the adoption of protective measures and prevention of damage and loss of infrastructure. Adaptation measures in cross-sectoral areas: ● creating an enabling environment for the introduction of new technologies for climate change mitigation and disaster risk management; ● taking gender-sensitive measures to enhance planning; ● management and communication of risks related to climate change; construction of new recreational zones within cities and around them when adjusting master plans;● developing curricula for secondary schools, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions, including issues of climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning of natural disasters; ● strengthening mechanisms to organize a regular professional training of the employees of authorized bodies and government officials on climate change adaptation and governance; ● arranging media campaigns on climate change and disaster risk management.', 'Adaptation measures in cross-sectoral areas: ● creating an enabling environment for the introduction of new technologies for climate change mitigation and disaster risk management; ● taking gender-sensitive measures to enhance planning; ● management and communication of risks related to climate change; construction of new recreational zones within cities and around them when adjusting master plans;● developing curricula for secondary schools, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions, including issues of climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning of natural disasters; ● strengthening mechanisms to organize a regular professional training of the employees of authorized bodies and government officials on climate change adaptation and governance; ● arranging media campaigns on climate change and disaster risk management. 3.5.', 'Adaptation measures in cross-sectoral areas: ● creating an enabling environment for the introduction of new technologies for climate change mitigation and disaster risk management; ● taking gender-sensitive measures to enhance planning; ● management and communication of risks related to climate change; construction of new recreational zones within cities and around them when adjusting master plans;● developing curricula for secondary schools, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions, including issues of climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning of natural disasters; ● strengthening mechanisms to organize a regular professional training of the employees of authorized bodies and government officials on climate change adaptation and governance; ● arranging media campaigns on climate change and disaster risk management. 3.5. Cooperation of the Republic of Tajikistan to strengthen adaptation measures at the national, international and regional levels In recent years, the Republic of Tajikistan has been actively involved in strengthening adaptive measures, both at the international and regional levels.', 'Cooperation of the Republic of Tajikistan to strengthen adaptation measures at the national, international and regional levels In recent years, the Republic of Tajikistan has been actively involved in strengthening adaptive measures, both at the international and regional levels. The Republic of Tajikistan was nominated to participate in the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) in January 2009. Funding for PPCR was provided by multilateral development banks (MDBs). Within the framework of the MDBs, six PPCR projects were approved and implemented for a total amount of more than USD 150 million. PPCR Secretariat and Coordination Mechanism have been established to coordinate and monitor PPCR projects. The successful implementation of the PPCR has facilitated the Republic of Tajikistan in cooperation with the Green Climate Fund (GCF).', 'The successful implementation of the PPCR has facilitated the Republic of Tajikistan in cooperation with the Green Climate Fund (GCF). According to GCF’s procedures, the Committee of Environmental Protection (CEP) was appointed by a governmental decree as a National Designated Authority (NDA) under GCF. A coordination mechanism has been created for a successful cooperation with GCF. Thanks to the successful work of NDA and the technical working group, as well as an active support of Accredited Entities (AEs) under GCF in the Republic of Tajikistan, GCF has approved five projects aimed at adaptive measures, which makes a total of more than USD 100 million.', 'Thanks to the successful work of NDA and the technical working group, as well as an active support of Accredited Entities (AEs) under GCF in the Republic of Tajikistan, GCF has approved five projects aimed at adaptive measures, which makes a total of more than USD 100 million. Those projects focus on ensuring food security, increasing resilience of the energy sector, improving services of the hydrometeorology system, raising climate financing for small businesses and working out the National Adaptation Plan. The Republic of Tajikistan did not cooperate much with the Adaptation Fund before, but in 2020, with UNDP assistance, it obtained a grant of almost USD 10 million to implement the project Integrated landscape approach to increasing the climate resilience of small farmers and pastoralists.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan did not cooperate much with the Adaptation Fund before, but in 2020, with UNDP assistance, it obtained a grant of almost USD 10 million to implement the project Integrated landscape approach to increasing the climate resilience of small farmers and pastoralists. The Republic of Tajikistan also maintains bilateral cooperation on adaptation to climate change with the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), IB, Global Environment Facility (GEF), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), UK Department for International Development (DFID), GIZ.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan also maintains bilateral cooperation on adaptation to climate change with the World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), IB, Global Environment Facility (GEF), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), UK Department for International Development (DFID), GIZ. The Republic of Tajikistan takes part in cooperation with the countries of Central Asia within the framework of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), the Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia (CAREC) (Almaty), the Regional Mountain Centre for Central Asia (Bishkek) and the Regional Centre for Combating Drought (Tashkent). The Republic of Tajikistan is also implementing the Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Program for Aral Sea Basin (CAMP4ASB) Project funded by the GCF and administered by the World Bank.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan is also implementing the Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Program for Aral Sea Basin (CAMP4ASB) Project funded by the GCF and administered by the World Bank. The Republic of Tajikistan participates in the World Bank Resilient Landscapes in Central Asia and Afghanistan Program (RESILAND CA+ Program), which was developed in 2019 to provide a regional framework for landscape restoration with the aim to increase the resilience of regional landscapes in Central Asia. This umbrella program finances analysis, and advisory on topics related to landscape restoration and supports investment projects in Central Asia countries, one of which is the Tajikistan Resilient Landscapes Restoration Project (under preparation).', 'This umbrella program finances analysis, and advisory on topics related to landscape restoration and supports investment projects in Central Asia countries, one of which is the Tajikistan Resilient Landscapes Restoration Project (under preparation). The Project is developed alongside RESILAND CA+ projects in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyz Republic, and potentially Afghanistan, glued together by a regional platform for high-level dialog on landscape restoration.3.6. Promoting adaptation measures to climate change which are consistent with international frameworks and conventions The Sustainable Development Goals until 2030 (SDGs 2030). Analysis of the multi-sectoral SDGs made it possible to draw up Tajikistan s profile in this respect and to align the country goals of development strategies and programs, including those related to the adaptive measures to climate change, with the SDGs.', 'Analysis of the multi-sectoral SDGs made it possible to draw up Tajikistan s profile in this respect and to align the country goals of development strategies and programs, including those related to the adaptive measures to climate change, with the SDGs. Sixteen of the seventeen SDGs are related to the development country s goals and priorities. However, the Republic of Tajikistan cannot meet all SDGs in an equal way: some adaptive measures to climate change require a boost in implementation speed. Besides, out of the numerous contemplated measures to accelerate the work to achieve the SDGs related to adaptation to climate change, it is necessary to choose those that meet the sustainable development objectives of the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'Besides, out of the numerous contemplated measures to accelerate the work to achieve the SDGs related to adaptation to climate change, it is necessary to choose those that meet the sustainable development objectives of the Republic of Tajikistan. Thus, five strategic programs and strategies, including NDS 2030, NSACC 2030, the program for Reforming the Water Sector of Tajikistan for 2016-2025, MDP for 2021-2025, the program of Agrarian Reform of the Republic of Tajikistan for 2012-2020, contain adaptation measures corresponding to the SDGs, especially Goals 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13 and 15. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030.', 'Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. In accordance with the new approaches of the world community to the problems associated with the risk of natural disasters, including those increased by climate change, set out in the Sendai Framework and the SDGs 2030, the Republic of Tajikistan adopted the Updated National Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy for 2019-2030 on December 19, 2018. Specific adaptation measures aimed at reducing natural disasters are proposed in NDS 2030, NSRDR 2030, NSACC 2030, and MDP 2021-2025. Convention on Biological Diversity.', 'Specific adaptation measures aimed at reducing natural disasters are proposed in NDS 2030, NSRDR 2030, NSACC 2030, and MDP 2021-2025. Convention on Biological Diversity. In 2016, in order to fulfil the obligations of the Republic of Tajikistan under the Convention on Biological Diversity (Article 26) and based on the decision of the Conference of the Parties 10 (COP 10), the National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation of Biodiversity of the Republic of Tajikistan until 2020 was formulated. Environment: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management section of MDP 2021-2025 defines the increased resilience of ecosystems and existing biodiversity to climate change as one of the key objectives. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification - UNCCD.', 'United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification - UNCCD. The National Action program to Combat Desertification takes into account the following factors: 1) process of desertification, 2) high mountains, 3) natural disasters, 4) land, pasture degradation, 5) soil drainage, 6) the development of erosion processes in the zone of rainfed agriculture and irrigated lands, and 7) the deterioration and loss of biodiversity. Astana Resolution. In 2018, the Republic of Tajikistan along with five other Caucasus and Central Asian countries signed the Astana Resolution to restore about 2.7 million hectares of degraded forest landscapes. The Republic of Tajikistan specifically committed to restore 66,000 ha of degraded forest landscapes from 2018-20302. 3.8. Obstacles, challenges and gaps in the implementation of adaptive measures.', 'Obstacles, challenges and gaps in the implementation of adaptive measures. The existing obstacles, problems and gaps associated with the implementation of adaptive measures are mostly reflected in the strategic strategies and programs of the Republic of Tajikistan. NDS 2030 displays the obstacles, problems and gaps associated with the implementation of adaptive measures at national as well as sectoral level. The strategy outlines general problems related to 2 UNECE. 2018. Ministerial Roundtable on Forest Landscape Restoration in Caucasus and Central Asia. Summary Reportadaptation measures. In particular, it is stressed that environmental problems and vulnerabilities remain significant, especially in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'In particular, it is stressed that environmental problems and vulnerabilities remain significant, especially in the context of climate change mitigation and adaptation. In NSACC 2030, the main obstacles, problems and gaps to implement adaptive measures include legal, institutional obstacles and shortcomings in the technical capacities available in the country. The section Environment: Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management of MDP 2021-2025 also contains a list of the main problems, tasks and goals related to the implementation of adaptive measures, including those at the sectoral level. Based on the analysis of strategic documents, the main obstacles, problems and gaps in the implementation of adaptation measures include insufficiencies in funding, capacity building and introduction of new technologies.', 'Based on the analysis of strategic documents, the main obstacles, problems and gaps in the implementation of adaptation measures include insufficiencies in funding, capacity building and introduction of new technologies. Insufficient funding: lack of funding for long-term development plans and effective allocation of resources, both on the side of donors and the state. There is no clear mechanism for tracking financial resources aimed at adaptation and mitigation activities, both from development partners, as well as from the private sector, and the contribution of the government. In order to solve this problem, the development of indicators is required to determine the contribution of development partners, the private sector and the government. Monitoring procedures should include procedures for budgeting national and subnational funding sources.', 'Monitoring procedures should include procedures for budgeting national and subnational funding sources. In the Republic of Tajikistan, there are practically no market mechanisms for attracting financial resources on climate change issues (renewable energy market certificates, emission trading mechanisms, environmental insurance). Obstacles and challenges to capacity building and the introduction of new technologies: the relatively low level of public awareness of the problems of climate change, as well as the benefits of adaptation among professionals. Until now, there is practically no system of consolidated monitoring and evaluation of the introduction of new technologies and capacity building.', 'Until now, there is practically no system of consolidated monitoring and evaluation of the introduction of new technologies and capacity building. Analysis of available technological solutions in the Republic of Tajikistan within the framework of development partnership projects shows that they cover only the agricultural and water sectors (irrigation technologies, namely technologies for water saving and processing agricultural products), as well as housing conditions of the population, while the transport sector and disaster risk management technologies are not included in this list. However, some of the proposed technology solutions are related to climate change mitigation and focus on poverty reduction rather than climate change adaptation policies. Therefore, there is a need to find a balance. Problem solving, capacity building and introduction of new technologies must be implemented simultaneously.', 'Problem solving, capacity building and introduction of new technologies must be implemented simultaneously. Currently, there is practically no database in the Republic of Tajikistan on traditional methods of adaptation to climate change. 3.9 Gender aspects of climate change The Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has approved a number of strategies and plans to address gender equality and climate change adaptation.', '3.9 Gender aspects of climate change The Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has approved a number of strategies and plans to address gender equality and climate change adaptation. Following the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1993, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan approved a number of legal and regulatory documents that may indirectly affect the resilience of women and girls to the risks of climate change: Family Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (dated November 13, 1998); Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan "On measures to improve the status of women in society" (December 1999); the fundamental Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On State Guarantees of Equality of Men and Women and Equal Opportunities for the Employment”, adopted on December 15, 2004; State program "Main axes of state policy to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2001-2010."', 'Following the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women in 1993, the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan approved a number of legal and regulatory documents that may indirectly affect the resilience of women and girls to the risks of climate change: Family Code of the Republic of Tajikistan (dated November 13, 1998); Decree of the President of the Republic of Tajikistan "On measures to improve the status of women in society" (December 1999); the fundamental Law of the Republic of Tajikistan “On State Guarantees of Equality of Men and Women and Equal Opportunities for the Employment”, adopted on December 15, 2004; State program "Main axes of state policy to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2001-2010." The National Strategy for Enhancing the Role of Women in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2011-2020 defines goals for women’s economic empowerment, including opportunities of training new skills and specialties.', 'The National Strategy for Enhancing the Role of Women in the Republic of Tajikistan for 2011-2020 defines goals for women’s economic empowerment, including opportunities of training new skills and specialties. The strategy proposes a number of measures that can reduce the impact of climate change on women and increase their adaptive capacity.The gender aspects of climate change are included in NDS 2030 (2016). The strategy builds on the commitment of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan to achieve the SDGs, including SDG 5 (Gender Equality). The strategy emphasizes the need to address gender equality and climate change, in particular in the context of rural areas, in order to ensure sustainable development.', 'The strategy emphasizes the need to address gender equality and climate change, in particular in the context of rural areas, in order to ensure sustainable development. NSACC 2030 describes how the Republic of Tajikistan can invest in building resilience to climate change, taking into account the multifaceted issues of gender, youth and other vulnerable groups. The strategy recognizes the vulnerability of women involved in agriculture. MDP 2021-2025 reveals specific goals and indicators related to the gender aspect of climate change. For example, one of the gender goals is to increase women s awareness of the risks of climate change from around 15% now to 35% in 2025.', 'For example, one of the gender goals is to increase women s awareness of the risks of climate change from around 15% now to 35% in 2025. In order to make regulatory documents comply with international standards, the goal is to develop gender-sensitive indicators on climate change and disaster risk management by 2022. Gender-sensitive indicators are also included in such sectors of the economy as agriculture, water supply and energy, social protection, education and health. In order to discuss the issues of the relationship between gender and climate change, a common level of understanding of gender inequality is clearly needed.', 'In order to discuss the issues of the relationship between gender and climate change, a common level of understanding of gender inequality is clearly needed. In the Republic of Tajikistan, as shown by the results of surveys, there are two key factors that create the context for current efforts to achieve gender equality: on one hand, traditions and gender stereotypes on the role of women in family and society, and on the other hand, a large number of female-headed households due to large-scale male labor migration.', 'In the Republic of Tajikistan, as shown by the results of surveys, there are two key factors that create the context for current efforts to achieve gender equality: on one hand, traditions and gender stereotypes on the role of women in family and society, and on the other hand, a large number of female-headed households due to large-scale male labor migration. Based on the results of the review and in order to promote a link between gender and climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan, the following measures are planned: ● Raising awareness and improving understanding of the connection between gender and climate change in the development context; ● Promotion of nexus of gender and climate change in planning, budgeting and practice; ● Strengthening the capacity and providing opportunities for women’s active participation in sustainable socio-economic development, taking into account the climate change; 4.', 'Based on the results of the review and in order to promote a link between gender and climate change in the Republic of Tajikistan, the following measures are planned: ● Raising awareness and improving understanding of the connection between gender and climate change in the development context; ● Promotion of nexus of gender and climate change in planning, budgeting and practice; ● Strengthening the capacity and providing opportunities for women’s active participation in sustainable socio-economic development, taking into account the climate change; 4. ENHANCED TRANSPARENCY FRAMEWORK (ETF) The main act on the collection, processing and analysis of statistical data in the Republic of Tajikistan is the law “On State Statistics of the Republic of Tajikistan”. There are other normative regulations providing complementary detailed information.', 'There are other normative regulations providing complementary detailed information. Conducting an inventory of GHG is the responsibility of the Republic of Tajikistan in accordance with its responsibilities under the UNFCCC. The formulation of the GHG inventory in the Republic of Tajikistan is based on the IPCC international methodology. The inventory is carried out when drafting National Communications and BURs, and involves a working group to arrange the inventory procedures and monitor GHG emissions. The main body currently responsible for the GHG inventory in the Republic of Tajikistan is the National Agency for Hydrometeorology (Hydromet) of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'The main body currently responsible for the GHG inventory in the Republic of Tajikistan is the National Agency for Hydrometeorology (Hydromet) of the Committee for Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan. The Agency for Statistics under the President of the Republic of Tajikistan plays a key role in collecting information on GHG emissions. All information from key ministries and departments is transferred to the Agency for Statistics under the Law on State Statistics. Among other duties, the experts of the Agency for Statistics, together with other key ministries and departments, participate in the preparation of National Communications.', 'Among other duties, the experts of the Agency for Statistics, together with other key ministries and departments, participate in the preparation of National Communications. GHG emissions and removals for the BUR covering the 2004-2014 inventories were estimated using the Tier 1 and Tier 2 methodologies of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The Tier 2 methodology of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines was used for the solid waste disposal category in the waste sector while the Tier 1 methodology of the 2006 IPCC Guidelines was used for all other categories and subcategories in allsectors. Three previous National Communications on GHG Inventories used the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. In the course of formulation of the enhanced NDCs, the GHG Inventory of 1990-2005 was recalculated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', 'In the course of formulation of the enhanced NDCs, the GHG Inventory of 1990-2005 was recalculated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. The Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has outlined the following stages in order to improve the current Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system and a transition to ETF: The first stage will take place in 2020-2025. and its main goal will be to improve the current methodological and institutional framework for the implementation of the MRV system with the involvement of key sectors of the economy. The second stage will take place between 2025-2030 and its main goal will be the adoption of regulatory framework which aims to improve the MRV system of GHG; The third stage will start in 2030.', 'The second stage will take place between 2025-2030 and its main goal will be the adoption of regulatory framework which aims to improve the MRV system of GHG; The third stage will start in 2030. It is expected that the obligation to submit reports on GHG emissions will be extended to all entities whose emissions surpass 50 thousand tons of CO2 -eq per year. As evidenced from the above information, the Republic of Tajikistan has a potential and willingness to enhance transparency for the reporting and review of information on the country s emissions, mitigation and adaptation efforts, and support received. Additionally, it explores the dynamic process of updating NDCs and provides input to the global database on successive five-year cycles.', 'Additionally, it explores the dynamic process of updating NDCs and provides input to the global database on successive five-year cycles. Nevertheless, the Republic of Tajikistan seeks for the enhancement of the capability to build adequate reporting capacities while complying with the reporting set under the ETF. As part of the ETF transformation, the initial MRV system should be further integrated into streamlined data management systems, gain technical capacity, improved analytical capabilities and active coordination amongst all the stakeholders.', 'As part of the ETF transformation, the initial MRV system should be further integrated into streamlined data management systems, gain technical capacity, improved analytical capabilities and active coordination amongst all the stakeholders. Even though certain efforts have been made to build a national MRV system, and there are some intentions to develop it through policies and strategies, the MRV is currently scattered and needs a sustainable National GHG Inventory Management System to integrate modules like “Finance”, “Capacity building”, “Technology transfer” and “Contribution of private sector”. The development of the common platform and mechanisms will strengthen capabilities of relevant national institutions to ensure the improvement of transparency over time.', 'The development of the common platform and mechanisms will strengthen capabilities of relevant national institutions to ensure the improvement of transparency over time. The substantial improvements should be done in the areas of new or modified laws, directives to enhance a process of transition to ETF; data management (lack of data and data quality; data collection and processing); strengthening institutional arrangements, including involvement new cross-sectoral teams (across government and between public agencies and the private sector); integration of the current scattered monitoring and reporting systems; increasing human capacity; access to technology and access to financial resources. The Republic of Tajikistan as a participant of the PPCR has gained experience in monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures.', 'The Republic of Tajikistan as a participant of the PPCR has gained experience in monitoring and evaluation of adaptation measures. In 2011, the PPCR Secretariat was established to coordinate projects related to climate change, one of its goals being monitoring and evaluating PPCR activities. The recognized system for monitoring and evaluation of adaptive measures within the framework of the national programs and strategies is currently an integral part of the Medium-Term Development programs of the Republic of Tajikistan. The existing M&E system can be fully used as a tool for tracking the progress of the adaptation measures at national, regional and sectoral level.', 'The existing M&E system can be fully used as a tool for tracking the progress of the adaptation measures at national, regional and sectoral level. The M&E system of adaptive measures should be designed to track progress in achieving the goals, identify the positive experience and existing problems in the implementation of the NDS 2030, the NSACC 2030, the Medium-Term Development program for 2021-2025, the National Strategy for Disaster Reduction until 2030, the goals of the National Action Plan (NAP) of the Republic of Tajikistan for Climate Change Mitigation under the UNFCCC, the target indicators of the enhanced NDCs, the goals of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction for 2015–2030, and Sustainable Development Goals until 2030 (SDGs 2030).', 'The M&E system of adaptive measures should be designed to track progress in achieving the goals, identify the positive experience and existing problems in the implementation of the NDS 2030, the NSACC 2030, the Medium-Term Development program for 2021-2025, the National Strategy for Disaster Reduction until 2030, the goals of the National Action Plan (NAP) of the Republic of Tajikistan for Climate Change Mitigation under the UNFCCC, the target indicators of the enhanced NDCs, the goals of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction for 2015–2030, and Sustainable Development Goals until 2030 (SDGs 2030). Putting the adaptive measures into planning and practice at national and regional level requires the definition of quantitative and qualitative indicators.Qualitative indicators of adaptation measures at national level may include: ● Level of integration of climate change adaptation measures into national plans; ● Strengthening the capacity of the government; and ● Coordination mechanisms for climate resilience Risk indicators, impacts assessment and adaptive capacity to climate change can be used as quantitative indicators of climate change adaptation.', 'Putting the adaptive measures into planning and practice at national and regional level requires the definition of quantitative and qualitative indicators.Qualitative indicators of adaptation measures at national level may include: ● Level of integration of climate change adaptation measures into national plans; ● Strengthening the capacity of the government; and ● Coordination mechanisms for climate resilience Risk indicators, impacts assessment and adaptive capacity to climate change can be used as quantitative indicators of climate change adaptation. Another important part of ETF is to track the progress of implementing the commitment.', 'Another important part of ETF is to track the progress of implementing the commitment. In this regard, it will be necessary to develop/improve the framework for it by having more in-depth involvement of line ministries, development of an implementation plan, indicators to report tracked progress towards the achievement of its NDC, as well as related actions as defined in the national, sectoral policies, and strategies, and efforts for continuous improvement. Tracking financial resources for adaptation and mitigation activities, both from development partners, as well as from the private sector, and government input are important elements of the M&E implementation of the updated NDCs. To solve this problem, the development of indicators is required to determine the contribution of development partners, the private sector and the government.', 'To solve this problem, the development of indicators is required to determine the contribution of development partners, the private sector and the government. Monitoring procedures should include procedures for budgeting national and subnational funding sources. Until now, there is practically no system of consolidated monitoring and evaluation of the introduction of new technologies and capacity building. The development of an M&E system requires the incorporation of new technologies and capacity building. This goal is currently being solved through the GCF Readiness project led by FAO. However, there is a need for improved monitoring, evaluation and learning to track progress for mitigation and adaptation in an integrated way, identify lessons and continually improve the effectiveness of policies and measures.', 'However, there is a need for improved monitoring, evaluation and learning to track progress for mitigation and adaptation in an integrated way, identify lessons and continually improve the effectiveness of policies and measures. The country will benefit from an integrated MRV system that covers both adaptation and mitigation and can help in tracking progress of both domestically and internationally supported measures, while also helping the Republic of Tajikistan to meet its international reporting obligations. 5. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 5.1. Financial Needs The Republic of Tajikistan is highly influenced by change and has relatively low adaptive capacity. Unless robust measures are taken to reduce current and future vulnerability and increase of adaptive capacity, the country is likely to experience significant economic losses, humanitarian challenges and environmental degradation.', 'Unless robust measures are taken to reduce current and future vulnerability and increase of adaptive capacity, the country is likely to experience significant economic losses, humanitarian challenges and environmental degradation. The Paris Agreement in relation to developing countries, which includes the Republic of Tajikistan, defines measures to provide specific assistance for adaptation to climate change. When predicting the calculations of possible mitigation and adaptation costs on a long-term basis in key sectors of the economy, it is necessary to proceed from the planned measures of the enhanced NDCs, NDS 2030, MDP 2021-2025, NSACC 2030, as well as other sectoral strategies and programs.', 'When predicting the calculations of possible mitigation and adaptation costs on a long-term basis in key sectors of the economy, it is necessary to proceed from the planned measures of the enhanced NDCs, NDS 2030, MDP 2021-2025, NSACC 2030, as well as other sectoral strategies and programs. To predict climate finance, the most optimal option, taking into account the impact of COVID- 19 on the national economy, is the formulation of an inertial development scenario based on the NDS 2030 and a crisis scenario based on the MDP 2021-2025. In both scenarios, the average annual growth rate of the country s GDP is envisaged in the range of 4-5%.', 'In both scenarios, the average annual growth rate of the country s GDP is envisaged in the range of 4-5%. Based on the forecast calculations of the GDP growth rate (on average 5%), it is possible to forecast plausible costs of envisaged mitigation and adaptation measures. Nevertheless, it needs to be stressed that an increase in GDP will automatically lead to an increase in GHG emissions. Thus, the growth of the investment rate in mitigation and adaptation measures should be higher than the expected GDP growth rate. In the worst-case scenario, the investment on climate change should remain at the same level of the GDP growth rate. At least 7% of Tajikistan s GDP is required for financing climate change activities throughout the decade of 2020-2030.', 'At least 7% of Tajikistan s GDP is required for financing climate change activities throughout the decade of 2020-2030. The last implies that the overall climate finance required by 2030 could represent more than 1 billion USD per year. Furthermore, the Republic of Tajikistan expects that of the total costs for climate change, the energy and transport sector should have a 20% of the share each, followed by water supply ans sewage with 10%, and water irrigation with 15%, biodiversity and natural disasters with 15% and agriculture with 20%. Thus, the Republic of Tajikistan asks to channelise on an equitable basis the finance for funding its mitigation as well as its adaptive measures.', 'Thus, the Republic of Tajikistan asks to channelise on an equitable basis the finance for funding its mitigation as well as its adaptive measures. The following funds may become an option for setting up a climate finance mechanism for the Republic of Tajikistan. That mechanism could be supported by the Green Climate Fund, the Adaptation Fund, the GEF and other Multilateral and Bilateral Agreements, as well as other sources of funding such as private funds. The Republic of Tajikistan use own resources for the NDC implementation, however it strongly relies on the international financial support both for mitigation and adaptation action. The impact of COVID-19 on the country’s economy had effect the domestic resources needs for the NDC implementation. 5.2.', 'The impact of COVID-19 on the country’s economy had effect the domestic resources needs for the NDC implementation. 5.2. Technology Transfer Analysis of the available technological solutions in the Republic of Tajikistan within the framework of development partner cooperation, shows that their scope of action only covers energy, agriculture and water sectors and mainly irrigation technologies for water conservation and processing of agricultural products. Furthermore, other technologies aim to improve housing conditions of the population. On the contrary, the transport sector and disaster risk management technologies are not included in the list. However, some of the proposed technological solutions are related to climate change mitigation and focus on poverty reduction rather than climate change adaptation policies.', 'However, some of the proposed technological solutions are related to climate change mitigation and focus on poverty reduction rather than climate change adaptation policies. Based on the lessons learned from the implementation of projects in the Republic of Tajikistan and from the experience of other countries, the following mechanism for introducing new technologies can be proposed: ● Bridging existing gaps in the introduction of new technologies; ● Monitoring and evaluation of the introduction of new technologies; ● Financing mechanism; ● Incentives and technology advancement; ● Sectoral coverage and knowledge sharing.', 'Based on the lessons learned from the implementation of projects in the Republic of Tajikistan and from the experience of other countries, the following mechanism for introducing new technologies can be proposed: ● Bridging existing gaps in the introduction of new technologies; ● Monitoring and evaluation of the introduction of new technologies; ● Financing mechanism; ● Incentives and technology advancement; ● Sectoral coverage and knowledge sharing. Specific measures for the introduction of new technologies include: ● Assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of projects to adapt to climate change throughout the life cycle of projects; ● Introduction of quantitative and qualitative indicators of new technologies and their effectiveness into the monitoring system; ● Financing technologies for adaptation to climate change with the budget framework by the private sector and development partners through a multilateral development fund, co-financing or public-private partnerships; ● Lower loans rate interest for the use/purchase of climate change adaptation technologies for a long period; ● Income tax exemption for Local manufacturers and service providers if they use climate resilient technologies; ● Availability of the best practices in new technologies to all users; ● Creation of techno parks for the introduction of new technologies for adaptation to climate change; ● Encouraging regional experience in the exchange of information on new technologies, which reduces, directly or indirectly, the impact of climate change; ● Creation of a platform to share experience on new technologies at national and regional levels.There is a need to conduct a new Technology needs assessment for the Republic of Tajikistan (the last one was conducted in 2003) to identify the needs, and the relevant efficient and cost-effective technologies.', 'Specific measures for the introduction of new technologies include: ● Assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of projects to adapt to climate change throughout the life cycle of projects; ● Introduction of quantitative and qualitative indicators of new technologies and their effectiveness into the monitoring system; ● Financing technologies for adaptation to climate change with the budget framework by the private sector and development partners through a multilateral development fund, co-financing or public-private partnerships; ● Lower loans rate interest for the use/purchase of climate change adaptation technologies for a long period; ● Income tax exemption for Local manufacturers and service providers if they use climate resilient technologies; ● Availability of the best practices in new technologies to all users; ● Creation of techno parks for the introduction of new technologies for adaptation to climate change; ● Encouraging regional experience in the exchange of information on new technologies, which reduces, directly or indirectly, the impact of climate change; ● Creation of a platform to share experience on new technologies at national and regional levels.There is a need to conduct a new Technology needs assessment for the Republic of Tajikistan (the last one was conducted in 2003) to identify the needs, and the relevant efficient and cost-effective technologies. 5.3.', 'Specific measures for the introduction of new technologies include: ● Assessment of the effectiveness of the implementation of projects to adapt to climate change throughout the life cycle of projects; ● Introduction of quantitative and qualitative indicators of new technologies and their effectiveness into the monitoring system; ● Financing technologies for adaptation to climate change with the budget framework by the private sector and development partners through a multilateral development fund, co-financing or public-private partnerships; ● Lower loans rate interest for the use/purchase of climate change adaptation technologies for a long period; ● Income tax exemption for Local manufacturers and service providers if they use climate resilient technologies; ● Availability of the best practices in new technologies to all users; ● Creation of techno parks for the introduction of new technologies for adaptation to climate change; ● Encouraging regional experience in the exchange of information on new technologies, which reduces, directly or indirectly, the impact of climate change; ● Creation of a platform to share experience on new technologies at national and regional levels.There is a need to conduct a new Technology needs assessment for the Republic of Tajikistan (the last one was conducted in 2003) to identify the needs, and the relevant efficient and cost-effective technologies. 5.3. Capacity Building Capacity building for the introduction of new technologies primarily come from human and organizational capacity.', 'Capacity Building Capacity building for the introduction of new technologies primarily come from human and organizational capacity. Without the interaction of these two important aspects, it is impossible to effectively build capacity for the introduction of new technologies. In recent years, the Republic of Tajikistan has gained some experience in building both human and organizational capacity to mitigate the impact through adaptation to climate change. The PPCR is considered one of the first programs aimed at capacity building. Most of the objectives of the program focus on capacity building. Public organizations within the TajCN Climate Network play an important role in capacity building in the Republic of Tajikistan.', 'Public organizations within the TajCN Climate Network play an important role in capacity building in the Republic of Tajikistan. Non-governmental organizations of this network carry out a lot of work on capacity building on climate change issues at community level and in educational institutions. Since the signing of the Paris Agreement and submission of the initial Tajikistan NDCs, the issue of capacity building is being reflected in strategic programs and strategies of the Republic of Tajikistan. Capacity building issues were reflected in the strategic programs and strategies of the Republic of Tajikistan after the presentation of the first NDCs and the signing of the Paris Agreement.', 'Capacity building issues were reflected in the strategic programs and strategies of the Republic of Tajikistan after the presentation of the first NDCs and the signing of the Paris Agreement. NSACC 2030 defines the following measures in response to specific capacity building requirements at the sectoral level: ● in the energy sector: providing training for energy company officials on the use and methodologies required for conducting climate risk assessments and vulnerability; ● in the water sector, increasing the capacity of the WUAs; ● in agriculture: introducing knowledge about crop diversity and plant breeding, improving farmers access to information, best practices and new technologies, encouraging the use of drought-resistant seeds and methods of their application, as well as knowledge about plant protection against frost.', 'NSACC 2030 defines the following measures in response to specific capacity building requirements at the sectoral level: ● in the energy sector: providing training for energy company officials on the use and methodologies required for conducting climate risk assessments and vulnerability; ● in the water sector, increasing the capacity of the WUAs; ● in agriculture: introducing knowledge about crop diversity and plant breeding, improving farmers access to information, best practices and new technologies, encouraging the use of drought-resistant seeds and methods of their application, as well as knowledge about plant protection against frost. MDP 2021-2025 specific measures to build capacity in adaptation to climate change include: ● increased media coverage of climate change and disaster risk management; ● improvement of educational and methodological materials; ● introduction of innovative advanced training of civil servants on adaptation to climate change; ● defining a system of target indicators, including gender-sensitive indicators, to achieve national, sectoral and regional adaptation goals and approving methodological recommendations for assessing climate risks; ● developing sectoral and regional plans for adapting to climate change.', 'MDP 2021-2025 specific measures to build capacity in adaptation to climate change include: ● increased media coverage of climate change and disaster risk management; ● improvement of educational and methodological materials; ● introduction of innovative advanced training of civil servants on adaptation to climate change; ● defining a system of target indicators, including gender-sensitive indicators, to achieve national, sectoral and regional adaptation goals and approving methodological recommendations for assessing climate risks; ● developing sectoral and regional plans for adapting to climate change. Systemic capacity development at the national, sectoral, regional and local level is required to improve knowledge and strengthen capacities on the impacts of climate change and the respective mitigation and adaptation measures jointly with promoting strong cooperation with the civil society, academia and the private sector.'] | en-US |
325 | THA | Thailand | LTS | 2021-10-30 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Thailand_LTS1.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 275.064654 | 69.375919 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f0274938443e55b6cc93fa89a98f6559da3abfb81b10296bb1f3882602feafb9.pdf | ['Mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy THAILAND Submitted under the Paris Agreementii The COP, by its decision 1/CP 21, paragraph 35, invited Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement.', 'Mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy THAILAND Submitted under the Paris Agreementii The COP, by its decision 1/CP 21, paragraph 35, invited Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement. _____________________________________________ In line with the Paris Agreement, Thailand aims to peak its greenhouse gas emissions in 2030, with the ambition to move towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions as early as possible within the second half of this century, and towards carbon neutrality by 2065, while looking forward to enhanced international cooperation and support on finance, technology and capacity-building to achieve this ambition.iii Contents Thailand’s Vision ii Contents iii List of Tables iv List of Figures iv Glossary of Abbreviations v Executive summary 2 Chapter 1: National Circumstances 1.2 National GHG Emissions Profile 13 1.3 Thailand’s Climate Change Policy and Institutional Arrangement 19 Chapter 2: Thailand’s Mitigation Actions 2.1 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) 23 2.2 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 24 2.3 Implementation of Mitigation Measures 24 Chapter 3: Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development 3.1 Methodology for the Development of Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways 3.2 Long-term Sectoral emissions 36 3.3 Macroeconomic Impact Assessment 40 3.4 Co-benefits of Long-term Low Emissions 42 3.5 Thailand Carbon Neutrality 43iv List of Tables Table 1-1 Thailand’s economic indicators 7 Table 1 2 Energy production by fuel type 2016-2019 11 Table 1-3 Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018 12 Table 1-4 Main features of the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018 13 Table 2-1 Mitigation measures under Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) 25 Table 3-1 Sectoral classification in the Thailand’s LEDS CGE Model 34 Table 3-2 Change of net present value of total energy system cost 42 List of Figures Figure 1-1 Map of the Kingdom of Thailand 4 Figure 1-2 Annual mean maximum temperatures in Thailand 5 Figure 1-3 Age structure of Thailand during 2020-2040 6 Figure 1- 4 Shares of solid waste generated, recycled, and disposed 9 Figure 1-5 Final energy consumption by fuel type 2020.', '_____________________________________________ In line with the Paris Agreement, Thailand aims to peak its greenhouse gas emissions in 2030, with the ambition to move towards net-zero greenhouse gas emissions as early as possible within the second half of this century, and towards carbon neutrality by 2065, while looking forward to enhanced international cooperation and support on finance, technology and capacity-building to achieve this ambition.iii Contents Thailand’s Vision ii Contents iii List of Tables iv List of Figures iv Glossary of Abbreviations v Executive summary 2 Chapter 1: National Circumstances 1.2 National GHG Emissions Profile 13 1.3 Thailand’s Climate Change Policy and Institutional Arrangement 19 Chapter 2: Thailand’s Mitigation Actions 2.1 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) 23 2.2 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) 24 2.3 Implementation of Mitigation Measures 24 Chapter 3: Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development 3.1 Methodology for the Development of Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways 3.2 Long-term Sectoral emissions 36 3.3 Macroeconomic Impact Assessment 40 3.4 Co-benefits of Long-term Low Emissions 42 3.5 Thailand Carbon Neutrality 43iv List of Tables Table 1-1 Thailand’s economic indicators 7 Table 1 2 Energy production by fuel type 2016-2019 11 Table 1-3 Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018 12 Table 1-4 Main features of the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018 13 Table 2-1 Mitigation measures under Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) 25 Table 3-1 Sectoral classification in the Thailand’s LEDS CGE Model 34 Table 3-2 Change of net present value of total energy system cost 42 List of Figures Figure 1-1 Map of the Kingdom of Thailand 4 Figure 1-2 Annual mean maximum temperatures in Thailand 5 Figure 1-3 Age structure of Thailand during 2020-2040 6 Figure 1- 4 Shares of solid waste generated, recycled, and disposed 9 Figure 1-5 Final energy consumption by fuel type 2020. 10 Figure 1-6 Share of final energy consumption by economic sectors 2020 10 Figure 1-7 The energy conservation target during the year 2010-2037 13 Figure 1-8 National GHG emissions/removals by sector 14 Figure 1-9 Total GHG emissions by sector (excluding LULUCF) 2000 and 2016 15 Figure 1-10 GHG emissions in the Energy sector in 2016 15 Figure 1-11 GHG emissions in the IPPU sector in 2016 16 Figure 1-12 GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector in 2016 17 Figure 1-13 GHG emissions in the LULUCF sector in 2016 17 Figure 1-14 GHG emissions in the Waste sector in 2016 18 Figure 1-15 Structure of the National Committee on Climate Change Policy 20 Figure 1-16 The structure of domestic MRV system for GHG emissions reduction 21 Figure 2-1 Thailand’s NAMAs implementation 24 Figure 2-2 GHG reduction potential in 2030 according to the NDC sectoral action plans 27 Figure 3-1 Preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDS 30 Figure 3-2 Framework of Thailand’s LEDS Development 31 Figure 3-3 Overview of the input of the AIM/EndUse model in developing Thailand’s LEDS 33 Figure 3-4 An overview of the AIM/CGE Model for Thailand’s LEDS 34 Figure 3-5 GHG emissions/removals by sector in 2005 – 2050 in the BAU scenario 38 Figure 3-6 Thailand’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission scenario.', '10 Figure 1-6 Share of final energy consumption by economic sectors 2020 10 Figure 1-7 The energy conservation target during the year 2010-2037 13 Figure 1-8 National GHG emissions/removals by sector 14 Figure 1-9 Total GHG emissions by sector (excluding LULUCF) 2000 and 2016 15 Figure 1-10 GHG emissions in the Energy sector in 2016 15 Figure 1-11 GHG emissions in the IPPU sector in 2016 16 Figure 1-12 GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector in 2016 17 Figure 1-13 GHG emissions in the LULUCF sector in 2016 17 Figure 1-14 GHG emissions in the Waste sector in 2016 18 Figure 1-15 Structure of the National Committee on Climate Change Policy 20 Figure 1-16 The structure of domestic MRV system for GHG emissions reduction 21 Figure 2-1 Thailand’s NAMAs implementation 24 Figure 2-2 GHG reduction potential in 2030 according to the NDC sectoral action plans 27 Figure 3-1 Preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDS 30 Figure 3-2 Framework of Thailand’s LEDS Development 31 Figure 3-3 Overview of the input of the AIM/EndUse model in developing Thailand’s LEDS 33 Figure 3-4 An overview of the AIM/CGE Model for Thailand’s LEDS 34 Figure 3-5 GHG emissions/removals by sector in 2005 – 2050 in the BAU scenario 38 Figure 3-6 Thailand’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission scenario. 39 Figure 3-7 Thailand carbon neutrality by 2070 scenario 45 Figure 3-8: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2065 scenario 45v Glossary of Abbreviations AEDP Alternative Energy Development Plan AIM Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment Model AIM/CGE Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium BAU Business-as-usual BEC Building energy codes BECCS Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage BEV Battery electric vehicle BHD Bio-hydrogenated diesel BUR Biennial update report CAGR Compound annual growth rate CCS Carbon capture and storage CCUS Carbon capture utilization and storage CECap CO2 emissions per capita CGE Computable General Equilibrium CO Carbon Monoxide COP Coefficient of performance EEP Energy Efficiency Plan EERS Energy efficiency resource standards EES Energy storage system ESCO Energy service company EV Electric vehicle FCEV Fuel cell electric vehicle GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IPS Independent power supply ktoe Kilotonnes of oil equivalent LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LT-LEDS Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry M&E Monitoring and evaluation MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MSW Municipal solid waste NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NC National communication NCCC National committee on climate change policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEP National Energy Plan NESDC Office of the National Economic and Social Development Councilvi NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds NOX Nitrogen Oxides ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning PM2.5 Fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller RD&D Research development and deployment REDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and role of conservation, sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stock SDGs Sustainable development goals Thailand’s LEDS Thailand s Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipmentPreface Climate change is perilously affecting all countries and has had an unprecedented impact across the globe.', '39 Figure 3-7 Thailand carbon neutrality by 2070 scenario 45 Figure 3-8: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2065 scenario 45v Glossary of Abbreviations AEDP Alternative Energy Development Plan AIM Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment Model AIM/CGE Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium BAU Business-as-usual BEC Building energy codes BECCS Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage BEV Battery electric vehicle BHD Bio-hydrogenated diesel BUR Biennial update report CAGR Compound annual growth rate CCS Carbon capture and storage CCUS Carbon capture utilization and storage CECap CO2 emissions per capita CGE Computable General Equilibrium CO Carbon Monoxide COP Coefficient of performance EEP Energy Efficiency Plan EERS Energy efficiency resource standards EES Energy storage system ESCO Energy service company EV Electric vehicle FCEV Fuel cell electric vehicle GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IPS Independent power supply ktoe Kilotonnes of oil equivalent LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LT-LEDS Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry M&E Monitoring and evaluation MNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MSW Municipal solid waste NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NC National communication NCCC National committee on climate change policy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEP National Energy Plan NESDC Office of the National Economic and Social Development Councilvi NMVOC Non-methane volatile organic compounds NOX Nitrogen Oxides ONEP Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning PM2.5 Fine inhalable particles, with diameters that are generally 2.5 micrometers and smaller RD&D Research development and deployment REDD+ Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and role of conservation, sustainable management of forest and enhancement of forest carbon stock SDGs Sustainable development goals Thailand’s LEDS Thailand s Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WEEE Waste electrical and electronic equipmentPreface Climate change is perilously affecting all countries and has had an unprecedented impact across the globe. Past GHG emissions have led to many changes in the climate system, including increased heatwave frequency and intensity, heavy precipitation, as well as droughts.', 'Past GHG emissions have led to many changes in the climate system, including increased heatwave frequency and intensity, heavy precipitation, as well as droughts. Current and future emissions rates will likely cause additional global warming that will further instigate such changes with irreversible impacts. Recognizing the need for multilateral cooperation to keep the global average temperature within the limit of the Paris Agreement’s goal and guided by the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capability, especially in consideration of different national circumstances, Thailand hereby formulates its Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) to guide the country’s national development agenda and contribute to global efforts to address climate change.', 'Recognizing the need for multilateral cooperation to keep the global average temperature within the limit of the Paris Agreement’s goal and guided by the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capability, especially in consideration of different national circumstances, Thailand hereby formulates its Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) to guide the country’s national development agenda and contribute to global efforts to address climate change. Thailand’s LEDS is science-based and has been prepared with the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders to ensure a balanced position based on economic growth, poverty eradication, just transition, food security, social welfare (with particular regard for vulnerable groups), and climate actions needed to mitigate climate change.', 'Thailand’s LEDS is science-based and has been prepared with the involvement of a wide range of stakeholders to ensure a balanced position based on economic growth, poverty eradication, just transition, food security, social welfare (with particular regard for vulnerable groups), and climate actions needed to mitigate climate change. It will, therefore, serve as a basis for the preparation of future NDCs and thus support Thailand’s transition towards low GHG emissions and climate-resilient development. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, and responding to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 35 of the Conference of the Parties, Thailand hereby communicates its mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy to the Secretariat.', 'In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement, and responding to decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 35 of the Conference of the Parties, Thailand hereby communicates its mid-century, Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Development Strategy to the Secretariat. To achieve the targets outlined in Thailand’s LEDS, stringent GHG mitigation measures are needed in energy, IPPU, waste and agriculture sectors, including a drastic increase of carbon sink and removals in forestry and land uses. In this regard, international cooperation and financial, technological, and capacity-building support are critically important to support Thailand’s efforts to make this necessary transition towards a sustainable future. Although Thailand’s LEDS primarily focuses on GHG mitigation, Thailand recognizes that adaptation and climate resilience are equally important.', 'Although Thailand’s LEDS primarily focuses on GHG mitigation, Thailand recognizes that adaptation and climate resilience are equally important. Thailand, therefore, looks forward to further elaborating its policies and priorities on climate change adaptation in future communications. H.E. General Prayut Chan-o-cha (Ret.) Prime Minister of the Kingdom of ThailandExecutive Summary The Paris Agreement sets out a long-term temperature goal and underscores the urgency for Parties to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, while recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties.', 'Prime Minister of the Kingdom of ThailandExecutive Summary The Paris Agreement sets out a long-term temperature goal and underscores the urgency for Parties to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter, on the basis of equity and in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication, while recognizing that peaking will take longer for developing country Parties. In this connection, Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, suggests all Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 considering their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.', 'In this connection, Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, suggests all Parties to strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 considering their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. The mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy (LT-LEDS) of Thailand was developed through a participatory process through the establishment of various working groups from all sectors and stakeholders before gaining the final approval by the Cabinet. Thailand’s LEDS set out clear targets and measures to be implemented towards achieving its net zero GHG emission. First, Thailand aims to reach its peak GHG emissions in eq.', 'First, Thailand aims to reach its peak GHG emissions in eq. Second, Thailand’s net greenhouse gas emissions are projected to be approximately 200 MtCO2 eq in 2050, which is consistent with the global 2- degree pathway. Third, post-2050 emissions will follow the IPCC 2-degree pathways, in which Thailand aims to achieve the balance between GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks as early as possible within the second half of this century. The main GHG mitigation measures identified in Thailand’s LEDS focus on the energy and transport sectors. Measures identified in the energy sector include energy efficiency improvement, technology switching and the adoption of renewable energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS).', 'Measures identified in the energy sector include energy efficiency improvement, technology switching and the adoption of renewable energy and carbon capture and storage (CCS). In the transport sector, mitigation measures include modal shift, energy efficiency improvement and the promotion of new, efficient, vehicle fleets. In addition, Thailand also aims to meet the carbon neutrality by 2065. As such it is expected that financial and technological support will be provided as early as possible. Thailand must prioritize and speedily develop its new infrastructure, especially the energy and transport system, by increasing the share of renewable electricity generation at least 50% of new power generation capacity by 2050 and the share of new vehicles in the market to be electric vehicles at least 69% by 2035.', 'Thailand must prioritize and speedily develop its new infrastructure, especially the energy and transport system, by increasing the share of renewable electricity generation at least 50% of new power generation capacity by 2050 and the share of new vehicles in the market to be electric vehicles at least 69% by 2035. It also includes energy efficiency improvement, and adopt advanced carbon removal technologies, such as bio-energy with CCS, CCS and CCU. The energy system must be transformed through decarbonization, digitalization, decentralization, deregulation and electrification such as grid modernization, energy storage systems, net metering market, and EV infrastructure.', 'The energy system must be transformed through decarbonization, digitalization, decentralization, deregulation and electrification such as grid modernization, energy storage systems, net metering market, and EV infrastructure. Furthermore, it is foreseen that, the deployment of hydrogen renewable electricity and CCS will also play a vital role in meeting the target.It is revealed that the implementation of Thailand’s LEDS will lead to certain socio-economic impacts due to increasing energy system cost from greener energy production. This impact includes GDP and welfare losses after 2040 and large increasing carbon prices in 2050. Thailand needs to prepare a transitional plan for its transformation in the energy and transport infrastructure to increase the low-emission investments and businesses.', 'Thailand needs to prepare a transitional plan for its transformation in the energy and transport infrastructure to increase the low-emission investments and businesses. This domestic preparation, together with the expected lower costs of advanced GHG mitigation technologies, will mitigate such economic impacts and result in a better economy in a long run. Meanwhile, its co-benefit includes a decrease in energy intensity and CO2 per capita which will help in reducing local air pollutants such as NOX , CO, NMVOC and PM2.5. A successful transition to a low-carbon society in Thailand requires the contribution of all sectors and stakeholders. Thailand is looking for more low-carbon business models from both domestic and international investors.', 'Thailand is looking for more low-carbon business models from both domestic and international investors. This opportunity will enable Thailand to build forward better to become a green economy country after the COVID-19 pandemic and facilitate a move towards carbon neutrality and a net zero GHG emission, respectively. Lastly, to achieve Thailand s LEDS targets, international cooperation and support is needed in terms of policy development, research and technology development, development of appropriate mechanisms and instruments, and capacity building.National Circumstances Climate change is among several major challenges to sustainable development. Economic activities since the industrial revolution have dramatically accelerated the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and increased the severity of climate change.', 'Economic activities since the industrial revolution have dramatically accelerated the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and increased the severity of climate change. Thailand is one of the Southeast Asia countries severely affected by climate change, especially the long- term impacts such as increasing average temperature and increased severity and frequency of floods, droughts and storms. Such adverse effects jeopardize major economic sectors, including agriculture, tourism, and industry. Economic activity, population growth and urbanization contribute to the greenhouse gas emissions in Thailand. Despite Thailand only contributing less than one percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions, it has set up the goal to become a low carbon society and efforts have been made to shift its energy policy towards green energy over the past decade.', 'Despite Thailand only contributing less than one percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions, it has set up the goal to become a low carbon society and efforts have been made to shift its energy policy towards green energy over the past decade. The renewable energy utilization has been greatly expanded to achieve the goal of sustainable green growth. 1.1 Country Profile Thailand is located in a tropical area between latitudes N 5°37’ to N 20°27’ and longitudes E 7°22’ to E 105°37’, with a total area of 513,115 square kilometers, or approximately 200,000 square miles. The boundaries of Thailand with adjacent areas are: North: Myanmar and Laos; East: Laos, Cambodia and the Gulf of Thailand; South: Malaysia; and West: Myanmar and the Andaman (See Figure 1-1).', 'The boundaries of Thailand with adjacent areas are: North: Myanmar and Laos; East: Laos, Cambodia and the Gulf of Thailand; South: Malaysia; and West: Myanmar and the Andaman (See Figure 1-1). Figure 1-1: Map of the Kingdom of ThailandThailand has a coastline of approximately 2,700 km; it borders the Andaman Sea, with 865 km of coastline. Geographically, Thailand can be divided into six regions. The northern region is characterized as hilly and mountainous. The north-eastern region is naturally a high plain. The central region is a large low-level plain. The eastern regions are mostly plains and valleys with some small hills. The southern region is a peninsula with the Andaman Sea on the western side and the South China Sea on the eastern side.', 'The southern region is a peninsula with the Andaman Sea on the western side and the South China Sea on the eastern side. Lastly, the western region is hilly and mountainous. Thailand’s climate is influenced by two main seasonal monsoon winds: the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon starts in May and brings a stream of warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean towards Thailand, causing abundant rain over the country, especially on the windward side of the mountains. The northeast monsoon starts in October and brings cold and dry air from the anticyclone in the Chinese mainland over major parts of Thailand, particularly focused on the north and northeast regions.', 'The northeast monsoon starts in October and brings cold and dry air from the anticyclone in the Chinese mainland over major parts of Thailand, particularly focused on the north and northeast regions. Thailand’s climate can be broadly divided into three seasons: 1) rainy, or the southwest monsoon season, from mid-May to mid-October 2) winter, or the northeast monsoon season, from mid-October to mid-February and 3) summer, from mid-February to mid-May. Figure 1-2 shows the annual mean maximum temperatures in Thailand, which indicate a trend of increasing temperatures is likely to continue. Figure 1-2: Annual mean maximum temperatures in Thailand °C Max. Temp. Linear (Max. Temp. )Thailand’s population is projected to gradually increase until around 2030, from which point it will start to decline.', ')Thailand’s population is projected to gradually increase until around 2030, from which point it will start to decline. The forecast populations for 2025, 2030 and 2040 are 67.09, 67.14 and 65.37 million, respectively. A decline in birth rate with a concurrent increase in life expectancy has shaped Thailand’s population structure into an ‘aging society’. The percentage of people aged 60 and over divided by people aged younger than 15 – will increase steadily. The aging index will slightly exceed 120 before 2025, at which point Thailand will be officially categorized as an ‘aged society’. Figure 1-3 shows that Thailand’s population is projected to become a ‘super aged society’ by 2035, when the aging index is estimated to exceed 200.', 'Figure 1-3 shows that Thailand’s population is projected to become a ‘super aged society’ by 2035, when the aging index is estimated to exceed 200. By 2040, the aging population will be more than double that of the youthful population. This transition is related to the care and support of aging members of society while the labor force is shrinking. Figure 1-3: Age structure of Thailand during 2020-2040 Thailand’s economic development follows the 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021), extended to 2022, which adhered to the National Strategy (2018-2037), a commitment to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), a philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, and the Thailand 4.0 Policy.', 'Figure 1-3: Age structure of Thailand during 2020-2040 Thailand’s economic development follows the 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017-2021), extended to 2022, which adhered to the National Strategy (2018-2037), a commitment to the sustainable development goals (SDGs), a philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, and the Thailand 4.0 Policy. Thailand has experienced low, single-digit GDP growth in the past decade, with the industrial and service sectors the main drivers of recent growth. Thailand has the second-largest economy in Southeast Asia, but its GDP per capita ranks fourth. The economy is heavily export-dependent, with exports accounting for more than one-third of GDP. Both exports and imports have faced negative growth over the past few years.', 'Both exports and imports have faced negative growth over the past few years. Thailand has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the world, at about 1%, because a large proportion of the population works in subsistence agriculture or other vulnerable occupations.Thailand’s economy shrunk by 6.1% in 2020 due to the Coronavirus pandemic, down from 2.3% growth the previous year, which was the lowest expansion rate in the past 10 years. Export value decreased by 6.6% while private consumption and total investment decreased by 1.0% and 4.8%, respectively (see Table 1-1). However, in the long run when the Coronavirus pandemic is over, it is expected that the economic growth would follow the same trend.', 'However, in the long run when the Coronavirus pandemic is over, it is expected that the economic growth would follow the same trend. Table 1-1: Thailand’s economic indicators Source: NESDC Economic Report and National Income of Thailand 2020, Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council 1.1.4 Natural Resources Thailand has a total land area of approximately 513,115 km2. As of 2018, 46.54% of the nation’s total land area (or 238,791 km2) was categorized as agricultural land. Forest land and non-agricultural land accounted for 31.96% and 21.50% of the total land area, respectively. Nearly half the agricultural land is attributed to paddy land, equal to 109,949 km2 or 21.43% of Thailand’s total land area.', 'Nearly half the agricultural land is attributed to paddy land, equal to 109,949 km2 or 21.43% of Thailand’s total land area. According to the estimation by the Royal Forest Department, forest area in 2018 was almost 164,000 km2, which is equivalent to 16.40 million hectares. There are a number of laws in place in Thailand related to the management and maintenance of the national forest estate, such as the Royal Forest Department Strategy (2017-2036), Forest Act, B.E.2484 (1941), National Park Act B.E. 2562 (2019) , National Reserved Forest Act, B.E.2507 (1964), Wild Animal Conservation and Protection Act B.E. 2562 (2019), Forest Plantation Act B.E. 2535 (1992) and its amendment, Chain Saws Act B.E. 2545 (2002), and Community Forest Act B.E. 2562 (2019).', '2545 (2002), and Community Forest Act B.E. 2562 (2019). In addition, a range of projects and programmes have also been implemented to solve issues surrounding forest loss, including activities related to Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+).1.1.5 State of the Environment • Air Quality The five major air pollutants in Thailand are sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3 ) and particulate matter (PM). PM10 is generated by building and road construction while SO2 mainly comes from industrial activities. Air pollution in Thailand can be attributed to two main sources: 1) meteorological factors during the dry season, and 2) point source pollution.', 'Air pollution in Thailand can be attributed to two main sources: 1) meteorological factors during the dry season, and 2) point source pollution. To address this problem, the Royal Thai Government has formulated the 20-Year Master Plan on Air Quality Management (2018-2037), set up standards for atmospheric air quality and emissions from specific sources of origin, and developed a national air quality reporting system for communicating information in order to improve air quality. • Water Quality Thailand’s overall surface water quality was improved in 2018, remaining within ‘fair’ and ‘good’ quality ranges. Some water resources decreased in quality, mostly in estuaries in central Thailand, where municipal, industrial and agricultural waste are concentrated.', 'Some water resources decreased in quality, mostly in estuaries in central Thailand, where municipal, industrial and agricultural waste are concentrated. The outcome of water quality testing of the country’s 59 major rivers and 6 standing water sources showed results of ‘good’, ‘fair’ and ‘poor’ water quality indices in the proportion of 46%, 45% and 9%, respectively. Water quality monitoring in 64 provinces revealed 27 provinces (42%) with good quality, 29 provinces (45%) with fair quality and 8 provinces (13%) with poor quality. Thailand has formulated the 20-Year National Water Quality Management Plan (2018- 2037), which prioritizes controlling wastewater discharge to natural water resources.', 'Thailand has formulated the 20-Year National Water Quality Management Plan (2018- 2037), which prioritizes controlling wastewater discharge to natural water resources. • Waste The amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated in 2020 was 25.37 million tons; this is an 11.63% decrease from 2019, and is mainly a result of expanding urban communities and the shift from agricultural to urban society (See Figure 1-4). The volume of household hazardous waste generated in 2018 was 638,000 tons or a 3.2% increase from 2017.', 'The volume of household hazardous waste generated in 2018 was 638,000 tons or a 3.2% increase from 2017. Around 65% of this hazardous waste (414,600 tons) was Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), with the remaining 35% (223,400 tons) consisting of other household hazardous waste, such as batteries, dry cell batteries, chemical containers and spray bottles.Source: Thailand State of Pollution Report 2020, Pollution Control Department Figure 1 -4: Shares of solid waste generated, recycled, and disposed The amount of industrial waste managed by an appropriate treatment in 2018 was 17.51 million tons, which decreased 33% from 2017. From that total amount, 20.82 million tons is non-hazardous industrial waste, of which 7.2 million tons were used as fuel to generate electric power, and 1.2 million tons were hazardous industrial waste.', 'From that total amount, 20.82 million tons is non-hazardous industrial waste, of which 7.2 million tons were used as fuel to generate electric power, and 1.2 million tons were hazardous industrial waste. The 20-Year Strategic Plan on Pollution Management (2017-2036) was formulated to provide a framework to achieve sustainable waste management and a low-carbon society by 2036. In addition, the National Master Plan for Waste Management (2016-2021) has been adopted as a guideline for solid and hazardous waste management. 1.1.6 Energy Situation • Energy Consumption In 2020, most of the energy consumption was for commercial use, amounting to 66,821 ktoe (86.40% of total).', '1.1.6 Energy Situation • Energy Consumption In 2020, most of the energy consumption was for commercial use, amounting to 66,821 ktoe (86.40% of total). Among the energy sources, petroleum products accounted for the largest proportion of consumption (48.00%), followed by electricity (21.67%), natural gas (6.40%), and coal and coal products (10.32%) (See Figure 1-5).', 'Among the energy sources, petroleum products accounted for the largest proportion of consumption (48.00%), followed by electricity (21.67%), natural gas (6.40%), and coal and coal products (10.32%) (See Figure 1-5). The rate of waste generation (kg/person/day) The amount of solid waste (million tons) Waste utilization (million tons) Proper disposal (million tons) Improper disposal (million tons) The rate of waste generation (kg/person/day)Source: Energy Balance of Thailand 2020, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-5: Final energy consumption by fuel type 2020 The transportation sector contributed the largest share of final energy consumption, at around 38.40% of the final energy consumption, followed by manufacturing, residential, commercial, agriculture, construction and mining, respectively (See Figure 1-6).', 'The rate of waste generation (kg/person/day) The amount of solid waste (million tons) Waste utilization (million tons) Proper disposal (million tons) Improper disposal (million tons) The rate of waste generation (kg/person/day)Source: Energy Balance of Thailand 2020, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-5: Final energy consumption by fuel type 2020 The transportation sector contributed the largest share of final energy consumption, at around 38.40% of the final energy consumption, followed by manufacturing, residential, commercial, agriculture, construction and mining, respectively (See Figure 1-6). Source: Energy Balance of Thailand 2020, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-6: Share of final energy consumption by economic sectors 2020 Traditional renewable energy Renewable energy Petroleum products Electricity Natural gas Coal&coal products Comercial Energy• Energy Production Energy production in 2020 was 65,821 ktoe, representing an 11.76% decrease from the previous year (Table 1-2).', 'Source: Energy Balance of Thailand 2020, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-6: Share of final energy consumption by economic sectors 2020 Traditional renewable energy Renewable energy Petroleum products Electricity Natural gas Coal&coal products Comercial Energy• Energy Production Energy production in 2020 was 65,821 ktoe, representing an 11.76% decrease from the previous year (Table 1-2). The commercial energy contributed the largest share of energy production at 41,871 ktoe (63.61% of the total), followed by renewable energy at 16,020 ktoe (24.34%), traditional renewable energy at 5,179 ktoe (7.87%), biofuel at 2,343 ktoe (3.56%), and, finally, other energy sources produced 408 ktoe (0.62%) Table 1-2: Energy production by fuel type 2016-2019 Energy Production Quantity (ktoe) Growth (%) Traditional Renewable Energy** * solar, wind, hydro geothermal, fuel wood, paddy husk, bagasse, agricultural waste, MSW and biogas ** fuel wood, charcoal, paddy husk and agricultural waste *** black liquor and residual gas In 2020, the total amount of energy imports was 77,064 ktoe, with crude oil comprising the largest share of 54.88%.', 'The commercial energy contributed the largest share of energy production at 41,871 ktoe (63.61% of the total), followed by renewable energy at 16,020 ktoe (24.34%), traditional renewable energy at 5,179 ktoe (7.87%), biofuel at 2,343 ktoe (3.56%), and, finally, other energy sources produced 408 ktoe (0.62%) Table 1-2: Energy production by fuel type 2016-2019 Energy Production Quantity (ktoe) Growth (%) Traditional Renewable Energy** * solar, wind, hydro geothermal, fuel wood, paddy husk, bagasse, agricultural waste, MSW and biogas ** fuel wood, charcoal, paddy husk and agricultural waste *** black liquor and residual gas In 2020, the total amount of energy imports was 77,064 ktoe, with crude oil comprising the largest share of 54.88%. The amount of energy exported was 10,812 ktoe, of which approximately 97.43% are petroleum products.', 'The amount of energy exported was 10,812 ktoe, of which approximately 97.43% are petroleum products. • Alternative Energy Thailand’s alternative energy consumption continued to increase between 2016 and 2018 (See Table 1-3). By 2018, Thailand’s alternative energy consumption was 12,996 ktoe, representing an increase of 10.78% from the previous year. Alternative energy consumption from electricity, heat, and biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel) accounted for 15.48% of the total final energy consumption. The total electricity consumption from electrical alternative energy sources, including solar, wind, hydroelectricity, biomass, MSW and biogas in 2018 was 2,960 ktoe, while consumption for heat sources such as solar, biomass, MSW and biogas was 7,919 ktoe. Biofuel consumption was 2,117 ktoe, which constituted 781 ktoe from ethanol and 1,336 ktoe from biodiesel.', 'Biofuel consumption was 2,117 ktoe, which constituted 781 ktoe from ethanol and 1,336 ktoe from biodiesel. Thailand has formulated the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018 and an AEDP action plan aiming to promote alternative energy and reducedependency on energy imports such as oil and natural gas. The overall goal of this plan is to increase the share of renewable energy consumption to 30% by 2037.', 'The overall goal of this plan is to increase the share of renewable energy consumption to 30% by 2037. Table 1-3: Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018 Type of Fuel Unit Status at end of year Target Electricity Solar floating MW - - - 2,725 Biomethane ktoe - - - 2,023 Biofuel Pyrolysis oil Million liter/day - - - 0.53 Share of RE in final consumption (%) 13.83 14.53 15.48 30 • Energy Efficiency Thailand has formulated the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018 and an EE action plan aiming to promote its energy efficiency. The EEP2018 specifies a target of 30% energy intensity reduction by 2037 and aims to conserve 54,371 ktoe by the end of the plan from all demand side sectors (See Figure 1-7).', 'The EEP2018 specifies a target of 30% energy intensity reduction by 2037 and aims to conserve 54,371 ktoe by the end of the plan from all demand side sectors (See Figure 1-7). The industrial sector is the major contributor, accounting for more than 40 percent of the energy conservation target. This sector is expected to conserve energy amounting to 49,064 ktoe.', 'This sector is expected to conserve energy amounting to 49,064 ktoe. The transport, commercial/government buildings, residence, and agriculture sectors are expected to conserve energy 17,682 ktoe, 21,167 ktoe, 6,418 ktoe, 3,300 ktoe and 527 ktoe, respectively, by 2037 (Table 1-4).Source: Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-7: The energy conservation target during the year 2010-2037 Table 1-4: Main features of the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018 Economic sector Electricity (ktoe) Heat (ktoe) Total (ktoe) 1.2 National GHG Emissions Profile 1.2.1 Overview of Historical Emissions Thailand has continued to track GHG emissions, the six main types of which (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride) are required to be reported according to the UNFCCC.', 'The transport, commercial/government buildings, residence, and agriculture sectors are expected to conserve energy 17,682 ktoe, 21,167 ktoe, 6,418 ktoe, 3,300 ktoe and 527 ktoe, respectively, by 2037 (Table 1-4).Source: Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Figure 1-7: The energy conservation target during the year 2010-2037 Table 1-4: Main features of the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018 Economic sector Electricity (ktoe) Heat (ktoe) Total (ktoe) 1.2 National GHG Emissions Profile 1.2.1 Overview of Historical Emissions Thailand has continued to track GHG emissions, the six main types of which (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride) are required to be reported according to the UNFCCC. In December 2020, the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reported in the third BUR of Thailand have been made in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'In December 2020, the national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reported in the third BUR of Thailand have been made in accordance with 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The total GHG emissions in 2016 (excluding those from LULUCF) were 354,357.61 GgCO2eq and net GHG (including those from LULUCF). In 2016, the Energy sector was the largest contributor to Thailand’s GHG emission, accounting for 71.65% of total GHG emissions, while emissions from the Agriculture, IPPU and Waste sectors accounted for 14.72%, 8.90% and 4.73%, respectively. The LULUCF sector contributed to a net removal of , showing a trend of increased net removals as total removals exceededtotal emissions. In the global perspective, Thailand’s GHG emissions represent less than 1% of global emissions and are lower than the world average.', 'In the global perspective, Thailand’s GHG emissions represent less than 1% of global emissions and are lower than the world average. Figure 1-8 shows the trend of GHG emissions. Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-8: National GHG emissions/removals by sector Total GHG emissions (excluding those from LULUCF) increased from 245,757.14 GgCO2 eq in eq in 2016, with an average annual increase of 2.31%. The net removal of CO2 eq in 2016. Net GHG emissions therefore increased overall from 183,796.37 GgCO2 eq in 2000 to eq in 2016, with an average annual increase of 2.27%. From 2000-2016, the main source of GHG emissions was the Energy sector, which saw an increase of 53.74% from eq in 2016.', 'From 2000-2016, the main source of GHG emissions was the Energy sector, which saw an increase of 53.74% from eq in 2016. The proportion of GHG emissions in the Energy sector accounted for 67.20% of total emission sources in 2000, increasing to 71.65% of total emission sources in 2016. In the same period, the share of emissions from the Agriculture sector decreased from 19.93% in 2000 to 14.72% in 2016, while the share of emissions from the IPPU and Waste sectors remained constant (See Figure 1-9).Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-9: Total GHG emissions by sector (excluding LULUCF) 2000 and 2016 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission by Sector • Energy Total direct GHG emissions from the Energy sector in 2016 were estimated to be 253,895.61 eq.', 'Figure 1-9: Total GHG emissions by sector (excluding LULUCF) 2000 and 2016 1.2.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission by Sector • Energy Total direct GHG emissions from the Energy sector in 2016 were estimated to be 253,895.61 eq. The majority of GHG emissions in the Energy sector were generated by fuel combustion, consisting mostly of grid-connected electricity and heat production at around eq (42.84%). GHG emissions from Transport, Manufacturing Industries and Construction, and other sectors were 68,260.17 GgCO2 eq eq (6.10%), respectively. Fugitive Emissions from fuel eq or a little over 4.33% of total GHG emissions from the Energy sector. Details of GHG emissions in the Energy sector by gas type and source in 2016 are presented in Figure 1-10. Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020.', 'Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-10: GHG emissions in the Energy sector in 2016• Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) The estimation of GHGs for the IPPU sector covered all gases indicated in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines, with the exception of the Fluorinated (F)-gases inventory due to a limitation on available activity data. Total direct GHG emissions from the IPPU sector in 2016 were estimated to be 31,531.41 GgCO2 eq. The majority of GHG emissions in this sector were attributed to mineral production, which accounted for approximately 18,968.93 GgCO2 eq (60.16%). GHG emissions from the chemical industry, metal production and non-energy products were estimated at 11,970.64 GgCO2 eq (0.94%) and eq (0.94%), respectively.', 'GHG emissions from the chemical industry, metal production and non-energy products were estimated at 11,970.64 GgCO2 eq (0.94%) and eq (0.94%), respectively. Details of direct and indirect GHG emissions in the IPPU sector by gas type and source in 2016 are presented in Figure 1-11 Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-11: GHG emissions in the IPPU sector in 2016 • Agriculture Total GHG emissions from the Agriculture sector in 2016 were 52,158.70 GgCO2 eq. Livestock eq from enteric eq for direct and indirect manure management, respectively. Meanwhile, crop-related GHG emissions accounted for 40,963.49 GgCO2 eq (78.54%). Rice cultivation was the main GHG contributor in Thailand’s Agriculture sector, at eq (22.00%), with direct and indirect emissions contributing 8,425.98 and 3,047.94 GgCO2 eq, respectively.', 'Rice cultivation was the main GHG contributor in Thailand’s Agriculture sector, at eq (22.00%), with direct and indirect emissions contributing 8,425.98 and 3,047.94 GgCO2 eq, respectively. Field burning of agricultural residues and urea fertilizer contributed similar GHG emissions of eq (2.50% and 2.91%), respectively. Details of GHG emissions are presented in Figure 1-12.Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-12: GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector in 2016 • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) The GHG emissions and sinks from LULUCF sector were estimated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for three land categories: forest land, cropland, and other land.', 'Figure 1-12: GHG emissions in the Agriculture sector in 2016 • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) The GHG emissions and sinks from LULUCF sector were estimated using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for three land categories: forest land, cropland, and other land. Total CO2 emissions/removals from Carbon (C) stock changes for each land use category was calculated based on the sum of each subcategory, taking into account three carbon pools: 1) above ground biomass, 2) below ground biomass, and 3) dead organic matter (deadwood and litter). The LULUCF sector in Thailand showed a trend of increased net removals as total removals exceeded total emissions. Croplands, therefore, dominated net removal estimates for Thailand’s LULUCF sector. Details of GHG emissions/removals in LULUCF sector in 2016 are presented in Figure 1-13.', 'Details of GHG emissions/removals in LULUCF sector in 2016 are presented in Figure 1-13. Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-13: GHG emissions in the LULUCF sector in 2016• Waste Total direct GHG emissions from the Waste sector in 2016 were estimated to be 16,771.89 . GHG emissions in the Waste sector were mainly from wastewater treatment and discharge, at an estimated 8,310.24 GgCO2eq (49.55%), and solid waste disposal, at 8,139.72 (48.53%). The waste incineration accounted for 244.21 GgCO2eq (1.46%), while the biological treatment of solid waste was estimated at 77.72 GgCO2eq (0.46%). Details of GHG emissions in the Waste sector in 2016, are presented in Figure 1-14. Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020.', 'Source: Thailand Third Biennial Update Report, UNFCCC 2020. Figure 1-14 GHG emissions in the Waste sector in 2016 It is clear that the drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is not just an environmental concern, but should also integrate agencies involved in economic and social development. The campaign must also attach importance to the energy and transport sectors, especially with regard to electricity generation and fuel combustion in the transport sector. The use of energy from fuel combustion and industrial electricity use, including at the household level, is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The use of energy from fuel combustion and industrial electricity use, including at the household level, is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. The energy and transport sectors form the basis for many forms of development, such as improving manufacturing industries and services that produce lower amounts of carbon, adapting economic structures so that they are more environmentally friendly, and creating sustainable low-carbon cities, among others. Therefore, it is imperative to moderate the structure of the energy and transportation industry to ensure low-carbon release and environmental friendliness in the near future. Otherwise, it will take a long time to implement the changes and the long-term impact on the country s greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Otherwise, it will take a long time to implement the changes and the long-term impact on the country s greenhouse gas emissions. Due to the systematic nature of reporting and information collection, the energy and transportation sectors are sources of large amounts of emissions. The long-term plans should benefit the public in reducing GHG emissions by, for example, creating stability in the energy sector, saving time and increasing convenience in travel, and reducing air pollution to improve public health.1.3 Thailand’s Climate Change Policy and Institutional Arrangement Global cooperation is needed to tackle climate change. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a fundamental and most important international framework to address climate change.', 'The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is a fundamental and most important international framework to address climate change. Thailand became a Party to UNFCCC in 1991, and ratified its Kyoto Protocol in 2002 and its Paris agreement in 2016. To effectively address the threat of climate change to Thailand’s economy and society and in response to the implementation of relevant provisions under UNFCCC, Thailand has gradually formulated and developed its climate change strategies, policies, plans and institutional arrangement. The first National Strategic Plan on Climate Change (2008-2013) was developed, in which the cabinet directed all government departments and agencies to take into consideration such strategy in their policies and planning.', 'The first National Strategic Plan on Climate Change (2008-2013) was developed, in which the cabinet directed all government departments and agencies to take into consideration such strategy in their policies and planning. The most important policy framework for climate change in Thailand at the moment is the Climate Change Master Plan 2558-2593 B.E. (2015-2050), which aims to set a long-term direction that related agencies and sectors can use to guide the development of plans of action in their respective areas. In addition, issues under the Climate Change Master Plan have been integrated into the National Strategy (2018-2037), which will guide a national policy framework in the next 20 years.', 'In addition, issues under the Climate Change Master Plan have been integrated into the National Strategy (2018-2037), which will guide a national policy framework in the next 20 years. 1.3.1 Thailand’s Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) Thailand’s Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) (ONEP, 2015) aims to aid Thailand in achieving its sustainable development and low carbon growth and climate change resilience by 2050.', '1.3.1 Thailand’s Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) Thailand’s Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) (ONEP, 2015) aims to aid Thailand in achieving its sustainable development and low carbon growth and climate change resilience by 2050. It consists of three key strategies: (i) Climate Change Adaptation, which aims to build climate resilience by integrating policies and measures in all sectors, (ii) Mitigation and Low Carbon Development, which facilitates the development of mechanisms for GHG emissions reduction and leads to sustainable low carbon growth, and (iii) Enabling Environment for Climate Change Management which desires to build capacity for climate change implementation by enhancing potential and awareness of stakeholders and developing database, knowledge, and technology to support climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'It consists of three key strategies: (i) Climate Change Adaptation, which aims to build climate resilience by integrating policies and measures in all sectors, (ii) Mitigation and Low Carbon Development, which facilitates the development of mechanisms for GHG emissions reduction and leads to sustainable low carbon growth, and (iii) Enabling Environment for Climate Change Management which desires to build capacity for climate change implementation by enhancing potential and awareness of stakeholders and developing database, knowledge, and technology to support climate change adaptation and mitigation. Thailand’s climate actions are divided into short-term, medium-term and long-term targets up to 2050.', 'Thailand’s climate actions are divided into short-term, medium-term and long-term targets up to 2050. For the mitigation actions, short-term targets include: (i) develop medium- and long-term GHG emission reduction targets and prepare roadmaps for the implementation by sector, including the GHG emission reduction target on a voluntary basis (pre-2020 target), Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) roadmaps, and measurement, reporting, and verification mechanisms, (ii) establish domestic incentive mechanisms to encourage low carbon development. The medium-term targets include: (i) reduce GHG emissions from energy and transport sectors by 7-20% against BAU level by 2020, subject to the level of international support, (ii) supply at least 25% of energy consumption from renewable energy sources by 2021 and (iii) increase the ratio of municipalities with more than 10 m2 of green space per capita.', 'The medium-term targets include: (i) reduce GHG emissions from energy and transport sectors by 7-20% against BAU level by 2020, subject to the level of international support, (ii) supply at least 25% of energy consumption from renewable energy sources by 2021 and (iii) increase the ratio of municipalities with more than 10 m2 of green space per capita. The long-term targets include: (i) reduce energy intensity by at least 30% by 2036 compared to a business as usual scenario, (ii) increase use of public transportationservices, (iii) reduce GHG emissions from land transport, (iv) increase investment in low carbon and environmental friendly industries, (v) reduce open waste dumping areas, (vi) reduce open biomass burning, (vii) increase organic and GAP-certified farming and (viii) reduce GHG emissions per GDP.', 'The long-term targets include: (i) reduce energy intensity by at least 30% by 2036 compared to a business as usual scenario, (ii) increase use of public transportationservices, (iii) reduce GHG emissions from land transport, (iv) increase investment in low carbon and environmental friendly industries, (v) reduce open waste dumping areas, (vi) reduce open biomass burning, (vii) increase organic and GAP-certified farming and (viii) reduce GHG emissions per GDP. At the moment, Thailand is in the process of revising its Climate Change Master Plan to be in line with the current circumstances and to take into account the efforts undertaken in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement.', 'At the moment, Thailand is in the process of revising its Climate Change Master Plan to be in line with the current circumstances and to take into account the efforts undertaken in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. 1.3.2 Existing Institutional Arrangement The National Committee on Climate Change Policy (NCCC) was established in 2007 as the main decision-making body for climate change management in Thailand. The NCCC is chaired by the Prime Minister and consists of members representing relevant agencies from both public and private sectors, experts and relevant stakeholders. The key responsibilities of the NCCC include the formulation of national climate policies and the establishment of guidelines and mechanisms for international collaboration on climate change.', 'The key responsibilities of the NCCC include the formulation of national climate policies and the establishment of guidelines and mechanisms for international collaboration on climate change. Five subcommittees are established under the NCCC, namely (1) Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration, (2) Subcommittee on Climate Change Knowledge and Database, (3) Subcommittee on Climate Change Negotiation and International Cooperation, (4) Subcommittee on Public Relations and Actions for Climate Empowerment and (5) Subcommittee on Climate Law. Figure 1-15 shows the institutional arrangements of Thailand’s NCCC.', 'Figure 1-15 shows the institutional arrangements of Thailand’s NCCC. Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) Figure 1-15: Structure of the National Committee on Climate Change PolicyTo effectively implement, monitor, report and verify greenhouse gas emission reduction, Thailand has developed the domestic Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system at both national and sectoral levels (See Figure 1-16): Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) Figure 1-16: The structure of domestic MRV system for GHG emissions reduction National level: • The Working Group on GHG Mitigation Measures is responsible for (i) selection of appropriate measures for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GHG emission reduction, identification of emission factors and implementation of MRV processes for activity data and (ii) revision and providing feedback on the GHG emission reduction report.', 'Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) Figure 1-15: Structure of the National Committee on Climate Change PolicyTo effectively implement, monitor, report and verify greenhouse gas emission reduction, Thailand has developed the domestic Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system at both national and sectoral levels (See Figure 1-16): Source: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP) Figure 1-16: The structure of domestic MRV system for GHG emissions reduction National level: • The Working Group on GHG Mitigation Measures is responsible for (i) selection of appropriate measures for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) of GHG emission reduction, identification of emission factors and implementation of MRV processes for activity data and (ii) revision and providing feedback on the GHG emission reduction report. • The Subcommittee on Climate Change Knowledge and Database is responsible for consideration and approval on the report submitted from sectoral level.', '• The Subcommittee on Climate Change Knowledge and Database is responsible for consideration and approval on the report submitted from sectoral level. • The National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC) is responsible for the final approval on the GHG emission reduction report which will be included in the national reports such as the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and National Communication (NC).Sectoral level: The relevant implementing agencies responsible for GHG emissions reduction at the sectoral level are in charge of the verification of the following key data and approaches after the finalization by the working groups on GHG mitigation measures, including (i) appropriate measures for M&E of GHG emissions reduction, (ii) methodology for the calculation of GHG emission reduction, (iii) MRV process for activity data and (iv) results and GHG emissions reduction report.Thailand’s Mitigation Actions Being among of the top 10 countries most vulnerable to climate risk, Thailand has placed climate change on its national agenda and taken proactive steps to address this urgent threat.', '• The National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC) is responsible for the final approval on the GHG emission reduction report which will be included in the national reports such as the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and National Communication (NC).Sectoral level: The relevant implementing agencies responsible for GHG emissions reduction at the sectoral level are in charge of the verification of the following key data and approaches after the finalization by the working groups on GHG mitigation measures, including (i) appropriate measures for M&E of GHG emissions reduction, (ii) methodology for the calculation of GHG emission reduction, (iii) MRV process for activity data and (iv) results and GHG emissions reduction report.Thailand’s Mitigation Actions Being among of the top 10 countries most vulnerable to climate risk, Thailand has placed climate change on its national agenda and taken proactive steps to address this urgent threat. Climate change has been integrated and embedded into development policies, strategies and plans across sectors and at all levels.', 'Climate change has been integrated and embedded into development policies, strategies and plans across sectors and at all levels. Climate change has been incorporated into Thailand’s national economic and social development plans since 2007. Climate change is currently addressed at the highest policy level under the National Strategy (2018-2037) to ensure a long-term continuity of sustainable low-carbon development. Tremendous efforts have been made in mitigating the country’s GHG emissions with available resources and capabilities. In addition, Thailand as a party to the UNFCCC has voluntarily submitted its Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) in 2014. In 2016, Thailand’s 1st Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was communicated to UNFCCC upon its ratification of the Paris Agreement, indicating its mitigation and adaptation contribution to the global efforts to address climate change.', 'In 2016, Thailand’s 1st Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) was communicated to UNFCCC upon its ratification of the Paris Agreement, indicating its mitigation and adaptation contribution to the global efforts to address climate change. The updated NDC was later communicated in 2020. NAMAs and NDCs are key policy instruments that shape Thailand’s climate actions in pursuing its low GHG emission and climate-resilient development. 2.1 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) In 2014, Thailand submitted its NAMAs to UNFCCC, pledging to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in energy and transportation sectors by 7-20 percent from the projected business as usual level by 2020.', '2.1 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) In 2014, Thailand submitted its NAMAs to UNFCCC, pledging to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions in energy and transportation sectors by 7-20 percent from the projected business as usual level by 2020. The target of 7% GHG mitigation in 2020 is intended to be achieved using domestic resources, while additional emission reduction up to 20% is subject to sufficient international support under the UNFCCC. Strong and positive progress has been achieved during Thailand’s NAMAs implementation. In 2019, Thailand reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 64.20 MtCO2 eq, or 17 % from its projected business as usual level (See Figure 2-1).', 'In 2019, Thailand reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 64.20 MtCO2 eq, or 17 % from its projected business as usual level (See Figure 2-1). This achievement demonstrates robust climate actions currently undertaken which lay a solid foundation for NDC and Thailand’s LEDS implementation in the next phases.Figure 2-1: Thailand’s NAMAs implementation 2.2 Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Thailand submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to UNFCCC in 2015, which was later to become Thailand’s first NDC. The NDC was formulated in accordance with the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy and the principle of Sustainable Development, and based on relevant national plans already approved or in the pipeline for approval by the Cabinet. It also builds upon measures, and takes into account lessons learnt and good practices during NAMAs implementation.', 'It also builds upon measures, and takes into account lessons learnt and good practices during NAMAs implementation. Thailand’s first NDC indicates an emission reduction of 20% from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030. The level of contribution could increase up to 25%, subject to adequate and enhanced access to technology development and transfer, financial resources and capacity building support through a balanced and ambitious global agreement under UNFCCC. Besides, adaptation priorities and support need are clearly outlined. In 2020, Thailand communicated its updated NDC to the UNFCCC, confirming its mitigation contribution by 2030. It also provided the most up-to-date information on its progress in the implementation of its pre-2020 action, concrete implementation plans, and key information of adaptation component and support needs.', 'It also provided the most up-to-date information on its progress in the implementation of its pre-2020 action, concrete implementation plans, and key information of adaptation component and support needs. 2.3 Implementation of Mitigation Measures The heart of Thailand s NDC development and implementation is being realistic and achievable and with a balanced consideration between emission reduction and economic development. Climate change mitigation policies have been integrated and translated from Total GHG emission reduction (MtCO2 eq)the 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan (2017- 2021, extended to 2022) to sectoral and local levels. Specifically, the NDC Roadmap and sectoral action plans are developed in 4 sectors, namely energy, transportation, industrial processes and product use, and waste management.', 'Specifically, the NDC Roadmap and sectoral action plans are developed in 4 sectors, namely energy, transportation, industrial processes and product use, and waste management. Strong collaboration among key stakeholders and supporting mechanisms are also key success factors in achieving this target. Following the submission of Thailand’s first NDC, the Cabinet endorsed the NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) in 2017 as a clear guidance to achieve its NDC targets. Developed under a participatory approach and through a national consultative process, this Roadmap identifies a set of mitigation actions in the energy, transportation, IPPU and waste management sectors. NDC Roadmap to strive towards the reduction of 115.6 MtCO2eq , which accounts for a 20.83% reduction in 2030 when compared to the BAU level.', 'NDC Roadmap to strive towards the reduction of 115.6 MtCO2eq , which accounts for a 20.83% reduction in 2030 when compared to the BAU level. Mitigation actions in the NDC Roadmap are identified based on the following policies and plans: • 12th National Economics and Social Development Plan 2017-2021, extended to 2022 • Climate Change Master Plan 2015-2050 • Power Development Plan 2015-2036 • Thailand Smart Grid Development Master Plan 2015-2036 • Energy Efficiency Plan 2015-2036 • Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015-2036 • Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan 2013-2030 • National Industrial Development Master Plan 2012-2031 • Waste Management Roadmap Mitigation measures under NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) can be summarized as shown in Table 2-1. Table 2-1: Mitigation measures under Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) Sector Mitigation measure MtCO2eq 1. Energy Energy Generation 1. Increase power generation efficiency 2.', 'Energy Energy Generation 1. Increase power generation efficiency 2. Renewable energy generation Energy Consumption in Households 3. Increase energy efficiency in households 4. Renewable energy in households Energy Consumption in Buildings (Commercial and Public) 5. Increase energy efficiency in buildings 2. Transportation 1. Avoid/Reduce traveling 2. Shift/Maintain travel modes 3. Improve energy efficiency in transportSector Mitigation measure MtCO2eq 3. IPPU 1. Clinker substitution Management Waste Management 1. Reducing the amount of waste (e.g. reducing disposal rates, increasing recycling and waste utilization, etc.) Wastewater Management 2. Increasing biogas production from industrial wastewater through re-utilization of methane 3. Industrial wastewater management 4. Municipal wastewater management 2.3.2 NDC Sectoral Action Plans 2021-2030 The NDC Sectoral Action Plans 2021-2030 were developed to support the implementation of NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) in four sectors, namely energy, transport, industrial processes and product use, and waste management.', 'Municipal wastewater management 2.3.2 NDC Sectoral Action Plans 2021-2030 The NDC Sectoral Action Plans 2021-2030 were developed to support the implementation of NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) in four sectors, namely energy, transport, industrial processes and product use, and waste management. It allocates emission reduction targets for each identified measure with the aim to facilitate the relevant sectoral agencies in fulfilling their respective emission reduction targets. These sectoral action plans were prepared by relevant sectoral agencies, with a wide range of stakeholder consultation and public participation processes. They include the details of potential activities/projects, objectives, indicators and source of funding/budget. It is estimated that measures under the NDC Sectoral Action Plans have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 156.86 MtCO2eq in 2030 as shown in Figure 2-2.', 'It is estimated that measures under the NDC Sectoral Action Plans have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 156.86 MtCO2eq in 2030 as shown in Figure 2-2. This provides a concrete implementation roadmap in achieving Thailand’s first NDC mitigation target. Figure 2-2: GHG reduction potential in 2030 according to the NDC sectoral action plansThe summary of the NDC sectoral action plans are as follows. • The NDC Action Plan in Energy Sector, prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy, identifies potential mitigation measures such as increasing energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy (Energy Policy and Planning Office, 2019).', '• The NDC Action Plan in Energy Sector, prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy, identifies potential mitigation measures such as increasing energy efficiency and promoting renewable energy (Energy Policy and Planning Office, 2019). • The NDC Action Plan in Transport Sector, prepared by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, Ministry of Transport, identifies potential mitigation measures from relevant plans such as travel demand management (TDM), transit- oriented development (TOD), expansion of railway network, and bus fleet upgrades (Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, 2019).', '• The NDC Action Plan in Transport Sector, prepared by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, Ministry of Transport, identifies potential mitigation measures from relevant plans such as travel demand management (TDM), transit- oriented development (TOD), expansion of railway network, and bus fleet upgrades (Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, 2019). • The NDC Action Plan in Industrial Processes and Product Use including Industrial Wastewater Sector, prepared by the Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry, identifies potential mitigation measures such as clinker substitution, refrigerant replacement and industrial wastewater management (Department of Industrial Works, 2019).', '• The NDC Action Plan in Industrial Processes and Product Use including Industrial Wastewater Sector, prepared by the Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry, identifies potential mitigation measures such as clinker substitution, refrigerant replacement and industrial wastewater management (Department of Industrial Works, 2019). • The NDC Action Plan in Municipal Waste Management Sector, prepared by the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, identifies potential mitigation measures such as municipal solid waste management and municipal wastewater management (Pollution Control Department, 2018). Additionally, supportive mechanisms for effective implementation of the sectoral action plans are considered in the areas such as research and development, economic tools and mechanisms, laws and regulations, MRV system, capacity building and stakeholder engagement.', 'Additionally, supportive mechanisms for effective implementation of the sectoral action plans are considered in the areas such as research and development, economic tools and mechanisms, laws and regulations, MRV system, capacity building and stakeholder engagement. 2.3.3 Existing Economic Mechanisms National climate change implementation plans, strategic plans or other medium-term plans are important to secure political commitments and reaffirm country s commitment to global mitigation efforts under the Convention. To enhance an effective implementation of mitigation actions, unprecedented change and deep reductions in GHG emissions across the country s economy are needed. Investment in state-of-the-art technologies would be necessary to achieve the stringent emission reduction targets. The development of economic mechanisms is one of many critical factors in supporting greenhouse gas reduction activities for entrepreneurs and civilians.', 'The development of economic mechanisms is one of many critical factors in supporting greenhouse gas reduction activities for entrepreneurs and civilians. The Office of the Board of Investment (BOI) is a government agency under the Office of the Prime Minister whose primary mission is to promote valuable investment in Thailand. In 2021, the BOI approved a series of incentives to promote investments that reduce environmental impacts, support sustainable development, and contribute to the development of the BCG (Bio, Circular and Green economy) model, which the Thai government has identified as a priority to lead the post-COVID 19 recovery. These measures include the following:(1) The grassroots economy support scheme will also include support for local organizations involved in developing sustainable agricultural activities such as low methane rice farming.', 'These measures include the following:(1) The grassroots economy support scheme will also include support for local organizations involved in developing sustainable agricultural activities such as low methane rice farming. It is expected that this new addition will encourage competent businesses to participate in the sustainable agriculture movement. It also extends the deadline for applications under the grassroots economy support scheme to the end of 2022. (2) A 3-year tax exemption will be granted for investments in upgrading machinery to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is in addition to the existing productivity enhancement scheme. It is expected that this new measure will contribute to the country s commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.', 'It is expected that this new measure will contribute to the country s commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. (3) Adjustments to the conditions and benefits for some categories of business to encourage eco-friendly technologies: • Investments in cold storage facilities and refrigerated transport that use natural refrigerants and reduce environmental impact will be granted 3-year corporate income tax exemptions. • Petrochemical production facilities that use Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS) technologies will be granted 8-year corporate income tax exemptions. (4) Introduction of a new promotion category for natural gas separation plants which if they are implementing CCUS technologies will be granted 8-year corporate income tax exemptions. Moreover, Thai government envisions the country becoming the largest electric vehicle investment hub in one of the world s fastest-growing economic blocs.', 'Moreover, Thai government envisions the country becoming the largest electric vehicle investment hub in one of the world s fastest-growing economic blocs. The National Electronic Vehicles Policy Committee, set up by the Thai government, recently introduced a master plan that sets out a framework for the development of electric vehicles. The main objective of this master plan is to establish Thailand as "ASEAN s center of excellence" in three areas, namely zero-emission vehicles, next-generation automotive technology, and innovation in the next- generation business models by 2035. Investment promotion policies have also been introduced for the production of all types of electric vehicles (EVs) to further boost the EV sector.', 'Investment promotion policies have also been introduced for the production of all types of electric vehicles (EVs) to further boost the EV sector. The investment promotion will extend to the production of BEV platforms, which consist of an energy storage system, a charging module, and a front and rear axle module. The concept of shared platforms is a new trend in the automotive industry, offering greater flexibility, shorter product development times and economies of scale. In addition, the promotion of electric bicycles (E-bikes) also offers tax incentives, i.e.', 'In addition, the promotion of electric bicycles (E-bikes) also offers tax incentives, i.e. exemption from corporate income tax for at least 3 years.Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development The Paris Agreement sets out a long-term temperature goal and underscores the urgency for Parties to play their part to enable global GHG emissions to peak and decline as soon as possible. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, all Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2, considering their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.', 'In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement, all Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2, considering their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. In this regard, the mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy was formulated to guide Thailand towards a climate-resilient and low GHG emissions development and serves as a basis for enhancing its pre-2050 mitigation actions. The preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDS includes a national consultative process among various sectoral working groups and relevant stakeholders with the objective to identify a set of national long-term GHG mitigation actions in the energy, transport, IPPU, waste, agriculture and LULUCF sectors.', 'The preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDS includes a national consultative process among various sectoral working groups and relevant stakeholders with the objective to identify a set of national long-term GHG mitigation actions in the energy, transport, IPPU, waste, agriculture and LULUCF sectors. A national consultation was organized to hear comments and encourage discussion on the outcome of the study before submitting it for consideration by the national working group on integration of GHG mitigation policy and planning, the Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration, and the NCCC and Cabinet before submitting it to the UNFCCC.', 'A national consultation was organized to hear comments and encourage discussion on the outcome of the study before submitting it for consideration by the national working group on integration of GHG mitigation policy and planning, the Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration, and the NCCC and Cabinet before submitting it to the UNFCCC. (See Figure 3-1) Figure 3-1: Preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDSThe Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration is responsible to provide input and recommendation on the development and integration of climate change policy, strategy and plan, in relation to both mitigation and adaptation; provide suggestions on mechanisms and measures, such as legal regulations, and financial measures; and push forward an integrated budget allocation system on climate change.', '(See Figure 3-1) Figure 3-1: Preparation and approval process of Thailand’s LEDSThe Subcommittee on Climate Change Policy and Planning Integration is responsible to provide input and recommendation on the development and integration of climate change policy, strategy and plan, in relation to both mitigation and adaptation; provide suggestions on mechanisms and measures, such as legal regulations, and financial measures; and push forward an integrated budget allocation system on climate change. In the development of Thailand’s LEDS, this subcommittee considers and provides suggestions on the draft document in which the working group on national GHG reduction policy and plan integration has integrated relevant information among the ministerial agencies and academic institutes related to climate change to formulate mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions.', 'In the development of Thailand’s LEDS, this subcommittee considers and provides suggestions on the draft document in which the working group on national GHG reduction policy and plan integration has integrated relevant information among the ministerial agencies and academic institutes related to climate change to formulate mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions. However, the other four subcommittees will be informed of the progress of Thailand’s LEDS formulation through the existing mechanism when it is submitted to the NCCC for consideration.', 'However, the other four subcommittees will be informed of the progress of Thailand’s LEDS formulation through the existing mechanism when it is submitted to the NCCC for consideration. 3.1 Methodology for the Development of Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways 3.1.1 Model for Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Pathways Thailand’s mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategy was developed based on the scenario of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of this century, in line with science and the Paris Agreement. The BAU scenario was developed using input information of the current country’s circumstances and status provided by related ministerial agencies into the Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment Model (AIM) (Figure 3-2).', 'The BAU scenario was developed using input information of the current country’s circumstances and status provided by related ministerial agencies into the Asia-Pacific Integrated Assessment Model (AIM) (Figure 3-2). Figure 3-2: Framework of Thailand’s LEDS Development• The AIM/EndUse The AIM model has been developed through the collaboration between the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES) Japan, Kyoto University, the Mizuho Information & Research Institute, and other researchers in Asia, including Thailand. The AIM model focuses on relevant policies to support low-carbon pathways. The AIM/EndUse model was used to quantify climate change assessment and relevant policies to mitigate GHG emissions.', 'The AIM/EndUse model was used to quantify climate change assessment and relevant policies to mitigate GHG emissions. The model is a recursive dynamic model, a partial equilibrium, which can simulate the calculation for numerous years with several case studies, including policy countermeasures for mid-century mitigation actions to examine the effect of energy savings and GHG emission abatement. It is a bottom-up model with detailed technology information. The technological selection is based on a linear optimization framework which minimizes the total system cost with the introduction of various constraints, for example, the availability of biomass in biomass power plants, satisfaction of the end-user demand and CO2 emission tax applied for energy intensive activities.', 'The technological selection is based on a linear optimization framework which minimizes the total system cost with the introduction of various constraints, for example, the availability of biomass in biomass power plants, satisfaction of the end-user demand and CO2 emission tax applied for energy intensive activities. The total system cost consists of the annualized initial investment costs of technologies, annualized operating and maintenance costs of technologies, energy costs, taxes (both energy tax and carbon tax) and subsidies, etc. In order to calculate the annualized cost, the capital recovery factor is used. Thailand’s LEDS were modeled in a bottom-up approach with detailed-technology information. The technological selection is based on an optimization framework which minimized the total system cost subject to various constraints, e.g.', 'The technological selection is based on an optimization framework which minimized the total system cost subject to various constraints, e.g. the potential of solar, wind and bio-energy used in power generation, and satisfying the end-user demand among the economic sectors. In the model, CH4 O are converted into CO2 -equivalent emissions by applied global warming potential (GWP) provided by the IPCC. Under this modeling approach, it is projected that the Business-as-usual of the economy-wide GHG emissions (excluding LULUCF) in 2050 will be approximately 661 MtCO2eq . The AIM/EndUse model consists of both demand side and supply side. The manufacturing industry is classified into 9 sub-sectors which is in line with the classification by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy.', 'The manufacturing industry is classified into 9 sub-sectors which is in line with the classification by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. The analyses in the industrial system can be separated into heating systems (thermal) and electricity systems. The technologies introduced in the manufacturing industries include efficient kilns in the non-metallic industry, LED lamps and efficient lighting, efficient air conditioners, etc. The residential sector can be divided into three types, namely, the greater Bangkok area, municipal areas, and rural areas. The technologies introduced in the residential sector include efficient air conditioners with high COP, LED lamps and efficient lighting, solar water heating systems, etc. The commercial building sector is divided into eight types, which are offices, hotels, hospitals, department stores, schools, hyper-mart, condominium, and other buildings.', 'The commercial building sector is divided into eight types, which are offices, hotels, hospitals, department stores, schools, hyper-mart, condominium, and other buildings. Technologies introduced in this sector include efficient boilers, LED lamps and efficient lighting, efficient heating systems, etc. Both residential and commercial building sectors, hereafter called the “building sector”, are investigated in terms of energy use andGHG emissions. Transport service can be classified into passenger transport and freight transport. Furthermore, the transport sector has been divided into road, rail, air and water modes. However, the policy assessment and CO2 emissions mitigation mainly focuses on road transport. There are nine vehicle types considered in the transport sector: sedans, vans, tri- cycles, taxis, motorcycles, buses, pick-ups, trucks, and others. Diesel (locomotive) and electric trains are considered in the rail mode.', 'Diesel (locomotive) and electric trains are considered in the rail mode. Technologies introduced in the transport sector include plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles, electric trains, etc. Figure 3-3 shows an overview of the input of the AIM/EndUse model in developing Thailand’s LEDS. Figure 3-3: Overview of the input of the AIM/EndUse model in developing Thailand’s LEDS • The AIM/CGE To understand the macroeconomic impacts of Thailand’s LEDS, a multi sector, dynamic recursive Asia-Pacific Integrated Model/Computable General Equilibrium (AIM/CGE) model is used. The CGE model is known for its strength in evaluating economy-related policies, so it has been widely adopted to assess the economic and environmental impacts of various energy and climate policies at the global, national, and sub-national levels.', 'The CGE model is known for its strength in evaluating economy-related policies, so it has been widely adopted to assess the economic and environmental impacts of various energy and climate policies at the global, national, and sub-national levels. It is noted that in Thailand’s LEDS, the carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions, methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) are treated as GHG emissions in the model. The model consists of four main blocks, namely production, government and household income, expenditure blocks and market block that considers both the domestic and international transactions (see Figure 3-4).The CGE model used for the development of Thailand’s LEDS uses the input-output table obtained from the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) to calibrate the model.', 'The model consists of four main blocks, namely production, government and household income, expenditure blocks and market block that considers both the domestic and international transactions (see Figure 3-4).The CGE model used for the development of Thailand’s LEDS uses the input-output table obtained from the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council (NESDC) to calibrate the model. The model considered in the analysis is disaggregated into detailed production sub-sectors (see Table 3-1).', 'The model considered in the analysis is disaggregated into detailed production sub-sectors (see Table 3-1). Figure 3-4: An overview of the AIM/CGE Model for Thailand’s LEDS Table 3-1: Sectoral classification in the Thailand’s LEDS CGE Model Non-energy Sectors Agriculture and forestry Crops, Livestock, Forestry, Fishery Transport Railways, Road transport, Water transport, Air transport Other transport services Services Water supply system, Communication, Trade Other services Industries Metal and non-metallic, Food, beverage, Textile, Paper Chemical industries, Rubber and plastic products Non-metallic products Basic metal, Fabricated metal products, Machinery Construction Other manufacturing products Energy Sectors 1. Coal and lignite, 2. Crude oil, 3. Petroleum products, 4.', 'Crude oil, 3. Petroleum products, 4. Gas• Existing Plans used in Thailand’s LEDS development Existing plans used in the formulation of Thailand s LEDS are: 1) National Strategy (2018 – 2037) prepared by the Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board, Prime Minister s Office. It is Thailand’s first national 20-year strategy with the vision that Thailand will become “a developed country with security, prosperity and sustainability in accordance with the sufficiency economy philosophy” and will ensure happiness and well-being for all Thais by 2037. 2) Climate Change Master Plan (2015-2050) prepared by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The master plan aims to drive Thailand towards sustainable development, low carbon growth and climate change resilience by 2050.', 'The master plan aims to drive Thailand towards sustainable development, low carbon growth and climate change resilience by 2050. Three key missions are: (i) building climate resilience by integrating policies and measures in all sectors, (ii) creating mechanisms to reduce GHG emissions, leading to sustainable low carbon growth, (iii) building readiness by enhancing capacity and awareness of stakeholders and (iv) developing a database, knowledge, and technology to support climate change adaptation and mitigation. 3) Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) prepared by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.', '3) Thailand’s NDC Roadmap (2021-2030) prepared by the Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. This roadmap identifies mitigation measures in energy sector, including renewable electricity and energy efficiency; IPPU sector such as the substitution of raw materials in cement production; and waste sector such as waste management and waste incineration. Measures under the NDC roadmap 2030 are projected to have the potential to reduce GHG emissions by 113 MtCO2eq by 2030. 4) NDC Action Plan in the energy sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy.', '4) NDC Action Plan in the energy sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy. This action plan integrated policy and measures on greenhouse gas emissions reduction from the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP2018), the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP2018), and the Power Development Plan (PDP2018) and is projected to contribute to the GHG emission reduction of 117.66 Mt- by 2030. 5) NDC Action Plan in the transport sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, Ministry of Transport. This plan identifies measures of green transport, transport efficiency, and inclusive transport and is expected to contribute to the GHG emissions reduction of 35.42 MtCO2eq in 2030.', 'This plan identifies measures of green transport, transport efficiency, and inclusive transport and is expected to contribute to the GHG emissions reduction of 35.42 MtCO2eq in 2030. 6) NDC Action Plan in the industrial processes and product use including industrial wastewater sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Department of Industrial Works, Ministry of Industry. This action plan identifies GHG emission reduction measures, including the modification of industrial production processes by clinker substitution and substitution of refrigerant, and in industrial wastewater management by increasing biogas production from industrial wastewater by recycling methane gas. Measures under thisaction plan are expected to contribute the GHG emission reduction of 2.25 MtCO2eq in 2030.', 'Measures under thisaction plan are expected to contribute the GHG emission reduction of 2.25 MtCO2eq in 2030. 7) NDC Action Plan in municipal waste management sector, 2021 – 2030, prepared by the Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. This action plan consists of work plans/activities on municipal solid waste management and municipal wastewater management that have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These measures is expected to contribute the GHG emission reduction of 2 in 2030. 8) Energy Efficiency Plan 2018 – 2037 (EEP2018) prepared by Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. It aims to achieve a target of 30% energy intensity reduction by 2037 compared to the 2010 level.', 'It aims to achieve a target of 30% energy intensity reduction by 2037 compared to the 2010 level. It is projected to conserve a total of 54,371 ktoe by the end of the plan, in which the priority sectors are transport, industry, commercial/government buildings, residence and agriculture with energy saving targets of 17,682 ktoe, 21,137 ktoe, 6,418 ktoe, 3,300 ktoe and 527 ktoe, respectively, by 2037. 9) Alternative Energy Development Plan 2018 – 2037 (AEDP2018) prepared by the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency, Ministry of Energy. It aims to increase the portion of renewable power generation from 17.29% in 2019 to 30% of total power requirement in 2037 which accounts for 29,358 MW.', 'It aims to increase the portion of renewable power generation from 17.29% in 2019 to 30% of total power requirement in 2037 which accounts for 29,358 MW. 10) Power Development Plan 2018 – 2037 (PDP2018) prepared by the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy. It aims to improve energy efficiency and enhance energy security in Thailand, focusing on the following aspects: (1) energy security to cope with the increasing demand for electricity according to National Economic and Social Development Plan and considering fuel diversification, (2) economy to maintain reasonable cost of power generation for long-term economic competitiveness, and (3) environment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of power generation and focus on renewable energy sources.', 'It aims to improve energy efficiency and enhance energy security in Thailand, focusing on the following aspects: (1) energy security to cope with the increasing demand for electricity according to National Economic and Social Development Plan and considering fuel diversification, (2) economy to maintain reasonable cost of power generation for long-term economic competitiveness, and (3) environment to reduce carbon dioxide emissions of power generation and focus on renewable energy sources. 11) Master Plan for Sustainable Transport Development and Climate Change Mitigation and the transport system development prepared by the Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning, Ministry of Transport. This plan aims to improve economic security, increase economic competitiveness, increase capacity, promote quality of life and equity, promote green growth, and enhance good governance.', 'This plan aims to improve economic security, increase economic competitiveness, increase capacity, promote quality of life and equity, promote green growth, and enhance good governance. The key areas identified include (i) integrated transport systems, (ii) improved transport services, (iii) regulations and institution, (iv) human resource development and (v) innovation & technology strategies. It is estimated that GHG emission reduction in the transport sector will contribute to approximately 36.3% of Thailand’s NDC Roadmap in 2030. 12) National Industrial Development Master Plan 2012 – 2031 prepared by the Office of Industrial Economics, Ministry of Industry. This plan highlights global climate change asone of the four major key factors for national industrial development by promoting an environmental-friendly manner.', 'This plan highlights global climate change asone of the four major key factors for national industrial development by promoting an environmental-friendly manner. 13) Thailand Industrial development strategy 4.0 (2017 – 2036) prepared by the Office of Industrial Economics, Ministry of Industry. The strategy aims to reform to smart industries, reduce carbon emission and industrial waste. 14) Thailand’s Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level for REDD+ under the UNFCCC prepared by the Technical Working Group on REDD+ of Thailand, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. 15) 20-year Forest Strategic Plan (2017-2036) prepared by the Royal Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment.', '15) 20-year Forest Strategic Plan (2017-2036) prepared by the Royal Forest Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. This strategic plan aims at increasing forest area covering up to 40% through local community participation, particularly in upstream basin and mangrove forests. It would enhance greenhouse gas removals through forest-related actions. Details of these plans can be found in the bibliography. 3.2 Long-term sectoral emissions 3.2.1 The business-as usual The business-as usual (BAU) emissions were developed based on technical analyses and consultation with relevant stakeholders by the working group on Thailand’s LEDS, including energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), waste, agriculture, and land use, land- use change and forestry (LULUCF) sectors. The energy consumption pattern and the GHG trajectory in the BAU follow the past trend during 2010-2020.', 'The energy consumption pattern and the GHG trajectory in the BAU follow the past trend during 2010-2020. Climate policies intervention is excluded from the BAU. Results reveal that Thailand’s GHG emissions of sources will increase eq in 2050, increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 1.7%. The energy sector will be the largest source of GHG emissions, followed by the agriculture, the IPPU, and the waste sectors, while the LULUCF sector will play a vital role in the removal of emissions in the BAU (see Figure 3-5). The GHG removal from the LULUCF sector will gradually increase from 50 MtCO2 eq in 2050, at the rate of 1.5% annually.', 'The GHG removal from the LULUCF sector will gradually increase from 50 MtCO2 eq in 2050, at the rate of 1.5% annually. It is noted that Thailand’s Third Biennial Update Report (BUR3) indicated an average GHG removal by LULUCF of 73 MtCO2 eq between 2005 and 2016.Figure 3-5: GHG emissions/removals by sector in 2005 – 2050 in the BAU scenario Despite the fact that the removal of greenhouse gases will moderately increase, it will be slowly increasing compared to GHG emissions of sources. In order to achieve the Paris Agreement goal, it is necessary for Thailand to focus its attention on increasing its ambition in GHG emissions reduction.', 'In order to achieve the Paris Agreement goal, it is necessary for Thailand to focus its attention on increasing its ambition in GHG emissions reduction. 3.2.2 Long-term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy The GHG removal in the LULUCF sector will be slightly increased to 120 MtCO2eq by 2037 and maintain stable through the end of this century. This projection is based on forest and green area target identified in the National Strategy (2018 – 2037) that aims to increase forest and green areas. Thus, Thailand will achieve the net GHG emissions of 200 MtCO2 eq in 2050 or a decrease of 64% compared to emissions in the BAU (See Figure 3-6). The GHG emissions from sources will reach the peak level of 370 MtCO2 eq by 2030.', 'The GHG emissions from sources will reach the peak level of 370 MtCO2 eq by 2030. In 2050, the energy sector will play a key role in mitigating GHG emissions. In addition, the LULUCF sector will contribute the removal of 5.6% of total GHG reduction in 2050. The post-2050 emissions will follow the IPCC 2-degree pathways, in which under this scenario, Thailand will achieve the balance between GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks in 2090. GHG emissions (MtCO2 eq)Figure 3-6: Thailand’s long-term low greenhouse gas emission scenario Energy system The energy sector plays an important role in the reduction of GHG emissions in Thailand’s LEDS (Figure 3-6). Therefore, stringent GHG mitigation measures are needed to implement in the energy sector.', 'Therefore, stringent GHG mitigation measures are needed to implement in the energy sector. The GHG mitigation measures implemented in the energy sector are generally classified into three main measures: energy efficiency improvement/technology switching, implementation of renewable energy, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). GHG mitigation measures identified for energy system are: • Power generation: The energy efficiency improvement and the deployment of natural gas with CCS and coal with CCS power plants, will increase to 43% in 2050 when compared to the current technology. In 2050, the share of renewable electricity will increase to 33% of total electricity generation. In addition, bio-energy with CCS (BECCS) power plant is needed to achieve the 2-degree target in 2050.', 'In addition, bio-energy with CCS (BECCS) power plant is needed to achieve the 2-degree target in 2050. • Transport sector: The energy efficiency improvement will be achieved by behavioral changes, road surface improvement and engine performance improvement. Currently, the proportion of new efficient vehicle fleets is increasing, including hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery electric vehicles. Under Thailand’s LEDS, the transport sector needs to increase the energy efficiency to 68% of total final energy consumption in 2050. Though the share of energy efficiency improvement decreases, the energy consumption in the efficient vehicle increases. Liquid biofuels have been promoted as clean alternative fuels in the transport sector.', 'Liquid biofuels have been promoted as clean alternative fuels in the transport sector. To achieve the targets under Thailand’s LEDS, the share of liquid biofuel use will have to increase from 8% in 2030 to 34% of total final energy consumption in 2050.• Manufacturing industries: Final energy consumption in manufacturing industries varies depending on the activities. For example, the heating system is used mainly in the food and beverage industries, and the chemical industries. The textile industries demand large amounts of electricity in their processes. The energy efficiency improvement of electrical devices has to increase to 77%. In the heating systems, the share of renewable energy will have to increase to approximately 46% and 50% of total final energy consumption in 2030 and 2050, respectively.', 'In the heating systems, the share of renewable energy will have to increase to approximately 46% and 50% of total final energy consumption in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Moreover, the deployment of CCS in industries will play a significant role in the chemical and the non-metallic sub-industries. The estimated captured carbon dioxides will be 18 MtCO2 eq in 2050. • Residential sector: Electricity accounts for the highest energy consumption in the residential sector. Household air conditioners are one of the key drivers of electricity demand in Thailand. The energy efficiency improvement of energy devices in the residential sector will have to increase to 29% of total final energy consumption in 2050.', 'The energy efficiency improvement of energy devices in the residential sector will have to increase to 29% of total final energy consumption in 2050. The share of renewable energy use in households will have to increase to 49% of total final energy consumption in 2050. Such a heating demand is driven by the cooking system. Though the share of renewable energy used for heating is decreasing, the amount of renewable energy consumption will increase. • Commercial buildings: The energy efficiency improvement of energy devices in the commercial buildings will have to increase to 33% of total final energy consumption in 2050. Solar water heating devices have to be promoted to produce hot water in hotels, condominiums, and hospitals.', 'Solar water heating devices have to be promoted to produce hot water in hotels, condominiums, and hospitals. The share of solar water heating will have to increase to 5% of total final energy consumption in 2050. Therefore, the GHG emissions in the energy sector is projected to be approximately 220.0 in 2050. IPPU Thailand’s LEDS of the IPPU sector is developed based on the mitigation measures identified in the NDC Action Plan in the industrial processes and product use including industrial wastewater sector 2021 – 2030. These mitigation measures consist of the modification of industrial production processes including clinker substitution, substitution of refrigerant and industrial wastewater management, including increasing biogas production from industrial wastewater by recycling methane gas.', 'These mitigation measures consist of the modification of industrial production processes including clinker substitution, substitution of refrigerant and industrial wastewater management, including increasing biogas production from industrial wastewater by recycling methane gas. Then, the emission trajectory during 2031-2050 was modelled and estimated in Thailand’s LEDS process. Results indicate that the GHG emissions in the IPPU sector will be 34.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. Waste Thailand’s LEDS of the waste sector is developed based on the mitigation measures identified in the NDC Action Plan in Municipal Waste Management 2021 – 2030. The action plan consistsof work plans/activities on community solid waste management and community wastewater management that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas.', 'The action plan consistsof work plans/activities on community solid waste management and community wastewater management that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas. The GHG emissions reduction measures include waste reduction, landfill gas, waste to energy, semi aerobic landfill, composting, anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment. The emission trajectory in the waste sector during 2031-2050 was modelled and estimated in Thailand’s LEDS process. Therefore, it shows a potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from community solid waste management and community wastewater management in which the GHG emissions from the waste sector is projected to be approximately 16.0 MtCO2eq in 2050.', 'Therefore, it shows a potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from community solid waste management and community wastewater management in which the GHG emissions from the waste sector is projected to be approximately 16.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. Agriculture The development of Thailand’s LEDS of the agriculture sector takes into consideration adaptation measures identified in the existing policies and plans that have mitigation co- benefits such as enteric fermentation, and manure management. In this study, it is perceived that adaptation measures in rice cultivation and agricultural soil will contribute to lower GHG emissions in the agriculture sector post-2050. The emission trajectory in the agriculture sector during 2031-2050 was modelled and estimated in Thailand’s LEDS process. Thus, the GHG emissions from the agriculture sector is projected to be approximately 50.0 MtCO2eq in 2050.', 'Thus, the GHG emissions from the agriculture sector is projected to be approximately 50.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. LULUCF The development of the Thailand’s LEDS of the LULUCF sector is based on the National Strategy (2018-2037). The implementation of the strategy will drastically increase carbon sinks as the key measures include increasing and remaining primary forest and regenerated natural forest area, increasing economic forest area, increasing and remaining cropland, and reducing biomass burning. It is expected that the implementation of the strategy will lead to carbon dioxide removals in the LULUCF of approximately 120.0 MtCO2eq in 2050. 3.3 Macroeconomic Impact Assessment The development of national policies, including in relation to climate change should carefully consider the direction and pattern of local and global development.', '3.3 Macroeconomic Impact Assessment The development of national policies, including in relation to climate change should carefully consider the direction and pattern of local and global development. A country s development patterns are greatly influenced by public health policy, energy security, transport and urban infrastructure and capital investment, particularly investment in the manufacturing and service sectors, which are key drivers of a country s economy. To achieve the 2-degree pathway by 2050, the intensive climate policy packages are needed. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the economic impacts as a result of the adoption and implementation of such packages. In the development of Thailand’s LEDS, the macroeconomic impacts are mainly considered in terms of total energy system cost, GDP and welfare.', 'In the development of Thailand’s LEDS, the macroeconomic impacts are mainly considered in terms of total energy system cost, GDP and welfare. In addition, the carbon prices by 2050 were also estimated.3.3.1 Total energy system cost Thailand requires additional investment in the infrastructure in power generation, transportation, manufacturing industries, and buildings. In the power sector, the present worth of the power system cost will be increased by 62.0% compared to the BAU level (see Table 3-2). The natural gas power plants with CCS and bio-energy with CCS require the highest investment in 2050, followed by wind and solar powers. The transport system cost will be increased by 16.2% compared to the BAU level.', 'The transport system cost will be increased by 16.2% compared to the BAU level. Electric trucks and electric pick-ups will account for the highest share of investment followed by electric buses and trucks. In the manufacturing industries, the energy efficiency improvement in the heating and the motor systems and the deployment of CCS require the highest investment in the non-metallic and the chemical industries in 2050. The manufacturing industries system cost will be increased by 15.3% compared to the BAU level.', 'The manufacturing industries system cost will be increased by 15.3% compared to the BAU level. The heating systems, cooling systems, and the installation of solar water heating systems require the highest investment in the building sector; however, building sector shows almost unchanged investment compared to the BAU level because of the reduction in technology prices and greater use of the energy efficient technology during 2030-2050. Table 3-2: Change of net present value of total energy system cost Sector Change of total energy system cost compared to the BAU (%) Power generation 62.0 Manufacturing industries 15.3 3.3.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The GDP is one of the important primary macroeconomic indicators. It measures the status of a country’s economy.', 'It measures the status of a country’s economy. The assessment concludes that measures identified in Thailand’s LEDS of the 2-degree pathway will lead to a decline in the GDP compared to the BAU 2050. There will be a slight GDP loss during 2021-2037. The GDP loss in 2030 is estimated to be 2.61% while stringent nation-wide GHG mitigation measures after 2037 will result in higher GDP losses of 6.6% in 2040 and 18.01% in 2050, respectively. In order to avoid this GDP loss, Thailand will need to prepare a transitional plan for its transformation in the energy and transport infrastructure to create the opportunities and increase the value of investment in low-emission and environmentally friendly businesses.', 'In order to avoid this GDP loss, Thailand will need to prepare a transitional plan for its transformation in the energy and transport infrastructure to create the opportunities and increase the value of investment in low-emission and environmentally friendly businesses. This domestic preparation, together with the expected lower costs of advanced GHG mitigation technologies, will mitigate such economic impacts and result in a better economy in a long run.Government and household consumption form the major components in the national GDP. The 2-degree pathway by 2050 will result in a significant increment in the government consumption and a drastic decline in the household consumption. The average welfare loss is estimated at 5.0% during 2020-2030.', 'The average welfare loss is estimated at 5.0% during 2020-2030. The steep decline in the household consumption, in the attempt to attain the emission target by 2050, will lead to a sharp increase in the welfare losses. Thailand’s economy will face severe damages at a welfare loss of 21.3% during 2030- 2050. Thailand may increase government expenditures to boost economic activities. The implementation of emission reduction measures under Thailand’s LEDS will increase government spending on welfare benefits, education, research and training, manufacturing industries, power generation, transportation, infrastructure investments, etc. 3.3.4 Carbon Price Carbon price is estimated to be 88 US$/tCO2eq respectively.', '3.3.4 Carbon Price Carbon price is estimated to be 88 US$/tCO2eq respectively. However, carbon price will exponentially increase to 368 US$/tCO2eq in 2050 due to the stringent GHG mitigation measures after 2037, which is similar to the study by IIASA that found the average carbon price in Asia will be 390 US$/tCO2eq by 2050. A higher carbon price leads to a larger reduction in the household consumption of goods and services as well as demands for switching to cleaner energy resources and technologies. To lower the carbon prices, Thailand’s economy needs to enhance the deployment of energy efficient technologies.', 'To lower the carbon prices, Thailand’s economy needs to enhance the deployment of energy efficient technologies. The macroeconomic assessment also shows that in the absence of technological progress, reaching a more ambitious emission reduction goal beyond the 2-degree pathway to attain the 1.5-degree pathway by 2050, or balancing between GHG emissions by sources and removals by sinks in 2050, will yield a prohibitively high economic cost. In addition, there is a need for extensive investments in low carbon technology options and attempts to limit the macroeconomic loss to meet the 1.5-degree pathway by 2050. Considering Thailand s current economic development and industrial structure, an intensive transformation of the entire system is required to move from the fossil fuel-based economy.', 'Considering Thailand s current economic development and industrial structure, an intensive transformation of the entire system is required to move from the fossil fuel-based economy. To balance emissions reduction with economic growth, all sectors need to be transformed, including the basic patterns of people s daily activities. 3.4 Co-benefits of Long-term Low Emissions Key mitigation actions are needed to reduce the proportion of fossil fuel use. These measures are necessary for the private sector, especially the industrial sector, even though the impact would be short term. If all sectors do not begin to make this transition, the losses will be even greater.', 'If all sectors do not begin to make this transition, the losses will be even greater. Despite some potential negative socio-economic impacts, the implementation of Thailand’s LEDS is likely to have positive impacts such as an increase in domestic eco- investment and green consumption and the creation of green employment. This will bring about a paradigm shift and lead to long-term sustainable development in Thailand.In terms of energy security, an indicator based on the diversity of primary energy, which is an indicator of the diversity of energy sources to support the energy needs in the country, shows that Thailand’s LEDS and the BAU 2050 will have almost the same value of diversity of primary energy. This is because Thailand has limited options of energy resources.', 'This is because Thailand has limited options of energy resources. The new form of energy, such as hydrogen, would improve the energy security of Thailand. However, the indicator on net gas import dependency in Thailand’s LEDS will be much lower than that in the BAU 2050. The mitigation co-benefit is a key consideration for the development of Thailand’s LEDS. There are two types of co-benefits examined under Thailand’s LEDS, which are energy intensity and emissions per capita (CECap). It is projected that the energy intensity and CO2 emissions per capita (CECap) in the BAU 2050 will be 0.62 ktoe/USD and 7.37 ton-CO2 per capita, respectively, while in Thailand’s LTS 2050 they will be 0.50 ktoe/USD and 2.42 ton-CO2 per capita, respectively. This finding clearly reveals a good improvement of these indicators.', 'This finding clearly reveals a good improvement of these indicators. In conclusion, the results of co-benefit analysis under Thailand’s LEDS indicates a decreasing in energy intensity of 19.4% and a decrease in CECap of 67.2% compared to the BAU 2050. In addition, the measures implemented under Thailand’s LEDS will help reduce local air pollutants generated from combustion of fossil fuels, such as NOx, CO, NMVOC and PM2.5. 3.5 Thailand Carbon Neutrality With global warming requiring rapid and comprehensive actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries have stepped up efforts to shift to clean energy and decarbonized activities.', '3.5 Thailand Carbon Neutrality With global warming requiring rapid and comprehensive actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries have stepped up efforts to shift to clean energy and decarbonized activities. Thailand also has focused its attention on reducing carbon dioxide emission in the energy sector, which is the largest contributor of GHG emission, in order to support the achievement of Thailand’s LEDS goal. Thailand has formulated the National Energy Plan (NEP 2022) framework as a policy framework to guide the related agencies to achieve the transformational change to clean energy systems and will achieve the goal of becoming a carbon neutral country in 2065-2070.', 'Thailand has formulated the National Energy Plan (NEP 2022) framework as a policy framework to guide the related agencies to achieve the transformational change to clean energy systems and will achieve the goal of becoming a carbon neutral country in 2065-2070. In addition to Thailand’s LEDS, Thailand considered two additional scenarios focusing on only carbon dioxide emissions in the energy, IPPU, waste and agriculture sectors as follows: • Thailand carbon neutrality by 2070 scenario. In this scenario, the share of renewable electricity generation will be at least 50% of new power generation capacity by 2050 and new vehicles in the market will be electric vehicle (Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)) with the share of 69% by 2035.', 'In this scenario, the share of renewable electricity generation will be at least 50% of new power generation capacity by 2050 and new vehicles in the market will be electric vehicle (Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV)) with the share of 69% by 2035. Under this scenario, carbon dioxide emissions in the IPPU, waste and agriculture sectors will follow the 2-degree pathway. • Thailand carbon neutrality by 2065 scenario. This scenario employs the same policy and measures in the 2070 scenario and also includes energy efficiency improvement. The 2070 and 2065 carbon neutrality scenarios are presented in Figures 3-7 and 3-8, respectively. The net nationwide carbon dioxide emissions under the 2070 scenario and thein 2050, respectively.', 'The net nationwide carbon dioxide emissions under the 2070 scenario and thein 2050, respectively. Consequently, Thailand will achieve a net zero carbon dioxide emission by 2070 with 50% share of renewable electricity plants in the new power generation capacity and 69% share of new electric vehicles on the market by 2035. Furthermore, Thailand will achieve net zero carbon dioxide emissions as early as 2065 if it applies the same policies and measures as in the 2070 scenario and incorporates energy efficiency improvement. Figure 3-7: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2070 scenario Figure 3-8: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2065 scenario To achieve the carbon neutrality by 2065, Thailand emphasizes the importance of innovation and RD&D, especially in the areas for low carbon electricity generation, CCS, bio-energy with CCS and hydrogen economy.', 'Figure 3-7: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2070 scenario Figure 3-8: Thailand carbon neutrality by 2065 scenario To achieve the carbon neutrality by 2065, Thailand emphasizes the importance of innovation and RD&D, especially in the areas for low carbon electricity generation, CCS, bio-energy with CCS and hydrogen economy. Public transport infrastructure and networks will be priorities todecarbonize the transport sector. A complete transformation of the vehicle fleet, the development of public EV fast charging networks, and hydrogen fueling stations are required as early as possible.', 'A complete transformation of the vehicle fleet, the development of public EV fast charging networks, and hydrogen fueling stations are required as early as possible. The new energy policy framework of Thailand’s carbon neutral target set by Ministry of Energy in 2021 includes: 1) Policy direction to increase the share of new renewable electricity generation to be at least 50%, increase the share of electric vehicles to be at least 30% by 2030, increase energy efficiency by reduce energy intensity at least 30% by 2037, and promote energy system transformation through decarbonization, digitalization, decentralization, deregulation, and electrification.', 'The new energy policy framework of Thailand’s carbon neutral target set by Ministry of Energy in 2021 includes: 1) Policy direction to increase the share of new renewable electricity generation to be at least 50%, increase the share of electric vehicles to be at least 30% by 2030, increase energy efficiency by reduce energy intensity at least 30% by 2037, and promote energy system transformation through decarbonization, digitalization, decentralization, deregulation, and electrification. 2) Framework of energy system transformation in the power sector includes (i) low carbon power generation to achieve Thailand’s carbon neutrality by 2065-2070, (ii) carbon capture and storage (CCS), (iii) carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), (iv) grid modernization to support disruptive technologies such as smart energy management and energy storage systems, (v) distributed generation through smart micro grids to support peer-to-peer and net-metering markets and (iv) low carbon electrification such as battery electric vehicles and EV infrastructure.', '2) Framework of energy system transformation in the power sector includes (i) low carbon power generation to achieve Thailand’s carbon neutrality by 2065-2070, (ii) carbon capture and storage (CCS), (iii) carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), (iv) grid modernization to support disruptive technologies such as smart energy management and energy storage systems, (v) distributed generation through smart micro grids to support peer-to-peer and net-metering markets and (iv) low carbon electrification such as battery electric vehicles and EV infrastructure. 3) Framework of energy system transformation in natural gas includes (i) promoting liquefied natural gas (LNG) in industries and transportation, (ii) improving natural gas system management, (iii) infrastructure development of LNG, and (iv) good governance of natural gas market.', '3) Framework of energy system transformation in natural gas includes (i) promoting liquefied natural gas (LNG) in industries and transportation, (ii) improving natural gas system management, (iii) infrastructure development of LNG, and (iv) good governance of natural gas market. 4) Framework of energy system transformation in oil includes (i) improving petroleum distillation process to meet EURO5 and EURO 6 standards, (ii) promoting low carbon fuels such as biofuels used in transportation including removing petroleum subsidy, (iii) improving the infrastructure and modern management system and (iv) promoting battery electric vehicles and revising management system of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), including shifting from LPG stoves in households to electric stoves.', '4) Framework of energy system transformation in oil includes (i) improving petroleum distillation process to meet EURO5 and EURO 6 standards, (ii) promoting low carbon fuels such as biofuels used in transportation including removing petroleum subsidy, (iii) improving the infrastructure and modern management system and (iv) promoting battery electric vehicles and revising management system of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), including shifting from LPG stoves in households to electric stoves. 5) Framework of alternative energy to increase renewable electricity generation to 50% by 2050 and integration of energy storage in the long term to lessen impacts of increasing energy prices.', '5) Framework of alternative energy to increase renewable electricity generation to 50% by 2050 and integration of energy storage in the long term to lessen impacts of increasing energy prices. The energy system transformation needs to (i) increase domestic renewable energy production, (ii) promote distributed generation, micro- grids and grassroots economy, (iii) digitalize renewable energy control center platform for both on-grid and off-grid areas, (iv) provide incentives and policies that support renewable energy investment and markets, and (v) promote renewable energy technology investment, bio-economy, research and development of hydrogen, and bio-jet. 6) Framework of energy efficiency improvement includes digital technology and innovation to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce investment in newpower plants. The energy efficiency business will help promoting Energy Service Companies (ESCO) and job opportunities.', 'The energy efficiency business will help promoting Energy Service Companies (ESCO) and job opportunities. The supportive actions include (i) increasing energy efficiency target measures such as Building Energy Codes (BEC), Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS) and ESCO business, (ii) promoting Green Buildings and Industries by using smart energy management, and (iii) promoting digital platform for energy savings, smart energy management, EV data platforms and EV infrastructure, including sufficient number of EV charging stations. Thailand’s carbon neutral target is fundamental for achieving its net zero greenhouse gas emissions target. It is an ambitious move for developing countries that have limited access to modern energy infrastructure. The NEP 2022 is a starting point for energy transition in Thailand as it contains concrete measures to reduce carbon emissions in the near future.', 'The NEP 2022 is a starting point for energy transition in Thailand as it contains concrete measures to reduce carbon emissions in the near future. 3.6 Support Needs Transition to a low-carbon society in Thailand, through the implementation of policies and measures identified in Thailand’s LEDS and the carbon neutral pathway, requires a contribution of all sectors and actors. Thailand is looking for more low-carbon business models from both domestic and international investors. This opportunity will enable Thailand to build forward better to become a green economy country after the COVID-19 pandemic. The green economy ecosystem will be accelerated with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero.', 'The green economy ecosystem will be accelerated with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero. However, to achieve Thailand s LEDS targets, international cooperation and support is needed for policy development, research and technology development, mechanisms and instruments, and capacity building, as follows: Policy implementation • Build capacity in the public and private sectors to integrate mitigation action into their respective plans or enterprises. • Raise awareness on climate change, Thailand’s LEDS and NDCs among relevant stakeholders and the general public. Research development and deployment (RD &D) in the following priority areas: Energy and transport sector • Renewable energy technologies (such as solar, wind) and approaches in advanced energy storage system (EES) and demand-side management.', 'Research development and deployment (RD &D) in the following priority areas: Energy and transport sector • Renewable energy technologies (such as solar, wind) and approaches in advanced energy storage system (EES) and demand-side management. • Carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in power plant and industries • Bio-energy with CCS • Electric Vehicle (xEV), battery and Infrastructures • Grid Modernization, smart energy management and Independent Power Supply (IPS) • Other technologies related to carbon neutrality (Hydrogen, Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD)Other sectors • Smart energy management in the industrial sector • Waste-to-energy technologies in the waste sector reduction technologies in agriculture such as enteric fermentation and manure management and rice cultivation.', '• Carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) in power plant and industries • Bio-energy with CCS • Electric Vehicle (xEV), battery and Infrastructures • Grid Modernization, smart energy management and Independent Power Supply (IPS) • Other technologies related to carbon neutrality (Hydrogen, Bio-hydrogenated diesel (BHD)Other sectors • Smart energy management in the industrial sector • Waste-to-energy technologies in the waste sector reduction technologies in agriculture such as enteric fermentation and manure management and rice cultivation. Mechanisms and instruments • Financial instruments, incentives, mechanisms and approaches to engage the private sector in the shift to green investment. • Share knowledge and best practices on legal frameworks and modalities to support Thailand’s LEDS and NDC implementation.', '• Share knowledge and best practices on legal frameworks and modalities to support Thailand’s LEDS and NDC implementation. 3.7 Implementation Approach Thailand s first best practices during NAMAs implementation will be used in the NDC and LT- LEDS implementation. As Thailand’s LEDS is a national framework on climate change mitigation, it is crucial that it is implemented in a methodical and holistic manner across sectors and levels. The implementation of Thailand’s LEDS will be in line with the timeframe of existing and subsequent NDCs. During 2021-2030, Thailand s LEDS will be implemented through the NDC roadmap and sectoral action plans which provide detailed guidance on measures and realistic actions to achieve the 1st NDC target by 2030, as well as regular monitoring and evaluation of the progress and achievement.', 'During 2021-2030, Thailand s LEDS will be implemented through the NDC roadmap and sectoral action plans which provide detailed guidance on measures and realistic actions to achieve the 1st NDC target by 2030, as well as regular monitoring and evaluation of the progress and achievement. The monitoring and evaluation of the mitigation measures relating to the Thailand’s LEDS will be carried out to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency in achieving its objectives and key performance indicators. Because it is a long-term plan spanning many years during which many changes can occur, it is envisaged that it will be subject to a comprehensive review every five years. This is consistent with the approach under the Paris Agreement that assigned Parties to submit their NDCs to the UNFCCC every five year.', 'This is consistent with the approach under the Paris Agreement that assigned Parties to submit their NDCs to the UNFCCC every five year. There is an opportunity to improve the alignment of LT-LEDS with the five-year revision cycles of NDC submission. The review will provide a chance to reassess current policy pathways and new developments which may affect the range of possible ambition. Thailand will review the information and situation regarding the implementation of the national strategy along with relevant information available domestically and internationally to revise Thailand’s LEDS accordingly.', 'Thailand will review the information and situation regarding the implementation of the national strategy along with relevant information available domestically and internationally to revise Thailand’s LEDS accordingly. The revision of Thailand’s LEDS can take into account the following factors: • Trend and progress in the development of related technologies or the rapid decline in the investment cost of technologies • The major changes in national strategy or related national policy direction • The readiness of the line ministries and local administration • Awareness, understanding and engagement among the various stakeholders • Evaluation of the problems and obstacles to implementationConsideration will also be given to any gaps or unmet needs that arise within the effort to reduce GHG emissions, which will be used to revise and refine the next phase of the plan.', 'The revision of Thailand’s LEDS can take into account the following factors: • Trend and progress in the development of related technologies or the rapid decline in the investment cost of technologies • The major changes in national strategy or related national policy direction • The readiness of the line ministries and local administration • Awareness, understanding and engagement among the various stakeholders • Evaluation of the problems and obstacles to implementationConsideration will also be given to any gaps or unmet needs that arise within the effort to reduce GHG emissions, which will be used to revise and refine the next phase of the plan. The implementation approach will be established to ensure a clear guideline for this monitoring and evaluation.', 'The implementation approach will be established to ensure a clear guideline for this monitoring and evaluation. Addressing climate change requires full engagement of all stakeholders and sectors, including government, private sector and civil society across all levels of administration and organization. They are key to the implementation of climate actions under Thailand’s LEDS. The development of practical tools and mechanisms which promote wider participation and collaboration will support building climate change resilience and contribute to low-carbon growth.BIBLIOGRAPHY Chunark, P., Thepkhun, P., Promjiraprawat, K., Winyuchakrit, P., & Limmeechokchai, B. (2015). Low carbon transportation in Thailand: CO2 mitigation strategy in 2050. SpringerPlus, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy, Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018.', 'SpringerPlus, Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy, Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2018. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency Ministry of Energy, Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP) 2018. Department of Industrial Works Ministry of Industry, Thailand Greenhouse Gas Reduction Action Plan in the Industrial Processes and Product Use Including Industrial Wastewater 2021 – 2030. Department of National Parks Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Thailand’s Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level for REDD+ Under the UNFCCC Prepared by the Technical Working Group on REDD+ of Thailand. Department of Provincial Administration Ministry of Interior, Declaration of population 1999 – 2020. Energy Policy and Planning office Ministry of Energy, Power Development Plan (PDP) 2018.', 'Energy Policy and Planning office Ministry of Energy, Power Development Plan (PDP) 2018. Energy Policy and Planning office Ministry of Energy, The National Greenhouse Gas Reduction Action Plan in the Energy Sector 2021 – 2030. Kainuma, M., Matsuoka, Y., & Morita, T. (2011). Climate policy assessment: Asia-Pacific integrated modeling. Japan: Springer Science & Business Media. Kainuma, M., Pandey, R., Masui, T., & Nishioka, S. (2017). Methodologies for leapfrogging to low carbon and sustainable development in Asia.', 'Methodologies for leapfrogging to low carbon and sustainable development in Asia. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand’s Forest Reference Emission Level and Forest Reference Level for REDD+ Under the UNFCCC Prepared by the Technical Working Group on REDD+ of Thailand Office of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Statistics of Thailand 2020 Office of Industrial Economics Ministry of Industry, National Industrial Development Master Plan 2012 – 2031. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Climate Change Management and Coordination Division Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Third Biennial Update Report.Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, NESDC Economic Report: Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2020 and Outlook for 2021.', 'Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Climate Change Management and Coordination Division Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand Third Biennial Update Report.Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, NESDC Economic Report: Thai Economic Performance in Q4 and 2020 and Outlook for 2021. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council, The National Strategy, 2018 – 2037. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, The Twelfth National Economic and Social Development Plan Office of National Water Resources, The 20-Year Master plan on Water Resources Management 2018-2037. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Thailand’s Sixth National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity.', 'Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, Thailand’s Sixth National Report on the Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Climate Change Master Plan 2050. Pollution Control Department, Thailand State of Pollution Report 2018. Royal Forest Department, Forestry Statistics Data 2018. Selvakkumaran, S., & Limmeechokchai, B. (2015). Low carbon society scenario analysis of transport sector of an emerging economy—The AIM/Enduse modelling approach. Energy Selvakkumaran, S., Limmeechokchai, B., Masui, T., Hanaoka, T., & Matsuoka, Y. (2015). A quantitative analysis of Low Carbon Society (LCS) measures in Thai industrial sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 178-195. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.026 Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand’s Climate Change Report 2019.', 'Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 178-195. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.026 Thai Meteorological Department, Thailand’s Climate Change Report 2019. The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, Pages 153- World Bank Group, Thailand Economic Monitor 2019.THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT - POLICY FORMULATION AND NATIONAL FOCAL POINT OFFICE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND PLANNING CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION DIVISION HONORARY ADVISOR H.E.', 'The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview, Global Environmental Change, Volume 42, Pages 153- World Bank Group, Thailand Economic Monitor 2019.THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT - POLICY FORMULATION AND NATIONAL FOCAL POINT OFFICE OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND PLANNING CLIMATE CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION DIVISION HONORARY ADVISOR H.E. Mr. Varawut Silpa-archa Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Mr. Jatuporn Buruspat Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Dr. Raweewan Bhuridej Former Secretary-General, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Dr. Phirun Saiyasitpanich Secretary-General, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning Dr. Natthanich Asvapoositkul Director of Climate Change Management and Coordination Division, Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning DEVELOPMENT TEAM Dr. Bundit Limmeechokchai Dr. Pornphimol Winyuchakrit Dr. Kollawat Sakhakara Dr. Salony Rajbhandari Mrs. Rosalind Amornpitakpun Dr. Puttipong Chunark Mr. Sivach Kaewcharoen Dr. Piti Pita Mr. Teerapong Laopongpith Dr. Pemika Misila Ms. Chanutsakul Supirak Ms. Achiraya Chaichaloempreecha Dr. Anuporn Wanwisade Ms. Sukanya Kanbua Ms. Pathitta Thumcharoen CONTRIBUTORS The Prime Minister s Office Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives Ministry of Transport Ministry of Energy Ministry of Digital Economy and Society Ministry of Finance Ministry of Commerce Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Industry Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Ministry of Interior Research and Innovation Office of the National Economic and Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Social Development Council Organization (Public Organization) Bangkok Metropolitan Administration SUPPORTED BY United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'] | en-US |
326 | THA | Thailand | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Thailand_INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 275.064654 | 69.375919 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3faf6b826c83c4745b81139acfba76f0b2150d70c9918eecb6ab6aedb020223b.pdf | ['.ร่าง พิมพ์ .ทาน ตรวจ .ร่าง พิมพ์ .ทาน ตรวจ No 1006.3/ Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning 60/1 Soi Phibun-Wattana 7, Rama VI Rd. Samsen-Nai, Phayathai, Bangkok 10400 THAILAND Dear Executive Secretary, Subject: Thailand’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) The Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning (ONEP), in its capacity as Thailand’s national focal point to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is pleased to communicate Thailand’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), as attached. Please accept the assurances of my highest consideration. Yours sincerely, Ms. Christiana Figueres Executive Secretary UNFCCC secretariat P.O. Box 260124 GermanySubmission by Thailand Intended Nationally Determined Contribution and Relevant Information As a developing country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Thailand attaches great importance to the global efforts to address this common and pressing challenge.', 'Box 260124 GermanySubmission by Thailand Intended Nationally Determined Contribution and Relevant Information As a developing country highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Thailand attaches great importance to the global efforts to address this common and pressing challenge. Pursuant to decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Thailand hereby communicates its intended nationally determined contribution (INDC) and the relevant information. Thailand intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030. The level of contribution could increase up to 25 percent, subject to adequate and enhanced access to technology development and transfer, financial resources and capacity building support through a balanced and ambitious global agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The level of contribution could increase up to 25 percent, subject to adequate and enhanced access to technology development and transfer, financial resources and capacity building support through a balanced and ambitious global agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Accompanying information Baseline: Business-as-usual projection from reference year 2005 in the absence of major climate change policies Time frame: 2021-2030 Coverage: Economy-wide (Inclusion of land use, land-use change and forestry will be decided later) Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous oxide (N2 O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur ) Assumptions and methodological approaches: - Global warming potential on a 100-year timescale in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report - National statistics, including sector activity and socio- economic forecasts Planning processes: Thailand s INDC was developed through participatory process.', 'Accompanying information Baseline: Business-as-usual projection from reference year 2005 in the absence of major climate change policies Time frame: 2021-2030 Coverage: Economy-wide (Inclusion of land use, land-use change and forestry will be decided later) Gases: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous oxide (N2 O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur ) Assumptions and methodological approaches: - Global warming potential on a 100-year timescale in accordance with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report - National statistics, including sector activity and socio- economic forecasts Planning processes: Thailand s INDC was developed through participatory process. Stakeholder consultations were conducted through the establishment of an inter-ministerial working group and steering committee comprising representatives from relevant sectoral agencies, academia and private sector. In addition, three national consultations were held during the technical analysis phase.', 'In addition, three national consultations were held during the technical analysis phase. Thailand s INDC was formulated based on the following plans already approved or in the pipeline for approval by the Cabinet: - National Economic and Social Development Plans - Climate Change Master Plan B.E. 2558–2593 (2015-2050)- Power Development Plan B.E. 2558–2579 (2015-2036) - Thailand Smart Grid Development Master Plan B.E. 2558- - Energy Efficiency Plan B.E. 2558–2579 (2015-2036) - Alternative Energy Development Plan B.E. 2558–2579 (2015- - Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan B.E. - National Industrial Development Master Plan B.E.', '- National Industrial Development Master Plan B.E. 2555–2574 - Waste Management Roadmap International market mechanism Thailand recognizes the important role of market-based mechanisms to enhance the cost effectiveness of mitigation actions, and therefore will continue to explore the potentials of bilateral, regional and international market mechanisms as well as various approaches that can facilitate, expedite and enhance technology development and transfer, capacity building and access to financial resources that support Thailand’s efforts towards achieving sustainable, low-carbon and climate-resilient growth, as appropriate. Review and adjustments Thailand reserves the right to review and adjust its INDC as necessary upon finalizing the new global agreement under the UNFCCC.', 'Review and adjustments Thailand reserves the right to review and adjust its INDC as necessary upon finalizing the new global agreement under the UNFCCC. Consideration of fairness and ambition, in light of national circumstances and contribution to the ultimate objective of the Convention (Article 2) Thailand s national greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions represent only 0.84% of global emissions in 2012. The country s share of cumulative emissions from 1990-2012 is 0.75%. In 2012, per capita GHG emissions is at 5.63 tCO2 e and emissions per GDP (US$ million) is 409.54 tCO2 e, which is lower than world average. In terms of emission profile, the Second National Communication indicates that 67% of total GHG emissions in Thailand in 2000 is from the energy sector. In 2012, CAIT data indicates 73% share is from energy.', 'In 2012, CAIT data indicates 73% share is from energy. Consequently, Thailand s mitigation efforts have focused primarily on the energy, including transport sector. At COP20 in Lima, Thailand pledged our pre-2020 contribution of 7-20% GHG emission reduction by 2020 below business-as-usual (BAU) in the energy and transport sectors. According to a preliminary analysis, Thailand has already achieved 4% of GHG emission reduction from the projected 2020 BAU and is well on track to achieving the 7% target pledged as voluntary domestic efforts by 2020. Our INDC will continue such efforts with ambitious plans in the relevant sectors while considering also our national circumstances and context, including:❑ Thailand has taken early actions in the field of energy and has very ambitious plans in the relevant sectors.', 'Our INDC will continue such efforts with ambitious plans in the relevant sectors while considering also our national circumstances and context, including:❑ Thailand has taken early actions in the field of energy and has very ambitious plans in the relevant sectors. Energy security has long been an issue of concern over the course of Thailand s development. In the past, power generation in Thailand relied heavily on crude oil imports. To remedy this, the Government initiated a shift to natural gas in the power generation sector as early as the 1980s. Such effort has continued throughout the 1990s. And, in 2005 about 72% of electricity in Thailand was generated using natural gas, which is already a cleaner alternative to other types of fossil fuels.', 'And, in 2005 about 72% of electricity in Thailand was generated using natural gas, which is already a cleaner alternative to other types of fossil fuels. These early actions imply that Thailand is left with less available choices and faced with higher marginal cost of further reducing GHG emission in the energy sector. Despite some limitations due to our early actions, the Ministry of Energy is taking a step forward to balance three key aspects of energy planning for Thailand: security, economy and ecology, also taking into account the need to address climate change. Ambitious targets are defined in the Power Development Plan (PDP), the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) and the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP).', 'Ambitious targets are defined in the Power Development Plan (PDP), the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) and the Energy Efficiency Plan (EEP). For example, the PDP sets a target to achieve a 20% share of power generation from renewable sources in 2036. The AEDP aims to achieve a 30% share of renewable energy in the total final energy consumption in 2036. The EEP plans to reduce the country’s energy intensity by 30% below the 2010 level in 2036. The Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan also proposes ambitious actions to promote road-to-rail modal shift for both freight and passenger transport, which include extensions of mass rapid transit lines, construction of double-track railways and improvement of bus transit in the Bangkok Metro areas.', 'The Environmentally Sustainable Transport System Plan also proposes ambitious actions to promote road-to-rail modal shift for both freight and passenger transport, which include extensions of mass rapid transit lines, construction of double-track railways and improvement of bus transit in the Bangkok Metro areas. A vehicle tax scheme based on CO2 emission was also approved and will become effective beginning 2016. In addition, just last year the Government adopted the Waste Management Roadmap, aiming towards more efficient and sustainable waste management and promotion of power generation from waste-to-energy technologies. The roadmap can contribute tremendous environmental benefits in terms of GHG emission and pollution reduction. Currently, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is also studying the potential to reduce carbon emission in the forest sector through the REDD+ Readiness.', 'Currently, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is also studying the potential to reduce carbon emission in the forest sector through the REDD+ Readiness. We will continue to explore further opportunities and cooperation in this sector. ❑ Major barriers to successful implementation include high costs and capacity constraints. It is important to incorporate concerns that several of the proposed measures and actions in these ambitious plans are subject to very high investment and operating costs, particularly costs of technologies and infrastructures which can become an important barrier to successful implementation of the plans.', 'It is important to incorporate concerns that several of the proposed measures and actions in these ambitious plans are subject to very high investment and operating costs, particularly costs of technologies and infrastructures which can become an important barrier to successful implementation of the plans. Some of the key barriers for the energy sector include, for instance, limitation of grid connection due to inadequate capacity of transmission lines, lack of support by financial institutions for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments, lack of domestic technological and technical resources and negative public perception particularly against waste-to-energy and biomass power plants.', 'Some of the key barriers for the energy sector include, for instance, limitation of grid connection due to inadequate capacity of transmission lines, lack of support by financial institutions for energy efficiency and renewable energy investments, lack of domestic technological and technical resources and negative public perception particularly against waste-to-energy and biomass power plants. Several measures require a high level of technical capacity and effective coordination across different sectoral agencies, whereas such technical capacity and effective coordination in a developing country like Thailand is currently lacking. For renewable energy development in particular, the International Energy Agency also cited some of the above-mentioned barriers as common barriers for renewable energy deployment in developing countries.', 'For renewable energy development in particular, the International Energy Agency also cited some of the above-mentioned barriers as common barriers for renewable energy deployment in developing countries. Domestically, Thailand has launched several support mechanisms such as feed-in tariffs, tax incentives and access to investment grants and venture capital to promote renewable energy. However, to achieve ambitious and more rapid renewable energy deployment, incentives have to be created for technology developers to cooperate andshare technology knowledge to enable technology transfer on a larger scale. International financial support mechanisms such as technical assistance and technology transfer funds for purchasing intellectual property rights for a free distribution of clean energy technologies would be very valuable to accelerate diffusion of renewable energy technologies for developing countries1.', 'International financial support mechanisms such as technical assistance and technology transfer funds for purchasing intellectual property rights for a free distribution of clean energy technologies would be very valuable to accelerate diffusion of renewable energy technologies for developing countries1. Furthermore, efforts are needed to inform the public, through lessons-learned and experience sharing from other countries, as well as showcasing success stories from pilot or demonstration projects, for instance. It is therefore crucial that international cooperation through the UNFCCC focus on these cooperative attempts to unlock the potentials of developing countries in their contributions towards the global solutions to climate change by addressing these important identified barriers, making technological solutions more affordable for developing countries and strengthening the capacity of developing countries to implement these solutions more effectively and more sustainably.', 'It is therefore crucial that international cooperation through the UNFCCC focus on these cooperative attempts to unlock the potentials of developing countries in their contributions towards the global solutions to climate change by addressing these important identified barriers, making technological solutions more affordable for developing countries and strengthening the capacity of developing countries to implement these solutions more effectively and more sustainably. Successful implementation of these ambitious mitigation plans in Thailand, in addition to our domestic efforts, will be subject to adequate and predictable access to enhanced means of implementation agreed under the UNFCCC. Adaptation Efforts Thailand is a country located in a tropical Southeast Asian peninsula and has 2,420 kilometres of coastline on the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea.', 'Adaptation Efforts Thailand is a country located in a tropical Southeast Asian peninsula and has 2,420 kilometres of coastline on the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea. According to the Fifth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Southeast Asia is one of the two most vulnerable regions in the world to coastal flooding. In addition, this region is predicted to face with increased annual mean precipitation and extreme precipitation. Geographically therefore, Thailand is a country highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change, and is ranked as the eleventh country most affected by climate-related impacts from 1994–2013.', 'Geographically therefore, Thailand is a country highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of climate change, and is ranked as the eleventh country most affected by climate-related impacts from 1994–2013. Thailand is also considered one of the sixteen countries in the "extreme risk" category that are most vulnerable to the future climate change impacts over the next thirty years. Statistically, from 1955 to 2005, Thailand experienced an increase of 0.95°C for mean temperature, 0.86°C for maximum temperature and 1.45°C for minimum temperature. From 1955-2014, number of rain days in Thailand has significantly decreased by 0.99 day per decade while daily rainfall intensity increased.', 'From 1955-2014, number of rain days in Thailand has significantly decreased by 0.99 day per decade while daily rainfall intensity increased. National projections indicate heavier rainfalls are expected in areas with already high precipitation level, such as the southern peninsula, whereas for the arid, inland northeastern region, precipitation level is expected to decline even further. As a result, severe flooding and drought can be expected. Severe flooding in a similar magnitude to the 2011 flood in Thailand could cost as much as US$40 billion to the economy, and led to an estimated 2.5% drop in global industrial production.', 'Severe flooding in a similar magnitude to the 2011 flood in Thailand could cost as much as US$40 billion to the economy, and led to an estimated 2.5% drop in global industrial production. The economic loss due to the recent drought can be estimated as equivalent to 0.52% of the country’s GDP in 2015, with disproportionate impacts to the agricultural sector, and in particular to subsistent farmers . Adaptation is therefore top priority in Thailand s national response to climate change. Thailand’s adaptation efforts aim to enhance climate resilience through the guidance of the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, bestowed by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej.', 'Thailand’s adaptation efforts aim to enhance climate resilience through the guidance of the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, bestowed by His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Sufficiency Economy stresses the middle path as an overriding principle for appropriate conduct by Thai people at all levels, from family to community to country. “Sufficiency” means moderation, reasonableness, and the need of self-immunity for sufficient protection from impact arising from internal and external changes. To achieve this, the application of knowledge with due consideration and prudence is essential. In particular, great care is needed at every step in the utilization of 1 IEA (International Energy Agency) (2011), Renewable Energy. Policy Considerations for Deploying Renewables, OECD/IEA, Paris.theories and methodologies for planning and implementation.', 'Policy Considerations for Deploying Renewables, OECD/IEA, Paris.theories and methodologies for planning and implementation. In addition, a way of life based on patience, perseverance, diligence, wisdom and prudence is indispensable to create balance and be able to cope appropriately with critical challenges, arising from extensive and rapid socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural changes in the world. Thailand’s prioritized adaptation efforts include: • Promote and strengthen Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) practices to achieve water security, effective water resource management to mitigate flood and drought • Safeguard food security through the guidance of Sufficiency Economy Philosophy e.g.', 'Thailand’s prioritized adaptation efforts include: • Promote and strengthen Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) practices to achieve water security, effective water resource management to mitigate flood and drought • Safeguard food security through the guidance of Sufficiency Economy Philosophy e.g. an application of the New Theory in agriculture and land management to promote appropriate resource allocation and economic diversification at the household level and sustainable management of community forests to promote food security at the community level, for instance • Promote sustainable agriculture and Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) • Increase capacity to manage climate-related health impacts - including through development of health surveillance and early warning systems, systematic climate risk assessment and effective disease prevention and response measures to climate change related health consequences • Increase national forest cover to 40% through local community participation, including in particular headwater and mangrove forests to enhance adaptive capacities of related ecosystem • Safeguard biodiversity and restore ecological integrity in protected areas and important landscapes from the adverse impacts of climate change, with the emphasis on vulnerable ecosystems and red list species • Develop participatory, integrated marine conservation and coastal rehabilitation plan to protect marine ecosystem and enhance climate proofing infrastructure to strengthen coastal protection against erosion • Promote nature-based and sustainable tourism while enhancing better understanding on risk and vulnerability of the tourism sector, especially in hotspot areas • Strengthen disaster risk reduction and reduce population’s vulnerability to climate risk and extreme weather events through enhanced awareness, coordination and adaptive capacity of local communities, especially in the disaster risk-prone areas • Strengthen climate modeling capacity while promoting collaboration among relevant agencies • Establish effective early warning system and enhance the adaptive capacity of national agencies through multi-hazard risk assessment, systematic observations, integrative research and development of database, model, and technology • Build regional climate resilience by serving as a knowledge hub to foster regional cooperation and exchange experiences on adaptation These shortlisted adaptation efforts are essential to build and enhance Thailand’s resilience to climate impacts.', 'an application of the New Theory in agriculture and land management to promote appropriate resource allocation and economic diversification at the household level and sustainable management of community forests to promote food security at the community level, for instance • Promote sustainable agriculture and Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) • Increase capacity to manage climate-related health impacts - including through development of health surveillance and early warning systems, systematic climate risk assessment and effective disease prevention and response measures to climate change related health consequences • Increase national forest cover to 40% through local community participation, including in particular headwater and mangrove forests to enhance adaptive capacities of related ecosystem • Safeguard biodiversity and restore ecological integrity in protected areas and important landscapes from the adverse impacts of climate change, with the emphasis on vulnerable ecosystems and red list species • Develop participatory, integrated marine conservation and coastal rehabilitation plan to protect marine ecosystem and enhance climate proofing infrastructure to strengthen coastal protection against erosion • Promote nature-based and sustainable tourism while enhancing better understanding on risk and vulnerability of the tourism sector, especially in hotspot areas • Strengthen disaster risk reduction and reduce population’s vulnerability to climate risk and extreme weather events through enhanced awareness, coordination and adaptive capacity of local communities, especially in the disaster risk-prone areas • Strengthen climate modeling capacity while promoting collaboration among relevant agencies • Establish effective early warning system and enhance the adaptive capacity of national agencies through multi-hazard risk assessment, systematic observations, integrative research and development of database, model, and technology • Build regional climate resilience by serving as a knowledge hub to foster regional cooperation and exchange experiences on adaptation These shortlisted adaptation efforts are essential to build and enhance Thailand’s resilience to climate impacts. As guided by the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, knowledge building and careful planning is fundamental to the efforts to raise adaptive capacity of stakeholders at different levels.', 'As guided by the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy, knowledge building and careful planning is fundamental to the efforts to raise adaptive capacity of stakeholders at different levels. This requires cautious application of local wisdoms in combination with modern knowledge, techniques and technologies. Effective implementation of such adaptation efforts therefore requires substantive and ongoing capacity building of relevant stakeholders to be able to raise the necessary adaptive capacity to respond successfully to climate variability and change. Adequate financial resources and appropriate technology development and transfer areextremely important and can lead to improved outcomes and increased coping, thus enhancing adaptive capacity under various conditions of climate change. Thailand’s Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) report formulated in 2012 has identified three highly impacted sectors in urgent need of adaptation technologies.', 'Thailand’s Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) report formulated in 2012 has identified three highly impacted sectors in urgent need of adaptation technologies. These are: (1) Agriculture, in need of forecasting and early warning system technologies, crop improvement technologies, and precision farming technologies (2) Water Resource Management, in need of networking (via pipes and canals) and management of infrastructures (including zoning), seasonal climate prediction, and sensor web using observation and/or modeling data (3) Modeling, in need of an integrated national data center, national data transfer/management process and the advanced research, weather research and forecasting (WRF - ARW) model, and an integrated model to address the need of agricultural sector and water resource management sector During 2009-2011, budget for adaptation actions in Thailand accounted for 68% of the total budget allocated to climate change.', 'These are: (1) Agriculture, in need of forecasting and early warning system technologies, crop improvement technologies, and precision farming technologies (2) Water Resource Management, in need of networking (via pipes and canals) and management of infrastructures (including zoning), seasonal climate prediction, and sensor web using observation and/or modeling data (3) Modeling, in need of an integrated national data center, national data transfer/management process and the advanced research, weather research and forecasting (WRF - ARW) model, and an integrated model to address the need of agricultural sector and water resource management sector During 2009-2011, budget for adaptation actions in Thailand accounted for 68% of the total budget allocated to climate change. As climate change continues, the need for adaptation finance is expected to substantially increase in the future, consequently creating extra burden on an already scarce government fiscal budget of many developing countries including Thailand.', 'As climate change continues, the need for adaptation finance is expected to substantially increase in the future, consequently creating extra burden on an already scarce government fiscal budget of many developing countries including Thailand. To ensure that adaptation actions can be effectively enhanced to address the distress experienced in highly vulnerable developing countries, it will be necessary to secure adequate means of implementation including finance, technology development and transfer and capacity building for adaptation in the new global agreement under the UNFCCC.', 'To ensure that adaptation actions can be effectively enhanced to address the distress experienced in highly vulnerable developing countries, it will be necessary to secure adequate means of implementation including finance, technology development and transfer and capacity building for adaptation in the new global agreement under the UNFCCC. Adaptation undertakings of developing countries do not provide benefits only at the local and national scales, but also contribute to the resilience of global food production system, enable ecosystem and biodiversity protection, enhance the livelihood particularly of low-income population and contribute to the achievement of the global millennium and sustainable development goals, as well as the objective of the UNFCCC set forth in its Article 2.', 'Adaptation undertakings of developing countries do not provide benefits only at the local and national scales, but also contribute to the resilience of global food production system, enable ecosystem and biodiversity protection, enhance the livelihood particularly of low-income population and contribute to the achievement of the global millennium and sustainable development goals, as well as the objective of the UNFCCC set forth in its Article 2. Finally, recognizing that long-term and continuous effort is required to address climate change, Thailand has formulated the National Strategic Plan on Climate Change B.E. 2551-2555 (2008- 2012) and the Climate Change Master Plan B.E. 2558-2593 (2015-2050), providing a continuous framework for measures and actions in the long-term.', '2558-2593 (2015-2050), providing a continuous framework for measures and actions in the long-term. The Climate Change Master Plan has laid out a vision to achieve climate-resilient and low-carbon growth in line with sustainable development path by 2050, and has recently been approved by the Cabinet. Relevant agencies in various sectors are now in the process of formulating specific sectoral plans to address climate change, based on this framework plan. Therefore, it is expected that further concrete mitigation and adaptation actions will be proposed in respective sectors. The information provided in this INDC aims to enhance clarity and understanding, and Thailand is willing to provide additional information to further enhance its clarity.', 'The information provided in this INDC aims to enhance clarity and understanding, and Thailand is willing to provide additional information to further enhance its clarity. Thailand encourages other Parties with similar or more advanced national circumstances to submit their INDCs as soon as possible. As a developing country, Thailand places great importance on the global efforts in addressing climate change, and will continue to play a constructive role in the UNFCCC process.'] | en-US |
327 | THA | Thailand | Updated NDC | 2020-11-26 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Thailand%20Updated%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 275.064654 | 69.375919 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/fc72e636fd8bd027f410e52f61324033d7db38a4a3b7089be082ac7bcef9b002.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
328 | MKD | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | 1st NDC | 2018-01-09 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Submission_Republic_of_Macedonia_20150805144001_135181.pdf | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | null | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/afebae670b8912f511ad8b485d507ef89d79426fad93ab4fa9162c70164d68a8.pdf | ['Submission by the Republic of Macedonia Subject: Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Introduction 1. The Republic of Macedonia, as a party of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is fully committed to the negotiating process aimed at reaching a global agreement applicable to all Parties at the Paris Conference in December 2015. According to this Agreement, all Parties should be able to give their contribution on a fair and equitable basis and in line with their national circumstances, towards achieving the global objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level which would prevent an increase in the global temperature of more than 2°С. 2.', 'According to this Agreement, all Parties should be able to give their contribution on a fair and equitable basis and in line with their national circumstances, towards achieving the global objective of stabilizing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere at a level which would prevent an increase in the global temperature of more than 2°С. 2. The Republic of Macedonia is a non-Annex I country to the UNFCCC (developing country) without quantified commitments for reducing the GHG emissions. At the same time, it has a status of a candidate country for European Union (EU) membership, having thus to adhere to the EU Climate and Energy Policy, which actually takes in commitments of the Annex I countries.', 'At the same time, it has a status of a candidate country for European Union (EU) membership, having thus to adhere to the EU Climate and Energy Policy, which actually takes in commitments of the Annex I countries. The Republic of Macedonia, on voluntary basis endeavors to integrate as much as possible both aspects (UNFCCC and EU) in its national reports on climate change. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) 3. The Conference of Parties in Lima confirmed the Warsaw decision that all Parties should prepare their INDC in a manner that would ensure clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC. 4. The Republic of Macedonia, in agreement with the Decision No.', 'The Republic of Macedonia, in agreement with the Decision No. 42-17/91 of the 91st Session of the Government held on 28 July 2015, intends to give the following contribution to the global efforts for GHG emissions reduction (Macedonian INDC): To reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario. The CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion cover almost 80% of the total GHG emissions in the country with a dominant share of the following sectors: energy supply, buildings and transport. 5.', 'The CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion cover almost 80% of the total GHG emissions in the country with a dominant share of the following sectors: energy supply, buildings and transport. 5. In line with the Lima Call for Climate Action, in particular paragraph 14, the Republic of Macedonia shall submit the following information for its INDC, presented in detail in a Background Document, which is an integral part of this submission (uploaded on OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (INDC) Profile Scope Climate Change Mitigation Due to the extensive use of fossil fuels, particularly the dominant share of domestic lignite for electricity production, there is a significant potential in the country for GHG emissions reduction.', 'In line with the Lima Call for Climate Action, in particular paragraph 14, the Republic of Macedonia shall submit the following information for its INDC, presented in detail in a Background Document, which is an integral part of this submission (uploaded on OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA (INDC) Profile Scope Climate Change Mitigation Due to the extensive use of fossil fuels, particularly the dominant share of domestic lignite for electricity production, there is a significant potential in the country for GHG emissions reduction. Having this in mind, the focus of the Macedonian INDC is put on climate change mitigation, that is, on policies and measures which lead to GHG emissions reduction. However, this does not suggest that adaptation is less important.', 'However, this does not suggest that adaptation is less important. Vulnerable sectors and climate change adaptation shall be subject to a more detailed analysis in the future, from the point of view of INDC needs. Type GHG emissions reduction and climate change mitigation policies and measures (projects) GHG emission reduction expressed as a baseline scenario target Greenhouse gases and emissions coverage CO2, 80% of the total emissions (all emissions originating from fossil fuels combustion) According to the GHG Inventory, almost 80% of the total GHG emissions are CO2 emissions, originating from fossil fuels combustion, with dominant share of the sectors energy supply, buildings and transport.', 'Type GHG emissions reduction and climate change mitigation policies and measures (projects) GHG emission reduction expressed as a baseline scenario target Greenhouse gases and emissions coverage CO2, 80% of the total emissions (all emissions originating from fossil fuels combustion) According to the GHG Inventory, almost 80% of the total GHG emissions are CO2 emissions, originating from fossil fuels combustion, with dominant share of the sectors energy supply, buildings and transport. Target sectors Energy supply, buildings and transport Emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses, as well as in industrial processes and waste have not been analyzed since they have a relatively small share in total GHG emissions.', 'Target sectors Energy supply, buildings and transport Emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land uses, as well as in industrial processes and waste have not been analyzed since they have a relatively small share in total GHG emissions. Target Baseline scenario target: To reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.Climate change mitigation Methodology Modeling and scenario development: - MARKAL energy planning model (least cost optimization - optimal scenario for energy system development at minimum cost of the whole system); - Bottom-up approach (modeling of policies and measures one by one and comparison to the BAU scenario); - Modeling period: up to 2035.', 'Target Baseline scenario target: To reduce the CO2 emissions from fossil fuels combustion for 30%, that is, for 36% at a higher level of ambition, by 2030 compared to the business as usual (BAU) scenario.Climate change mitigation Methodology Modeling and scenario development: - MARKAL energy planning model (least cost optimization - optimal scenario for energy system development at minimum cost of the whole system); - Bottom-up approach (modeling of policies and measures one by one and comparison to the BAU scenario); - Modeling period: up to 2035. GHG inventory: - Emissions for the period 1990 – 2012 calculated according to the methodology of the International Panel on Climate Change of 2006 (IPCC Guidelines 2006). Global Warming Potential, GWP: - GWP CO2 = 1 (according to IPCC, UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8).', 'Global Warming Potential, GWP: - GWP CO2 = 1 (according to IPCC, UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8). Evaluation of economic and environmental aspects of mitigation: - Marginal abatement cost curve. Evaluation of social aspects of mitigation via green jobs: - For measures in the buildings sector, macroeconomic Input-Output method with factors taken from other relevant studies, as per investments; - For energy supply technologies, with factors taken from relevant studies, according to the installed capacity. BAU scenario (without measures, WOM) – assumptions Macroeconomic drivers: - GDP projections: annual growth rate of 4.5% until 2035; - Population projections: annual growth rate of -0.09% until 2035.', 'BAU scenario (without measures, WOM) – assumptions Macroeconomic drivers: - GDP projections: annual growth rate of 4.5% until 2035; - Population projections: annual growth rate of -0.09% until 2035. Use of domestic resources: - Not to construct any new hydro power plant due to lack of interest from investors and /or NGO and local population resistance; - The capacity of power plants with feed-in tariffs is limited to the capacity for which a decision for temporary preferential producer has been issued by the Energy Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Macedonia. That is 65.4 MW for small hydro, 50 MW for wind, 18 MW for solar power plants and 7 MW biogas power plants.', 'That is 65.4 MW for small hydro, 50 MW for wind, 18 MW for solar power plants and 7 MW biogas power plants. Energy supply technologies: - The thermal power plant Oslomej, after its revitalization will use high quality coal from import; - Nuclear power plant shall not be constructed in the analyzed period. Energy imports: - Connection to a new gas pipeline is not planned (taking into account the current situation in the region), which means that the only available capacity is of the existing pipeline; - The price of imported electricity will be the price of electricity at the electricity market1.', 'Energy imports: - Connection to a new gas pipeline is not planned (taking into account the current situation in the region), which means that the only available capacity is of the existing pipeline; - The price of imported electricity will be the price of electricity at the electricity market1. 1 Hungarian Power Exchange – HUPX, side: - New technologies shall have the same efficiency as the existing technologies, but there is a possibility for the model to decide to change the existing technology which uses one fuel type to technology which uses a different fuel type. Mitigation scenario (with existing measures, WEM) Mitigation policies and measures Energy supply 1. Reducing distribution losses 2. Large hydro power plants 3. Small hydro power plants 4. Solar power plants 5. Wind power plants 6. Biogas power plants 7. Cogeneration biomass power plants 8.', 'Biogas power plants 7. Cogeneration biomass power plants 8. Central heating in Bitola 9. Solar thermal collectors Buildings 11. Labeling of appliances 12. Public awareness campaigns, Energy Efficiency info centers 13. Refurbishment of buildings (in line with the Rulebook on Energy Performance of Buildings and Directive 2010/31/EU) 14. Construction of new buildings (in line with the Rulebook on Energy Performance of Buildings and Directive 2010/31/EU) Transport 15. Increased use of railway 16. Renewal of the vehicle fleet 17. Increased use of bicycles, walking and introduction of a parking policy Higher ambition mitigation scenario (with additional measures, WАM) Additional mitigation policies and measures: Energy supply 1. Additional natural gas power plants 2. Geothermal power plants Buildings 4. Phasing out incandescent light bulbs 5. Phasing out resistive heaters 6. Construction of passive buildings 7. Gasification of the residential and the commercial sector Transport 8. Extension of the railway to Bulgaria 9.', 'Extension of the railway to Bulgaria 9. Electrification of transportEmission projections Year WOM WEM WAM emissions projections According to the BAU scenario (WOM), CO2 emissions by 2030 will almost double (from about 9 000 kt they will increase to about 18 000 kt). With the 17 measures included in the mitigation scenario (WЕМ), in 2030 a reduction of 30% compared to the BAU scenario can be achieved. Further on, with the higher ambition mitigation scenario (WАМ), which includes improved and additional measures, the CO2 emission reduction compared to the BAU scenario in 2030 shall be 36%. In all scenarios the CO2 emissions shell have a growing trend, peaking between 2030 and 2032.', 'In all scenarios the CO2 emissions shell have a growing trend, peaking between 2030 and 2032. In 2030, the CO2 emissions shall increase for 31% under WEM scenario, that is, for 20% under WAM scenario, compared to the CO2 emissions in 1990. BAU scenario (WOM) Mitigation scenario (WEM) Higher ambition mitigation scenario (WAM) Deviation from the BAU scenario in 2030 emissions in 2030 compared to the CO2 emissions Investments needed In the period 2015-2030, the additional investments (relative to BAU scenario) needed for realization of the mitigation scenario are estimated at 4.2 billion Euros, while for realization of the higher ambition mitigation scenario they are estimated at 4.5 billion Euros.', 'BAU scenario (WOM) Mitigation scenario (WEM) Higher ambition mitigation scenario (WAM) Deviation from the BAU scenario in 2030 emissions in 2030 compared to the CO2 emissions Investments needed In the period 2015-2030, the additional investments (relative to BAU scenario) needed for realization of the mitigation scenario are estimated at 4.2 billion Euros, while for realization of the higher ambition mitigation scenario they are estimated at 4.5 billion Euros. Besides on national investments, the implementation of the national mitigation policies and measures shall also depend on the involvement of the private sector (national and international) and on the access to new sources of finance and enhanced international support to be mobilized through new climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund.', 'Besides on national investments, the implementation of the national mitigation policies and measures shall also depend on the involvement of the private sector (national and international) and on the access to new sources of finance and enhanced international support to be mobilized through new climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund. Use of international market mechanisms The Republic of Macedonia is following the negotiations within the UNFCCC’s Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) on a framework for establishing a New Market Mechanism - NMM as well as for establishing non-market approaches - NMA. Once the definition of these concepts is agreed, the Republic of Macedonia shall consider potential linkage to its national mitigation actions.', 'Once the definition of these concepts is agreed, the Republic of Macedonia shall consider potential linkage to its national mitigation actions. 2 GHG Inventory, First Biennial Update Report on Climate Change (FBUR), 2014Assessing climate change mitigation policies and measures Economic and environmental aspects -200. -150. -100. -50. 0. 50. 100. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Specific costs (€/t) Reduction Mt CO2 Bicycles, walking Labeling of appliances Renewal of vehicle fleet Increased use of railway Solar thermal collectors Phasing out of resistive heating Big hydro power plants Campaigns and EE info centers Phasing out of incandescent lights Distribution losses reduction Wind power plants Solar PV Small hydro power plants More gas power plants Geothermal Power Plants New buildings Biofuels 5% in Buildings retrofit Toplification of Bitola Biomass CHP Passive house Railway extension to Bulgaria Biogas power pants Gasification of res. and com.', 'Specific costs (€/t) Reduction Mt CO2 Bicycles, walking Labeling of appliances Renewal of vehicle fleet Increased use of railway Solar thermal collectors Phasing out of resistive heating Big hydro power plants Campaigns and EE info centers Phasing out of incandescent lights Distribution losses reduction Wind power plants Solar PV Small hydro power plants More gas power plants Geothermal Power Plants New buildings Biofuels 5% in Buildings retrofit Toplification of Bitola Biomass CHP Passive house Railway extension to Bulgaria Biogas power pants Gasification of res. and com. sectors Marginal abatement cost curve (2030) By implementing policies and measures that have negative costs, by 2030, СО2 emissions may be reduced for more than 4 Мt compared to the BAU scenario. Additionally, with relatively small emissions may be reduced for additional 2 Мt.', 'Additionally, with relatively small emissions may be reduced for additional 2 Мt. Social aspects (green jobs) Number of jobs Year Retrofit Passive house New house Lighting residential Lighting commertial Geothermal Biomass Biogas Natural-Gas Small-Hydro Wind Solar PV Solar thermal Domestic green jobs By implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings and by introducing low-carbon energy supply technologies (renewables and gas) about 6000 green jobs can be created by 2030.Consultation process Key stakeholders The process for determining the Macedonian INDC was led by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MOEPP), as the national institution responsible for climate change policies and national contact point for UNFCCC.', 'Social aspects (green jobs) Number of jobs Year Retrofit Passive house New house Lighting residential Lighting commertial Geothermal Biomass Biogas Natural-Gas Small-Hydro Wind Solar PV Solar thermal Domestic green jobs By implementing energy efficiency measures in buildings and by introducing low-carbon energy supply technologies (renewables and gas) about 6000 green jobs can be created by 2030.Consultation process Key stakeholders The process for determining the Macedonian INDC was led by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (MOEPP), as the national institution responsible for climate change policies and national contact point for UNFCCC. The National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) and the Technical Working Group at the National Sustainable Development Council were also part of this process, as well as other key stakeholders – the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Transport and Communication as institutions which are responsible for policies in the target sectors, representatives of the business community, civil society organizations and the academic community.', 'The National Climate Change Committee (NCCC) and the Technical Working Group at the National Sustainable Development Council were also part of this process, as well as other key stakeholders – the Ministry of Economy and the Ministry of Transport and Communication as institutions which are responsible for policies in the target sectors, representatives of the business community, civil society organizations and the academic community. Also, the international institutions and donors in the country had important role, primarily the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) which provided technical and financial support for this process.', 'Also, the international institutions and donors in the country had important role, primarily the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) which provided technical and financial support for this process. The analysis and the technical component of the process were carried out by an expert team which included the team of the Research Center for Energy and Sustainable Development of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, one national expert and one international expert. Most recent strategic and planning documents in the target sectors On a strategic level, through the key challenge of the National Sustainable Development Strategy titled “Climate Change and Clean Energy”, it is required to integrate climate change mitigation into the energy planning.', 'Most recent strategic and planning documents in the target sectors On a strategic level, through the key challenge of the National Sustainable Development Strategy titled “Climate Change and Clean Energy”, it is required to integrate climate change mitigation into the energy planning. Further on, in the Energy Strategy, in the chapter analyzing the energy sector in Macedonia in the light of sustainable development, the strong connection between energy sector and climate change has been recognized. Further coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, as the institution responsible for climate change, is required, as well as appropriate harmonization of the strategic and legislative solutions in the energy field with the strategic and legislative solutions for climate action.', 'Further coordination with the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, as the institution responsible for climate change, is required, as well as appropriate harmonization of the strategic and legislative solutions in the energy field with the strategic and legislative solutions for climate action. In order to identify specific mitigation policies and measures, the following documents have been taken into consideration: - Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Strategy - Strategy on Renewable Energy Sources - The Program for Implementation of the Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Action Plan - Action Plan on Renewable Energy Sources - Transport Sector Strategy - Pre-accession Economic Program - Program of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia - The Third National Communication on Climate Change - First Biennial Update Report on Climate Change Roles of the stakeholders Consultations took place at technical meetings (with senior representatives of line ministries and appointed contact persons) and at topical workshops with all stakeholders.', 'In order to identify specific mitigation policies and measures, the following documents have been taken into consideration: - Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Strategy - Strategy on Renewable Energy Sources - The Program for Implementation of the Energy Strategy - Energy Efficiency Action Plan - Action Plan on Renewable Energy Sources - Transport Sector Strategy - Pre-accession Economic Program - Program of the Government of the Republic of Macedonia - The Third National Communication on Climate Change - First Biennial Update Report on Climate Change Roles of the stakeholders Consultations took place at technical meetings (with senior representatives of line ministries and appointed contact persons) and at topical workshops with all stakeholders. Workshops were held on the following topics: - Identification and validation of possible mitigation policies and measures in the target sectors in agreement with the sector policies and planning documents, as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy - Discussion about and validation of the assumptions used for the modelling of the identified policies and measures in line with the sector policies and planning documents as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy - Prioritization of identified measures and providing directions for development of mitigation scenarios with existing and with additional measuresEquity and ambition (comparison with other European countries) emissions per GDP Year OECD Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Мacedonia WOM Мacedonia WEM Маcedonia WAM Emissions kg CO2 emissions per GDP of the Republic of Macedonia are similar to the figures of Bulgaria and Estonia.', 'Workshops were held on the following topics: - Identification and validation of possible mitigation policies and measures in the target sectors in agreement with the sector policies and planning documents, as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy - Discussion about and validation of the assumptions used for the modelling of the identified policies and measures in line with the sector policies and planning documents as well as with the European Policy on Climate and Energy - Prioritization of identified measures and providing directions for development of mitigation scenarios with existing and with additional measuresEquity and ambition (comparison with other European countries) emissions per GDP Year OECD Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Мacedonia WOM Мacedonia WEM Маcedonia WAM Emissions kg CO2 emissions per GDP of the Republic of Macedonia are similar to the figures of Bulgaria and Estonia. In the BAU scenario, this indicator shall be reduced from 1.4 kg CO2 /2005 USD, while in the mitigation scenarios the values in 2030 shall be reduced to 0.76 kg CO2 /2005 USD, and to 0.7 kg /2005 USD, respectively, which actually marks the gradual transition to low-carbon economy.', 'In the BAU scenario, this indicator shall be reduced from 1.4 kg CO2 /2005 USD, while in the mitigation scenarios the values in 2030 shall be reduced to 0.76 kg CO2 /2005 USD, and to 0.7 kg /2005 USD, respectively, which actually marks the gradual transition to low-carbon economy. This reduction trend is similar to the trend present in Poland and Romania. According to this indicator, the Republic of Macedonia, in 2035 shall reach the 2012 level of Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia and other countries in this group with values of around 0.4 kg CO2 /2005 USD .', 'According to this indicator, the Republic of Macedonia, in 2035 shall reach the 2012 level of Lithuania, Hungary, Slovenia and other countries in this group with values of around 0.4 kg CO2 /2005 USD . emissions per capita /capita Year OECD Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovak Republic Slovenia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Маcedonia WOM Маcedonia WEM Маcedonia WAM Emissions t CO2 3 Source for European countries: OECD data base and MARKAL model projections 4 Ibid.The Republic of Macedonia is in the same group with the European countries with lower CO2 emissions per capita – Lithuania, Portugal, Sweden and Hungary. In the BAU scenario there is a growing trend while in the mitigation scenarios, this indicator in 2035 would be at the same level as in 2012. Future activities 6.', 'In the BAU scenario there is a growing trend while in the mitigation scenarios, this indicator in 2035 would be at the same level as in 2012. Future activities 6. This Submission is the first step in the process of determining national contributions and the Republic of Macedonia reserves the right to review and to conduct more detailed analysis, provided the assumptions under which these this INDC has been developed change as a result of the future global agreements and relevant decisions of COP, gas supply and other geo-political developments, as well as the point in time when the Republic of Macedonia will become an EU member country. 7.', 'This Submission is the first step in the process of determining national contributions and the Republic of Macedonia reserves the right to review and to conduct more detailed analysis, provided the assumptions under which these this INDC has been developed change as a result of the future global agreements and relevant decisions of COP, gas supply and other geo-political developments, as well as the point in time when the Republic of Macedonia will become an EU member country. 7. The Republic of Macedonia requests that this submission is published on the UNFCCC webpage and its contribution is included in the synthesis report prepared by the Secretariat on the cumulative effect of the contributions of all Parties.'] | en-US |
329 | TLS | Timor-Leste | 1st NDC | 2017-08-16 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Timor-Leste%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 0.384537 | 0.136718 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3c660ca0353c9a105bfb4a3ec8cc62756cea0f6b60066bc91a845e89d138dcc5.pdf | [] | az-AZ |
330 | TLS | Timor-Leste | Updated NDC | 2022-11-08 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-11/Timor_Leste%20Updated%20NDC%202022_2030.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 0.384537 | 0.136718 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/245330d6a2453d07e2eaeeecc47f9b4f2cea9a8a4a7a83fb1b37632d53930bc7.pdf | ['Nationally Determined Contribution‘Everyone has the right to a humane, healthy and ecologically balanced environment and the duty to protect it and improve it for the benefit of the future generations. The State shall recognise the need to preserve and rationalise natural resources. The State should promote actions aimed at protecting the environment and safeguarding the sustainable development of the economy.’ Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, 2002, Section 61i Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Foreword The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is fully engaged to the requirements of the multilateral process under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement. In 2016 Timor-Leste successfully submitted its first NDC/INDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat following the decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP. 20.', 'In 2016 Timor-Leste successfully submitted its first NDC/INDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat following the decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP. 20. Since Timor-Leste submitted its first NDC, the Government of Timor-Leste has formalized the national institutional arrangements for an integrated response to climate change risks, and some required policy has been in place and several responsible stakeholders accessed to environmental and climate funds to respond to the issues of climate change in the country. Timor-Leste is one of the lowest contributors to global climate change, but we are the victims of this phenomenon and the impacts are getting more serious, especially for communities in rural areas.', 'Timor-Leste is one of the lowest contributors to global climate change, but we are the victims of this phenomenon and the impacts are getting more serious, especially for communities in rural areas. Given the fact that Timor-Leste is a Least Developed Country (LDC) and Small Island Development State (SIDS), there is a lot that needs to be done and achieved to safeguard our country’s development and increase the resiliency of our vulnerable communities. Following the current circumstances, the revised and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement builds on Timor-Leste’s first NDC and highlights additional national intentions to integrate climate risk management into all sectoral policies, planning processes, implementation strategies and investment to enhance national well-being.', 'Following the current circumstances, the revised and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC and its Paris Agreement builds on Timor-Leste’s first NDC and highlights additional national intentions to integrate climate risk management into all sectoral policies, planning processes, implementation strategies and investment to enhance national well-being. This revised NDC also seeks to support climate-safe transition in Timor-Leste and enhance commitments in response to the newly endorsed National Climate Change Policy and Sustainable Development Goals 2030. The Government of Timor-Leste believes that the revised NDC will significantly contribute to responding to climate change issues and implementing the initiatives as well as engaging on climate risk governance, nature-positive growth and transition, low carbon development, climate change adaptation and resilience building with national and international support.', 'The Government of Timor-Leste believes that the revised NDC will significantly contribute to responding to climate change issues and implementing the initiatives as well as engaging on climate risk governance, nature-positive growth and transition, low carbon development, climate change adaptation and resilience building with national and international support. The Government of Timor-Leste would like to thank the European Union (EU) in Timor-Leste for their financial and technical support to finalize the revised NDC. We look forward to working with all potential partners for the successful implementation of the updated NDC.', 'We look forward to working with all potential partners for the successful implementation of the updated NDC. Demétrio do Amaral de Carvalho Secretary of State for the Environmentii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 ii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030iii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Foreword i Summary of National Contributions National Circumstances and Context 6 Sustainable Development 8 Current and Projected National Climate Change Impacts 9 Challenges and Risks to Sustainable Development and Climate Change Resilience-building 12 National Responses to Climate Change and Progress made since the submission of Timor-Leste’s First NDC 13 Timor-Leste’s Nationally Determined Contribution 2022-2030 21 Climate Risk Governance 23 Nature-Positive Growth and Transition 27 Low Carbon Development 33 Adaptation and Resilience Building 39 Means of implementation 45 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 49 Table of Content iii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030iv Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 iv Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030v Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 TIMOR-LESTE Updated Nationally Determined Contributionvi Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Introduction Two decades since the restoration of national independence in 2002, during a time of unpreceded environmental and economic change, and in the wake of a global pandemic, the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is at a critical juncture in the nation’s development journey.', 'Demétrio do Amaral de Carvalho Secretary of State for the Environmentii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 ii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030iii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Foreword i Summary of National Contributions National Circumstances and Context 6 Sustainable Development 8 Current and Projected National Climate Change Impacts 9 Challenges and Risks to Sustainable Development and Climate Change Resilience-building 12 National Responses to Climate Change and Progress made since the submission of Timor-Leste’s First NDC 13 Timor-Leste’s Nationally Determined Contribution 2022-2030 21 Climate Risk Governance 23 Nature-Positive Growth and Transition 27 Low Carbon Development 33 Adaptation and Resilience Building 39 Means of implementation 45 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 49 Table of Content iii Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030iv Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 iv Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030v Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 TIMOR-LESTE Updated Nationally Determined Contributionvi Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Introduction Two decades since the restoration of national independence in 2002, during a time of unpreceded environmental and economic change, and in the wake of a global pandemic, the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste is at a critical juncture in the nation’s development journey. While the scope, scale, and complexity of climate change risks increase alongside the socio-economic challenges they create, Timor-Leste is resolute in its commitment to protecting national well- being and achieving the priorities set out by National Climate Change Policy (2021), and the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'While the scope, scale, and complexity of climate change risks increase alongside the socio-economic challenges they create, Timor-Leste is resolute in its commitment to protecting national well- being and achieving the priorities set out by National Climate Change Policy (2021), and the Sustainable Development Goals. As a Least Developed Country and a young nation-state, Timor-Leste continues to face multi-scalar challenges in its efforts to advance critical national development priorities, while sustaining its ambition for social, environmental, and institutional reform, during a time of significant global uncertainty. The direct and indirect impacts of climate change will continue to increase the costs and complexity of enabling equitable economic progress for a nation that has made a minimal contribution to the core drivers of the global climate emergency.', 'The direct and indirect impacts of climate change will continue to increase the costs and complexity of enabling equitable economic progress for a nation that has made a minimal contribution to the core drivers of the global climate emergency. Timor-Leste’s development approach, economic basis, and climate ambitions continue to be defined by various key factors and national circumstances including – but not limited to – the cultures and traditions of the people of Timor-Leste, the natural resources and environments in which the national identity is defined, and the values, principles, and partnerships on which the nation has been built. The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, through its National Constitution, has established a set of fundamental rights for the Timorese people that must, and will, continue to be assured and protected.', 'The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, through its National Constitution, has established a set of fundamental rights for the Timorese people that must, and will, continue to be assured and protected. Protecting Timorese rights to ‘a humane, healthy, and ecologically balanced environment is a central and foundational objective of the National Constitution as well as the cornerstone of Timor-Leste’s response to the impacts and implications of anthropogenic climate change. Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication illustrates the ongoing influence of forestry and land use on Timor-Leste’s national emissions profile as this sector has shifted dramatically from a major source of emissions between 2007-2013 to a net sink from 2014 to 2015.', 'Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication illustrates the ongoing influence of forestry and land use on Timor-Leste’s national emissions profile as this sector has shifted dramatically from a major source of emissions between 2007-2013 to a net sink from 2014 to 2015. While overall emissions from the oil and gas industry, which are not attributed directly to Timor-Leste’s national profile, have declined significantly over the 2010-2015 period, the emissions from electricity production and transport have risen over the last decade.', 'While overall emissions from the oil and gas industry, which are not attributed directly to Timor-Leste’s national profile, have declined significantly over the 2010-2015 period, the emissions from electricity production and transport have risen over the last decade. Despite a rise in emissions resulting from development underway in Timor-Leste, the nation’s cumulative annual emissions equate to less than 0.003% of global emissions.2 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 While further assistance is required to develop and establish Timor-Leste’s National GHG Inventory and associated MRV systems to further establish clarity and verifiability in relation to national emissions, Timor-Leste continues to advance the activities and financing opportunities required to reduce national emissions where possible.', 'Despite a rise in emissions resulting from development underway in Timor-Leste, the nation’s cumulative annual emissions equate to less than 0.003% of global emissions.2 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 While further assistance is required to develop and establish Timor-Leste’s National GHG Inventory and associated MRV systems to further establish clarity and verifiability in relation to national emissions, Timor-Leste continues to advance the activities and financing opportunities required to reduce national emissions where possible. Timor-Leste’s status as a Least Developed Country and Small Island Developing State is indicative and correlated with various direct implications for national vulnerability and national exposure to climate change risks as well as lack of human capacity, financial resources, and the relevant technology required to implement robust mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'Timor-Leste’s status as a Least Developed Country and Small Island Developing State is indicative and correlated with various direct implications for national vulnerability and national exposure to climate change risks as well as lack of human capacity, financial resources, and the relevant technology required to implement robust mitigation and adaptation actions. Climate change poses an immediate threat to national food and water security and the health and welfare of the Timorese people. Without concerted actions to address climate risks, climate change will exacerbate existing inequalities and erode hard-won development gains. As such, the Government of Timor-Leste is committed to pro-actively managing and reducing the impacts of climate change on national economic, physical, environmental, and social security.', 'As such, the Government of Timor-Leste is committed to pro-actively managing and reducing the impacts of climate change on national economic, physical, environmental, and social security. In accordance with this objective, this revised and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC Paris Agreement builds on Timor-Leste’s original NDC (2016) and further articulates national intentions to integrate climate risk management into all sectoral policies, planning processes, implementation strategies and investments in an effort to insulate national well-being from a growing number of direct and indirect threats posed by anthropogenic climate change.', 'In accordance with this objective, this revised and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC Paris Agreement builds on Timor-Leste’s original NDC (2016) and further articulates national intentions to integrate climate risk management into all sectoral policies, planning processes, implementation strategies and investments in an effort to insulate national well-being from a growing number of direct and indirect threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. This updated NDC reflects a further matured strategy for supporting livelihoods, protecting environmental integrity, improving social cohesion, addressing food and water security and scaling up access to financing while providing the basis for diversifying economic activities and creating a green economy.', 'This updated NDC reflects a further matured strategy for supporting livelihoods, protecting environmental integrity, improving social cohesion, addressing food and water security and scaling up access to financing while providing the basis for diversifying economic activities and creating a green economy. Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy (2021) focuses on improving and increasing platforms for informed and effective participation in decision-making and the design of sustainable development strategies. This National Climate Change Policy creates the basis for improving the enabling environment for evidence-based decision-making, nature-based solutions, long-term capacity building, and integrated risk management.', 'This National Climate Change Policy creates the basis for improving the enabling environment for evidence-based decision-making, nature-based solutions, long-term capacity building, and integrated risk management. These objectives and principles are reflected in the commitments made through this revised NDC.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Summary of National Contributions With reference and attention to Timor-Leste’s future and national circumstances, The Government of Timor-Leste is committed to the effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement. In keeping with Article 4.6 of the Paris Agreement and in alignment with Timor-Leste’s status as a Least Developed Country and small island developing State, this Contribution communicates detail of the ‘strategies, plans, and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development’ and is reflective of Timor-Leste’s special circumstances.', 'In keeping with Article 4.6 of the Paris Agreement and in alignment with Timor-Leste’s status as a Least Developed Country and small island developing State, this Contribution communicates detail of the ‘strategies, plans, and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development’ and is reflective of Timor-Leste’s special circumstances. This NDC seeks to support climate-safe transition in Timor-Leste and to reduce the potential for the impacts of climate change to disrupt Timor-Leste’s development ambitions. In addition to the revision and enhancement of commitments in response to the newly endorsed National Climate Change Policy this revised NDC has been aligned with the 2030 targets set out under the Sustainable Development Goals.', 'In addition to the revision and enhancement of commitments in response to the newly endorsed National Climate Change Policy this revised NDC has been aligned with the 2030 targets set out under the Sustainable Development Goals. Noting with great concern the revised scientific basis presented by Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its submission to the Sixth Assessment Report Review Cycle, The Government of Timor-Leste, through this submission, cites an acute need for immediate, sustainable, predictable, and appropriate support from the international community to access the required financing, capacity building, technology transfer, and technical assistance needed to avert, minimise, and address the loss and damage that will occur if urgent action is not taken at the national, regional, and international level.', 'Noting with great concern the revised scientific basis presented by Working Group 1 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in its submission to the Sixth Assessment Report Review Cycle, The Government of Timor-Leste, through this submission, cites an acute need for immediate, sustainable, predictable, and appropriate support from the international community to access the required financing, capacity building, technology transfer, and technical assistance needed to avert, minimise, and address the loss and damage that will occur if urgent action is not taken at the national, regional, and international level. In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 24 and associated relevant provisions of the Paris Agreement as well as the decisions made by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA), Timor-Leste hereby communicates an update to its nationally determined contribution to the UNFCCC.4 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 This revised national contribution to the requirements, objectives, and principles of the Paris Agreement includes: w A revised timeframe of 2022-2030. w A revised emissions reference level for the 2010 reference year based on revised assessment methods and the introduction of new activity data utilised through the development of Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication.', 'In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 24 and associated relevant provisions of the Paris Agreement as well as the decisions made by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP) and the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA), Timor-Leste hereby communicates an update to its nationally determined contribution to the UNFCCC.4 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 This revised national contribution to the requirements, objectives, and principles of the Paris Agreement includes: w A revised timeframe of 2022-2030. w A revised emissions reference level for the 2010 reference year based on revised assessment methods and the introduction of new activity data utilised through the development of Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication. w The implementation of Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy (2021) as the central policy framework for guiding the national approach to climate change.', 'w The implementation of Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy (2021) as the central policy framework for guiding the national approach to climate change. Communication of additional detail to enhance clarity, transparency, and understanding w The inclusion of new and updated detail to clarify the scope and focus of the NDC. w The inclusion of new data and updated analysis derived from Timor- Leste’s Second National Communication (2020). w The inclusion of further detail related to the projected national implications of the most recent climate change projections is provided through recent IPCC Reports. w The provision of expanded detail on Timor-Leste’s needs and intentions in relation to the development of a national GHG inventory.', 'w The provision of expanded detail on Timor-Leste’s needs and intentions in relation to the development of a national GHG inventory. New policy initiatives designed to strengthen implementation w A new commitment to develop a climate change law that will create a legal framework for Timor-Leste’s climate change response and a conditional commitment to passing this law in 2023-24. w The intention to develop a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, to guide the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy utilising financial support available through an existing GCF Readiness grant. w The commitment to accelerate existing and new land tenure reform efforts over the 2021-2025 period in an effort to improve the enabling environment for nature-based solutions.', 'w The commitment to accelerate existing and new land tenure reform efforts over the 2021-2025 period in an effort to improve the enabling environment for nature-based solutions. w The introduction of a new initiative to formulate a low carbon development strategy to guide national mitigation and adaptation commitments, activities and approaches.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 w The introduction of a ‘Nature-Positive’ integrated approach to Timor- Leste’s adaptation, mitigation, and socio-economic development objectives focused on enhancing the integrity, carbon sequestration potential, holistic landscape management and resilience of the nation’s environment and natural capital.', 'w The introduction of a new initiative to formulate a low carbon development strategy to guide national mitigation and adaptation commitments, activities and approaches.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 w The introduction of a ‘Nature-Positive’ integrated approach to Timor- Leste’s adaptation, mitigation, and socio-economic development objectives focused on enhancing the integrity, carbon sequestration potential, holistic landscape management and resilience of the nation’s environment and natural capital. This pillar and vision support the diversification and growth of Timor-Leste’s non-oil economy – noting opportunities and commitment to engage and benefit from carbon market mechanisms established and defined under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, nature-based solutions, the expansion of green tourism, and the growth and diversification of sustainable agriculture practices.', 'This pillar and vision support the diversification and growth of Timor-Leste’s non-oil economy – noting opportunities and commitment to engage and benefit from carbon market mechanisms established and defined under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, nature-based solutions, the expansion of green tourism, and the growth and diversification of sustainable agriculture practices. This contribution is inclusive of commitments to improve and expand existing terrestrial and marine protected areas and the management of conservation zones. w A reaffirmation of Timor-Leste’s key mitigation arrangements and options set out under its first NDC, inclusive of actions related to the scale-up of renewable energy services, improved energy efficiency and transport efficiency, the promotion of sustainable forest management, and the introduction of improved methods and policies related to waste management in relation to low carbon development path.', 'w A reaffirmation of Timor-Leste’s key mitigation arrangements and options set out under its first NDC, inclusive of actions related to the scale-up of renewable energy services, improved energy efficiency and transport efficiency, the promotion of sustainable forest management, and the introduction of improved methods and policies related to waste management in relation to low carbon development path. w A reaffirmation of Timor-Leste’s key adaptation priorities made under its first NDC inclusive of actions related to enhancing food security, protecting water resources, enhancing the capacity of the health sector, the integration of climate risk information into disaster management systems, a focus on building the resilience of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, actions to improve the resilience of infrastructure, and a commitment to sustainable livestock management.', 'w A reaffirmation of Timor-Leste’s key adaptation priorities made under its first NDC inclusive of actions related to enhancing food security, protecting water resources, enhancing the capacity of the health sector, the integration of climate risk information into disaster management systems, a focus on building the resilience of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, actions to improve the resilience of infrastructure, and a commitment to sustainable livestock management. w The formal inclusion of Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan which provides the strategic basis for national adaptation priorities and implementation arrangements in Timor-Leste. This NDC provides a further commitment to this plan and its operationalisation. w A range of Government-wide commitments that aim to support the integration of climate change adaptation and risk management considerations within critical elements of sectoral planning.', 'w A range of Government-wide commitments that aim to support the integration of climate change adaptation and risk management considerations within critical elements of sectoral planning. w The addition of information on key implementation gaps in relation to capacity, finance, and technology. w Timor-Leste’s Third National Communication will be drafted and submitted to public consultation in 2023-2024 and will provide the basis for further assessment of National development progress and climate risk management initiatives.6 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 National Circumstances and Context Timor-Leste is located on the island of Timor and is bounded to the west by Nusa Tenggara Timur, a province of Indonesia. Timor-Leste has two outlying islands, Ataúro, and the uninhabited Jaco Island.', 'Timor-Leste has two outlying islands, Ataúro, and the uninhabited Jaco Island. The total land area of Timor-Leste is approximately 15000 square kilometres inclusive of the special administrative Region of Oé-Cusse Ambeno which is located on the western part of Timor Island and is separated from the rest of Timor-Leste by Indonesian territory and borders the Savu Sea. Figure 1 Map of the Regions of Timor-Leste, United Nations, 2007 The population of Timor-Leste was approximately 1.3m in 2019. Over the last 10 years, the annual population growth rate has fluctuated between 1.7 and 2.5% suggesting that population growth will continue to be a driver of change in Timor- Leste. The municipalities of Díli, Ermera, and Liquiçá are the nation’s most densely populated.', 'The municipalities of Díli, Ermera, and Liquiçá are the nation’s most densely populated. The population density in Timor-Leste is 89 per Km2; The totl land area is 14,870 Km2; 32.8 % of the population is urban (432,649 people in 2020).Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Timor-Leste is one of the youngest nations in South East Asia following its independence in 2002. The population of Timor-Leste is also young, with over half the total population under the age of 20. Life expectancy at birth in Timor-Leste has risen steadily since the late 1970s increasing from an average life expectancy of 32.6 years in 1978 to 69.5 years in 2019 (World Bank).', 'Life expectancy at birth in Timor-Leste has risen steadily since the late 1970s increasing from an average life expectancy of 32.6 years in 1978 to 69.5 years in 2019 (World Bank). This rise is attributed to the end of the conflict and struggle for independence and ensuing development progress post-independence that has in part been enabled through the revenues derived from Timor-Leste’s oil and gas reserves. Despite progress made to strengthen national infrastructure and public services and increase employment, poverty in Timor-Leste remains widespread. In 2007 approximately 50% of the population was living below the poverty line, however by, 2014 progress had been made to reduce this rate to approximately 42%.', 'In 2007 approximately 50% of the population was living below the poverty line, however by, 2014 progress had been made to reduce this rate to approximately 42%. Continued investment in economic development objectives and infrastructure services as well as improved access to education is required to build greater socio-economic resilience in Timor-Leste. Post-independence, Timor-Leste’s economy has been structured around the oil and gas industry. Oil and gas production in Timor-Leste has declined significantly since 2012 and in 2019 petroleum products constituted less than 40% of Timor- Leste’s exports. While oil and gas revenues have been the largest contributor to government revenue overall revenue from oil and gas has declined significantly.', 'While oil and gas revenues have been the largest contributor to government revenue overall revenue from oil and gas has declined significantly. Like other small island developing states, the development and upskilling of Timor-Leste’s workforce is vital for the future of the economy. Increasing women’s participation in the formal economy is an ongoing priority. In 2020 the unemployment rate was estimated at 5.1% and the impacts of COVID-19 have since further exacerbated unemployment along with recent disaster events (such as the flooding events that occurred on the 4th of April in 2021 which were the worst floods experienced in more than 50 years) and the impacts of climate change on food and water security.', 'In 2020 the unemployment rate was estimated at 5.1% and the impacts of COVID-19 have since further exacerbated unemployment along with recent disaster events (such as the flooding events that occurred on the 4th of April in 2021 which were the worst floods experienced in more than 50 years) and the impacts of climate change on food and water security. According to the Human Capital Index in 2020 Timor-Leste ranked in the bottom quartile of the index and below the regional average for East Asia and the Pacific.', 'According to the Human Capital Index in 2020 Timor-Leste ranked in the bottom quartile of the index and below the regional average for East Asia and the Pacific. Diversification and growth of the non-oil economy, recovery from the impacts of COVID-19, and building resilience to climate change, in Timor-Leste, require an ongoing focus on building agricultural production and markets, improving the structure and scope of Timor-Leste’s (currently limited) tourism sector, land tenure reform, and sustainable and continual investment in resilience building. Timor-Leste’s financial system is at an early stage in its development and the Government of Timor-Leste is committed to improving inclusivity, promoting and attracting greater foreign investment, and improving the ease of doing business.', 'Timor-Leste’s financial system is at an early stage in its development and the Government of Timor-Leste is committed to improving inclusivity, promoting and attracting greater foreign investment, and improving the ease of doing business. However, Timor-Leste will continue to require sustainable, predictable, and innovative sources of international financing to minimise loss and damage and manage the impacts of the climate crisis.8 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Sustainable Development The Government of Timor-Leste approves the following definition of sustainable development: ‘development based on effective environmental management that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the environmental balance and the possibility for future generations to meet their needs as well” Timor-Leste’s Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 (SDP)1 sets out a vision for 2030 that was shaped by the views of thousands of Timorese people during national consultations held in 2010.', 'However, Timor-Leste will continue to require sustainable, predictable, and innovative sources of international financing to minimise loss and damage and manage the impacts of the climate crisis.8 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Sustainable Development The Government of Timor-Leste approves the following definition of sustainable development: ‘development based on effective environmental management that meets the needs of the current generation without compromising the environmental balance and the possibility for future generations to meet their needs as well” Timor-Leste’s Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 (SDP)1 sets out a vision for 2030 that was shaped by the views of thousands of Timorese people during national consultations held in 2010. This national plan is central to Timor-Leste’s articulation of its sustainable development priorities and focuses on supporting the well-being and living standards of all Timorese people through strategies to help ensure all people have access to adequate food, shelter, healthcare, education, transport services, electricity, and employment.', 'This national plan is central to Timor-Leste’s articulation of its sustainable development priorities and focuses on supporting the well-being and living standards of all Timorese people through strategies to help ensure all people have access to adequate food, shelter, healthcare, education, transport services, electricity, and employment. Sustainable development in Timor-Leste is dependent on achieving social equality and Timor-Leste is committed to creating a gender-fair society where human dignity and women’s rights are valued, protected by law and culture. Timor-Leste’s SDP predates the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but remains well aligned with many of the 17 SDGs, for instance through its targets to ensure universal access to electricity, healthcare and education before or by 2030.', 'Timor-Leste’s SDP predates the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but remains well aligned with many of the 17 SDGs, for instance through its targets to ensure universal access to electricity, healthcare and education before or by 2030. While the existing SDP promotes investment in social capital and creates an institutional framework to support economic development its objectives and scope require revision. On 21 July 2021, the Government resolved to carry out an overhaul and revision of the SDP. This revision will be an opportunity to update key priorities and a means to better incorporate the objectives set out in the Economic Recovery Plan (PRE) which was approved in 2020.', 'This revision will be an opportunity to update key priorities and a means to better incorporate the objectives set out in the Economic Recovery Plan (PRE) which was approved in 2020. The PRE identifies existing issues that continue to impact upon the socio-economic fabric of the country and which were significantly exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The PRE presents a set of measures and targets that aim to stabilize the economic sector and improve the living conditions of Timorese citizens in the short and medium-long term. It is aimed at promoting economic diversification as a means to reduce economic dependence on the oil and gas industry. To do so the Government has created an Inter-ministerial Commission for the Study and Readjustment of the Strategic Development Plan.', 'To do so the Government has created an Inter-ministerial Commission for the Study and Readjustment of the Strategic Development Plan. The Commission’s objective is to readjust the Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030, ensuring that the strategies adopted reflect a new national consensus, making it a nationally binding development instrument at all levels, guaranteeing national cohesion and stability in the pursuit of the programs to achieve the national strategic development objectives. 1 Timor-Leste’s Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 (SDP) is currently under review and the outcomes are expected to include different strategic developments goals, to be approved in early 2023.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The revision and adjustment of the Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 is due to be completed and will be approved by early 2023.', '1 Timor-Leste’s Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 (SDP) is currently under review and the outcomes are expected to include different strategic developments goals, to be approved in early 2023.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The revision and adjustment of the Strategic Development Plan 2011-2030 is due to be completed and will be approved by early 2023. The current SDP recognises, and in its revised and adjusted form will fundamentally continue to recognise, that climate change presents a serious threat to Timor- Leste and will create both physical/environmental and political challenges for the nation.', 'The current SDP recognises, and in its revised and adjusted form will fundamentally continue to recognise, that climate change presents a serious threat to Timor- Leste and will create both physical/environmental and political challenges for the nation. The SDP clarifies concern that Timor-Leste’s vulnerability to climate change impacts and status as a developing country recognising the need to ensure Timor-Leste is not ‘constrained or penalised in its development as a result of the past economic growth’ of developed countries. Sustainable development in Timor- Leste requires the balance and consideration of the needs of future generations with the needs and challenges of the present generation.', 'Sustainable development in Timor- Leste requires the balance and consideration of the needs of future generations with the needs and challenges of the present generation. Current and Projected National Climate Change Impacts Timor-Leste’s contribution to climate change has been minimal with current national emissions equivalent to 0.003% of global emissions.2 The increasing impacts of climate change and disaster events on Timor-Leste are exacerbating existing socio-economic development challenges, increasing the vulnerability of rural and urban communities, and driving up the aggregate cost of development and public services. Increasing average temperatures due to climate change will continue to impact Timor-Leste over the coming decades. Timor-Leste’s climate is highly variable and will become more so in future as climate change interacts and exacerbated pre-existing variability and increases the potential for extreme weather events.', 'Timor-Leste’s climate is highly variable and will become more so in future as climate change interacts and exacerbated pre-existing variability and increases the potential for extreme weather events. Expected warming trends and the resulting impact on Timor-Leste are expected to be compounded by both seasonal variability and the impacts of the El Nino- Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The impact of warming on rainfall patterns and sea- surface temperature is expected to be significant for Timor-Leste. The incidence of extreme rainfall events is expected to increase during the wet season. At the same time, rainfall received during the dry season is expected to decrease overall. These trends will increase flood risks and pose a risk to food and water security.', 'These trends will increase flood risks and pose a risk to food and water security. Increasing sea-surface temperatures are expected to accelerate coral bleach and ocean acidification, which in addition to increasing the risk of storm damage and fishing, will compound the pressure on Timor-Leste’s reefs. These direct impacts have severe implications for Timor-Leste’s economy and the livelihoods of which it is comprised of. 2 Government of Timor-Leste – Intended Nationally Determined Contribution, 201610 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Sea level has risen around Timor-Leste at a rate of 5.5mm per year since 1993- well above the global average (2.8mm – 3.6 mm per year.). This elevated rate of SLR is in part attributed to natural fluctuations driven by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and other natural phenomena.', 'This elevated rate of SLR is in part attributed to natural fluctuations driven by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and other natural phenomena. The last National Census conducted in 2015 and the recent National Coastal Vulnerability Assessment suggest that at any given time between 75-85% of Timor-Leste’s population resides in low-land and coastal areas of the country. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s Sixth Assessment Report anticipates that sea level in the northeast region of the South Pacific Convergence Zone could rise by over 100cm in comparison to 1995- 2014 levels by 2100. In the event that SLR aligns with high-end estimates over the next decade, the consequences would be significant and devastating for Timor- Leste without major investments to fortify coastlines and relocate communities and infrastructure.', 'In the event that SLR aligns with high-end estimates over the next decade, the consequences would be significant and devastating for Timor- Leste without major investments to fortify coastlines and relocate communities and infrastructure. As sea level continues to rise over the coming decades the resulting impacts on freshwater resources, soils, and coastal zones will continue irrespective of short- term changes to global emissions trends. The increased risk of floods, droughts, extreme weather events, coastal flooding, and saltwater intrusion, as well as impacts on coral reefs and fisheries, has the potential to drastically impact food security by increasing the potential for crop loss, reducing agricultural productivity, and driving biodiversity loss and fisheries decline. Increased flooding and drought have direct implications for water quality and water supply.', 'Increased flooding and drought have direct implications for water quality and water supply. Climate change is a threat to human health in East Timor as impacts on agriculture and water security have the potential to increase the risk of malnutrition and the risk of waterborne diseases. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 6th Assessment Report has provided the overarching scientific basis for the consideration of current and future climate change risks in Timor-Leste and has been used to support the commitments and priorities set out by this revised and enhanced nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement.', 'The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 6th Assessment Report has provided the overarching scientific basis for the consideration of current and future climate change risks in Timor-Leste and has been used to support the commitments and priorities set out by this revised and enhanced nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. Examples of the relationships between climate change trends and drivers and the resulting impacts and range of required actions to respond to these risks in Timor-Leste are provided below (non-exhaustive).Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Development-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Approach (DPSIR) Matrix Drivers and Pressures State Changes Impacts Responses Increased Average Temperatures Number of days per year with temperatures increases over the next 80 years. Increased heat stress on coral reefs, human settlements, and terrestrial ecosystems. Ocean Acidification, Coral Bleaching. Increased incidence of prolonged heat exposure leads to negative impacts on human health, terrestrial and marine biodiversity, agriculture and economic activity.', 'Increased incidence of prolonged heat exposure leads to negative impacts on human health, terrestrial and marine biodiversity, agriculture and economic activity. Detriment to human health, changes to fishery dynamics, loss of livelihoods linked to agriculture and local fisheries, increased evaporation rates and reduced water storage, damage to hard infrastructure, increased energy costs and dependence on air-conditioning, increased national emissions In the event that actions to mitigate extreme temperature rise through emission reduction over the next 10 years fail and extreme heatwaves become prevalent over the coming decades the potential national response to adequately combat extreme heat will be limited and restricted to the climate control of indoor environments. Biodiversity Loss Global climate change impacts and localised stressors continue to exhibit the potential to create irreversible tipping points for biodiversity survival ranges. In some cases, biodiversity loss occurs Loss of biodiversity will trigger a range of short and long-term negative impacts for Timor-Leste’s environment, economy, and society. An integrated approach to biodiversity protection and climate risk management must be taken to avoid irreversible losses.', 'An integrated approach to biodiversity protection and climate risk management must be taken to avoid irreversible losses. Sea Level Rise Increased erosion rates, increased saltwater intrusion, increased risk of inundation, Increased risk of disaster events Damage to infrastructure and environmental assets, reduced agricultural productivity, increased risk of inundation-related disaster events, high economic costs Pre-emptive nature- based and ‘hard’ infrastructure solutions as well as the relocation of communities and infrastructure are required to limit the consequences of sea- level rise Drought Incidence Increase Reduction in available freshwater for agriculture and human consumption Loss of food security, high economic costs and impacts on GDP, increased health risks linked to sanitation, disruption to education and livelihoods, increased vulnerability of the poor, a decline in living standards and wellbeing, environmental degradation Maximize water security through investment, management, coordination, and prioritization at all levels. Continue to develop drought-resistant agricultural methods.12 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Development-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Approach (DPSIR) Matrix Drivers and Pressures State Changes Impacts Responses Extreme Rainfall Events Increased potential for flooding, landslides and inundation events Increases the risk of disasters occurring.', 'Continue to develop drought-resistant agricultural methods.12 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Development-Pressure-State-Impact-Response Approach (DPSIR) Matrix Drivers and Pressures State Changes Impacts Responses Extreme Rainfall Events Increased potential for flooding, landslides and inundation events Increases the risk of disasters occurring. Damage to infrastructure, health hazards, increased incidence of water-borne disease, damage to soils and agriculture, environmental degradation In addition to infrastructure improvements addressing coastal impacts, improve drainage and implement strategic methods for maximizing benefit (freshwater collection) and minimizing damage from heavy rainfall. Rainfall Variation Increased rainfall extremes are experienced (drought and heavy rainfall events) Freshwater resource availability, agricultural calendars, and habitability of particular areas of Timor- Leste are impacted driving internal migration and changes to livelihoods. Increased investment into integrated water resource management and landscape-scale hydrological mapping and analysis is required to increase resource access and build system redundancy Changes to Timor-Leste’s climate + existing climate variation Baseline conditions for Timor-Leste’s environmental services shift changing the nature of key baseline services such as agricultural potential and the productivity of fisheries Changes to Timor-Leste’s climate will directly impact human health and the ecosystem services on which it depends. Disrupting economy functionality and societal and cultural norms.', 'Disrupting economy functionality and societal and cultural norms. An integrated approach to biodiversity protection and climate risk management must be taken to avoid irreversible losses. Changes to human health in a changing climate Unmitigated climate change will have direct and specific impacts on human health. Increases in heat-related mortality, negative impacts on nutrition, increase risk of and proliferation of disease, increased potential for violence and conflict over resources Human well-being- focused policy and long-term investment in human capital are required Challenges and Risks to Sustainable Development and Climate Change Resilience-building While the direct challenges and impacts posed by climate change and existing socio-economic barriers and issues faced by Timor-Leste have been referenced the interaction between these challenges, impacts, barriers and issues requires specific attention in the context of Timor-Leste’s NDC.', 'Increases in heat-related mortality, negative impacts on nutrition, increase risk of and proliferation of disease, increased potential for violence and conflict over resources Human well-being- focused policy and long-term investment in human capital are required Challenges and Risks to Sustainable Development and Climate Change Resilience-building While the direct challenges and impacts posed by climate change and existing socio-economic barriers and issues faced by Timor-Leste have been referenced the interaction between these challenges, impacts, barriers and issues requires specific attention in the context of Timor-Leste’s NDC. As a least developed country, climate-vulnerable island state, and oil and gas-dependent economy, facing both fast onset disaster events and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic – the interrelations and compounding risk factors involved is at the forefront of Timor-Leste’s approach to the development of a revised Nationally Determined Contribution.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 National Responses to Climate Change and Progress made since the submission of Timor-Leste’s First NDC Since the submission of Timor-Leste’s first National Communication in 2014 and the development of Timor-Leste’s first NDC in 2016, the Government of Timor-Leste has further advanced efforts to formalise the national institutional arrangements required for an integrated response to climate change risks.', 'As a least developed country, climate-vulnerable island state, and oil and gas-dependent economy, facing both fast onset disaster events and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic – the interrelations and compounding risk factors involved is at the forefront of Timor-Leste’s approach to the development of a revised Nationally Determined Contribution.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 National Responses to Climate Change and Progress made since the submission of Timor-Leste’s First NDC Since the submission of Timor-Leste’s first National Communication in 2014 and the development of Timor-Leste’s first NDC in 2016, the Government of Timor-Leste has further advanced efforts to formalise the national institutional arrangements required for an integrated response to climate change risks. The 2017 revision of the National Forest policy has set the basis for the sustainable management of forest resources and watersheds.', 'The 2017 revision of the National Forest policy has set the basis for the sustainable management of forest resources and watersheds. This policy recognizes the range of to provide environmental, social and economic benefits that the natural environment provides for the people of Timor-Leste. Efforts to involve and mobilise communities to protect forests, and engage in sustainable agriculture and other climate-resilient livelihood activities, remains an ongoing priority for Government. Timor-Leste’s National Tourism Policy: Growing Tourism to 2030- Enhancing a National Identity (2017) seeks to further support the development of eco-tourism activities and sustainably grow the emerging tourism sector. In addition, various government initiatives and donor-funded activities have supported participatory land-use planning to improve decision-making and ensure communities are involved with the design of key development activities.', 'In addition, various government initiatives and donor-funded activities have supported participatory land-use planning to improve decision-making and ensure communities are involved with the design of key development activities. In 2020, Timor-Leste passed the Biodiversity Decree-Law (6/2020) to support national efforts to safeguard the environment, improve legal protections for the environment, and safeguard intergenerational interests. This legislation establishes a legal regime for protecting and conserving biodiversity and is aligned with the requirements of the National System of Protected Areas the existing Basic Law for the Environment. Timor-Leste continues to progress with a number of policies and activities dedicated to supporting the achievement of the Aichi Targets and the delivery of Timor-Leste’s commitments under the Convention for Biological Diversity.', 'Timor-Leste continues to progress with a number of policies and activities dedicated to supporting the achievement of the Aichi Targets and the delivery of Timor-Leste’s commitments under the Convention for Biological Diversity. To support efforts to systematically reduce the impacts of climate change, The Government of Timor-Leste launched the National Adaptation Plan process in 2019. The National Adaptation Plan process was informed by vulnerability assessments, national consultation workshops, and close consultations with a range of stakeholders and communities. The National Adaptation Plan was submitted to the UNFCCC in March 2021.14 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The National Adaptation Plan is an important tool for supporting the most vulnerable in society and ensuring that climate change does not exacerbate existing inequalities.', 'The National Adaptation Plan was submitted to the UNFCCC in March 2021.14 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The National Adaptation Plan is an important tool for supporting the most vulnerable in society and ensuring that climate change does not exacerbate existing inequalities. The NAP is designed to build on existing initiatives and cross- cutting priorities. Currently, the National Directorate for Climate Change acts as the technical coordinating body and secretariat to coordinate the implementation of the NAP over the medium to long term. Gender inequality remains a challenge in Timor-Leste but has been met with a proactive approach. In 2011 the Timor-Leste government approved the establishment of a dedicated working group to support and improve gender equity and equality at the national and district levels.', 'In 2011 the Timor-Leste government approved the establishment of a dedicated working group to support and improve gender equity and equality at the national and district levels. To deliver upon the Government´s commitment to gender equality, recognized in article 17 of the Constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, the Government is committed to strengthening the integration of gender issues and data into the design, analysis, execution and monitoring of national and local policies, programmes, legislation and plans. The Government has established and implemented mechanisms within each Ministry and Secretariat of State, which ensure the integration of a gender perspective in the development of strategies, policies, programs and legislation.', 'The Government has established and implemented mechanisms within each Ministry and Secretariat of State, which ensure the integration of a gender perspective in the development of strategies, policies, programs and legislation. The Government has established a mechanism for inter-sectoral cooperation and coordination to ensure concerted action to promote equality and affirm the role of women in Timorese society. Gender Focal Points have been identified in each Ministry/Secretariat of State and an Inter-Ministerial Working Group was established composed of the Gender Focal Points, coordinated by the Secretariat of State for the Promotion of Equality (SEPI), to ensure collaboration effective and gender mainstreaming in Government activities. This initiative has enhanced the Government’s efforts to incorporate gender-related issues into its policies, programmes, plans and legislation.', 'This initiative has enhanced the Government’s efforts to incorporate gender-related issues into its policies, programmes, plans and legislation. Timor-Leste submitted its Second National Communication to the UNFCCC in November 2020. The SNC supports Timor-Leste’s contribution to global stocktaking processes as well as responsibilities set out under the Enhanced Transparency Framework. The SNC also helps to further highlight key requirements, gaps, and risks experienced by the nation. Timor-Leste has continued to comply with its reporting requirements under the UNFCCC despite capacity constraints and limited resources. Timor-Leste has continued to engage with donor partners to establish the required support for establishing a National GHG Inventory.', 'Timor-Leste has continued to engage with donor partners to establish the required support for establishing a National GHG Inventory. While Timor-Leste’s contributions to climate change are minimal and adaptation and the minimisation of loss and damage remain core national priorities, Timor- Leste continues to explore options for robust national emissions reduction and overall production of oil and gas in Timor-Leste, as well as total export, has declined in recent years. Solar energy, biogas, hydropower, and efficient cook stoves have been increasingly piloted and utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels however, further progress is conditional on access to increased resources, finance, and technology transfer.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Ensuring energy security and improving access to reliable energy services remains a priority for Timor-Leste.', 'Solar energy, biogas, hydropower, and efficient cook stoves have been increasingly piloted and utilized as an alternative to fossil fuels however, further progress is conditional on access to increased resources, finance, and technology transfer.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Ensuring energy security and improving access to reliable energy services remains a priority for Timor-Leste. Building resilience to climate change requires increasing investment in infrastructure protection. With the support of the World Bank climate-resilient road infrastructure projects have been progressed in the Dili-Ainaro corridor supporting local livelihoods and business continuity. Pilot projects aimed at delivering solar lighting for rural communities have been trialled that utilise a pay-as-you-go model. Such schemes will be scaled up in future to help enable off-grid communities to access affordable home lighting solutions.', 'Such schemes will be scaled up in future to help enable off-grid communities to access affordable home lighting solutions. The increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and longer and more intense droughts due to climate change are likely to continue to exacerbate development challenges and in response, increased emphasis on investment in integrated water resource management and flood protection remains central to Timor- Leste’s ability to build resilience to climate change. Timor-Leste accessed readiness funding through the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and has successfully secured funding for two GCF projects. The ‘Safeguarding rural communities and their physical assets from climate-induced disasters in Timor-Leste’ project was approved in 2019 and will run until 2026.', 'The ‘Safeguarding rural communities and their physical assets from climate-induced disasters in Timor-Leste’ project was approved in 2019 and will run until 2026. This $59.4m USD project aims to benefit 522,000 people by addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability in communities through efforts to strengthen the capacity of institutions to assess and manage risks and to implement activities designed to build resilience for local infrastructure. This project includes a focus on improving small-scale rural infrastructure in highly vulnerable areas. In early 2021, Timor-Leste’s second GCF project entitled ‘Community-based Landscape Management for Enhanced Climate Resilience and Reduction of Deforestation in Critical Wetlands’ was approved.', 'In early 2021, Timor-Leste’s second GCF project entitled ‘Community-based Landscape Management for Enhanced Climate Resilience and Reduction of Deforestation in Critical Wetlands’ was approved. This $15.4m USD project has 196,300 target beneficiaries and will support efforts to reduce the national deforestation rate by promoting community-based sustainable natural resource management activities designed to enhance and protect natural resources, improve and protect food and water security, reduce disaster risks, and increase natural carbon sequestration potential. These projects illustrate the increasing importance of community-centric risk management activities and the value of improving capacity to better manage vital natural resources. Community vulnerability assessments have recently been scaled up and will continue to be undertaken to help improve localised planning and resource mobilisation in communities. Timor-Leste began its Technology Needs Assessment process in 2020.', 'Timor-Leste began its Technology Needs Assessment process in 2020. This process will be completed to help identify technology needs that are critical to Timor-Leste’s mitigation and adaptation priorities. Through financing for capacity- building access via the CTCN, efforts are underway to improve the capacity to install and maintain solar PV systems in Timor-Leste.16 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Long-term capacity-building support continues to be the lynchpin for accelerating progress to minimise climate risks in Timor-Leste and the Government has continued to advance multiple initiatives that seek to further improve institutional capacity to manage complex development challenges and rapidly accelerating climate change risks.', 'Through financing for capacity- building access via the CTCN, efforts are underway to improve the capacity to install and maintain solar PV systems in Timor-Leste.16 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Long-term capacity-building support continues to be the lynchpin for accelerating progress to minimise climate risks in Timor-Leste and the Government has continued to advance multiple initiatives that seek to further improve institutional capacity to manage complex development challenges and rapidly accelerating climate change risks. Timor-Leste continues to work closely with key partners such as the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Program, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the European Union, and the Green Climate Fund. Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy was endorsed and published in the official gazette as Government Resolution no. 8/2022, of 1 March.', 'Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy was endorsed and published in the official gazette as Government Resolution no. 8/2022, of 1 March. This policy provides a new central policy framework for Timor-Leste’s response to climate change, as well as the basis for a new climate change-focused national legal framework. This policy focuses on the principle of national ownership, the promotion of equity, social inclusion, and informed participation. This policy is also closely connected with the expected revision of Timor-Leste’s National Development Plan and will seek to further embed principles of sustainable development, evidence-based decision making, and ecosystem-based adaptation approaches into national development planning.', 'This policy is also closely connected with the expected revision of Timor-Leste’s National Development Plan and will seek to further embed principles of sustainable development, evidence-based decision making, and ecosystem-based adaptation approaches into national development planning. Overview of Key Climate Financing Programs in Progress Safeguarding rural communities and their physical and economic assets from climate-induced disasters in Timor-Leste With support secured through the Green Climate Fund, Timor-Leste is working with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on a $25.68m USD program which aims to benefit the equivalent of 15% of the population or approximately 175,840 people in six target municipalities.', 'Overview of Key Climate Financing Programs in Progress Safeguarding rural communities and their physical and economic assets from climate-induced disasters in Timor-Leste With support secured through the Green Climate Fund, Timor-Leste is working with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) on a $25.68m USD program which aims to benefit the equivalent of 15% of the population or approximately 175,840 people in six target municipalities. This program is expected to help avert economic losses equivalent to 11.5% of GDP through the implementation of activities aimed at improving knowledge and skills regarding key infrastructures and building water supply, irrigation and flood defence systems.3 Enhancing Early Warning Systems to build greater resilience to hydro- meteorological hazards in Timor-Leste Through the Green Climate Fund, Timor-Leste is working with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to address the urgent need for integrated climate information services, covering oceans, and proactive disaster risk management approaches founded on impact-based forecasting and end-to-end MHEWS.', 'This program is expected to help avert economic losses equivalent to 11.5% of GDP through the implementation of activities aimed at improving knowledge and skills regarding key infrastructures and building water supply, irrigation and flood defence systems.3 Enhancing Early Warning Systems to build greater resilience to hydro- meteorological hazards in Timor-Leste Through the Green Climate Fund, Timor-Leste is working with United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to address the urgent need for integrated climate information services, covering oceans, and proactive disaster risk management approaches founded on impact-based forecasting and end-to-end MHEWS. This will be achieved through four inter-related components such as: 3 More information and documentation on this project in projects/GCF/timorleste/infrastructure.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 1. Strengthened delivery model and legislation for climate information and multi-hazard early warning services; 2.', 'Strengthened delivery model and legislation for climate information and multi-hazard early warning services; 2. Strengthened observations, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of climate and its impacts; 3. Improved dissemination and communication of risk information and early warning; 4. Enhanced climate risk management capacity.4 Community-based Landscape Management for Enhanced Climate Resilience and Reduction of Deforestation in Critical Watersheds. Through the Green climate Fund Timor-Leste is working with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) on a USD10 million program to promote a proven Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) approach for national application in regions of Timor-Leste’s most food-insecure forest adjacent communities. The CBNRM approach focuses on the participatory development of natural resource management and climate-resilient cropping practices that enable communities to forgo shifting cultivation and reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.', 'The CBNRM approach focuses on the participatory development of natural resource management and climate-resilient cropping practices that enable communities to forgo shifting cultivation and reduce GHG emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The CBNRM mechanism has been developed from 15 years of JICA’s experience learning from technical cooperation projects in Timor-Leste.', 'The CBNRM mechanism has been developed from 15 years of JICA’s experience learning from technical cooperation projects in Timor-Leste. This is an innovative approach compared to previous development interventions, since it puts local communities at the centre of the development of norms, rules and regulations on agricultural and forest land use, while also being integrated with a policy roadmap for national application.5 IKAN Adapt: Strengthening the adaptive capacity, resilience and biodiversity conservation ability of fisheries and aquaculture-dependent livelihoods in Timor-Leste Government of Timor-Leste, represented by the National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (NDFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), working with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to support livelihood resilience while conserving key biodiversity in Timor-Leste.', 'This is an innovative approach compared to previous development interventions, since it puts local communities at the centre of the development of norms, rules and regulations on agricultural and forest land use, while also being integrated with a policy roadmap for national application.5 IKAN Adapt: Strengthening the adaptive capacity, resilience and biodiversity conservation ability of fisheries and aquaculture-dependent livelihoods in Timor-Leste Government of Timor-Leste, represented by the National Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture (NDFA) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (MAF), working with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to support livelihood resilience while conserving key biodiversity in Timor-Leste. The “IKAN Adapt: Strengthening the adaptive capacity, resilience and biodiversity conservation ability of fisheries and aquaculture-dependent livelihoods in Timor- Leste” project is being led by the FAO with the LDCF and the GEF7 Biodiversity Focal Area.', 'The “IKAN Adapt: Strengthening the adaptive capacity, resilience and biodiversity conservation ability of fisheries and aquaculture-dependent livelihoods in Timor- Leste” project is being led by the FAO with the LDCF and the GEF7 Biodiversity Focal Area. The IKAN Adapt project has the objective to “Enable fisheries and aquaculture stakeholders in Timor-Leste to adapt to climate change, increase resilience and also conserve biodiversity”, which will help Timor-Leste’s fishery and aquaculture-dependent communities become more resilient to climate variability and change, and enhance efforts for the conservation of aquatic biodiversity. 4 More information and documentation on this project in fp171.', '4 More information and documentation on this project in fp171. 5 More information and documentation on this project in sap021.18 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Timor-Leste faces significant challenges in addressing biodiversity loss and climate change impacts and achieving sustainable management and utilization of its aquatic and coastal resources due to weak governance, organizational capacities, institutional arrangements, limited technical capacity and knowledge, and limited resources for the development and implementation of plans on adaptation and biodiversity. The project will work on three key interlinked components to contribute to the project objective, such as: Component 1: Enabling national fisheries and aquaculture-related policies and programmes, legal frameworks and local management institutions to address climate change, current variability and biodiversity conservation.', 'The project will work on three key interlinked components to contribute to the project objective, such as: Component 1: Enabling national fisheries and aquaculture-related policies and programmes, legal frameworks and local management institutions to address climate change, current variability and biodiversity conservation. Component 2: Enhancing climate change adaptation and biodiversity conservation capacity and practices in fishing and fish farming communities (coastal and inland). Component 3: Strengthening institutional capacity through the development of climate and biodiversity-related information systems, information management and monitoring operations.6 Enhancing human resources, systems and procedures in Timor-Leste to effectively engage with the Green Climate Fund The Government of Timor-Leste sees the Green Climate Fund as a vital opportunity to build the resilience of its economy and natural resources to the significant impacts of climate change.', 'Component 3: Strengthening institutional capacity through the development of climate and biodiversity-related information systems, information management and monitoring operations.6 Enhancing human resources, systems and procedures in Timor-Leste to effectively engage with the Green Climate Fund The Government of Timor-Leste sees the Green Climate Fund as a vital opportunity to build the resilience of its economy and natural resources to the significant impacts of climate change. The development of a list of climate investment priorities and a national GCF project development manual are seen as key steps toward developing a suite of projects designed to help secure the health, welfare, security and economic development of the people of Timor-Leste. This GCF readiness request builds on the initial project.', 'This GCF readiness request builds on the initial project. Specifically, the project aims to communicate the important outcomes of the initial project to a comprehensive range of stakeholders, elaborate a national monitoring and evaluation system based on the initial scoping work, fill knowledge gaps identified by developing a range of financing strategies, build on initial scoping work to develop a national accredited entity, and develop a set of projects based on the national climate investment priorities identified in the initial project. The project is intended to enable the preparation of a number of GCF projects that are aligned to Timor-Leste’s primary adaptation needs and consistent with the country’s national priorities.', 'The project is intended to enable the preparation of a number of GCF projects that are aligned to Timor-Leste’s primary adaptation needs and consistent with the country’s national priorities. Implemented by National Directorate for Climate Change, General Directorate for Environment, and the Secretary of State for Environment under the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs, the budget for this project is USD 695,038.00.7 6 More information and documentation on this project in operations/projects/10181. 7 More information and documentation on this initiative in default/files/document/readiness-proposals-timor-leste-ndcc-nda-strengthening-country-Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 EU-Intra ACP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Building programme Timor-Leste continues to benefit from inter-regional cooperation and knowledge sharing via the EU-Intra ACP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Building Program.', '7 More information and documentation on this initiative in default/files/document/readiness-proposals-timor-leste-ndcc-nda-strengthening-country-Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 EU-Intra ACP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Building programme Timor-Leste continues to benefit from inter-regional cooperation and knowledge sharing via the EU-Intra ACP Pacific Adaptation to Climate Change and Resilience Building Program. Timor-Leste also continues to cooperate with the European Union to advance environmental protection and increase its capacity to engage with carbon markets and benefit from the arrangements set out under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. The European Union is providing a solution to enable communities to address massive deforestation, land degradation, erosion, and landslides through community reforestation and carbon farming programme.', 'The European Union is providing a solution to enable communities to address massive deforestation, land degradation, erosion, and landslides through community reforestation and carbon farming programme. With an investment of EUR 16.9 million, the European Union is a key to the Government of Timor-Leste’s reforestation drive with three flagship programmes: Ai ba Futuru-Trees for the Future, Rai Matak-Green Land and Carbon Farming. In four Municipalities of Timor-Leste, Ai ba Futuru has already planted more than two million commercial trees, improved wood processing efficiency, and encouraged the Timorese private sector to invest. This has provided both a major boost for economic diversification and made a huge difference to farmers’ livelihoods. It has created jobs too.', 'It has created jobs too. Implemented by Oxfam, Rai Matak has established village-based plant nurseries to grow seedlings and pays small tree holders annual incentives to reforest their land by planting and maintaining the trees. This enables them to generate an income while taking real action on climate change. The third European Union action is high-level technical assistance (EUR 2.2 million) to the Secretariat of State for the Environment under the GCCA+. This supports the establishment of a robust land-sector Green House Gas (GHG) reporting and accounting system to measure land-based carbon emissions through operational tools and establishes legal and governance systems.', 'This supports the establishment of a robust land-sector Green House Gas (GHG) reporting and accounting system to measure land-based carbon emissions through operational tools and establishes legal and governance systems. The funding supports a credible, transparent, sustainable and participative carbon sequestration reward system in Timor-Leste and at the same time motivates farmers in rural areas with additional incentives.20 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Adapting to climate change and enabling sustainable land management through productive rural communities in Timor-Leste (in the development – concept approved stage) This project aims to increase climate resilience and reduce land degradation in rural communities through an ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) model. The project targets two watersheds which have been selected as sites for the proposed project: the Dasidaro in Baucau and Laclo in Manatuto Watersheds.', 'The project targets two watersheds which have been selected as sites for the proposed project: the Dasidaro in Baucau and Laclo in Manatuto Watersheds. Dasidaro Watershed (Sungai Dasidaro) covers an area of ~157 km2 on the border of Lautém and Baucau municipalities. Laclo Watershed (Sungai Laclo), is a large watershed (~1,390 km2 which is ~9% of the country’s land area) in central Timor- Leste, covering areas of Aileu, Ainaro, Manufahi and Manatuto municipalities.8 8 More information and documentation on this project in operations/projects/10713.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Timor-Leste’s Nationally Determined Contribution 2022-2030 This NDC maintains the direction and priorities set out under Timor-Leste’s INDC while expanding the detail and specificity of the commitments, initiatives and engagements made over the 2022-2030 period.', 'Laclo Watershed (Sungai Laclo), is a large watershed (~1,390 km2 which is ~9% of the country’s land area) in central Timor- Leste, covering areas of Aileu, Ainaro, Manufahi and Manatuto municipalities.8 8 More information and documentation on this project in operations/projects/10713.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Timor-Leste’s Nationally Determined Contribution 2022-2030 This NDC maintains the direction and priorities set out under Timor-Leste’s INDC while expanding the detail and specificity of the commitments, initiatives and engagements made over the 2022-2030 period. The NDC has been recast around 4 commitment areas: 1 Climate Risk Governance, 2 Nature-Positive Growth and Transition, 3 Low Carbon Development, 4 Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building. These four pillars are described in relation to specific activities and a set of conditional and unconditional commitments.', 'These four pillars are described in relation to specific activities and a set of conditional and unconditional commitments. All four policy pillars create direct and indirect contributions to climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes and draw on the existing legal and policy framework which defines Timor-Leste’s approach to climate risk management. Together these four pillars provide in-depth information consistent with the requirements set out under Article 4, Paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement.22 Nationally Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Climate Risk Governance The Government of Timor-Leste is committed to ensuring that national policy, strategy, law, and governance arrangements can be shaped and adapted as required to tackle the multi-faceted challenges posed by climate change impacts, intensified disaster events, environmental protection requirements, and socio- economic development needs.', 'Together these four pillars provide in-depth information consistent with the requirements set out under Article 4, Paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement.22 Nationally Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Climate Risk Governance The Government of Timor-Leste is committed to ensuring that national policy, strategy, law, and governance arrangements can be shaped and adapted as required to tackle the multi-faceted challenges posed by climate change impacts, intensified disaster events, environmental protection requirements, and socio- economic development needs. To ensure Timor-Leste can develop national strategies, policies and plans that are responsive to the best available science and informed by foresight and innovation the Government of Timor-Leste is advancing a range of initiatives to reform and adapt governance to better support national climate risk management objectives.', 'To ensure Timor-Leste can develop national strategies, policies and plans that are responsive to the best available science and informed by foresight and innovation the Government of Timor-Leste is advancing a range of initiatives to reform and adapt governance to better support national climate risk management objectives. This NDC clarifies the intention to create a robust legal and strategic framework for climate risk governance. CLIMATE RISK GOVERNANCE National Determined Contribution24 Nationally Determined Contribution 1. Climate Risk Governance Activity Commitment type National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan Endorse Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy as endorsed in 2021 as a framework for guiding the national approach to climate change.', 'Climate Risk Governance Activity Commitment type National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan Endorse Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy as endorsed in 2021 as a framework for guiding the national approach to climate change. This policy will trigger the development of a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan which will serve as the central planning document to guide the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy and the achievement of this NDC Unconditional Climate Change law Develop a national climate change law that will create a legal framework for Timor-Leste’s climate change response and pass this law in 2023/2024. This law will seek to improve vertical and horizontal coordination and cooperation across and between public and private sector entities, introduce new requirements to assess and address infrastructure risks, and define new public decision-making and budgetary requirements designed to improve the management of complexity and trade-offs.', 'This law will seek to improve vertical and horizontal coordination and cooperation across and between public and private sector entities, introduce new requirements to assess and address infrastructure risks, and define new public decision-making and budgetary requirements designed to improve the management of complexity and trade-offs. UnconditionalNationally Determined Contribution 1. Climate Risk Governance Activity Commitment type Institutional Capacity Development The National Institutional Capacity Development Program of Action has been implemented since 2007 through National Capacity Self-Assessment. UNDP and the Government of Timor-Leste have implemented the Cross-cutting Capacity Development project (CCCD) “Strengthening targeted national capacities to improve decision-making and mainstreaming global environmental obligations into national development priorities”. The project will assist the Government of Timor-Leste to achieve the national priorities it has set in its National Strategic Development Plan for 2011 to 2030 and in its current annual National Priorities by enhancing national capacities.', 'The project will assist the Government of Timor-Leste to achieve the national priorities it has set in its National Strategic Development Plan for 2011 to 2030 and in its current annual National Priorities by enhancing national capacities. This project aims to build the capacity of the agencies to engage effectively together in a series of concurrent national assessment and planning exercises in order to strengthen future planning and collaboration. More specifically, this project will address specific cross-cutting capacity development priorities identified in the NCSA in order to support Timor-Leste’s sustainable development and capacity to full fill obligations under the three Rio Conventions. Timor-Leste will strengthen the institutional capability to manage information systems and conduct national monitoring and evaluation of development programming and progress.', 'Timor-Leste will strengthen the institutional capability to manage information systems and conduct national monitoring and evaluation of development programming and progress. While some specific capacity-building actions remain highly conditional on securing relevant technical support and financing (for example those referred to in 3.1a, 3.1b and 3.2d), the commitment to prioritise the enhancement of national capacity is unconditional. Unconditional Gender Responsive Governance The Inter-Ministerial Working Group, coordinated by the Secretary of State for Equality and Inclusion and comprised of representatives of each Gender Working Group continues to advance inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration. Efforts will continue to promote gender mainstreaming at the district level and the continued development of effective local democratic governance.', 'Efforts will continue to promote gender mainstreaming at the district level and the continued development of effective local democratic governance. Through the establishment and expansion to district-level gender working groups, supported and coordinated by the Secretary of State for Equality and Inclusion analysis and engagement around the nexus between climate change, gender issues, and wider social inclusion issues will be promoted and integrated within planning processes. Unconditional26 Nationally Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Nature-Positive Growth and Transition Timor-Leste is home to globally significant ecosystems such as tropical rainforests, mangroves, wetlands, and a vast tropical maritime zone. Forest degradation, mangrove destruction, and unsustainable agricultural practices continue to threaten Timor-Leste’s environmental resilience, ecosystem services, freshwater resources, and arable land.', 'Forest degradation, mangrove destruction, and unsustainable agricultural practices continue to threaten Timor-Leste’s environmental resilience, ecosystem services, freshwater resources, and arable land. As a result, nature-based solutions and engagement with opportunities enabled under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, offer an important means for Timor- Leste to progress activities that create tangible sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and climate adaptation co-benefits. Nature-based solutions offer a means to reduce disaster risks, increase carbon sequestration, and support rural livelihoods through improved environmental management and the introduction of new holistic approaches to land use. Timor-Leste’s 2016 NDC focused on key activities such as sustainable agriculture, livestock management, sustainable forestry, and other key activities for delivering climate adaptation and mitigation outcomes.', 'Timor-Leste’s 2016 NDC focused on key activities such as sustainable agriculture, livestock management, sustainable forestry, and other key activities for delivering climate adaptation and mitigation outcomes. This approach is further formalised through this revised NDC which calls for further integrated approaches to mitigation, adaptation, and sustainable socio-economic development through an enhanced focus on nature-based solutions. NATURE- POSITIVE GROWTH AND TRANSITION Nationally Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 With as much as 80% of Timor-Leste’s population reliant on agriculture and subsistence livelihoods, Timor-Leste is highly dependent on the ecosystems and environmental assets that have defined life and culture in Timor-Leste for generations. Over 70% of agricultural households in Timor-Leste grow staple crops such as rice, cassava, and maize.', 'Over 70% of agricultural households in Timor-Leste grow staple crops such as rice, cassava, and maize. Climate change continues to exacerbate the intensity of droughts and heavy rainfall events – disrupting seasonal rainfall patterns and having a negative impact on crop yields. These impacts, paired with land degradation due to unsustainable land-use practices and a growing population, have placed additional pressure on the productivity of the approximately 500,000 hectares of cultivated land. Timor-Leste has an estimated annual deforestation rate of 1.7% and an estimated forest degradation rate of 5.8% which is one of the highest rates in South Asia and South-East Asia. Deforestation and forest degradation are driven by overgrazing, farmland expansion, growing demand for fuelwood and charcoal, urban expansion and logging.', 'Deforestation and forest degradation are driven by overgrazing, farmland expansion, growing demand for fuelwood and charcoal, urban expansion and logging. In recent years Timor- Leste’s forestry and land-use sector has transitioned from a net contributing source of carbon emissions to a carbon sink. In 2010 estimated emissions from the FOLU sector were 279.38 GgCO2e and rose to 2858.84 GgCO2e by 2012, however by 2014, FOLU sector emissions were estimated at -1438.8 GgCO2e. Restoring, protecting and enhancing Timor-Leste’s environments and landscapes have the distinct potential to support both national mitigation and adaptation objectives by increasing the carbon sequestration potential of natural carbon sinks and reservoirs while also helping to increase climate resilience (through activities that serve to reduce flood risk, improving the protection of natural water catchments, manage coastal erosion, and protect soils).', 'Restoring, protecting and enhancing Timor-Leste’s environments and landscapes have the distinct potential to support both national mitigation and adaptation objectives by increasing the carbon sequestration potential of natural carbon sinks and reservoirs while also helping to increase climate resilience (through activities that serve to reduce flood risk, improving the protection of natural water catchments, manage coastal erosion, and protect soils). Table 1 Example benefits derived from key natural habitats in Timor-Leste Benefit Type Mangroves Forests Example Ecosystem Services Example Ecosystem Services Livelihood support Livelihood support through provisioning services, wood, fuel, food, traditional medicine, shade for livestock, fisheries, tourism value Livelihood support through provisioning services, wood, fuel, food, traditional medicine, shade for livestock, tourism value Risk Management Coastal Protection, erosion control, wind barrier.', 'Table 1 Example benefits derived from key natural habitats in Timor-Leste Benefit Type Mangroves Forests Example Ecosystem Services Example Ecosystem Services Livelihood support Livelihood support through provisioning services, wood, fuel, food, traditional medicine, shade for livestock, fisheries, tourism value Livelihood support through provisioning services, wood, fuel, food, traditional medicine, shade for livestock, tourism value Risk Management Coastal Protection, erosion control, wind barrier. Water retention, natural aqueducts Ecosystem Services Water Filtration Soil protection, nutrient cycling, cooling Biodiversity Protection Habitat for various terrestrial and marine species Forests are the main habitat for the majority of terrestrial biodiversity Climate Regulation Carbon Sink and Reservoir Carbon sink and ReservoirNationally Determined Contribution Importantly these activities that both help reduce the drivers of climate change and help provide protection from the impacts of climate change can also create significant co-benefits for building local village economic capacity, livelihoods, human wellbeing, and sustainable development objectives.', 'Water retention, natural aqueducts Ecosystem Services Water Filtration Soil protection, nutrient cycling, cooling Biodiversity Protection Habitat for various terrestrial and marine species Forests are the main habitat for the majority of terrestrial biodiversity Climate Regulation Carbon Sink and Reservoir Carbon sink and ReservoirNationally Determined Contribution Importantly these activities that both help reduce the drivers of climate change and help provide protection from the impacts of climate change can also create significant co-benefits for building local village economic capacity, livelihoods, human wellbeing, and sustainable development objectives. Timor-Leste understands the Paris Agreement and its objectives as closely compatible and aligned with the targets set out under the Sustainable Development Goals and The Convention on Biodiversity’s Aichi Targets. For instance, improving forest management and engaging in activities to restore and enhance forests offers multiple co-benefits.', 'For instance, improving forest management and engaging in activities to restore and enhance forests offers multiple co-benefits. For instance, sustainable forest management in Timor- Leste has the potential to increase carbon sequestration (mitigation), protect nutrient cycles from climate risks thereby protecting agriculture and food security (adaptation), and will help reduce vulnerability to flooding and landslides (disaster risk reduction). All of these benefits in turn support and contribute to key targets associated with the SDGs (e.g. SDGs 1-Poverty Reduction, 2-Zero Hunger, 6-Clean Water and Sanitation, 13-Climate Action, 15-Life on Land). Furthermore, these activities would also be aligned with Aichi Target #5’s objective to halve the rate of loss of all-natural habitats by 2020.', 'Furthermore, these activities would also be aligned with Aichi Target #5’s objective to halve the rate of loss of all-natural habitats by 2020. Timor-Leste’s National Biodiversity Strategy of Action (NBSAP) provides a comprehensive strategy and linked actions for mobilizing a multi-stakeholder approach to the protection of the nation’s biodiversity assets. Strategic Action 2 on Timor-Leste’s NBSAP is to ‘promote nature-based and community-based sustainable tourism and ecotourism’ while Action 7 calls for the intensification of ‘massive tree planting including mangrove reforestation to rehabilitate critical and damaged habitats and ecosystems and degraded water sheds’. In keeping with these interlinked objectives, this NDC seeks to enable the growth of a new ‘nature-positive’ economic sector consistent with Timor-Leste’s existing policy framework, international commitments, the National Constitution, and national circumstances.', 'In keeping with these interlinked objectives, this NDC seeks to enable the growth of a new ‘nature-positive’ economic sector consistent with Timor-Leste’s existing policy framework, international commitments, the National Constitution, and national circumstances. This approach has been heavily influenced by the passage of the Decree-Law establishing the Legal Regime for the Protection and Conservation of Biodiversity (Decree-Law nº 6/2020). Timor-Leste aims to incentivise and enable a new vision and approach to Timor- Leste’s environmental assets and resources by focusing on new opportunities to pilot and scale-up innovative nature-based solutions as a new and complementary source of employment and income.', 'Timor-Leste aims to incentivise and enable a new vision and approach to Timor- Leste’s environmental assets and resources by focusing on new opportunities to pilot and scale-up innovative nature-based solutions as a new and complementary source of employment and income. These activities can safely run in parallel to Timor-Leste’s oil and gas industry on which public revenues and significant employment currently depend while also helping to diversify employment opportunities and support national tourism objectives. Limiting reliance and pressure on extractive activities will help to advance a new green economy with greater potential to sustain the needs of both current and future generations. Timor-Leste’s intentions in relation to this pillar are dependent on improved access to additional financial and technical support from the international community.', 'Timor-Leste’s intentions in relation to this pillar are dependent on improved access to additional financial and technical support from the international community. This vision for nature-positive growth is further defined and represented through the following description of objectives, commitments, and activities.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 2. Nature-Positive Growth and Transition Activity Commitment type Environmental protection framework Through the Decree-Law on the National System of Protected Areas (2016) and the Decree-Law establishes the Legal Regime for the Protection and Conservation of Biodiversity (2020), the Government of Timor-Leste will continue to scale up the enforcement and surveillance as well as community-led management practices required to maintain existing and new conservation zones, marine protected areas, and national parks. At least 10% of Timor-Leste’s total combined land and the marine area will be protected from extractive activities.', 'At least 10% of Timor-Leste’s total combined land and the marine area will be protected from extractive activities. Unconditional Land-use planning Land-use planning and environmental licensing regimes play a significant role in guiding development and protecting the well-being of the population. The National Spatial Planning Base Law No. 6 of 2017 passed in 2017 (together with Decree-Law 8 (2021) which addresses the legal regime on the classification and qualification of land and Decree-Law 35 (2021) which relates to the National Territorial Planning legal regime) supports the principles of environmental sustainability and provides the basis for reforming the conditions and requirements that will shape development planning on an ongoing basis.', '6 of 2017 passed in 2017 (together with Decree-Law 8 (2021) which addresses the legal regime on the classification and qualification of land and Decree-Law 35 (2021) which relates to the National Territorial Planning legal regime) supports the principles of environmental sustainability and provides the basis for reforming the conditions and requirements that will shape development planning on an ongoing basis. The Timor- Leste government will focus on ensuring land-use planning processes and requirements are aligned with national climate change objectives and continue to build the necessary regulation and enforcement mechanisms to do so over the 2022-2030 period.', 'The Timor- Leste government will focus on ensuring land-use planning processes and requirements are aligned with national climate change objectives and continue to build the necessary regulation and enforcement mechanisms to do so over the 2022-2030 period. The legislation passed in 2021 on the Territorial Planning Instruments further strengthens this path by establishing that the territorial plans shall clearly detail the motivations of its provisions on the grounds of the acquired knowledge of the environmental transformations, as well as identify and consider the natural values and resources (namely the coastal and marine areas, protected areas and other relevant areas for nature conservation and biodiversity) and forest and agriculture areas.', 'The legislation passed in 2021 on the Territorial Planning Instruments further strengthens this path by establishing that the territorial plans shall clearly detail the motivations of its provisions on the grounds of the acquired knowledge of the environmental transformations, as well as identify and consider the natural values and resources (namely the coastal and marine areas, protected areas and other relevant areas for nature conservation and biodiversity) and forest and agriculture areas. Unconditional Land tenure reform The Government of Timor-Leste will accelerate existing and new land tenure reform efforts over the 2022-2030 period to improve the enabling environment for nature- based solutions and projects that allow Timorese people to benefit from opportunities arising through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and emerging global carbon markets.', 'Unconditional Land tenure reform The Government of Timor-Leste will accelerate existing and new land tenure reform efforts over the 2022-2030 period to improve the enabling environment for nature- based solutions and projects that allow Timorese people to benefit from opportunities arising through Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and emerging global carbon markets. Timor-Leste intends to capitalise on mitigation and adaptation co-benefits that can be derived from carbon farming, ecosystem restoration, agroforestry, blue carbon management, and other activities that help to expand and protect Timor-Leste’s carbon sinks and reservoirs. This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 2.', 'This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 2. Nature-Positive Growth and Transition Activity Commitment type Sustainable Forest Management Improve sustainable forest management and reduce forest degradation and deforestation through natural regeneration initiatives, awareness-raising, promotion of customary practices such as ‘tara bandu’ and the expansion of conservation and protection laws and enforcement mechanisms. With improved GHG inventory data and monitoring resources, this objective will be strengthened through the introduction of a forest carbon stock protection target. This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. Conditional Enhancing Carbon Sinks Timor-Leste’s conditional reforestation target is to plant, grow and monitor as close to one million trees annually and to establish a national system for tracking progress against this target.', 'Conditional Enhancing Carbon Sinks Timor-Leste’s conditional reforestation target is to plant, grow and monitor as close to one million trees annually and to establish a national system for tracking progress against this target. Efforts will be made to strengthen the protection and conservation of coastal and marine ecosystems against the impacts of climate change including through the protection and enhancement of mangroves. This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance.', 'This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. Conditional Improving livelihoods and environmental resilience through carbon markets Establish a policy framework that enables income generation at the local village level where farming communities working cooperatively will be able to aggregate their activities to be able to participate in international carbon trading platforms; this mechanism should also be designed to enable and incentivise climate repair activities that support healthy ecosystems, marine zone protection, blue carbon reservoirs, afforestation and reforestation projects, and soil enhancement, and landscape restoration through increased engagement with international carbon markets. This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. Conditional Promoting sustainable and climate- smart agriculture The Government of Timor-Leste will promote improved agricultural practices, climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, composting, and community-led rehabilitation of degraded land.', 'Conditional Promoting sustainable and climate- smart agriculture The Government of Timor-Leste will promote improved agricultural practices, climate-smart agriculture, agroforestry, composting, and community-led rehabilitation of degraded land. Developing cost- effective, replicable methods and best practices to support agricultural productivity, livelihoods, and food security will require ongoing multi-stakeholder cooperation and reliable financial resourcing. This commitment is contingent on access to climate financing and technical assistance. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Low Carbon Development Timor-Leste’s development has been highly dependent on national fossil fuel resources and will remain so until access to alternative economic models and markets are identified. Economic diversification is a priority for any and all small island nations due to their propensity to rely on a narrow economic base.', 'Economic diversification is a priority for any and all small island nations due to their propensity to rely on a narrow economic base. Increased dependency on aid and a high potential for increased indebtedness are also trends that are likely to hamper real economic gains. While Timor-Leste will continue to pursue effective economic diversification this diversification and its prospects must be understood through the lens of an LDC nation that is facing climate change impacts and intensified disaster events while also seeking to progress an array of governance reform priorities. Timor continues to export petroleum products to satisfy a small proportion of global fossil-fuel needs.', 'Timor continues to export petroleum products to satisfy a small proportion of global fossil-fuel needs. However, Timor-Leste does maintain that larger more diversified and developed countries must take greater accountability for the immediate and drastic transition away from high emissions activities and should support countries like Timor-Leste with the tools and resources to diversify their economic opportunities. As a Least Developed Country and a climate-vulnerable developing nation, Timor-Leste references Articles 2.2, 4.3, and 4.19, regarding the concept of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities” when developing the practicality and scope of its national emissions reduction commitments. The Government of Timor-Leste aims to facilitate the conditions required to enable sustainable low carbon development and will continue to seek options for increasing both the energy efficiency and economic efficiency of national energy services.', 'The Government of Timor-Leste aims to facilitate the conditions required to enable sustainable low carbon development and will continue to seek options for increasing both the energy efficiency and economic efficiency of national energy services. In addition to technological changes made within the energy sector, Timor- Leste will continue to bolster national carbon sequestration potential as a means to reduce net domestic emissions in conjunction with any activities undertaken to transfer carbon emission reduction units offshore through modalities enabled under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Timor-Leste’s greenhouse gas emissions are negligible and equivalent to .006% of total global annual emissions. Overall greenhouse gas emissions in Timor-Leste have fluctuated significantly over the last two decades (2000-2020).', 'Overall greenhouse gas emissions in Timor-Leste have fluctuated significantly over the last two decades (2000-2020). The drivers of this fluctuation have been sensitive to changes in the forestry and land-use sector as well as the changing productivity levels and resulting emissions profile within the oil and gas industry. Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication utilised a methodology that is aligned with the Tier 1 methodologies set out under the 2006 IPCC Guidelines which differs from the methodology used for Timor-Leste’s First National Communication which utilised the revised 1996 IPCCC Guidelines. This has resulted in revised emissions data for the 2010 reference year which formed the basis of the baseline for Timor-Leste’s First NDC. This baseline for 2010 was stated as 1483 GgCO2 and excludes emissions from oil and gas production and biomass utilisation.', 'This baseline for 2010 was stated as 1483 GgCO2 and excludes emissions from oil and gas production and biomass utilisation. Due to the use of a revised methodology for the Second National Communication as well as with the inclusion of updated activity data and new assumptions9, the baseline emissions level for 2010 referenced within Timor-Leste’s INDC has been revised and a new reference level will be established once the GHG inventory is formally established and the processes required to validate a new emissions reference level are clarified. In keeping with national circumstances, Timor-Leste’s Least Developed Country Status, and required assistance to formalise a robust GHG Inventory, Timor-Leste maintains the intention to refrain from setting a quantified emissions reduction target.', 'In keeping with national circumstances, Timor-Leste’s Least Developed Country Status, and required assistance to formalise a robust GHG Inventory, Timor-Leste maintains the intention to refrain from setting a quantified emissions reduction target. The following conditional and unconditional initiatives and activities are priority measures for reducing GHG emissions over the 2022-2030 time frame: 3. Low Carbon Development Activity Commitment type 3.1 Establishing an enabling environment for Low Carbon Transition National GHG Inventory Timor-Leste will develop a robust national GHG inventory and enhance the collection and analysis of activity data and support the development of Timor- Leste’s mitigation objectives. While the establishment of a robust national GHG inventory remains conditional on securing relevant technical support and financing, the commitment to create a national framework for the inventory is unconditional.', 'While the establishment of a robust national GHG inventory remains conditional on securing relevant technical support and financing, the commitment to create a national framework for the inventory is unconditional. Unconditional Low Carbon Development Strategy Timor-Leste is willing to formulate a national low- carbon development strategy to support long- term strategic options for defining Timor-Leste’s development goals in alignment with the Paris Agreement and the 1.5 degree Celsius temperature goal (in the context of Article 4.1). The formulation of a low- carbon development strategy is resource-intensive and progressing it in Timor-Leste will require financial and technical support as well as technology transfer.', 'The formulation of a low- carbon development strategy is resource-intensive and progressing it in Timor-Leste will require financial and technical support as well as technology transfer. Conditional 9 For example, the total emissions reported from the waste sector in the first National Communication was 59.62GgCO2e for 2010, the Second National Communication revised the methodology and scope for the assessment of the waste sector resulting in a near doubling of this number and a resubmission of the 2010 waste sector emissions (135.23 GgCO2e)Nationally Determined Contribution 3. Low Carbon Development Activity Commitment type Ratification of the Kigali Amendment To ratify the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and in turn, develop a Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Phase-out management plan that expands the coverage of Timor-Leste’s NDC to include activities required for an economy-wide phase-out of HFCs.', 'Low Carbon Development Activity Commitment type Ratification of the Kigali Amendment To ratify the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol and in turn, develop a Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Phase-out management plan that expands the coverage of Timor-Leste’s NDC to include activities required for an economy-wide phase-out of HFCs. While the commitment to ratify the Kigali Agreement to the Montreal Protocol is unconditional, implementation capacity will require access to additional technical support and financing to ensure capacity is secured to develop a Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Phase- out management plan that expands the coverage of Timor-Leste’s NDC to include activities required for an economy-wide phase-out of HFCs. Unconditional Biennial Transparency Report Timor-Leste is committed to increasing emissions reporting transparency and aims to voluntarily opt into the submission of BTR’s starting in 2024.', 'Unconditional Biennial Transparency Report Timor-Leste is committed to increasing emissions reporting transparency and aims to voluntarily opt into the submission of BTR’s starting in 2024. This commitment is highly contingent on access to the required financial support and TA needed to establish Timor-Leste’s emissions reporting systems. Conditional Renewable Energy Decree-Law The government has prepared and is currently consulting with stakeholders on a draft decree-law that establishes the legal framework for registration, installation, exploration, licensing, supply, marketing, promotion, financing and incentives, for the production and use of electricity derived from renewable energy sources. It also establishes the regulation of the activity of production of electric energy destined for self- consumption. The decree-law will apply to natural or legal persons, national or international, public or private, with commercial or self-consumption purposes who install produce and explore electrical energy using renewable energy sources in Timor-Leste.', 'The decree-law will apply to natural or legal persons, national or international, public or private, with commercial or self-consumption purposes who install produce and explore electrical energy using renewable energy sources in Timor-Leste. The government aims to approve this law in 2022-2023. Unconditional 3.2 Scaling up renewable energy technologies Investment in renewable energy solutions Timor-Leste will scale up investment in renewable energy systems as a means to reduce diesel consumption and improve the resilience of rural communities through engagement with innovative blended financing mechanisms, LDC -focused financing facilities, and private sector engagement. Timor- Leste will prioritise investments that increase energy security and access in rural communities and will seek increased investment and engagement of the private sector to assist with the scale-up and use of low carbon technologies. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 3.', 'ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 3. Low Carbon Development Activity Commitment type 3.2b – Biofuels and Biomass Potential Research will be undertaken to improve the understanding of the economics and potential of biofuel production and the use of sustainable biomass as feedstock for bioenergy production in Timor-Leste. Conditional Biogas and Sustainable Livestock Management Timor-Leste is committed to adopting and upscaling sustainable livestock management methods inclusive of biogas production. Sustainable livestock methods have the potential to reduce aggregate annual GHG emissions derived from livestock however, the capacity to fully exploit these opportunities remains conditional on securing relevant technical support and financing. Conditional 3.3 Oil and Gas Industry Regulation Oil and Gas Industry Operations The Government of Timor-Leste will work with the oil and gas industry to identify strategies and plans to reduce emissions and minimise the emissions intensity of industry operations.', 'Conditional 3.3 Oil and Gas Industry Regulation Oil and Gas Industry Operations The Government of Timor-Leste will work with the oil and gas industry to identify strategies and plans to reduce emissions and minimise the emissions intensity of industry operations. Targeted initiatives will be progressed to reduce fugitive emissions from offshore oil and gas production facilities. Unconditional Extractive Industry Transparency and Reporting Timor-Leste has been a member of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) since 2008. Timor-Leste seeks to increase transparency through the establishment of an online database that provides information on all extractive companies operating in the petroleum sector.', 'Timor-Leste seeks to increase transparency through the establishment of an online database that provides information on all extractive companies operating in the petroleum sector. This and other disclosure based- actions will be pursued throughout the 2022-2030 period in keeping with EITI recommendations and best practices Unconditional 3.4 Energy Efficiency Improvements Enabling cost-effective energy efficiency improvements Through the development and implementation/ enforcement of product efficiency standards, energy- efficient building designs, new fuel standards, closer regulation of industrial processes, and the energy efficiency improvements that can be derived from changes to primary energy sources used by communities, there is potential to increase the overall efficiency of Timor-Leste’s energy sector. To do so research will be conducted to improve the understanding of key opportunities and improve the cost-benefit analysis available on potential demand-side efficiency improvements in Timor-Leste. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 3.', 'To do so research will be conducted to improve the understanding of key opportunities and improve the cost-benefit analysis available on potential demand-side efficiency improvements in Timor-Leste. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 3. Low Carbon Development Activity Commitment type 3.5 Enabling the Energy Efficient Transport Sector Growth Vehicle Standards Decree-Law (No. 30/2011) prohibits the import of light passenger and mixed vehicles that are more than 5 years old (from the date of their original manufacture to the date of import) with exceptions in place for particular circumstances and vehicles. Timor-Leste will continue to use these standards to control vehicle imports and revise them as required to suit national policies and priorities. Unconditional Transport System Master Plan A transport master plan will be developed to build sector resilience and reduce emissions derived from the transport sector.', 'Unconditional Transport System Master Plan A transport master plan will be developed to build sector resilience and reduce emissions derived from the transport sector. This plan will create policy entry points for promoting and supporting climate-friendly public transport options and non-motorised transport solutions where possible. Conditional 3.6 Waste Management and Waste Minimization Waste Management Innovation and Reform Landfill, urban, industrial, household, i, and medical waste management and wastewater management are priorities for improvement in Timor-Leste due to continued issues with open dumping, burning of waste, localised pollution, and poor sanitation. The Government of Timor-Leste will pursue support to help exploit opportunities and implement solutions. Through biogas production, composting, and recycling as well as the potential to develop market-based mechanisms to help minimise waste and improve sustainable waste management options through for instance improved incineration technology, investment and private sector engagement will be used to scale up solutions.', 'Through biogas production, composting, and recycling as well as the potential to develop market-based mechanisms to help minimise waste and improve sustainable waste management options through for instance improved incineration technology, investment and private sector engagement will be used to scale up solutions. The scale of this commitment and the scope of its outcomes is wholly dependent on access to climate finance. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Adaptation and Resilience Building Timor-Leste is committed to building climate risk resilience and will continue to invest in opportunities to increase climate adaptation outcomes in the interest of national society. The localised implications of climate change in Timor-Leste continue to be exacerbated by current economic development status, Timor-Leste’s colonial history and conflict sensitivity, as well as existing capacity constraints.', 'The localised implications of climate change in Timor-Leste continue to be exacerbated by current economic development status, Timor-Leste’s colonial history and conflict sensitivity, as well as existing capacity constraints. To prepare for and minimise the impacts of climate change on Timor-Leste’s environment, peoples, cultures and economy, Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan (2021) has been developed around seven priority areas: 1) infrastructure adaptation, 2) biodiversity and ecosystem adaptation, 3) health sector adaptation, 4) agriculture sector adaptation, 5) water sector adaptation, 6) adapting disaster risk reduction, and 7) tourism sector adaptation.', 'To prepare for and minimise the impacts of climate change on Timor-Leste’s environment, peoples, cultures and economy, Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan (2021) has been developed around seven priority areas: 1) infrastructure adaptation, 2) biodiversity and ecosystem adaptation, 3) health sector adaptation, 4) agriculture sector adaptation, 5) water sector adaptation, 6) adapting disaster risk reduction, and 7) tourism sector adaptation. Timor-Leste recognises the need to advance activities in alignment with Article 7.1 of the Paris Agreement and its recognition of the importance of enhancing adaptive capacity as well as the importance of Article 7.8 which cites the vital importance of international cooperation as a means to enable robust and meaningful adaptation outcomes. ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE BUILDING National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 4.', 'ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE BUILDING National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 4. Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building Activity Commitment type 4.1 Operationalising the National Adaptation Plan NAP Institutional Arrangements A designated high-level body for overseeing interagency coordination required to implement NAP objectives will be established. This body will be supported by the establishment of technical working groups. Unconditional Vulnerability and Risk Assessments The National Adaptation Plan will be translated into specific interventions in part through the use of integrated vulnerability assessments and localised risk mapping exercises. These products will help identify priority actions and investments. Climate and disaster risk mapping and risk modelling will be used to influence decision-making and support planning at the national, sub-national, and local levels. Unconditional Community Consultation The Government of Timor-Leste will establish and introduce a subnational and community-based consultation mechanism to support community empowerment, private sector engagement and subnational implementation of climate change policy implementation activities.', 'Unconditional Community Consultation The Government of Timor-Leste will establish and introduce a subnational and community-based consultation mechanism to support community empowerment, private sector engagement and subnational implementation of climate change policy implementation activities. Unconditional Adaptation Communication Timor-Leste will communicate a shortlist of adaptation priorities and associated funding gaps in 2024. This document will include an update on NAP implementation as well as an update on climate change impacts and projected risks. Unconditional 4.2 Food and Water Security Diversifying Food Production Financial resources will be secured to support research into climate-resilient crop species and climate-smart agricultural practices. Unconditional Integrated Water Resource Management Increasing pressures on freshwater supply must be managed to maintain water access for domestic and agricultural purposes while also ensuring that changes to water availability do not increase emissions from the water sector due to the increasing use of water pumps and other infrastructure.', 'Unconditional Integrated Water Resource Management Increasing pressures on freshwater supply must be managed to maintain water access for domestic and agricultural purposes while also ensuring that changes to water availability do not increase emissions from the water sector due to the increasing use of water pumps and other infrastructure. Landscape-level integrated water resource management approaches will be reflected in Timor-Leste’s revised development plans and other relevant public sector plans. Integrated water resource management projects will remain a key target investment area to support through climate financing proposals. Unconditional Sustainable Livestock Management Timor-Leste Government is committed to revising and improving the regulation and planning frameworks for livestock management to better incorporate sustainability objectives and climate change risk considerations. Technical assistance will be required to advance this commitment. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 4.', 'Technical assistance will be required to advance this commitment. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution 4. Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building Activity Commitment type Sustainable Fisheries Sustainable management of Timor-Leste’s fisheries is required to alleviate the multitude of stressors on the marine environment. The expansion of marine protected areas and reduction of localised stressors (e.g. pollution, overfishing) on inshore fisheries will be used in conjunction with the creation of alternative livelihood options to strengthen the adaptive capacity of the marine environment, fishing sector, and its associated natural ecosystems. Unconditional 4.3 Health Sector Adaptation National Health Adaptation Plan Timor-Leste will continue to implement the National Health Adaptation Plan for the prevention of health risks and diseases arising from climate change (2019). While the final version of the NHAP is still under review, the plan has been implemented since 2019 in principle.', 'While the final version of the NHAP is still under review, the plan has been implemented since 2019 in principle. A final version of the plan will be presented to the board of directors of the Ministry of Health by 2023. While the commitment to implement the overarching objectives of the NHAP is unconditional, many elements of this plan will be contingent on securing relevant technical support and financing. Conditional Budgetary Allocation for Health A conditional commitment to create dedicated budgetary allocations for additional health services and health infrastructure is required to increase preventative measures required due to the impact of climate change on human health.', 'Conditional Budgetary Allocation for Health A conditional commitment to create dedicated budgetary allocations for additional health services and health infrastructure is required to increase preventative measures required due to the impact of climate change on human health. Conditional 4.4 Enhanced Climate and Disaster Risk Management and Prevention Early Warning Systems Through the aforenoted and recently approved Green Climate Fund project which focused on early warning systems, Timor-Leste will • Strengthen the delivery model and enabling legislation for climate information and multi-hazard early warning services; • Strengthen observations, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of climate change and its impacts; • Improve dissemination and communication of risk information and early warning; Timor-Leste’s NAP highlights the development of early warning systems and decision support system tools for policymakers as a clear priority and a means for averting climate change-induced loss and damage. ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 4.', 'ConditionalNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 4. Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building Activity Commitment type Social Protection and Risk Transfer Timor-Leste maintains a Contingency Fund which is supported by the annual State Budget. This fund supports national responses to natural disasters and climate-change-related impacts. The use of funds prioritises support for affected communities and in particular the most vulnerable people in society. The fund is under the budget supervision of the Ministry of Finance. Under special circumstances, the Government is able to seek authorization from the National Parliament to utilize funds. The ongoing ability of this fund to provide adequate support on an annual basis is contingent on national revenue, access to climate financing, and technical support for response and recovery operations. Timor-Leste is actively looking into the potential to develop forecast based-financing initiatives to help protect the most vulnerable in society.', 'Timor-Leste is actively looking into the potential to develop forecast based-financing initiatives to help protect the most vulnerable in society. Conditional Climate Information Systems The Government of Timor-Leste will coordinate activities and financial resources required to increase analytical capacity for climate risk. New systems will be developed to increase connectivity between data owners and support will be enlisted to increase the capacity to collect, interpret, and disseminate climate risk information products and tools. Whilst this commitment as stated above is unconditional, it remains conditional on also securing relevant technical support and financing to implement it. Unconditional Climate Resilient Infrastructure A national infrastructure assessment and audit will be conducted to improve investment planning and improve capital cost projections. This assessment will be used to develop new basic infrastructure requirements designed to minimise exposure and vulnerability to current and projected climate change risks.', 'This assessment will be used to develop new basic infrastructure requirements designed to minimise exposure and vulnerability to current and projected climate change risks. This commitment is conditional on external financing and technical assistance. Conditional Tourism Sector Adaptation Growing Timor-Leste’s eco-tourism sector is vital to the broader adaptation and diversification of Timor- Leste’s economy. Efforts will be made to increase biodiversity protection and as well as sustainable tourism opportunities. Through the use of small grants, concessional loans, and other incentives, Timor-Leste will seek to establish tourism as a major sustainable national export and source of GDP over the 2022-2030 period. This commitment will be reflected in budgetary decisions and allocations. UnconditionalNationally Determined Contribution 4.', 'This commitment will be reflected in budgetary decisions and allocations. UnconditionalNationally Determined Contribution 4. Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience Building Activity Commitment type 4.7 Education Adaptation and Workforce Transition Increasing Investment in Education Services Investment in education services, facilities and national training programs will be increased year on year by a set percentage agreed by 2023. This initiative will represent a renewed commitment to increasing investment in human capital and livelihood diversification alongside commitments made in relation to healthcare. Tailored training programmes will be used to bolster institutional capacity as well-targeted investments in IT infrastructure. This commitment is conditional and will be contingent on improved analytical products to assess education improvement opportunities and livelihood diversification options.', 'This commitment is conditional and will be contingent on improved analytical products to assess education improvement opportunities and livelihood diversification options. Conditional Increasing Aid Sustainability and Impact The government will develop a policy to guide minimum requirements for donor funding to ensure that a set minimum percentage of external financing is earmarked for capacity-building activities and local employment. Unconditional National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Means of implementation The Government of Timor-Leste requires urgent technical support and financing to establish a robust National Greenhouse-Gas (GHG) Inventory to support its ability to report to the UNFCCC and comply with the requirements of the Paris Agreement.', 'Unconditional National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Means of implementation The Government of Timor-Leste requires urgent technical support and financing to establish a robust National Greenhouse-Gas (GHG) Inventory to support its ability to report to the UNFCCC and comply with the requirements of the Paris Agreement. The Government of Timor-Leste requires support to strengthen the legal framework and institutional capacity for land administration through the introduction of new land legislation that recognises customary land tenure and provides state-managed negotiation frameworks and to use this reform to improve the enabling environment for the nature-based solutions and carbon markets mechanisms called for under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.', 'The Government of Timor-Leste requires support to strengthen the legal framework and institutional capacity for land administration through the introduction of new land legislation that recognises customary land tenure and provides state-managed negotiation frameworks and to use this reform to improve the enabling environment for the nature-based solutions and carbon markets mechanisms called for under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The enabling factors that will enable climate-safe transitions in Timor-Leste can be summarised through the following focus areas: w Access to Financing: To help reduce climate and disaster impacts, strengthen infrastructure, and protect livelihoods, biodiversity, and ecosystems reliable and accessible financing is required at a much greater scale.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The enabling factors that will enable climate-safe transitions in Timor-Leste can be summarised through the following focus areas: w Access to Financing: To help reduce climate and disaster impacts, strengthen infrastructure, and protect livelihoods, biodiversity, and ecosystems reliable and accessible financing is required at a much greater scale. w Institutional Reform w Capacity Development and Human Capital Investment: A range of partnerships and technical assistance is required to build the capacity required for Timor-Leste to effectively deliver and accelerate the achievement of national development priorities and requirements. Continued investment in human resources, education, and information exchange will continue to be a lynchpin for a successful climate-safe transition in Timor-Leste.', 'Continued investment in human resources, education, and information exchange will continue to be a lynchpin for a successful climate-safe transition in Timor-Leste. w Climate risk information and analysis – Improving climate risk information, data availability, and analytical capability is the first port of call for effectively minimising loss and damage from climate change in Timor-Leste. Research partnerships and donor support to facilitate effective technology transfer will remain a priority for the foreseeable future. w Economic Diversification – Timor-Leste’s high dependency on the oil and gas industry continues to create high exposure to oil price volatility and Timor-Leste’s development objectives will benefit from a diversified economy and increased growth in sectors with high potential for job creation such as tourism. Timor-Leste’s NDC commitments are deeply interlinked with national sustainable development priorities.', 'Timor-Leste’s NDC commitments are deeply interlinked with national sustainable development priorities. Examples of Timor-Leste’s priorities for Capacity Building, Finance and Technology Transfer Priorities are as follows: 1. Timor-Leste requires assistance to improve its capacity to understand and assess climate risks and improve national climate information services. 2. Specific and additional financial and technical assistance is required to improve national capacity to cope with and address the nexus of disaster and climate change-related impacts alongside sustainable development priorities and the mid-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. 3. In order to improve the ability to design and implement effective nature- based solutions –targeted investment and financing are required to support the design and regulation of these approaches. 4.', 'In order to improve the ability to design and implement effective nature- based solutions –targeted investment and financing are required to support the design and regulation of these approaches. 4. Timor-Leste’s ability to invest in and scale up renewable energy and improve national GHG reporting is dependent on ongoing technical support, technology transfer, and concessional financing.Nationally Determined Contribution 5. Due to the vulnerability of Timor-Leste to climate-driven rainfall extremes integrated water management capacity and associated resourcing is urgently required. 6. Research assistance and access to expertise are required to support food security and the long-term transition and adaptation of traditional livelihoods. 7.', 'Research assistance and access to expertise are required to support food security and the long-term transition and adaptation of traditional livelihoods. 7. Climate change will continue to have a direct impact on public health and investment in Timor-Leste’s health care systems will be required to improve capacity to cope with changing needs and growing pressures on public health infrastructure. 8. Timor-Leste’s capacity to avert and minimise loss and damage will be dependent on the capacity and technology needed to map vulnerabilities and assess damage risk and potential losses. 9. Timor-Leste requires specific targeted support to minimise and avert loss and damage and seeks technical assistance and dedicated financing in alignment with the objectives set out under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage.', 'Timor-Leste requires specific targeted support to minimise and avert loss and damage and seeks technical assistance and dedicated financing in alignment with the objectives set out under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage. Technical support is required to increase access to risk transfer solutions, build capacity to improve social protection mechanisms and increase overall access to risk financing solutions. 10. Targeted financing is required to build coastal resilience and minimise the risk of coastal community displacement 11. Technology transfer and reduction of the landed cost of key new technologies are required to support the acceleration and execution of Timor-Leste’s mitigation and adaptation objectives.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 1.', 'Technology transfer and reduction of the landed cost of key new technologies are required to support the acceleration and execution of Timor-Leste’s mitigation and adaptation objectives.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING National Determined ContributionNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) Reference year 2010 b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Timor-Leste requires financial support and technical assistance to progressively improve MRV capacity, establish a National GHG Inventory, and diversify access to the data and information required to accurately contextualize National NDCs; c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Timor-Leste’s first National Climate Change Policy was endorsed in 2021. This policy will guide national efforts to minimise Timor-Leste’s contribution to climate change as well as seek to reduce the impact of climate change on the country.', 'This policy will guide national efforts to minimise Timor-Leste’s contribution to climate change as well as seek to reduce the impact of climate change on the country. Timor-Leste is committed to developing a National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan to further define and accelerate the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy. This policy, plan, and strategy will be further operationalised by Timor-Leste’s intention to pass an innovative climate change- focused decree-law. This law will help provide a robust legal framework and governance structure for managing climate risks and support the delivery of sustainable development outcomes and priorities. This law will support Timor-Leste’s ability to engage in activities that enhance the environmental integrity and carbon sequestration potential of Timor-Leste’s environment.', 'This law will support Timor-Leste’s ability to engage in activities that enhance the environmental integrity and carbon sequestration potential of Timor-Leste’s environment. This law will create the legal mandate and basis for Timor-Leste’s National GHG Inventory. The significant progression in the institutional arrangements for managing Timor-Leste’s response to climate change enabled by the proposed climate change law and the establishment of the National GHG Inventory (contingent on required technical and financial support) is expected to enable Timor-Leste to submit its first Biennial Transparency Report in 2024. To further guide the development of Timor-Leste’s non- oil economy, Timor-Leste is willing to formulate a low carbon development strategy in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement by 2025.', 'To further guide the development of Timor-Leste’s non- oil economy, Timor-Leste is willing to formulate a low carbon development strategy in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement by 2025. Timor-Leste will undertake a range of actions in relation to and within sectors not covered as quantitative commitments.Nationally Determined Contribution d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Timor-Leste has not set a numerical target for national emissions reductions due to the ongoing requirement for assistance and resources to develop an economy-wide GHG Inventory and associated Monitoring Review and Verification processes. This revised NDC is premised on data provided by the Second National Communication and underpins the policy commitments and direction set out within Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy (2021).', 'This revised NDC is premised on data provided by the Second National Communication and underpins the policy commitments and direction set out within Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy (2021). e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication, 2020 f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators The development of the required institutional arrangements, data collection regimes, and dedicated capacity required to establish Timor-Leste’s National GHG Inventory is in progress. The establishment of the GHG Inventory will enable a full review of Timor-Leste’s NDC enabling the review of reference indicators as required and recommended. Any change to reference indicators will be premised on improving the quality, transparency, verifiability, and technical accuracy of the basis of the NDC.', 'Any change to reference indicators will be premised on improving the quality, transparency, verifiability, and technical accuracy of the basis of the NDC. Changes to reference indicators may also be required specifically due to a) Updated activity data b) Updated methodological approaches c) Other corrective actions are required following the establishment of the GHG Inventory and associated processes. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/ or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); This updated NDC covers the timeframe from 1 January 2022 to 31st December 2030. Progress against this NDC will be tracked through national reporting and via submissions of Biennial Transparency Reports starting in 2024 b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable.', 'Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. w Multi-Year Target (2022-2030) w The NDC is based on a range of steps and milestones that will be achieved at different points over the 2022-2030 timeframe. w Additional detail on activities and outcomes will be added where and when possible. w Relevant enhancements to the data and basis of this NDC will be submitted at relevant intervals.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 3. Scope and Coverage a. General description of the target; Timor-Leste is a Least Developed Country that is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change while also reliant on revenue from its oil and gas resources. Timor-Leste’s NDC is an economy-wide commitment to establishing a ‘nature-positive’ resilient development pathway.', 'Timor-Leste’s NDC is an economy-wide commitment to establishing a ‘nature-positive’ resilient development pathway. The term ‘nature-positive’ refers to the emphasis of this NDC on the use of nature-based solutions to help build national resilience, increase the carbon sequestration potential of national carbon sinks and reservoirs, protect national development gains, and grow the non-oil economy through the positive growth of sustainable agriculture and green tourism. The geographical coverage of this NDC is applied to all areas within Timor-Leste’s geopolitical boundaries (and is inclusive of the Special Administrative Region of Oé-Cusse Ambeno (RAEOA)) Mitigation and adaptation activities in Timor-Leste are highly interlinked and often indistinct.', 'The geographical coverage of this NDC is applied to all areas within Timor-Leste’s geopolitical boundaries (and is inclusive of the Special Administrative Region of Oé-Cusse Ambeno (RAEOA)) Mitigation and adaptation activities in Timor-Leste are highly interlinked and often indistinct. Enhancing Timor-Leste’s environment through the sustainable management of forests, improved environmental protection measures, climate-smart agricultural techniques, and the introduction of new technologies has the potential to simultaneously enable progress against national adaptation and mitigation objectives. To improve the strategic approach to climate risks and improve active management of sector emissions and the carbon intensity of development activities a long-term approach to climate risk governance and development planning will be established. Timor-Leste progressing a series of activities and has defined objectives that serve the purpose and intent of the Paris Agreement.', 'Timor-Leste progressing a series of activities and has defined objectives that serve the purpose and intent of the Paris Agreement. Timor-Leste’s ability to implement many activities will be contingent upon timely international support and access to reliable and adequate finance. Key Mitigation and Adaptation Actions and Strategies 1. To establish a robust national GHG inventory and enhance transparency and improve the capacity to design and assess low carbon development options and strategies. Greater formalisation of the methods for the collection and analysis of activity data will create additional co-benefits for economic planning and policy.Nationally Determined Contribution 2. To establish a ‘nature-positive’ economic sector that focuses on the use of innovative nature-based solutions to support the development of new livelihoods, build resilience to climate and disaster risks, and contribute to climate repair.', 'To establish a ‘nature-positive’ economic sector that focuses on the use of innovative nature-based solutions to support the development of new livelihoods, build resilience to climate and disaster risks, and contribute to climate repair. This objective and target will be in part enabled by the provisions of the proposed climate change law. It will also be supported through the establishment of a new policy framework that will support the development of carbon farming opportunities, including agroforestry, mangrove rehabilitation, and the creation of new employment opportunities and green tourism business opportunities for the benefit of the Timorese people. These objectives will also create adaptation co-benefits as nature-based solutions will help support coastal resilience, manage flood risks, transition rural livelihoods, and protect biodiversity. 3.', 'These objectives will also create adaptation co-benefits as nature-based solutions will help support coastal resilience, manage flood risks, transition rural livelihoods, and protect biodiversity. 3. Timor-Leste will proactively address rising energy demand and reduce national emissions by prioritising investments in renewable energy, transport infrastructure, and energy efficiency improvements that are cost-effective, support Timor-Leste’s sustainable development priorities, and unlock new employment opportunities. 4. Timor-Leste will formulate a low carbon development strategy to support long-term decarbonisation objectives and as a means to increase the economic contributions and size of the non-oil-based economy. 5. Through the operationalisation of Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan and the development of a National Climate Change Action Plan and Strategy, a whole-of- government approach to achieving tangible adaptation and mitigation outcomes will be ingrained within national systems. 6.', 'Through the operationalisation of Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan and the development of a National Climate Change Action Plan and Strategy, a whole-of- government approach to achieving tangible adaptation and mitigation outcomes will be ingrained within national systems. 6. Timor-Leste intends to improve the enabling environment for climate change responses and translate the intent of the Paris Agreement into local legal implications through the development and enactment of climate change legislation in the form of a law.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Key sectors covered by this NDC: • Energy • Agriculture • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, • Waste The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Key sectors covered by this NDC: • Energy • Agriculture • Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry, • Waste The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21. The sectors considered reflect the coverage of categories and sectors consistent with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Inventory Guidelines. Greenhouse gases covered by this NDC are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration and (d) of decision 1/ The scope of Timor-Leste’s NDC is limited by data deficits and capacity limitations which reduce the potential to develop quantifiable and technically achievable targets.', 'Greenhouse gases covered by this NDC are: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration and (d) of decision 1/ The scope of Timor-Leste’s NDC is limited by data deficits and capacity limitations which reduce the potential to develop quantifiable and technically achievable targets. Timor-Leste requires ongoing and targeted technical support to clarify methodological options and strategies to manage data uncertainty and requires resources to develop the relevant monitoring, reporting and verification systems and regimes. Timor-Leste’s national circumstances and associated capacity- building needs will continue to require attention and support from national, regional, and international partners, donors, and stakeholders. The impact of climate change and disaster events on Timor- Leste’s people, environment, and economy continues to negatively affect development progress which has implications for ongoing capacity-building goals required to progress climate change objectives.', 'The impact of climate change and disaster events on Timor- Leste’s people, environment, and economy continues to negatively affect development progress which has implications for ongoing capacity-building goals required to progress climate change objectives. d. Mitigation co- benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including a description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The ‘Nature-Positive’ approach established by Timor-Leste’s NDC is based on the intention to build socio-economic as well as environmental resilience through nature-based solutions and sustainable development programmes that create mitigation co- benefits by increasing carbon sequestration, protecting existing carbon reservoirs and sinks, enhancing sustainable land and agricultural practices, and increasing investment in low carbon and renewable energy-based development solutions.Nationally Determined Contribution 4.', 'The ‘Nature-Positive’ approach established by Timor-Leste’s NDC is based on the intention to build socio-economic as well as environmental resilience through nature-based solutions and sustainable development programmes that create mitigation co- benefits by increasing carbon sequestration, protecting existing carbon reservoirs and sinks, enhancing sustainable land and agricultural practices, and increasing investment in low carbon and renewable energy-based development solutions.Nationally Determined Contribution 4. Planning Process a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Council of Ministers is the highest decision-making authority in addressing the implementation of national priorities as well as mainstreaming climate change issues and consideration into sectoral policies and plans.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Council of Ministers is the highest decision-making authority in addressing the implementation of national priorities as well as mainstreaming climate change issues and consideration into sectoral policies and plans. Therefore, the Council of Ministers will delegate, as per its Organic Law, to the responsible Ministry for the Environment to oversee the development and implementation of the NDC. The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste’s Revised NDC (2022- 2030) has been informed by the development of the nation’s Second National Communication (SNC) which was submitted to the UNFCCC in 2020. While the SNC provided the analytical basis, the policy basis was informed by the consultations and collaborative processes that have led to the endorsement of Timor-Leste’s first National Climate Change Policy in 2021.', 'While the SNC provided the analytical basis, the policy basis was informed by the consultations and collaborative processes that have led to the endorsement of Timor-Leste’s first National Climate Change Policy in 2021. Various national stakeholders have been engaged directly to support the articulation of the priorities that this NDC addresses. The development of this NDC falls under the mandate of the Ministry responsible for the Environment. The oversight of this NDC is held by the Secretary of State for Environment.', 'The oversight of this NDC is held by the Secretary of State for Environment. To further improve the governance arrangements required to address climate change issues and risks the directorates under the General Directorate for Environment were reorganized in 2019 in accordance with the principles of sustainable development: • Precautionary principle: ◊ National Directorate for Climate Change; ◊ National Directorate for Planning, Finance and Administration; • Intergenerational cooperation principle: ◊ National Directorate for Human Resources, Procurement and Logistics; ◊ Centre for Environmental Education and Information; • Polluter pays principle: ◊ National Directorate for Pollution Control; • Biodiversity protection principle ◊ National Directorate for BiodiversityNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The National Directorate for Climate Change led by the Director for Climate Change is responsible for coordinating the development and implementation of the National Climate Change Policy as well as leading coordination on climate change-related affairs with international organisations and bilateral partners on environmental affairs, sustainable development, and climate risk management.', 'To further improve the governance arrangements required to address climate change issues and risks the directorates under the General Directorate for Environment were reorganized in 2019 in accordance with the principles of sustainable development: • Precautionary principle: ◊ National Directorate for Climate Change; ◊ National Directorate for Planning, Finance and Administration; • Intergenerational cooperation principle: ◊ National Directorate for Human Resources, Procurement and Logistics; ◊ Centre for Environmental Education and Information; • Polluter pays principle: ◊ National Directorate for Pollution Control; • Biodiversity protection principle ◊ National Directorate for BiodiversityNationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 The National Directorate for Climate Change led by the Director for Climate Change is responsible for coordinating the development and implementation of the National Climate Change Policy as well as leading coordination on climate change-related affairs with international organisations and bilateral partners on environmental affairs, sustainable development, and climate risk management. DNAC works with focal points within line ministries to coordinate and progress climate action in Timor-Leste and has supported the compilation of data required to produce this NDC.', 'DNAC works with focal points within line ministries to coordinate and progress climate action in Timor-Leste and has supported the compilation of data required to produce this NDC. Timor-Leste’s Climate Change Working Group was established in 2017 by ministerial decree to help guide consultations on Timor-Leste’s climate change policy and associated plans. This working group is comprised of key ministries, donors, international organisations, universities, and civil society and is chaired by the DNAC. The CCWG will be the primary mechanism for coordination and consultation with stakeholders in implementing the NAP priorities undertaken by government entities, agencies, civil society, and private sector actors.', 'The CCWG will be the primary mechanism for coordination and consultation with stakeholders in implementing the NAP priorities undertaken by government entities, agencies, civil society, and private sector actors. The working group will : • Coordinate and provide technical guidance for NAP implementation with line ministries and other relevant agencies and organizations; • Provide technical inputs for the Decree-Law/Government Decree to legally empower line agencies to incorporate guidance and recommendations from the NAP into their planning and budgeting processes and to implement the priorities described in the NAP; • Undertake performance review of the status of implementation of the NAP at the technical level; • Provide information on climate finance and facilitate international climate finance and technical support for the implementation of the NAP; • Monitor and evaluate the implementation, as well as the activities of all sectors and avoid duplication of efforts; • Spearhead the identification of linkages between the NAP and the NDC; • Advance new initiatives and proposals designed to implement NAP priorities with development partners; and • Coordinate with the Ministry of Finance to register, facilitate and ensure transparency of financial support from outside with respect to climate change adaptation.', 'The working group will : • Coordinate and provide technical guidance for NAP implementation with line ministries and other relevant agencies and organizations; • Provide technical inputs for the Decree-Law/Government Decree to legally empower line agencies to incorporate guidance and recommendations from the NAP into their planning and budgeting processes and to implement the priorities described in the NAP; • Undertake performance review of the status of implementation of the NAP at the technical level; • Provide information on climate finance and facilitate international climate finance and technical support for the implementation of the NAP; • Monitor and evaluate the implementation, as well as the activities of all sectors and avoid duplication of efforts; • Spearhead the identification of linkages between the NAP and the NDC; • Advance new initiatives and proposals designed to implement NAP priorities with development partners; and • Coordinate with the Ministry of Finance to register, facilitate and ensure transparency of financial support from outside with respect to climate change adaptation. Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan, submitted to the UNFCCC on the 31st of March 2021, provides information on the priority Adaptation activities that the Government has committed to over the short, mid, and long-term time frames.', 'Timor-Leste’s National Adaptation Plan, submitted to the UNFCCC on the 31st of March 2021, provides information on the priority Adaptation activities that the Government has committed to over the short, mid, and long-term time frames. This Plan has been directly reflected in the priorities of this NDC. Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy provides the basis for the implementation and coordination of Timor-Leste’s NDC and will be further supported through the development of a dedicated action plan.Nationally Determined Contribution Existing legislation, including Timor-Leste’s Environment Basic Law and Biodiversity Decree-Law, creates the legal basis for progressing many elements of this NDC. The overarching intent of this NDC will be supported through the development of new legislation and regulations as required.', 'The overarching intent of this NDC will be supported through the development of new legislation and regulations as required. Timor-Leste will continue to develop the appropriate arrangements required to support the technology transfer and capacity building required to implement this NDC. This updated NDC has been guided by a gender-responsive approach and has considered the nexus between climate change issues and gender inequality. Timor-Leste’s approach to climate change has and will continue to be informed by the need to enable sustainable development outcomes that can only be achieved if women and girls are empowered within society. The Government of Timor-Leste has established a mechanism for inter-sectoral cooperation and coordination to ensure concerted action to promote equality and affirm the role of women in Timorese society.', 'The Government of Timor-Leste has established a mechanism for inter-sectoral cooperation and coordination to ensure concerted action to promote equality and affirm the role of women in Timorese society. The Government has established and implemented mechanisms within each Ministry and Secretariat of State, which ensure the integration of a gender perspective in the development of strategies, policies, programs and legislation. This NDC supports the rights of Indigenous Peoples through its commitment to progressive landscape management, livelihood protection, community consultation mechanisms, and a climate- resilient nature-positive approach to development objectives. Timorese indigenous cultures, values, and beliefs are protected and maintained through the respect of customary law (lisan) within the national justice system and the ongoing commitment to environmental protection that is evidenced in new and historical legislation and policy.', 'Timorese indigenous cultures, values, and beliefs are protected and maintained through the respect of customary law (lisan) within the national justice system and the ongoing commitment to environmental protection that is evidenced in new and historical legislation and policy. This NDC has benefited from the understanding of traditional environmental management approaches such as tara bandu and its priorities and objectives have been derived from an integrated consideration of both traditional knowledge and empirical science. Timor-Leste’s commitment to human rights and consultative and responsive governance will continue to require and benefit from financial and technical support to ensure policy implementation and service delivery can continue to progress and develop without disruption from climatic impacts and disaster events.', 'Timor-Leste’s commitment to human rights and consultative and responsive governance will continue to require and benefit from financial and technical support to ensure policy implementation and service delivery can continue to progress and develop without disruption from climatic impacts and disaster events. This NDC has been informed by underlying priorities and rights which are important to all Timorese including the right to health, the right to food, and the right to education which continues to shape the basis of resilient development in Timor- Leste.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; – See the section entitled ‘National Circumstances and Context’ • Timor-Leste is a climate-vulnerable small island developing state and an LDC.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; – See the section entitled ‘National Circumstances and Context’ • Timor-Leste is a climate-vulnerable small island developing state and an LDC. • Timor-Leste’s economy is highly dependent on the export of its oil and gas resources which accounted for 80% of national GDP in 2020. • Agriculture in Timor-Leste is the primary source of income and livelihood for the vast majority of Timorese and climate and disaster risks threaten the development and stability of productive sectors. • Timor-Leste’s development status, economic profile, and climate and disaster vulnerability create interrelated challenges for the Timorese people which have been further exacerbated by COVID-19.', '• Timor-Leste’s development status, economic profile, and climate and disaster vulnerability create interrelated challenges for the Timorese people which have been further exacerbated by COVID-19. • Poverty eradication and growth of the non-oil economy are dependent on successful efforts to diversify the economy and grow sectors such as tourism in the immediate term. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; • Integrated vulnerability assessments have been conducted to help inform the basis of the NDC as well as Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy and National Adaptation Plan • Timor-Leste’s customary land management practices have been successful in supporting positive environmental outcomes and will be used to further progress the objectives of this NDC.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; • Integrated vulnerability assessments have been conducted to help inform the basis of the NDC as well as Timor-Leste’s National Climate Change Policy and National Adaptation Plan • Timor-Leste’s customary land management practices have been successful in supporting positive environmental outcomes and will be used to further progress the objectives of this NDC. The ‘nature-positive’ approach taken by Timor- Leste will increase incentives to improve overall custodianship of the environment and help to articulate methods and means to derive multiple co-benefits from locally-managed nature- based solutions (i.e. Tara Bandu, carbon farming, sustainable forestry practices).', 'Tara Bandu, carbon farming, sustainable forestry practices). c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Timor-Leste’s vulnerability to climate change is multi-faceted as the impacts of climate change will have direct physical implications for Timor-Leste while at the same time global shifts in energy technologies will expose Timor-Leste’s economy to transition risks. Timor-Leste seeks support from Parties to build national capacity, increase investment in resilience building, and accelerate technology transfer.', 'Timor-Leste seeks support from Parties to build national capacity, increase investment in resilience building, and accelerate technology transfer. Timor-Leste is already experiencing the negative impacts of a changing climate and is dealing with the loss and damage associated with rainfall extremes and sea-level rise and views the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement as central governance mechanisms for reducing climate change-related risks and increasing national resilience.Nationally Determined Contribution d. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N/A e. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N/A f) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'Timor-Leste is already experiencing the negative impacts of a changing climate and is dealing with the loss and damage associated with rainfall extremes and sea-level rise and views the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement as central governance mechanisms for reducing climate change-related risks and increasing national resilience.Nationally Determined Contribution d. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; N/A e. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N/A f) Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; As an LDC, Timor-Leste faces financial and technical constraints that restrict the national capacity and ability to fully quantify the economic and social consequences of both climate change impacts and the costs and implications of NDC implementation.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; As an LDC, Timor-Leste faces financial and technical constraints that restrict the national capacity and ability to fully quantify the economic and social consequences of both climate change impacts and the costs and implications of NDC implementation. As a result, Timor-Leste’s commitments and priorities have been highlighted alongside the urgent need for scaled-up access to climate financing, technology transfer, and capacity building. Timor-Leste’s economy and GDP are highly dependent on fossil fuel revenues and Timor-Leste must be supported to address both potential transition risks as well as the direct and indirect implications of climate change and disaster events. Timor-Leste will continue to assess and estimate risks and potential losses using the existing capacity to do so.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 ii.', 'Timor-Leste will continue to assess and estimate risks and potential losses using the existing capacity to do so.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. See ‘Overview of Key Climate Financing Programs in Progress ‘Nationally Determined Contribution 5.', 'See ‘Overview of Key Climate Financing Programs in Progress ‘Nationally Determined Contribution 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; • Timor-Leste has accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals in its Second National Communication using the Tier 1 methodology of the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. • Global Warming Potential (GWP) values are based on the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report.', '• Global Warming Potential (GWP) values are based on the IPCC 2nd Assessment Report. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Timor-Leste will apply specific assumptions and methodologies, where relevant when reporting on various policies and measures in its Biennial Transparency Reports. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; As described under ‘5a’ d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; CO2, CH4, N2O emissions will be derived using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines as per ‘5a’. Particular methodologies used will depend on the availability of data.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i.', 'Particular methodologies used will depend on the availability of data.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication provides detail on existing methodologies approaches which will be reviewed and revised as required in keeping with ongoing efforts to establish formalised national GHG accounting systems. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; As Above iii. Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; As Above f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'Approach used to address the effects of age- class structure in forests; As Above f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication 2020 provides detail on existing methodologies approaches which will be reviewed and revised as required in keeping with ongoing efforts to establish formalised national GHG accounting systems.Nationally Determined Contribution ii.', 'How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Timor-Leste’s Second National Communication 2020 provides detail on existing methodologies approaches which will be reviewed and revised as required in keeping with ongoing efforts to establish formalised national GHG accounting systems.Nationally Determined Contribution ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Timor-Leste’s NDC has been informed by the data and assumptions as well as projections included within the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report with particular reference made to overarching risks described by the physical science basis provided by Working Group 1, the Summary for Policymakers entitle ‘Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability, and the AR6 Regional Fact Sheets.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non- greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Timor-Leste’s NDC has been informed by the data and assumptions as well as projections included within the IPCC’s 6th Assessment Report with particular reference made to overarching risks described by the physical science basis provided by Working Group 1, the Summary for Policymakers entitle ‘Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability, and the AR6 Regional Fact Sheets. Methods and priorities for Actions have been informed directly by recent hazard and disaster events and localised climate projections and studies that have been conducted by organisations such as CSIRO and Geoscience Australia. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N/A iv. Further technical information, as necessary; N/A g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'Further technical information, as necessary; N/A g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Timor-Leste views cooperative approaches to the market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement as an important instrument to raise mitigation ambition and support environmental integrity while promoting sustainable development and welcomes the opportunity to participate in cooperative approaches. Timor-Leste is committed to exploring opportunities to benefit from the mechanisms and potential established under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and how it can use these mechanisms either to support the achievement of its own NDC or to provide additional mitigation outcomes to support NDC attainment by other countries.Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; As a climate-vulnerable LDC, Timor-Leste must balance the often competing priorities associated with sustainable economic development requirements, social protection needs, climate and disaster risk management priorities, and climate change mitigation ambitions within national prioritisation processes and with limited national budgetary resources. Timor-Leste will therefore prioritise mitigation activities that create socio- economic co-benefits. Through the development of nature-based solutions that help to manage climate risks, support livelihoods, and sequester carbon – Timor-Leste will seek to create a new economic model for nature-based climate investment that supports the national achievement of the sustainable development goals while supporting the protection and improvement of livelihoods.', 'Through the development of nature-based solutions that help to manage climate risks, support livelihoods, and sequester carbon – Timor-Leste will seek to create a new economic model for nature-based climate investment that supports the national achievement of the sustainable development goals while supporting the protection and improvement of livelihoods. Despite a negligible national contribution of 0.003% of aggregate global emissions and high dependency on revenue from the oil and gas industry, Timor-Leste is committed to contributing to the collective efforts required by the Paris Agreement. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; This NDC update demonstrates significant national progress to develop the appropriate governance arrangements and economic innovation required to enable climate-safe transition in Timor- Leste.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; This NDC update demonstrates significant national progress to develop the appropriate governance arrangements and economic innovation required to enable climate-safe transition in Timor- Leste. The Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste continues to strive to achieve its vision for equitable and sustainable development despite limited resources and the challenges posed by localised climate impacts, disaster events, and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. To maintain and evolve existing commitments in the first NDC and address the context provided by the Second National Communication, Timor-Leste has created a robust proposed legal and policy-based architecture for a long-term response to climate change that is premised on a nature-positive approach.', 'To maintain and evolve existing commitments in the first NDC and address the context provided by the Second National Communication, Timor-Leste has created a robust proposed legal and policy-based architecture for a long-term response to climate change that is premised on a nature-positive approach. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Timor-Leste’s updated NDC reflects a commitment to existing commitments set out under its first NDC while introducing an ambitious new proposed governance arrangement and policy basis for the Nation’s long-term climate change response.', 'c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Timor-Leste’s updated NDC reflects a commitment to existing commitments set out under its first NDC while introducing an ambitious new proposed governance arrangement and policy basis for the Nation’s long-term climate change response. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC reflects ‘common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances and as an LDC and SIDS Timor-Leste has provided detail on a national strategy for resilient low carbon development in keeping with Article 4 paragraph 6.Nationally Determined Contribution e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in Article 2 a.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in Article 2 a. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2; This updated NDC provides detail on the ways in which Timor- Leste is and will continue to protect Timorese People from the threat of climate change and proposes a range of mechanisms for enhancing national governance of this long-term threat while upholding efforts to eradicate poverty. Since Timor-Leste’s first NDC submission the Government has produced a Second National Communication, National Adaptation Plan, and endorsed the first National Climate Change Policy. Timor-Leste continues to protect and maintain diverse cultures and rural livelihoods through attention to and projection of national environmental assets and biodiversity as exemplified through ongoing land management reforms and the Biodiversity Decree-Law.', 'Timor-Leste continues to protect and maintain diverse cultures and rural livelihoods through attention to and projection of national environmental assets and biodiversity as exemplified through ongoing land management reforms and the Biodiversity Decree-Law. Timor- Leste has successfully accessed the climate financing required to progress resilience-building activities that will benefit local communities through collaboration and partnership with donors and implementing entities. Timor-Leste’s adaptation commitments are aligned with an evidence-based approach and consideration of long-term IPCC climate projections and their implications for Timor-Leste. The ‘Nature Positive’ growth strategy introduced by this NDC shows a strong commitment to deriving mitigation co-benefits from resilience-building activities and nature-based solutions and exemplifies the Paris Agreement’s call for context-relevant approaches to achieving the long-term temperature goal.', 'The ‘Nature Positive’ growth strategy introduced by this NDC shows a strong commitment to deriving mitigation co-benefits from resilience-building activities and nature-based solutions and exemplifies the Paris Agreement’s call for context-relevant approaches to achieving the long-term temperature goal. Despite high reliance on the oil- based economy and negligible contribution to global emissions and irrespective of LDC status, Timor-Leste is willing to progress a long-term approach to domestic mitigation action through the development of a low carbon development strategy and a range of sector-specific actions which will also increase national GHG accounting transparency and accuracy. Timor-Leste has committed to translating the Paris Agreement into national legal implications through the development of climate change legislation and a long term approach to climate risk governance. b.', 'Timor-Leste has committed to translating the Paris Agreement into national legal implications through the development of climate change legislation and a long term approach to climate risk governance. b. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.66 Nationally Determined Contribution Timor-Leste 2022-2030'] | en-US |
331 | TGO | Togo | 1st NDC | 2017-06-28 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Togo_english%20version.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 2.854893 | 1.752085 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/caf13dc4c1c2403fd1148e55c05ff32f414101498eb21f3e776254b81380a27c.pdf | ['__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo REPUBLIC OF TOGO INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Level of commitment Reduction of GHG emissions compared to a scenario of uncontrolled development. Scope Entire country. Baseline year 2010 Period of commitment 2020-2030. However, efforts to set up the institutional mechanism, prepare the programmes and mobilize the resources will be beginning in 2016. Type of contribution Unconditional and conditional. Sectors covered Energy; agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry; human settlements (buildings and cities) and health; coastal erosion. Gases concerned CO2 O. Unconditional reduction target Conditional reduction target Funding needs US$3.54 billion (Adaptation = 1.54; Mitigation = 1.10; Tech transfers = 0.5; Capacity-building = 0.4).', 'Unconditional reduction target Conditional reduction target Funding needs US$3.54 billion (Adaptation = 1.54; Mitigation = 1.10; Tech transfers = 0.5; Capacity-building = 0.4). Planning process Set-up of an MRV system (to be developed) - Periodic reviews of INDC implementation and updates. Regional political vision To influence and participate in establishing carbon-lean, climate-compatible development at the sub-regional and regional levels.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Table of Contents INTRODUCTION . 3 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT . 4 3. GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO 7 4. PLANNING PROCESS 11 5. IMPLEMENTATION METHODS . 13 6. REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION 14__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo INTRODUCTION Togo has historically emitted little in the way of greenhouse gases and so has only had a very small part to play in the current climate crisis.', 'REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION 14__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo INTRODUCTION Togo has historically emitted little in the way of greenhouse gases and so has only had a very small part to play in the current climate crisis. However, it must already contend with the harmful consequences of climate change. Although it is one of the least developed countries and has high needs in terms of development and adaptation, Togo nonetheless wants to contribute to international efforts to limit the temperature rise to 2°C by implementing mitigation measures. Togo’s commitment is fair, equitable and ambitious, while still taking the nation’s reality into account.', 'Togo’s commitment is fair, equitable and ambitious, while still taking the nation’s reality into account. Over and above its national commitments, responding to current and future adaptation needs and embarking on a carbon-lean development path will require transparent, long term international cooperation and financial support. Togo is aware of the need to increase its means of action and so is committed to promoting a regional development vision for the concerned populations, in a spirit of solidarity, while also participating in the international fight against climate change. The INDC was prepared under the aegis of the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), in a participatory, inclusive process that included the effective involvement of every stakeholder.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 1.', 'The INDC was prepared under the aegis of the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), in a participatory, inclusive process that included the effective involvement of every stakeholder.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 1. NATIONAL CONTEXT 1.1 Physical context A West African country, Togo is located between 6° and 11° North latitude and between 0° and 1°40 East longitude, with a total area of 56,600 km². Average rainfall varies between 800 and 1,400 mm, with an average temperature of 27°C to 28°C. The country has 50 km of maritime coastline subject to erosion. Its arable land is estimated at close to 3.4 million hectares (64% of the country), just 55% of which were cultivated in 2010.', 'Its arable land is estimated at close to 3.4 million hectares (64% of the country), just 55% of which were cultivated in 2010. Total irrigable land covers approximately 86,000 hectares, and the country’s exploitable shallows span 175,000 hectares. Surface and groundwater are estimated at between 17 and 21 billion cubic metres of water each year, for annual consumption of some 3.4 billion m3. Plant formations have been significantly degraded and the rate of deforestation stands at around 15,000 ha/year, compared with a pace of reforestation that barely exceeds 3,000 ha annually. 1.2 Socioeconomic context Togo’s 2010 population was 6,191,155 (4th Census, 2010), with an average annual growth rate of 2.84%.', '1.2 Socioeconomic context Togo’s 2010 population was 6,191,155 (4th Census, 2010), with an average annual growth rate of 2.84%. On that basis, the country can expect to reach 7,121,673 inhabitants in 2015, 60% of whom under the age of 25. As a result, Togo will need to meet the challenge of providing decent jobs to that population, once it hits the labour market. Gross domestic product (GDP) rose from FCFA 1,581.3 billion in 2010 (baseline year) to FCFA 2,076.6 billion in 2015, or a per capita GDP of FCFA 255,419 and FCFA 291,583 respectively. Despite the progress made (0.459 in 2012 (2013 HDI Report), or a 0.007 improvement over 2010), Togo’s Human Development Index (HDI) remains low (ranked 159th out of the 187 countries evaluated).', 'Despite the progress made (0.459 in 2012 (2013 HDI Report), or a 0.007 improvement over 2010), Togo’s Human Development Index (HDI) remains low (ranked 159th out of the 187 countries evaluated). Poverty is still very high in Togo, affecting 58.7% of the population in 2011 (SCAPE, August 2013), compared with 61.7% in 2006. The household lighting penetration rate stands at 23%, according to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, July 2015).', 'The household lighting penetration rate stands at 23%, according to the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, July 2015). The 2011 QUIBB well-being indicator questionnaire showed that the main social indicators had generally improved, although their levels are still worrying: net primary schooling rate (87.8%), adult literacy rate (60.3%, with a clear disparity between the sexes: 74.0% for men and 47.9% for women), morbidity rate (20.6%), rate of access to drinking water (56.1%), proportion of households with sanitation (53.1%), rate of malnutrition (27.9%), rate of households having difficulty meeting their dietary needs (49.5%), rate of use of health services (66.2%) and unemployment rate (24.3%).', 'The 2011 QUIBB well-being indicator questionnaire showed that the main social indicators had generally improved, although their levels are still worrying: net primary schooling rate (87.8%), adult literacy rate (60.3%, with a clear disparity between the sexes: 74.0% for men and 47.9% for women), morbidity rate (20.6%), rate of access to drinking water (56.1%), proportion of households with sanitation (53.1%), rate of malnutrition (27.9%), rate of households having difficulty meeting their dietary needs (49.5%), rate of use of health services (66.2%) and unemployment rate (24.3%). 1.3 National and sectoral strategic development orientations The national strategic orientations underlying sectoral programmes and policies can be found in the document Togo Vision 2030, currently under production, and in the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017.', '1.3 National and sectoral strategic development orientations The national strategic orientations underlying sectoral programmes and policies can be found in the document Togo Vision 2030, currently under production, and in the Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017. Togo’s SCAPE defines a development framework for the medium term in order to fulfil its General Policy Declaration (DPG) based on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) covering the 2006-2015 period and to transform Togo into an emerging country within the next 15 to 20 years. The sectoral policies and strategies in effect for vulnerable economic sectors and those emitting GHGs are recorded in Annex II, Table 1.', 'The sectoral policies and strategies in effect for vulnerable economic sectors and those emitting GHGs are recorded in Annex II, Table 1. 1.4 Commitment to sustainable development For several years now, Togo has been engaged in a proactive strategy for sustainable development and against global warming. Its efforts focus mainly on: bad production practices in the economic sectors; lack of population control; and the high poverty rate, which is exacerbated by the negative impacts of climate change, further reinforcing the vulnerability of the production sectors and the pressure on natural resources.', 'Its efforts focus mainly on: bad production practices in the economic sectors; lack of population control; and the high poverty rate, which is exacerbated by the negative impacts of climate change, further reinforcing the vulnerability of the production sectors and the pressure on natural resources. This political will can be seen, amongst others, in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), the National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (December 2011), the National Environmental Management Capacity-building Strategy (October 2008), the National Programme for Reducing__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 2010-2050, the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo (December 2009), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and the National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Environmental Resources Management.', 'This political will can be seen, amongst others, in the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), the National Environmental Management Programme (NEMP), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (December 2011), the National Environmental Management Capacity-building Strategy (October 2008), the National Programme for Reducing__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 2010-2050, the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo (December 2009), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and the National Action Plan for Marine and Coastal Environmental Resources Management. Further, Togo’s membership in the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) means it could raise funds to finance its short term GHG and climate pollutant mitigation actions.', 'Further, Togo’s membership in the Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) means it could raise funds to finance its short term GHG and climate pollutant mitigation actions. 1.5 Institutional and regulatory initiatives The fight against climate change and the implementation of sustainable development are part of the following key institutional initiatives: (i) existence of a ministry specifically dedicated to managing environmental and natural resources policies since 1987; (ii) creation of an Environmental Directorate at the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), one of whose duties is to coordinate the mechanisms defined in the conventions that Togo has signed; (iii) creation of a National Climate Change Committee; and (iv) establishment of an institutional framework to prepare for the Third National Communication (TCN).', '1.5 Institutional and regulatory initiatives The fight against climate change and the implementation of sustainable development are part of the following key institutional initiatives: (i) existence of a ministry specifically dedicated to managing environmental and natural resources policies since 1987; (ii) creation of an Environmental Directorate at the Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF), one of whose duties is to coordinate the mechanisms defined in the conventions that Togo has signed; (iii) creation of a National Climate Change Committee; and (iv) establishment of an institutional framework to prepare for the Third National Communication (TCN). In terms of international environmental commitments, Togo is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD).', 'In terms of international environmental commitments, Togo is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The main national laws adopted in relation to climate change are: Law 2008-005 of 30 May 2008 enacting the framework law on the environment replacing the Environmental Code; Law 2008-009 of 19 June 2008 enacting the Forest Code; Decree 2006-058/PR of 5 July 2006 defining a list of works, activities and planning documents subject to environment impact assessments (EIAs) and its implementing orders; Law 99-003 of 18 February 1999 enacting the Hydrocarbons Code of the Republic of Togo.', 'The main national laws adopted in relation to climate change are: Law 2008-005 of 30 May 2008 enacting the framework law on the environment replacing the Environmental Code; Law 2008-009 of 19 June 2008 enacting the Forest Code; Decree 2006-058/PR of 5 July 2006 defining a list of works, activities and planning documents subject to environment impact assessments (EIAs) and its implementing orders; Law 99-003 of 18 February 1999 enacting the Hydrocarbons Code of the Republic of Togo. 2.1 National reality and vision Adaptation and development are Togo’s priorities, bearing in mind that its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010 (baseline year) represented just 0.05% of total emissions worldwide.', '2.1 National reality and vision Adaptation and development are Togo’s priorities, bearing in mind that its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2010 (baseline year) represented just 0.05% of total emissions worldwide. In consideration of the vulnerability of its economic sectors and of the social and environmental consequences of the effects of climate change, Togo has defined its national priority as the development and implementation of an adaptation strategy and options that would have an impact on the mitigation scenarios, in terms of co-benefits. Togo intends to contribute to the fight against climate change by strengthening the resilience of its production systems and means by embarking on a carbon-lean development path.', 'Togo intends to contribute to the fight against climate change by strengthening the resilience of its production systems and means by embarking on a carbon-lean development path. This vision is in line with international commitments and national strategic orientations relating to the need for fair, inclusive growth that responds to the challenges of sustainability, creates decent jobs, helps to reduce poverty, and protects natural resources.', 'This vision is in line with international commitments and national strategic orientations relating to the need for fair, inclusive growth that responds to the challenges of sustainability, creates decent jobs, helps to reduce poverty, and protects natural resources. These key points are also included in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for climate change, produced in December 2008 and whose objectives relate to: (i) the protection of human lives and livelihoods, resources, infrastructure and the environment; (ii) the identification of grassroots communities’ urgent, immediate needs for adaptation to the harmful impacts of climate change and variability; and (iii) the incorporation of adaptation measures and objectives into sectoral policies and national planning.', 'These key points are also included in the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) for climate change, produced in December 2008 and whose objectives relate to: (i) the protection of human lives and livelihoods, resources, infrastructure and the environment; (ii) the identification of grassroots communities’ urgent, immediate needs for adaptation to the harmful impacts of climate change and variability; and (iii) the incorporation of adaptation measures and objectives into sectoral policies and national planning. 2.2 Impacts of climate change Climate observations1 during the period running from 1961 to 2012 reveal an unmistakable rise in temperatures, as well as a decrease in rainfall and in the number of days of rain.', '2.2 Impacts of climate change Climate observations1 during the period running from 1961 to 2012 reveal an unmistakable rise in temperatures, as well as a decrease in rainfall and in the number of days of rain. The linear trend in 1Observations of the climate system in Togo are based on direct measurements of climate parameters performed by national meteorology services.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the national average for temperature data between 1961 and 2012 indicates warming by 1°C.', 'The linear trend in 1Observations of the climate system in Togo are based on direct measurements of climate parameters performed by national meteorology services.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the national average for temperature data between 1961 and 2012 indicates warming by 1°C. On the other hand, according to the baseline scenarios assessed for the Third National Communication (TCN), the simulations run using SimCLIM 2013 for the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5 reveal an overall average annual temperature increase in Togo fluctuating between 0.60°C and 0.71°C higher than current levels in 2025, and between 3.6°C and 4.5°C higher in 2100, depending on the latitude being considered.', 'On the other hand, according to the baseline scenarios assessed for the Third National Communication (TCN), the simulations run using SimCLIM 2013 for the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5 reveal an overall average annual temperature increase in Togo fluctuating between 0.60°C and 0.71°C higher than current levels in 2025, and between 3.6°C and 4.5°C higher in 2100, depending on the latitude being considered. For those same periods, annual precipitation would increase throughout the country by 4 to 8 mm over its current level in 2025 and by 18 to 39 mm of rain by 2100.', 'For those same periods, annual precipitation would increase throughout the country by 4 to 8 mm over its current level in 2025 and by 18 to 39 mm of rain by 2100. The associated impacts on the main sectors considered to be sensitive are: (i) Energy: a spatial analysis reveals that the savannah region, which is already facing the highest poverty rate and increasingly scarce wood resources, would have the lowest capacity to respond, with consequences that would aggravate nutritional and food insecurity and increase both monetary and non-monetary poverty.', 'The associated impacts on the main sectors considered to be sensitive are: (i) Energy: a spatial analysis reveals that the savannah region, which is already facing the highest poverty rate and increasingly scarce wood resources, would have the lowest capacity to respond, with consequences that would aggravate nutritional and food insecurity and increase both monetary and non-monetary poverty. At the same time, the supply of fuel wood from Lomé and the maritime region would become virtually impossible; (ii) Water resources: in consideration of current and forecast demographic growth rates, the water supply would be severely affected, with a drop in stocks due to global warming and heavy pollution of drinking water reserves as a result of flooding, salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers and water encroachment; (iii) Agriculture, forestry and land use: a decline in the supply of vegetables, meats and fish and in provisions sent to the cities could lead to social tensions, or even socio-political crises, a loss of income for producers, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, pest invasions of crops, livestock and fishing yields, wood shortages, and the disappearance of wetlands; (iv) Human settlements (buildings and cities) and health: an increase in State, local government and household spending to build new housing and socioeconomic infrastructure and to rehouse disaster victims, massive rural exodus, the spread of illnesses like malaria, diarrhoea, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and others, will entail additional expenses, lead to famine and aggravate food insecurity; (v) Coastal zones: erosion causing the loss of goods and physical resources and threatening the entire coastal zone, where more than 90% of the country’s industrial units are located.', 'At the same time, the supply of fuel wood from Lomé and the maritime region would become virtually impossible; (ii) Water resources: in consideration of current and forecast demographic growth rates, the water supply would be severely affected, with a drop in stocks due to global warming and heavy pollution of drinking water reserves as a result of flooding, salt water intrusion into coastal aquifers and water encroachment; (iii) Agriculture, forestry and land use: a decline in the supply of vegetables, meats and fish and in provisions sent to the cities could lead to social tensions, or even socio-political crises, a loss of income for producers, land degradation, loss of biodiversity, pest invasions of crops, livestock and fishing yields, wood shortages, and the disappearance of wetlands; (iv) Human settlements (buildings and cities) and health: an increase in State, local government and household spending to build new housing and socioeconomic infrastructure and to rehouse disaster victims, massive rural exodus, the spread of illnesses like malaria, diarrhoea, cardiovascular and respiratory disease, and others, will entail additional expenses, lead to famine and aggravate food insecurity; (v) Coastal zones: erosion causing the loss of goods and physical resources and threatening the entire coastal zone, where more than 90% of the country’s industrial units are located. 2.3 Togo’s needs in terms of adaptation, with co-benefits on mitigation Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes.', '2.3 Togo’s needs in terms of adaptation, with co-benefits on mitigation Togo is faced with major challenges in respect of adaptation, taking account of today’s climate reality and the expected effects in a more or less faraway future, as the consequences of the announced foreseeable changes. Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing actions in favour of energy efficiency and carbon-lean technologies; (ii) promoting integrated, sustainable water resources management; (iii) strengthening the resilience of production systems and means in the agricultural sector; (iv) building the capacities of human settlements (buildings and cities) to adapt to climate change; and (v) protecting the coastal zone.', 'Its needs are identified below, in the form of measures: (i) reinforcing actions in favour of energy efficiency and carbon-lean technologies; (ii) promoting integrated, sustainable water resources management; (iii) strengthening the resilience of production systems and means in the agricultural sector; (iv) building the capacities of human settlements (buildings and cities) to adapt to climate change; and (v) protecting the coastal zone. The approach selected by Togo involves the implementation of a portfolio of measures and projects in response to adaptation issues and national development priorities, bearing in mind that adaptation options that also mitigate GHG emissions will be prioritized wherever possible. These needs are a response to national concerns expressed by all the actors.', 'These needs are a response to national concerns expressed by all the actors. They have been quantified and approved through a consultation process and, over and above the national process instituted as part of the launch and steering of the INDC, the different actors involved also met in thematic groups on the most vulnerable sectors. This entailed a prioritization of the sectors and sub- sectors and the identification of the main priority measures, as well as the conditions of their__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo implementation.', 'This entailed a prioritization of the sectors and sub- sectors and the identification of the main priority measures, as well as the conditions of their__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo implementation. For each sector, the approach was to consider the degree of impact on national development priorities such as employment, poverty reduction, increased beneficiary revenue and GDP, and the positive impact on clean, carbon-lean growth and development, while taking the climate realities of today and tomorrow into consideration. Each sectoral measure was then broken down into a series of operational activities supplemented by an economic analysis to assess the need for financial support. An analysis of the collected data made it possible to identify the priorities, measures and funding needs (Annex IV, Table 2).', 'An analysis of the collected data made it possible to identify the priorities, measures and funding needs (Annex IV, Table 2). The priority sectors are, by order of importance: 1st: Energy; 2nd: Agriculture; 3rd: Human settlements and health; 4th: Water resources; 5th: Coastal erosion; and 6th: Land use, land-use change and forestry. The total funding required is estimated at approximately US$1.54 billion between 2020 and 2030. 3. GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO Togo plans to adopt an approach based on contributions founded on both measures to be introduced and targeted results in order to better identify any opportunities for co-benefits in terms of reducing GHG emissions that might potentially be derived from synergies between adaptation and mitigation.', 'GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION IN TOGO Togo plans to adopt an approach based on contributions founded on both measures to be introduced and targeted results in order to better identify any opportunities for co-benefits in terms of reducing GHG emissions that might potentially be derived from synergies between adaptation and mitigation. Togo’s contributions to global mitigation work can be characterized as follows: o Commitments: Togo confirms its commitment to contributing to the achievement of the UNFCCC’s objectives to limit temperature rises to 2°C by 2030. Togo has already implemented activities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, especially in the energy, agriculture and LULUCF (land use, land-use change and forestry) sectors. Subject to being in possession of the necessary resources, Togo has confirmed that it is aiming for a more ambitious reduction target.', 'Subject to being in possession of the necessary resources, Togo has confirmed that it is aiming for a more ambitious reduction target. o Main data sources: national climate strategies, policies and actions plans; prior UNFCCC submissions; declarations at the United Nations Climate Summit; Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA); national communications; and a new analysis performed for the purpose of producing the INDC. o Cover: Entire economy. Main sectors: Energy, agriculture and LULUCF. O. o Scenario trajectories: Togo aims to reduce its emissions as shown in the graph in Figure 1 below, which provides information on both unconditional and conditional options.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Figure 1: INDC projections for Togo o The baseline scenario is the scenario with “no measures applied”.', 'O. o Scenario trajectories: Togo aims to reduce its emissions as shown in the graph in Figure 1 below, which provides information on both unconditional and conditional options.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo Figure 1: INDC projections for Togo o The baseline scenario is the scenario with “no measures applied”. o Under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario (accounting for the implementation of already programmed measures), the overall reduction rate in 2030 would be 11.14% compared with Togo’s total 2030 emissions based on the baseline year (2010). This reduction in emissions is attributed to the implementation of sectoral work. o Targets: The conditional target for additional GHG emissions reduction, according to the most ambitious scenario, is estimated at 20% compared to the dynamic BAU.', 'o Targets: The conditional target for additional GHG emissions reduction, according to the most ambitious scenario, is estimated at 20% compared to the dynamic BAU. The conditional target for the total reduction would therefore be 31.14% in 2030, compared to the projections if no measures were to be applied. o Stakeholder support and engagement: The process for determining the contributions was a participatory one, with a number of consultations with the stakeholders in order to understand the realities and the concerns of key sectors like energy, agriculture and LULUCF. 3.2 GHG mitigation measures and options Togo’s GHG mitigation measures in its three priority sectors (energy, agriculture, and land use, land- use change and forestry) and the associated costs (totalling US$1.1 billion) are described below.', '3.2 GHG mitigation measures and options Togo’s GHG mitigation measures in its three priority sectors (energy, agriculture, and land use, land- use change and forestry) and the associated costs (totalling US$1.1 billion) are described below. (i) In the energy sector, they pertain to the promotion of household use of biomass, plus solar electricity and road transport. As concerns biomass, this will entail the implementation of a proactive policy (with incentives, support and training for craftsmen, appropriate distribution channels, etc.) that can promote the roll-out of energy-efficient stoves, which can yield 50-60% savings in wood and charcoal. Emphasis will also be placed on the introduction of solar equipment in households and on capacity-building for the various actors concerned.', 'Emphasis will also be placed on the introduction of solar equipment in households and on capacity-building for the various actors concerned. In terms of road transport, the planned actions aim to reduce “No measures applied” projection BAU_GACMO Conditional objective YEAR__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo the consumption of fossil fuels in Togo by 20% over the course of the period under review, by improving the road system, promoting the use of public transport, reducing the average age of imported vehicles (to 5-7 years) and promoting active modes of transport (bicycles, walking, bike paths). Cost: US$460 million. (ii) For the agricultural sector, mitigation options have been identified in the fields of livestock farming, rice growing, farmland and the burning of the savannahs.', '(ii) For the agricultural sector, mitigation options have been identified in the fields of livestock farming, rice growing, farmland and the burning of the savannahs. Concerning livestock, the actions will involve the introduction of fodder to improve animal digestion, support in the promotion of local breeds, and extensive livestock farming. In terms of the rice industry, the actions will target the identification and promotion of varieties of rain-fed rice, and support and guidance in the better use of organic matter (for faster decomposition) in the paddy fields.', 'In terms of the rice industry, the actions will target the identification and promotion of varieties of rain-fed rice, and support and guidance in the better use of organic matter (for faster decomposition) in the paddy fields. For farmland, a study will be conducted to characterize it into agro-ecological zones, as well as a research and support programme on organic and synthetic enriching agents that release less GHG, the study and promotion of optimal waste management for livestock and harvest remnants, and the promotion of land use planning practices that boost carbon’s binding to farmland and agroforestry. In respect of the burning of the savannahs, the planned actions target a participatory fight against bush fires. Cost: US$140 million.', 'In respect of the burning of the savannahs, the planned actions target a participatory fight against bush fires. Cost: US$140 million. (iii) In the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, the priority actions relate to: (i) the promotion of private, community and State reforestation through the creation of plantations and the promotion of agroforestry on cultivated land; (ii) sustainable forest planning and protection (by managing brush fires, regenerating degraded sites, and demarcating and developing protected areas and tourist sites); and (iii) the cartographic study of geographic areas with a strong potential for the development of biofuels in conjunction with food security issues.', '(iii) In the land use, land-use change and forestry sector, the priority actions relate to: (i) the promotion of private, community and State reforestation through the creation of plantations and the promotion of agroforestry on cultivated land; (ii) sustainable forest planning and protection (by managing brush fires, regenerating degraded sites, and demarcating and developing protected areas and tourist sites); and (iii) the cartographic study of geographic areas with a strong potential for the development of biofuels in conjunction with food security issues. Cost: US$500 million.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.3 Information provided in the interest of clarity, transparency and comprehension Calendar and/or implementation period Implementation calendar Start year of the contribution: 2020.', 'Cost: US$500 million.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.3 Information provided in the interest of clarity, transparency and comprehension Calendar and/or implementation period Implementation calendar Start year of the contribution: 2020. However, efforts to set up the institutional mechanism, prepare the programmes and mobilize the resources will be beginning in 2016. End year: 2030. Scope and reach Greenhouse gases covered in the contribution Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous O). Sectors/sources covered by the contribution Energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry. Geographic areas covered by the contribution Entire national territory.', 'Geographic areas covered by the contribution Entire national territory. Assumptions and methodological approaches Methodology for calculating emissions The method used to count the inventory of GHGs in each sector was the one set out in the UNFCCC’s directives and the IPCC’s guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: 1996 Revised, GPG 2000, GPG LULUCF 2003 and GL 2006. Global warming potential The values used to calculate the global warming potential (GWP) of the different greenhouse gases are those recommended by the UNFCCC: O: 310. Approaches to emissions relating to land use, land-use change and forestry The net emissions associated with land use, land- use change and forestry are all included in the contribution.', 'Approaches to emissions relating to land use, land-use change and forestry The net emissions associated with land use, land- use change and forestry are all included in the contribution. Net contribution from international market mechanisms Togo is a Non-Annex 1 Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and is also a least developed country (LDP). In accordance with the declaration of the African Ministers in Marrakesh in April 2015, the country wants to encourage investments in mitigation projects on its own soil, thanks in particular to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ Programme.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.4 Equity and Ambition Equity and Ambition Equity Togo is a small country that emits almost no GHGs and so has virtually no responsibility in terms of global warming.', 'In accordance with the declaration of the African Ministers in Marrakesh in April 2015, the country wants to encourage investments in mitigation projects on its own soil, thanks in particular to the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and the REDD+ Programme.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo 3.4 Equity and Ambition Equity and Ambition Equity Togo is a small country that emits almost no GHGs and so has virtually no responsibility in terms of global warming. Through its INDC, Togo proposes to focus its efforts on carbon-lean sustainable development, by encouraging sustainable practices, whereas the easy solution would simply be to continue using fossil fuels while they are still available.', 'Through its INDC, Togo proposes to focus its efforts on carbon-lean sustainable development, by encouraging sustainable practices, whereas the easy solution would simply be to continue using fossil fuels while they are still available. According to the IPCC, the estimated worldwide GHG emissions for 2010 totalled roughly 40,000 Mt of CO2 e. The emissions from the Republic of Togo for that same year were estimated at approximately 20.45 Mt of CO2 e, representing about 0.05% of the total volume. In other words, those emissions are non-significant compared with worldwide emissions. Nonetheless, with this contribution, Togo is reaffirming its adherence to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and has committed to implementing ambitious measures to contribute to the goal of +2°C. This contribution guarantees an equitable commitment.', 'This contribution guarantees an equitable commitment. Ambition Thanks to measures already in progress, Togo will unconditionally reduce its emissions by 11.14% compared to the baseline scenario in 2030. Togo undertakes to back its adaptation capacity-building strategy and its development imperatives against a carbon-lean growth trajectory that will translate into a conditional reduction of its GHG emissions by 20%. This ambitious contribution will support the commitments made by the international community. Togo’s contribution is also ambitious, because it will lead to long term transformations in the key sectors of energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry that will decrease the future vulnerability of the concerned populations and territories. 4.', 'Togo’s contribution is also ambitious, because it will lead to long term transformations in the key sectors of energy, agriculture, and land use, land-use change and forestry that will decrease the future vulnerability of the concerned populations and territories. 4. PLANNING PROCESS The Ministry of the Environment and Forest Resources (MERF) intends to organize regular consultations to re-examine the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation measures set out in the INDC. This will be a recurring process, to ensure that the INDC is indeed being implemented and is updated regularly.', 'This will be a recurring process, to ensure that the INDC is indeed being implemented and is updated regularly. The process put in place for this purpose will make use of existing frameworks: The Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017 takes account of climate change, namely via the actions listed in its paragraph 2.3.5.3, “Environment, sustainable natural resources management and living conditions”, for area 5.', 'The process put in place for this purpose will make use of existing frameworks: The Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion (SCAPE) 2013-2017 takes account of climate change, namely via the actions listed in its paragraph 2.3.5.3, “Environment, sustainable natural resources management and living conditions”, for area 5. These relate to the: (a) Maintenance of the ecosystems’ environmental services and the preservation of biodiversity;__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo (b) Sustainable management of land, catastrophes and natural resources; (c) Fight against climate change, which the Government recognizes as a major preoccupation, particularly: (i) the reinforcement of the institutional framework for implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the adaptation and mitigation measures for the main development sectors, (ii) the strengthening of the national multi-sector, multi-actor dialogue, (iii) the updating and implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action for climate change, and (iv) the definition and implementation of a low carbon emissions development strategy to engage the country in long term mitigation actions; (d) Sustainable management of the coastal zone; and (e) Sustainable management of living conditions, including housing and waste.', 'These relate to the: (a) Maintenance of the ecosystems’ environmental services and the preservation of biodiversity;__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo (b) Sustainable management of land, catastrophes and natural resources; (c) Fight against climate change, which the Government recognizes as a major preoccupation, particularly: (i) the reinforcement of the institutional framework for implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the adaptation and mitigation measures for the main development sectors, (ii) the strengthening of the national multi-sector, multi-actor dialogue, (iii) the updating and implementation of the National Adaptation Programme of Action for climate change, and (iv) the definition and implementation of a low carbon emissions development strategy to engage the country in long term mitigation actions; (d) Sustainable management of the coastal zone; and (e) Sustainable management of living conditions, including housing and waste. It should also be noted that climate change has been targeted as one of the five risks identified for the implementation of SCAPE.', 'It should also be noted that climate change has been targeted as one of the five risks identified for the implementation of SCAPE. However, provisions have also been introduced to account for mitigation actions on the said risks. The INDC provides a response to that concern. All the national programmes, strategies and plans have prepared planning, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.', 'All the national programmes, strategies and plans have prepared planning, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. These different documents include the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) process, the National Environmental Policy, the final NEAP document, the National Environmental Management Programme, the National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS), the National Strategy for Reducing the Risk of Catastrophes in Togo, the National Programme for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) (2010- 2050), the National Medium Term Priority Framework (NMTPF) for Togo (2010-2015), and Adapting Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change (ADAPT). Togo has a number of national committees: the National Climate Change Committee, the National NAPA Committee, the National NAMA Committee and the Designated National CDM Authority.', 'Togo has a number of national committees: the National Climate Change Committee, the National NAPA Committee, the National NAMA Committee and the Designated National CDM Authority. All of these have monitoring and evaluation bodies that the INDC will be able to utilize. Further, in the context of the institutionalization of its process of developing national communications, Togo will be relying on certain institutions that have quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) systems, and with which the Ministry of the Environment has established a partnership.', 'Further, in the context of the institutionalization of its process of developing national communications, Togo will be relying on certain institutions that have quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) systems, and with which the Ministry of the Environment has established a partnership. This involves the following structures responsible for GHG inventories and mitigation measures in the concerned sectors: • National Graduate School of Engineering (ENSI) for the energy sector; • Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering (ESA) for the agricultural sector; • Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV) for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector; • Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LCA), which is responsible for compiling the GHG inventories and producing the TCN document; and • Laboratory for the Management, Treatment and Recovery of Waste (GTVD).', 'This involves the following structures responsible for GHG inventories and mitigation measures in the concerned sectors: • National Graduate School of Engineering (ENSI) for the energy sector; • Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering (ESA) for the agricultural sector; • Laboratory of Botany and Plant Ecology (LBEV) for the agriculture, forestry and other land use sector; • Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LCA), which is responsible for compiling the GHG inventories and producing the TCN document; and • Laboratory for the Management, Treatment and Recovery of Waste (GTVD). All this will be supplemented by the development of a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that will include the adaptation and mitigation indicators defined in existing legislation, policies, strategies, programmes and plans, in order to better monitor the INDC’s implementation.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo The implementation calendar is included in Annex V. 5.', 'All this will be supplemented by the development of a monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system that will include the adaptation and mitigation indicators defined in existing legislation, policies, strategies, programmes and plans, in order to better monitor the INDC’s implementation.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo The implementation calendar is included in Annex V. 5. IMPLEMENTATION METHODS This section describes the necessary support in the form of financing, capacity-building, technology transfers and others, linked to the implementation of the INDC. The provided information covers adaptation and mitigation and could help international partners to better understand the needs in order to target their support for Togo.', 'The provided information covers adaptation and mitigation and could help international partners to better understand the needs in order to target their support for Togo. All of this information is contained in the technology needs assessment documents, the national climate strategies and actions plans, the communication strategy for climate change and the transition to the green economy, capacity-building needs assessments, investment needs assessments, national communications, NAMAs, the NAPA, and the PNIERN (National Investment Programme for the Environment and Natural Resources), in addition to being summarized in the first part of this document. a) Capacity-building Satisfaction of the identified needs will be decisive in reinforcing the effectiveness of implementation of the INDC.', 'a) Capacity-building Satisfaction of the identified needs will be decisive in reinforcing the effectiveness of implementation of the INDC. Real efforts have been made to build both personal and institutional capacities during the First, Second and Third National Communications. However, many needs will still have to be met before achieving the national skills and expertise that will be necessary in order to carry out climate change initiatives successively and for the long term. In order to meet its development and adaptation challenges and to implement its roadmap, Togo must first build up its capacities.', 'In order to meet its development and adaptation challenges and to implement its roadmap, Togo must first build up its capacities. This will need to remedy the following, in particular: • Insufficient reliable climate data for a realistic analysis and interpretation of climate change; • Weak technical, institutional and legal capacities required to support the development of the horizontal integration of adaptation at the national, sub-national and local levels; and • Shortage of financial resources to support the implementation of the adaptation and mitigation initiatives. Cost: US $0.4 billion. The institutionalization process that is now under way will make it possible to train a larger number of experts and to reinforce and provide tools to research and excellence centres on climate change.', 'The institutionalization process that is now under way will make it possible to train a larger number of experts and to reinforce and provide tools to research and excellence centres on climate change. Further, the national INDC committee will become a standing committee, endowed with appropriate means so that it can fulfil its role effectively. A long term coordination team will also be created to monitor and evaluate the INDC activities. b) Technology transfers The technology transfer needs were identified and can essentially be summarized as follows: • Produce and popularise energy-efficient stoves using wood, charcoal and gas among all of the country’s social strata (a process that will need to begin with subsidies or appropriate tax benefits); • Promote renewable energies (thermal solar, photovoltaic, micro-hydraulic, wind, etc.)', 'b) Technology transfers The technology transfer needs were identified and can essentially be summarized as follows: • Produce and popularise energy-efficient stoves using wood, charcoal and gas among all of the country’s social strata (a process that will need to begin with subsidies or appropriate tax benefits); • Promote renewable energies (thermal solar, photovoltaic, micro-hydraulic, wind, etc.) by facilitating access to those technologies and training the populations on how to use and manage them; and • Promote internal expertise and good practices for safeguarding the forest cover and fighting bush fires.', 'by facilitating access to those technologies and training the populations on how to use and manage them; and • Promote internal expertise and good practices for safeguarding the forest cover and fighting bush fires. Cost: US $0.5 billion.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo c) Financial support To implement its INDC, Togo will need three point five four(3.54) billion US dollars, one point five four (1.54) billion of which for adaptation, one point ten (1.10) billion of which for mitigation, zero point five (0.5) billion for technology transfers and zero point four (0.4) billion for capacity-building. These estimates represent additional financing needs over and above the cost of any national decisions that would have been implemented in any case, in view of the defined national priorities. 6.', 'These estimates represent additional financing needs over and above the cost of any national decisions that would have been implemented in any case, in view of the defined national priorities. 6. REGIONAL POLITICAL VISION Togo hosts a number of regional and sub-regional institutions like BOAD, EBID and SABER, which have set up mitigation initiatives. Additionally, BOAD also houses the Regional Collaboration Centre (RCC) for the UNFCCC’s sustainable development mechanisms. The BOAD and the RCC have initiated a support process for INDCs, as channels that provide access to funding, technology and capacity- building, but also to perform monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) on the results of mitigation actions.', 'The BOAD and the RCC have initiated a support process for INDCs, as channels that provide access to funding, technology and capacity- building, but also to perform monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) on the results of mitigation actions. Togo, being aware of its geographic location, the regional and international institutions that it hosts, as well as the sub-region’s economic issues, intends to play a unique regional role, uniting, mobilizing and sharing a common vision and common action resources with its neighbouring countries.', 'Togo, being aware of its geographic location, the regional and international institutions that it hosts, as well as the sub-region’s economic issues, intends to play a unique regional role, uniting, mobilizing and sharing a common vision and common action resources with its neighbouring countries. It also plans to take a leadership role in the sub-region and the region, and perhaps even across the continent, in favour of climate-compatible, carbon-lean development.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEXES ANNEX I - ACRONYMS ADAPT: Project to Adapt Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change BAU: Business-as-Usual BOAD: West African Development Bank (known under its French acronym) CDM: Clean Development Mechanism : Carbon dioxide ‐e: CO2 equivalent (unit of measurement of direct GHG emissions taking account of the global warming potential of these gases) : Methane GDP: Gross Domestic Product GWP: Global Warming Potential EBID: ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ENSI National Graduate School of Engineering ESA Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution FCFA: Francs of the African Financial Community GHG: Greenhouse gas Gg: Gigagram GPG: Good Practice Guidance IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISFM: Integrated Soil Fertility Management LULUCF: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MRV: Monitoring, Reporting and Verification O : Nitrous oxide NAMAs: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA: National Adaptation Programme of Action NEEAP: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NREAP: National Renewable Energy Action Plan REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCAPE: Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion TCN: Third National Communication UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX II Table 1: Current policies and strategies by sector Sector Current policy documents and strategies Action to be taken Energy Strategic plan for the electricity sub-sector, adopted in December 2010.', 'It also plans to take a leadership role in the sub-region and the region, and perhaps even across the continent, in favour of climate-compatible, carbon-lean development.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEXES ANNEX I - ACRONYMS ADAPT: Project to Adapt Agriculture in Togo to Climate Change BAU: Business-as-Usual BOAD: West African Development Bank (known under its French acronym) CDM: Clean Development Mechanism : Carbon dioxide ‐e: CO2 equivalent (unit of measurement of direct GHG emissions taking account of the global warming potential of these gases) : Methane GDP: Gross Domestic Product GWP: Global Warming Potential EBID: ECOWAS Bank for Investment and Development ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ENSI National Graduate School of Engineering ESA Graduate School of Agricultural Engineering INDC: Intended Nationally Determined Contribution FCFA: Francs of the African Financial Community GHG: Greenhouse gas Gg: Gigagram GPG: Good Practice Guidance IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISFM: Integrated Soil Fertility Management LULUCF: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MRV: Monitoring, Reporting and Verification O : Nitrous oxide NAMAs: Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAPA: National Adaptation Programme of Action NEEAP: National Energy Efficiency Action Plan NREAP: National Renewable Energy Action Plan REDD: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SCAPE: Strategy for Accelerated Growth and Employment Promotion TCN: Third National Communication UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WAEMU: West African Economic and Monetary Union__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX II Table 1: Current policies and strategies by sector Sector Current policy documents and strategies Action to be taken Energy Strategic plan for the electricity sub-sector, adopted in December 2010. Draft National Energy Policy (POLEN), drawn up in October 2011.', 'Draft National Energy Policy (POLEN), drawn up in October 2011. Togo’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), 2015-2020-2030; July 2015. The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) Togo, 2015-2020-2030; August 2015. Adoption of a national energy policy; establishment of incentives for renewable energy use; revision of the electricity law and creation of a national rural electrification agency. Transport Declaration of General Governmental Policy on the Restructuring of the Transport Sectorof 29 May 1996, made operational in 2013 through the definition of theNational Strategy for the Development of Transport in Togo (not yet adopted). Revision of current national transport policy; adoption and application of the measures within the national strategy, especially the sections limiting the age and setting standards for the quality of imported used vehicles. Land Use and Forestry National Forest Action Plan (PAFN) 1994, updated in November 2011.', 'Land Use and Forestry National Forest Action Plan (PAFN) 1994, updated in November 2011. Togo’s Forest Policy (PFT), defined in November 2011. Preparation of structuring programmes and mobilisation of adequate funding through public/private partnerships. Agriculture Commitment to the Climate-Smart Agriculture process in the framework of the implementation of the agricultural policy laid out by ECOWAS and NEPAD. National Policy for the Agricultural Development of Togo (PNDAT) 2013-2022, approved at a national workshop on 22 and 23 November 2012. The existence of the National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA). Initiation of specific adaptation programmes along the lines of the ADAPT project currently being implemented, as well as mitigation programmes. Water Resources National Policy on Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation in Rural and Semi-Urban Areas, prepared in April 2006. National Action Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector(PANSEA). Integrated Water Resource Management(IWRM) Strategy.', 'National Action Plan for the Water and Sanitation Sector(PANSEA). Integrated Water Resource Management(IWRM) Strategy. Water Code (law 2010/004 laying down the water code). Implementation of pilot programmes based on IWRM and measures to increase water resource availability, in both quantity and quality. Health and Human Services Existence of a National Health Policy; Preparation of a draft National Hygiene/Sanitation Policy for Togo (PNHAT), accompanied by a Strategic Plan. Existence of a National Urban Planning and Housing Policy. Preparation of a national housing strategy. Revision of urban planning and housing policy, including energy efficiency measures and taking into account disaster risks.', 'Revision of urban planning and housing policy, including energy efficiency measures and taking into account disaster risks. Improvement of efficiency, both in managing other policies and in the service offer for human settlements (buildings and cities), to build the resilience of populations facing the effects of climate change.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX III Gases included in the contribution: Sectors covered by the contribution: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Energy sector Agriculture sector LULUCF sector Figure 2: Emissions by GHG (Gg CO2 -e): Figure 3: Emissions by key sector (Gg CO2 -e) Baseline year: 2010 Baseline year: 2010__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX IV Table 2: Measures by sector Priority adaptation measures/projects Cost in million USD Energy Sector 176 Development of renewable energies (target of 4% of the energy mix): promotion of bio-fuels and reclamation of degraded land; training and seeking out technical and financial partners for the production of new and renewable energies; tax remission on imports of equipment for solar and other renewable energies Sustainable management of traditional energy sources (firewood and charcoal) 7 Implementation of electricity-saving strategies 9 Development of mini hybrid networks for rural electrification 30 Promotion of low-carbon transport modes 40 Promotion of new, clean technologies in the building sector 50 Agriculture Sector 186 Promotion of efficient varieties resistant to climate change 10 Strengthening of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) 25 Mapping out and establishing transhumance zones and corridors 20 Construction and/or improvement of reservoirs for micro-irrigation and livestock watering in rural areas throughout all regions Support for the mapping of areas vulnerable to climate change 6 Support for the dissemination of good agro-ecological practices 45 Promotion of rice production systems with very low water consumption and low GHG emissions (SRI: System of Rice Intensification).', 'Improvement of efficiency, both in managing other policies and in the service offer for human settlements (buildings and cities), to build the resilience of populations facing the effects of climate change.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX III Gases included in the contribution: Sectors covered by the contribution: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Energy sector Agriculture sector LULUCF sector Figure 2: Emissions by GHG (Gg CO2 -e): Figure 3: Emissions by key sector (Gg CO2 -e) Baseline year: 2010 Baseline year: 2010__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX IV Table 2: Measures by sector Priority adaptation measures/projects Cost in million USD Energy Sector 176 Development of renewable energies (target of 4% of the energy mix): promotion of bio-fuels and reclamation of degraded land; training and seeking out technical and financial partners for the production of new and renewable energies; tax remission on imports of equipment for solar and other renewable energies Sustainable management of traditional energy sources (firewood and charcoal) 7 Implementation of electricity-saving strategies 9 Development of mini hybrid networks for rural electrification 30 Promotion of low-carbon transport modes 40 Promotion of new, clean technologies in the building sector 50 Agriculture Sector 186 Promotion of efficient varieties resistant to climate change 10 Strengthening of Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) 25 Mapping out and establishing transhumance zones and corridors 20 Construction and/or improvement of reservoirs for micro-irrigation and livestock watering in rural areas throughout all regions Support for the mapping of areas vulnerable to climate change 6 Support for the dissemination of good agro-ecological practices 45 Promotion of rice production systems with very low water consumption and low GHG emissions (SRI: System of Rice Intensification). Human Settlements Sector: cities and buildings, including waste 540 Improved sanitation and drainage of rainwater in the main urban centres 40 Development and improvement of roads in the main urban centres 150 Promotion of urban forestry 80 Rational and sustainable management of waste in urban areas 160 Harmonious and balanced spatial development of urban centres: development and implementation of urban planning tools 50 Strengthening of the institutional and regulatory framework concerning health and the environment 15 Establishment of adapted surveillance, partnership, financing and monitoring/evaluation mechanisms 10 Protection against disaster risks 35 Water Resource Sector 191.3 Improvement of knowledge on water resources 16 Protection of water resources 50 Improvement of agricultural water management 20 Conservation of rainwater and reuse of wastewater 35 Improvement of groundwater management 70 Study of the potential of the coastal sedimentary basin, and of its resilience to climate change.', 'Human Settlements Sector: cities and buildings, including waste 540 Improved sanitation and drainage of rainwater in the main urban centres 40 Development and improvement of roads in the main urban centres 150 Promotion of urban forestry 80 Rational and sustainable management of waste in urban areas 160 Harmonious and balanced spatial development of urban centres: development and implementation of urban planning tools 50 Strengthening of the institutional and regulatory framework concerning health and the environment 15 Establishment of adapted surveillance, partnership, financing and monitoring/evaluation mechanisms 10 Protection against disaster risks 35 Water Resource Sector 191.3 Improvement of knowledge on water resources 16 Protection of water resources 50 Improvement of agricultural water management 20 Conservation of rainwater and reuse of wastewater 35 Improvement of groundwater management 70 Study of the potential of the coastal sedimentary basin, and of its resilience to climate change. 0.3 Coastal Erosion Sector 214 Improvement of the regulatory framework and of knowledge management on the phenomenon of coastal erosion Making structural investments in coastal protection 200 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector 236.5 Mapping and orientation towards areas of human activity adapted to each environment and natural context Capacity building (technical and physical) of meteorological services for good forecasting and planning of activities.', '0.3 Coastal Erosion Sector 214 Improvement of the regulatory framework and of knowledge management on the phenomenon of coastal erosion Making structural investments in coastal protection 200 Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector 236.5 Mapping and orientation towards areas of human activity adapted to each environment and natural context Capacity building (technical and physical) of meteorological services for good forecasting and planning of activities. Reforestation and protection of zones with fragile ecosystems (mountainsides, river banks) in the fight against floods, violent winds and erosion. Promotion of the Ecological Awareness (Ecologie et Conscience) Programme in the schools of Togo 0.5 Preparation of the national regional development plan and implementation of pilot operations.', 'Promotion of the Ecological Awareness (Ecologie et Conscience) Programme in the schools of Togo 0.5 Preparation of the national regional development plan and implementation of pilot operations. 70__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX V SEVERAL PROGRAMMES DEMONSTRATING TOGO’S COMMITMENT The programmes described here bear witness to Togo’s proven commitment to implement operational projects whose goal is to decrease the vulnerability of the concerned territories and their inhabitants, while working to reduce GHG emissions.', '70__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX V SEVERAL PROGRAMMES DEMONSTRATING TOGO’S COMMITMENT The programmes described here bear witness to Togo’s proven commitment to implement operational projects whose goal is to decrease the vulnerability of the concerned territories and their inhabitants, while working to reduce GHG emissions. (i) Sector of agriculture, poverty reduction and strengthening the resilience of rural spaces: National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA); Project to support agricultural development in Togo (PADAT); Project for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change (ADAPT); Agricultural sector support project (PASA); West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP); Project for the development and rehabilitation of land in the Mission-Torve zone (PARTAM); Rice production development project in the Kara region (PDPR-K); Hydro-agricultural development project in the Lower Mono Valley (PBVM); Project for the integrated rural development of the Mô Plain; Project for sustainable and resilient family farming in the savannah region.', '(i) Sector of agriculture, poverty reduction and strengthening the resilience of rural spaces: National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASA); Project to support agricultural development in Togo (PADAT); Project for the adaptation of agriculture to climate change (ADAPT); Agricultural sector support project (PASA); West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP); Project for the development and rehabilitation of land in the Mission-Torve zone (PARTAM); Rice production development project in the Kara region (PDPR-K); Hydro-agricultural development project in the Lower Mono Valley (PBVM); Project for the integrated rural development of the Mô Plain; Project for sustainable and resilient family farming in the savannah region. (ii) Sector of forestry and the fight against land degradation: National Programme for Decentralised Operations in Environmental Management (PNADE); National Programme for Investments in the Environment and Natural Resources (PNIE-RN); Project to strengthen the role of conservation of the national system of protected areas in Togo; Tcp/tog/3403 – Support for the development and community-based restoration of gallery forests and forests of village lands in the plateau region; Support for the formulation and implementation of Togo’s National Reforestation Programme (PRO); Support for reducing emissions linked to deforestation and the degradation of forests (REDD+- readiness) and the rehabilitation of forests in Togo (ProREDD+); PRODRA, the Programme for Rural Development and Agriculture; and the Project for integrated disaster and land management (PGICT).', '(ii) Sector of forestry and the fight against land degradation: National Programme for Decentralised Operations in Environmental Management (PNADE); National Programme for Investments in the Environment and Natural Resources (PNIE-RN); Project to strengthen the role of conservation of the national system of protected areas in Togo; Tcp/tog/3403 – Support for the development and community-based restoration of gallery forests and forests of village lands in the plateau region; Support for the formulation and implementation of Togo’s National Reforestation Programme (PRO); Support for reducing emissions linked to deforestation and the degradation of forests (REDD+- readiness) and the rehabilitation of forests in Togo (ProREDD+); PRODRA, the Programme for Rural Development and Agriculture; and the Project for integrated disaster and land management (PGICT). (iii) Energy saving sector: In the energy sector, strategies, programmes and plans are primarily geared towards low-carbon development based on new and renewable energy (NRE) sources.', '(iii) Energy saving sector: In the energy sector, strategies, programmes and plans are primarily geared towards low-carbon development based on new and renewable energy (NRE) sources. The goal is to redirect investment away from fossil fuels towards NRE as soon as possible.', 'The goal is to redirect investment away from fossil fuels towards NRE as soon as possible. The following is a non- exhaustive list of initiatives: hydro-electric construction at the Adjrarala Dam (start-up is imminent); pilot programme for the electrification of 22 villages equipped with solar photo-voltaic kits; distribution of 13,000 solar street lights, project for the construction of a 5 MW solar power plant by the CEB (Communauté électrique du Benin) at Kara; project for the construction of a 20 MW solar plant at Mango, with financing by the WAEMU; project for connecting a 2*5 MW photo-voltaic solar array to the network (offers being considered as at June 2015); a 24 MW wind power project by Delta Wind; drafting of the NREAP and the NEEAP with support from the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE); distribution of 400,000 low-cost lamps; rural electrification of 65 villages (phase 1) with Indian financing; project for the rural electrification of 20 locales funded by BIE; project for the creation of a rural electrification agency.', 'The following is a non- exhaustive list of initiatives: hydro-electric construction at the Adjrarala Dam (start-up is imminent); pilot programme for the electrification of 22 villages equipped with solar photo-voltaic kits; distribution of 13,000 solar street lights, project for the construction of a 5 MW solar power plant by the CEB (Communauté électrique du Benin) at Kara; project for the construction of a 20 MW solar plant at Mango, with financing by the WAEMU; project for connecting a 2*5 MW photo-voltaic solar array to the network (offers being considered as at June 2015); a 24 MW wind power project by Delta Wind; drafting of the NREAP and the NEEAP with support from the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE); distribution of 400,000 low-cost lamps; rural electrification of 65 villages (phase 1) with Indian financing; project for the rural electrification of 20 locales funded by BIE; project for the creation of a rural electrification agency. (iv) Coastal zone sector: Fighting coastal erosion from PK 11 to PK 45; strengthening infrastructure resistance to climate change in coastal zones; erosion and adaptation in the coastal zones of West Africa; strengthening community resilience to climate change in the coastal zone.', '(iv) Coastal zone sector: Fighting coastal erosion from PK 11 to PK 45; strengthening infrastructure resistance to climate change in coastal zones; erosion and adaptation in the coastal zones of West Africa; strengthening community resilience to climate change in the coastal zone. (v) Drinking water supply sector: To date, most major investments are concentrated in the city of Lomé, with the assistance of the AFD and the World Bank.', '(v) Drinking water supply sector: To date, most major investments are concentrated in the city of Lomé, with the assistance of the AFD and the World Bank. (vi) Human settlement sector (buildings and city): urban development of Togo, phase II.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VI Figure 4: Mapping of the Stakeholders in Togo’s INDC Process Institutions providing scientific support and training on mitigation and adaptation Research structures (ITRA, university: Department of scientific research and innovation, ESA, FD, FS, FLESH/ Geography, ESTEBA, WASCAL, ENSI, EAMAU) Institutions for the coordination of sustainable development operations/INDC MERF Departments of Studies and Planning, and of the Environment (with initiatives such as TCNCC, EBT, NAMAs, CDM, READINESS of the Green Fund, Coastal Zone, SLCPs, INDC), forestry resources, ANGE, ODEF Institutions offering Technical and Financial Support TFPs (WB, ADB, IFAD, BOAD, EBID, AFD, EU, FAO, UNDP, IDB, BADEA, GIZ, China, WAEMU, ECOWAS, UNEP) Institutions contributing to the implementation of sustainable development operations and the INDC process Other technical Ministries responsible for: agriculture; the economy/finance; planning; grassroots development; public works and transport; higher education; industry; social action; land use planning; local authorities; civil protection; water resources; energy; urban planning/housing and health Institutions supporting adaptation and mitigation operations Private sector (Togo, etc.)', '(vi) Human settlement sector (buildings and city): urban development of Togo, phase II.__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VI Figure 4: Mapping of the Stakeholders in Togo’s INDC Process Institutions providing scientific support and training on mitigation and adaptation Research structures (ITRA, university: Department of scientific research and innovation, ESA, FD, FS, FLESH/ Geography, ESTEBA, WASCAL, ENSI, EAMAU) Institutions for the coordination of sustainable development operations/INDC MERF Departments of Studies and Planning, and of the Environment (with initiatives such as TCNCC, EBT, NAMAs, CDM, READINESS of the Green Fund, Coastal Zone, SLCPs, INDC), forestry resources, ANGE, ODEF Institutions offering Technical and Financial Support TFPs (WB, ADB, IFAD, BOAD, EBID, AFD, EU, FAO, UNDP, IDB, BADEA, GIZ, China, WAEMU, ECOWAS, UNEP) Institutions contributing to the implementation of sustainable development operations and the INDC process Other technical Ministries responsible for: agriculture; the economy/finance; planning; grassroots development; public works and transport; higher education; industry; social action; land use planning; local authorities; civil protection; water resources; energy; urban planning/housing and health Institutions supporting adaptation and mitigation operations Private sector (Togo, etc.) CSOs/NGOs Regional authorities Vulnerable grassroots actors and those implementing adaptation/mitigation actions Umbrella organisations and platforms for grassroots organisations in the various emitting and vulnerable sectors (forestry and land use, energy, agriculture, industry, waste, coastal zones, human settlements and health, water resources) Institutions for consular support Regional Agricultural Chambers (CRA), Regional Trade Chambers (CRM), Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Togo (CCIT), employers Decision-making institutions and strategic national framework Ministry of Planning (SCAPE) and of the Assessment of Public Policies (Togo Vision__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VII Table 3: Timetable of Activities for the INDC Project 2.', 'CSOs/NGOs Regional authorities Vulnerable grassroots actors and those implementing adaptation/mitigation actions Umbrella organisations and platforms for grassroots organisations in the various emitting and vulnerable sectors (forestry and land use, energy, agriculture, industry, waste, coastal zones, human settlements and health, water resources) Institutions for consular support Regional Agricultural Chambers (CRA), Regional Trade Chambers (CRM), Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Togo (CCIT), employers Decision-making institutions and strategic national framework Ministry of Planning (SCAPE) and of the Assessment of Public Policies (Togo Vision__________________________________________________________________________________________I Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Togo ANNEX VII Table 3: Timetable of Activities for the INDC Project 2. Establishment of the institutional, legal, and regulatory framework 3. INDC launch workshop information, extension and awareness campaign 5. Strengthening of national and sector capacities 6. Establishment of an MRV system 7. Workshops by sector 8. Finalisation of the priority projects 9. Advocacy among the private sector 10. Preparation for climate financing 11. Catalysing climate financing 12. INDC pilot phase 13.', 'Catalysing climate financing 12. INDC pilot phase 13. Acquisition of adaptation and/or mitigation technology 14. Implementation of the first, priority adaptation and/or mitigation projects 15. Evaluation of the first INDC reductions 18. Drafting of the implementation report 19. Validation workshop'] | en-US |
332 | TGO | Togo | Updated NDC | 2021-10-12 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/CDN%20Revis%C3%A9es_Togo_Document%20int%C3%A9rimaire_rv_11%2010%2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 2.854893 | 1.752085 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/450a873c004d7f5e4555503f96dcaad98b2ab64c51c2f377d9d929fb46d7e2f6.pdf | ['CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN) REVISEES Document intérimairei CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL (CDN) REVISEES DU TOGO Document interimaireii Sommaire Sigles et Acronymes IV Liste des figures . X Liste des tableaux XI Introduction . 1 Chapitre 1 : Contexte national . 3 1.1. Présentation générale 3 1.2. Synthèse de l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre des CDN initiales du Togo 4 Chapitre 2 : Gouvernance 6 2.1. Dispositif institutionnel existant des CDN . 6 2.2. Analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du dispositif institutionnel existant 6 2.3. Renforcement des capacités pour la gouvernance 7 Chapitre 3 : Atténuation . 9 3.1. Contributions à l’atténuation : scenarios de référence et d’atténuation 9 3.2.', 'Contributions à l’atténuation : scenarios de référence et d’atténuation 9 3.2. Information pour ameliorer la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension (ICTC) des contributions determinées au niveau national revisées . 17 Chapitre 4 : Adaptation . 33 4.1. Contexte national de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques . 33 4.2. Analyse des impacts, risques et de la vulnerabilités des secteurs prioritaires . 4.3. Priorités, objectifs et mesures d’adaptation . 40 4.4. Etat de mise en œuvre des mesures d’adaptation . 47 4.5. Savoir traditionnel et mesures tenant compte du genre en matière d’adaptation . 54 4.6. Informations utiles : situation de l’adaptation en lien avec le covid 19 . 55 Chapitre 5 : Financement . 57 5.1. Besoins d’investissement pour l’atténuation 57 5.2. Besoins d’investissement pour le volet adaptation. 70 5.3.', 'Besoins d’investissement pour le volet adaptation. 70 5.3. Besoins d’investissement en renforcement de capacités et en transfert de technologie 76iii 5.4. Financement total requis pour la CDN revisee du Togo 81 Chapitre 6 : Mesure, notification et vérification . 82 6.1. Système MNV/MRV . 82 6.2. Besoins de renforcement des capacités en matière de MNV 86 6.3. Amélioration du système de MNV au fil du temps . 87 6.4. Structure pertinente pour la MNV 87 Chapitre 7 : Stratégie de communication pour la mise en œuvre des CDN 92 7.1.', 'Structure pertinente pour la MNV 87 Chapitre 7 : Stratégie de communication pour la mise en œuvre des CDN 92 7.1. Analyse diagnostique de la communication sur les CDN au Togo 92 Bibliographie . 99 Annexes . 103iv Sigles et Acronymes ADAPT Adaptation de la production agricole au changement climatique AFD Agence française de développement AGR Activités génératrices de revenus AME Accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement ANASAP Agence national d’assainissement et de salubrité publique ANGE Agence nationale de gestion de l’environnement ANPC Agence nationale de la protection civile AP Assainissement pluvial, aires protégées APD Aide publique au développement BAD Banque africaine de développement BCEAO Banque centrale des états de l’Afrique de l’ouest BIE Budget d’Investissements et d’Equipements BM Banque mondiale BOAD Banque ouest-africaine de développement CC Changement climatique CCD Convention des Nations Unies sur la lutte contre la désertification CDQ Comité de développement de quartier CEDEAO Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CEREEC Centre pour les énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique de la CEDEAO CET Centre d’enfouissement technique CDN Contributions déterminées au niveau national CFC Chlorofluorocarbones CGES Cadre de gestion environnementale et sociale CSIGERN Cadre stratégique d’investissement pour la gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles CITES Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d extinction CNDD Commission nationale du développement durablev CCNUCC Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques COA/GIRE Conférence Ouest-Africaine sur la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau COP/CdP Conférence of Parties /Conférence des parties CSI Cadre stratégique d investissement CVD Comité villageois de développement CPDD Commission préfectorale de développement durable CPDN Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national DAC Direction des affaires communes DCNCC Deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques DE Direction de l’environnement DGSCN Direction générale de la statistique et de la comptabilité nationale DRERF Direction régionale de l’environnement et des ressources forestières DRF Direction des ressources forestières DSRP-C Document complet de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté EESS Evaluation environnementale et sociale stratégique EEDD Education à l’environnement et au développement durable EIES Etude d’impact environnemental et social FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture/Food and Agriculture Organization FCPF Fonds de partenariat pour le carbone forestier FDR Feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025 FEM Fonds pour l’environnement mondial FFOM Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces ; FNDF Fonds national de développement forestier FNE Fonds national de l environnement FVC Fonds vert pour le climat GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Program GDF Gestion durable des forêts GERN Gestion pour l environnement et les ressources naturelles GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat GIFERC Gestion intégrée de la fertilité de l eau et des ravageurs par les champignonsvi GIFS Gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols GIRE Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GERN/GR N Gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles/Gestion des ressources naturelles GT Groupe de travail GTVD Gestion Traitement Valorisation des Déchets IEC Information éducation communication IFN Inventaire forestier national INSEED Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques et démographiques IRENA International renewable energy agency / Agence internationale des énergies renouvelables ITIE Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives ITRA Institut togolais de recherche agronomique MAEH Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique MAEP Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche MDP Mécanisme de développement propre MEAHV Ministère de l’eau, de l’assainissement et de l’hydraulique villageoise MER Ministère de l’équipement rural (actuellement fusionné au MAEH) MERF Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières MPDC Ministère de la planification du développement et de la coopération MRV / MNV Mesure, reporting and verification / Mesure notification et vérification MUH Ministère de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat NDT Neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development /Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l’Afrique/ ODD Objectifs de développement durable ODEF Office de développement et d’exploitation des forêts OIBT Organisation internationale des bois tropicaux OMD Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement ONAEM Organisme national chargé de l action de l Etat en mer ONG Organisation non gouvernementalevii OSC Organisation de la société civile OTR Office togolais des recettes PADAT Projet d’appui au développement agricole du Togo PALCC Programme d’appui à la lutte contre le changement climatique PAFN Plan d’action forestier national du Togo PANA Plan d’action national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques PAN-LCD Plan d’action national de la lutte contre la désertification PANSEA Plan d’action national pour le secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement PASA Programme d appui au secteur agricole PAUT Projet d’aménagement urbain du Togo PAZOL Projet d aménagement de la zone lagunaire PDDAA Programme détaillé pour le développement de l’agriculture en Afrique PEUL Projet d’environnement urbain de Lomé PFNL Produits forestiers non ligneux PGES Plan de gestion environnementale et sociale PGFF Plan de gestion des fluides frigorigènes PGICT Projet de gestion Intégrée des catastrophes et des terres PIB Produit intérieur brut PME Petite et moyenne entreprise PNACC Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques PNADE Programme national d actions décentralisées de gestion de l environnement PNASAP Plan stratégique national d’assainissement et de salubrité publique du Togo PNAE Plan national d action pour l environnement PND Plan national de développement PNDS Plan national de développement sanitaire PNE Politique nationale de l’eau PNE TOGO Partenariat national de l’eau du Togo PNGE Programme national de gestion de l environnement PNHAT Politique nationale d’hygiène et d’assainissement du Togo PNIASA Programme national d investissements agricole et de sécurité alimentaireviii PNIASAN Programme national d investissements agricole et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle PNIERN Programme national d’investissement pour l’environnement et les ressources naturelles PNPC Politique nationale de la protection civile PNR Programme national de reboisement PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l environnement PMA Pays moins avancés PONAT Politique nationale d’aménagement du territoire PP Politique publique PPAAO Programme de productivité agricole en Afrique de l’ouest- PRAPT Projet de renforcement du rôle de conservation du système national des aires protégées du Togo PRCGE Projet de renforcement de capacités pour la gestion de l’environnement PRCNDGE Projet de renforcement de capacités nationales décentralisé de gestion de l’environnement ProDRA Programme de développement rural y compris l’agriculture ProREDD Programme d’appui à la préparation à la REDD+ et à la réhabilitation des forêts au Togo PSSET Plan stratégique du sous-secteur de l’énergie au Togo PTF Partenaire technique et financier PUDC Programme d’urgence pour le développement communautaire PURISE Projet d’urgence de réhabilitation des services et infrastructures électriques QUIBB Questionnaire unifié des indicateurs de base du bien-être RAPD Rapport sur l’aide publique au développement REDD+, Réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts RGPH Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat RRC Réduction des risques de catastrophes RSE Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises RSO Responsabilité sociétale des organismes S&E Suivi-évaluationix SAP Système d’alerte précoce SCAPE Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de promotion de l’emploi SDAL Schéma d aménagement du littoral SISL Système d information et de suivi du littoral SNGF Stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation SNRRC Stratégie nationale de réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles SPANB Stratégie et plan d’action nationale de la biodiversité SRRC Stratégie nationale de réduction des risques de catastrophes au Togo UA Union Africaine UE Union Européenne UEMOA Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine UGP Unité de gestion du projet UNESCO United Nations education, scientific and cultural organization / Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture UNICEF Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance WACA West Africa coastal areas management program WACAF Zones côtières de la région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre WASCAL West African science service center on climate change and adapted land usex Liste des figures Figure 1: Scenarios d’atténuation prévue et d’atténuation réelle en 2020 par rapport à la référence . 5 Figure 2: Tendances des projections des émissions de GES des différents secteurs selon le scénario de référence 10 Figure 3: Tendances des réductions globales des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence . 12 Figure 4: Tendances des réductions des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence dans les différents secteurs . 14 Figure 5: Carte strategique de l’adaptation au Togo . 40 Figure 6 : proportions des actions du Scénario d’adaptation par secteurs en coûts d investissements sur un total de 2, 8 milliards$ . 76 Figure 7 : répartition des coûts des besoins en transfert de technologie par secteur 79 Figure 8 : Structure du système national MNV . 89xi Liste des tableaux Tableau 1: Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du cadre institutionnel existant 7 Tableau 2: Ambition d’atténuation par rapport aux CDN actuelles 15 Tableau 3: Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) 18 Tableau 4: Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur 42 Tableau 5: Efforts d’adaptation du Togo . 48 Tableau 6: Impacts du Covid 19 et réponses prioritaires en matière d’adaptation au Togo 55 Tableau 7: Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisée du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité . 58 Tableau 8: Coûts d’investissements total du sous-secteur transport . 60 Tableau 9: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur résidentiel 61 Tableau 10: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur agriculture 62 Tableau 11: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres 64 Tableau 12: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur PIUP . 66 Tableau 13: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur dechet . 68 Tableau 14: Coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation .', 'Analyse diagnostique de la communication sur les CDN au Togo 92 Bibliographie . 99 Annexes . 103iv Sigles et Acronymes ADAPT Adaptation de la production agricole au changement climatique AFD Agence française de développement AGR Activités génératrices de revenus AME Accords multilatéraux sur l’environnement ANASAP Agence national d’assainissement et de salubrité publique ANGE Agence nationale de gestion de l’environnement ANPC Agence nationale de la protection civile AP Assainissement pluvial, aires protégées APD Aide publique au développement BAD Banque africaine de développement BCEAO Banque centrale des états de l’Afrique de l’ouest BIE Budget d’Investissements et d’Equipements BM Banque mondiale BOAD Banque ouest-africaine de développement CC Changement climatique CCD Convention des Nations Unies sur la lutte contre la désertification CDQ Comité de développement de quartier CEDEAO Communauté économique des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest CEREEC Centre pour les énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique de la CEDEAO CET Centre d’enfouissement technique CDN Contributions déterminées au niveau national CFC Chlorofluorocarbones CGES Cadre de gestion environnementale et sociale CSIGERN Cadre stratégique d’investissement pour la gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles CITES Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d extinction CNDD Commission nationale du développement durablev CCNUCC Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques COA/GIRE Conférence Ouest-Africaine sur la gestion intégrée des ressources en eau COP/CdP Conférence of Parties /Conférence des parties CSI Cadre stratégique d investissement CVD Comité villageois de développement CPDD Commission préfectorale de développement durable CPDN Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national DAC Direction des affaires communes DCNCC Deuxième communication nationale sur les changements climatiques DE Direction de l’environnement DGSCN Direction générale de la statistique et de la comptabilité nationale DRERF Direction régionale de l’environnement et des ressources forestières DRF Direction des ressources forestières DSRP-C Document complet de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté EESS Evaluation environnementale et sociale stratégique EEDD Education à l’environnement et au développement durable EIES Etude d’impact environnemental et social FAO Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture/Food and Agriculture Organization FCPF Fonds de partenariat pour le carbone forestier FDR Feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025 FEM Fonds pour l’environnement mondial FFOM Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces ; FNDF Fonds national de développement forestier FNE Fonds national de l environnement FVC Fonds vert pour le climat GAFSP Global Agriculture and Food Security Program GDF Gestion durable des forêts GERN Gestion pour l environnement et les ressources naturelles GIEC Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat GIFERC Gestion intégrée de la fertilité de l eau et des ravageurs par les champignonsvi GIFS Gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols GIRE Gestion intégrée des ressources en eau GIZ Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GERN/GR N Gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles/Gestion des ressources naturelles GT Groupe de travail GTVD Gestion Traitement Valorisation des Déchets IEC Information éducation communication IFN Inventaire forestier national INSEED Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques et démographiques IRENA International renewable energy agency / Agence internationale des énergies renouvelables ITIE Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives ITRA Institut togolais de recherche agronomique MAEH Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique MAEP Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche MDP Mécanisme de développement propre MEAHV Ministère de l’eau, de l’assainissement et de l’hydraulique villageoise MER Ministère de l’équipement rural (actuellement fusionné au MAEH) MERF Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières MPDC Ministère de la planification du développement et de la coopération MRV / MNV Mesure, reporting and verification / Mesure notification et vérification MUH Ministère de l’urbanisme et de l’habitat NDT Neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development /Nouveau partenariat pour le développement de l’Afrique/ ODD Objectifs de développement durable ODEF Office de développement et d’exploitation des forêts OIBT Organisation internationale des bois tropicaux OMD Objectifs du millénaire pour le développement ONAEM Organisme national chargé de l action de l Etat en mer ONG Organisation non gouvernementalevii OSC Organisation de la société civile OTR Office togolais des recettes PADAT Projet d’appui au développement agricole du Togo PALCC Programme d’appui à la lutte contre le changement climatique PAFN Plan d’action forestier national du Togo PANA Plan d’action national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques PAN-LCD Plan d’action national de la lutte contre la désertification PANSEA Plan d’action national pour le secteur de l’eau et de l’assainissement PASA Programme d appui au secteur agricole PAUT Projet d’aménagement urbain du Togo PAZOL Projet d aménagement de la zone lagunaire PDDAA Programme détaillé pour le développement de l’agriculture en Afrique PEUL Projet d’environnement urbain de Lomé PFNL Produits forestiers non ligneux PGES Plan de gestion environnementale et sociale PGFF Plan de gestion des fluides frigorigènes PGICT Projet de gestion Intégrée des catastrophes et des terres PIB Produit intérieur brut PME Petite et moyenne entreprise PNACC Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques PNADE Programme national d actions décentralisées de gestion de l environnement PNASAP Plan stratégique national d’assainissement et de salubrité publique du Togo PNAE Plan national d action pour l environnement PND Plan national de développement PNDS Plan national de développement sanitaire PNE Politique nationale de l’eau PNE TOGO Partenariat national de l’eau du Togo PNGE Programme national de gestion de l environnement PNHAT Politique nationale d’hygiène et d’assainissement du Togo PNIASA Programme national d investissements agricole et de sécurité alimentaireviii PNIASAN Programme national d investissements agricole et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle PNIERN Programme national d’investissement pour l’environnement et les ressources naturelles PNPC Politique nationale de la protection civile PNR Programme national de reboisement PNUD Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement PNUE Programme des Nations Unies pour l environnement PMA Pays moins avancés PONAT Politique nationale d’aménagement du territoire PP Politique publique PPAAO Programme de productivité agricole en Afrique de l’ouest- PRAPT Projet de renforcement du rôle de conservation du système national des aires protégées du Togo PRCGE Projet de renforcement de capacités pour la gestion de l’environnement PRCNDGE Projet de renforcement de capacités nationales décentralisé de gestion de l’environnement ProDRA Programme de développement rural y compris l’agriculture ProREDD Programme d’appui à la préparation à la REDD+ et à la réhabilitation des forêts au Togo PSSET Plan stratégique du sous-secteur de l’énergie au Togo PTF Partenaire technique et financier PUDC Programme d’urgence pour le développement communautaire PURISE Projet d’urgence de réhabilitation des services et infrastructures électriques QUIBB Questionnaire unifié des indicateurs de base du bien-être RAPD Rapport sur l’aide publique au développement REDD+, Réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et de la dégradation des forêts RGPH Recensement général de la population et de l’habitat RRC Réduction des risques de catastrophes RSE Responsabilité sociétale des entreprises RSO Responsabilité sociétale des organismes S&E Suivi-évaluationix SAP Système d’alerte précoce SCAPE Stratégie de croissance accélérée et de promotion de l’emploi SDAL Schéma d aménagement du littoral SISL Système d information et de suivi du littoral SNGF Stratégie nationale de gestion des feux de végétation SNRRC Stratégie nationale de réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles SPANB Stratégie et plan d’action nationale de la biodiversité SRRC Stratégie nationale de réduction des risques de catastrophes au Togo UA Union Africaine UE Union Européenne UEMOA Union économique et monétaire Ouest Africaine UGP Unité de gestion du projet UNESCO United Nations education, scientific and cultural organization / Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’éducation, la science et la culture UNICEF Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance WACA West Africa coastal areas management program WACAF Zones côtières de la région de l’Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre WASCAL West African science service center on climate change and adapted land usex Liste des figures Figure 1: Scenarios d’atténuation prévue et d’atténuation réelle en 2020 par rapport à la référence . 5 Figure 2: Tendances des projections des émissions de GES des différents secteurs selon le scénario de référence 10 Figure 3: Tendances des réductions globales des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence . 12 Figure 4: Tendances des réductions des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence dans les différents secteurs . 14 Figure 5: Carte strategique de l’adaptation au Togo . 40 Figure 6 : proportions des actions du Scénario d’adaptation par secteurs en coûts d investissements sur un total de 2, 8 milliards$ . 76 Figure 7 : répartition des coûts des besoins en transfert de technologie par secteur 79 Figure 8 : Structure du système national MNV . 89xi Liste des tableaux Tableau 1: Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du cadre institutionnel existant 7 Tableau 2: Ambition d’atténuation par rapport aux CDN actuelles 15 Tableau 3: Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) 18 Tableau 4: Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur 42 Tableau 5: Efforts d’adaptation du Togo . 48 Tableau 6: Impacts du Covid 19 et réponses prioritaires en matière d’adaptation au Togo 55 Tableau 7: Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisée du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité . 58 Tableau 8: Coûts d’investissements total du sous-secteur transport . 60 Tableau 9: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur résidentiel 61 Tableau 10: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur agriculture 62 Tableau 11: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres 64 Tableau 12: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur PIUP . 66 Tableau 13: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur dechet . 68 Tableau 14: Coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation . 69 Tableau 15: Coûts d investissement pour toutes les mesures d atténuation (millions USD) 70 Tableau 16: Mesures d’adaptations sectorielles avec estimation des coûts . 71 Tableau 17: Coûts de transfert de technologie 78 Tableau 18: Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de Capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique 80 Tableau 19: Financements d atténuation et d adaptation nécessaires pour la CDN révisée . 81 Tableau 20: Forces et faibles du système MNV existant . 84 Tableau 21: Aide reçu par le Togo en matière de MNV 90 Tableau 22 : Matrice FFOM de l’analyse de la communication sur la mise en œuvre des CDN 92 Tableau 23 : Développement des orientations stratégiques et formulation des objectifs . 95xii Tableau 24 : Cadre de performance des interventions . 96 Tableau 25 : Plan pluriannuel budgétisé 98Introduction Lors de la 21e Conférence des Parties (COP21) à Paris, le 12 décembre 2015, les Parties à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) sont parvenues à un accord historique pour lutter contre les changements climatiques.', '69 Tableau 15: Coûts d investissement pour toutes les mesures d atténuation (millions USD) 70 Tableau 16: Mesures d’adaptations sectorielles avec estimation des coûts . 71 Tableau 17: Coûts de transfert de technologie 78 Tableau 18: Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de Capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique 80 Tableau 19: Financements d atténuation et d adaptation nécessaires pour la CDN révisée . 81 Tableau 20: Forces et faibles du système MNV existant . 84 Tableau 21: Aide reçu par le Togo en matière de MNV 90 Tableau 22 : Matrice FFOM de l’analyse de la communication sur la mise en œuvre des CDN 92 Tableau 23 : Développement des orientations stratégiques et formulation des objectifs . 95xii Tableau 24 : Cadre de performance des interventions . 96 Tableau 25 : Plan pluriannuel budgétisé 98Introduction Lors de la 21e Conférence des Parties (COP21) à Paris, le 12 décembre 2015, les Parties à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) sont parvenues à un accord historique pour lutter contre les changements climatiques. Ceci pour accélérer et intensifier les actions et les investissements nécessaires pour un developpement durable à faible émission de carbone.', 'Ceci pour accélérer et intensifier les actions et les investissements nécessaires pour un developpement durable à faible émission de carbone. L Accord de Paris (AP) est entré en vigueur en novembre 2016, à la suite de l adoption universelle de l Accord par les Parties. Par le biais de cet accord, toutes les parties prenantes ont pris des engagements volontaires pour la transition vers un avenir résilient aux changements climatiques et à faibles émissions des Gaz à effet de serre (GES). Les Parties sont tenues d entreprendre et de communiquer leurs efforts pour contribuer à la réalisation de ces objectifs sous la forme de contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) communiquées à la CCNUCC (article 3).', 'Les Parties sont tenues d entreprendre et de communiquer leurs efforts pour contribuer à la réalisation de ces objectifs sous la forme de contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) communiquées à la CCNUCC (article 3). Les CDN sont donc la pièce maîtresse de l’Accord de Paris qui invite les pays signataires à réviser leurs engagements chaque 5 ans dans l’optique de rehausser les ambitions en matière d’atténuation comme d’adaptation afin de maintenir le réchauffement climatique en dessous de 2 °C voire 1,5 °C. En prélude à l’Accord de Paris, le Togo a préparé et soumis ses contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) en 2015 qui ont été confirmées comme ses CDN après l’adoption de cet accord.', 'En prélude à l’Accord de Paris, le Togo a préparé et soumis ses contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) en 2015 qui ont été confirmées comme ses CDN après l’adoption de cet accord. Le Togo avec l’appui du Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD) au travers de l’initiative de la « Promesse climatique » et du Programme d’appui aux CDN (NDC Support Programme) s’est engagé dans la révision de ses CDN en 2020. Le Togo vise, par la révision de ses CDN, à se conformer aux engagements pris vis- à-vis de l’Accord de Paris et d assurer leur alignement à ses priorités de développement (Plan National de développement-PND et feuille de route gouvernementale 2025) et aux Objectifs de Développement Durables (ODD).', 'Le Togo vise, par la révision de ses CDN, à se conformer aux engagements pris vis- à-vis de l’Accord de Paris et d assurer leur alignement à ses priorités de développement (Plan National de développement-PND et feuille de route gouvernementale 2025) et aux Objectifs de Développement Durables (ODD). La révision des CDN du Togo couvre entre autres, l actualisation des données et des informations au regard des nouveaux développements programmatiques et politiques, la prise en compte du secteur des infrastructures, une meilleure intégration du secteur des ressources en eau et l intégration des hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) et les polluants atmosphériques et climatiques de courte durée de vie dans les gaz dont les émissions sont à réduire.', 'La révision des CDN du Togo couvre entre autres, l actualisation des données et des informations au regard des nouveaux développements programmatiques et politiques, la prise en compte du secteur des infrastructures, une meilleure intégration du secteur des ressources en eau et l intégration des hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) et les polluants atmosphériques et climatiques de courte durée de vie dans les gaz dont les émissions sont à réduire. Ce qui a permis d actualiser les objectifs du pays en matière d engagement en y intégrant les nouveaux projets sur la base des nouvelles mesures incitatives dans le domaine des transports et des énergies renouvelables pour relever le niveau de l ambition.', 'Ce qui a permis d actualiser les objectifs du pays en matière d engagement en y intégrant les nouveaux projets sur la base des nouvelles mesures incitatives dans le domaine des transports et des énergies renouvelables pour relever le niveau de l ambition. Les CDN révisées du Togo décrivent les actions renforcées et l environnement favorable nécessaire au cours de la période 2015-2020 qui ont jeté les bases d objectifs plus ambitieux au-delà de 2020, contribuant à l effort concerté pour empêcher une augmentation de 2 °C de la température moyenne mondiale etpoursuivre les efforts pour limiter la température à 1,5 °C au-dessus des niveaux préindustriels. D ici 2030, le Togo envisage d augmenter la résilience climatique grâce à des stratégies globales d atténuation et d adaptation et de réduction des risques de catastrophe.', 'D ici 2030, le Togo envisage d augmenter la résilience climatique grâce à des stratégies globales d atténuation et d adaptation et de réduction des risques de catastrophe. Le Togo s est fixé des objectifs ambitieux de durabilité liés à la production et à la consommation de nourriture, d eau et d énergie. Ces objectifs seront atteints en soutenant l autonomisation et le renforcement des capacités, l amélioration de la fourniture des services sociaux de base, l innovation technologique et la gestion durable des ressources naturelles, dans le respect des principes de bonne gouvernance. Au-delà de l objectif CDN 2030, le Togo s est engagé à progresser vers une stratégie de développement à long terme à faible émission de carbone et de résilience climatique à travers son plan national de développement (PND 2018-2022) et la feuille de route gouvernementale 2025.', 'Au-delà de l objectif CDN 2030, le Togo s est engagé à progresser vers une stratégie de développement à long terme à faible émission de carbone et de résilience climatique à travers son plan national de développement (PND 2018-2022) et la feuille de route gouvernementale 2025. Dans cette optique, le pays s’est doté d’un plan de préparation et de mis en œuvre de ses CDN couvrant la période 2020-2024. Ce plan regroupant neuf programmes vise à accélérer les changements transformationnels vers un développement à faible émission de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques.', 'Ce plan regroupant neuf programmes vise à accélérer les changements transformationnels vers un développement à faible émission de carbone et résilient aux changements climatiques. Le présent document de CDN révisées comporte sept chapitres portant respectivement sur le contexte national, la gouvernance, l’atténuation, l’adaptation, les besoins financiers, technologiques et l’aide requise, le système national de mesure, notification et vérification (MNV), et la stratégie de communication sur la mise en œuvre des CDN.Chapitre 1 : Contexte national 1.1. PRESENTATION GENERALE Le Togo est situé dans la zone intertropicale. Il jouit d’un climat tropical guinéen à 4 saisons dans la partie méridionale et d’un climat tropical soudanien à deux saisons dans la partie septentrionale. Les régions Maritime et des Savanes sont celles qui reçoivent moins de 1000 millimètres d’eau par an.', 'Les régions Maritime et des Savanes sont celles qui reçoivent moins de 1000 millimètres d’eau par an. Une irrégularité des saisons est observée ces dernières décennies. Les massifs de l’Atakora et les monts du Togo prennent en écharpe le territoire togolais du nord-est au sud-ouest. Le mont Agou est le plus haut sommet du pays qui culmine à plus de 900 m au sud-ouest. De part et d’autre de cette chaine s’étend la pénéplaine. Au Togo, quatre grandes classes de sols sont rencontrées. Il s’agit des sols minéraux bruts et peu évolués ; des sols ferrugineux tropicaux ; des sols ferralitiques et des vertisols et les sols hydromorphes. Avec une couverture forestière de 24,24%, les ressources biologiques du Togo sont nombreuses et diversifiées.', 'Avec une couverture forestière de 24,24%, les ressources biologiques du Togo sont nombreuses et diversifiées. Les formations végétales sont constituées de forêts denses semi-décidues, de savanes guinéennes, des savanes soudaniennes entrecoupées de forêts sèches ou des forêts claires selon les localités, de forêts galeries et ripicoles, etc. Au Togo, la flore compte 3491 espèces terrestres et 261 espèces aquatiques identifiées. La faune, évaluée à 3469 espèces, est composée des espèces terrestres, de l’avifaune et de la faune aquatique. Cinq principaux domaines phytogéographiques se partagent le Togo. Elles sont dénommées zones écologiques. Les ressources en eau dont dispose le Togo sont assez abondantes.', 'Les ressources en eau dont dispose le Togo sont assez abondantes. Elles sont constituées des eaux de surface que drainent les trois principaux bassins versants (Oti, 47,3%, Mono, 37,5%, Lac Togo, 16 %) et des eaux souterraines renouvelables contenues dans les deux aquifères du socle et du sédimentaire côtier. Le volume total des ressources en eau renouvelables est estimé à environ 19 milliards de mètres cube par an, soit environ 27 % des pluies (de l’ordre de 70 milliards de mètres cube par an). Le Togo dispose d’une zone côtière longue de 50 km qui s’étend de Lomé à Aného avec une importance économique capitale pour le pays. En effet, une diversité d’activités comme la pêche, l’industrie, l’artisanat, le tourisme, etc. s’exerce dans cette zone.', 'En effet, une diversité d’activités comme la pêche, l’industrie, l’artisanat, le tourisme, etc. s’exerce dans cette zone. S’ouvrant sur le golfe de Guinée, l équilibre du cadre physique du littoral revêt une certaine particularité du fait des interrelations qui existent entre les différents éléments de ce milieu fragile, du poids de l accroissement démographique, des aménagements existants qui s’agrandissent chaque année. Elle est exposée aux risques côtiers : érosion, inondation et pollution. Le recensement général de la population et de l’habitat de novembre 2010 établit la population résidente du Togo à 6 191 155 habitants avec un taux de croissance annuel moyen de 2,3 %. Au 1er janvier 2019 les projections situaient cet effectif à 7 538 000hbts. Il sera de 7 723 000 hbts au 1er janvier 2020.', 'Il sera de 7 723 000 hbts au 1er janvier 2020. La densité moyenne est de 109 habts/km² en 2010. Elle varie selon les régions et est plus dense dans la région Maritime et faible dans la région des Savanes. Au Togo 53,5% (2017) de la population vit sous le seuil de pauvreté. Le taux de pauvreté a diminué de 1,6 point entre 2015 et 2017. En 2018-2019, une nouvelle estimation de la ligne de pauvreté a été faite, afin d’évaluer de manière plus précise la proportion des ménages qui vit sous le seuil de pauvreté. L’incidence de pauvreté calculée sur cette nouvelle base est de 45,5% au niveau national.', 'L’incidence de pauvreté calculée sur cette nouvelle base est de 45,5% au niveau national. L’Indice de développement humain (IDH) du Togo est passé de 0,426 en 2000 à 0,484 en 2014 puis 0,484 en 2015, ce qui place aujourd hui le pays au 162ème rang, sur les 188 pays disposant de données comparables. Plaçant l émergence au cœur de son ambition, le Togo a réalisé des avancées remarquables lors des 10 dernières années et s est fixé des objectifs de croissance économique et de développement social et humain élevés pour les années à venir. La panddémie mondiale due à la Covid-19 est un choc sans précédent qui aura des répercussions importantes pour l’Afrique et particulièrement pour le Togo.', 'La panddémie mondiale due à la Covid-19 est un choc sans précédent qui aura des répercussions importantes pour l’Afrique et particulièrement pour le Togo. Toutefois, le Togo souhaite donner une impulsion nouvelle à son économie et à sa société sous la forme d’un plan stratégique concret. Aussi, le gouvernement s’est-il défini une feuille de route lancée en octobre 2020 pour l’horlizon 2025.', 'Aussi, le gouvernement s’est-il défini une feuille de route lancée en octobre 2020 pour l’horlizon 2025. Cette feuille de route a pour objectif d’ajuster la vision nationale intégrée en ayant une compréhension d’ensemble du contexte du Togo, notamment en considérant le contexte Covid-19, de mettre à jour le portefeuille de projets et de réformes du Togo définis dans son Plan national de développement (PND) en tenant compte de la nouvelle vision et de leur état d’avancement et d’orienter la mise en œuvre de cette nouvelle vision au niveau de chaque ministère sectoriel. La feuille de route gouvernementale vise « un Togo en paix, une Nation moderne avec une croissance économique inclusive et durable ».', 'La feuille de route gouvernementale vise « un Togo en paix, une Nation moderne avec une croissance économique inclusive et durable ». Cette vision est structurée autour de trois axes stratégiques interdépendants : (i) renforcer l’inclusion et l’harmonie sociales et consolider la paix ; (ii) dynamiser la création d’emplois en s’appuyant sur les forces de l’économie ; et (iii) moderniser le pays et renforcer ses structures. Les trois axes sont déclinés en dix ambitions répondant aux principaux défis du pays. Le Togo met un accent particulier sur les questions liées aux changements climatiques au niveau de l’ambition 10 qui met le développement durable et l’anticipation des crises futures au cœur des priorités du pays. 1.2.', 'Le Togo met un accent particulier sur les questions liées aux changements climatiques au niveau de l’ambition 10 qui met le développement durable et l’anticipation des crises futures au cœur des priorités du pays. 1.2. SYNTHESE DE L’EVALUATION DE LA MISE EN ŒUVRE DES CDN INITIALES DU TOGO Après l’adoption de l’Accord de Paris, créer des synergies entre action climatique et mettre en oeuvre le développement est devenu un sujet essentiel pour l’efficacité des politiques publiques au Togo. Deux niveaux de réduction ont été proposés : une réduction inconditionnelle de 11,14% et une réduction conditionnelle de 20% sansprécision sur les conditionnalités pour un besoin en financement total estimé à 3,54 Milliards $US (Adaptation = 1,54 ; Atténuation = 1,10 ; Transfert de technologies=0,5 ; Renforcement de capacités = 0,4).', 'Deux niveaux de réduction ont été proposés : une réduction inconditionnelle de 11,14% et une réduction conditionnelle de 20% sansprécision sur les conditionnalités pour un besoin en financement total estimé à 3,54 Milliards $US (Adaptation = 1,54 ; Atténuation = 1,10 ; Transfert de technologies=0,5 ; Renforcement de capacités = 0,4). L’ensemble des projets mise en œuvre en matière d’atténuation et en matière d’adapatation avec co-bénéfices en atténuation a permis au Togo de réaliser 7 990 Gg CO2-eq de réduction de ses émissions en 2020 au lieu de 5 075 Gg CO2-eq de réduction initialement prévue, soit une réduction de 27,57% à l’horizon 2020 au lieu de 17,51% par rapport à la référence comme le montre la figure 1. La réduction supplémentaire est donc de 10,06%.', 'La réduction supplémentaire est donc de 10,06%. Figure 1: Scenarios d’atténuation prévue et d’atténuation réelle en 2020 par rapport à la référence Dans l’ensemble le Togo est proactif politiquement dans le domaine des changements climatiques depuis plus de 20 ans et s’est engagé à lutter contre ses effets adverses qui affectent la population et de nombreux secteurs d’activités économiques à travers une série d’actions aussi bien dans le cadre d’actions multilatérales que d’initiatives nationales.Chapitre 2 : Gouvernance 2.1. DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL EXISTANT DES CDN En 2015, à travers l’arrêté interministériel N°002/MERF/MMEFPD, un comité de coordination du processus d’élaboration des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) a été mis en place.', 'DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL EXISTANT DES CDN En 2015, à travers l’arrêté interministériel N°002/MERF/MMEFPD, un comité de coordination du processus d’élaboration des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (CPDN) a été mis en place. Ce comité CPDN a été remplacé en 2018 par l’Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des communications nationales (CN), des rapports biennaux actualisés (RBA) sur les changements climatiques et des CDN, mise en place par l’arrêté n°0095 / MERF/SG/DE du 13 Juillet 2018. Cette autorité, à travers le sous-comité CDN, est chargée de suivre la mise en œuvre des CDN. Ce sous-comité CDN, est composé des représentants des institutions publiques, du secteur privé, des organisations de la société civile concernés par la problématique des changements climatiques.', 'Ce sous-comité CDN, est composé des représentants des institutions publiques, du secteur privé, des organisations de la société civile concernés par la problématique des changements climatiques. Il s’agit de la présidence de la république, la primature, le ministère chargé des affaires étrangères, le ministère chargé des finances, le ministère chargé de la planification, le ministère chargé de l’agriculture, le ministère chargé de l’énergie, le ministère chargé de la promotion des femmes et des jeunes et autres ministères, des organisations de la société civile, et le patronat. 2.2.', 'Il s’agit de la présidence de la république, la primature, le ministère chargé des affaires étrangères, le ministère chargé des finances, le ministère chargé de la planification, le ministère chargé de l’agriculture, le ministère chargé de l’énergie, le ministère chargé de la promotion des femmes et des jeunes et autres ministères, des organisations de la société civile, et le patronat. 2.2. ANALYSE DES FORCES, FAIBLESSES, OPPORTUNITES ET MENACES DU DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL EXISTANT Le cadre institutionnel existant des CDN souffre de certaines insuffisances (Tableau 1).Tableau 1: Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du cadre institutionnel existant Forces Faiblesses ➢ Existence de l’Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration, des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN ➢ Existence de plusieurs comités d’autres organes (DLCC, Comité technique de coordination du processus d’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, …) sur lesquels pourra s’appuyer le comité CDN ➢ Création d’un comité national MNV ➢ Création d’un sous-comité CDN ➢ Non-opérationnalité de certains comités (Comité national sur les changements climatiques, …) ➢ Fonctionnement des arrangements institutionnels non transparent ➢ Faible capacité technique des membres de l’Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN ➢ Expertise technique limitée dans toutes les thématique clés en rapport avec les secteurs prioritaires concernés par les études d’atténuation ➢ Faible niveau de collaboration des institutions en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales et les institutions en charge des études ➢ Non-affectation de ressources financières pour le fonctionnement du comité de mise en œuvre des CDN ➢ Faible connaissance du cahier de charge des différentes parties prenantes ➢ Non-implication des collectivités locales dans le comité CDN Opportunités Menaces ➢ Existence de l’initiative CBIT (en cours de mise en œuvre) ➢ Disponibilité des partenaires techniques et financiers à soutenir la gouvernance climatique ➢ Manque de coordination et de cohérence entre les divers organes thématiques, entités opérationnelles, agences d exécution et autres organisations en dehors de la Convention ➢ Faible implication des acteurs du secteur privé, des groupements de femmes, des parlementaires et de la société civile 2.3.', 'ANALYSE DES FORCES, FAIBLESSES, OPPORTUNITES ET MENACES DU DISPOSITIF INSTITUTIONNEL EXISTANT Le cadre institutionnel existant des CDN souffre de certaines insuffisances (Tableau 1).Tableau 1: Forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du cadre institutionnel existant Forces Faiblesses ➢ Existence de l’Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration, des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN ➢ Existence de plusieurs comités d’autres organes (DLCC, Comité technique de coordination du processus d’intégration de l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, …) sur lesquels pourra s’appuyer le comité CDN ➢ Création d’un comité national MNV ➢ Création d’un sous-comité CDN ➢ Non-opérationnalité de certains comités (Comité national sur les changements climatiques, …) ➢ Fonctionnement des arrangements institutionnels non transparent ➢ Faible capacité technique des membres de l’Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN ➢ Expertise technique limitée dans toutes les thématique clés en rapport avec les secteurs prioritaires concernés par les études d’atténuation ➢ Faible niveau de collaboration des institutions en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales et les institutions en charge des études ➢ Non-affectation de ressources financières pour le fonctionnement du comité de mise en œuvre des CDN ➢ Faible connaissance du cahier de charge des différentes parties prenantes ➢ Non-implication des collectivités locales dans le comité CDN Opportunités Menaces ➢ Existence de l’initiative CBIT (en cours de mise en œuvre) ➢ Disponibilité des partenaires techniques et financiers à soutenir la gouvernance climatique ➢ Manque de coordination et de cohérence entre les divers organes thématiques, entités opérationnelles, agences d exécution et autres organisations en dehors de la Convention ➢ Faible implication des acteurs du secteur privé, des groupements de femmes, des parlementaires et de la société civile 2.3. RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES POUR LA GOUVERNANCE En réponse aux contraintes et lacunes identifiées pour le cadre institutionnel existant, des actions suivantes sont proposées pour assurer une gouvernance et une coordination efficaces du processus de mise en œuvre des CDN.', 'RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES POUR LA GOUVERNANCE En réponse aux contraintes et lacunes identifiées pour le cadre institutionnel existant, des actions suivantes sont proposées pour assurer une gouvernance et une coordination efficaces du processus de mise en œuvre des CDN. Il s’agira de : ✓ mettre en place un cadre de dialogue et de communication entre les divers organes thématiques, entités opérationnelles, agences d exécution, organisations de la société civile et du secteur privé et autres organisations en dehors de la Convention ;✓ renforcer les capacités techniques des parties prenantes dans toutes les thématiques clés en rapport avec les secteurs prioritaires concernés par les études d’atténuation ; ✓ mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires pour rendre opérationnel le comité de mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ rendre opérationnel les différents comités existants qui sont en lien avec les changements climatiques ; ✓ élaborer un programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles pour la bonne mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ renforcer les capacités techniques et opérationnelles des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN ; ✓ renforcer la collaboration entre les institutions en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales et les institutions en charge des études ; ✓ définir le cahier de charges des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN.Chapitre 3 : Atténuation Pour contribuer à la lutte efficace contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, des efforts sont consentis par le gouvernement togolais afin de reduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Il s’agira de : ✓ mettre en place un cadre de dialogue et de communication entre les divers organes thématiques, entités opérationnelles, agences d exécution, organisations de la société civile et du secteur privé et autres organisations en dehors de la Convention ;✓ renforcer les capacités techniques des parties prenantes dans toutes les thématiques clés en rapport avec les secteurs prioritaires concernés par les études d’atténuation ; ✓ mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires pour rendre opérationnel le comité de mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ rendre opérationnel les différents comités existants qui sont en lien avec les changements climatiques ; ✓ élaborer un programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles pour la bonne mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ renforcer les capacités techniques et opérationnelles des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN ; ✓ renforcer la collaboration entre les institutions en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales et les institutions en charge des études ; ✓ définir le cahier de charges des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN.Chapitre 3 : Atténuation Pour contribuer à la lutte efficace contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, des efforts sont consentis par le gouvernement togolais afin de reduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. 3.1.', 'Il s’agira de : ✓ mettre en place un cadre de dialogue et de communication entre les divers organes thématiques, entités opérationnelles, agences d exécution, organisations de la société civile et du secteur privé et autres organisations en dehors de la Convention ;✓ renforcer les capacités techniques des parties prenantes dans toutes les thématiques clés en rapport avec les secteurs prioritaires concernés par les études d’atténuation ; ✓ mobiliser les ressources financières nécessaires pour rendre opérationnel le comité de mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ rendre opérationnel les différents comités existants qui sont en lien avec les changements climatiques ; ✓ élaborer un programme de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles pour la bonne mise en œuvre des CDN ; ✓ renforcer les capacités techniques et opérationnelles des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN ; ✓ renforcer la collaboration entre les institutions en charge de la mise en œuvre des politiques gouvernementales et les institutions en charge des études ; ✓ définir le cahier de charges des différentes parties prenantes du comité CDN.Chapitre 3 : Atténuation Pour contribuer à la lutte efficace contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques, des efforts sont consentis par le gouvernement togolais afin de reduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre. 3.1. CONTRIBUTIONS A L’ATTENUATION : SCENARIOS DE REFERENCE ET D’ATTENUATION 3.1.1.', 'CONTRIBUTIONS A L’ATTENUATION : SCENARIOS DE REFERENCE ET D’ATTENUATION 3.1.1. Scénario de référence Les données utilisées sont celles issues des études thématiques et sectorielles de la 4e CN et du 2e RBA. Les secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par les contributions déterminées au niveau national révisées sont : secteurs : énergie ; procédés industriels et utilisation des produits (PIUP) ; agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) ; Déchets gaz : CO2, CH4, N20, Hydrofluorocarbones (HFCs) conformément à l’amendement de Kigali au Protocole de Montréal. polluants atmosphériques à courtes durées de vie (SLCPs) : carbone noir (CB), matières particulaires PM 2.5 et PM 10, les oxydes nitreux, les composés organiques volatils et le monoxyde de carbone.', 'polluants atmosphériques à courtes durées de vie (SLCPs) : carbone noir (CB), matières particulaires PM 2.5 et PM 10, les oxydes nitreux, les composés organiques volatils et le monoxyde de carbone. Pour chaque secteur, les projections des émissions de GES sont faites sur la période 2010-2030 et se présentent comme suit (Figure 2) : ➢ secteur de l’énergie : les émissions varient de 3725,16 Gg CO2-eq à 13169,18 Gg CO2-eq entre 2010 et 2030, soit une augmentation de 254% ; ➢ secteur PIUP : la projection des émissions passe de 551,19 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 3 203,54 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une progression d’environ 481% dans le secteur ; ➢ secteur AFAT : les émissions passent de 12 190,89 Gg CO2-eq à 13 464,37 Gg CO2-eq entre 2010 et 2030, soit une augmentation de 10,45% ; ➢ secteur déchets : les emissions du secteur dans l’ensemble varient de 335,7 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 573,3 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une augmentation de 70,8%.Dans l’ensemble, les émissions de GES passent de 16 802,92 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 30 410,42 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une progression de 80,98%.', 'Pour chaque secteur, les projections des émissions de GES sont faites sur la période 2010-2030 et se présentent comme suit (Figure 2) : ➢ secteur de l’énergie : les émissions varient de 3725,16 Gg CO2-eq à 13169,18 Gg CO2-eq entre 2010 et 2030, soit une augmentation de 254% ; ➢ secteur PIUP : la projection des émissions passe de 551,19 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 3 203,54 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une progression d’environ 481% dans le secteur ; ➢ secteur AFAT : les émissions passent de 12 190,89 Gg CO2-eq à 13 464,37 Gg CO2-eq entre 2010 et 2030, soit une augmentation de 10,45% ; ➢ secteur déchets : les emissions du secteur dans l’ensemble varient de 335,7 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 573,3 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une augmentation de 70,8%.Dans l’ensemble, les émissions de GES passent de 16 802,92 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 30 410,42 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une progression de 80,98%. Figure 2: Tendances des projections des émissions de GES des différents secteurs selon le scénario de référence 3.1.2.', 'Figure 2: Tendances des projections des émissions de GES des différents secteurs selon le scénario de référence 3.1.2. Scénario d’atténuation Les potentiels de réduction des émissions de GES sont estimés par secteur et sont ensuite agrégés au niveau national. De façon générale, les informations fournies s’appuient sur les nouveaux développements programmatiques du Togo notamment le Plan National de Développement (PND 2018-2022) et la feuille de route gouvernementale 2025. Ces informations se fondent aussi sur les mesures et priorités sectorielles telles que présentées dans l’annexe 1. 3.1.2.1.', 'Ces informations se fondent aussi sur les mesures et priorités sectorielles telles que présentées dans l’annexe 1. 3.1.2.1. Engagements chiffrés global Les mesures d’atténuation sont guidées par une aspiration de développement sobre en carbone à long terme qui favorise la mise en œuvre de sa feuille de route gouvernementale 2025, de son PND (2018-2022), de sa politique d’autosuffisance alimentaire et de lutte contre la pauvreté pour devenir un état émergent à l’horizon 2050.La mise en œuvre des plans, stratégies, programmes et autres documents de planification exploités dans cette étude repose sur les différentes ressources (fonds propres, prêts nationaux et internationaux) que le gouvernement mobilise pour le développement du pays.', 'Engagements chiffrés global Les mesures d’atténuation sont guidées par une aspiration de développement sobre en carbone à long terme qui favorise la mise en œuvre de sa feuille de route gouvernementale 2025, de son PND (2018-2022), de sa politique d’autosuffisance alimentaire et de lutte contre la pauvreté pour devenir un état émergent à l’horizon 2050.La mise en œuvre des plans, stratégies, programmes et autres documents de planification exploités dans cette étude repose sur les différentes ressources (fonds propres, prêts nationaux et internationaux) que le gouvernement mobilise pour le développement du pays. Par ailleurs, afin d’assurer un développement durable sobre en carbone, le Togo s’est engagé dans un ambitieux programme de lutte contre les changements climatiques dont les activités nécessitent un appui soutenu de ses partenaires techniques et financiers (renforcement de capacité, transfert et diffusion de technologie, et ressources financières).', 'Par ailleurs, afin d’assurer un développement durable sobre en carbone, le Togo s’est engagé dans un ambitieux programme de lutte contre les changements climatiques dont les activités nécessitent un appui soutenu de ses partenaires techniques et financiers (renforcement de capacité, transfert et diffusion de technologie, et ressources financières). ❖ Contribution inconditionnelle Les résultats de l’analyse des réductions sectorielles indiquent que le Togo peut s’engager dans une contribution inconditionnelle de réduction de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de 20,51% à l’horizon 2030, soit 6 236,02 Gg CO2-eq (Figure 13 ; Tableau 11).', '❖ Contribution inconditionnelle Les résultats de l’analyse des réductions sectorielles indiquent que le Togo peut s’engager dans une contribution inconditionnelle de réduction de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) de 20,51% à l’horizon 2030, soit 6 236,02 Gg CO2-eq (Figure 13 ; Tableau 11). ❖ Contribution conditionnelle Dans l’approche proposée pour le scénario d’atténuation, l’Etat togolais s’engage, s’il bénéficie du soutien requis, de réaliser une diminution supplémentaire de 30,06% des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence à l’horizon 2030, soit 9 305,59 Gg CO2-eq (Figure 3), sans compromettre sa politique d’autosuffisance alimentaire en procédant de façon à ne pas compromettre son développement durable.Figure 3: Tendances des réductions globales des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence ❖ Contribution globale De façon globale, la contribution du Togo s’élève à 50,57%, soit 15 378,55 Gg CO2-eq à l’horizon 2030 répartie comme suit : ✓ Cible inconditionnelle : 20,51% ; ✓ Cible conditionnelle : 30,06%.', '❖ Contribution conditionnelle Dans l’approche proposée pour le scénario d’atténuation, l’Etat togolais s’engage, s’il bénéficie du soutien requis, de réaliser une diminution supplémentaire de 30,06% des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence à l’horizon 2030, soit 9 305,59 Gg CO2-eq (Figure 3), sans compromettre sa politique d’autosuffisance alimentaire en procédant de façon à ne pas compromettre son développement durable.Figure 3: Tendances des réductions globales des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence ❖ Contribution globale De façon globale, la contribution du Togo s’élève à 50,57%, soit 15 378,55 Gg CO2-eq à l’horizon 2030 répartie comme suit : ✓ Cible inconditionnelle : 20,51% ; ✓ Cible conditionnelle : 30,06%. Ces nouveaux engagements représentent une progression par rapport aux CDN initiales et correspondent à un niveau d ambition le plus élevé possible, compte tenu des circonstances nationales conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Ces nouveaux engagements représentent une progression par rapport aux CDN initiales et correspondent à un niveau d ambition le plus élevé possible, compte tenu des circonstances nationales conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. 3.1.2.2. Engagements par secteur La figure 2 présente le niveau de l’atténuation dans chaque secteur : • secteur de l’énergie : l’analyse du scénario d’atténuation montre une réduction de 16,89% (2 224,87 Gg CO2-eq) à l’horizon 2030 par apport auscénario de référence.', 'Engagements par secteur La figure 2 présente le niveau de l’atténuation dans chaque secteur : • secteur de l’énergie : l’analyse du scénario d’atténuation montre une réduction de 16,89% (2 224,87 Gg CO2-eq) à l’horizon 2030 par apport auscénario de référence. Les tendances de réduction dans ce secteur sont représentées dans la figure 4a ; • secteur PIUP : compte tenu du fait que le sous-secteur production de ciment ne génère aucune réduction potentielle, la réduction des émissions dans le secteur PIUP se résume à celle du sous-secteur hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) et correspond à 0,8% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence (Figure 4b) ; • secteur AFAT : la valeur estimée du scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon scénario de référence (Figure 4c), soit une réduction de 28,40% (3 824,20 Gg CO2-eq) ; • secteur déchets : la valeur estimée du scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon scénario de référence, soit une réduction de 28,10% (Figure 4d).Figure 4: Tendances des réductions des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence dans les différents secteurs3.1.2.3.', 'Les tendances de réduction dans ce secteur sont représentées dans la figure 4a ; • secteur PIUP : compte tenu du fait que le sous-secteur production de ciment ne génère aucune réduction potentielle, la réduction des émissions dans le secteur PIUP se résume à celle du sous-secteur hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) et correspond à 0,8% à l’horizon 2030 par rapport au scénario de référence (Figure 4b) ; • secteur AFAT : la valeur estimée du scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon scénario de référence (Figure 4c), soit une réduction de 28,40% (3 824,20 Gg CO2-eq) ; • secteur déchets : la valeur estimée du scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon scénario de référence, soit une réduction de 28,10% (Figure 4d).Figure 4: Tendances des réductions des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence dans les différents secteurs3.1.2.3. Renforcement de l’ambition La révision des CDN du Togo a été réalisée en consultation avec les parties prenantes et est alignée sur les objectifs de développement contenus dans le PND et la feuille de route gouvernementale 2025, d’une part, et les objectifs de l’Accord de Paris, d’autre part.', 'Renforcement de l’ambition La révision des CDN du Togo a été réalisée en consultation avec les parties prenantes et est alignée sur les objectifs de développement contenus dans le PND et la feuille de route gouvernementale 2025, d’une part, et les objectifs de l’Accord de Paris, d’autre part. En tant que Partie à l Accord de Paris, le Togo s est engagé à fixer des objectifs ambitieux nécessaires pour opérer des changements et reste pleinement favorable à l Accord de Paris et à toutes les responsabilités et actions qui y sont énoncées.', 'En tant que Partie à l Accord de Paris, le Togo s est engagé à fixer des objectifs ambitieux nécessaires pour opérer des changements et reste pleinement favorable à l Accord de Paris et à toutes les responsabilités et actions qui y sont énoncées. En soumettant cette CDN, le Togo, faible émetteur de GES, soutient l appel lancé à toutes les Parties à faire leurs soumissions, pour s assurer que leurs CDN sont conformes à leurs contributions aux émissions mondiales et à leurs responsabilités respectives au titre de la Convention et à prendre des mesures qui limiteront l augmentation de la température mondiale à 1,5 ° C ; bien en dessous des niveaux préindustriels.', 'En soumettant cette CDN, le Togo, faible émetteur de GES, soutient l appel lancé à toutes les Parties à faire leurs soumissions, pour s assurer que leurs CDN sont conformes à leurs contributions aux émissions mondiales et à leurs responsabilités respectives au titre de la Convention et à prendre des mesures qui limiteront l augmentation de la température mondiale à 1,5 ° C ; bien en dessous des niveaux préindustriels. Les nouvelles contributions du Togo sont justes et ambitieuses, compte tenu des circonstances nationales, telles que les ODD et l éradication de la pauvreté, la démographie, la géographie, le climat, la dépendance à des stimulateurs externes.', 'Les nouvelles contributions du Togo sont justes et ambitieuses, compte tenu des circonstances nationales, telles que les ODD et l éradication de la pauvreté, la démographie, la géographie, le climat, la dépendance à des stimulateurs externes. Elles vont bien au-delà des engagements présentés dans la soumission initiale de la CDN du Togo, c est-à-dire en termes de portée, d ambition sectorielle, de cohérence entre adaptation et atténuation, de thèmes horizontaux, y compris le genre, et notamment la transparence. Les détails du rehaussement de l’ambition sont consignés dans le tableau 2. La pandémie COVID 19 représente un moment de bouleversements profonds, provoquant un ralentissement économique en raison de la baisse des activités socioéconomiques, et aggravant les vulnérabilités économiques du pays aux changements climatiques.', 'La pandémie COVID 19 représente un moment de bouleversements profonds, provoquant un ralentissement économique en raison de la baisse des activités socioéconomiques, et aggravant les vulnérabilités économiques du pays aux changements climatiques. Cependant, Togo maintent toujours dans ses priorités la prise des mesures appropriées pour s’adapter et lutter contre les effets néfastes des changements climatiques. Tableau 2: Ambition d’atténuation par rapport aux CDN actuelles Composantes d amélioration CDN révisées (2021) CDN initiales (2015) Renforcement de la cible GES Type d objectif de fin d année (niveau d émissions 2030 par rapport au niveau d émissions de 2010) : En 2030, la réduction des émissions ventilée par secteur se présente comme suit : • Secteur de l’énergie : 16,9 %. • Procédés Industriels et Utilisations de Produits (PIUP) : 0,8 %. • Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) : 28,40 %.', '• Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) : 28,40 %. Ecart par rapport au type d objectif SAM (référence) en Réduction des émissions de 11,13% en 2030 par rapport au SAM.Composantes d amélioration CDN révisées (2021) CDN initiales (2015) • Secteur des déchets : 28,10%. • Cible inconditionnelle totale : 20,51% Couverture géographique Niveau national Niveau national Couverture sectorielle • Energie • PIUP • AFAT • Déchets • Energie • AFAT Couverture des GES • Hydrofluorocarbones (HFCs) conformément à l’amendement de Kigali au Protocole de Montréal.', '• Cible inconditionnelle totale : 20,51% Couverture géographique Niveau national Niveau national Couverture sectorielle • Energie • PIUP • AFAT • Déchets • Energie • AFAT Couverture des GES • Hydrofluorocarbones (HFCs) conformément à l’amendement de Kigali au Protocole de Montréal. Renforcement ou ajout de politiques et des actions Des politiques et mesures d atténuation (PAM) dans les secteurs suivants : • Energie (y compris : approvisionnement énergétique, résidentiel et non spécifié, industrie, transports) • Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des terres (AFAT) • Déchets • PAM supplémentaires (facilitateurs d actions d atténuation) PAM d atténuation (dans un scénario d ambition plus élevée) dans les secteurs suivants : Energie Emissions provenant de la combustion de combustibles fossiles Renforcement ou ajout d’une cible sectorielle non GES Les CDN révisées est cohérente avec les objectifs sectoriels non GES suivants en 2030 : • Sources d énergie renouvelables (SER) • 10% de la consommation finale d énergie dans les transports • Efficacité énergétique (EE) • Economies de consommation d énergie finale par rapport au scénario de référence • Economies de consommation d énergie primaire par rapport au scénario de référence • Polluants atmosphériques à courte durée de vie (SLCPs) : o Carbone noir (CB) o Matières particulaires PM2.5 et PM10, les oxydes nitreux, les composés organiques volatils et le monoxide de carbone.', 'Renforcement ou ajout de politiques et des actions Des politiques et mesures d atténuation (PAM) dans les secteurs suivants : • Energie (y compris : approvisionnement énergétique, résidentiel et non spécifié, industrie, transports) • Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des terres (AFAT) • Déchets • PAM supplémentaires (facilitateurs d actions d atténuation) PAM d atténuation (dans un scénario d ambition plus élevée) dans les secteurs suivants : Energie Emissions provenant de la combustion de combustibles fossiles Renforcement ou ajout d’une cible sectorielle non GES Les CDN révisées est cohérente avec les objectifs sectoriels non GES suivants en 2030 : • Sources d énergie renouvelables (SER) • 10% de la consommation finale d énergie dans les transports • Efficacité énergétique (EE) • Economies de consommation d énergie finale par rapport au scénario de référence • Economies de consommation d énergie primaire par rapport au scénario de référence • Polluants atmosphériques à courte durée de vie (SLCPs) : o Carbone noir (CB) o Matières particulaires PM2.5 et PM10, les oxydes nitreux, les composés organiques volatils et le monoxide de carbone. Alignement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN existante sur les objectifs à long terme En outre, les CDN révisées aborde l aspect régional contribuant de manière significative aux mesures prioritaires identifiées dans le secteur de l énergie dans le PND.L atténuation des GES a intégré celle des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie conformément au Plan national de réduction des polluants atmosphériques et des polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie.', 'Alignement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN existante sur les objectifs à long terme En outre, les CDN révisées aborde l aspect régional contribuant de manière significative aux mesures prioritaires identifiées dans le secteur de l énergie dans le PND.L atténuation des GES a intégré celle des polluants climatiques de courte durée de vie conformément au Plan national de réduction des polluants atmosphériques et des polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie. En conséquence, la mise en œuvre des CDN révisées du Togo devrait permettre d obtenir des avantages substantiels en matière de réduction des polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie et des polluants atmosphériques, d amélioration de la qualité de l air et de santé publique.', 'En conséquence, la mise en œuvre des CDN révisées du Togo devrait permettre d obtenir des avantages substantiels en matière de réduction des polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie et des polluants atmosphériques, d amélioration de la qualité de l air et de santé publique. La mise en œuvre complète de la CDN actualisée devrait permettre en 2030 de réduire par rapport au scénario de référence : ✓ les émissions de carbone noir de 80 %, ✓ les émissions de méthane de 32 %, ✓ les émissions de particules de 58 % et ✓ les émissions d oxyde d azote de 51 %.', 'La mise en œuvre complète de la CDN actualisée devrait permettre en 2030 de réduire par rapport au scénario de référence : ✓ les émissions de carbone noir de 80 %, ✓ les émissions de méthane de 32 %, ✓ les émissions de particules de 58 % et ✓ les émissions d oxyde d azote de 51 %. En outre, les émissions de HFC seraient réduites de 9 % en 2030 par rapport à un scénario de référence avec une forte réduction à partir de 2029 conformément au calendrier d élimination progressive des HFC prévu par l amendement de Kigali.', 'En outre, les émissions de HFC seraient réduites de 9 % en 2030 par rapport à un scénario de référence avec une forte réduction à partir de 2029 conformément au calendrier d élimination progressive des HFC prévu par l amendement de Kigali. Les principales actions pour atteindre l objectif d atténuation des SLCPs tout en améliorant la qualité de l air et en bénéficiant à la santé humaine sont : ✓ augmenter le nombre de ménages qui cuisinent en utilisant des fourneaux à biomasse à efficacité améliorée et des combustibles plus propres comme le GPL ou l électricité.', 'Les principales actions pour atteindre l objectif d atténuation des SLCPs tout en améliorant la qualité de l air et en bénéficiant à la santé humaine sont : ✓ augmenter le nombre de ménages qui cuisinent en utilisant des fourneaux à biomasse à efficacité améliorée et des combustibles plus propres comme le GPL ou l électricité. ✓ augmenter l efficacité des fours de production de charbon de bois ; ✓ renouveler le parc automobile pour accroître l efficacité et la conformité aux normes d émission plus strictes des véhicules ; ✓ promouvoir l’utilisation de véhicules électriques ; ✓ augmenter l efficacité de la production animale pour minimiser les émissions dues à la fermentation entérique et au fumier ; ✓ adopter des pratiques alternatives de mouillage et de séchage pour la production de riz afin de réduire les émissions de méthane ; ✓ promouvoir les meilleures pratiques de gestion des décharges pour les déchets solides municipaux, y compris le captage du méthane ; ✓ augmenter la collecte des déchets solides municipaux et réduction du brûlage à l air libre des déchets solides municipaux.', '✓ augmenter l efficacité des fours de production de charbon de bois ; ✓ renouveler le parc automobile pour accroître l efficacité et la conformité aux normes d émission plus strictes des véhicules ; ✓ promouvoir l’utilisation de véhicules électriques ; ✓ augmenter l efficacité de la production animale pour minimiser les émissions dues à la fermentation entérique et au fumier ; ✓ adopter des pratiques alternatives de mouillage et de séchage pour la production de riz afin de réduire les émissions de méthane ; ✓ promouvoir les meilleures pratiques de gestion des décharges pour les déchets solides municipaux, y compris le captage du méthane ; ✓ augmenter la collecte des déchets solides municipaux et réduction du brûlage à l air libre des déchets solides municipaux. 3.2.', '✓ augmenter l efficacité des fours de production de charbon de bois ; ✓ renouveler le parc automobile pour accroître l efficacité et la conformité aux normes d émission plus strictes des véhicules ; ✓ promouvoir l’utilisation de véhicules électriques ; ✓ augmenter l efficacité de la production animale pour minimiser les émissions dues à la fermentation entérique et au fumier ; ✓ adopter des pratiques alternatives de mouillage et de séchage pour la production de riz afin de réduire les émissions de méthane ; ✓ promouvoir les meilleures pratiques de gestion des décharges pour les déchets solides municipaux, y compris le captage du méthane ; ✓ augmenter la collecte des déchets solides municipaux et réduction du brûlage à l air libre des déchets solides municipaux. 3.2. INFORMATION POUR AMELIORER LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION (ICTC) DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL REVISEES Le tableau 3 ci-dessous présente les informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension telles que recommandées par l’annexe I de la décision 4/CMA1.', 'INFORMATION POUR AMELIORER LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION (ICTC) DES CONTRIBUTIONS DETERMINEES AU NIVEAU NATIONAL REVISEES Le tableau 3 ci-dessous présente les informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension telles que recommandées par l’annexe I de la décision 4/CMA1. Il permet de mesurer l’étendue des informations fournies.Tableau 3: Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Para Directives de la décision Directives de l ICTC applicables à la CDN révisée du Togo 1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de référence): a) Année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ Année de référence : 2018 (qui est l’année de référence de la 4e Communication Nationale et du 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé) b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l année cible Indicateur de référence : inventaire national de gaz à effet de serre (IGES) de l’année de référence 2018 contenu dans le NIR et actualisé.', 'Il permet de mesurer l’étendue des informations fournies.Tableau 3: Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Informations nécessaires à la clarté, à la transparence et à la compréhension (ICTC) Para Directives de la décision Directives de l ICTC applicables à la CDN révisée du Togo 1 Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence (y compris, le cas échéant, une année de référence): a) Année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ Année de référence : 2018 (qui est l’année de référence de la 4e Communication Nationale et du 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé) b) Informations quantifiables sur les indicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année (s) de référence, année (s) de base, période (s) de référence ou autre (s) point (s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l année cible Indicateur de référence : inventaire national de gaz à effet de serre (IGES) de l’année de référence 2018 contenu dans le NIR et actualisé. Les émissions désagrégées en 2030 se présentent comme suit : • Secteur de l’énergie : 13 169,18Gg CO2-eq.', 'Les émissions désagrégées en 2030 se présentent comme suit : • Secteur de l’énergie : 13 169,18Gg CO2-eq. • Procédés Industriel et Utilisations de Produits (PIUP) : 3 203,54 Gg CO2-eq. • Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) : 13 464,37Gg CO2-eq. • Secteur des déchets : 573,33 Gg CO2-eq.', '• Secteur des déchets : 573,33 Gg CO2-eq. c) Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, ou les politiques et mesures en tant qu éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le paragraphe 1 (b) ci- dessus n est pas applicable, les Parties doivent fournir d autres informations pertinentes NA d) Cible par rapport à l indicateur de référence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction Une évaluation détaillée des options d atténuation des GES identifiées pour le Togo estime un potentiel total de réduction des émissions d environ 15 378,55 Gg CO2-eq en 2030 par rapport aux émissions de référence de la même année estimées à 30 410,42 Gg CO2-eq. Cette réduction est répartie en contribution inconditionnelle et contribution conditionnelle.', 'Cette réduction est répartie en contribution inconditionnelle et contribution conditionnelle. • Contribution inconditionnelle : Une réduction de 20,51% par rapport à la référence en 2030 ; équivalent à un niveau d atténuation estimé à 6 236,02 Gg CO2-eq. Il s agit d un objectif inconditionnel, basé sur des mesures et des politiques d atténuation soutenues etmises en œuvre au niveau national. En 2030, la réduction des émissions de la cible inconditionnelle ventilée par secteur par rapport au scénario de référence se présente comme suit : ✓ Secteur de l’énergie : 16,9 %. ✓ Procédés Industriel et Utilisations de Produits (PIUP) : 0,8 %. ✓ Agriculture, Foresterie et autres Affectation des Terres (AFAT) : 28,40 %. ✓ Secteur des déchets : 28,10%.', '✓ Secteur des déchets : 28,10%. • Contribution conditionnelle : Une réduction supplémentaire de 30,06% par rapport à la référence en 2030 ; équivalent à un niveau d atténuation estimé à 9 305,59 Gg CO2-eq. Cela représente une contribution ciblée supplémentaire, basée sur la fourniture d un soutien et des financements internationaux e) Informations sur les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence Les sources de données utilisées pour quantifier les points de référence sont l’analyse des séries chronologiques de la Quatrième Communication Nationale (4CN) et Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé (2RBA), ainsi que des informations issues de consultations avec les différents ministères concernés et des consultations avec les parties prenantes. De plus, les informations contenues dans les stratégies ministérielles ainsi que les estimations des organisations internationales ont été utilisées pour quantifier les points de référence.', 'De plus, les informations contenues dans les stratégies ministérielles ainsi que les estimations des organisations internationales ont été utilisées pour quantifier les points de référence. Le scénario de référence et les scénarios d atténuation ont été élaborés pour tous les secteurs à l aide du logiciel LEAP. Pour la foresterie et autres affectations des terres, les feuilles de calcul du GIEC 2006 ont été utilisées et les résultats importés dans LEAP.', 'Pour la foresterie et autres affectations des terres, les feuilles de calcul du GIEC 2006 ont été utilisées et les résultats importés dans LEAP. f) Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence Dans les circonstances suivantes, le Togo peut mettre à jour ou modifier les valeurs des indicateurs de référence : • Dans le prochain inventaire des gaz à effet de serre, le Togo pourra mettre à jour les indicateurs de référence des secteurs existants et / ou fournir de nouvelles valeurs pour des secteurs qui n étaient pas couverts auparavant.', 'f) Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles la Partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indicateurs de référence Dans les circonstances suivantes, le Togo peut mettre à jour ou modifier les valeurs des indicateurs de référence : • Dans le prochain inventaire des gaz à effet de serre, le Togo pourra mettre à jour les indicateurs de référence des secteurs existants et / ou fournir de nouvelles valeurs pour des secteurs qui n étaient pas couverts auparavant. • Le niveau d émissions de GES pour le scénario de référence, les objectifs inconditionnels et conditionnels en 2030 peuvent être mis à jour et recalculés en fonction des changements méthodologiques dans l inventaire des GES, comme le recalcul de l inventaire des GES avec les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC ou les changements du potentiel de réchauffement planétaire (PRG) en Rapports d évaluation du GIEC, ou l adoption du raffinement 2019 du GIEC.', '• Le niveau d émissions de GES pour le scénario de référence, les objectifs inconditionnels et conditionnels en 2030 peuvent être mis à jour et recalculés en fonction des changements méthodologiques dans l inventaire des GES, comme le recalcul de l inventaire des GES avec les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC ou les changements du potentiel de réchauffement planétaire (PRG) en Rapports d évaluation du GIEC, ou l adoption du raffinement 2019 du GIEC. Les informations sur les mises à jour effectuées seront incluses dans les rapports biennaux sur la transparence (BTR). • Le Togo fait partie de la catégorie des pays les moinsavancés (PMA) ; par conséquent, tout changement majeur de l environnement économique et social peut conduire à actualiser ou modifier les valeurs des indicateurs de référence.', '• Le Togo fait partie de la catégorie des pays les moinsavancés (PMA) ; par conséquent, tout changement majeur de l environnement économique et social peut conduire à actualiser ou modifier les valeurs des indicateurs de référence. • Certaines des actions font partie de la Feuille de route gouvernementale et du Plan National de Développement (PND) et font l objet d un soutien international (technique et financier); dont le retard ou l absence de soutien pourrait avoir des conséquences imprévues sur les circonstances nationales. • Le Togo est très sujet aux catastrophes naturelles (inondation, sécheresse, etc. ), en cas de catastrophe naturelle majeure ou de situation pandémique similaire à COVID-19, le Togo peut mettre à jour / modifier le point de référence.', '), en cas de catastrophe naturelle majeure ou de situation pandémique similaire à COVID-19, le Togo peut mettre à jour / modifier le point de référence. 2 Délais et / ou délais de mise en œuvre: a) Calendrier et / ou période de mise en œuvre, y compris les dates de début et de fin, conformément à toute autre décision pertinente adoptée par la Conférence des Parties agissant comme réunion de la Parties à l Accord de Paris (CMA) b) Qu il s agisse d un objectif annuel ou pluriannuel, selon le cas Objectif annuel 2030, y compris les mises à jour des objectifs 2025. Les interventions de la CDN seront mises en œuvre par étapes conformément au plan de travail annuel ; cependant, l année cible choisie est 2030.', 'Les interventions de la CDN seront mises en œuvre par étapes conformément au plan de travail annuel ; cependant, l année cible choisie est 2030. 3 Portée et couverture: a) Description générale de la cible Objectifs sectoriels fondés sur les activités et les politiques, y compris la réduction des émissions dans certains secteurs. Le gouvernement du Togo atteindra les objectifs conditionnels si le soutien international en matière de financement, de transfert de technologie et / ou de renforcement des capacités lui est fourni de façon soutenue et à temps. b) Secteurs, gaz, catégories et pools couverts par la contribution déterminée au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes directrices du Groupe Secteurs : Energie, PIUP AFAT, Déchetsd experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) Gaz : F-gaz: HFC-32, HFC-134a, HFC-125, HFC-143a. En conformité avec l’amendement de Kigali au Protocole de Montréal.', 'En conformité avec l’amendement de Kigali au Protocole de Montréal. Polluants atmosphériques à courtes durées de vie (SLCPs) : Carbone noir (CB) Matières particulaires PM2.5 et PM10. c) Comment la Partie a tenu compte du paragraphe 31 c) et d) de la décision 1 / Conformément au paragraphe 31 c) de la décision 1 / CP.21 le Togo s’est engagé à inclure dans ses CDN révisées toutes les catégories d’émissions anthropiques. L évaluation détaillée effectuée au cours du processus de formulation des CDN révisées a montré que les données nécessaires pour définir les objectifs et évaluer rigoureusement l impact des politiques et des actions sur les émissions pour tous les secteurs n étaient pas disponibles.', 'L évaluation détaillée effectuée au cours du processus de formulation des CDN révisées a montré que les données nécessaires pour définir les objectifs et évaluer rigoureusement l impact des politiques et des actions sur les émissions pour tous les secteurs n étaient pas disponibles. Le Togo étendra progressivement la portée de la couverture de ses CDN à toutes les catégories d émissions et d absorptions anthropiques, à mesure que des données plus solides deviendront disponibles. d) Avantages connexes d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties • Conformément à la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, les vecteurs de mise en œuvre des objectifs, stratégies et résultats de la politique sont la CDN et le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA).', 'd) Avantages connexes d’atténuation résultant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties, y compris la description des projets, mesures et initiatives spécifiques des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique des Parties • Conformément à la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, les vecteurs de mise en œuvre des objectifs, stratégies et résultats de la politique sont la CDN et le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA). La mise en œuvre des actions articulées dans chaque document garantira les composantes opérationnelles de la politique. • Le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) du Togo (2017- 2021), ainsi que les projets actuellement en cours de mise en œuvre, incluent des co-bénéfices d atténuation. Les réductions qui en découleront contribueront à la réalisation de l’objectif décrit au point 1 d) et ne doivent pas être considérées comme additionnelles.', 'Les réductions qui en découleront contribueront à la réalisation de l’objectif décrit au point 1 d) et ne doivent pas être considérées comme additionnelles. • Le Togo s est également engagé à continuer de communiquer des données et des informations sur les co-bénéfices quantifiés des mesures d adaptation dans son PNA et ses communications nationales. • Les mesures d atténuation au sein des projets d adaptation seront notifiées à travers le cadre de collecte de données et l inventaire des GES et rapportées dans les secteurs respectifs.', '• Les mesures d atténuation au sein des projets d adaptation seront notifiées à travers le cadre de collecte de données et l inventaire des GES et rapportées dans les secteurs respectifs. 4 Processus de planification: Informations sur les processus de planification que la Partie a entrepris pour préparera) sa contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre de la Partie, y compris, le cas échéant: (i) Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d une manière sensible au genre Les dispositions relatives à la gouvernance et à la coordination au niveau sectoriel figurent dans chacun des plans d action sectoriels des CDN. Un Comité National CDN a été mis en place temporairement pour la durée des projets de mise en œuvre du programme des CDN.', 'Un Comité National CDN a été mis en place temporairement pour la durée des projets de mise en œuvre du programme des CDN. Ce comité n’a pas été fonctionnel du tout et mérite d’être réarrangé et renforcé. De nouveaux arrangements institutionnels nationaux basés sur un engagement préalable des parties prenantes publiques, privées, communautés locales et genre est en cours d’élaboration. (ii) Questions contextuelles, y compris, entre autres, le cas échéant: a. Circonstances nationales, telles que la géographie, le climat, l économie, le développement durable et l élimination de la pauvreté Développement politique récent du Togo. Il a été marqué par les élections présidentielles de 2015 et 2020, des grandes marches de 2017, des législatives de décembre 2018 suivi des réformes constitutionnelles et des élections municipales de juin 2019. Profil géo-climatique. Le Togo est situé dans la zone intertropicale.', 'Le Togo est situé dans la zone intertropicale. Il jouit d’un climat tropical guinéen à 4 saisons dans la partie méridionale et d’un climat tropical soudanien à deux saisons dans la partie septentrionale. Les régions Maritime et des Savanes sont celles qui reçoivent moins de 1000 millimètres d’eau par an. Une irrégularité des saisons est observée ces dernières décennies. Caractéristiques démographiques et pauvreté. Le Recensement Général de la Population et de l’Habitat- résultat définitif de novembre 2010 établit la population résidente du Togo à 6 191 155 habitants avec un taux de croissance annuel moyen de 2,3 %. Au 1er janvier 2019 les projections situaient cet effectif à 7 538 000 hbts. Il sera de de 109 hbts/km² en 2010.', 'Il sera de de 109 hbts/km² en 2010. Elle varie selon les régions et est plus dense dans la région Maritime et faible dans la région des Savanes. Au Togo 53,5% (2017) de la population vit sous le seuil de pauvreté. Le taux de pauvreté a diminué de 1,6 point entre 2015 et 2017. Contexte économique et sectoriel. La réalisation des objectifs de la feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025 issue de la révision du Plan national de développement (PND 2018-2022) va toucher tous les secteurs aussi bien publics que privés de la vie économique du Togo. Dans l’ensemble le contexte économique national a été marqué par la poursuite des efforts pour maintenir la stabilité du cadre macroéconomique et améliorer l’environnement des affaires.', 'Dans l’ensemble le contexte économique national a été marqué par la poursuite des efforts pour maintenir la stabilité du cadre macroéconomique et améliorer l’environnement des affaires. L’Etat contrôle entièrement le secteur de l’énergie avec la participation de plusieurs ministères et autres institutions étatiques ou privées. Toute source confondue, laconsommation finale d’énergie s’élève à à 2145,29 ktep en 2018 contre 1973 ktep en 2016, soit une augmentation de 172,29 ktep (8,7%) en 3 ans. La consommation finale totale d’énergie au Togo par an et par habitant est stable depuis 2000 à 0,27 tep/hbt. L’autoconsommation du bois-énergie (charbon de bois et bois de feu) est prépondérante et représente 76% de la production nationale contre 24% pour la commercialisation.', 'L’autoconsommation du bois-énergie (charbon de bois et bois de feu) est prépondérante et représente 76% de la production nationale contre 24% pour la commercialisation. Dans le domaine de l’agriculture, la superficie cultivée est évaluée à 1,4 million d’hectares, soit 41% de la superficie cultivable et 25% de la superficie totale du pays. L’analyse comparée du PIB et du budget révèle qu’en 2012, la valeur générée par l’agriculture en prix constant représente 42,2% du PIB. Ce secteur fait vivre les 2/3 de la population active du Togo. La contribution de l’agriculture au taux de croissance du PIB qui était de 0,7% en 2018 passerait à 1% en 2019. La couverture forestière au Togo est de 24,24 %. Le rôle du secteur forestier dans le développement économique du pays est très important.', 'Le rôle du secteur forestier dans le développement économique du pays est très important. En effet, il contribue à la création d’emplois, à la réduction du chômage, à la création de richesses, etc. Mais malgré cette importance la valeur ajoutée générée est faible selon les statistiques. Sa contribution au PIB était de à 33 millions de $US ou 16,5 milliards de FCFA, soit 1,68 % du PIB en 2006. Il faut tout même noter que les services non marchands et écosystémiques du secteur forestier ne sont pas pris en compte dans ces statistiques. En 2015, la valeur ajoutée du secteur forestier atteignait 17,80 milliards FCFA pour le bois de feu et 71,19 milliards FCFA pour le charbon de bois, soit près de 89 milliards FCFA pour le bois-énergie.', 'En 2015, la valeur ajoutée du secteur forestier atteignait 17,80 milliards FCFA pour le bois de feu et 71,19 milliards FCFA pour le charbon de bois, soit près de 89 milliards FCFA pour le bois-énergie. Description des priorités de développement du Togo et de leurs relations avec les changements climatiques. La vision du développement du Togo aujourd’hui est orientée par la feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025. Ce document présente clairement la vision et les priorités de développement du pays déclinées en trois grands axes stratégiques à savoir : (i) renforcer l’inclusion et l’harmonie sociale et garantir la paix ; (ii) dynamiser la création d’emplois en s’appuyant sur les forces de l’économie et (iii) moderniser le pays et renforcer ses structures.', 'Ce document présente clairement la vision et les priorités de développement du pays déclinées en trois grands axes stratégiques à savoir : (i) renforcer l’inclusion et l’harmonie sociale et garantir la paix ; (ii) dynamiser la création d’emplois en s’appuyant sur les forces de l’économie et (iii) moderniser le pays et renforcer ses structures. Au-delà de la vision et des priorités nationales, chaque secteur de l’économie a ses propres priorités de développement qui se greffent au cadre national. Ces priorités sont définies comme étant les politiques opérationnelles sectorielles. La question des changements climatiques, dans l’ensemble, est aujourd’hui incluse dans les politiques de développement national.', 'La question des changements climatiques, dans l’ensemble, est aujourd’hui incluse dans les politiques de développement national. Malgré les efforts consentis, force est de constater que le degré de prise en compte de la problématique dans les politiques initiées par le Gouvernement, est très variable d’une politique sectorielle à l’autre, avec des niveaux d’exécution de façon générale,faible. b. Bonnes pratiques et expérience liées à la préparation de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les CDN révisées ont capitalisé sur les capacités analytiques, pratique participative, expérience, outils et base de connaissances qui ont été créés avant même les CDN initiales, maintenus et améliorés dans le cadre de la 4CN et du 2BUR. La fixation des objectifs était bien éclairée par un inventaire des GES solide et complet existant.', 'La fixation des objectifs était bien éclairée par un inventaire des GES solide et complet existant. En outre, les CDN révisées ont intégré le développement durable dans ses P&M, quantifiant le lien entre le développement durable et l atténuation du changement climatique. Plus précisément, en ce qui concerne les dimensions économiques et environnementales. Enfin, les CDN révisées comprennent également une dimension régionale. c. Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l adhésion à l Accord de Paris Un engagement à réduire les niveaux d émissions de GES à l échelle nationale exigera des technologies, une expertise et un financement plus propres. Technologie: Le besoin de nouvelles innovations est ancré dans le besoin d être plus efficace et de produire à partir de technologies plus propres.', 'Technologie: Le besoin de nouvelles innovations est ancré dans le besoin d être plus efficace et de produire à partir de technologies plus propres. La disponibilité et le transfert de technologies qui sont respectueuses de l environnement et qui soutiennent un développement sobre en carbone et résilient au climat sont primordiaux. En tant que PMA, ces opportunités ne sont souvent pas facilement accessibles et l esprit de l Accord de Paris contribuerait donc à favoriser la coopération Nord-Sud et Sud-Sud. Expertise: L intégration et la transformation de nouvelles idées et technologies dans l économie, la société et l environnement nécessiteront un certain renforcement des capacités pour leur applicabilité et diffusion appropriées. Financement: Le transfert de technologie et le renforcement des capacités ne peuvent avoir lieu sans ressources financières suffisantes mises à disposition pour entreprendre la transition.', 'Financement: Le transfert de technologie et le renforcement des capacités ne peuvent avoir lieu sans ressources financières suffisantes mises à disposition pour entreprendre la transition. En tant que pays pauvre très endetté (PPTE) et très vulnérable à l’impact du changement climatique, il est important de trouver le juste équilibre pour renforcer la résilience du pays et mettre en œuvre les mesures d’adaptation et d’atténuation nécessaires, tout en répondant aux besoins quotidiens du pays. Les mesures nécessaires pour effectuer la transition sont coûteuses.', 'Les mesures nécessaires pour effectuer la transition sont coûteuses. b) Comment la Partie préparant sa contribution déterminée au niveau national a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris Le Togo a participé au dialogue Talanoa en 2018, qui a généré une dynamique politique pour une action climatique renforcée, notamment en appelant les Parties à mettre à jour leurs CDN. En outre, le pays a rejoint la Coalition Haute Ambition de pays déterminés à concrétiser leur ambition climatique d ici 2020.', 'En outre, le pays a rejoint la Coalition Haute Ambition de pays déterminés à concrétiser leur ambition climatique d ici 2020. La préparation des CDN révisées était conforme aux recommandations de l Appel à l Action de Talanoa et de la Coalition Haute Ambition, en tenant compte des circonstances nationales.c) Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des avantages connexes d atténuation conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 7, de l Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur: (i) Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de riposte ont-elles été prises en compte dans l élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les consultations nationales et régionales des parties prenantes ont permis de prendre en compte les impacts sociaux, économiques et environnementaux des mesures d atténuation nationales en intégrant les données collectées dans les outils d’évaluation lors de l élaboration des CDN révisées.', 'La préparation des CDN révisées était conforme aux recommandations de l Appel à l Action de Talanoa et de la Coalition Haute Ambition, en tenant compte des circonstances nationales.c) Chaque Partie ayant une contribution déterminée au niveau national au titre de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris qui consiste en des mesures d adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des avantages connexes d atténuation conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 7, de l Accord de Paris à soumettre des informations sur: (i) Comment les conséquences économiques et sociales des mesures de riposte ont-elles été prises en compte dans l élaboration de la contribution déterminée au niveau national Les consultations nationales et régionales des parties prenantes ont permis de prendre en compte les impacts sociaux, économiques et environnementaux des mesures d atténuation nationales en intégrant les données collectées dans les outils d’évaluation lors de l élaboration des CDN révisées. (ii) Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices d atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l énergie, les ressources, l eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l industrie, l énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l immobilier, l agriculture et la pêche Secteur ENERGIE : - Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables au Togo - Poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous – Extension du réseau et déploiement de systèmes décentralisés pour atteindre 100% d’électrification, soutenue par la mise en place du Fond Electricité pour Tous ; - Augmentation de la capacité de production, de transport et de distribution d’électricité– Développement de capacités de production durables et fiables, notamment dans le solaire et l’hydroélectrique, et renforcement correspondant du réseau de transport et de distribution (en synergie avec l’extension du réseau internet) ; - Porter à 50% la part des énergies renouvelables dans la production énergétique d’ici à 2025 - Porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 - Extension du réseau routier rural – Construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché ; - Construction de l’Autoroute de l’Unité – Accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port - Exonération des taxes sur les véhicules neufs - Porter le taux d’utilisation des foyers améliorés de 40% - Porter la part du charbon de bois produit avec les techniques améliorées de moins de 1 % en 2020 à 45% - Porter la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à 4% en 2025 et à 12% en 2030 en milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural - Porter la part de la population utilisation les briquettes à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 - Porter la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici à 2030 Secteur PIUP : - Distribution des appareils de récupération des gaz-F - Renforcement de la capacité des techniciens du froid afin de réduire les pertes lors des manipulations- Valorisation de la filière de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés - Promotion de l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs comme ; propane (R290) ; Isobutane(R600a) utilisés pour les congélateurs ; des vitrines frigorifiques et de distributeurs de crème glacée ; R448A (HFC- HFO) ; R455A (HFC-HFO) en remplacement de R404A - Promotion de la construction des édifices privés et publics avec des matériaux d’isolants thermiques - Exonération de taxes sur les véhicules neufs Secteur AFAT - Développement intégré du secteur agricole à travers la mise en place d’une stratégie efficace de gestion durable des terres cultivées ; - Promotion et gestion durable des ouvrages d’aménagement hydro-agricole, hydro-pastorale et agricole et d’approvisionnement en eau ; - Organisation des chaînes de valeurs : Organiser les filières pour toutes les cultures principales jusqu’à la chaine de transformation et de commercialisation des produits et sous-produits agricoles; - la modernisation du sous-secteur de l’élevage à travers l’augmentation de la productivité des élevages au-delà de la croissance et du développement naturel des troupeaux, la mise en place des unités de transformation des produits d’élevage, l’amélioration génétique pour les performances de l’élevage des bovins, l’introduction des géniteurs améliorateurs dans le système traditionnel, l’intensification de l’embouche et le renforcement de l’accès au marché pour la commercialisation des produits d’élevage, etc ; - Appui au reboisement à vocation de fourrage avec l’introduction d’arbres fourragers dans les exploitations agricoles dans une optique de production soutenue de fourrages de qualité ; - Restauration des paysages forestiers existants à travers la promotion de la restauration des forêts naturelles, des écosystèmes fragiles et la conservation de la biodiversité, en privilégiant l’appui aux projets en lien avec des territoires déjà organisés (Aires protégées, forêts communautaires ou villageoises, sites sacrés), en limitant la fragmentation des massifs forestiers et en maintenant la connexion des habitats naturels ; - Amélioration de la gestion durable des terres pour le renforcement des puits de carbone et le piégeage du carbone au travers des «plans de développement de massif» promus par la forêt privée ou forêts communautaires ou des «chartes forestières de territoire» ou des pôles d’excellence rurale ; - Développement de la foresterie urbaine à travers la mise en place des plantations urbaines, la promotion et la création des espaces verts ; - Promotion de la transformation des produits forestiers et des sous-produits non-ligneux et promotion de chaines de valeur et l’accès au marché pour lesproduits forestiers transformés ; - Renforcement de la lutte participative contre les feux de végétation pour contribuer au stockage de carbone, en réduisant le taux actuel de déforestation et l’impact des feux de végétation, source d’émissions de carbone dans l’atmosphère Secteur des déchets : - Projet eau et assainissement du Togo (PEAT1&2) : aménagement d un centre d enfouissement technique (CET) à Lomé et aménagement de décharges finales, mise en place d un système de collecte des ordures ménagères (OM), valorisation des déchets, construction de latrines, extension du réseau de distribution d’eau potable dans les villes Tsévié, Atakpamé Sokodé, Kara et Dapaong Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions: a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national de la Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1 / CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA Le Togo a comptabilisé ses émissions et absorptions anthropiques de GES en utilisant les Lignes directrices 2006 du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre, le logiciel 2006 du GIEC et le Supplément de 2013 aux Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre pour les zones humides.', '(ii) Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co- bénéfices d atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d adaptation qui produisent également des co-bénéfices d atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs clés, tels que l énergie, les ressources, l eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planification urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, mais sans s y limiter, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l industrie, l énergie et les mines, les transports et les communications, la construction, le tourisme, l immobilier, l agriculture et la pêche Secteur ENERGIE : - Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables au Togo - Poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous – Extension du réseau et déploiement de systèmes décentralisés pour atteindre 100% d’électrification, soutenue par la mise en place du Fond Electricité pour Tous ; - Augmentation de la capacité de production, de transport et de distribution d’électricité– Développement de capacités de production durables et fiables, notamment dans le solaire et l’hydroélectrique, et renforcement correspondant du réseau de transport et de distribution (en synergie avec l’extension du réseau internet) ; - Porter à 50% la part des énergies renouvelables dans la production énergétique d’ici à 2025 - Porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 - Extension du réseau routier rural – Construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché ; - Construction de l’Autoroute de l’Unité – Accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port - Exonération des taxes sur les véhicules neufs - Porter le taux d’utilisation des foyers améliorés de 40% - Porter la part du charbon de bois produit avec les techniques améliorées de moins de 1 % en 2020 à 45% - Porter la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à 4% en 2025 et à 12% en 2030 en milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural - Porter la part de la population utilisation les briquettes à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 - Porter la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici à 2030 Secteur PIUP : - Distribution des appareils de récupération des gaz-F - Renforcement de la capacité des techniciens du froid afin de réduire les pertes lors des manipulations- Valorisation de la filière de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés - Promotion de l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs comme ; propane (R290) ; Isobutane(R600a) utilisés pour les congélateurs ; des vitrines frigorifiques et de distributeurs de crème glacée ; R448A (HFC- HFO) ; R455A (HFC-HFO) en remplacement de R404A - Promotion de la construction des édifices privés et publics avec des matériaux d’isolants thermiques - Exonération de taxes sur les véhicules neufs Secteur AFAT - Développement intégré du secteur agricole à travers la mise en place d’une stratégie efficace de gestion durable des terres cultivées ; - Promotion et gestion durable des ouvrages d’aménagement hydro-agricole, hydro-pastorale et agricole et d’approvisionnement en eau ; - Organisation des chaînes de valeurs : Organiser les filières pour toutes les cultures principales jusqu’à la chaine de transformation et de commercialisation des produits et sous-produits agricoles; - la modernisation du sous-secteur de l’élevage à travers l’augmentation de la productivité des élevages au-delà de la croissance et du développement naturel des troupeaux, la mise en place des unités de transformation des produits d’élevage, l’amélioration génétique pour les performances de l’élevage des bovins, l’introduction des géniteurs améliorateurs dans le système traditionnel, l’intensification de l’embouche et le renforcement de l’accès au marché pour la commercialisation des produits d’élevage, etc ; - Appui au reboisement à vocation de fourrage avec l’introduction d’arbres fourragers dans les exploitations agricoles dans une optique de production soutenue de fourrages de qualité ; - Restauration des paysages forestiers existants à travers la promotion de la restauration des forêts naturelles, des écosystèmes fragiles et la conservation de la biodiversité, en privilégiant l’appui aux projets en lien avec des territoires déjà organisés (Aires protégées, forêts communautaires ou villageoises, sites sacrés), en limitant la fragmentation des massifs forestiers et en maintenant la connexion des habitats naturels ; - Amélioration de la gestion durable des terres pour le renforcement des puits de carbone et le piégeage du carbone au travers des «plans de développement de massif» promus par la forêt privée ou forêts communautaires ou des «chartes forestières de territoire» ou des pôles d’excellence rurale ; - Développement de la foresterie urbaine à travers la mise en place des plantations urbaines, la promotion et la création des espaces verts ; - Promotion de la transformation des produits forestiers et des sous-produits non-ligneux et promotion de chaines de valeur et l’accès au marché pour lesproduits forestiers transformés ; - Renforcement de la lutte participative contre les feux de végétation pour contribuer au stockage de carbone, en réduisant le taux actuel de déforestation et l’impact des feux de végétation, source d’émissions de carbone dans l’atmosphère Secteur des déchets : - Projet eau et assainissement du Togo (PEAT1&2) : aménagement d un centre d enfouissement technique (CET) à Lomé et aménagement de décharges finales, mise en place d un système de collecte des ordures ménagères (OM), valorisation des déchets, construction de latrines, extension du réseau de distribution d’eau potable dans les villes Tsévié, Atakpamé Sokodé, Kara et Dapaong Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles permettant d estimer et de comptabiliser les émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions: a) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau national de la Partie, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1 / CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA Le Togo a comptabilisé ses émissions et absorptions anthropiques de GES en utilisant les Lignes directrices 2006 du Groupe d experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat (GIEC) pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre, le logiciel 2006 du GIEC et le Supplément de 2013 aux Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre pour les zones humides. Le Togo s’est aussi appuyé sur les : • Recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques et de gestion des incertitudes pour les inventaires nationaux (GPG 2000) • Recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques pour le secteur UTCATF (GPG LULUCF b) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national La quantification du niveau d émissions de GES dans le scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, est basée sur les hypothèses suivantes : • Dans la catégorie des transports, l’amélioration et l’extension des infrastructures routières (en cours et prévue dans la Feuille de Route Gouvernementale 2025) et la promotion des transports en commun à faible émission permettra de réduire l’intensité énergétique finale de 10% pour les motos et de 20% pour les voitures et les camions ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH), 26% des techniciens du froid étaient formés ; ainsi selon les axes d’orientation de la deuxième phase de ce projet qui sont similaires aux axes de la phase 1 ; 79% des techniciens du froid seront formés d’ici 2030 ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH), 3,4% des techniciens du froid ont reçu des appareils de récupération ; ainsi selon les axes d’orientation de la deuxième phase de ce projet qui sont similaires aux axes de la phase 1 ; 9,4%des techniciens du froid recevront des appareils de récupération d’ici 2030 ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH) ;3 structures possédant de grandes installations de froid ont bénéficié de 70 climatiseurs split fonctionnant à base du R-290 qui est un gaz-F alternatifs ayant un potentiel de réchauffement global faible ;sur cette base la phase 2 qui aura les mêmes orientations que celles de la phase 1 permettra de diminuer l’importation des HFCs de 5% /an à travers la composante : Distribution des Gaz-F alternatifs aux structures possédant de grandes installations de froid ; • Au Togo ; des équipements de froids fixes hors usages et en fin de cycle de vie contiennent 55% des gaz-F et sont cédés à des sociétés de ferrailles sans traitement ; la mise en place d’une filière de recyclage d’une capacité de traitement de 5 tonnes de gaz-F par an permettra d’en récupérer 50%/an ; • La construction d’au moins 100 bâtiments écologiques utilisant moins de climatiseurs à l’horizon 2030 réduira d’au moins de 2% le taux d’importation des gaz-F. • La poursuite des efforts du gouvernement togolais en matière de reboisement permettrait de porter le taux de couverture forestière de 24,24% à 30% soit un une augmentation d’environ 5 % de la superficie forestière et des terres reboisées à l’horizon 2030 ; • La mise en œuvre des actions de lutte contre les feux de végétation et les mesures de protection des écosystèmes forestiers contribuera à la réduction de 5% des superficies des formations végétales brûlées ; • Les efforts de protection des formations forestières et le respect des affectations des terres contribueront à la réduction de la déforestation et à la limitation de la conversion des terres forestières en terres agricoles ou en d’autres formes d’utilisations des terres ; • La promotion des sources alternatives d’énergie domestiques et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés permettra la réduction de l’utilisation du bois énergie et les émissions de CO2 et autres GES liées à cette forme d’énergie ; • Dans le sous-secteur de l’agriculture, de nombreuses initiatives sont entreprises ces dernières années et visent la promotion de la transformation de 5 % de fumier et des résidus agricoles en composte (engrais organique) et/ou en biogaz occasionnant ainsi la réduction de 3 % de l’utilisation des engrais chimiques et l’intensification de l’utilisation de l’engrais organique ; • La mise en œuvre des nouvelles orientations stratégiques dans le secteur de la production des produits céréaliers contribuera à la réduction de 3% de la superficie des rizières irriguées pour la promotion de la riziculture pluviale ; • Valoriser d’ici 2030, 12% des déchets solides urbains(soit 100000 tonnes) par compostage dans les principales villes par an ; • Valoriser d’ici 2030, 80% de biogaz produit par le centre d’enfouissement de Lomé, par an en énergie électrique pour les besoins du site ; • Réduire de 80% la quantité des déchets destinés au brûlage grâce à l’amélioration de la collecte des déchets et la création de nouveaux CET dans les villes secondaires ; • Valoriser 5% des eaux usées domestiques des zones rurales en biogaz, d’ici 2030 par la mise en place des fosses septiques à biogaz L’approche méthodologique utilisée est celle du LEAP-IBC.', 'Le Togo s’est aussi appuyé sur les : • Recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques et de gestion des incertitudes pour les inventaires nationaux (GPG 2000) • Recommandations du GIEC en matière de bonnes pratiques pour le secteur UTCATF (GPG LULUCF b) Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour rendre compte de la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national La quantification du niveau d émissions de GES dans le scénario d’atténuation à l’horizon 2030, est basée sur les hypothèses suivantes : • Dans la catégorie des transports, l’amélioration et l’extension des infrastructures routières (en cours et prévue dans la Feuille de Route Gouvernementale 2025) et la promotion des transports en commun à faible émission permettra de réduire l’intensité énergétique finale de 10% pour les motos et de 20% pour les voitures et les camions ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH), 26% des techniciens du froid étaient formés ; ainsi selon les axes d’orientation de la deuxième phase de ce projet qui sont similaires aux axes de la phase 1 ; 79% des techniciens du froid seront formés d’ici 2030 ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH), 3,4% des techniciens du froid ont reçu des appareils de récupération ; ainsi selon les axes d’orientation de la deuxième phase de ce projet qui sont similaires aux axes de la phase 1 ; 9,4%des techniciens du froid recevront des appareils de récupération d’ici 2030 ; • Dans la phase 1 du projet Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC (PGEH) ;3 structures possédant de grandes installations de froid ont bénéficié de 70 climatiseurs split fonctionnant à base du R-290 qui est un gaz-F alternatifs ayant un potentiel de réchauffement global faible ;sur cette base la phase 2 qui aura les mêmes orientations que celles de la phase 1 permettra de diminuer l’importation des HFCs de 5% /an à travers la composante : Distribution des Gaz-F alternatifs aux structures possédant de grandes installations de froid ; • Au Togo ; des équipements de froids fixes hors usages et en fin de cycle de vie contiennent 55% des gaz-F et sont cédés à des sociétés de ferrailles sans traitement ; la mise en place d’une filière de recyclage d’une capacité de traitement de 5 tonnes de gaz-F par an permettra d’en récupérer 50%/an ; • La construction d’au moins 100 bâtiments écologiques utilisant moins de climatiseurs à l’horizon 2030 réduira d’au moins de 2% le taux d’importation des gaz-F. • La poursuite des efforts du gouvernement togolais en matière de reboisement permettrait de porter le taux de couverture forestière de 24,24% à 30% soit un une augmentation d’environ 5 % de la superficie forestière et des terres reboisées à l’horizon 2030 ; • La mise en œuvre des actions de lutte contre les feux de végétation et les mesures de protection des écosystèmes forestiers contribuera à la réduction de 5% des superficies des formations végétales brûlées ; • Les efforts de protection des formations forestières et le respect des affectations des terres contribueront à la réduction de la déforestation et à la limitation de la conversion des terres forestières en terres agricoles ou en d’autres formes d’utilisations des terres ; • La promotion des sources alternatives d’énergie domestiques et la vulgarisation des foyers améliorés permettra la réduction de l’utilisation du bois énergie et les émissions de CO2 et autres GES liées à cette forme d’énergie ; • Dans le sous-secteur de l’agriculture, de nombreuses initiatives sont entreprises ces dernières années et visent la promotion de la transformation de 5 % de fumier et des résidus agricoles en composte (engrais organique) et/ou en biogaz occasionnant ainsi la réduction de 3 % de l’utilisation des engrais chimiques et l’intensification de l’utilisation de l’engrais organique ; • La mise en œuvre des nouvelles orientations stratégiques dans le secteur de la production des produits céréaliers contribuera à la réduction de 3% de la superficie des rizières irriguées pour la promotion de la riziculture pluviale ; • Valoriser d’ici 2030, 12% des déchets solides urbains(soit 100000 tonnes) par compostage dans les principales villes par an ; • Valoriser d’ici 2030, 80% de biogaz produit par le centre d’enfouissement de Lomé, par an en énergie électrique pour les besoins du site ; • Réduire de 80% la quantité des déchets destinés au brûlage grâce à l’amélioration de la collecte des déchets et la création de nouveaux CET dans les villes secondaires ; • Valoriser 5% des eaux usées domestiques des zones rurales en biogaz, d’ici 2030 par la mise en place des fosses septiques à biogaz L’approche méthodologique utilisée est celle du LEAP-IBC. c) Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Conformément aux paragraphes 13 et 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, le Togo a procédé à un QA/QC des données d’entrée pour s’assurer qu’il n’y ait ni omission, ni double comptage.', 'c) Le cas échéant, des informations sur la manière dont la Partie tiendra compte des méthodes et des orientations existantes au titre de la Convention pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformément au paragraphe 14 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Conformément aux paragraphes 13 et 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, le Togo a procédé à un QA/QC des données d’entrée pour s’assurer qu’il n’y ait ni omission, ni double comptage. d) Méthodologies et paramètres du GIEC utilisés pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, les guides de bonnes pratiques et la banque de données du GIEC ont été utilisées pour l’estimation des émissions et des absorptions anthropiques de GES e) Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant : (i) Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées Les émissions et absorptions de GES dues aux perturbations naturelles, le cas échéant, seront comptabilisées conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC prescrites.', 'd) Méthodologies et paramètres du GIEC utilisés pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre Les lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC, les guides de bonnes pratiques et la banque de données du GIEC ont été utilisées pour l’estimation des émissions et des absorptions anthropiques de GES e) Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, conformément aux orientations du GIEC, le cas échéant : (i) Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions subséquentes des perturbations naturelles sur les terres gérées Les émissions et absorptions de GES dues aux perturbations naturelles, le cas échéant, seront comptabilisées conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC prescrites. (ii) Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Les émissions et absorptions de GES des produits ligneux récoltés, le cas échéant, seront comptabilisées conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC prescrites.', '(ii) Approche utilisée pour tenir compte des émissions et des absorptions des produits ligneux récoltés Les émissions et absorptions de GES des produits ligneux récoltés, le cas échéant, seront comptabilisées conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC prescrites. (iii) Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d âge dans les forêts NA f) Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : (i) Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés Pour quantifier le niveau d émissions de GES dans le scénario de référence projeté en 2030, les hypothèses suivantes ont été faites pour les moteurs de croissance des émissions : • Le gouvernement ne prendra pas d’autres mesures de lutte contre les émissions de GES dans les secteurs socioéconomiques de développement autres que celles déjà en cours ; • Les facteurs comportementaux sont considérés comme étant constants durant toute la période de projection ; (ii) Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des composants autres que les gaz à effet de serre, informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces composants, le cas échéant L’approche méthodologique utilisée pour les polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie (carbone noir, PM2,5 et PM10) est celle du LEAP-IBC.', '(iii) Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d âge dans les forêts NA f) Autres hypothèses et approches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspondantes, notamment : (i) Comment les indicateurs de référence, les niveaux de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence spécifiques au secteur, à la catégorie ou à l activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les paramètres clés, les hypothèses, les définitions, méthodologies, sources de données et modèles utilisés Pour quantifier le niveau d émissions de GES dans le scénario de référence projeté en 2030, les hypothèses suivantes ont été faites pour les moteurs de croissance des émissions : • Le gouvernement ne prendra pas d’autres mesures de lutte contre les émissions de GES dans les secteurs socioéconomiques de développement autres que celles déjà en cours ; • Les facteurs comportementaux sont considérés comme étant constants durant toute la période de projection ; (ii) Pour les Parties dont les contributions déterminées au niveau national contiennent des composants autres que les gaz à effet de serre, informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utilisées en relation avec ces composants, le cas échéant L’approche méthodologique utilisée pour les polluants climatiques à courte durée de vie (carbone noir, PM2,5 et PM10) est celle du LEAP-IBC. (iii) Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la façon dont les forçages climatiques sont estimés NA (iv) Autres informations techniques, comme nécessaire NA g) L intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Le Togo reconnaît le rôle important de la coopération internationale basée sur le marché pour contribuer à l atténuation des émissions de GES et à la promotion du développement durable.', '(iii) Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national non couvertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la façon dont les forçages climatiques sont estimés NA (iv) Autres informations techniques, comme nécessaire NA g) L intention de recourir à la coopération volontaire au titre de l article 6 de l Accord de Paris, le cas échéant Le Togo reconnaît le rôle important de la coopération internationale basée sur le marché pour contribuer à l atténuation des émissions de GES et à la promotion du développement durable. Le Togo continuera d explorer le potentiel de la coopération bilatérale, multilatérale et régionale axée sur le marché, y compris dans le contexte del article 6 de l AP, qui peut faciliter, accélérer et améliorer le développement et le transfert de technologies, le renforcement des capacités et l accès aux ressources financières qui soutiennent la transition durable du Togo vers une croissance à faibles émissions et résiliente au changement climatique.', 'Le Togo continuera d explorer le potentiel de la coopération bilatérale, multilatérale et régionale axée sur le marché, y compris dans le contexte del article 6 de l AP, qui peut faciliter, accélérer et améliorer le développement et le transfert de technologies, le renforcement des capacités et l accès aux ressources financières qui soutiennent la transition durable du Togo vers une croissance à faibles émissions et résiliente au changement climatique. 6 Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale: a) Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale Suite à l appel à l action de Talanoa, lancé par les présidents de la COP 23 et de la COP 24, le Togo a rendu sa CDN révisée (2021) plus ambitieux que la CDN (2015) (i) en articulant les objectifs de réduction des émissions de GES de 2030 par rapport au niveau de 2010.', '6 Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale: a) Comment la Partie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau national est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale Suite à l appel à l action de Talanoa, lancé par les présidents de la COP 23 et de la COP 24, le Togo a rendu sa CDN révisée (2021) plus ambitieux que la CDN (2015) (i) en articulant les objectifs de réduction des émissions de GES de 2030 par rapport au niveau de 2010. Les engagements nationaux sont bien en ligne avec les trajectoires d émissions à l horizon 2050 qui correspondent à l objectif à long terme de l Accord de Paris.', 'Les engagements nationaux sont bien en ligne avec les trajectoires d émissions à l horizon 2050 qui correspondent à l objectif à long terme de l Accord de Paris. Il est en outre important de noter que la nature évolutive de la situation d’un pays doit se refléter dans l’examen de l’équité au moyen des indicateurs suivants : • Responsabilité reflétée dans les émissions de GES passées et actuelles. • Capacité à investir dans des mesures d atténuation appropriées (capacité à contribuer à résoudre le problème du changement climatique) • Le potentiel d atténuation et les coûts b) Considérations d équité, y compris réflexion sur l équité Il convient de noter que les considérations d’équité dans la perspective nationale englobent diverses questions et qu’aucun indicateur distinct ne peut à lui seul refléter avec précision l’équité ou une répartition équitable des efforts des pays à l’échelle mondiale.', '• Capacité à investir dans des mesures d atténuation appropriées (capacité à contribuer à résoudre le problème du changement climatique) • Le potentiel d atténuation et les coûts b) Considérations d équité, y compris réflexion sur l équité Il convient de noter que les considérations d’équité dans la perspective nationale englobent diverses questions et qu’aucun indicateur distinct ne peut à lui seul refléter avec précision l’équité ou une répartition équitable des efforts des pays à l’échelle mondiale. c) Comment la Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris Les CDN révisées 2021 proposent une réduction inconditionnelle de 20,51% par rapport au scénario de référence en 2030 contre 11,14% pour les CDN actuelles 2015.', 'c) Comment la Partie a traité le paragraphe 3 de l article 4 de l Accord de Paris Les CDN révisées 2021 proposent une réduction inconditionnelle de 20,51% par rapport au scénario de référence en 2030 contre 11,14% pour les CDN actuelles 2015. La contribution globale (inconditionnelle et conditionnelle combinée) des CDN révisées (2021) est une réduction de 50,57% des émissions de GES par rapport au scénario de référence en 2030 contre 31,14 pour les CDN actuelles (2015). d) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, paragraphe 4, de l Accord de Paris Une autre question qui prouve le renforcement des ambitions du pays concerne l application d un objectif absolu de réduction des émissions à l échelle de l économie (conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 4 de l Accord de Paris), qui garantit la réalisation des objectifs de manière pertinente, complète, cohérente, transparente et précise.', 'd) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, paragraphe 4, de l Accord de Paris Une autre question qui prouve le renforcement des ambitions du pays concerne l application d un objectif absolu de réduction des émissions à l échelle de l économie (conformément à l article 4, paragraphe 4 de l Accord de Paris), qui garantit la réalisation des objectifs de manière pertinente, complète, cohérente, transparente et précise. e) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, paragraphe 6, de NAl Accord de Paris 7 Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2: a) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2 Les engagements nationaux sont bien en ligne avec les trajectoires d émissions à l horizon 2050 qui correspondent à l objectif à long terme de l Accord de Paris, contribuant ainsi à la stabilisation des concentrations de GES dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêcherait les interférences anthropiques dangereuses avec le système climatique, et développement de manière durable, conformément à l article 2 de la Convention.', 'e) Comment la Partie a traité l article 4, paragraphe 6, de NAl Accord de Paris 7 Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2: a) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l objectif de la Convention tel qu énoncé à son article 2 Les engagements nationaux sont bien en ligne avec les trajectoires d émissions à l horizon 2050 qui correspondent à l objectif à long terme de l Accord de Paris, contribuant ainsi à la stabilisation des concentrations de GES dans l atmosphère à un niveau qui empêcherait les interférences anthropiques dangereuses avec le système climatique, et développement de manière durable, conformément à l article 2 de la Convention. b) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l article 4, paragraphe 1, de l Accord de Paris La contribution du Togo par ses CDN est conforme aux ambitions mondiales de limiter la température à 2°C et compatible aux avec les objectifs de développement durable du TogoChapitre 4 : Adaptation 4.1.', 'b) Comment la contribution déterminée au niveau national contribue à la réalisation de l article 2, paragraphe 1 a), et de l article 4, paragraphe 1, de l Accord de Paris La contribution du Togo par ses CDN est conforme aux ambitions mondiales de limiter la température à 2°C et compatible aux avec les objectifs de développement durable du TogoChapitre 4 : Adaptation 4.1. CONTEXTE NATIONAL DE L’ADAPTATION AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES 4.1.1. Situation nationale L’économie du Togo est dominée par les activités agricoles (près de 40 % du PIB) fortement dépendantes des conditions climatiques. Les autres secteurs de développement tels que l’énergie, les ressources en eau, la zone côtière, les établissements humains et santé, la foresterie et autres affectations des terres restent également très vulnérables.', 'Les autres secteurs de développement tels que l’énergie, les ressources en eau, la zone côtière, les établissements humains et santé, la foresterie et autres affectations des terres restent également très vulnérables. C’est dans ce sens que le Togo s’est engagé dans les CDN initiales à contribuer à la lutte contre les changements climatiques, renforcer la résilience des systèmes et moyens de production conformément à son Plan d’action national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (PANA) élaboré en 2008. En 2016, le pays s’est doté d’un Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNACC) qui confirme son engagement au renforcement de la capacité d’adaptation des populations face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. 4.1.2.', 'En 2016, le pays s’est doté d’un Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques (PNACC) qui confirme son engagement au renforcement de la capacité d’adaptation des populations face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. 4.1.2. Dispositifs institutionnel, juridique et politique En matière d’engagements internationaux relatifs à l’environnement et à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, le Togo a ratifié les trois conventions de la génération de Rio : (i) la Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) (08 mars 1995); (ii) la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB) (04 octobre 1995) ; et (iii) la Convention sur la lutte contre la désertification (CCD) (15 septembre 1995).', 'Dispositifs institutionnel, juridique et politique En matière d’engagements internationaux relatifs à l’environnement et à l’adaptation aux changements climatiques, le Togo a ratifié les trois conventions de la génération de Rio : (i) la Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) (08 mars 1995); (ii) la Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB) (04 octobre 1995) ; et (iii) la Convention sur la lutte contre la désertification (CCD) (15 septembre 1995). Au niveau national, l’adaptation s’inscrit dans la politique nationale de l’environnement, la déclaration de politique forestière, la stratégie nationale de développement durable, la loi-cadre sur l’environnement et des lois portant sur les codes forestiers, de l’eau, de la santé, des hydrocarbures, de la marine marchande.', 'Au niveau national, l’adaptation s’inscrit dans la politique nationale de l’environnement, la déclaration de politique forestière, la stratégie nationale de développement durable, la loi-cadre sur l’environnement et des lois portant sur les codes forestiers, de l’eau, de la santé, des hydrocarbures, de la marine marchande. Au plan institutionnel, plusieurs acteurs interviennent pour renforcer l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au Togo.', 'Au plan institutionnel, plusieurs acteurs interviennent pour renforcer l’adaptation aux changements climatiques au Togo. Les principaux acteurs de ce dispositif sont : (i) le Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières avec tous ses démembrements, (ii) la Commission nationale du développement durable composée des représentants des institutions publiques et privées, des collectivités territoriales, des ONG et autres personnes morales, (iii) le Comité national sur les changements climatiques qui est un cadre d’information, de concertation et de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, (iv) le Comité interministériel de suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN et (v) l’équipe pluridisciplinairesur les changements climatiques.', 'Les principaux acteurs de ce dispositif sont : (i) le Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières avec tous ses démembrements, (ii) la Commission nationale du développement durable composée des représentants des institutions publiques et privées, des collectivités territoriales, des ONG et autres personnes morales, (iii) le Comité national sur les changements climatiques qui est un cadre d’information, de concertation et de suivi de la mise en œuvre de la politique nationale sur les changements climatiques, (iv) le Comité interministériel de suivi de la mise en œuvre des CDN et (v) l’équipe pluridisciplinairesur les changements climatiques. Ces acteurs travaillent de concert avec d’autres parties prenantes telles que les universités publiques et privées du Togo et les grandes institutions de la république (Présidence de la république, la primature, l’Assemblée nationale etc.).', 'Ces acteurs travaillent de concert avec d’autres parties prenantes telles que les universités publiques et privées du Togo et les grandes institutions de la république (Présidence de la république, la primature, l’Assemblée nationale etc.). 4.2. ANALYSE DES IMPACTS, RISQUES ET DE LA VULNERABILITES DES SECTEURS PRIORITAIRES Depuis 2014, les scénarios développés montrent que les changements climatiques sont une réelle préoccupation pour le Togo et que les tendances actuelles et futures vont entrainer des conséquences dommageables en l’absence de mesures idoines. Avec une économie essentiellement tournée vers l’agriculture, les aléas climatiques rendent vulnérables la population togolaise dans son ensemble. La variabilité climatique au Togo entraine, l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, la dégradation des ressources forestières, l’accès difficile à l’énergie, aux ressources en eau et aux soins de santé de qualité.', 'La variabilité climatique au Togo entraine, l’insécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle, la dégradation des ressources forestières, l’accès difficile à l’énergie, aux ressources en eau et aux soins de santé de qualité. En effet Le Togo est confronté à une variabilité climatique spatio-temporelle très accentuée. Les températures connaissent en 2020, une augmentation maximale de 1,2°C soit une hausse de 20% par rapport à 2012. Les précipitations quant à elles sont en diminution avec des amplitudes allant de 15 mm à 98 mm de pluie. Ceci, entraine des risques climatiques qui influencent tous les secteurs de développement et se manifestent par les inondations, la sécheresse, les fortes chaleurs, le décalage des saisons, les vents violents, la mauvaise répartition des pluies, l’érosion des terres et l’érosion côtière.', 'Ceci, entraine des risques climatiques qui influencent tous les secteurs de développement et se manifestent par les inondations, la sécheresse, les fortes chaleurs, le décalage des saisons, les vents violents, la mauvaise répartition des pluies, l’érosion des terres et l’érosion côtière. Les projections futures de la variabilité climatique sur la base des méthodes rigoureuses du GIEC se présenteront comme suit pour le Togo. Si le pays reste dans la stabilisation des émissions (RCP6.0) par rapport à 2020, les températures vont augmenter avec une amplitude de 0,6°C à 0,7°C en 2025 et de 2,15°C à 2,75°C en 2100. Les précipitations auront des écarts de -0,08 % à + 0,35 % (2025) et de -0,3 % à +1,26 % (2100).', 'Les précipitations auront des écarts de -0,08 % à + 0,35 % (2025) et de -0,3 % à +1,26 % (2100). Par contre, si le pays se lance dans le processus de baisse des émissions des gaz à effet de serre (RCP4.5), les températures vont augmenter de 0,66 à 0,84°C (2025) et de 1,53 à 1,96°C (2100). Les précipitations varieront de -0,09 % à +0,39 % (2025) et de -0,21 % à +0,89 % (2100). 4.2.1. Secteur énergie 4.2.1.1. Biomasse -énergie Le bois énergie représente 80 % de l’énergie utilisée par les ménages et 90% de la population locale ont recours à cette source d’énergie au Togo.', 'Biomasse -énergie Le bois énergie représente 80 % de l’énergie utilisée par les ménages et 90% de la population locale ont recours à cette source d’énergie au Togo. Le potentiel du bois- énergie actuel permettra de satisfaire uniquement 28% et 12% de la demandenationale respectivement à l’horizon 2025 et 2050. Sur la base des analyses multicritères, le secteur bois énergie présente un indice de vulnérabilité moyen et estimé à 0,58 à l’échelle nationale. Au niveau régional, les deux régions septentrionales du pays (Savanes et Kara) sont confrontées à un niveau de vulnérabilité élevé avec un indice compris entre 0,6 et 0,8.', 'Au niveau régional, les deux régions septentrionales du pays (Savanes et Kara) sont confrontées à un niveau de vulnérabilité élevé avec un indice compris entre 0,6 et 0,8. Les impacts liés à cette vulnérabilité sur ce secteur sont essentiellement la faible croissance et production de la biomasse à vocation bois-énergie, la raréfaction des essences à vocation bois-énergie et la destruction des écosystèmes protégés et éloignés des habitations constituant des refuges pour la plupart des espèces menacées. La vulnérabilité du secteur bois énergie va s’aggraver dans le futur. En effet, dans le cas d’une stabilisation (RCP6.0), l’indice de vulnérabilité de ce sous-secteur tombera dans la classe élevée à partir de 2075 pour tout le pays.', 'En effet, dans le cas d’une stabilisation (RCP6.0), l’indice de vulnérabilité de ce sous-secteur tombera dans la classe élevée à partir de 2075 pour tout le pays. Si des dispositions idoines ne sont pas prises, on assistera à des répercussions socioéconomiques telles que la hausse du prix du bois de chauffe et du charbon de bois, l’augmentation de l’indice de pauvreté en milieu rural etc. Au Togo, la production d’énergie hydroélectrique est exclusivement assurée par les barrages de Kpimé et de Nangbeto qui sont alimentés par de grands cours d’eau. La vulnérabilité actuelle de ce secteur est moyenne avec un indice de 0,51. Dans le futur, sa vulnérabilité passera dans la classe élevée à partir de 2075 si rien n’est fait.', 'Dans le futur, sa vulnérabilité passera dans la classe élevée à partir de 2075 si rien n’est fait. Ceci va accentuer les impacts actuels des changements climatiques qui se traduisent par la diminution de la lame d’eau des barrages hydroélectriques, la destruction d’ouvrages d’hydroélectricité, la faible capacité de fourniture de l’énergie aux entreprises et industries. Si les mesures de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (GIRE) prévues dans les documents de planification du secteur, de même que la politique de développement des énergies renouvelables sont mises en œuvre, l’indice de vulnérabilité sera considérablement réduit d’ici 2025 (0,48) et 2050 (0,35). Le Togo n’étant pas producteur des hydrocarbures, la vulnérabilité de ce secteur face au changement climatique n’est pas directe.', 'Le Togo n’étant pas producteur des hydrocarbures, la vulnérabilité de ce secteur face au changement climatique n’est pas directe. Elle est liée à celle du secteur de bois-énergie et de l’hydroélectricité. Ainsi, la diminution de l’offre énergétique en biomasse et hydroélectricité va accentuer la consommation en hydrocarbures. Le Togo important les produits pétroliers dont il a besoin, le secteur des hydrocarbures reste très sensible aux fluctuations des prix du pétrole. En termes d’impacts, on assiste à la hausse des dépenses due à une augmentation de la consommation en hydrocarbures avec des répercussions négatives sur le secteur du transport.4.2.2. Secteur de l’Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) Au Togo, le secteur AFAT est le plus exposé aux effets des changements climatiques.', 'Secteur de l’Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres (AFAT) Au Togo, le secteur AFAT est le plus exposé aux effets des changements climatiques. A l’échelle nationale, il est prévu une tendance à la baisse des précipitations couplée à une hausse des températures. On s’attend ainsi à des effets probables sur la biodiversité, l’habitat des espèces, les services écosystémiques et la production agricole au Togo. Ces effets sont pour la plupart liés à la sécheresse, aux inondations et à l’apparition des parasites. 4.2.2.1. Sous secteur de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres (FAT) La vulnérabilité résultante du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres vaut 0,59 pour le pays en général, ce qui équivaut à un niveau de vulnérabilité « moyen ».', 'Sous secteur de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres (FAT) La vulnérabilité résultante du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres vaut 0,59 pour le pays en général, ce qui équivaut à un niveau de vulnérabilité « moyen ». Cependant, elle est « élevée » pour les régions Centrale, Kara et Savanes, et « moyenne » pour les régions des Plateaux et Maritime. Cette vulnérabilité sur le secteur de la FAT se traduit dans toutes les régions du pays par : ❖ L’augmentation de la mortalité naturelle des ligneux dans les écosystèmes naturels du Togo. Les fortes températures et la sécheresse augmentent l’intensité des incendies qui sont responsables de la plupart des mortalités des ligneux dans les espaces forestiers.', 'Les fortes températures et la sécheresse augmentent l’intensité des incendies qui sont responsables de la plupart des mortalités des ligneux dans les espaces forestiers. Le taux de mortalité naturelle est de 8,60%, 5,41% et 5,42% respectivement pour les régions des Savanes, Kara et centrale. ❖ La dégradation de l’état sanitaire des peuplements ligneux. Dans les écosystèmes naturels du Togo en moyenne 20 pieds à l’hectare sont attaqués par les parasites. D’après les investigations de terrain, les fortes chaleurs enregistrées ces dernières années expliqueraient la récurrence des attaques des ligneux par les ravageurs et les plantes parasites. ❖ Les chablis. L’estimation des dégâts portés par les vents violents aux massifs forestiers est estimée à 9 pied/ha dans les écosystèmes naturels. ❖ Faible capacité de régénération.', '❖ Faible capacité de régénération. Avec les changements climatiques, les feux de végétations sont plus violents la régénération est supprimée ou retardée. Dans les paysages forestiers des aires protégées moins de 30% de la régénération potentielle installée arrive à survivre aux incendies qui deviennent de plus en plus violents avec les CC. ❖ Affectation des terres. L’assèchement du climat, l’augmentation des températures et de l’évapotranspiration intensifie le lessivage et la lattérisation des sols tandis que de fortes pluies accroissent l’érosion des sols surtout dans les milieux accidentés. Ceci entraîne une aggravation de la dégradation des terres. Par ailleurs, l’agriculture extensive sur brûlis entraîne la réduction de la couverture forestière.', 'Par ailleurs, l’agriculture extensive sur brûlis entraîne la réduction de la couverture forestière. Très exposé, aux changements climatiques, le secteur de la FAT subit des impacts tels que la perte du couvert forestier, la perte de la biodiversité et des écosystèmesprotégés, la disparition de certaines essences forestières et la faible productivité des mangroves. Dans le futur, on notera l’aggravation de la vulnérabilité de ce sous-secteur au niveau national à l’horizon 2050 avec un indice de 0,63 correspondant à une vulnérabilité élevée. Cette situation sera observée dans toutes les régions sauf dans celle des plateaux qui restera dans la classe moyenne.', 'Cette situation sera observée dans toutes les régions sauf dans celle des plateaux qui restera dans la classe moyenne. Dans ce contexte, en dehors de la chaine de l’Atakora, tous les écosystèmes forestiers du Togo seront très exposés à la baisse des précipitations et à une augmentation des températures avec une aggravation des impacts liés aux aléas climatiques. 4.2.2.2. Sous-secteur de l’agriculture, élevage et pêche Les majeures perturbations de l’agriculture, l’élevage et la pêche dans toutes les régions économiques du Togo, sont les aléas climatiques. Il s’agit de la modification de la saison, la pluviométrie irrégulière avec les poches de sécheresse, l’augmentation de la température, les inondations et les attaques des ravageurs. Ces aléas rendent très vulnérable ce sous-secteur avec la répercussion sur la sécurité alimentaire (les pertes de récoltes).', 'Ces aléas rendent très vulnérable ce sous-secteur avec la répercussion sur la sécurité alimentaire (les pertes de récoltes). ❖ Vulnérabilité et impacts du sous-secteur de l’agriculture La vulnérabilité résultante du secteur de la production végétale est globalement élevée pour l’ensemble du payset particulièrement dans la région des savanes. Les impacts de cette vulnérabilité se traduisent par des baisses de rendements évaluées ces dix dernières années entre 30% et 51% pour les principales cultures vivrières. En effet, les poches de sécheresse constatées ont causé des pertes de rendements de 1,3t/ha, 1,0t/ha et 0,7t/ha respectivement pour le maïs, le riz et l’igname. Les ravageurs, notamment la chenille légionnaire d’automne ont entrainé des pertes allant de 0,5 à 0,95 t/ha pour le maïs.', 'Les ravageurs, notamment la chenille légionnaire d’automne ont entrainé des pertes allant de 0,5 à 0,95 t/ha pour le maïs. En 2020, la superficie totale des cultures vivrières inondées est de 6902 ha avec des pertes en production estimées à près de 9000 t. Actuellement évalué à 0,70, l’indice de vulnérabilité national du sous-secteur agriculture restera élevé avec une légère augmentation pour atteindre la valeur de 0,75 à l’horizon 2050. Ceci va accentuer les impacts sur le secteur de l’agriculture avec la perturbation du calendrier agricole, la dévastation des cultures par les ravageurs (chenilles légionnaires, mouches blanches des criquets pèlerins), l’apparition de nouvelles espèces envahissantes, la disparition de certains cultivars, la baisse des rendements agricoles, l’érosion des surfaces cultivables etc.', 'Ceci va accentuer les impacts sur le secteur de l’agriculture avec la perturbation du calendrier agricole, la dévastation des cultures par les ravageurs (chenilles légionnaires, mouches blanches des criquets pèlerins), l’apparition de nouvelles espèces envahissantes, la disparition de certains cultivars, la baisse des rendements agricoles, l’érosion des surfaces cultivables etc. ❖ Vulnérabilité et impacts du sous-secteur de l’élevage Dans toutes les régions du Togo, l’élevage de volailles est une activité largement répandue en milieu rural. Ce type d’élevage familial qui occupe les femmes est moinsexigeant en eau. Cependant, l’élevage des petits ruminants et du gros bétail, largement pratiqué dans les régions des savanes et des plateaux par les éleveurs sédentaires et les transhumants est exigeant vis-à-vis de la disponibilité en ressources naturelles notamment l’eau.', 'Cependant, l’élevage des petits ruminants et du gros bétail, largement pratiqué dans les régions des savanes et des plateaux par les éleveurs sédentaires et les transhumants est exigeant vis-à-vis de la disponibilité en ressources naturelles notamment l’eau. Avec la tendance à la sécheresse prolongée ces dernières décennies, on constate la récurrence des conflits entre éleveurs et agriculteurs ce qui accentue la vulnérabilité dans le sous-secteur de l’élevage. Dans la région des savanes, on assiste à une décimation du bétail liée aux manques d’eau et du fourrage. Par ailleurs, la prolifération des épizooties telles que le charbon bactéridien, la peste porcine africaine, la grippe aviaire dans les régions serait liée aux fortes températures qui se font de plus en plus sentir.', 'Par ailleurs, la prolifération des épizooties telles que le charbon bactéridien, la peste porcine africaine, la grippe aviaire dans les régions serait liée aux fortes températures qui se font de plus en plus sentir. Cette situation affecte la production animale nationale qui couvre moins de 50 % des besoins de la population. ❖ Vulnérabilité et impacts du sous-secteur de la pêche La pêche se concentre sur le littoral, le complexe lagunaire du sud Togo, le bassin de Nangbéto, et le long des cours d’eau Mono et Oti. Avec la sécheresse, et la forte température le secteur de la pêche devient plus vulnérable. Ainsi, le taux de couverture en produits halieutiques est passé de 35% en 2015 à 29% en 2017.', 'Ainsi, le taux de couverture en produits halieutiques est passé de 35% en 2015 à 29% en 2017. Les fortes températures, les inondations et l’étiage précoce des cours d’eau rendent sensibles les zones de frayères diminuant ainsi la disponibilité des poissons. Tout comme pour l’élevage, la vulnérabilité future du sous-secteur de pêche peut connaitre une augmentation avec une accentuation des impacts notamment, la diminution des captures, l’envasement des cours d’eau et la disparition de certaines espèces piscicoles. Ces impacts affecteront également les efforts du gouvernment en matière de développement de l’aquaculture avec la raréfaction des alevins. 4.2.3.', 'Ces impacts affecteront également les efforts du gouvernment en matière de développement de l’aquaculture avec la raréfaction des alevins. 4.2.3. Secteur des ressources en eau Les fortes températures, l’irrégularité et la modification de la distribution des précipitations se reflètent par une diminution des stocks d’eau au niveau des nappes souterraines et des eaux de surfaces. Cette situation rend très vulnérable le secteur de l’eau au niveau national surtout dans la région des savanes. Sur la base de l’indice standardisé de précipitation (SPI), les années comprises entre 1961 et 2018 sont dominées par la sécheresse modérée voire sévère dans les régions de la Kara et Maritime.', 'Sur la base de l’indice standardisé de précipitation (SPI), les années comprises entre 1961 et 2018 sont dominées par la sécheresse modérée voire sévère dans les régions de la Kara et Maritime. Actuellement, les impacts associés aux changements climatiques dans le secteur de l’eau sont le tarissement précoce des puits et des cours d’eau, l’ensablement des cours d’eau, l’intrusion saline dans le continental terminal et la pollution de l’eau. Les simulations indiquent qu’en cas de stabilisation (RCP6), les deux grands bassins fluviaux (Oti et Mono) et le complexe lagunaire du Togo seront diversement affectés à l’horizon 2030. En effet, les stocks d’eau (surface et souterrains) augmenteront de 7 à 28 millions de mètre cube dans le bassin du Mono.', 'En effet, les stocks d’eau (surface et souterrains) augmenteront de 7 à 28 millions de mètre cube dans le bassin du Mono. Cependant, ils diminueront de60 à 500 millions et de 120 à 750 millions de mètre cube respectivement dans le bassin de l’Oti et du Lac Togo. Si les mesures ne sont pas prises, les problèmes de disponibilité et d’accessibilité d’eau potable pour la population s’accentueront et le gouvernement aura des difficultés à assurer l’accès facile, universel et équitable à l’eau potable (Cible 1 de l’ODD6) et à améliorer sa qualité en réduisant la pollution (Cible 3 de l’ODD6). Les impacts s’aggraveront avec l’insuffisance d’eau potable dans les ménages et le risque de conflits autours des sources d’approvisionnement en eau. 4.2.4.', 'Les impacts s’aggraveront avec l’insuffisance d’eau potable dans les ménages et le risque de conflits autours des sources d’approvisionnement en eau. 4.2.4. Secteur des établissements humains et santé Les établissements humains deviennent de plus en plus vulnérables au Togo. En 2020 et 2021, le débordement des cours d’eau dans le bassin de l’Oti et du Mono ont causé d’énormes dégâts matériels avec des pertes en vies humaines. On assiste à la fragilisation et l’effondrement des installations et infrastructures humaines (routes, marchés, centres de santé, habitations, écoles, électricité et télécommunications etc) qui s’accentueront dans le futur.', 'On assiste à la fragilisation et l’effondrement des installations et infrastructures humaines (routes, marchés, centres de santé, habitations, écoles, électricité et télécommunications etc) qui s’accentueront dans le futur. Au niveau de la santé, les fortes chaleurs et l’inondation entrainent l’éclosion et la prolifération des germes de certaines maladies telles que le paludisme, la méningite, la fièvre typhoïde, le choléra et les affections respiratoires qui jadis étaient localisés et contrôlés. Jusqu’ici, les régions septentrionales (Savanes et Kara) sont les plus vulnérables. Cependant, la simulation montre que dans le futur, le risque de ses maladies pourrait s’étendre vers le sud avec une aggravation dans les régions septentrionales.', 'Cependant, la simulation montre que dans le futur, le risque de ses maladies pourrait s’étendre vers le sud avec une aggravation dans les régions septentrionales. Le taux de mortalité serait en augmentation et la vulnérabilité des personnes âgées, des femmes enceintes, des personnes handicapées, des personnes vivant avec le VIH‐SIDA et des enfants deviendra de plus en plus forte. 4.2.5. Zone côtière Le phénomène d’érosion de la côte togolaise qui a fait l’objet d’observations scientifiques depuis 1964 se traduit au fil des ans par une modification du trait de côte. Les tempêtes et cycles naturels d’ondulations liés aux modifications climatiques aggravent l’avancée de la mer vers les installations humaines sur la terre ferme matérialisée par le recul de la plage de 10 m en moyenne par an.', 'Les tempêtes et cycles naturels d’ondulations liés aux modifications climatiques aggravent l’avancée de la mer vers les installations humaines sur la terre ferme matérialisée par le recul de la plage de 10 m en moyenne par an. Cette érosion menace 42 % de la population nationale, des unités industrielles, des activités économiques et portuaires, des vestiges touristiques, des villages de pêche. Dans le futur, tous les scénarios climatiques indiquent une amplification de ce phénomène car l’amplitude d’élévation du niveau de la mer va passer de 11,35 cm en 2025 à 62 cm en 2100. Cette situation aggravera les impacts actuels que sont la disparition complète de certains des villages littoraux, la perte considérable des terres et d’écosystèmes du littoral, la destruction des infrastructures balnéaires(routes, maisons, hôtels etc.', 'Cette situation aggravera les impacts actuels que sont la disparition complète de certains des villages littoraux, la perte considérable des terres et d’écosystèmes du littoral, la destruction des infrastructures balnéaires(routes, maisons, hôtels etc. ), la perturbation des activités économiques et les destructions des zones de frayères. 4.3. PRIORITES, OBJECTIFS ET MESURES D’ADAPTATION Le schéma suivant représente la carte stratégique qui va permettre de renforcer les capacités d’adaptation des populations dans tous les secteurs prioritaires déclinées ici en axes. Les objectifs définis découlent des priorités nationales traduites dans le PNACC et des autres outils de planifications nationales et sectorielles (Figure 5). La mise en œuvre des activités pour atteindre ces objectifs repose sur la valorisation des principes d’équité, genre, coopération, recherche et transparence.', 'La mise en œuvre des activités pour atteindre ces objectifs repose sur la valorisation des principes d’équité, genre, coopération, recherche et transparence. Figure 5: Carte strategique de l’adaptation au Togo4.3.2. Mesures d’adaptation/Co bénéfices pour l’atténuation Pour renforcer les capacités de résilience des populations, des mesures d’adaptation y compris celles qui se traduisent par des retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation sont identifiées dans les secteurs prioritaires (Tableau 4). Les différentes mesures identifiées au Togo intègrent les solutions basées sur la nature qui peuvent contribuer à l’atténuation tout en renforçant l’adaptation au changement climatique.', 'Les différentes mesures identifiées au Togo intègrent les solutions basées sur la nature qui peuvent contribuer à l’atténuation tout en renforçant l’adaptation au changement climatique. Ces co-bénéfices se traduisent par l’augmentation du potentiel de séquestration du carbone, les capacités des cultures à faire face aux stress hydriques et aux attaques des ravageurs, la réduction des risques liée aux inondations et la prolifération des agents pathogènes. Ces mesures identifiées répondent à un certain nombre de besoins qui persistent en matière de renforcement de la capacité de résilience des communautés face aux effets des changements climatiques malgré les efforts entrepris par l’Etat (Tableau 4). Par ailleurs des mesures identifiées contribueront à la mise en œuvre des cadres visant à renforcer l’adaptation au niveau national et international.', 'Par ailleurs des mesures identifiées contribueront à la mise en œuvre des cadres visant à renforcer l’adaptation au niveau national et international. Au niveau national, les différentes mesures d’adaptation, contribueront essentiellement à l’opérationnalisation du Plan national de développement. Elles s’inscrivent également dans la dynamique de la feuille de route 2025 du Gouvernement et contribueront prioritairement au projet 35 (réponse aux principaux risques climatiques) et au projet 36 (programme de mobilité verte).', 'Elles s’inscrivent également dans la dynamique de la feuille de route 2025 du Gouvernement et contribueront prioritairement au projet 35 (réponse aux principaux risques climatiques) et au projet 36 (programme de mobilité verte). Elles ciblent également dans cette feuille de route les projets 2 et 3 (mise en place du registre social unique, mise en place de la couverture santé universelle), le projet 5 (poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous), le projet 6 (augmentation de l’accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement), les projets 12, 13, 14 et 15 (amélioration des rendements agricoles, extension du réseau routier rural, accélération du MIFA, agrandissement de l’agropole de Kara en partenariat avec le privé).', 'Elles ciblent également dans cette feuille de route les projets 2 et 3 (mise en place du registre social unique, mise en place de la couverture santé universelle), le projet 5 (poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous), le projet 6 (augmentation de l’accès à l’eau potable et à l’assainissement), les projets 12, 13, 14 et 15 (amélioration des rendements agricoles, extension du réseau routier rural, accélération du MIFA, agrandissement de l’agropole de Kara en partenariat avec le privé). Au plan international, les mesures d’adaptation identifiées veulent contribuer à l’atteinte des Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) notamment l’ODD2 qui vise à assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; l’ODD3 relatif à la bonne santé et au bien-être ; l’ODD5 qui veut assurer l’autonomisation de toutes les femmes ; l’ODD8 qui veut garantir la croissance économique à travers un travail décent et l’ODD15 qui vise à préserver et restaurer les écosystèmes terrestres.Tableau 4:Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Secteurs/ Priorités Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires Besoins /buts Contribution aux cadres National International Axe 1 : Renforcement de la résilience dans le secteur de l’énergie Renforcer des actions en faveur de l’efficacité énergétique et des technologies sobres en carbone • Promotion des biocarburants • Recherche de PTF pour la production d’énergies nouvelles et renouvelables • Gestion durable des énergies traditionnelles • Promotion des plantations à vocation bois énergie • Approvisionner les populations en énergie de substitution tel que le gaz domestique • Promotion des technologies alternatives d’économie d’énergie PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Promouvoir l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables • Développement des énergies renouvelables • Facilitation fiscale pour l’importation des équipements d’énergie renouvelable • Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale • Faciliter le développement des énergies renouvelables à l’attention des hommes, femmes, filles et personnes vulnérables PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Cible 2 de Axe 2 : Renforcement de la résilience dans le secteur de l’agriculture Renforcer la résilience des systèmes et moyens de production du secteur de l’agriculture • Promotion des variétés performantes et climato résilientes • Renforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) • Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance et des zones de pâturages et d’abreuvage des • Assurer la sécurité alimentaire pour tous à travers l’augmentation des rendements et l’amélioration des revenus des producteurs notamment les femmes, • Réduire les pertes et dégâts des cultures causées par les inondations, les poches de PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 deanimaux • Renforcement du système d’assurance agricole face aux risques climatiques • Construction et/ou réhabilitation des retenues d’eau pour la micro-irrigation • Maîtrise de l’eau dans la production rizicole et maraîchère • Vulgarisation des bonnes pratiques agro-écologiques • Lutte contre les pestes et épizooties • Renforcement des dispositifs d’alerte précoce et de veille sanitaire • Renforcement de la résilience des unités de transformation des produits agricoles sécheresses et des ravageurs.', 'Au plan international, les mesures d’adaptation identifiées veulent contribuer à l’atteinte des Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) notamment l’ODD2 qui vise à assurer la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle ; l’ODD3 relatif à la bonne santé et au bien-être ; l’ODD5 qui veut assurer l’autonomisation de toutes les femmes ; l’ODD8 qui veut garantir la croissance économique à travers un travail décent et l’ODD15 qui vise à préserver et restaurer les écosystèmes terrestres.Tableau 4:Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires par secteur Secteurs/ Priorités Mesures d’adaptation prioritaires Besoins /buts Contribution aux cadres National International Axe 1 : Renforcement de la résilience dans le secteur de l’énergie Renforcer des actions en faveur de l’efficacité énergétique et des technologies sobres en carbone • Promotion des biocarburants • Recherche de PTF pour la production d’énergies nouvelles et renouvelables • Gestion durable des énergies traditionnelles • Promotion des plantations à vocation bois énergie • Approvisionner les populations en énergie de substitution tel que le gaz domestique • Promotion des technologies alternatives d’économie d’énergie PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Promouvoir l’utilisation des énergies renouvelables • Développement des énergies renouvelables • Facilitation fiscale pour l’importation des équipements d’énergie renouvelable • Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale • Faciliter le développement des énergies renouvelables à l’attention des hommes, femmes, filles et personnes vulnérables PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Cible 2 de Axe 2 : Renforcement de la résilience dans le secteur de l’agriculture Renforcer la résilience des systèmes et moyens de production du secteur de l’agriculture • Promotion des variétés performantes et climato résilientes • Renforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) • Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance et des zones de pâturages et d’abreuvage des • Assurer la sécurité alimentaire pour tous à travers l’augmentation des rendements et l’amélioration des revenus des producteurs notamment les femmes, • Réduire les pertes et dégâts des cultures causées par les inondations, les poches de PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 deanimaux • Renforcement du système d’assurance agricole face aux risques climatiques • Construction et/ou réhabilitation des retenues d’eau pour la micro-irrigation • Maîtrise de l’eau dans la production rizicole et maraîchère • Vulgarisation des bonnes pratiques agro-écologiques • Lutte contre les pestes et épizooties • Renforcement des dispositifs d’alerte précoce et de veille sanitaire • Renforcement de la résilience des unités de transformation des produits agricoles sécheresses et des ravageurs. Mener des actions en faveur de la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers et la restauration des services écosystémiques • Appui à l’élaboration de la cartographie des zones sensibles aux changements climatiques • Reboisement et protection des écosystèmes fragiles • Promotion de la sylviculture urbaine • Développement de la foresterie communautaire sensible au • Valoriser les pratiques traditionnelles de protection des ressources forestières et de l’environnement • Augmenter la disponibilité des semences et jeunes plants de qualité • Réduire la dégradation des écosystèmes naturels • Renforcer les services PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 degenre, • Mise en place d’une gestion durable et participative sensible au genre des ressources forestières essentielles • Restauration et valorisation des forêts naturelles dégradées et des aires protégées • Renforcement des capacités des acteurs intervenant dans le sous- secteur FAT sans laisser personne pour compte écosystémiques Axe 3 : Promotion d’une gestion intégrée et durable des ressources en eau Appuyer le captage des ressources en eau de surface par les retenues d’eau collinaires à buts multiples • Amélioration de la connaissance des ressources en eau • Protection des ressources en eau • Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau dans le secteur agricole • Conservation des eaux de pluies et recyclage des eaux usées • Amélioration de la gestion des eaux souterraines • Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable • Amélioration des pratiques d’hygiène et de qualité de l’eau • Etude du potentiel en eau du bassin sédimentaire côtier et sa résilience au CC • Augmenter la disponibilité et l’accessibilité pour toutes les ressources en eau surtout dans les milieux ruraux • Assurer la restauration et l’entretien des bassins versant et zones humides • Renforcer les capacités des institutions impliquées dans la gestion des ressources en eau.', 'Mener des actions en faveur de la gestion durable des écosystèmes forestiers et la restauration des services écosystémiques • Appui à l’élaboration de la cartographie des zones sensibles aux changements climatiques • Reboisement et protection des écosystèmes fragiles • Promotion de la sylviculture urbaine • Développement de la foresterie communautaire sensible au • Valoriser les pratiques traditionnelles de protection des ressources forestières et de l’environnement • Augmenter la disponibilité des semences et jeunes plants de qualité • Réduire la dégradation des écosystèmes naturels • Renforcer les services PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 degenre, • Mise en place d’une gestion durable et participative sensible au genre des ressources forestières essentielles • Restauration et valorisation des forêts naturelles dégradées et des aires protégées • Renforcement des capacités des acteurs intervenant dans le sous- secteur FAT sans laisser personne pour compte écosystémiques Axe 3 : Promotion d’une gestion intégrée et durable des ressources en eau Appuyer le captage des ressources en eau de surface par les retenues d’eau collinaires à buts multiples • Amélioration de la connaissance des ressources en eau • Protection des ressources en eau • Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau dans le secteur agricole • Conservation des eaux de pluies et recyclage des eaux usées • Amélioration de la gestion des eaux souterraines • Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable • Amélioration des pratiques d’hygiène et de qualité de l’eau • Etude du potentiel en eau du bassin sédimentaire côtier et sa résilience au CC • Augmenter la disponibilité et l’accessibilité pour toutes les ressources en eau surtout dans les milieux ruraux • Assurer la restauration et l’entretien des bassins versant et zones humides • Renforcer les capacités des institutions impliquées dans la gestion des ressources en eau. PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 deAxe 4 : renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des établissements humains Mettre en place un système d’alerte précoce en cas de risques • Protection contre les risques de catastrophes • Cartographie des zones à risques • Amélioration de la gestion et l’exploitation des zones à risque • Renforcer le système de sécurité des populations contre l’inondation et autres catastrophes naturelles PND Effet attendu de l’ODD 13 Accompagner la prévention et la lutte contre les maladies vectorielles • Renforcement du cadre réglementaire concernant la santé et l’environnement • Dotation des milieux ruraux d’infrastructures de santé adéquates • Protection des populations contre la Covid 19 et autres agents pathogènes • Améliorer l’accès aux soins de santé aux populations • Réduire le taux de mortalité lié aux maladies infectieuses et autres agents pathogènes PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Renforcer la protection sociale et la construction des infrastructures socioéconomiques climato résilientes • Mise en œuvre d’outils de planification urbaine • Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissement dans les centres urbains • Gestion durable des déchets urbains • Aménagement des centres urbains • Développement spatial harmonieux et équilibré des centres urbains • Développement des AGR • Renforcer la résilience économique de la population notamment des femmes et des jeunes PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 declimato résilientes pour les femmes Axe 5 : Protection de la zone côtière Initier des AGR pour les communautés de maraîchers et de pêcheurs de la zone du littoral • Renforcement des capacités des acteurs des pêches maritimes • Initiation des AGR pour les communautés de maraîchers et de pêcheurs de la zone du littoral • Assurer la sécurité des populations de la zone côtière contre les inondations et l’érosion côtière • Améliorer les revenus des populations vulnérables dans la zone côtière • Réduire la pollution et les nuisances dans le littoral PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Renforcer le dispositif de protection du littoral contre l’érosion côtière (naturel comme artificiel) • Amélioration du cadre règlementaire et de la gestion des connaissances du phénomène d’érosion côtière • Réalisation des investissements structurants de protection de la côte • Réhabilitation des formations végétales du littoral telles que les mangroves •4.4.', 'PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 deAxe 4 : renforcement des capacités d’adaptation des établissements humains Mettre en place un système d’alerte précoce en cas de risques • Protection contre les risques de catastrophes • Cartographie des zones à risques • Amélioration de la gestion et l’exploitation des zones à risque • Renforcer le système de sécurité des populations contre l’inondation et autres catastrophes naturelles PND Effet attendu de l’ODD 13 Accompagner la prévention et la lutte contre les maladies vectorielles • Renforcement du cadre réglementaire concernant la santé et l’environnement • Dotation des milieux ruraux d’infrastructures de santé adéquates • Protection des populations contre la Covid 19 et autres agents pathogènes • Améliorer l’accès aux soins de santé aux populations • Réduire le taux de mortalité lié aux maladies infectieuses et autres agents pathogènes PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Renforcer la protection sociale et la construction des infrastructures socioéconomiques climato résilientes • Mise en œuvre d’outils de planification urbaine • Renforcement des infrastructures d’assainissement dans les centres urbains • Gestion durable des déchets urbains • Aménagement des centres urbains • Développement spatial harmonieux et équilibré des centres urbains • Développement des AGR • Renforcer la résilience économique de la population notamment des femmes et des jeunes PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 declimato résilientes pour les femmes Axe 5 : Protection de la zone côtière Initier des AGR pour les communautés de maraîchers et de pêcheurs de la zone du littoral • Renforcement des capacités des acteurs des pêches maritimes • Initiation des AGR pour les communautés de maraîchers et de pêcheurs de la zone du littoral • Assurer la sécurité des populations de la zone côtière contre les inondations et l’érosion côtière • Améliorer les revenus des populations vulnérables dans la zone côtière • Réduire la pollution et les nuisances dans le littoral PND Effet attendu Cibles 1 de Renforcer le dispositif de protection du littoral contre l’érosion côtière (naturel comme artificiel) • Amélioration du cadre règlementaire et de la gestion des connaissances du phénomène d’érosion côtière • Réalisation des investissements structurants de protection de la côte • Réhabilitation des formations végétales du littoral telles que les mangroves •4.4. ETAT DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES MESURES D’ADAPTATION 4.4.1.', 'ETAT DE MISE EN ŒUVRE DES MESURES D’ADAPTATION 4.4.1. Progrès accomplis effort intégrant le genre et l’inclusion en matière d’adaptation au Togo Depuis les CDN initiales, le Togo a fait des efforts dans la mise en œuvre des actions d’adaptation à travers des projets et programmes de développement tenant compte du genre et l’inclusion. Dans les CDN initiales du Togo les questions liées aux cadres juridique et institutionnel ainsi qu’au genre n’étaient pas abordées explicitement. Cependant, les progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de l’adaptation ont pris en compte ces aspects.', 'Cependant, les progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de l’adaptation ont pris en compte ces aspects. Le tableau suivant présente une synthèse des principaux efforts en matière d’adaptation au Togo (Tableau 5).Tableau 5: Efforts d’adaptation du Togo Secteurs Mesures dans les CDN initiales Progrès accomplis Energies Développement des énergies renouvelables (pour atteindre 4% du mix énergétique) • Mise en place de quatre mini-centrales solaires photovoltaïques d’une puissance totale de 600 KW opérationnelles ; • Electrification solaire de 314 centres de santé et équipement de 122 centres de santé en chauffe-eaux solaires ; Gestion durable des énergies traditionnelles (bois de chauffe et charbon de bois) • Formation de 1 500 charbonniers sur la meule casamançaise et dotation des coopératives en matériels de la meule casamançaise • Mise en place de plus 200 ha de reboisement à vocation bois-énergies • 100 coopératives formées sur l’entrepreneuriat forestier bois-énergie et sur la gestion durable des ressources naturelles • Promotion et Diffusion d’environ 20 000 fours et foyers améliorés à bois au profit des ménages • 15 000 foyers améliorés et 25 000 kits de biogaz diffusés, • Promotion de l’utilisation du gaz via des sensibilisations avec pour objectif : atteindre Mise en place de stratégies d’économie d’énergie électrique Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale • Electrification de plus de 53 000 ménages par des kits solaires individuels ou par des nanoréseaux solaires photovoltaïques en décembre 2020 • Installation de 2 000 systèmes d’irrigation solaires ; 500 kits solaires dans les écoles ; 500 systèmes de pompage solaire pour l’Adduction en Eau Potable (AEP) et 12 000 lampadaires solaires.', 'Le tableau suivant présente une synthèse des principaux efforts en matière d’adaptation au Togo (Tableau 5).Tableau 5: Efforts d’adaptation du Togo Secteurs Mesures dans les CDN initiales Progrès accomplis Energies Développement des énergies renouvelables (pour atteindre 4% du mix énergétique) • Mise en place de quatre mini-centrales solaires photovoltaïques d’une puissance totale de 600 KW opérationnelles ; • Electrification solaire de 314 centres de santé et équipement de 122 centres de santé en chauffe-eaux solaires ; Gestion durable des énergies traditionnelles (bois de chauffe et charbon de bois) • Formation de 1 500 charbonniers sur la meule casamançaise et dotation des coopératives en matériels de la meule casamançaise • Mise en place de plus 200 ha de reboisement à vocation bois-énergies • 100 coopératives formées sur l’entrepreneuriat forestier bois-énergie et sur la gestion durable des ressources naturelles • Promotion et Diffusion d’environ 20 000 fours et foyers améliorés à bois au profit des ménages • 15 000 foyers améliorés et 25 000 kits de biogaz diffusés, • Promotion de l’utilisation du gaz via des sensibilisations avec pour objectif : atteindre Mise en place de stratégies d’économie d’énergie électrique Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale • Electrification de plus de 53 000 ménages par des kits solaires individuels ou par des nanoréseaux solaires photovoltaïques en décembre 2020 • Installation de 2 000 systèmes d’irrigation solaires ; 500 kits solaires dans les écoles ; 500 systèmes de pompage solaire pour l’Adduction en Eau Potable (AEP) et 12 000 lampadaires solaires. Promotion des modes de transport sobres en carbone et de nouvelles technologies propres dans le secteur de bâtiment • Allègement des taxes sur les véhicules neufs et hybrides Agriculture Promotion des variétés performantes résilientes aux Changements Climatiques • Vulgarisation des variétés à cycle courtRenforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) • Distribution de 300 Kits de micro-irrigation, mise en place de 50 ha de maraichage avec produits GIFERC • Installation des cordons pierreux pour la gestion intégrée de la fertilité • Appui à la restauration communautaire des terres dégradées du terroir de Nangbani pour l’amélioration de la résilience de l’agriculture locale face aux changements climatiques • Promotion des bonnes pratiques agricoles pour la résistance au changement climatique et la gestion durable des terres dans la préfecture de l’Avé Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance • Une carte de transhumance réalisée Construction et/ou la réhabilitation des retenues d’eau pour la micro-irrigation et l’abreuvement du bétail en milieu rural dans toutes les régions • Installation de 15 points d eau pastoraux • Aménagement de 10 petites retenues d eau Appui à l’élaboration de la cartographie des zones sensibles aux changements climatiques • Formation de 2 863 membres d OP en évaluation des impacts et vulnérabilité aux CC Appui à la diffusion des bonnes pratiques agro-écologiques • Organisation de 6 ateliers de sensibilisation des décideurs politiques organisés • Initiation des groupements / coopératives et jeunes entrepreneurs agricoles des préfectures d’Agou et de Kloto aux bonnes pratiques de gestion durable des terres Promotion du système de production rizicole très peu consommateur d’eau et induisant de faibles émissions de GES (SRI : Système de riziculture intensif) • Aménagement sommaire des bas-fonds, amendement des sols par fumure organique, • Appui à la gestion durable des terres rizicoles d’Asséré Foresterie et autres affectations des Cartographie et orientation des domaines d’activités humaines adaptés à chaque milieu et contexte naturel • Zonage et cartographie participatifs à l’échelle villageoise ou cantonale permettant de cibler les sites à restaurer/aménager • Restauration de plus 1000 ha de forêts étatiquesterres • Aménagement de plus de 6000 ha de forêts communautaires Renforcement de capacités (techniques et matérielles) des services de météorologie pour une bonne prévision et planification des activités • Equipement de 9 stations météo de matériel automatique Reboisement et protection des zones à écosystème fragile (flancs de montagne, berges des cours d’eau) pour lutter contre les inondations, les vents violents et l’érosion • Réhabilitation des brigades et pistes forestières des aires protégées.', 'Promotion des modes de transport sobres en carbone et de nouvelles technologies propres dans le secteur de bâtiment • Allègement des taxes sur les véhicules neufs et hybrides Agriculture Promotion des variétés performantes résilientes aux Changements Climatiques • Vulgarisation des variétés à cycle courtRenforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) • Distribution de 300 Kits de micro-irrigation, mise en place de 50 ha de maraichage avec produits GIFERC • Installation des cordons pierreux pour la gestion intégrée de la fertilité • Appui à la restauration communautaire des terres dégradées du terroir de Nangbani pour l’amélioration de la résilience de l’agriculture locale face aux changements climatiques • Promotion des bonnes pratiques agricoles pour la résistance au changement climatique et la gestion durable des terres dans la préfecture de l’Avé Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance • Une carte de transhumance réalisée Construction et/ou la réhabilitation des retenues d’eau pour la micro-irrigation et l’abreuvement du bétail en milieu rural dans toutes les régions • Installation de 15 points d eau pastoraux • Aménagement de 10 petites retenues d eau Appui à l’élaboration de la cartographie des zones sensibles aux changements climatiques • Formation de 2 863 membres d OP en évaluation des impacts et vulnérabilité aux CC Appui à la diffusion des bonnes pratiques agro-écologiques • Organisation de 6 ateliers de sensibilisation des décideurs politiques organisés • Initiation des groupements / coopératives et jeunes entrepreneurs agricoles des préfectures d’Agou et de Kloto aux bonnes pratiques de gestion durable des terres Promotion du système de production rizicole très peu consommateur d’eau et induisant de faibles émissions de GES (SRI : Système de riziculture intensif) • Aménagement sommaire des bas-fonds, amendement des sols par fumure organique, • Appui à la gestion durable des terres rizicoles d’Asséré Foresterie et autres affectations des Cartographie et orientation des domaines d’activités humaines adaptés à chaque milieu et contexte naturel • Zonage et cartographie participatifs à l’échelle villageoise ou cantonale permettant de cibler les sites à restaurer/aménager • Restauration de plus 1000 ha de forêts étatiquesterres • Aménagement de plus de 6000 ha de forêts communautaires Renforcement de capacités (techniques et matérielles) des services de météorologie pour une bonne prévision et planification des activités • Equipement de 9 stations météo de matériel automatique Reboisement et protection des zones à écosystème fragile (flancs de montagne, berges des cours d’eau) pour lutter contre les inondations, les vents violents et l’érosion • Réhabilitation des brigades et pistes forestières des aires protégées. • Mise en place de près de 1000 ha de reboisement par l’ODEF • Formation, équipements de 175 pépiniéristes et production de 145 000 plants • Acquisition et distribution de 88 223 plants pour le reboisement sur une superficie de • Restauration de 240 ha avec reboisement de 150 000 plants dans les zones dégradées des aires protégées Promotion du Programme Ecologie et Conscience dans les écoles du Togo • Construction et équipement de deux laboratoires de recherche sur les CC • Réalisation de 27 études en lien avec les CC • Mise en place de 13 champs écoles agro écologiques dans 13 préfectures Elaboration du schéma national d’aménagement du territoire et réalisation des actions pilotes • Réalisation du deuxième inventaire forestier national du Togo • Installation de près de 300 ha de vergers d’anacardiers • Accompagnement à la création et à la gestion de près de 50 forêts communautaires Etablissements humains Renforcement de l’assainissement et du drainage des eaux pluviales dans les principaux centres urbains • Appui aux collectivités locales dans le cadre de l’assainissement et de la gestion des déchets • Renforcement de capacités opérationnelles de l’ANASAP • Création et restauration des barrages et bassins de rétention d’eau (13 bassins restaurés et entretenus dans le grand Lomé et 1 barrage en construction à Binaparba dans la préfecture de Bassar) • Construction de 2300 latrines familiales de type ECOSANAménagement et réhabilitation de la voirie urbaine dans les principaux centres urbains • Aménagement des grands axes routiers et de près de 90 000 km de piste rurales Promotion de la foresterie urbaine • Création et entretien de 49 556 m2 espaces verts.', '• Mise en place de près de 1000 ha de reboisement par l’ODEF • Formation, équipements de 175 pépiniéristes et production de 145 000 plants • Acquisition et distribution de 88 223 plants pour le reboisement sur une superficie de • Restauration de 240 ha avec reboisement de 150 000 plants dans les zones dégradées des aires protégées Promotion du Programme Ecologie et Conscience dans les écoles du Togo • Construction et équipement de deux laboratoires de recherche sur les CC • Réalisation de 27 études en lien avec les CC • Mise en place de 13 champs écoles agro écologiques dans 13 préfectures Elaboration du schéma national d’aménagement du territoire et réalisation des actions pilotes • Réalisation du deuxième inventaire forestier national du Togo • Installation de près de 300 ha de vergers d’anacardiers • Accompagnement à la création et à la gestion de près de 50 forêts communautaires Etablissements humains Renforcement de l’assainissement et du drainage des eaux pluviales dans les principaux centres urbains • Appui aux collectivités locales dans le cadre de l’assainissement et de la gestion des déchets • Renforcement de capacités opérationnelles de l’ANASAP • Création et restauration des barrages et bassins de rétention d’eau (13 bassins restaurés et entretenus dans le grand Lomé et 1 barrage en construction à Binaparba dans la préfecture de Bassar) • Construction de 2300 latrines familiales de type ECOSANAménagement et réhabilitation de la voirie urbaine dans les principaux centres urbains • Aménagement des grands axes routiers et de près de 90 000 km de piste rurales Promotion de la foresterie urbaine • Création et entretien de 49 556 m2 espaces verts. • Reboisement urbain de la ville de Lomé avec 10 000 plants mis en terre Gestion rationnelle et durable des déchets en milieu urbain • Organisation des missions de contrôle en matière de gestion des déchets dans les hôpitaux, les industries, dans les ménages et des latrines publiques à travers la ville • Construction des incinérateurs de type Monfort des déchets biomédicaux dans les 5 régions.', '• Reboisement urbain de la ville de Lomé avec 10 000 plants mis en terre Gestion rationnelle et durable des déchets en milieu urbain • Organisation des missions de contrôle en matière de gestion des déchets dans les hôpitaux, les industries, dans les ménages et des latrines publiques à travers la ville • Construction des incinérateurs de type Monfort des déchets biomédicaux dans les 5 régions. • Élimination de 369 dépotoirs sauvages avec 39 160 m3 de déchets et évacuation des déchets urbains • Évacuation des déchets urbains issus des poubelles installées aux abords des voies à travers la ville (28 400 m3 de déchets urbains et périurbains évacués) Développement spatial harmonieux et équilibré des centres urbains • Élaboration, révision et implémentation des schémas directeurs d’aménagement et d’urbanisme (SDAU) • Régularisation des lotissements de fait Renforcement du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire concernant la santé et l’environnement • Elaboration d’une stratégie climatique pour le sous-secteur de la santé • Renforcement de la résilience de toute la population togolaise face au paludisme et autres maladies ; • Augmentation d’offre de services intégrés PF VIH /Sida avec un pourcentage des FS offrant ces services qui atteint 91 % ; • Appui à l’amélioration de la santé et la situation nutritionnelle dans 1000 localités • Renforcement des activités de santé communautaire dans la région Maritime Protection contre les risques de catastrophes • Projet d’urgence de réhabilitation des infrastructures et services électriques (PURISE) • Recensement des points géodésiques • Identification des points nouveaux à construire• Base de données cartographique des zones inondables du grand Lomé, des régions Maritime et des Savanes • Établissement des cartes de gestion des catastrophes • Réhabilitation intégrée des populations victimes des inondations de 60 localités Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau dans le secteur agricole • Création de barrages à l’intérieur • Installation de 15 points d eau pastoraux Conservation des eaux de pluies et réutilisation des eaux usées • Aménagement de 10 petites retenues d eau Amélioration de la gestion des eaux souterraines • Réhabilitation de 60 forages et construction de 30 nouveaux forages ; • Extension du réseau d’adduction d’eau dans les grandes villes ; • Installation du système de pompage solaire sur 400 points d’eau à motricité humaine Zone côtière Etude du potentiel en eau du bassin sédimentaire côtier et résilience au CC • Réalisation d’une étude sur l’évaluation des pertes après capture dans les pêcheries maritimes artisanales du Togo Amélioration du cadre règlementaire et de la gestion des connaissances du phénomène d’érosion côtière • Production et/ou l’adaptation des outils de planification à long terme des territoires marins et côtiers • Etablissement des cadres politique, juridique et institutionnel intersectoriel adaptés pour mettre en œuvre des orientations et assurer un développement durable des espaces littoraux marins et côtiers • Création d’un ministère en charge de l’économie bleue Réalisation des investissements structurants de protection de la côte • Mise en œuvre de onze (11) sous projets communautaires pour un coût total de 1 730 825 544 FCFA dans les préfectures du littoral.', '• Élimination de 369 dépotoirs sauvages avec 39 160 m3 de déchets et évacuation des déchets urbains • Évacuation des déchets urbains issus des poubelles installées aux abords des voies à travers la ville (28 400 m3 de déchets urbains et périurbains évacués) Développement spatial harmonieux et équilibré des centres urbains • Élaboration, révision et implémentation des schémas directeurs d’aménagement et d’urbanisme (SDAU) • Régularisation des lotissements de fait Renforcement du cadre institutionnel et réglementaire concernant la santé et l’environnement • Elaboration d’une stratégie climatique pour le sous-secteur de la santé • Renforcement de la résilience de toute la population togolaise face au paludisme et autres maladies ; • Augmentation d’offre de services intégrés PF VIH /Sida avec un pourcentage des FS offrant ces services qui atteint 91 % ; • Appui à l’amélioration de la santé et la situation nutritionnelle dans 1000 localités • Renforcement des activités de santé communautaire dans la région Maritime Protection contre les risques de catastrophes • Projet d’urgence de réhabilitation des infrastructures et services électriques (PURISE) • Recensement des points géodésiques • Identification des points nouveaux à construire• Base de données cartographique des zones inondables du grand Lomé, des régions Maritime et des Savanes • Établissement des cartes de gestion des catastrophes • Réhabilitation intégrée des populations victimes des inondations de 60 localités Amélioration de la gestion de l’eau dans le secteur agricole • Création de barrages à l’intérieur • Installation de 15 points d eau pastoraux Conservation des eaux de pluies et réutilisation des eaux usées • Aménagement de 10 petites retenues d eau Amélioration de la gestion des eaux souterraines • Réhabilitation de 60 forages et construction de 30 nouveaux forages ; • Extension du réseau d’adduction d’eau dans les grandes villes ; • Installation du système de pompage solaire sur 400 points d’eau à motricité humaine Zone côtière Etude du potentiel en eau du bassin sédimentaire côtier et résilience au CC • Réalisation d’une étude sur l’évaluation des pertes après capture dans les pêcheries maritimes artisanales du Togo Amélioration du cadre règlementaire et de la gestion des connaissances du phénomène d’érosion côtière • Production et/ou l’adaptation des outils de planification à long terme des territoires marins et côtiers • Etablissement des cadres politique, juridique et institutionnel intersectoriel adaptés pour mettre en œuvre des orientations et assurer un développement durable des espaces littoraux marins et côtiers • Création d’un ministère en charge de l’économie bleue Réalisation des investissements structurants de protection de la côte • Mise en œuvre de onze (11) sous projets communautaires pour un coût total de 1 730 825 544 FCFA dans les préfectures du littoral. Tous ces projets visent à réduire la vulnérabilité et au renforcement de la résilience socioéconomique face aux effets des changements climatiques • Appui de près de 270 000 euros pour le développement d’activités alternatives génératrices de revenus au profit des acteurs de prélèvements de sable côtier.', 'Tous ces projets visent à réduire la vulnérabilité et au renforcement de la résilience socioéconomique face aux effets des changements climatiques • Appui de près de 270 000 euros pour le développement d’activités alternatives génératrices de revenus au profit des acteurs de prélèvements de sable côtier. • Renforcement des capacités de 250 femmes maraîchères• Aménagement et exploitation de Vingt (20) hectares pour le maraîchage sur le littoral • Appui à la restauration des écosystèmes de mangroves4.5. SAVOIR TRADITIONNEL ET MESURES TENANT COMPTE DU GENRE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION D’après les études récentes et des investigations de terrains, diverses mesures adaptatives ont été mise en œuvre par les populations locales pour faire face aux effets des changements climatiques surtout dans le bassin de l’Oti.', 'SAVOIR TRADITIONNEL ET MESURES TENANT COMPTE DU GENRE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION D’après les études récentes et des investigations de terrains, diverses mesures adaptatives ont été mise en œuvre par les populations locales pour faire face aux effets des changements climatiques surtout dans le bassin de l’Oti. Dans le secteur domaine de l’agriculture les populations font recour à l augmentation des superficies emblavées (96,6%), à l’agroforesterie (75,9%), au traitement du cheptel par les services vétérinaires à la place des méthodes traditionnelles (62,1%), aux cultures de contre saison et à la diversification des cultures (50,6%), à l’adoption des variétés précoces et la conservation du fourrage pour les périodes de sécheresses (35%).', 'Dans le secteur domaine de l’agriculture les populations font recour à l augmentation des superficies emblavées (96,6%), à l’agroforesterie (75,9%), au traitement du cheptel par les services vétérinaires à la place des méthodes traditionnelles (62,1%), aux cultures de contre saison et à la diversification des cultures (50,6%), à l’adoption des variétés précoces et la conservation du fourrage pour les périodes de sécheresses (35%). Dans le secteur des établissements humains, les populations de la plaine de l’Oti réalisent des constructions annuelles de maison en paille suivant les périodes d’inondations (25%) et la construction des appâtâmes avec un plafond qui sert de support pour les produits de récolte sur la base des estimations de la hauteur des eaux d’inondations (6,5%).', 'Dans le secteur des établissements humains, les populations de la plaine de l’Oti réalisent des constructions annuelles de maison en paille suivant les périodes d’inondations (25%) et la construction des appâtâmes avec un plafond qui sert de support pour les produits de récolte sur la base des estimations de la hauteur des eaux d’inondations (6,5%). Dans le secteur forestier, du fait de la dégradation continuelle de leur terre et de la disparition de certaines espèces forestières, certaines communautés comme celles de Tchavadè (région centrale) ont entrepris l’extension de leur forêt sacrée en mettant en défens 100 ha tout autour et en l’enrichissant de plantes à usage multiple qui sont utilisées dans la tradi-thérapie ou l’alimentation.', 'Dans le secteur forestier, du fait de la dégradation continuelle de leur terre et de la disparition de certaines espèces forestières, certaines communautés comme celles de Tchavadè (région centrale) ont entrepris l’extension de leur forêt sacrée en mettant en défens 100 ha tout autour et en l’enrichissant de plantes à usage multiple qui sont utilisées dans la tradi-thérapie ou l’alimentation. Ces forêts constituent des lieux historique et culturel pour la population tout en apportant un microclimat particulier. Dans le secteur de l‘eau, les populations rurales réduisent les quantités d’eau affectées pour l’hygiène corporelle (57%) et réalisent de petits trous dans les lits des rivières pour piéger quelques litres d’eau (10,5%).', 'Dans le secteur de l‘eau, les populations rurales réduisent les quantités d’eau affectées pour l’hygiène corporelle (57%) et réalisent de petits trous dans les lits des rivières pour piéger quelques litres d’eau (10,5%). Ce sont surtout les femmes qui sont responsables des corvées d’eau sont celles qui sont plus impliquées dans l’application de ces stratégies endogènes. Dans le domaine d’énergie, toutes les populations des zones rurales font recours à l’utilisation des tourteaux, des sciures, des coques de noix de palme et à la paille de maïs, sorgho pour cuire les aliments. Aussi, la population privilégie-telle la torche électrique au détriment des lampes à pétrole qui jadis étaient la principale source d’éclairage en milieu rurale (98%).', 'Aussi, la population privilégie-telle la torche électrique au détriment des lampes à pétrole qui jadis étaient la principale source d’éclairage en milieu rurale (98%). Les mesures identifiées dans les CDN révisées du Togo intègrent les besoins et intérêts des femmes et des hommes dans tous les plans et secteurs. En effet, les différentes mesures reconnaissent les différences entre les hommes et les femmes et ciblent les besoins propres aux hommes et aux femmes.4.6. INFORMATIONS UTILES : SITUATION DE L’ADAPTATION EN LIEN AVEC LE COVID 19 Au Togo, la pandémie au COVID-19 engendre non seulement des effets sur le système de santé mais fragilise aussi les systèmes de productions et de commercialisation à tous les niveaux.', 'INFORMATIONS UTILES : SITUATION DE L’ADAPTATION EN LIEN AVEC LE COVID 19 Au Togo, la pandémie au COVID-19 engendre non seulement des effets sur le système de santé mais fragilise aussi les systèmes de productions et de commercialisation à tous les niveaux. En matière d’adaptation face à la pandémie, plus de 52,7% des ménages ont fait recours à la stratégie de stress (vente des actifs non productifs et dettes). Aussi les stratégies de crise (vente des biens productifs) et d’urgence (vente des parcelles et maison) ont-elles-été adoptées par la population. Avec les mesures prises dans le cadre de l’état d’urgence sanitaire, les seules alternatives socioéconomiques pour la population en milieu rural, ont été l’exploitation abusive des ressources halieutiques et forestières.', 'Avec les mesures prises dans le cadre de l’état d’urgence sanitaire, les seules alternatives socioéconomiques pour la population en milieu rural, ont été l’exploitation abusive des ressources halieutiques et forestières. La crise de la COVID–19 a perturbé la mise en œuvre du plan national de développement 2018- 2022 qui prévoyait plusieurs actions en faveur de l’adaptation. Globalement, au Togo, la COVID n a fait qu’aggraver les impacts liés aux conditions climatiques entrainant certaines réponses d’urgence pour renforcer la résilience des populations (Tableau 6).', 'Globalement, au Togo, la COVID n a fait qu’aggraver les impacts liés aux conditions climatiques entrainant certaines réponses d’urgence pour renforcer la résilience des populations (Tableau 6). Tableau 6: Impacts du Covid 19 et réponses prioritaires en matière d’adaptation au Togo Impacts du Covid 19 aggravant les CC ➢ Accroissement de l’exploitation de certaines espèces ➢ Recours à l’exploitation abusive des ressources ligneuses pour la subsistance ➢ Réaffectation des budgets destinés à lutte contre les changements climatiques ➢ Accentuation de la pression sur les plantes médicinales ➢ Retard dans la mise en œuvre des projets d’adaptation ➢ Perturbation de la mise en œuvre des outils de planification intégrant les aspects d’adaptation ➢ Aggravation de l’insécurité alimentaire ➢ Annulation des évènements nationaux et internationaux en faveur du climat ➢ Augmentation du risque sanitaire ➢ Augmentation des dépenses liées à la santéRéponses ou mesures prioritaire ➢ 3 milliards de Fcfa de transferts monétaires aux personnes les plus vulnérables à travers le programme de solidarité (Novissi) ➢ Programme d’aides alimentaires aux populations vulnérable à travers les restaurants communautaires ➢ Distribution des kits alimentaires aux ménages vulnérables pour la gratuité de la tranche sociale en ce qui concerne l’électricité et l’eau ➢ Exonération de la taxe fiscale dans le secteur de transport, foncier, agricole, industriels et énergie etc.', 'Tableau 6: Impacts du Covid 19 et réponses prioritaires en matière d’adaptation au Togo Impacts du Covid 19 aggravant les CC ➢ Accroissement de l’exploitation de certaines espèces ➢ Recours à l’exploitation abusive des ressources ligneuses pour la subsistance ➢ Réaffectation des budgets destinés à lutte contre les changements climatiques ➢ Accentuation de la pression sur les plantes médicinales ➢ Retard dans la mise en œuvre des projets d’adaptation ➢ Perturbation de la mise en œuvre des outils de planification intégrant les aspects d’adaptation ➢ Aggravation de l’insécurité alimentaire ➢ Annulation des évènements nationaux et internationaux en faveur du climat ➢ Augmentation du risque sanitaire ➢ Augmentation des dépenses liées à la santéRéponses ou mesures prioritaire ➢ 3 milliards de Fcfa de transferts monétaires aux personnes les plus vulnérables à travers le programme de solidarité (Novissi) ➢ Programme d’aides alimentaires aux populations vulnérable à travers les restaurants communautaires ➢ Distribution des kits alimentaires aux ménages vulnérables pour la gratuité de la tranche sociale en ce qui concerne l’électricité et l’eau ➢ Exonération de la taxe fiscale dans le secteur de transport, foncier, agricole, industriels et énergie etc. ➢ Partenariat avec les praticiens de la médecine traditionnelle ➢ Augmentation des dépenses liées à la santé publique (20 milliards de Fcfa de dépenses publiques)Chapitre 5 : Financement Le financement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN devra provenir avant tout des fonds publics du Togo et des investissements des acteurs privés togolais et étrangers (ménages, PME et grandes entreprises, diaspora).', '➢ Partenariat avec les praticiens de la médecine traditionnelle ➢ Augmentation des dépenses liées à la santé publique (20 milliards de Fcfa de dépenses publiques)Chapitre 5 : Financement Le financement de la mise en œuvre de la CDN devra provenir avant tout des fonds publics du Togo et des investissements des acteurs privés togolais et étrangers (ménages, PME et grandes entreprises, diaspora). Un engagement conséquent et sans précédent des acteurs de la société togolaise s’impose, notamment ceux du secteur financier ayant les moyens d’influencer les flux d’investissement et des partenaires financiers internationaux. L’atteinte de l’objectif global de 50, 57 % nécessite un investissement estimé à environ 5,4 milliards de dollars US entre 2020 et 2030.', 'L’atteinte de l’objectif global de 50, 57 % nécessite un investissement estimé à environ 5,4 milliards de dollars US entre 2020 et 2030. L’atteinte de la portion conditionnelle de cet objectif, soit 74 %, dont l’investissement est estimé à 3,97 milliards de USD est conditionnée par l’accès à de nouvelles sources de financement et un appui additionnel, par rapport à celui reçu au cours des dernières années. L’appui extérieur (bilatéral ou multilatéral) dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN est crucial, tant en matière de renforcement des capacités, de transfert de technologies que de financement de projets d’infrastructures climatiques. Cet appui peut impulser l’ensemble des actions de la CDN revisée tant en matière d’atténuation que d’adaptation.', 'Cet appui peut impulser l’ensemble des actions de la CDN revisée tant en matière d’atténuation que d’adaptation. Les parts qui reviennent aux mesures d’atténuation et d’adaptation sont respectivement 2,7 milliards USD et 2,6 milliards de USD. 5.1. BESOINS D’INVESTISSEMENT POUR L’ATTENUATION La planification porte sur les secteurs à fort potentiel de réduction comme l’Energie, AFAT, PIUP et déchets retenus dans la CDN révisée. Toutefois les secteurs relevant de l’adaptation comme les ressources en eau, les établissements humains et santé et la zone côtière ont été abordés dans la CDN et feront l’objet ici aussi de planification. 5.1.1. Besoin d’investissement du secteur de l’énergie 5.1.1.1.', 'Besoin d’investissement du secteur de l’énergie 5.1.1.1. Sous-secteur de production d’électricité Un cadre institutionnel a été mis en place pour le développement des énergies renouvelables et l’encadrement des projets, notamment l’institutionnalisation de la gestion des énergies renouvelables et de l’efficacité énergétique au niveau national par la création del’AT2R.Créée par décret présidentiel N°2016 – 064/PR du 11 Mai 2016, l’Agence Togolaise d’Electrification Rurale et des Energies Renouvelables (AT2ER) est un établissement public, doté d’une autonomie financière. L’agence est chargée de la mise en œuvre de la politique d’électrification rurale du pays, de la promotion et de la valorisation des énergies renouvelables. Acteur central dédié à la valorisation des ressources renouvelables, l’AT2ER a l’ambition de transformer le potentiel énergétique naturel du pays en énergie électrique pour le développement des localités rurales.', 'Acteur central dédié à la valorisation des ressources renouvelables, l’AT2ER a l’ambition de transformer le potentiel énergétique naturel du pays en énergie électrique pour le développement des localités rurales. Ainsi, l’AT2ER a la double responsabilité d’accélérer l’électrification rurale et d’augmenter la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique du Togo. Désormais, toute intervention dans le but de garantir l’approvisionnement en électricité des populations rurales est assurée par l’agence1.', 'Désormais, toute intervention dans le but de garantir l’approvisionnement en électricité des populations rurales est assurée par l’agence1. Tableau 7: Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisée du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité Actions CDN révisées Coûts d’investissements Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Amélioration du réseau de distribution d’énergie électrique et promotion d’ampoules économique Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique dans les ménages Promotion de la production d’électricité à base de sources renouvelables d’énergie hydroélectrique Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables auTogo (kits solaires individuels, mini- réseaux solaire, centrale solaire) Total Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisé du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité est évalué à 957 599 146 de USD dont 815 115 343 de USD pour le financement conditionnel soit 85% du coût total.', 'Tableau 7: Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisée du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité Actions CDN révisées Coûts d’investissements Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Amélioration du réseau de distribution d’énergie électrique et promotion d’ampoules économique Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique dans les ménages Promotion de la production d’électricité à base de sources renouvelables d’énergie hydroélectrique Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables auTogo (kits solaires individuels, mini- réseaux solaire, centrale solaire) Total Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le Coûts d’investissements des actions CDN révisé du sous - secteur de la production d’électricité est évalué à 957 599 146 de USD dont 815 115 343 de USD pour le financement conditionnel soit 85% du coût total. Cela se traduit par la mise en œuvre de plusieurs plans d’actions à court, moyen et long terme afin de développer les domaines de la production d’électricité solaire et de centrales hydroélectrique favorisant ainsi l’atteinte en 2030 de la cible estimée de 41,1% en termes d’effort d’atténuation de 455,66 Gg CO2-eq de ce sous ce secteur.', 'Cela se traduit par la mise en œuvre de plusieurs plans d’actions à court, moyen et long terme afin de développer les domaines de la production d’électricité solaire et de centrales hydroélectrique favorisant ainsi l’atteinte en 2030 de la cible estimée de 41,1% en termes d’effort d’atténuation de 455,66 Gg CO2-eq de ce sous ce secteur. 5.1.1.2. Sous-secteur des transports Le secteur des transports, élément moteur dans la croissance et le développement du pays, demeure néanmoins un sujet de préoccupation majeur en raison notamment de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et des gaz polluants et par ricochet son impact direct sur les changements climatiques.', 'Sous-secteur des transports Le secteur des transports, élément moteur dans la croissance et le développement du pays, demeure néanmoins un sujet de préoccupation majeur en raison notamment de ses émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) et des gaz polluants et par ricochet son impact direct sur les changements climatiques. Au Togo, ce secteur contribue pour 7% à la formation du PIB dont 70% du transport routier, soit un apport de 5% ; les 30% restants, soit 2% du PIB, constituent la part des autres modes de transport dont essentiellement les transports maritimes concentrés aux activités du Port Autonome de Lomé2. Le transport représente 81,11 % de la consommation finale de produits pétroliers (dont une part importante pour le transport routier, notamment pour les engins à deux roues)3.', 'Le transport représente 81,11 % de la consommation finale de produits pétroliers (dont une part importante pour le transport routier, notamment pour les engins à deux roues)3. Toutefois, la loi des finances 2021 tout comme celle de 2020 prévoit des exonérations ou l’allègement de la charge fiscale (droits de douane et TVA) sur l’importation des véhicules électriques, hybrides et neufs et d’une durée de vie de 5 ans. Cela vise à extirper du parc automobile appelé à se renouveler, les voitures trop polluantes. Dans la même veine, le PND entend développer tous les modes de transport et positionner le Togo comme une plateforme de référence dans la sous-région et sur le plan continental.', 'Dans la même veine, le PND entend développer tous les modes de transport et positionner le Togo comme une plateforme de référence dans la sous-région et sur le plan continental. La feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025 issue du PND fixe les objectifs suivants : o porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 ; 2 Bref aperçu du secteur des transports au Togo 2016 3 énergie durable pour tous (se4all) énergie durable pour tous d ici 2030 (SE4ALL-20programme d’action national, octobreo étendre le réseau routier rural par la construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché, o construire l’autoroute de l’Unité par l’accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port autonome.', 'La feuille de route gouvernementale Togo 2025 issue du PND fixe les objectifs suivants : o porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 ; 2 Bref aperçu du secteur des transports au Togo 2016 3 énergie durable pour tous (se4all) énergie durable pour tous d ici 2030 (SE4ALL-20programme d’action national, octobreo étendre le réseau routier rural par la construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché, o construire l’autoroute de l’Unité par l’accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port autonome. La mise en œuvre programme national d’efficacité énergétique dans le transport, le contrôle technique obligatoire et les formations en éco-conduite sont des mesures qui participent à atteindre des objectifs de la CDN.', 'La mise en œuvre programme national d’efficacité énergétique dans le transport, le contrôle technique obligatoire et les formations en éco-conduite sont des mesures qui participent à atteindre des objectifs de la CDN. Tableau 8: Coûts d’investissements total du sous-secteur transport Actions CDN révisées Coûts d’investis sements Inconditionne l Conditionnel Coût d’investissem ent Total % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Programme de mobilité verte Amélioration des infrastructures routières décongestionnant les centres urbains Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le montant total des besoins financiers dans le sous-secteur de transport est évalué engendrer une réduction d’émissions cumulées de 9 960,04 Gg CO2-eq sur la période 2020-2030 par rapport à un scénario « business as usual » à travers les projets déclinés en annexe. 5.1.1.3. Sous-secteur résidentiel Les lieux de résidence et de commerce contribuent aux émissions des GES à cause du niveau de consommation d’énergie.', 'Sous-secteur résidentiel Les lieux de résidence et de commerce contribuent aux émissions des GES à cause du niveau de consommation d’énergie. Généralement ce niveau de consommation dépend du type d’énergie utilisé pour la cuisson des repas, pour la ventilation, le chauffage, l’éclairage, l’électroménager, etc. Sur le territoire national, ce niveau est en hausse avec une urbanisation rapide surtout dans la ville de Lomé dont les tendances vers le mode de vie occidental s’observent, avec des besoins énergétiques de plus en plus importants.', 'Sur le territoire national, ce niveau est en hausse avec une urbanisation rapide surtout dans la ville de Lomé dont les tendances vers le mode de vie occidental s’observent, avec des besoins énergétiques de plus en plus importants. Les politiques de développement de l’habitat ne feront qu’accentuer le problème si elles négligent le côté environnemental.Pour ce sous-secteur, le scénario fait l’hypothèse de porter (i) la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à 4% en 2025 et à 12% en 2030 en milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural, (ii) la part de la population utilisation les briquette à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 et (iii) et la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici à 2030.', 'Les politiques de développement de l’habitat ne feront qu’accentuer le problème si elles négligent le côté environnemental.Pour ce sous-secteur, le scénario fait l’hypothèse de porter (i) la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à 4% en 2025 et à 12% en 2030 en milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural, (ii) la part de la population utilisation les briquette à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 et (iii) et la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici à 2030. Cela se traduit par la mise en œuvre de deux plans d’actions à court, moyen et long terme dont les besoins et les retombées sont estimés comme suit dans la CDN.', 'Cela se traduit par la mise en œuvre de deux plans d’actions à court, moyen et long terme dont les besoins et les retombées sont estimés comme suit dans la CDN. Tableau 9: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur résidentiel Actions CDN revisées Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coûts Total d’investissemen t % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Promotion de la bioénergie moderne pour la cuisson Promotion du GPL dans les ménages Total Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le besoin en investissement du sous-secteur résidentiel s’élevé à 73 609 600 USD dont 10 976 000 USD pour l’inconditionnel et 62 633 600 USD pour le conditionnel. 5.1.2. Besoin d’investissement du Secteur Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres 5.1.2.1.', 'Besoin d’investissement du Secteur Agriculture, foresterie et autres affectations des terres 5.1.2.1. Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur agriculture Le secteur agricole joue un rôle économique et social de premier plan au Togo. En effet, au cours de ces dernières années, il a occupé 65% de la population active, représenté 15% des exportations et a contribué pour environ 38% à la formation du PIB réel.', 'En effet, au cours de ces dernières années, il a occupé 65% de la population active, représenté 15% des exportations et a contribué pour environ 38% à la formation du PIB réel. Il se veut le moteur du développement du Togo à travers le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole et de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (PNIASAN 2017-2026) qui ambitionne de hisser le Togo en 2026 à un taux de croissance du produit intérieur brut agricole (PIBA) d’au moins 10%, d’améliorer la balance commerciale agricole de 15%, doubler le revenu moyen des ménages agricoles, de contribuer à la réduction de la malnutrition à travers la lutte contrel’insécurité alimentaire et de réduire de moitié le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural en le ramenant à 27%.', 'Il se veut le moteur du développement du Togo à travers le Programme National d’Investissement Agricole et de Sécurité Alimentaire et Nutritionnelle (PNIASAN 2017-2026) qui ambitionne de hisser le Togo en 2026 à un taux de croissance du produit intérieur brut agricole (PIBA) d’au moins 10%, d’améliorer la balance commerciale agricole de 15%, doubler le revenu moyen des ménages agricoles, de contribuer à la réduction de la malnutrition à travers la lutte contrel’insécurité alimentaire et de réduire de moitié le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural en le ramenant à 27%. Ce secteur est très sensible aux changements climatiques. Ce dernier exacerbe des tendances actuelles non durables, comme la dégradation des ressources en eau, l’érosion des sols, la désertification ou encore les pertes d’agro biodiversité.', 'Ce dernier exacerbe des tendances actuelles non durables, comme la dégradation des ressources en eau, l’érosion des sols, la désertification ou encore les pertes d’agro biodiversité. Ces ressources sont pourtant vitales pour l’agriculture. Le secteur agricole jouit de nombreux privilèges dus à la nouvelle position du Togo sur l’échiquier international. Cette position vient de la reprise de la coopération avec les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers, de l’éligibilité du Togo à l’initiative PPTE et du démarrage effectif de la mise en œuvre de certains projets inscrits dans le PNIASA I et II et du PNIASAN 2017-2026, principal outil de mise en œuvre du politique axé essentiellement sur le développement des Agropoles (pôle de développement agricole).', 'Cette position vient de la reprise de la coopération avec les principaux partenaires techniques et financiers, de l’éligibilité du Togo à l’initiative PPTE et du démarrage effectif de la mise en œuvre de certains projets inscrits dans le PNIASA I et II et du PNIASAN 2017-2026, principal outil de mise en œuvre du politique axé essentiellement sur le développement des Agropoles (pôle de développement agricole). Tableau 10: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur agriculture Actions CDN Agriculture atténuation Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Développement intégré du secteur agricole à travers la mise en place d’une stratégie efficace de gestion durable des terres cultivées Promotion et gestion durable des ouvrages d’aménagement hydro- agricole, hydro- pastorale et agricole et d’approvisionnement en eau ; Organisation des chaînes de valeurs : Organiser les filières pour toutes les cultures principales jusqu’à la chaine de transformation et de commercialisation des produits et sous- produits agricolesLa modernisation du sous-secteur de l’élevage à travers l’augmentation de la productivité des élevages au-delà de la croissance et du développement naturel des troupeaux, la mise en place des unités de transformation des produits d’élevage, l’amélioration génétique pour les performances de l’élevage des bovins, l’introduction des géniteurs améliorateurs dans le système traditionnel, l’intensification de l’embouche et le renforcement de l’accès au marché pour la commercialisation des produits d’élevage, etc ; Appui au reboisement à vocation de fourrage avec l’introduction d’arbres fourragers dans les exploitations agricoles dans une optique de production soutenue de fourrages de qualité ; Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les besoins en financement pour le sous-secteur agriculture sont évalués à 239 927 250 de USD dont 60 645 000 USD pour les actions inconditionnelles.', 'Tableau 10: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN sous-secteur agriculture Actions CDN Agriculture atténuation Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Développement intégré du secteur agricole à travers la mise en place d’une stratégie efficace de gestion durable des terres cultivées Promotion et gestion durable des ouvrages d’aménagement hydro- agricole, hydro- pastorale et agricole et d’approvisionnement en eau ; Organisation des chaînes de valeurs : Organiser les filières pour toutes les cultures principales jusqu’à la chaine de transformation et de commercialisation des produits et sous- produits agricolesLa modernisation du sous-secteur de l’élevage à travers l’augmentation de la productivité des élevages au-delà de la croissance et du développement naturel des troupeaux, la mise en place des unités de transformation des produits d’élevage, l’amélioration génétique pour les performances de l’élevage des bovins, l’introduction des géniteurs améliorateurs dans le système traditionnel, l’intensification de l’embouche et le renforcement de l’accès au marché pour la commercialisation des produits d’élevage, etc ; Appui au reboisement à vocation de fourrage avec l’introduction d’arbres fourragers dans les exploitations agricoles dans une optique de production soutenue de fourrages de qualité ; Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les besoins en financement pour le sous-secteur agriculture sont évalués à 239 927 250 de USD dont 60 645 000 USD pour les actions inconditionnelles. Le pays se doit de mobiliser 77% de ce montant au titre du scenario conditionnel pour atteindre la cible de réduction d’émissions cumulées de 3799,23 Gg CO2-eq sur la période 2020- 2030.', 'Le pays se doit de mobiliser 77% de ce montant au titre du scenario conditionnel pour atteindre la cible de réduction d’émissions cumulées de 3799,23 Gg CO2-eq sur la période 2020- 2030. 5.1.2.2. Sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres Les écosystèmes forestiers du Togo se regroupent en trois grandes catégories à savoir les formations forestières naturelles, les plantations forestières et agro-forestières et les écosystèmes particuliers (les aires protégées et les forêts communautaires). On rencontre aussi des écosystèmes des eaux continentales ou zones humides (lacs, cours d’eau et lagunes). Le taux de couverture forestière est évalué à 24,24% (IFN, 2015), avec un taux de perte annuelle de surface forestière estimé actuellement à 1,7% (MERF, 2017).', 'Le taux de couverture forestière est évalué à 24,24% (IFN, 2015), avec un taux de perte annuelle de surface forestière estimé actuellement à 1,7% (MERF, 2017). La perte des superficies des forêts est la résultante des effets du déboisement et de la déforestation dus à une forte expansion agricole avec des pratiques peu conservatrices, l’exploitation incontrôlée des ressources forestières, la non-maîtrise des calendriers des feux de végétation souvent sauvages et l’approvisionnement abusif en bois-énergie. Bien que mal apprécié, on estime que le secteur forestier du Togo contribue à l’économie nationale pour près de 1,7% au PIB national4. Il permet l’approvisionnement en bois à hauteur de 90% des besoins de biomasse énergie et contribue de manière significative au besoin du bois d’œuvre.', 'Il permet l’approvisionnement en bois à hauteur de 90% des besoins de biomasse énergie et contribue de manière significative au besoin du bois d’œuvre. La valeur ajoutée (VA), en 2015, du bois de chauffe dans le PIB atteignait 17,80 milliards FCFA, de 71,19 milliards FCFA pour le charbon de bois, soit de 88,99 milliards FCFA pour le bois- énergie. Les organes de plusieurs plantes (écorces, feuilles, racines etc.) sont utilisés en pharmacopée traditionnelle, en cosmétique, comme fourrage, comme aliments et autres. En plus des projets de reboisement, et de gestion des risques climatiques forestiers, la CDN révisée inclut les projets d’efficacité énergétique dans l’utilisation du bois ainsi que des projets d’adaptation avec des Co bénéfices en atténuation.', 'En plus des projets de reboisement, et de gestion des risques climatiques forestiers, la CDN révisée inclut les projets d’efficacité énergétique dans l’utilisation du bois ainsi que des projets d’adaptation avec des Co bénéfices en atténuation. Tableau 11: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres Action CDN Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Restauration des paysages forestiers existants à travers la promotion de la restauration des forêts naturelles, des écosystèmes fragiles et la conservation de la biodiversité, en privilégiant l’appui aux projets en lien avec des territoires déjà organisés (Aires protégées, forêts communautaires ou villageoises, sites sacrés), en limitant la fragmentation des massifs forestiers et en 4 Comptes nationaux (2014) et les estimations MERF, 2017 pour l’année 2014maintenant la connexion des habitats naturels Amélioration de la gestion durable des terres pour le renforcement des puits de carbone et le piégeage du carbone au travers des «plans de développement de massif» promus par la forêt privée ou forêts communautaires ou des «chartes forestières de territoire» ou des pôles d’excellence rurale ; Développement de la foresterie urbaine à travers la mise en place des plantations urbaines, la promotion et la création des espaces verts ; Promotion de la transformation des produits forestiers et des sous-produits non-ligneux et promotion de chaines de valeur et l’accès au marché pour les produits forestiers transformés ; Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le besoin en financement du sous-secteur est évalué à 1 281 386 120 USD.', 'Tableau 11: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres Action CDN Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Restauration des paysages forestiers existants à travers la promotion de la restauration des forêts naturelles, des écosystèmes fragiles et la conservation de la biodiversité, en privilégiant l’appui aux projets en lien avec des territoires déjà organisés (Aires protégées, forêts communautaires ou villageoises, sites sacrés), en limitant la fragmentation des massifs forestiers et en 4 Comptes nationaux (2014) et les estimations MERF, 2017 pour l’année 2014maintenant la connexion des habitats naturels Amélioration de la gestion durable des terres pour le renforcement des puits de carbone et le piégeage du carbone au travers des «plans de développement de massif» promus par la forêt privée ou forêts communautaires ou des «chartes forestières de territoire» ou des pôles d’excellence rurale ; Développement de la foresterie urbaine à travers la mise en place des plantations urbaines, la promotion et la création des espaces verts ; Promotion de la transformation des produits forestiers et des sous-produits non-ligneux et promotion de chaines de valeur et l’accès au marché pour les produits forestiers transformés ; Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le besoin en financement du sous-secteur est évalué à 1 281 386 120 USD. Les mesures dans le domaine de l’atténuation comportent tous une composante conditionnelle évalué à 792 304 920 USD entre 2020-2030 et qui vise à accentuer l’effort national déjà entrepris dans le domaine.', 'Les mesures dans le domaine de l’atténuation comportent tous une composante conditionnelle évalué à 792 304 920 USD entre 2020-2030 et qui vise à accentuer l’effort national déjà entrepris dans le domaine. 5.1.3. Besoin d’investissement du Secteur PIUP Au Togo, le tissu industriel varie très peu et reste concentré sur les industries extractives (production de phosphate et cimenteries) et les industries manufacturières (alimentation, boissons et tabacs ; textile, habillement ; bois et ouvrages en bois ; imprimerie, papier, édition ; industries chimiques ; et ouvrages enmétaux). Les industries de fabrication de clinker constituent la catégorie clé d’émission au Togo. Le secteur industriel au Togo est relativement récent et se caractérise par la modestie de sa contribution au PIB qui d’ailleurs passe de 23% en 2005 à 15,6% en 2018.', 'Le secteur industriel au Togo est relativement récent et se caractérise par la modestie de sa contribution au PIB qui d’ailleurs passe de 23% en 2005 à 15,6% en 2018. En plus des industries modernes, il existe des activités artisanales (Extractives Métallurgiques, textiles, agroalimentaires). Les objectifs de la CDN dans le secteur de l’industrie s’inscrivent directement dans le cadre du Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC qui vise à réduire la consommation des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) et éviter leur relâchement important dans l’atmosphère à la fin du cycle de vie des équipements les contenant, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES.', 'Les objectifs de la CDN dans le secteur de l’industrie s’inscrivent directement dans le cadre du Plan de Gestion de l’Elimination des HCFC qui vise à réduire la consommation des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) et éviter leur relâchement important dans l’atmosphère à la fin du cycle de vie des équipements les contenant, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES. Ce plan compte sur la construction d’au moins 100 bâtiments écologiques utilisant moins de climatiseurs à l’horizon 2030 et de réduire d’au moins de 2% le taux d’importation des gaz-F. Le bureau national ozone relevant du ministère chargé de l’environnement est un acteur technique qui accompagne les entreprises dans la mise en œuvre de ce plan de gestion de l’élimination des HCFC.', 'Le bureau national ozone relevant du ministère chargé de l’environnement est un acteur technique qui accompagne les entreprises dans la mise en œuvre de ce plan de gestion de l’élimination des HCFC. Huit mesures ont été déclinées dans le plan à l’horizon 2030 qui visent notamment à assurer la réduction des émissions dans le secteur.', 'Huit mesures ont été déclinées dans le plan à l’horizon 2030 qui visent notamment à assurer la réduction des émissions dans le secteur. Tableau 12: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur PIUP Action CDN Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Valoriser les filières de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés Promouvoir l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs comme ; propane (R290) utilisés pour les congélateurs ; des vitrines frigorifiques et de distributeurs de crème glacée ; R448A (HFC-HFO) ; R455A (HFC-HFO) en remplacement de R404A - -Elaborer des registres contenant des informations relatives aux quantités et aux types de gaz fluorés installé aux quantités éventuelles ajoutées et aux quantités récupérées lors des opérations de maintenance et d’entretien Recensement national sur les acteurs du froid au Togo Promouvoir la construction des édifices privés et publics avec des matériaux d’isolants thermiques Promouvoir la fabrication des ciments composé de moins de clinker comme de types portland au calcaire ; au laitier ; ciment de haut fourneau Développer des technologies de Capture-Stockage de Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les besoins de financements pour le secteur PIUP essentiellement dans le sous- secteur hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) s’élèvent à 89 034 000 USD essentiellement mobilisable à plus 96 % au titre du scenario conditionnel.', 'Tableau 12: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur PIUP Action CDN Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Valoriser les filières de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés Promouvoir l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs comme ; propane (R290) utilisés pour les congélateurs ; des vitrines frigorifiques et de distributeurs de crème glacée ; R448A (HFC-HFO) ; R455A (HFC-HFO) en remplacement de R404A - -Elaborer des registres contenant des informations relatives aux quantités et aux types de gaz fluorés installé aux quantités éventuelles ajoutées et aux quantités récupérées lors des opérations de maintenance et d’entretien Recensement national sur les acteurs du froid au Togo Promouvoir la construction des édifices privés et publics avec des matériaux d’isolants thermiques Promouvoir la fabrication des ciments composé de moins de clinker comme de types portland au calcaire ; au laitier ; ciment de haut fourneau Développer des technologies de Capture-Stockage de Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les besoins de financements pour le secteur PIUP essentiellement dans le sous- secteur hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) s’élèvent à 89 034 000 USD essentiellement mobilisable à plus 96 % au titre du scenario conditionnel. 5.1.4.', 'Tableau 12: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur PIUP Action CDN Inconditionnel Conditionnel Coût Total des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Valoriser les filières de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés Promouvoir l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs comme ; propane (R290) utilisés pour les congélateurs ; des vitrines frigorifiques et de distributeurs de crème glacée ; R448A (HFC-HFO) ; R455A (HFC-HFO) en remplacement de R404A - -Elaborer des registres contenant des informations relatives aux quantités et aux types de gaz fluorés installé aux quantités éventuelles ajoutées et aux quantités récupérées lors des opérations de maintenance et d’entretien Recensement national sur les acteurs du froid au Togo Promouvoir la construction des édifices privés et publics avec des matériaux d’isolants thermiques Promouvoir la fabrication des ciments composé de moins de clinker comme de types portland au calcaire ; au laitier ; ciment de haut fourneau Développer des technologies de Capture-Stockage de Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les besoins de financements pour le secteur PIUP essentiellement dans le sous- secteur hydrofluorocarbures (HFC) s’élèvent à 89 034 000 USD essentiellement mobilisable à plus 96 % au titre du scenario conditionnel. 5.1.4. Secteur Déchet Le secteur des déchets manque cruellement de données.', 'Secteur Déchet Le secteur des déchets manque cruellement de données. La collecte des ordures ménagères et l’élimination des eaux usées constituent l’une des plus grandes difficultés que rencontrent les autorités municipales. La production individuelle de déchets varie de 0,4 à 2kg par habitant et par jour.Les émissions du secteur dans l’ensemble varient de 335,7 Gg CO2-eq en 2010 à 573,3 Gg CO2-eq en 2030, soit une augmentation de 70,8%. Outre l’importance de la question d’un point de vue environnemental et des ressources naturelles, la collecte, la valorisation et le traitement des déchets deviennent, dans ce contexte, un secteur porteur économiquement, source de valeur ajoutée, de compétitivité, de création d’emploi et de limitation de la hausse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Outre l’importance de la question d’un point de vue environnemental et des ressources naturelles, la collecte, la valorisation et le traitement des déchets deviennent, dans ce contexte, un secteur porteur économiquement, source de valeur ajoutée, de compétitivité, de création d’emploi et de limitation de la hausse des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Le plan est est ainsi declimé comme suit dans le tableau 13. Tableau 13: Besoins en investissement des actions CDN du secteur dechet Inconditionnel Conditionnel Besoins totaux des investissements % Coûts % Coûts Coût de mise en œuvre Promouvoir un meilleur assainissement Valoriser en énergie millions m3) de méthane produit au centre d’enfouissement de Lomé. Tri et valorisation tonnes par compostage) destinés au brûlage.', 'Tri et valorisation tonnes par compostage) destinés au brûlage. Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Le coût des trois options d’atténuation dans le secteur des déchets s’évalue à 262 547 777 USD dont 54 037 901 USD pour les actions inconditionnelles. La mobilisation des montants du scénario conditionnel estimé 208509876 USD permettra d’atteindre la cible de réduction de 412,20 Gg CO2-eq d’émissions cumulées sur la période 2020-2030 dans le secteur. 5.1.5. Agrégation des coûts volet atténuation La présente section présente l’agrégation des options et coût évaluées par secteurs clés en matière de contribution aux GES. Les secteurs clés identifies sont :L’agriculture, les déchets et l‘énergie qui inclut la production d’électricité, le transport et le résidentiel et le tertiaire ainsi que les industries.', 'Les secteurs clés identifies sont :L’agriculture, les déchets et l‘énergie qui inclut la production d’électricité, le transport et le résidentiel et le tertiaire ainsi que les industries. Le tableau 14 montre les besoins de financement estimés en fonction des contributions inconditionnelles (financées au niveau national) et conditionnelles pour la période 2020- 2030 Tableau 14: Coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation SECTEURS COÛT INCONDITIONNEL millions USD COÛTS CONDITIONNEL millions USD COÜT TOTAL millions USD en % Les besoins de financement associés à toutes les options d atténuation identifiées sont estimés à 2 699, 363 millions de dollars US à l’horizon 2030 dont 697, 719 millions de dollars US pour les options inconditionnelles et 2 001, 643 millions de dollars US pour les actions du conditionnel.', 'Le tableau 14 montre les besoins de financement estimés en fonction des contributions inconditionnelles (financées au niveau national) et conditionnelles pour la période 2020- 2030 Tableau 14: Coûts d investissements associés suivants les scenarii d atténuation SECTEURS COÛT INCONDITIONNEL millions USD COÛTS CONDITIONNEL millions USD COÜT TOTAL millions USD en % Les besoins de financement associés à toutes les options d atténuation identifiées sont estimés à 2 699, 363 millions de dollars US à l’horizon 2030 dont 697, 719 millions de dollars US pour les options inconditionnelles et 2 001, 643 millions de dollars US pour les actions du conditionnel. Ceux-ci représentent les coûts d investissement en capital requis et les coûts de mise en œuvre.', 'Ceux-ci représentent les coûts d investissement en capital requis et les coûts de mise en œuvre. Pour que le Togo atteigne sa cible en 2030, il se doit de mettre en place des stratégies visant à mobiliser les ressources conditionnelles qui occupent une proportion de plus de 74% des besoins de financement au titre de l’atténuation. Les niveaux d investissement pour chaque secteur correspondent globalement aux parts d atténuation estimées dans chaque secteur émetteur, Le graphique montre que les projets énergétiques et FAT représentent plus de 80 % (respectivement 40% et 38 %) du total d’investissement sur la période 2020-2030. Les investissements dans les efforts de réductions dans l’agriculture représentent l essentiel des besoins restants.', 'Les investissements dans les efforts de réductions dans l’agriculture représentent l essentiel des besoins restants. Le tableau 15 montre les besoins en proportion des financements estimés en fonction des contributions inconditionnelles (financées au niveau national) et conditionnelles pour les secteurs et sous-secteurs.Tableau 15: Coûts d investissement pour toutes les mesures d atténuation (millions USD) INCONDITIONNEL CONDITIONNEL Coût TOTAL SECTEURS /Sous secteurs % COÛT millions USD % COÛT millions USD millions USD Production d’électricité Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 L’analyse du tableau montre que pour le scenario conditionnel, les investissements dans le sous secteur de la production occupent une part importante 38, 56 %, suivi des projets dans le sous secteur FAT avec 30, 36%.', 'Le tableau 15 montre les besoins en proportion des financements estimés en fonction des contributions inconditionnelles (financées au niveau national) et conditionnelles pour les secteurs et sous-secteurs.Tableau 15: Coûts d investissement pour toutes les mesures d atténuation (millions USD) INCONDITIONNEL CONDITIONNEL Coût TOTAL SECTEURS /Sous secteurs % COÛT millions USD % COÛT millions USD millions USD Production d’électricité Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 L’analyse du tableau montre que pour le scenario conditionnel, les investissements dans le sous secteur de la production occupent une part importante 38, 56 %, suivi des projets dans le sous secteur FAT avec 30, 36%. Cela est soutenu par un important investissement annoncé dans le domaine de l’électrification solaire et la volonté des pouvoirs publics de porter la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique de 3 à 50% à l’horizon 20235.', 'Cela est soutenu par un important investissement annoncé dans le domaine de l’électrification solaire et la volonté des pouvoirs publics de porter la part des énergies renouvelables dans le mix énergétique de 3 à 50% à l’horizon 20235. Dans le sous-secteur de FAT, cette volonté s’observe avec l’ambition de planter un milliard d’arbre à l’horizon 2030. Pour sa part, le sous-secteur agriculture bien qu’étant source importante de GES n’occupe que 9,21% car l’adaptation est la priorité dans ce secteur déjà ébranlé par les effets adverses des changements climatiques. 5.2.', 'Pour sa part, le sous-secteur agriculture bien qu’étant source importante de GES n’occupe que 9,21% car l’adaptation est la priorité dans ce secteur déjà ébranlé par les effets adverses des changements climatiques. 5.2. BESOINS D’INVESTISSEMENT POUR LE VOLET ADAPTATION L’économie du Togo a été depuis le départ basée sur le secteur primaire, secteur le plus exposé depuis des décennies maintenant aux effets de la variabilité du climat et considéré aujourd’hui comme le plus vulnérable aux changements du climat.', 'BESOINS D’INVESTISSEMENT POUR LE VOLET ADAPTATION L’économie du Togo a été depuis le départ basée sur le secteur primaire, secteur le plus exposé depuis des décennies maintenant aux effets de la variabilité du climat et considéré aujourd’hui comme le plus vulnérable aux changements du climat. Le plan d’investissement des mesures d adaptation prévus s’appuie sur Les actions proposées pour la composante adaptation de la CDN révisée (Tableau 16).Tableau 16: Mesures d’adaptations sectorielles avec estimation des coûts Mesures d’adaptation Objectifs de la mesure OPTIONS ET COÜTS Inconditionnel Conditionnel Poportionnel Coûts en millions USD Proportionnel Coûts en millions USD coûts de mise en œuvre ( Coût total (millions US$) Secteur Energie Renforcement des actions de reboisement à vocation bois-énergie (17 400 ha) Développement de la bioénergie moderne : installation des usines de production de briquette et de pellette dans les grands bassins de production du riz et de palmier à huile, promotion des bio digesteurs pour la production du biogaz, promotion des équipements de gazéification Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique : foyers améliorés, meules de carbonisation améliorées (dans les grands bassins de production du charbon de bois), équipements électriques efficients Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale (solaire, biomasse, petite hydroélectricité) Sous-secteur AgricultureRenforcement de la recherche dans le domaine phytosanitaire (développement des bio pesticides à moindre coût, recherche sur la lutte biologique) Appui à la diffusion des bonnes pratiques agro écologiques Promotion de la maîtrise de l’eau et de l’hydraulique villageoise à but multiples (aménagements hydroagricole, promotion de la petite irrigation, aménagement de bas-fonds pour l’exploitation agricole) Renforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance Renforcement de capacités (techniques et matérielles) des services de météorologie pour une bonne prévision et planification des activités Promotion des variétés performantes résilientes aux changements climatiques Sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres Reboisement et protection des zones à écosystème fragile pour lutter contre les inondations, les vents violents et l’érosionPromotion des filières de produits forestiers non ligneux au niveau des 5 régions du pays (renforcement de capacité et organisation des acteurs, développement des circuits de commercialisation) pour renforcer la résilience des communautés Secteur Etablissements humains et santé Secteur Etablissements humains et santé Renforcement de l’assainissement et du drainage des eaux pluviales dans les principaux centres urbains Aménagement et réhabilitation de la voirie urbaine dans les principaux centres urbains Développement des services médicaux d’urgence Elaboration et mise en place d’un plan de veille sanitaire (niveau national et local) Gestion rationnelle et durable des déchets municipaux SOUS TOTAL Etablissement humains et santé 220,7 413,4 62,01 696,11 Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable (réhabilitation des ouvrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable au niveau des villages, installation de nouveaux forages / systèmes d’adduction d’eau avec pompage solaire)Collecte des eaux de pluies et réutilisation des eaux usées traitées Amélioration de la connaissance des ressources en eau de surface et souterraine (augmentation du réseau d’observation hydrologique, hydrogéologique) Plan d’actions pour la technologie des Mini- adduction d’eau potable, technologie réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface, le drainage gravitaire des eaux pluviales Secteur Zone côtière Renforcement des investissements structurants de protection de la côte et de relèvement du niveau de résilience Appui aux populations vulnérables des villages côtier et du long du chenal de Gbaga pour le développement des AGR (maraîchage contre saison ; création de bassins piscicoles, formation, chambres froides pour la conservation des poissons, formation et équipement des femmes pour le mareyage et le conditionnement du poisson) afin de réduire leur vulnérabilité Transversalité TransversalitéAppui à l’élaboration et à la mise en œuvre des plans d’adaptation sectoriels aux changements climatiques en tenant compte des niveaux national, régional et local Appui à la révision et à la mise en œuvre du système MNV prenant en compte les indicateurs de progrès et d impact pour tous les instruments d adaptation au changement climatique Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021Le montant total des interventions d adaptation NDC revisé est estimé à plus de 2 779,44 millions USD jusqu en 2030 dont 2278,84 millions de dollars pour les actions conditionnelles et 500,6 millions de dollars pour les actions inconditionnelles.', 'Le plan d’investissement des mesures d adaptation prévus s’appuie sur Les actions proposées pour la composante adaptation de la CDN révisée (Tableau 16).Tableau 16: Mesures d’adaptations sectorielles avec estimation des coûts Mesures d’adaptation Objectifs de la mesure OPTIONS ET COÜTS Inconditionnel Conditionnel Poportionnel Coûts en millions USD Proportionnel Coûts en millions USD coûts de mise en œuvre ( Coût total (millions US$) Secteur Energie Renforcement des actions de reboisement à vocation bois-énergie (17 400 ha) Développement de la bioénergie moderne : installation des usines de production de briquette et de pellette dans les grands bassins de production du riz et de palmier à huile, promotion des bio digesteurs pour la production du biogaz, promotion des équipements de gazéification Promotion de l’efficacité énergétique : foyers améliorés, meules de carbonisation améliorées (dans les grands bassins de production du charbon de bois), équipements électriques efficients Développement de mini réseaux hybrides pour l’électrification rurale (solaire, biomasse, petite hydroélectricité) Sous-secteur AgricultureRenforcement de la recherche dans le domaine phytosanitaire (développement des bio pesticides à moindre coût, recherche sur la lutte biologique) Appui à la diffusion des bonnes pratiques agro écologiques Promotion de la maîtrise de l’eau et de l’hydraulique villageoise à but multiples (aménagements hydroagricole, promotion de la petite irrigation, aménagement de bas-fonds pour l’exploitation agricole) Renforcement de la gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) Définition/aménagement des couloirs et zones de transhumance Renforcement de capacités (techniques et matérielles) des services de météorologie pour une bonne prévision et planification des activités Promotion des variétés performantes résilientes aux changements climatiques Sous-secteur foresterie et autres affectations des terres Reboisement et protection des zones à écosystème fragile pour lutter contre les inondations, les vents violents et l’érosionPromotion des filières de produits forestiers non ligneux au niveau des 5 régions du pays (renforcement de capacité et organisation des acteurs, développement des circuits de commercialisation) pour renforcer la résilience des communautés Secteur Etablissements humains et santé Secteur Etablissements humains et santé Renforcement de l’assainissement et du drainage des eaux pluviales dans les principaux centres urbains Aménagement et réhabilitation de la voirie urbaine dans les principaux centres urbains Développement des services médicaux d’urgence Elaboration et mise en place d’un plan de veille sanitaire (niveau national et local) Gestion rationnelle et durable des déchets municipaux SOUS TOTAL Etablissement humains et santé 220,7 413,4 62,01 696,11 Amélioration de l’accès à l’eau potable (réhabilitation des ouvrages d’approvisionnement en eau potable au niveau des villages, installation de nouveaux forages / systèmes d’adduction d’eau avec pompage solaire)Collecte des eaux de pluies et réutilisation des eaux usées traitées Amélioration de la connaissance des ressources en eau de surface et souterraine (augmentation du réseau d’observation hydrologique, hydrogéologique) Plan d’actions pour la technologie des Mini- adduction d’eau potable, technologie réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface, le drainage gravitaire des eaux pluviales Secteur Zone côtière Renforcement des investissements structurants de protection de la côte et de relèvement du niveau de résilience Appui aux populations vulnérables des villages côtier et du long du chenal de Gbaga pour le développement des AGR (maraîchage contre saison ; création de bassins piscicoles, formation, chambres froides pour la conservation des poissons, formation et équipement des femmes pour le mareyage et le conditionnement du poisson) afin de réduire leur vulnérabilité Transversalité TransversalitéAppui à l’élaboration et à la mise en œuvre des plans d’adaptation sectoriels aux changements climatiques en tenant compte des niveaux national, régional et local Appui à la révision et à la mise en œuvre du système MNV prenant en compte les indicateurs de progrès et d impact pour tous les instruments d adaptation au changement climatique Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021Le montant total des interventions d adaptation NDC revisé est estimé à plus de 2 779,44 millions USD jusqu en 2030 dont 2278,84 millions de dollars pour les actions conditionnelles et 500,6 millions de dollars pour les actions inconditionnelles. La figure 2 ci-dessous décline les besoins de financement par secteur associés à toutes les interventions d adaptation identifiées, estimés à 2 779,44 millions USD jusqu en 2030.', 'La figure 2 ci-dessous décline les besoins de financement par secteur associés à toutes les interventions d adaptation identifiées, estimés à 2 779,44 millions USD jusqu en 2030. Figure 6 : proportions des actions du Scénario d’adaptation par secteurs en coûts d investissements sur un total de 2, 8 milliards$ La figure 6 ci-dessus résume les besoins financiers par secteur dans l adaptation tels que rapportés par chaque ministère. Le financement total nécessaire aux actions d adaptation s élève à un peu plus de 2 ,8 milliard USD. Le financement le plus important est requis pour l agriculture (29%, 805,61 millions USD), des établissements humains (26%, 696,11 millions USD) et l’énergie (22%, 609,35 millions USD). La plupart des financements demandés dépendent du soutien international soit une proportion de 81,99% du montant total à investir. 5.3.', 'La plupart des financements demandés dépendent du soutien international soit une proportion de 81,99% du montant total à investir. 5.3. BESOINS D’INVESTISSEMENT EN RENFORCEMENT DE CAPACITES ET EN TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIE Dans le cadre de l Accord de Paris, les pays développés se sont également engagés à fournir un transfert de technologie et un renforcement des capacités aux pays en développement, transfert de technologies et de renforcement des capacités aux pays en développement. De nombreux pays en développement de nombreux pays en développement auront besoin de capacités renforcées pour suivre efficacement les flux de ressources et de soutien bilatéraux et multilatéraux et pour identifier leslacunes et les besoins en suspens et de soutien et identifier les lacunes et les besoins en suspens 5.3.1.', 'De nombreux pays en développement de nombreux pays en développement auront besoin de capacités renforcées pour suivre efficacement les flux de ressources et de soutien bilatéraux et multilatéraux et pour identifier leslacunes et les besoins en suspens et de soutien et identifier les lacunes et les besoins en suspens 5.3.1. Transfert de technologies Les besoins prioritaires en transfert de technologies ont été identifiés pour les secteurs de l’énergie, de l’agriculture et de la foresterie. Le potentiel d’émission en GES des secteurs, l’importance de ces secteurs dans le développement socioéconomique du pays ; et leur vulnérabilité faces aux changements climatiques, sont les critères qui ont guidés leur choix.', 'Le potentiel d’émission en GES des secteurs, l’importance de ces secteurs dans le développement socioéconomique du pays ; et leur vulnérabilité faces aux changements climatiques, sont les critères qui ont guidés leur choix. Depuis juin 2015, le Togo s’est engagé dans la seconde phase du projet ‘’Évaluation des Besoins en Technologie’’ (EBT) dans l’identification et l’analyse des besoins technologiques en vue de dégager un portefeuille de projets et programmes aptes à faire face aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques grâce au transfert et à l’accès aux technologies propres tant pour l’adaptation que pour l’atténuation Seuls quatre secteurs avaient bénéficié des études d’évaluation des besoins en technologie (EBT) dont deux en atténuation et deux pour l’adaptation. Il s’agit du transport et de la production de l’électricité pour l’atténuation.', 'Il s’agit du transport et de la production de l’électricité pour l’atténuation. Pour l’adaptation, les technologies prioritaires ont couvert deux secteurs et sont classées ci-dessous par ordre d’importance : ¯ Pour le secteur Agriculture : 1) aménagement des terres agricoles, 2) systèmes intégrés de production agricole et 3) agriculture de contre saison. ¯ Pour le secteur Ressources en eau : 1) mini-adduction d’eau potable, 2) réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface et 3) drainage gravitaire des eaux de pluies.', '¯ Pour le secteur Ressources en eau : 1) mini-adduction d’eau potable, 2) réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface et 3) drainage gravitaire des eaux de pluies. Le tableau 17 résume les coûts des besoins issus de cette évaluation.Tableau 17: Coûts de transfert de technologie Secteurs Mesure technologique proposée Investisseme nt (en millions de $) Coût de mise en œuvre ( Total (en millions de $) ENERGIE Mise en œuvre du Plan d’actions pour la technologie Centrale Hydroélectrique de grande puissance (CHGP) Plan d’actions pour la technologie solaire photovoltaïque (PV) raccordé au réseau (SPRR) Plan d’actions pour la technologie Petite ou Mini centrale hydroélectrique (PMCH) TRANSPORT Plan d’actions pour la technologie amélioration des infrastructures routières décongestionnant les centres urbains (AIRDCU) Plan d’actions pour la technologie développement de transport en commun par le bus (DTCB) Plan d’actions pour la technologie mise en place de normes pour les moyens de transports routiers AGRICULTURE Plan d’actions pour la technologie Aménagement des Terres Agricoles (ATA) 2,818 0,4227 3,2407 Plan d’actions de la technologie Système Intégré de production agricole (SIPA) 2,284 0,3426 2,6266 Plan d’actions de la technologie de l Agriculture de contre saison (ACS) 26,442 3,9663 30,4083 RESSOURCES EN EAU Plan d’actions pour la technologie des Mini-adduction d’eau potable 1,348 0,2022 1,5502 Plan d’actions technologiques pour la technologie réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface Plan d’actions technologiques pour le drainage gravitaire des eaux pluviales 1,066 0,1599 1,2259 Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021Le coût total estimé dans le plan d’action EBT est de 57 ,812 millions de dollars.', 'Le tableau 17 résume les coûts des besoins issus de cette évaluation.Tableau 17: Coûts de transfert de technologie Secteurs Mesure technologique proposée Investisseme nt (en millions de $) Coût de mise en œuvre ( Total (en millions de $) ENERGIE Mise en œuvre du Plan d’actions pour la technologie Centrale Hydroélectrique de grande puissance (CHGP) Plan d’actions pour la technologie solaire photovoltaïque (PV) raccordé au réseau (SPRR) Plan d’actions pour la technologie Petite ou Mini centrale hydroélectrique (PMCH) TRANSPORT Plan d’actions pour la technologie amélioration des infrastructures routières décongestionnant les centres urbains (AIRDCU) Plan d’actions pour la technologie développement de transport en commun par le bus (DTCB) Plan d’actions pour la technologie mise en place de normes pour les moyens de transports routiers AGRICULTURE Plan d’actions pour la technologie Aménagement des Terres Agricoles (ATA) 2,818 0,4227 3,2407 Plan d’actions de la technologie Système Intégré de production agricole (SIPA) 2,284 0,3426 2,6266 Plan d’actions de la technologie de l Agriculture de contre saison (ACS) 26,442 3,9663 30,4083 RESSOURCES EN EAU Plan d’actions pour la technologie des Mini-adduction d’eau potable 1,348 0,2022 1,5502 Plan d’actions technologiques pour la technologie réhabilitation des retenues d’eau de surface Plan d’actions technologiques pour le drainage gravitaire des eaux pluviales 1,066 0,1599 1,2259 Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021Le coût total estimé dans le plan d’action EBT est de 57 ,812 millions de dollars. Il faut souligner que pour des raisons d’inflation et de coût de mise en œuvre, ce montant sera majoré de 15% du capital.', 'Il faut souligner que pour des raisons d’inflation et de coût de mise en œuvre, ce montant sera majoré de 15% du capital. A ce titre, les besoins d’investissement en transfert de technologie se chiffrent à 66,4838 millions d’USD finançables au titre du conditionnel et sur repartie comme suit dans la figure 7. Figure 7 : répartition des coûts des besoins en transfert de technologie par secteur 5.3.2. Renforcement de capacités et gestion de connaissance. Depuis la CNI jusqu’à la QCN, des besoins en renforcement de capacités et en ressources techniques ont toujours été identifiés et formulés. L’importance de ces besoins avait nécessité un programme portant sur l’Auto-évaluation Nationale des Capacités à Renforcer en matière d’environnement (ANCR) mise en œuvre entre 2006 et 2008.', 'L’importance de ces besoins avait nécessité un programme portant sur l’Auto-évaluation Nationale des Capacités à Renforcer en matière d’environnement (ANCR) mise en œuvre entre 2006 et 2008. L’ANCR, le PRCGE et le PRCNDGE ont été déterminants dans le renforcement de capacité sur les questions de l’environnement global et spécifiquement sur les changements climatiques. Ces documents demeurent une référence nationale sur cette question. Bien que des efforts soient faits, les consultations des acteurs révèlent que la plupart des besoins identifiés sur le plan national pour la gestion de l’environnement (ANCR, 2008) et dans le cadre des processus des communications nationales (CNI, DCN, TCN) y compris le PRBA, restent encore d’actualité et des actions méritent d’être menées pour les satisfaire.', 'Bien que des efforts soient faits, les consultations des acteurs révèlent que la plupart des besoins identifiés sur le plan national pour la gestion de l’environnement (ANCR, 2008) et dans le cadre des processus des communications nationales (CNI, DCN, TCN) y compris le PRBA, restent encore d’actualité et des actions méritent d’être menées pour les satisfaire. Il s’agit des besoins de renforcement de capacité d’ordre institutionnel, individuel (humain) et systémique résumés et priorisés dans le tableau 18.Tableau 18: Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de Capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique Axe d’intervention Secteurs Actions à mener (projets identifiés) Coût (Million Dollars US) Cout de mise en œuvre Total Renforcement de capacité Institutionnel Appui à la mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel harmonieux pour une mise en œuvre ininterrompue de la CCNUCC au Togo Humain / individuel Renforcement des capacités des délégués togolais pour une participation active et bénéfique pour le pays aux négociations sur le climat Renforcement de capacité des experts nationaux sur les outils et méthodologie d’élaboration des études thématiques des communications nationales Systémique Renforcement des capacités des acteurs tant du secteur public que privé pour la mobilisation de la finance climat Mise en place d’un système national d acquisition, d utilisation et de diffusion des données d’activités et des informations relatives aux changements climatiques Information et formation des décideurs sur les opportunités de développement qu’offre la mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique sont évalués à 234,6 millions de dollars US entièrement mobilisable auprès des sources de financements extérieures5.4.', 'Il s’agit des besoins de renforcement de capacité d’ordre institutionnel, individuel (humain) et systémique résumés et priorisés dans le tableau 18.Tableau 18: Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de Capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique Axe d’intervention Secteurs Actions à mener (projets identifiés) Coût (Million Dollars US) Cout de mise en œuvre Total Renforcement de capacité Institutionnel Appui à la mise en place d’un cadre institutionnel harmonieux pour une mise en œuvre ininterrompue de la CCNUCC au Togo Humain / individuel Renforcement des capacités des délégués togolais pour une participation active et bénéfique pour le pays aux négociations sur le climat Renforcement de capacité des experts nationaux sur les outils et méthodologie d’élaboration des études thématiques des communications nationales Systémique Renforcement des capacités des acteurs tant du secteur public que privé pour la mobilisation de la finance climat Mise en place d’un système national d acquisition, d utilisation et de diffusion des données d’activités et des informations relatives aux changements climatiques Information et formation des décideurs sur les opportunités de développement qu’offre la mise en œuvre de la CCNUCC Source : Projet d’appui aux CDN, septembre 2021 Les Besoins prioritaires en ressources techniques et renforcement de capacités institutionnel, individuel et systémique sont évalués à 234,6 millions de dollars US entièrement mobilisable auprès des sources de financements extérieures5.4. FINANCEMENT TOTAL REQUIS POUR LA CDN REVISEE DU TOGO Les besoins financiers restent élevés malgré les efforts en cours.', 'FINANCEMENT TOTAL REQUIS POUR LA CDN REVISEE DU TOGO Les besoins financiers restent élevés malgré les efforts en cours. La plupart des actions qui nécessitent un financement et la mobilisation de ressources futures seront un juste mélange de fonds nationaux et étrangers. Le coût net estimé des mesures d atténuation NDC établies devrait être d environ 2,70 milliards USD et de plus de 2, 88 milliard USD pour les objectifs d adaptation, reflétant un besoin combiné d environ 5,58 milliards USD de financement. Le tableau 19 résume la valeur du financement nécessaire au cours des dix prochaines années. Les mesures inconditionnelles représentent 22 pour cent de l aide globale projetée et 78 % pour les mesures conditionnelles.', 'Les mesures inconditionnelles représentent 22 pour cent de l aide globale projetée et 78 % pour les mesures conditionnelles. Tableau 19: Financements d atténuation et d adaptation nécessaires pour la CDN révisée Atténuation (milliards USD Adaptation (milliards USD Total (milliards USD) Le coût global attendu de l atténuation de la CDN définie dans ce plan d’investissement à horizon 2030 est estimé à environ 2,70 milliards USD et 2,78 milliard USD pour les objectifs d adaptation, reflétant un besoin total de financement d environ 5,48 milliards USD. Les mesures inconditionnelles représentent 22 pour cent de l aide globale projetée et 78 % pour les mesures conditionnelles. Il faut faire remarquer que cette présente évaluation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités et de transfert de technologie.', 'Il faut faire remarquer que cette présente évaluation ne couvre pas les aspects liés au renforcement de capacités et de transfert de technologie. Ces derniers sont évalués respectivement à 66,4838 millions de dollars US et à 234,6 millions de dollars US durant la période 2020-2030.Chapitre 6 : Mesure, Notification et Vérification 6.1. SYSTEME MNV/MRV 6.1.1. Différents types de MNV existants au Togo 6.1.1.1. Systèmes des émissions Depuis 2017, le système MNV du Togo s’appuie sur le dispositif institutionnel des communications nationales et des rapports biennaux actualisés sur les CC. Ce dispositif institutionnel a été mis en place à la TCN et répliqué lors du PRBA. Il était matérialisé par un mémorandum entre le MERF et les structures de recherche de l’Université de Lomé.', 'Il était matérialisé par un mémorandum entre le MERF et les structures de recherche de l’Université de Lomé. Mais en 2019, ce dispositif a été renforcé dans le cadre de la 4CN & 2RBA par un accord formel entre le MERF et l’UL.', 'Mais en 2019, ce dispositif a été renforcé dans le cadre de la 4CN & 2RBA par un accord formel entre le MERF et l’UL. Les structures de recherche de l’UL impliquées dans les études des émissions par cet accord sont : ✓ Centre d’Excellence Régional pour la Maitrise de l’Energie de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs (ENSI) pour les émissions dans le secteur de l’Energie ; ✓ Laboratoire de Chimie Atmosphérique (LCA) pour les émissions dans le secteur des Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PUIP) ; ✓ Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agro-ressources et Santé Environnementale pour le secteur Agriculture ; ✓ Laboratoire de Biologie et écologie Végétale (LBEV) pour les émissions dans le secteur de Foresteries et autres Affectations des Terres ; ✓ Laboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets (LGTVD) pour les émissions dans le secteur de déchets.', 'Les structures de recherche de l’UL impliquées dans les études des émissions par cet accord sont : ✓ Centre d’Excellence Régional pour la Maitrise de l’Energie de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs (ENSI) pour les émissions dans le secteur de l’Energie ; ✓ Laboratoire de Chimie Atmosphérique (LCA) pour les émissions dans le secteur des Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PUIP) ; ✓ Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agro-ressources et Santé Environnementale pour le secteur Agriculture ; ✓ Laboratoire de Biologie et écologie Végétale (LBEV) pour les émissions dans le secteur de Foresteries et autres Affectations des Terres ; ✓ Laboratoire de Gestion, Traitement et Valorisation des Déchets (LGTVD) pour les émissions dans le secteur de déchets. Ce système est renforcé par le recrutement d’une équipe de coordination des IGES qui a pour rôle de former et d’appuyer techniquement les structures de recherche impliquées dans l’étude des émissions.6.1.1.2.', 'Ce système est renforcé par le recrutement d’une équipe de coordination des IGES qui a pour rôle de former et d’appuyer techniquement les structures de recherche impliquées dans l’étude des émissions.6.1.1.2. MNV des mesures Tout comme le système des émissions, les études sur les mesures d’atténuation des secteurs retenus dans le cadre de la 4CN & 2RBA ont été confiées à l’Université de Lomé (UL) à travers les structures de recherche suivantes : ✓ Centre d’Excellence Régional pour la Maitrise de l’Energie de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs (ENSI) pour le secteur de l’Energie ; ✓ Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agro-ressources et Santé Environnementale pour le secteur Agriculture ; ✓ Laboratoire de Biologie et écologie Végétale (LBEV) pour le secteur de Foresteries et autres Affectations des Terres.', 'MNV des mesures Tout comme le système des émissions, les études sur les mesures d’atténuation des secteurs retenus dans le cadre de la 4CN & 2RBA ont été confiées à l’Université de Lomé (UL) à travers les structures de recherche suivantes : ✓ Centre d’Excellence Régional pour la Maitrise de l’Energie de l’Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs (ENSI) pour le secteur de l’Energie ; ✓ Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agro-ressources et Santé Environnementale pour le secteur Agriculture ; ✓ Laboratoire de Biologie et écologie Végétale (LBEV) pour le secteur de Foresteries et autres Affectations des Terres. Ce système est renforcé par la mise en place de : ✓ Système national de surveillance des forêts (SNSF) : Ce système est mis en place dans le cadre du processus REDD+.', 'Ce système est renforcé par la mise en place de : ✓ Système national de surveillance des forêts (SNSF) : Ce système est mis en place dans le cadre du processus REDD+. L’objectif est de quantifier régulièrement les émissions/absorptions de GES associées au déboisement et à la dégradation des forêts, au renforcement des stocks de carbone forestier, à la conservation et à la gestion durable des forêts et aux aspects liés à la gouvernance, aux bénéfices et à leur distribution. Ce système a élaboré le niveau de référence pour les forêts au Togo (NRF) qui a été soumis en janvier 2020 au secrétariat de la CCNUCC.', 'Ce système a élaboré le niveau de référence pour les forêts au Togo (NRF) qui a été soumis en janvier 2020 au secrétariat de la CCNUCC. ✓ Cellule de gestion de la base de données de l’inventaire forestier national (CGBD/IFN) et Unité de gestion de la base de données cartographique (UGBDC) du ministère en charge de l’environnement : la CGBD/IFN s’occupe de l’organisation, de la collecte et de la gestion de données forestières. L’UGBDC s’occupe du suivi de la dynamique des forêts par les données satellitaires. Depuis mars 2021, ces structures mettent en œuvre, dans le cadre du processus REDD+, le deuxième inventaire forestier national du Togo. 6.1.1.3. MNV du soutien Le MNV du soutien au Togo est un dispositif en construction avec quelques initiatives.', 'MNV du soutien Le MNV du soutien au Togo est un dispositif en construction avec quelques initiatives. Il s’agit de : ✓ initiative EBT : le Togo a mis en œuvre le projet « Evaluation des Besoins Technologiques » qui a abouti à l’élaboration d’un plan d’action technologique (PTA). Ce plan comporte la hiérarchisation des technologies, fondée sur une analyse décisionnelle multicritère prenant entre autres en compte, les priorités de développement, la viabilité économique, l’emploi local.', 'Ce plan comporte la hiérarchisation des technologies, fondée sur une analyse décisionnelle multicritère prenant entre autres en compte, les priorités de développement, la viabilité économique, l’emploi local. Il a été élaboré pour unemeilleure programmation des actions en vue d’apporter des réponses spécifiques au problème des changements climatiques ; ✓ plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA) : c’est une initiative du ministère de l’économie et des finances mise en place en 2012 et qui permet de capitaliser tous les soutiens au développement reçu par le Togo. Cette plateforme est conçue de sorte à désagréger le soutien dans le domaine du climat. Cela prend en compte le soutien reçu aussi bien par l’Etat que par le secteur privé et les organisations de la société civile. Depuis 2014, cette plateforme n’est pas opérationnelle.', 'Depuis 2014, cette plateforme n’est pas opérationnelle. Dans le souci de dynamiser la PGA, une séance de travail entre le Ministère de la Planification du Développement et les partenaires techniques et financiers (PTF) s’est tenue le 13 février 2018. Cette rencontre a permis d’échanger sur les mesures à prendre pour relancer la Plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA). Il a été retenu de continuer avec Gateway et aller vers l’autonomisation pour la relance de PGA ; ✓ MNV networking du Centre régional de collaboration (CRC) : le CRC dispose d’un système qui couvre les trois formes de soutien dans le domaine climatique à savoir la finance, le renforcement de capacité et le transfert de technologie. 6.1.2.', 'Il a été retenu de continuer avec Gateway et aller vers l’autonomisation pour la relance de PGA ; ✓ MNV networking du Centre régional de collaboration (CRC) : le CRC dispose d’un système qui couvre les trois formes de soutien dans le domaine climatique à savoir la finance, le renforcement de capacité et le transfert de technologie. 6.1.2. Analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du système MNV du Togo Le diagnostic réalisé sur ce système MNV existant montre qu’il souffre de certaines insuffisances (Tableau 20).', 'Analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunités et menaces du système MNV du Togo Le diagnostic réalisé sur ce système MNV existant montre qu’il souffre de certaines insuffisances (Tableau 20). Tableau 20: Forces et faibles du système MNV existant FORCES FAIBLESSES ➢ Elaboration d’un système national MNV (SN- MNV) ; ➢ Existence d’un serveur de grande capacité au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement pouvant héberger le géo portail du SN-MNV ; ➢ Existence d’un Système MNV lié au système national de suivi des forêts (MNV/SNSF) dans le cadre de la REDD+ ; ➢ Bonne expérience dans la mesure, notification et vérification des IGES et des mesures d’atténuation ; ➢ Adhésion du Togo au réseau Ouest Africain de partage des expériences sur le MNV ; ➢ Existence d’une communauté MNV au Togo ➢ Insuffisance de communication sur le système MNV ; ➢ Insuffisance de connaissance et de compréhension du système MNV créant ainsi des conflits de responsabilité et d’intérêts entre les acteurs ; ➢ Méthodologie non harmonisée entre MNV/SNSF de l’ODEF et MNV du secteur AFAT ; ➢ Base de données sur les ONG et les structures techniques détentrices de données relatives aux CC non exhaustive ; ➢ Données confidentielles ou sensibles non accessibles ; ➢ Insuffisance dans la maitrise des outils et méthodes d’évaluation et d’élaboration des scénarios d’atténuation et les difficultés techniquesregroupant les différentes parties prenantes ; ➢ Existence d’un comité national MNV ; ➢ Projet CBIT qui mènera des actions de renforcement de capacités en faveur de MNV ; ➢ Plusieurs actions de renforcement de capacités réalisés en faveurs des acteurs sur le système MNV ; ➢ Méthodologies basées sur les directives, guides et recommandations du GIEC et de la CCNUCC ; ➢ Meilleure maitrise des méthodologies IPCC par la mise à niveau des experts nationaux ; ➢ Disponibilité de l’expertise nationale pour les émissions dans tous les secteurs concernés ; ➢ Plusieurs niveaux de vérification de la fiabilité des données d’émissions collectées ; d’identification des technologies appropriées ; ➢ Difficultés de désagréger les actions climatiques dans les projets de développement, ➢ Insuffisance des ressources financières pour approfondir la collecte des données ; ➢ Format inapproprié pour le stockage et l’archivage des données auprès des structures détentrices de données ; ➢ Absence de procédures d’AQ/CQ dans les institutions productrices de données ; ➢ Format de collecte de données non harmonisé entre l’INSEED, les producteurs de données et les réalisateurs des études sur les émissions ; ➢ Manque de données d’activités pour certaines catégories dans tous les secteurs ; ➢ Faible maîtrise par les experts évaluateurs des méthodologies des études sur les émissions et de AQ/CQ pour assurer une bonne évaluation des rapports d’études des émissions ; ➢ Insuffisance du personnel qualifié pour l’application des méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions ; ➢ Manque d’équipements pour les mesures et la collecte des données dans les secteurs AFAT.', 'Tableau 20: Forces et faibles du système MNV existant FORCES FAIBLESSES ➢ Elaboration d’un système national MNV (SN- MNV) ; ➢ Existence d’un serveur de grande capacité au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement pouvant héberger le géo portail du SN-MNV ; ➢ Existence d’un Système MNV lié au système national de suivi des forêts (MNV/SNSF) dans le cadre de la REDD+ ; ➢ Bonne expérience dans la mesure, notification et vérification des IGES et des mesures d’atténuation ; ➢ Adhésion du Togo au réseau Ouest Africain de partage des expériences sur le MNV ; ➢ Existence d’une communauté MNV au Togo ➢ Insuffisance de communication sur le système MNV ; ➢ Insuffisance de connaissance et de compréhension du système MNV créant ainsi des conflits de responsabilité et d’intérêts entre les acteurs ; ➢ Méthodologie non harmonisée entre MNV/SNSF de l’ODEF et MNV du secteur AFAT ; ➢ Base de données sur les ONG et les structures techniques détentrices de données relatives aux CC non exhaustive ; ➢ Données confidentielles ou sensibles non accessibles ; ➢ Insuffisance dans la maitrise des outils et méthodes d’évaluation et d’élaboration des scénarios d’atténuation et les difficultés techniquesregroupant les différentes parties prenantes ; ➢ Existence d’un comité national MNV ; ➢ Projet CBIT qui mènera des actions de renforcement de capacités en faveur de MNV ; ➢ Plusieurs actions de renforcement de capacités réalisés en faveurs des acteurs sur le système MNV ; ➢ Méthodologies basées sur les directives, guides et recommandations du GIEC et de la CCNUCC ; ➢ Meilleure maitrise des méthodologies IPCC par la mise à niveau des experts nationaux ; ➢ Disponibilité de l’expertise nationale pour les émissions dans tous les secteurs concernés ; ➢ Plusieurs niveaux de vérification de la fiabilité des données d’émissions collectées ; d’identification des technologies appropriées ; ➢ Difficultés de désagréger les actions climatiques dans les projets de développement, ➢ Insuffisance des ressources financières pour approfondir la collecte des données ; ➢ Format inapproprié pour le stockage et l’archivage des données auprès des structures détentrices de données ; ➢ Absence de procédures d’AQ/CQ dans les institutions productrices de données ; ➢ Format de collecte de données non harmonisé entre l’INSEED, les producteurs de données et les réalisateurs des études sur les émissions ; ➢ Manque de données d’activités pour certaines catégories dans tous les secteurs ; ➢ Faible maîtrise par les experts évaluateurs des méthodologies des études sur les émissions et de AQ/CQ pour assurer une bonne évaluation des rapports d’études des émissions ; ➢ Insuffisance du personnel qualifié pour l’application des méthodologies pour l’estimation des émissions ; ➢ Manque d’équipements pour les mesures et la collecte des données dans les secteurs AFAT. OPPORTUNITES MENACES ➢ Projet CBIT qui mènera des actions de renforcement de capacités en faveur de MRV ; ➢ Programmation d’un examen futur du cadre institutionnel et de formulation des mesures en vue de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV par le projet CBIT ; ➢ Existence d’une direction générale de la mobilisation de l’aide et du partenariat ; ➢ Existence d’une plateforme pilote sur la gestion de l’aide qui prend en compte tous les secteurs (public, privé et OSC).', 'OPPORTUNITES MENACES ➢ Projet CBIT qui mènera des actions de renforcement de capacités en faveur de MRV ; ➢ Programmation d’un examen futur du cadre institutionnel et de formulation des mesures en vue de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV par le projet CBIT ; ➢ Existence d’une direction générale de la mobilisation de l’aide et du partenariat ; ➢ Existence d’une plateforme pilote sur la gestion de l’aide qui prend en compte tous les secteurs (public, privé et OSC). ➢ Inexistence d’un système de management de la qualité pour les données d’activités ; ➢ Absence d’un cadre de concertation des PTF sur la gestion des aides publiques au développement ; ➢ Non effectivité de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme de suivi-évaluation au niveau de tous les ministères ; ➢ Absence d’un cadre de concertation et d’inter- connectivité entre les ministères ; ➢ Plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA) non opérationnelle.6.2.', '➢ Inexistence d’un système de management de la qualité pour les données d’activités ; ➢ Absence d’un cadre de concertation des PTF sur la gestion des aides publiques au développement ; ➢ Non effectivité de la mise en œuvre du mécanisme de suivi-évaluation au niveau de tous les ministères ; ➢ Absence d’un cadre de concertation et d’inter- connectivité entre les ministères ; ➢ Plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA) non opérationnelle.6.2. BESOINS DE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES EN MATIERE DE MNV Un mécanisme clair et robuste pour assurer la transparence et la responsabilisation est essentiel au succès du système MNV pour la mise en œuvre des CDN. Ainsi sur la base de l’analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunité, et menaces des différents systèmes MNV existants, plusieurs actions sont proposées.', 'Ainsi sur la base de l’analyse des forces, faiblesses, opportunité, et menaces des différents systèmes MNV existants, plusieurs actions sont proposées. Ces actions concernent toutes les parties prenantes prenant part à la mise en œuvre du système de MNV.', 'Ces actions concernent toutes les parties prenantes prenant part à la mise en œuvre du système de MNV. Il s’agit de : ✓ mettre en place un format harmonisé de collecte des données entre l’INSEED, les producteurs de données et les réalisateurs des études sur les émissions ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des parties prenantes sur les questions relatives à la gestion des données, y compris l’assurance qualité et l’archivage robustes des données ; ✓ renforcer les capacités en matière de suivi, de notification et de vérification (MNV), y compris le développement des capacités pour le système de génération et de gestion de données, ✓ développer un système d archivage électronique des données pour les données relatives à l atténuation et/ou à l’adaptation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des parties prenantes sur la maitrise des outils et méthodes d’évaluation et d’élaboration des scénarios d’atténuation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités nationales pour établir un cadre de collaboration facilitant une meilleure coordination entre les institutions publiques et privées et les organisations de la société civile afin de permettre la collecte et la documentation d informations sur les actions d’atténuation, adaptation et de soutien ; ✓ renforcer la capacité des acteurs sur la compréhension et l’importance du système MNV ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des cadres du ministère de l’économie et des finances pour la relance effective de la plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA) avec les compétences nationales existantes ; ✓ formation des producteurs et détenteurs de données (comme DTRF, DGE, INSEED, DST, etc.)', 'Il s’agit de : ✓ mettre en place un format harmonisé de collecte des données entre l’INSEED, les producteurs de données et les réalisateurs des études sur les émissions ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des parties prenantes sur les questions relatives à la gestion des données, y compris l’assurance qualité et l’archivage robustes des données ; ✓ renforcer les capacités en matière de suivi, de notification et de vérification (MNV), y compris le développement des capacités pour le système de génération et de gestion de données, ✓ développer un système d archivage électronique des données pour les données relatives à l atténuation et/ou à l’adaptation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des parties prenantes sur la maitrise des outils et méthodes d’évaluation et d’élaboration des scénarios d’atténuation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités nationales pour établir un cadre de collaboration facilitant une meilleure coordination entre les institutions publiques et privées et les organisations de la société civile afin de permettre la collecte et la documentation d informations sur les actions d’atténuation, adaptation et de soutien ; ✓ renforcer la capacité des acteurs sur la compréhension et l’importance du système MNV ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des cadres du ministère de l’économie et des finances pour la relance effective de la plateforme de gestion de l’aide (PGA) avec les compétences nationales existantes ; ✓ formation des producteurs et détenteurs de données (comme DTRF, DGE, INSEED, DST, etc.) sur la prise en compte des formats de données d’émission et mesures d’atténuation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des producteurs et des utilisateurs des données sur la gestion des données confidentielles ou sensibles ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des experts nationaux sur la notion de bonnes pratiques en matière de calcul des incertitudes lors de la collecte des données d’activités et de la compilation des données statistiques.', 'sur la prise en compte des formats de données d’émission et mesures d’atténuation ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des producteurs et des utilisateurs des données sur la gestion des données confidentielles ou sensibles ; ✓ renforcer les capacités des experts nationaux sur la notion de bonnes pratiques en matière de calcul des incertitudes lors de la collecte des données d’activités et de la compilation des données statistiques. En plus de ces besoins en renforcement de capacités, il y a d’autres besoins à prendre en compte pour une mise en œuvre efficace du MNV notamment :✓ formalisation d’un accord de collaboration entre la coordination nationale des CC et les institutions publiques ou privées productrices ou détentrices de données ; ✓ signature des accords de confidentialité entre les producteurs et les utilisateurs de données sensibles ou confidentielles ; ✓ renforcement de la communication sur le système MNV ; ✓ Organisation des structures de collecte de données nationales et sectorielles et mise à leur disposition des moyens nécessaires à la conduite d un inventaire de GES, au stockage des données ainsi qu’à leur archivage.', 'En plus de ces besoins en renforcement de capacités, il y a d’autres besoins à prendre en compte pour une mise en œuvre efficace du MNV notamment :✓ formalisation d’un accord de collaboration entre la coordination nationale des CC et les institutions publiques ou privées productrices ou détentrices de données ; ✓ signature des accords de confidentialité entre les producteurs et les utilisateurs de données sensibles ou confidentielles ; ✓ renforcement de la communication sur le système MNV ; ✓ Organisation des structures de collecte de données nationales et sectorielles et mise à leur disposition des moyens nécessaires à la conduite d un inventaire de GES, au stockage des données ainsi qu’à leur archivage. 6.3.', 'En plus de ces besoins en renforcement de capacités, il y a d’autres besoins à prendre en compte pour une mise en œuvre efficace du MNV notamment :✓ formalisation d’un accord de collaboration entre la coordination nationale des CC et les institutions publiques ou privées productrices ou détentrices de données ; ✓ signature des accords de confidentialité entre les producteurs et les utilisateurs de données sensibles ou confidentielles ; ✓ renforcement de la communication sur le système MNV ; ✓ Organisation des structures de collecte de données nationales et sectorielles et mise à leur disposition des moyens nécessaires à la conduite d un inventaire de GES, au stockage des données ainsi qu’à leur archivage. 6.3. AMELIORATION DU SYSTEME DE MNV AU FIL DU TEMPS Pour l’amélioration au fil du temps du système MNV, plusieurs recommandations sont faites à l’endroit du comité national MNV.', 'AMELIORATION DU SYSTEME DE MNV AU FIL DU TEMPS Pour l’amélioration au fil du temps du système MNV, plusieurs recommandations sont faites à l’endroit du comité national MNV. Il s’agit de : ✓ établir un mécanisme pour veiller à ce que les extrants des systèmes de MNV puissent éclairer des mises à jour régulières sur les processus de planification de l’atténuation, de l’adaptation et du financement climat, et à ce que les enseignements puissent être intégrés dans les actions ultérieures entreprises au titre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN ; ✓ évaluer l’efficacité du système de MNV pour ce qui est de rassembler et de notifier les données pertinentes, et ajuster le plan de mise en œuvre et les systèmes en fonction des enseignements ; ✓ communiquer régulièrement avec les parties prenantes pour obtenir un feedback sur le fonctionnement et l’efficacité du système de MNV ; ✓ travailler avec des pays dotés de cibles dans leur CDN et de besoins de MNV similaires pour échanger les enseignements et les meilleures pratiques ; ✓ poursuivre le processus d’opérationnalisation du système national MNV en vue de passer de la transition des rapports biennaux actualisés aux rapports de transparence biennale en 2024.', 'Il s’agit de : ✓ établir un mécanisme pour veiller à ce que les extrants des systèmes de MNV puissent éclairer des mises à jour régulières sur les processus de planification de l’atténuation, de l’adaptation et du financement climat, et à ce que les enseignements puissent être intégrés dans les actions ultérieures entreprises au titre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN ; ✓ évaluer l’efficacité du système de MNV pour ce qui est de rassembler et de notifier les données pertinentes, et ajuster le plan de mise en œuvre et les systèmes en fonction des enseignements ; ✓ communiquer régulièrement avec les parties prenantes pour obtenir un feedback sur le fonctionnement et l’efficacité du système de MNV ; ✓ travailler avec des pays dotés de cibles dans leur CDN et de besoins de MNV similaires pour échanger les enseignements et les meilleures pratiques ; ✓ poursuivre le processus d’opérationnalisation du système national MNV en vue de passer de la transition des rapports biennaux actualisés aux rapports de transparence biennale en 2024. 6.4.', 'Il s’agit de : ✓ établir un mécanisme pour veiller à ce que les extrants des systèmes de MNV puissent éclairer des mises à jour régulières sur les processus de planification de l’atténuation, de l’adaptation et du financement climat, et à ce que les enseignements puissent être intégrés dans les actions ultérieures entreprises au titre de la mise en œuvre de la CDN ; ✓ évaluer l’efficacité du système de MNV pour ce qui est de rassembler et de notifier les données pertinentes, et ajuster le plan de mise en œuvre et les systèmes en fonction des enseignements ; ✓ communiquer régulièrement avec les parties prenantes pour obtenir un feedback sur le fonctionnement et l’efficacité du système de MNV ; ✓ travailler avec des pays dotés de cibles dans leur CDN et de besoins de MNV similaires pour échanger les enseignements et les meilleures pratiques ; ✓ poursuivre le processus d’opérationnalisation du système national MNV en vue de passer de la transition des rapports biennaux actualisés aux rapports de transparence biennale en 2024. 6.4. STRUCTURE PERTINENTE POUR LA MNV Garantir une action climat transparente dans le processus des CDN est une priorité essentielle pour le Togo.', 'STRUCTURE PERTINENTE POUR LA MNV Garantir une action climat transparente dans le processus des CDN est une priorité essentielle pour le Togo. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’Accord de Paris, le pays doit montrer qu’il respecte ses engagements de manière transparente. À cette fin, la mesure, la notification et la vérification (MNV) ont été reconnues comme le processus clé permettant de suivre, évaluer et communiquer les progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre des engagements, y compris des CDN. Depuis 2017, le Togo a conçu un système national de mesure, de notification et de vérification sur les changementsclimatiques qui fédère les trois types de MNV décrits ci-dessus.', 'Depuis 2017, le Togo a conçu un système national de mesure, de notification et de vérification sur les changementsclimatiques qui fédère les trois types de MNV décrits ci-dessus. Ce système comprend les éléments suivants (Figure 8) : ✓ Collecte de données et de métadonnées qui concerne toutes les parties prenantes clés au niveau national dans les différents secteurs concernés par les émissions, l’atténuation, l’adaptation, de même que le soutien. ✓ Traitement et gestion des données qui consiste en stockage et archivage des données, traitement, analyse et interprétation des données et suivi des indicateurs.', '✓ Traitement et gestion des données qui consiste en stockage et archivage des données, traitement, analyse et interprétation des données et suivi des indicateurs. ✓ Notification qui concerne la publication des données traitées et interprétées et leur mise à disposition aux décideurs nationaux et/ou aux partenaires internationaux sur la problématique du climat.Figure 1 : Système national MNV des CDN ➢ GT ATTENUATION ➢ GT ADAPTATION ➢ GT SOUTIEN Figure 8 : Structure du système national MNV6.4.1. Cadre institutionnel du système MNV des CDN Depuis 2017, le pays a amorcé l’opérationnalisation de ce système MNV. Dans ce cadre une plateforme d’échange (communauté des pratiques MNV) a été créée par le MERF.', 'Dans ce cadre une plateforme d’échange (communauté des pratiques MNV) a été créée par le MERF. Cette plateforme est animée deux (2) fois par mois et aborde les questions relatives à l’opérationnalisation du MNV, la méthode de collecte des données d’activités, la gestion des données, y compris l’assurance qualité et l’archivage robustes des données. Dans le cadre de l’opérationnalisation du système, plusieurs actions de renforcement des capacités ont été réalisées entre 2017 et 2020.', 'Dans le cadre de l’opérationnalisation du système, plusieurs actions de renforcement des capacités ont été réalisées entre 2017 et 2020. Il s’agit de (i) renforcement des capacités des acteurs nationaux sur le MNV, (ii) renforcement des capacités des acteurs du MERF sur leur rôle et responsabilité en matière d’opérationnalisation su système MNV, (iii) renforcement des capacités des partie prenantes sur le MNV à travers la communauté des pratiques sur le MNV, (iv) l’actualisation du rapport Pays MNV combiné au renforcement de capacité des membres du comité restreint MNV du Togo. Ces actions sont essentiellement soutenues par le secrétariat de CCNUCC, l’UE, le PNUD, le FEM, le Global support program et le gouvernement canadien (Tableau 21).', 'Ces actions sont essentiellement soutenues par le secrétariat de CCNUCC, l’UE, le PNUD, le FEM, le Global support program et le gouvernement canadien (Tableau 21). Il faut par ailleurs signaler que le projet CBIT dont la mise en œuvre vient de démarrer a prévu des activités de renforcement de capacité pour la transparence conformément à l’article 13 de l’Accord de Paris. Il vise essentiellement à : - Renforcer les dispositifs institutionnels, juridique et réglementaire ; - Développer les capacités des acteurs des secteurs prioritaires des Changements climatiques ; - Examiner le cadre institutionnel et de formuler des mesures en vue de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV.', 'Il vise essentiellement à : - Renforcer les dispositifs institutionnels, juridique et réglementaire ; - Développer les capacités des acteurs des secteurs prioritaires des Changements climatiques ; - Examiner le cadre institutionnel et de formuler des mesures en vue de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV. Tableau 21: Aide reçu par le Togo en matière de MNV Type d aide Activité d aide Année de réception Statut Montant (USD) Source de l aide Renforcement des capacités Formation des acteurs sur le MNV 2020 Finalisé Non estimé Secrétariat de CNUCC à travers CDI Renforcement des capacités des acteur nationaux sur le MNV 2020 Finalisé Non estimé Global Support program Renforcement des capacités des acteurs du MERF sur leur rôle et responsabilité en matière d’opérationnalisation su système MNV Finalisé 22061,22 UE/PALCC Renforcement des capacités Finalisé Non estimé Gouvernemendes partie prenantes sur le MNV à travers la communauté des pratiques sur le MNV t du CANADA Actualisation du rapport Pays MNV combiné au renforcement de capacité des membres du comité restreint MNV du Togo 6.4.2.', 'Tableau 21: Aide reçu par le Togo en matière de MNV Type d aide Activité d aide Année de réception Statut Montant (USD) Source de l aide Renforcement des capacités Formation des acteurs sur le MNV 2020 Finalisé Non estimé Secrétariat de CNUCC à travers CDI Renforcement des capacités des acteur nationaux sur le MNV 2020 Finalisé Non estimé Global Support program Renforcement des capacités des acteurs du MERF sur leur rôle et responsabilité en matière d’opérationnalisation su système MNV Finalisé 22061,22 UE/PALCC Renforcement des capacités Finalisé Non estimé Gouvernemendes partie prenantes sur le MNV à travers la communauté des pratiques sur le MNV t du CANADA Actualisation du rapport Pays MNV combiné au renforcement de capacité des membres du comité restreint MNV du Togo 6.4.2. Coordination globale de la MNV Pour garantir l’assurance de la qualité et le contrôle de la qualité (AQ/CQ), une meilleure prise en compte du reportage, mesure, notification et vérification (MNV/MRV) et permettre la mise en place d’un système cohérent d’archivage, deux institutions ont été créée, l’une en 2018 (Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN) et la deuxième en 2020 (Comité national MNV).', 'Coordination globale de la MNV Pour garantir l’assurance de la qualité et le contrôle de la qualité (AQ/CQ), une meilleure prise en compte du reportage, mesure, notification et vérification (MNV/MRV) et permettre la mise en place d’un système cohérent d’archivage, deux institutions ont été créée, l’une en 2018 (Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN) et la deuxième en 2020 (Comité national MNV). Ainsi le cadre institutionnel du système MNV CDN se présente comme suit : ❖ Comité National MNV : Ce comité a été mise en place par la note de service N°0230/SG/DE le 15 Juillet 2020 dans le cadre de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV.', 'Ainsi le cadre institutionnel du système MNV CDN se présente comme suit : ❖ Comité National MNV : Ce comité a été mise en place par la note de service N°0230/SG/DE le 15 Juillet 2020 dans le cadre de l’opérationnalisation du système national MNV. Il est chargé d’examiner le cadre institutionnel et de formuler les mesures en vue de l’opérationnalisation du système MNV. Ce comité est renforcé par la nomination des points focaux sectoriels MNV aux ministères en charge de l’environnement et des finances.', 'Ce comité est renforcé par la nomination des points focaux sectoriels MNV aux ministères en charge de l’environnement et des finances. ❖ La division lutte contre les changements climatiques (DLCC) : Elle assure la coordination de tous les groupes de travail et intervient grâce à trois structures à savoir le point focal CCNUCC, le Comité National changements climatiques et le comité de pilotage du projet 4CN & 2RBA. ❖ Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN : cette autorité mise en place par l’arrêté n°145 / MERF/SG/DE du 06 novembre 2018 dispose d’un sous-comité qui se charge de la MNV sur le climat.', '❖ Autorité Nationale de coordination du processus d’élaboration des CN, des RBA sur les changements climatiques et des CDN : cette autorité mise en place par l’arrêté n°145 / MERF/SG/DE du 06 novembre 2018 dispose d’un sous-comité qui se charge de la MNV sur le climat. Il faut par ailleurs signaler l’existence de deux (2) points focaux MNV (un au ministère en charge de l’environnement et le deuxième au ministère des finances) et des points focaux dans toutes les structures détentrice de données. Ces points focaux ont pour mission de veiller à l’opérationnalisation et à la mise en œuvre du système MNV aux niveaux national et sectoriel.Chapitre 7 : Stratégie de communication pour la mise en œuvre des CDN 7.1.', 'Ces points focaux ont pour mission de veiller à l’opérationnalisation et à la mise en œuvre du système MNV aux niveaux national et sectoriel.Chapitre 7 : Stratégie de communication pour la mise en œuvre des CDN 7.1. ANALYSE DIAGNOSTIQUE DE LA COMMUNICATION SUR LES CDN AU TOGO L’analyse diagnostique des différentes expérience communicationnelles sur les changements climatiques au Togo a permis de dégager les forces et faiblesses ainsi que les opportunités et menaces qui pèsent sur la communication sur la mise en œuvre des CDN au Togo (Tableau 22). Tableau 22 : Matrice FFOM de l’analyse de la communication sur la mise en œuvre des CDN DIAGNOSTIC INTERNE FORCES FAIBLESSES ➢ Existence d’un cadre politique, technique et juridique pour les CDN. ➢ Bonne connaissance de l’objet de l’Accord de Paris.', '➢ Bonne connaissance de l’objet de l’Accord de Paris. ➢ Bonne connaissance des risques climatiques. ➢ Adhésion aux initiatives d’adaptation. ➢ Intégration des actions de résilience. ➢ Participation aux actions d’atténuation. ➢ Développement d’initiatives endogènes individuelles et communautaires d’adaptation/atténuation. ➢ Forte attente des mesures d’adaptation et atténuation. ➢ Fort potentiel de mobilisation au niveau local. ➢ Pro activité des universités et centres de recherche sur le climat. ➢ Déficit de communication interne et externe sur les CDN. ➢ Faible appropriation des CDN au niveau sectoriel et local. ➢ Insuffisance d’actions CCSC visant les groupes cibles ➢ Insuffisance d’actions inclusives visant le genre. DIAGNOSTIC EXTERNE OPPORTUNITES MENACES ➢ Activation de la décentralisation dans la mise en œuvre du cadre structurel d’actions pour lutter contre les effets néfastes des CC. ➢ Pluralisme médiatique. ➢ Perturbations dans la mobilisation des financements.', '➢ Perturbations dans la mobilisation des financements. ➢ Absence des CC dans les priorités des Togolais.➢ Disponibilité des partenaires au développement à appuyer le Togo à mettre en œuvre des actions sur les CC. ➢ Bilinguisme des populations. 7.2.1. Orientations strategiques ❖ Vision La Vision est déclinée des objectifs de la feuille de route gouvernementale en lien avec l’ambition 10 de l’axe stratégique 3 : « Mettre le développement durable et l’anticipation des crises futures au cœur des priorités du pays ».', 'Orientations strategiques ❖ Vision La Vision est déclinée des objectifs de la feuille de route gouvernementale en lien avec l’ambition 10 de l’axe stratégique 3 : « Mettre le développement durable et l’anticipation des crises futures au cœur des priorités du pays ». Ainsi la Vision de la communication des CDN se présente comme suit : ❖ Objectif global A travers la vision retenue : « en 2030, le Togo est une Nation moderne, où les citoyens informés et protégés des risques climatiques sont respectueux de la Nature et de ses ressources », l’objectif de développement de la communication sur les CDN est libellé comme suit :CONTRIBUER A L’EMERGENCE DE CITOYENS AVERTIS DES RISQUES CLIMATIQUES ET RESPECTUEUX DE LA NATURE ET DE SES RESSOURCES.', 'Ainsi la Vision de la communication des CDN se présente comme suit : ❖ Objectif global A travers la vision retenue : « en 2030, le Togo est une Nation moderne, où les citoyens informés et protégés des risques climatiques sont respectueux de la Nature et de ses ressources », l’objectif de développement de la communication sur les CDN est libellé comme suit :CONTRIBUER A L’EMERGENCE DE CITOYENS AVERTIS DES RISQUES CLIMATIQUES ET RESPECTUEUX DE LA NATURE ET DE SES RESSOURCES. ❖ Axes strategiques et objectifs de communication La vision de la communication sur les CDN formulée et se basant sur une matrice des orientations stratégiques, trois (3) options stratégiques sont décrites et trois (3) orientations stratégiques sont déclinées.', '❖ Axes strategiques et objectifs de communication La vision de la communication sur les CDN formulée et se basant sur une matrice des orientations stratégiques, trois (3) options stratégiques sont décrites et trois (3) orientations stratégiques sont déclinées. Les tableaux 23 et 24 présentent respectivement les grandes orientations stratégiques et le cadre de performance.Tableau 23 : Développement des orientations stratégiques et formulation des objectifs Options stratégiques Développement des orientations stratégiques Stratégies formulées Objectifs de communication Orientation Stratégique 1 : Saisir l’opportunité 1 et utiliser la forces 1 pour éliminer la faiblesse 2 Saisir la décentralisation et s’appuyer sur l’existence d’un cadre politique, juridique et technique pour éliminer la faible appropriation des CDN au niveau sectoriel et local Adopter la planification des CDN à tous les niveaux Inciter les ministères sectoriels et les communes à intégrer les CDN dans leurs plans de développement Orientation stratégique 2 : Saisir l’opportunité 3 et et 10 pour éliminer les faiblesses 3 et 4 et la menace 2.', 'Les tableaux 23 et 24 présentent respectivement les grandes orientations stratégiques et le cadre de performance.Tableau 23 : Développement des orientations stratégiques et formulation des objectifs Options stratégiques Développement des orientations stratégiques Stratégies formulées Objectifs de communication Orientation Stratégique 1 : Saisir l’opportunité 1 et utiliser la forces 1 pour éliminer la faiblesse 2 Saisir la décentralisation et s’appuyer sur l’existence d’un cadre politique, juridique et technique pour éliminer la faible appropriation des CDN au niveau sectoriel et local Adopter la planification des CDN à tous les niveaux Inciter les ministères sectoriels et les communes à intégrer les CDN dans leurs plans de développement Orientation stratégique 2 : Saisir l’opportunité 3 et et 10 pour éliminer les faiblesses 3 et 4 et la menace 2. Saisir la disponibilité des PTF et utiliser l’adhésion des groupes cibles aux initiatives d’adaptation, leur participation aux actions d’atténuation, leur développement d’initiatives endogènes individuelles et communautaires d’adaptation/atténuation et la pro activité des universités et centres de recherche sur le climat pour éliminer l’insuffisance d’actions CCSC visant les groupes cibles, l’insuffisance d’actions inclusives visant le genre et les perturbations dans la mobilisation des financements Renforcer les capacités d’adaptation et d’atténuation des groupes cibles Former les groupes cibles sur les pratiques innovantes d’adaptation et d’atténuation et le financement adaptatif Orientation stratégique 3 : Saisir l’opportunité 2 et utiliser les forces 2 et 3 pour éliminer la faiblesse 1 et la Saisir le pluralisme médiatique et utiliser la bonne connaissance de l’objet de l’Accord de Paris et de la bonne connaissance des risques climatiques pour éliminer le déficit de communication interne et externe et l’absence des CC dans les priorités des Togolais.', 'Saisir la disponibilité des PTF et utiliser l’adhésion des groupes cibles aux initiatives d’adaptation, leur participation aux actions d’atténuation, leur développement d’initiatives endogènes individuelles et communautaires d’adaptation/atténuation et la pro activité des universités et centres de recherche sur le climat pour éliminer l’insuffisance d’actions CCSC visant les groupes cibles, l’insuffisance d’actions inclusives visant le genre et les perturbations dans la mobilisation des financements Renforcer les capacités d’adaptation et d’atténuation des groupes cibles Former les groupes cibles sur les pratiques innovantes d’adaptation et d’atténuation et le financement adaptatif Orientation stratégique 3 : Saisir l’opportunité 2 et utiliser les forces 2 et 3 pour éliminer la faiblesse 1 et la Saisir le pluralisme médiatique et utiliser la bonne connaissance de l’objet de l’Accord de Paris et de la bonne connaissance des risques climatiques pour éliminer le déficit de communication interne et externe et l’absence des CC dans les priorités des Togolais. Améliorer la visibilité des CDN Améliorer le dispositif communicationnel des CDNTableau 24 : Cadre de performance des interventions Résultats Indicateurs de performances Sources de vérification Risques et Hypothèses Résultat de l’OG : Effet de l’Objectif Spécifique 2 de la FRS (Protéger les Togolais des risques climatiques) Indicateurs d’effets de l’OS2 de la FRS Rapport d’enquête Risques identifiés pour l’OS2 de la FRS Résultat 1 : Les CDN sont intégrés dans tous les plans de développement aux niveaux sectoriel et communal 1.', 'Améliorer la visibilité des CDN Améliorer le dispositif communicationnel des CDNTableau 24 : Cadre de performance des interventions Résultats Indicateurs de performances Sources de vérification Risques et Hypothèses Résultat de l’OG : Effet de l’Objectif Spécifique 2 de la FRS (Protéger les Togolais des risques climatiques) Indicateurs d’effets de l’OS2 de la FRS Rapport d’enquête Risques identifiés pour l’OS2 de la FRS Résultat 1 : Les CDN sont intégrés dans tous les plans de développement aux niveaux sectoriel et communal 1. Au terme de l’année 2030, 100% des plans d’actions sectoriels en lien avec les CDN et des Plans de Développement Communaux ont intégré l’adaptation et l’atténuation.', 'Au terme de l’année 2030, 100% des plans d’actions sectoriels en lien avec les CDN et des Plans de Développement Communaux ont intégré l’adaptation et l’atténuation. 1.1 A la fin de 2026, au moins 80% des décideurs politiques sectoriels, locaux et économiques ont une parfaite connaissance de la vision et des objectifs des CDN 1.2 A la fin de 2026, au moins 100% des communes et ministères sectoriels sont outillés sur la planification des CDN. Plans d’actions sectoriels et PDC • Rapport d’activités • Publications de presse • Rapports CDN Changement de politique sur les CDN Résultat 2 : Les groupes cibles sont formés sur les pratiques innovantes et la mobilisation du financement adaptatif 2.', 'Plans d’actions sectoriels et PDC • Rapport d’activités • Publications de presse • Rapports CDN Changement de politique sur les CDN Résultat 2 : Les groupes cibles sont formés sur les pratiques innovantes et la mobilisation du financement adaptatif 2. Au terme de l’année 2030, au moins 60 % des groupements ou entreprises opérant dans les zones de vulnérabilités climatiques ont intégré l’adaptation et l’atténuation dans leurs pratiques productives. 2.1 A la fin de 2026, 117 facilitateurs ont assuré des formations dans les communes des zones vulnérables.', '2.1 A la fin de 2026, 117 facilitateurs ont assuré des formations dans les communes des zones vulnérables. 2.2 A la fin de 2026, au moins 6000 personnes dont au moins 1240 femmes actives dans les zones de vulnérabilités sont outillées à l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre de projets innovants d’adaptation et atténuation Rapport d’évaluation ou enquête • Rapports de formation • Projets innovants mis en œuvre • Publications de presse Rapport d’activités Absence ou retard de financementRésultats Indicateurs de performances Sources de vérification Risques et Hypothèses Résultat 3 : Le dispositif communicationnel des CDN est amélioré 3. Au terme de l’année 2030, les CC figurent parmi les dix priorités des populations togolaises. 3.1 Au terme de 2026, au moins 80% des demandes d’informations sur les CDN ont été satisfaites.', '3.1 Au terme de 2026, au moins 80% des demandes d’informations sur les CDN ont été satisfaites. 3.2 A la fin de 2026, au moins 70% de la population a pris conscience de l’importance des CDN. 3.3 Au terme de 2026, au moins un outil de capitalisation des pratiques innovantes est publié. Rapport d’enquête • Copie des outils Absence ou retard de financement7.2.2. PLAN D’ACTIONS Un Plan d’actions pluriannuel (PAP) est proposé pour la communication. Ce plan peut être révisé en fonction des ressources réunies pour l’exécution desdites actions. Les estimations financières des actions retenues et planifiées de 2022 à 2026 s’élèvent à 1 072 114 Dollars US. Le tableau 25 résume le budget en fonction de chaque composante.', 'Le tableau 25 résume le budget en fonction de chaque composante. Tableau 25 : Plan pluriannuel budgétisé RÉSULTATS ANNEES DE REALISATION (Coûts en millions de dollars US) TOTAL Résultat 1 : Les CDN sont intégrés dans tous les plans de développement aux niveaux sectoriel et communal Résultat 2 : Les groupes cibles sont formés sur les pratiques innovantes et la mobilisation du financement adaptatif Le dispositif éducatif et communicationnel des CDN est amélioréBibliographie Agence de coopération belge (ENABEL), Communication pour le Développement : Dialogue et Participation pour des résultats durables Brabant P., Darracq S., Egue K. et Simonneaux V., (1996). Etat de dégradation des terres résultant des activités humaines. Note explicative de la carte des indices de dégradation.', 'Note explicative de la carte des indices de dégradation. Collection Note Explicative n°112, ORSTOM Eds, Paris, 66 p. Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national (CPDN) dans le cadre de la Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CNUCC), Craig M., Snow R., Le Sueur D., 1999. A Climate-based Distribution Model of Malaria Transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Parasitology Today 15 (3) : 105 – 111. Diop, A., (2017), « Étude sur les autorités locales face aux changements climatiques au Sénégal, en vue d’appuyer le processus de plaidoyer des autorités locales », Association Internationale des Maires Francophones, Commission Européenne. Direction Générale de la Statistique et de la Comptabilité Nationale (DGSCN), 2011. Quatrième recensement de la population et de l’habitat. Rapport définitif, République Togolaise, 57 p. Ern H., 1979. Die vegetation Togo.', 'Rapport définitif, République Togolaise, 57 p. Ern H., 1979. Die vegetation Togo. Gliederrung, Gefåhrdung, Erhaltung. Willdenowia Etude sur la composante adaptation aux changements climatiques dans les CDN révisées du Togo projet d’appui aux contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN) du Togo, juin 2021 FAO/CEDEAO, 2018. Profil national genre des secteurs de l’agriculture et du développement rural. Série des Evaluations Genre des Pays, Rapport, 118 p. Feuille de Route Sectorielle Togo 2025, Janvier 2021 GIZ, 2020. Etude des risques et vulnérabilités liés au changement climatique dans le secteur de la santé au Togo. Rapport final, 100 p. Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques et Démographiques (INSEED), 2015. Perspectives démographiques du Togo 2011- 2031. Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique (MAEH), 2015a.', 'Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique (MAEH), 2015a. Document de politique agricole pour la période 2016-2030, 56 p. Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique (MAEH), 2015b. Document de stratégie nationale pour la formation agricole et rurale au Togo (SNFAR-TOGO) 2016-2020, 75 p.Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de l’hydraulique (MAEH), 2017. Programme national d’investissement agricole, de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (PNIASAN)- Plan d’investissement 2017-2025. Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’élevage et de la pêche / Programme alimentaire mondial (MAEP/PAM), 2018. Revue stratégique faim zéro au Togo. Rapport final, 201 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2001. Communication Nationale Initiale du Togo. Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, 210 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2009.', 'Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques, 210 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2009. Plan d’Action National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2010. Evaluation des dommages, pertes et besoins de reconstruction post catastrophes des inondations de 2010 au Togo. Rapport final, 39 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2015a. Troisième communication Nationale sur les Changements climatiques. Rapport final, 160 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2015b. Contribution prévue déterminée au niveau national (CPDN) dans le cadre de la convention cadre des nations unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC). Rapport final, 21 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2017a.', 'Rapport final, 21 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2017a. Premier rapport biennal actualisé du Togo sur les changements climatiques. Rapport final, Rép. Togolaise, 176 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2017b. Etude approfondie sur la dynamique de l’utilisation du bois-énergie au Togo. Rapport final, Rép. Togolaise, 114 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2018a. Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) 2020-2029. Version 1 finale, 179 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2018b. Plan d’Action Technologique et idées de projet, 145 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2018c.', 'Plan d’Action Technologique et idées de projet, 145 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2018c. Cadre stratégique d’investissement pour la gestion de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles au Togo (CSIGERN 2018–2022). Lomé, Togo. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020a. Evaluation de la vulnérabilité du secteur de l’énergie face aux effets et impacts néfastes des changements climatiques au Togo. Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 96 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020b. Evaluation de la vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture, de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres face aux effets et impacts néfastes des changementsclimatiques au Togo.', 'Evaluation de la vulnérabilité du secteur de l’agriculture, de la foresterie et autres affectations des terres face aux effets et impacts néfastes des changementsclimatiques au Togo. Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 117 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020c. Analyse économique et sensibilité climatique de certaines cultures principales notamment le maïs, le mil, le sorgho, le riz, l’igname et le manioc au Togo. Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 98 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020d.', 'Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 98 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020d. L’analyse de la demande actuelle et la simulation en 2030 en termes des prélèvements d’eau de surface et d’eau souterraine dans les bassins du Togo face aux changements climatiques. Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 65 p. Ministère de l’environnement et des ressources forestières (MERF), 2020 e. Etudes conjointes de faisabilité technique de la protection côtière du segment frontalier Togo-Bénin. Projet d’investissement, de résilience des zones côtières en Afrique de l’Ouest (WACA RESIP – BENIN), Phase 3- Etude d’avant-projet détaillé de l’option d’adaptation préférentielle, Rapport, 97 p. Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme (MPF), 2011.', 'Projet d’investissement, de résilience des zones côtières en Afrique de l’Ouest (WACA RESIP – BENIN), Phase 3- Etude d’avant-projet détaillé de l’option d’adaptation préférentielle, Rapport, 97 p. Ministère de la Promotion de la Femme (MPF), 2011. Politique nationale pour l’équité et l’égalité de genre du Togo, 65 p. Ministère de la Santé et de la Protection Sociale (MSPS), 2017. Plan national de développement sanitaire (PNDS) 2017-2022. Rapport final, 99 p. Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie (MME), 2015a. Plan d Actions National des Energies Renouvelables (PANER), 121 p. Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie (MME), 2015b.', 'Plan d Actions National des Energies Renouvelables (PANER), 121 p. Ministère des Mines et de l’Energie (MME), 2015b. Plan d’Action National d’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE 2015-2030), 64 p. Orientations pour la prise en compte du genre dans le processus de Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) du Togo, septembre 2019 Plan d’action national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques – PANA, septembre Plan d’actions de mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) 2020- 2029, Version finale, Décembre 2020, Plan de Préparation de la Mise en Oeuvre des CDN (PPMO-CDN) 2020-2024 Décembre Plan National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques du Togo (PNACC), 2016 Premier rapport biennal actualisé du Togo, Rapport national d inventaire de GES, Premier rapport biennal actualisé TOGO PRBA, Septembre 2017 Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), 2019.', 'Plan d’Action National d’Efficacité Energétique (PANEE 2015-2030), 64 p. Orientations pour la prise en compte du genre dans le processus de Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA) du Togo, septembre 2019 Plan d’action national d’adaptation aux changements climatiques – PANA, septembre Plan d’actions de mise en oeuvre de la Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) 2020- 2029, Version finale, Décembre 2020, Plan de Préparation de la Mise en Oeuvre des CDN (PPMO-CDN) 2020-2024 Décembre Plan National d’Adaptation aux Changements Climatiques du Togo (PNACC), 2016 Premier rapport biennal actualisé du Togo, Rapport national d inventaire de GES, Premier rapport biennal actualisé TOGO PRBA, Septembre 2017 Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement (PNUD), 2019. Rapport annuel, 70 p. Programme Pays Fonds vert climat, Avril 2018 Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les Changements climatiques, Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé, Rapport sur les circonstances nationales, Décembre 2019 République Togolaise, 2017.', 'Rapport annuel, 70 p. Programme Pays Fonds vert climat, Avril 2018 Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les Changements climatiques, Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé, Rapport sur les circonstances nationales, Décembre 2019 République Togolaise, 2017. Plan national d’adaptation aux changements climatique du Togo. Rapport final, 96 p.République Togolaise, 2019a. Etablissement des scénarios climatiques au Togo. Projet de la 4e Communication Nationale et 2e Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, Rapport final, 77 p. République Togolaise, 2019b. Rapport sur les circonstances nationales.', 'Rapport sur les circonstances nationales. Projet de Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les Changements climatiques & Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, 117 p. Stratégie de communication du projet de soutien à la préparation à la REDD+, juillet Stratégie de communication du projet de soutien à la préparation a la REDD+, juillet Stratégie de communication sur les changements climatiques et la transition vers l’économie verte au Togo, Novembre 2012 Stratégie nationale d’information, d’éducation et de communication (IEC) sur l’environnement au Togo (2011 – 2015).', 'Projet de Quatrième Communication Nationale sur les Changements climatiques & Deuxième Rapport Biennal Actualisé du Togo, 117 p. Stratégie de communication du projet de soutien à la préparation à la REDD+, juillet Stratégie de communication du projet de soutien à la préparation a la REDD+, juillet Stratégie de communication sur les changements climatiques et la transition vers l’économie verte au Togo, Novembre 2012 Stratégie nationale d’information, d’éducation et de communication (IEC) sur l’environnement au Togo (2011 – 2015). Programme de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Gestion de l’Environnement, Octobre 2010 Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) 2020-2029, Version finale, Octobre 2019Annexes Annexe 1 : Mesures d’atténuation à long terme Secteur Mesures et priorités Description Energie Création de l’Agence Togolaise de l’Electrification Rurale et des Energie Renouvelables par Décret N° 2016-064/PR (AT2ER).', 'Programme de Renforcement des Capacités pour la Gestion de l’Environnement, Octobre 2010 Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts (REDD+) 2020-2029, Version finale, Octobre 2019Annexes Annexe 1 : Mesures d’atténuation à long terme Secteur Mesures et priorités Description Energie Création de l’Agence Togolaise de l’Electrification Rurale et des Energie Renouvelables par Décret N° 2016-064/PR (AT2ER). Promotion des énergies renouvelables et de l’électrification rurale août 2018 assortie de 8 textes d’application Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables au Togo Feuille de route - Poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous – Extension du réseau et déploiement de systèmes décentralisés (e.g., panneaux solaires individuels) pour atteindre 75% d’électrification, soutenue par la mise en place du Fond Electricité pour Tous - Augmentation de la capacité de production, de transport et de distribution d’électricité– Développement de capacités de production durables et fiables, notamment dans le solaire et l’hydroélectrique, et renforcement correspondant du réseau de transport et de distribution (en synergie avec l’extension du réseau internet - Porter à 50% la part des énergies renouvelables dans la production énergétique d’ici à 2025- Porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 - Extension du réseau routier rural – Construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché - Construction de l’Autoroute de l’Unité – Accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port - Stratégie de l’électrification du Togo - Porter à 100% le taux de l’électrification en 2030 - i) déployer plus de 300 mini-grids d’ici à 2030, soit environ une capacité installée de 9 MW; (ii) électrifier 555 000 ménages par Kits Solaires d’ici à 2030 soit jusqu’à 85 MW de capacité de génération solaire installée en 2030 ; et (iii) étendre et densifier le réseau pour atteindre environ 670 000 connexions d’ici à 2030, soit environ 108 MW de capacité additionnelle Plan quinquennal 2019- - Installer une capacité complémentaire de 88,2 MW d’ici 2023 pour l’hydroélectricité - Installer une capacité de 99 MW de solaire raccorder au réseau d’ici - Installer une capacité de 4 MW de mini-grid solaire en 2023 - Installer une capacité de 11,71 MW de kits solaires en 2023 Plan d’Actions National de la Bioénergie - Porter le taux d’utilisation des foyers améliorés de 40% en 2020(PANBE) en instance d’adoption - Porter la part du charbon de bois produit avec les techniques améliorées de moins de 1 % en - Porter la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural - Porter la part de la population utilisation les briquette à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 - Porter la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici PIUP Distribution des appareils de récupération des gaz-F Réduire la consommation des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) et éviter leur relâchement important dans l’atmosphère à la fin du cycle de vie des équipements les contenant, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES.', 'Promotion des énergies renouvelables et de l’électrification rurale août 2018 assortie de 8 textes d’application Promotion de la production de l’électricité à base des sources d’énergies renouvelables au Togo Feuille de route - Poursuite de la politique d’électrification pour tous – Extension du réseau et déploiement de systèmes décentralisés (e.g., panneaux solaires individuels) pour atteindre 75% d’électrification, soutenue par la mise en place du Fond Electricité pour Tous - Augmentation de la capacité de production, de transport et de distribution d’électricité– Développement de capacités de production durables et fiables, notamment dans le solaire et l’hydroélectrique, et renforcement correspondant du réseau de transport et de distribution (en synergie avec l’extension du réseau internet - Porter à 50% la part des énergies renouvelables dans la production énergétique d’ici à 2025- Porter à 3% la part des véhicule électriques dans l’acquisition des véhicules neuf d’ici à 2025 - Extension du réseau routier rural – Construction de 4000 km de voies rurales ciblant les zones agricoles à fort potentiel d exportation afin de connecter les agriculteurs au marché - Construction de l’Autoroute de l’Unité – Accélération du projet de développement de la RN1 reliant l hinterland productif à l agglomération de Lomé et au port - Stratégie de l’électrification du Togo - Porter à 100% le taux de l’électrification en 2030 - i) déployer plus de 300 mini-grids d’ici à 2030, soit environ une capacité installée de 9 MW; (ii) électrifier 555 000 ménages par Kits Solaires d’ici à 2030 soit jusqu’à 85 MW de capacité de génération solaire installée en 2030 ; et (iii) étendre et densifier le réseau pour atteindre environ 670 000 connexions d’ici à 2030, soit environ 108 MW de capacité additionnelle Plan quinquennal 2019- - Installer une capacité complémentaire de 88,2 MW d’ici 2023 pour l’hydroélectricité - Installer une capacité de 99 MW de solaire raccorder au réseau d’ici - Installer une capacité de 4 MW de mini-grid solaire en 2023 - Installer une capacité de 11,71 MW de kits solaires en 2023 Plan d’Actions National de la Bioénergie - Porter le taux d’utilisation des foyers améliorés de 40% en 2020(PANBE) en instance d’adoption - Porter la part du charbon de bois produit avec les techniques améliorées de moins de 1 % en - Porter la part de la population utilisant le biogaz pour la cuisson à milieu urbain ; à 6% en 2025 et 15% en 2030 en milieu rural - Porter la part de la population utilisation les briquette à 15% en milieu urbain et à 10% en milieu rural en 2030 - Porter la part de la population utilisant le GPL à 35% en milieu urbain et à 8% en milieu rural d’ici PIUP Distribution des appareils de récupération des gaz-F Réduire la consommation des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) et éviter leur relâchement important dans l’atmosphère à la fin du cycle de vie des équipements les contenant, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES. Renforcer la capacité des agents de douane Lutter contre le commerce illicite des SAO donc à réduire leur consommation, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES.A travers ce projet 150 agents de douane sont formés chaque année.', 'Renforcer la capacité des agents de douane Lutter contre le commerce illicite des SAO donc à réduire leur consommation, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES.A travers ce projet 150 agents de douane sont formés chaque année. Renforcer la capacité des techniciens du froid Réduire la consommation des substances appauvrissant la couche d’ozone (SAO) et éviter leur relâchement important dans l’atmosphère à la fin du cycle de vie des équipements les contenant, par conséquent diminuer les émissions des GES.A travers ce projet 100 techniciens du froid sont formés chaque année. Valoriser les filières de traitement et de recyclage des gaz fluorés Mettre un système de collecte annuelle des équipements hors usages. Une fois collectée les équipements seront convoyés vers l’unité industrielle. Atravers des milliers d’emploi seront créés et plusieurs tonnes de gaz-F seront recyclés par an et par conséquent les émissions de GES seront réduits.', 'Atravers des milliers d’emploi seront créés et plusieurs tonnes de gaz-F seront recyclés par an et par conséquent les émissions de GES seront réduits. Promouvoir l’importation des fluides frigorigènes alternatifs Réduire les importations HFCs, de former les agents de douane sur l’identification des HFC et des équipements les contenant, de sensibiliser et former les techniciens du froid sur l’utilisation des nouveaux gaz. L’exécution de ce projet permettra également de renforcer le BNO en personnel et en matériel technique adéquat. Grace à ce projet, l’importation des HFCs sera réduite de 5% par an et de 10% si le pays reçoit de l’appui des partenaires financiers.', 'Grace à ce projet, l’importation des HFCs sera réduite de 5% par an et de 10% si le pays reçoit de l’appui des partenaires financiers. AFAT Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts • Augmenter le taux de couverture forestière 30% à l’horizon 2050 ; • Réduire les facteurs directs et les facteurs indirects d’aggravation de la vulnérabilité du pays en matière de dégradation des ressources forestières et de répondre aux enjeux/défis politiques et techniques sur la dégradation des terres au niveau national, régional et local pour la lutte efficace contre les conséquences de ces aléas Programme National de Reboisement (PNR) • Mettre en place de nouvelles plantations qui occupent 34 400 ha, soit un accroissement net de 0,7% en • augmenter la superficie de la couverture forestière du Togo pourrait Programme d’Appui à la lutte contre le Changement Climatique (PALCC) • mettre en place des zones de gestion durable des forêts et des terres à travers le reboisement et / ou la gestion durable de 600 ha de forêts étatiques (soit 100 ha à réaliser par an) ; • mettre en place 6 000 ha de forêts etdes terres communautaires et privés réhabilitées, reboisées et gérées durablement Programme de définition des cibles de neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres (NDT) • restaurer d’ici 2030, au moins 80% des terres dégradées (soit 187 920 ha) et limiter à 2% (soit 108 802 ha) la dégradation des terres non encore dégradées en vue de renforcer la préservation des écosystèmes terrestres par rapport à la situation référence (2010) ».', 'AFAT Stratégie nationale de Réduction des Émissions dues à la Déforestation et à la Dégradation des forêts • Augmenter le taux de couverture forestière 30% à l’horizon 2050 ; • Réduire les facteurs directs et les facteurs indirects d’aggravation de la vulnérabilité du pays en matière de dégradation des ressources forestières et de répondre aux enjeux/défis politiques et techniques sur la dégradation des terres au niveau national, régional et local pour la lutte efficace contre les conséquences de ces aléas Programme National de Reboisement (PNR) • Mettre en place de nouvelles plantations qui occupent 34 400 ha, soit un accroissement net de 0,7% en • augmenter la superficie de la couverture forestière du Togo pourrait Programme d’Appui à la lutte contre le Changement Climatique (PALCC) • mettre en place des zones de gestion durable des forêts et des terres à travers le reboisement et / ou la gestion durable de 600 ha de forêts étatiques (soit 100 ha à réaliser par an) ; • mettre en place 6 000 ha de forêts etdes terres communautaires et privés réhabilitées, reboisées et gérées durablement Programme de définition des cibles de neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres (NDT) • restaurer d’ici 2030, au moins 80% des terres dégradées (soit 187 920 ha) et limiter à 2% (soit 108 802 ha) la dégradation des terres non encore dégradées en vue de renforcer la préservation des écosystèmes terrestres par rapport à la situation référence (2010) ». • accroitre de 3% (soit 43 557 ha) la superficie des forêts du Togo ; • réduire aux 1/3 (soit 73 260 ha) les terres présentant une tendance négative en matière de productivité nette Politique Agricole du • mettre en œuvre des programmes d’intensification de la production combinant intensification classique (recours aux intrants modernes) et pratiques agro écologiques, en lien avec l’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) ; • renforcer la prévention ou d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique imposant soient réservées à la reforestation Programme national d’investissement agricole et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (PNIASAN) : Plan • parvenir en 2026 à un taux de croissance du produit intérieur brut agricole (PIBA) d’au moins 10% ; • d’améliorer la balance commerciale agricole de 25%, de doubler le revenu moyen des ménages agricoles, de contribuer à la réduction de la malnutrition ; • renforcer la lutte contre l’insécurité alimentaire et de réduire de moitié le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural à 27% ;Déchets Le secteur des déchets est orienté par la Politique Nationale d’Hygiène et d’Assainissement (PNHAT) Ce document fixe les rôles et responsabilités des acteurs étatiques, des collectivités locales, des organisations non gouvernementales, des populations, des partenaires techniques et financiers dans la mise en œuvre de ladite politique.', '• accroitre de 3% (soit 43 557 ha) la superficie des forêts du Togo ; • réduire aux 1/3 (soit 73 260 ha) les terres présentant une tendance négative en matière de productivité nette Politique Agricole du • mettre en œuvre des programmes d’intensification de la production combinant intensification classique (recours aux intrants modernes) et pratiques agro écologiques, en lien avec l’agriculture intelligente face au climat (AIC) ; • renforcer la prévention ou d’atténuation des effets du changement climatique imposant soient réservées à la reforestation Programme national d’investissement agricole et de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle (PNIASAN) : Plan • parvenir en 2026 à un taux de croissance du produit intérieur brut agricole (PIBA) d’au moins 10% ; • d’améliorer la balance commerciale agricole de 25%, de doubler le revenu moyen des ménages agricoles, de contribuer à la réduction de la malnutrition ; • renforcer la lutte contre l’insécurité alimentaire et de réduire de moitié le taux de pauvreté en milieu rural à 27% ;Déchets Le secteur des déchets est orienté par la Politique Nationale d’Hygiène et d’Assainissement (PNHAT) Ce document fixe les rôles et responsabilités des acteurs étatiques, des collectivités locales, des organisations non gouvernementales, des populations, des partenaires techniques et financiers dans la mise en œuvre de ladite politique. Cette politique est accompagnée du Plan d’Action National pour le Secteur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (PANSEA) qui vise l’amélioration du niveau d’accès aux services d’assainissement de base et collectifs par le renforcement et la consolidation des infrastructures techniques ou par la promotion d’infrastructures adéquates et accessibles à tous.', 'Cette politique est accompagnée du Plan d’Action National pour le Secteur de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement (PANSEA) qui vise l’amélioration du niveau d’accès aux services d’assainissement de base et collectifs par le renforcement et la consolidation des infrastructures techniques ou par la promotion d’infrastructures adéquates et accessibles à tous. L’accès universel à l’eau et à l’assainissement à horizon 2030, prôné par les Objectifs de développement durables (ODD) est donc prise en compte Transversal -'] | fr-FR |
333 | TON | Tonga | LTS | 2021-11-11 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/TON_LTS_Nov2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.12796 | 0.067546 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3e2ca5d2cf9409dd25592af702613d659fba32bb2e3896a6143ff2b816414e57.pdf | ['LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY GOVERNMENT OF TONGAFOREWORD As a series of low lying islands the Kingdom of Tonga is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, and with a population of just over 100,000 people our greenhouse gas emissions are negligible compared to larger, more developed economies. Nonetheless, Tonga is demonstrating strong ambition and leadership by communicating a long-term, low emission development strategy (LT-LEDS) that not only considers mitigation but also resilience and adaptation, as well the country’s broader development objectives. This LT-LEDS reaffirms Tonga’s commitments to the Paris Agreement which Tonga ratified on the 21st September 2016.', 'This LT-LEDS reaffirms Tonga’s commitments to the Paris Agreement which Tonga ratified on the 21st September 2016. It also complements the Government of Tonga’s adaptation and mitigation efforts as articulated in Tonga’s Climate Change Policy, Tonga’s Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management and Tonga’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement. By developing Tonga’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution and LT-LEDS in unison, Tonga has already demonstrated visionary thinking and planning that will support alignment between the long-term vision and pathways, and planning and investments in the nearer term. LT-LEDS was developed in a participatory manner, grounded in our culture and values.', 'LT-LEDS was developed in a participatory manner, grounded in our culture and values. Drawing on Talanga, an ‘interactive dialogue or interactive talking with a purpose’ between two individuals or groups or communities, the process and workshops wove together principles of traditional culture and knowledge, family, community and religion, autonomy and independence. As a result, the LT-LEDS vision is well aligned to Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015 -2025 (TSDF II): A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self-reliance. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the team from the Department of Climate Change, MEIDECC for their efforts in developing Tonga’s LT-LEDS and to all national and international stakeholders who have contributed to its development.', 'I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the team from the Department of Climate Change, MEIDECC for their efforts in developing Tonga’s LT-LEDS and to all national and international stakeholders who have contributed to its development. As the Minister for the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC), it is indeed an honour and a privilege to submit Tonga’s Low Emission Development Strategy 2021-2050 to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Image: Port of Refuge (Taulanga Puatalefusi) as viewed from Mt. Talau, Vava’u. Taken in 2020.', 'Talau, Vava’u. Taken in 2020. Honourable Poasi Mataele Tei TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050CONTENTS Executive summary 10 Tonga LT-LEDS 2021-2050 at a glance 12 1.2 GHG emissions profile 16 1.3 Narrative description of relevant legal and institutional frameworks 17 1.4 Why a LT-LEDS for Tonga? 20 1.5 Process, principles, and macrotrends 21 3 Key short, medium and long term climate actions 26 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS 86 LT-LEDS first steps 87 Cross-sectoral measures 94 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION 96 5.1 National context: climate change impacts in Tonga 97 5.2 Existing policies frameworks and commitment to climate adaptation 5.3 Synergies between mitigation and adaptation identified throughout the stakeholders consultation process 6 GOVERNANCE, MONITORING & REVIEW 104 Reference list 108 Annex A. Consultation list 110 Annex B.', '20 1.5 Process, principles, and macrotrends 21 3 Key short, medium and long term climate actions 26 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS 86 LT-LEDS first steps 87 Cross-sectoral measures 94 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION 96 5.1 National context: climate change impacts in Tonga 97 5.2 Existing policies frameworks and commitment to climate adaptation 5.3 Synergies between mitigation and adaptation identified throughout the stakeholders consultation process 6 GOVERNANCE, MONITORING & REVIEW 104 Reference list 108 Annex A. Consultation list 110 Annex B. Process governance 114 Annex C. Relevant legislation and policy 115 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support in the development of our LT-LEDS.', 'Process governance 114 Annex C. Relevant legislation and policy 115 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support in the development of our LT-LEDS. The development of this LT-LEDS has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) under the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC), with technical assistance provided by ClimateWorks Australia, Global Green Growth Institute and Relative Creative, and on the ground support from a team of invaluable facilitators and national experts.', 'The development of this LT-LEDS has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) under the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC), with technical assistance provided by ClimateWorks Australia, Global Green Growth Institute and Relative Creative, and on the ground support from a team of invaluable facilitators and national experts. DCC and the consulting team extend their warm and heartfelt gratitude to members of the Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP) Technical Team and Technical Working Groups, and all workshop participants and stakeholders consulted throughout the process. Malo ‘aupito. List of Figures Figure 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2006) 16 Figure 2. Proposal for harmonized revision cycles of Tonga’s NDCs and LT-LEDS 106 Figure 3.', 'Proposal for harmonized revision cycles of Tonga’s NDCs and LT-LEDS 106 Figure 3. Institutional Arrangements for LT-LEDS Development 114 Cataloguing Data This publication (and any material sourced from it) should be attributed as: Government of Tonga. 2021, Tonga Low Emission Development Strategy 2021-2050, Nuku’alofa, Tonga Document Design Relative Creative Image Credits Front & back cover image: Aerial view of Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. All images are credited to the Mitigation Division, Department of Climate Change, Tonga. Image (opposite page): Women laying out ngatu at a local residence in Fasi, Tongatapu. Taken in 2020.', 'Image (opposite page): Women laying out ngatu at a local residence in Fasi, Tongatapu. Taken in 2020. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050MORC Ministry of Revenue and Customs MOT Ministry of Tourism MPAs Marine Protected Areas MPD Marine Ports Division MTED Ministry of Trade and Economic Development NCCCC National Climate Change Coordination Committee NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEMO National Emergency Management Office NGHGI National Greenhouse Gas Inventory NGOs Non-Government Organisations NIIP II National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2, 2013-2023 NIIP-3 Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2020-2030 NSPAO National Spatial Planning Agency Office PAT Ports Authority Tonga PMO Prime Minister’s Office RE Renewable Energy SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDG Sustainable Development Goal SMAs Special Management Areas SOE State-owned enterprise SPREP Secretariat of the Regional Environment Programme TASF Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020 TC Tropical Cyclone TCCP Tonga Climate Change Policy (2016) TEEMP Tonga Energy Efficiency Masterplan TERM Tonga Energy Road Map TERMPLUS Tonga Energy Road Map, 2021 - 2035 TNC Third National Communication (2019) TNFP Tonga National Forest Policy 2009 TMPI Tonga Maritime Polytechnic Institute TPL Tonga Power Limited TSD Tonga Statistics Department TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCTCN United Nations Climate Technology Centre and Network WAL Waste Authority Limited ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AGC Agricultural Growth Committee BAU Business as Usual CAD Civil Aviation Division CBOs Community Based Organisations CDPs Community Development Plans COP UNFCCC Conference of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DCC Department of Climate Change DOE Department of Energy E&S Environmental and Social EAP Education Awareness Plan EE Energy Efficiency EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EVs Electric Vehicles FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation FBO Faith-based Organisation FMP Forest Management Plan (Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga) GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas GoT Government of Tonga ICT Information and Communications Technology IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change & Disaster Risk J-PRISM II Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management, Phase II LED Light Emitting Diode LT-LEDS Long-term, low-emission development strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food, & Forests MEIDECC Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MLNR Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MOF Ministry of Finance MOI Ministry of Infrastructure Acronyms TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report (2021) shows that the world will probably reach or exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming within the next two decades.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050MORC Ministry of Revenue and Customs MOT Ministry of Tourism MPAs Marine Protected Areas MPD Marine Ports Division MTED Ministry of Trade and Economic Development NCCCC National Climate Change Coordination Committee NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NEMO National Emergency Management Office NGHGI National Greenhouse Gas Inventory NGOs Non-Government Organisations NIIP II National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2, 2013-2023 NIIP-3 Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2020-2030 NSPAO National Spatial Planning Agency Office PAT Ports Authority Tonga PMO Prime Minister’s Office RE Renewable Energy SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SDG Sustainable Development Goal SMAs Special Management Areas SOE State-owned enterprise SPREP Secretariat of the Regional Environment Programme TASF Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020 TC Tropical Cyclone TCCP Tonga Climate Change Policy (2016) TEEMP Tonga Energy Efficiency Masterplan TERM Tonga Energy Road Map TERMPLUS Tonga Energy Road Map, 2021 - 2035 TNC Third National Communication (2019) TNFP Tonga National Forest Policy 2009 TMPI Tonga Maritime Polytechnic Institute TPL Tonga Power Limited TSD Tonga Statistics Department TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 TVET Technical and Vocational Education and Training UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNCTCN United Nations Climate Technology Centre and Network WAL Waste Authority Limited ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AGC Agricultural Growth Committee BAU Business as Usual CAD Civil Aviation Division CBOs Community Based Organisations CDPs Community Development Plans COP UNFCCC Conference of Parties CSO Civil Society Organisation DCC Department of Climate Change DOE Department of Energy E&S Environmental and Social EAP Education Awareness Plan EE Energy Efficiency EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EU European Union EVs Electric Vehicles FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation FBO Faith-based Organisation FMP Forest Management Plan (Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga) GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product Gg Gigagram GHG Greenhouse Gas GoT Government of Tonga ICT Information and Communications Technology IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change & Disaster Risk J-PRISM II Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiative on Solid Waste Management, Phase II LED Light Emitting Diode LT-LEDS Long-term, low-emission development strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food, & Forests MEIDECC Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MIA Ministry of Internal Affairs MLNR Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources MOF Ministry of Finance MOI Ministry of Infrastructure Acronyms TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group I Sixth Assessment Report (2021) shows that the world will probably reach or exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming within the next two decades. Tonga is already experiencing the impacts of climate change and this warming world, including increased intensity of climate and weather extremes.', 'Tonga is already experiencing the impacts of climate change and this warming world, including increased intensity of climate and weather extremes. An international solution is needed to address this international challenge. While respecting common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities, the Kingdom of Tonga will play its part in supporting the reduction of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions in support of the long- term temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. The Government of Tonga puts forth a long- term low-emission development strategy (LT- LEDS) that aspires to: A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self-reliance. This will require concerted and comprehensive efforts from all facets of society: government, public enterprise, private sector, and civil society.', 'This will require concerted and comprehensive efforts from all facets of society: government, public enterprise, private sector, and civil society. Tonga will also continue to work actively in international forums to strengthen consensus among countries to tackle climate change, and collaborate actively with international partners to build capabilities and share experiences. Tonga will pursue the sectoral pathways and actions outlined in this document, while also pursuing climate-resilience and adaptation efforts. In addition to the stated vision, Tonga’s LT-LEDS is guided by 5 sector pathways, each with a series of actions: • Energy: A Tonga that promotes standards that establish renewable energy, energy efficient infrastructure and battery storage facilities. • Transport: A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation and decentralisation of services.', '• Transport: A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation and decentralisation of services. • Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Fisheries: A resilient Fisheries and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs and sustainable systems. • Waste: A resilient, sustainable and educated Tonga, achieved through effective education and sustainable waste management. • Human Settlements: Building a resilient and autonomous Tonga through transformation and strengthening of all sectors. These sector pathways, their related actions and steps were guided by seven principles important to the Tongan people: For the purposes of the LT-LEDS, these were defined by stakeholders as environment, inclusivity, autonomy, culture, traditional knowledge, education and core values.', 'These sector pathways, their related actions and steps were guided by seven principles important to the Tongan people: For the purposes of the LT-LEDS, these were defined by stakeholders as environment, inclusivity, autonomy, culture, traditional knowledge, education and core values. The implementation of the LT-LEDS, its sector pathways and actions will start straight away with the initiation of nine first steps that will advance Tonga towards its vision. In doing so, climate-resilience and adaptation co-benefits will be integrated with pathways, actions and steps. Finally, Tonga is committed to coordinating processes for its LT-LEDS and future NDCs, with the aim of creating alignment between long- and short-term actions. This will avoid duplication of efforts and allow for regular exchange of information between the two documents. Alignment will occur under institutional arrangements, systems for monitoring and assessing progress, and revisions or review cycles.', 'Alignment will occur under institutional arrangements, systems for monitoring and assessing progress, and revisions or review cycles. While Tonga’s efforts alone may seem modest, efforts in delivering this LT-LEDS will be substantial and demonstrate leadership in helping to achieve a long-term, low-carbon future for all. A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self-reliance. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050A demonstrated commitment TO achieving a resilient Tonga by 2035 Synergies between mitigation & adaptation ACROSS SECTORS VISIONS FOR Long-term sector pathways to low emissions ACTIONS FOR Long-term sector pathways to low emissions Major first steps TO ADVANCE TONGA’S LOW EMISSIONS FUTURE A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy & self-reliance.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050A demonstrated commitment TO achieving a resilient Tonga by 2035 Synergies between mitigation & adaptation ACROSS SECTORS VISIONS FOR Long-term sector pathways to low emissions ACTIONS FOR Long-term sector pathways to low emissions Major first steps TO ADVANCE TONGA’S LOW EMISSIONS FUTURE A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy & self-reliance. reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through 70% renewable electricity KEY NDC TARGETS Traditional knowledge & culture Loan program for low energy buildings Standardising lighting power consumption for buildings by 2025 Develop a waste communication strategy Strengthen existing transport policies Mainstreaming important low emission policy elements into relevant ministries Promote best practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries Develop and implement a national waste policy for Tonga Pedestrianising Nuku’alofa by 2022 Low emission vehicles: government to pilot electric vehicles Improve productivity & diversity of agroforestry Enhance home gardening Reforestation as part of promoting best practices in agroforestry CORE VALUES ENERGY A Tonga that promotes standards that establish renewable energy, energy efficient infrastructure, & battery storage facilities.', 'reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through 70% renewable electricity KEY NDC TARGETS Traditional knowledge & culture Loan program for low energy buildings Standardising lighting power consumption for buildings by 2025 Develop a waste communication strategy Strengthen existing transport policies Mainstreaming important low emission policy elements into relevant ministries Promote best practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries Develop and implement a national waste policy for Tonga Pedestrianising Nuku’alofa by 2022 Low emission vehicles: government to pilot electric vehicles Improve productivity & diversity of agroforestry Enhance home gardening Reforestation as part of promoting best practices in agroforestry CORE VALUES ENERGY A Tonga that promotes standards that establish renewable energy, energy efficient infrastructure, & battery storage facilities. • 100% renewable electricity by 2035 • High standards for technologies, infrastructure & retrofitting • Education to support jobs in energy • Private sector fund RE projects • Upgrades to electricty grids TRANSPORT A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation & decentralisation of services.', '• 100% renewable electricity by 2035 • High standards for technologies, infrastructure & retrofitting • Education to support jobs in energy • Private sector fund RE projects • Upgrades to electricty grids TRANSPORT A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation & decentralisation of services. • GHG emissions reduced 28% by 2030 • Improve data collection & waste management • Strengthened road & vehicle maintenance • 100% EV government fleet & 50% long-term public adoption • Expansion of non-motorised & cycling transport AFOLU A resilient Fisheries & Agriculture, Forestry & Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs & sustainable systems.', '• GHG emissions reduced 28% by 2030 • Improve data collection & waste management • Strengthened road & vehicle maintenance • 100% EV government fleet & 50% long-term public adoption • Expansion of non-motorised & cycling transport AFOLU A resilient Fisheries & Agriculture, Forestry & Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs & sustainable systems. • Strengthen public-private partnerships • Data collection, management & accessibility • Expansion of MPAs & SMAs • Enhancing agro-forestry & home gardening HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Building a resilient & autonomous Tonga through transformation & strengthening of all sectors. Expansion of MPAs & SMAs WASTE A resilient, sustainable & educated Tonga, achieved through effective education & sustainable waste management.', 'Expansion of MPAs & SMAs WASTE A resilient, sustainable & educated Tonga, achieved through effective education & sustainable waste management. • Develop & implement national waste strategy • Improve waste infrastructure & management • Education, awareness raising, traditional knowledge & use of local/recycled goods • Establish biogas plant by 2030 Co-benefits of energy interventions Impacts of EV uptake on transport & waste Reduced waste production & sustainable waste disposal Resilient community infrastructure in human settlements across Tonga ENVIRONMENT CULTURE TNC TCCP TSDF II AUTONOMY INCLUSIVITY • Community access to climate resilient infrastructure • Enhance stormwater management, water security & coastal protection • Improve resilience of housing • Promote sustainable tourism The Tonga 2050 VISION DRIVEN BY TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION Establishment of a forest inventory & planting one million trees Expansion of the formal waste collection system Health & wellbeing of all Tongans (& every household) Education Communities, individuals & government push for changeCONTEXT 1.1 Country profile The Kingdom of Tonga is an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean with a total land area of 718km2, consisting of four main island groups: Tongatapu, Ha‘apai, Vava‘u and the two Niuas.', '• Develop & implement national waste strategy • Improve waste infrastructure & management • Education, awareness raising, traditional knowledge & use of local/recycled goods • Establish biogas plant by 2030 Co-benefits of energy interventions Impacts of EV uptake on transport & waste Reduced waste production & sustainable waste disposal Resilient community infrastructure in human settlements across Tonga ENVIRONMENT CULTURE TNC TCCP TSDF II AUTONOMY INCLUSIVITY • Community access to climate resilient infrastructure • Enhance stormwater management, water security & coastal protection • Improve resilience of housing • Promote sustainable tourism The Tonga 2050 VISION DRIVEN BY TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE EDUCATION Establishment of a forest inventory & planting one million trees Expansion of the formal waste collection system Health & wellbeing of all Tongans (& every household) Education Communities, individuals & government push for changeCONTEXT 1.1 Country profile The Kingdom of Tonga is an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean with a total land area of 718km2, consisting of four main island groups: Tongatapu, Ha‘apai, Vava‘u and the two Niuas. Nuku‘alofa is the capital of Tonga, which is located on the main island of Tongatapu.', 'Nuku‘alofa is the capital of Tonga, which is located on the main island of Tongatapu. Climate Tonga’s climate is tropical, with two distinct seasons: dry season (May-October) and wet season (November-April). The mean annual temperature in Tonga varies from 23°C to 26°C. Climate in Tonga is governed by a number of factors which include the trade winds and the movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone. Year-to-year variability in climate is also strongly influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, which can bring prolonged drought conditions and tropical cyclones that occur during the wet season. Tonga faces near and long-term exposure to the negative impacts of climate change and natural disasters. Tonga was ranked the second highest disaster risk country globally, according to the World Risk Report in 2020 (Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, 2020).', 'Tonga was ranked the second highest disaster risk country globally, according to the World Risk Report in 2020 (Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, 2020). Impacts include seismic activity with earthquakes and tsunamis; frequent tropical cyclones with damaging winds (often between 22-65 knots), rain and storm surges; droughts, and sea level rise. Population The total population of Tonga is approximately 100,651 people as of 2016, split into 50,255 males and 50,396 females (Tonga Statistics Department, 2016). More updated population figures will come through the planned November 2021 Census. According to the 2016 census, the majority of this population (74%) lives on Tongatapu with population density being 286 people per km2 compared to only 17 people per km2 in the Niuas. Economy Tonga is a small, open economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimated at USD 512 million in 2019 (World Bank, 2021).', 'Economy Tonga is a small, open economy, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimated at USD 512 million in 2019 (World Bank, 2021). It has a strong position as a lower middle-income country, in part due to its high migration and remittance culture, which represent approximately 50–60% of gross national domestic income (Tonga Statistics Department, 2016). In 2019, remittances from Tonga’s diaspora contributed USD 193.6 million or 37% of GDP (World Bank, 2021). Tonga’s largest export sectors are tourism, agriculture and fisheries. In 2015–16 the service sector contribution to GDP (including tourism trade, and hospitality) was 54.5%, while agriculture contributed 14.7% to GDP in current prices (Census 2016). Tonga’s productive sectors are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Intense cyclones, as experienced in Tropical Cyclone (TC) Gita and TC Harold, substantially impact these sectors and the economy.', 'Intense cyclones, as experienced in Tropical Cyclone (TC) Gita and TC Harold, substantially impact these sectors and the economy. In April 2020, TC Harold is estimated to have caused economic damage totalling 12% of GDP (World Bank, 2020), in addition to lives and livelihoods lost. The government of Tonga has successfully quarantined its population from COVID-19, with no cases recorded as of August 2021. However, the pandemic continues to threaten Tonga’s population, health and economic fortunes. The recovery of Tonga’s tourism sector, a substantial contributor to the economy before COVID-19, will be protracted as a consequence of border closures. Despite these challenges and uncertainties, Tonga continues to demonstrate ambitious mitigation commitments and action.', 'Despite these challenges and uncertainties, Tonga continues to demonstrate ambitious mitigation commitments and action. Image (opposite page): The tourist hotspot Friends Cafe and Tourist Center (white with red roof wooden building) on the main street of Taufaáhau Road in downtown Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTFigure 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2006)1 1 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019) 1.2 GHG Emissions Profile Tonga emitted 310.4 Gigagrams (Gg) of CO -equivalent in 2006, according to the Third National Communication submitted in 2019.', 'Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector (2006)1 1 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019) 1.2 GHG Emissions Profile Tonga emitted 310.4 Gigagrams (Gg) of CO -equivalent in 2006, according to the Third National Communication submitted in 2019. Nearly all emissions are derived from the Energy sector (39%) and AFOLU (61%), with waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions.', 'Nearly all emissions are derived from the Energy sector (39%) and AFOLU (61%), with waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions. While energy emissions are mostly driven by a dependency on imported petroleum for electricity generation and transportation, the increase in AFOLU emissions is a result of the steady growth in commercial forest harvesting and wood utilisation, increased clearance of forested land and grasslands for commercial farming, and increased clearance of secondary growth for social uses especially firewood, wood carving and construction. The 2006 emissions represent an increase of 21.56 percent from GHG emissions of 2000, as reported in the Second National Communication. Nonetheless, Tonga accounts for just 0.0037 percent of global CO emissions. The Second NDC acknowledges the challenges that data accessibility and quality bring to Tonga’s recording and reporting of emissions.', 'The Second NDC acknowledges the challenges that data accessibility and quality bring to Tonga’s recording and reporting of emissions. In particular, uncertainty in land use data, combined with paucity of information regarding assumptions and methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from living biomass, undermines the reliability of the estimate for the AFOLU sector. This LT-LEDS is organised into Tonga’s key GHG emitting sectors: AFOLU, Energy, Transport, Waste and Human Settlements. Transport has been identified as its own sector, with a focus on land transport as the largest emission sub-sector for transport, within data currently available. Human Settlements was selected as a cross-cutting sector with significant contributions to GHG emissions and broader development objectives.', 'Human Settlements was selected as a cross-cutting sector with significant contributions to GHG emissions and broader development objectives. GHG Emissions (in Gg) Share in total GHG emissions Source: Government of Tonga (2019) 1.3 Narrative description of relevant legal and institutional frameworks The Government of Tonga is a global leader in developing a suite of policies and plans that integrate climate change and sustainable development. The LT-LEDS is no different; drawing on and aligning with the following key executive and legislative mandates, laws, and publications2: Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) provides an overarching framework for Tonga’s development including the LT-LEDS.', 'The LT-LEDS is no different; drawing on and aligning with the following key executive and legislative mandates, laws, and publications2: Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) provides an overarching framework for Tonga’s development including the LT-LEDS. It seeks ‘A more progressive Tonga supporting a higher quality of life for all’ through seven national outcomes: knowledge-based economy; balanced urban and rural development across island groups; empowering human development with gender equality; responsive good-governance with law and order; successful provision and maintenance of infrastructure and technology; effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk; and consistent advancement of our external interests, security and sovereignty. Tonga Climate Change Policy (TCCP, 2016) intends to make Tonga climate- resilient by 2035 and enhance mitigation efforts.', 'Tonga Climate Change Policy (TCCP, 2016) intends to make Tonga climate- resilient by 2035 and enhance mitigation efforts. Its vision is for ‘A Tonga that is resilient to the impacts of climate change and climate-related disaster risks, and is able to protect and safeguard its present and future citizens.’ It seeks to achieve this through three strategic goals: strengthened integrated risk management to enhance climate and disaster resilience; low carbon development; and strengthened disaster preparedness, response and recovery specific targets. Joint National Action Plan 2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP2) 2018-2028 provides the strategic action plan for both the TSDF II and TCCP.', 'Joint National Action Plan 2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP2) 2018-2028 provides the strategic action plan for both the TSDF II and TCCP. Its mission is ‘To develop a resilient Tonga through an inclusive, participatory approach that is based on good governance, builds knowledgeable, proactive communications and supports a strong, sustainable development pathway.’ Its guiding principles were replicated in the LT-LEDS process, including ‘A holistic, multi-faceted, multi-sectoral approach’ and an ‘Integrated approach to adaptation and mitigation’. The JNAP Technical Working Groups provided oversight to the LT-LEDS process (see Annex B for more detail). Third National Communication on Climate Change Report (TNC, 2019) updates the information and inventory of Tonga’s Second National Communication.', 'Third National Communication on Climate Change Report (TNC, 2019) updates the information and inventory of Tonga’s Second National Communication. It captures Tonga’s national circumstances and National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI), provides mitigation analysis, vulnerability and adaptation assessments, and details constraints, gaps, financial, technical and capacity needs.', 'It captures Tonga’s national circumstances and National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI), provides mitigation analysis, vulnerability and adaptation assessments, and details constraints, gaps, financial, technical and capacity needs. 2 This document acknowledges that at time of publication a number of new legislations had just been approved including the Disaster Risk Management Bill 2021; Tonga Climate Change Fund Bill 2021 and Tonga Energy Bill 2021 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTTonga’s Second National Determined Contribution (NDC, 2020) is ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement, with mitigation targets for Energy (a 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006), AFOLU (establishment of a forest inventory and planting one million trees by 2023) and Waste (expansion of the formal waste collection system).', '2 This document acknowledges that at time of publication a number of new legislations had just been approved including the Disaster Risk Management Bill 2021; Tonga Climate Change Fund Bill 2021 and Tonga Energy Bill 2021 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTTonga’s Second National Determined Contribution (NDC, 2020) is ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement, with mitigation targets for Energy (a 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006), AFOLU (establishment of a forest inventory and planting one million trees by 2023) and Waste (expansion of the formal waste collection system). Tonga’s Second NDC sought alignment with the LT-LEDS, with the recommendations and commitments of the former being included in the sector pathways development.', 'Tonga’s Second NDC sought alignment with the LT-LEDS, with the recommendations and commitments of the former being included in the sector pathways development. Many of the stakeholders who participated in the 2015 NDC Review and Second NDC Validation were actively engaged in the workshops under the LT-LEDS. Tonga has a goal of Gender Equity by 2025 and the Government recognises that sustainable development can only be achieved if gender considerations (i.e. the respective issues, concerns, and priorities of women and men) are factored into the work of the government. This approach is espoused in the TSDF II, of which the third National Outcome envisions ‘a more inclusive, sustainable and empowering human development with gender equality’.', 'This approach is espoused in the TSDF II, of which the third National Outcome envisions ‘a more inclusive, sustainable and empowering human development with gender equality’. Further, the National Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Tonga Policy and Strategic Plan of Action 2019–2025 includes specific national priorities to address gender issues that the Government and national stakeholders have agreed require urgent attention. Two of these priorities are particularly relevant for the LT-LEDS: ‘Enabling environment for mainstreaming gender across government policies, programmes, services, corporate budgeting and monitoring and evaluation’; and ‘Equitable access to economic assets and employment’. Image (opposite page): Churchgoers after a church service at the Immaculate Heart of Mary Cathedral, Ma’ufanga, Tongatapu. Taken in 2019. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT1.4 Why a LT-LEDS for Tonga?', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT1.4 Why a LT-LEDS for Tonga? Purpose Developing a LT-LEDS achieves multiple purposes for Tonga: Fulfilling commitments under the Paris Agreement which under Article 4, paragraph 19, states that ‘All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.’ The related COP Decision 1/CP 21, paragraph 35, ‘invites’ Parties to communicate by 2020, to the secretariat, ‘mid-century’ long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19. Support and complement existing planning and policy processes by bringing a longer term, more integrated view. This will result in improved socio- economic outcomes and contribute to meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'This will result in improved socio- economic outcomes and contribute to meeting Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Tonga has already demonstrated visionary thinking and successful planning to identify low-carbon development, adaptation, mitigation and climate resilience actions and policies that simultaneously deliver socio-economic benefits in line with national priorities (see Section 1.3 for relevant policies). Enhance dialogue and governance capability. By strengthening and extending existing processes of dialogue and governance, particularly those established for the JNAP2, Tonga can further enhance its capability for strategic planning in areas of infrastructure, social, economic and environmental development. Provide a framework for more integrated and strategic investment and development aid coordination, towards a more resource-efficient, secure and resilient Tonga.', 'Provide a framework for more integrated and strategic investment and development aid coordination, towards a more resource-efficient, secure and resilient Tonga. The LT-LEDS provides an opportunity for the Tongan government to coordinate strategically with development partners on the transformational investments needed to mitigate GHG emissions and adapt to climate change. 1.5 Process, Principles, and Macrotrends Process Tonga’s LT-LEDS was developed through a series of facilitated strategic dialogues with key Tongan stakeholders, supported by technical expertise and analysis. This participatory process was designed to reflect Tonga’s culture of Talanga, an ‘interactive dialogue or interactive talking with a purpose’ between two individuals or groups or communities. Cultural metaphors and motifs were also used throughout to act as visual storytelling aids and carry dialogue activities.', 'Cultural metaphors and motifs were also used throughout to act as visual storytelling aids and carry dialogue activities. These dialogues took place over three workshops: • Window Workshop 1 (October 2020) focused on exploring Tonga’s past, present, and future, considering global and regional macrotrends and possible implications for Tonga. The result was three main visions that represent recurring themes of education and training, autonomy and independence, resilience & self-reliance and returning to tradition. • Window Workshop 2 (February 2021) focused on iterating the visions from Workshop 1. Stakeholders outlined preferred pathways for each sector, identifying actions needed to achieve each vision and mapped these actions to different scales of change (village/ community, government/business, and global) and timelines (2025, 2030 and 2050).', 'Stakeholders outlined preferred pathways for each sector, identifying actions needed to achieve each vision and mapped these actions to different scales of change (village/ community, government/business, and global) and timelines (2025, 2030 and 2050). • Window Workshop 3 (July 2021) focused on converging on and confirming a single shared vision. Based on this, stakeholders finalised sector pathways with priority intervention actions and outlined major first-step actions which would support implementation of the intervention actions identified. The participatory design also enabled the LT-LEDS process to overcome challenges around access to strong quantitative data, particularly GHG emissions data (see section 1.2). The workshops provided decision-makers with qualitative information and took them through multiple rounds of divergent thinking (open, creative, playful, non-judgmental) to create choices and convergent thinking (analytical, decisive, and strategic) to refine those choices.', 'The workshops provided decision-makers with qualitative information and took them through multiple rounds of divergent thinking (open, creative, playful, non-judgmental) to create choices and convergent thinking (analytical, decisive, and strategic) to refine those choices. This was informed by qualitative knowledge gathered from numerous sources: government policies and plans, external reports, additional technical analysis by the consulting team and sense checking with the local steering committee and technical experts. Workshops included participants from all government ministries, public enterprise, private sector and civil society (see full Consultation list in Annex A). By maintaining a broad scope (beyond just low-carbon development), decision makers were encouraged to consider trade-offs, benefits and sequencing of Tonga’s future pathways.', 'By maintaining a broad scope (beyond just low-carbon development), decision makers were encouraged to consider trade-offs, benefits and sequencing of Tonga’s future pathways. The process intended to strengthen and extend existing processes of dialogue and governance so that Tonga can further enhance its capability for long-term, strategic planning. Due to time and resource constraints, the following elements were deemed out of scope for the process: a quantified long-term emissions reduction target, quantified financial needs for proposed interventions, international cooperation needed to implement the LT-LEDS. For more information on methodology and governance see Annex B. Images: Mapping activities undertaken by stakeholders in participatory design workshops.', 'Images: Mapping activities undertaken by stakeholders in participatory design workshops. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTPrinciples and Macrotrends The LT-LEDS process was informed by a number of guiding principles, macrotrends and elements. Cross-cutting development objectives and principles for Tonga are expressed in several existing documents including the TSDF II, the TCCP, the JNAP2 and the Tonga Energy Road Map (TERM). From these documents, seven principles were identified and used by Environment Sustainable environmental development. Inclusivity With participatory & inclusive governance and empowered communities. Traditional Knowledge Valuing Tongan traditional culture and knowledge. Culture Valuing community, family and religion. Autonomy With a resilient economy and reduced reliance on imported energy. Education Quality education for all Tongan’s, guided by the latest science.', 'Education Quality education for all Tongan’s, guided by the latest science. Core Values Of sharing, cooperating and fulfillment of mutual obligations; humility and generosity; maintain relationships; and loyalty and commitment. All actions and steps have been assessed against these principles. Concurrently, stakeholders considered macrotrends that may influence Tonga’s futures. These trends were grouped into economy, society, environment, politics and technology. Economic and societal macrotrends were equally high priorities for stakeholders. Examples include: • Climate migration: ‘In the future, Tonga will experience increases in average temperatures which will result in a rise in the number of hot days and warm nights and a decline in cooler weather. This may drive more and more Tongans to migrate in search of livelihoods and more comfortable living conditions’.', 'This may drive more and more Tongans to migrate in search of livelihoods and more comfortable living conditions’. • Remittances: ‘An important source of income for most Tongans, the Governor of Tonga’s Reserve Bank cautions that remittances have been on the decline since the 2007-08 global financial crisis. Remittance may not be a sustainable form of investment for Tonga and the government needs to consider alternatives to generate local income and consumption’. • Health: ‘Changing diets, the decline in fresh fish consumption and increase in intake of imported canned foods is directly linked to high rates of non- communicable diseases in Tonga’. As part of the visioning process, stakeholders were asked to consider the following elements as they thought about ways forward: Technical: Technical solutions and interventions. Policy: Key policy and institutional changes.', 'Policy: Key policy and institutional changes. Workforce: Future workforce needs and education strategies. Investments: Key investments needed to start Tonga moving on agreed pathways in the short to medium term. Financing: Approaches to financing including working with development partners, and enhancing private sector participation where feasible. Technical and Workforce were most commonly identified among stakeholders as critical elements, followed by financing. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTSTATEMENT 2.1 THE VISION Taking into account Tonga’s national circumstances, the urgency of global climate change, inputs from the participatory process and considering Tonga’s Second NDC, the vision developed for the LT-LEDS is: A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self- reliance.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXT TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 1 NATIONAL CONTEXTSTATEMENT 2.1 THE VISION Taking into account Tonga’s national circumstances, the urgency of global climate change, inputs from the participatory process and considering Tonga’s Second NDC, the vision developed for the LT-LEDS is: A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self- reliance. The Tonga of 2050 is driven by: • Traditional knowledge and culture; • The health and wellbeing of all Tongans (and every household); • Education; • Communities, individuals and government push for change This vision is supported by sub-visions and pathways for each emitting sector.', 'The Tonga of 2050 is driven by: • Traditional knowledge and culture; • The health and wellbeing of all Tongans (and every household); • Education; • Communities, individuals and government push for change This vision is supported by sub-visions and pathways for each emitting sector. 2.2 Sector visions The following summaries describe sector-specific visions developed by LT- LEDS stakeholders: Energy: A Tonga that promotes standards that establish renewable energy, energy efficient infrastructure and battery storage facilities. Transport: A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation and decentralisation of services. AFOLU: A resilient Fisheries and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs and sustainable systems.', 'AFOLU: A resilient Fisheries and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs and sustainable systems. Waste: A resilient, sustainable and educated Tonga, achieved through effective education and sustainable waste management. Human Settlements: Building a resilient and autonomous Tonga through transformation and strengthening of all sectors. This vision aligns with and supports the visions outlined in key Tongan strategic policy documents (more in Chapter 5). Image (opposite page): Mala’ekula, the Royal Tombs for Tonga’s Royal Family in central Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 2 COMMITMENT STATEMENT3 Key short, medium and long term climate actions This chapter provides pathways to low emissions development for Tonga that align with overall vision and priority sector visions established in the preceding chapter.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 2 COMMITMENT STATEMENT3 Key short, medium and long term climate actions This chapter provides pathways to low emissions development for Tonga that align with overall vision and priority sector visions established in the preceding chapter. These pathways were developed in the form of a prioritised set of actions for the mitigation sectors of AFOLU and Fisheries, Energy (focused on electricity), Transport (focused on land transport), Waste and Human Settlements. The pathways build on existing policies and strategies to develop pathways to cut GHG emissions in the short term (by 2025), medium term (by 2030) and long term (by 2050). While these updated pathways address emission reductions by individual sectors, working across sectors will also be crucial to achieving the vision of the LT-LEDS. We will therefore need multidisciplinary initiatives that work across multiple sectors in key areas.', 'We will therefore need multidisciplinary initiatives that work across multiple sectors in key areas. They include data collection, management and sharing, mainstreaming and development of future sectoral low emissions policies and plans and community empowerment. Multi-sector initiatives have been highlighted where possible. While the sectoral sub-chapters below lay out high level pathways and actions, overall reduction in emissions will be achieved primarily through managing energy demand and continuing renewable energy expansion, establishing a low emissions Transport sector, expanding agroforestry and forestry and protecting the marine environment. These key areas will be supported by restoring mangrove forests, improving the urban planning process and transforming the AFOLU sector towards low emissions through agro-ecosystems, land management and technological advancement. Waste management is collectively seen as having a lower contribution to GHG reduction but is laying important foundations for environmental sustainability.', 'Waste management is collectively seen as having a lower contribution to GHG reduction but is laying important foundations for environmental sustainability. All sector-based pathways and the actions they comprise must support national economic development as well as seven principles important to the Tongan people: for the purposes of the LT-LEDS, these were defined by stakeholders as environment, inclusivity, autonomy, culture, traditional knowledge, education and core values (see Chapter 1.5). Each of the actions in the pathways below has been assessed through the lens of these seven principles. Overall, autonomy and the use of traditional knowledge are important considerations for all sectors. Therefore, all actions in the sector pathways are framed wherever possible to identify, support and use local and traditional knowledge and to highlight local actions that can be taken autonomously.', 'Therefore, all actions in the sector pathways are framed wherever possible to identify, support and use local and traditional knowledge and to highlight local actions that can be taken autonomously. Image (opposite page): People getting on a small raft in Fafa Island, a small atoll located 7km north of Tongatapu. Taken in 2020. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSIntroduction Energy in this LT-LEDS context refers to the working fluid that runs modern-day Tonga, with imported fuel accounting for 21 percent of all imports in 2014 (World Bank, 2021) and fuel imports for electricity accounting for 10 percent of GDP (Government of Tonga, 2010). The need to import fuel weighs heavily on Tongan businesses’ operating expenses and residents’ disposable income.', 'The need to import fuel weighs heavily on Tongan businesses’ operating expenses and residents’ disposable income. Tonga, like every other Pacific Island, has relied mainly on petroleum fuels for decades to power its electricity system. Further, Tonga is dependent on petroleum fuels for all economic activities of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, industry, and especially, transportation. In 2008, Tonga committed to transforming half of all power generation to renewable sources in record time. Since then, development partners have provided both financial and technical assistance to support this ambition. With such a dramatic transition needed to upgrade the electrical system, Tonga’s institutions and policies were reformed alongside the progress of these renewable aspirations. Addressing the interwoven challenges of energy security, climate-change and energy access, Tonga’s energy transformation began with bold policies in the Renewable Energy Act (2008).', 'Addressing the interwoven challenges of energy security, climate-change and energy access, Tonga’s energy transformation began with bold policies in the Renewable Energy Act (2008). In 2009, the Government of Tonga (GoT) approved a goal of 50 percent of electricity to be generated from renewable energy sources by 2020, which became the centerpiece of the ground- breaking Tonga Energy Road Map 2010–2020 (TERM). Subsequently, Tonga followed TERM strategies from 2010 to 2020 resulting in a series of renewable electricity and network upgrade projects moving from total dependence on fossil-fuels to an increasing share of renewable electricity. Remarkably, alongside this transition, Tonga electrified its remote populations resulting in over 95 percent of the total population now with access to electricity country-wide.', 'Remarkably, alongside this transition, Tonga electrified its remote populations resulting in over 95 percent of the total population now with access to electricity country-wide. Today however, Tonga continues to rely significantly on non-renewable diesel generation and due to COVID-19, the 50 percent renewable target has been reset for 2021-22. Tonga’s electricity sector has been undergoing a transformation with the integration of renewable electricity at an increasing rate. The last five years have shown remarkable progress, achieving 13.5 percent renewable electricity for 2020 with this figure set to double in a year’s time to 30 percent, then up to 50 percent by fiscal year 2022 (TPL 2021). Tonga’s energy transformation was recently accelerated by new and comprehensive policies from the Energy Bill (passed in Parliament) and poised to become an Act in 2022 (by royal assent).', 'Tonga’s energy transformation was recently accelerated by new and comprehensive policies from the Energy Bill (passed in Parliament) and poised to become an Act in 2022 (by royal assent). This Bill provides robust policy to establish coherent institutional and regulatory frameworks for coordination of the Energy sector. It establishes clear national objectives and promotes private sector incentives and research initiatives. When passed as an Act, the Energy Bill will begin the development and adoption of a National Energy Policy to include Tonga’s ambitious targets of 70 percent and 100 percent renewable electricity in 2030 and 2035, respectively. With massive transformations underway in renewable energy generation, distribution and policy, Tonga’s future electricity system will perform with ever-increasing complexity.', 'With massive transformations underway in renewable energy generation, distribution and policy, Tonga’s future electricity system will perform with ever-increasing complexity. Operating, maintaining and controlling the renewable electricity system of the future will require technology upgrades across almost every area, with significant capacity building needed to develop skills in those who manage Tonga’s increasingly dynamic network. The Renewable Energy Act (2008) regulates Tonga’s use of renewable energy. It seeks to promote renewable resources by researching and developing opportunities around renewable energy, encouraging the use of commercially sustainable renewable energy technology for both grid connected and standalone power supply systems and also supporting the engagement of the private sector in renewable energy projects in the country.', 'It seeks to promote renewable resources by researching and developing opportunities around renewable energy, encouraging the use of commercially sustainable renewable energy technology for both grid connected and standalone power supply systems and also supporting the engagement of the private sector in renewable energy projects in the country. The Electricity Act (2007) provides rules that apply to the Energy sector and establishes the Electricity Commission as a body corporate. The Petroleum Act (1959) regulates petroleum imports/exports to and from Tonga. At the National policy level, the Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) includes an ‘Infrastructure and Technology Inputs Organisational Outcome’ (under Outcome 4.1.5) to have more reliable, safe, affordable and widely available energy services built on an appropriate energy mix, moving towards increased use of renewable energy.', 'At the National policy level, the Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) includes an ‘Infrastructure and Technology Inputs Organisational Outcome’ (under Outcome 4.1.5) to have more reliable, safe, affordable and widely available energy services built on an appropriate energy mix, moving towards increased use of renewable energy. The National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2, 2013-2023 (NIIP II) outlines plans for major initiatives in economic infrastructure (energy, telecommunications, water, solid waste management, and transport) over the next five to 10 years. It responds to the need for a longer term view and sector-wide approach to infrastructure planning and management, with systematic approaches to identifying future priorities.', 'It responds to the need for a longer term view and sector-wide approach to infrastructure planning and management, with systematic approaches to identifying future priorities. From a climate change perspective, the JNAP2 declares that ‘Tonga is committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions from the Energy sector principally by increasing its utilisation of renewable sources of energy such as solar and energy efficient technologies’. It also includes Guiding Principle (9): ‘Long-term sustainability - Initiatives and programs’ that will be designed to deliver long term, positive, environmental, social, and economic benefits founded on ensuring self-sufficiency at all levels of Tongan society.', 'It also includes Guiding Principle (9): ‘Long-term sustainability - Initiatives and programs’ that will be designed to deliver long term, positive, environmental, social, and economic benefits founded on ensuring self-sufficiency at all levels of Tongan society. The Tonga Climate Change Policy (2016) (TCCP) lays out Tonga’s extreme vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change and disaster risks because of its geographical, geological and socio-economic features, while the Second NDC has a mitigation target of a 13 percent (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from the Energy sector (including transport) by 2030. One of the key measures to reach this target will be achieving 70 percent renewable electricity by 2030. In terms of sectoral policy, the TERM is the main governing document for the Energy sector.', 'In terms of sectoral policy, the TERM is the main governing document for the Energy sector. It lays out a strategic plan to reduce Tonga’s vulnerability to high prices and the volatility of imported fuels and has, at its centerpiece, the target of 50 percent renewable electricity by 2020. The Tonga Energy Road Map, 2021 - 2035 (TERMPLUS) Framework provides analysis of the TERM to provide a foundation for and build the next 15 year energy strategy document, which will govern the Energy sector in years to come. The Tonga Energy Efficiency Master Plan (TEEMP) provides strategies for the most cost- effective and most reliable initiatives for saving energy and reducing costs and GHG emissions.', 'The Tonga Energy Efficiency Master Plan (TEEMP) provides strategies for the most cost- effective and most reliable initiatives for saving energy and reducing costs and GHG emissions. TEEMP EE and GHG targets are achievable, to ensure feasibility of transition to an energy efficient future. Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS Responsible Ministries and Sector Stakeholders The Department of Energy (DOE) within the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) is largely responsible for Energy sector policy in Tonga. State-owned electric utility Tonga Power Limited (TPL) is the main implementer of energy projects on its 4 major networks. Both the DOE and TPL develop and maintain projects that are on-grid (connected to TPL grid) and off-grid.', 'Both the DOE and TPL develop and maintain projects that are on-grid (connected to TPL grid) and off-grid. The new Energy Bill once given approval by the royal assent (2022) will create a new Ministry of Energy. Under this Ministry will be responsibilities for all sectors of energy including electricity, gas, petroleum, renewable energy and other energy sources. Further a new Energy Commission will be responsible for regulation of the Energy sector. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSThe Third National Communication on Climate Change report (2019) states that the Tonga Energy sector (including transportation) emitted 39 percent of Tonga’s GHG emissions, for a total of 121 Gg CO -equivalent in 2006.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSThe Third National Communication on Climate Change report (2019) states that the Tonga Energy sector (including transportation) emitted 39 percent of Tonga’s GHG emissions, for a total of 121 Gg CO -equivalent in 2006. Historical and current GHG emissions Current initiatives Over the last 10 years many significant renewable energy and network projects have been implemented, with the help of over USD $100 million in donor funding. This has included funding from the Australian Government, New Zealand’s MFAT, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Green Climate Fund (GCF), European Union (EU) and Global Environment Facility (GEF). Projects have included solar, wind, battery and network upgrade initiatives.', 'Projects have included solar, wind, battery and network upgrade initiatives. Current projects that have made a big impact over the last several years and will remain ongoing for the next few years include the Tonga Renewable Energy Project (TREP), the Outer Island Renewable Energy Project (OIREP) and Network Upgrade Programs. EU initiatives supporting energy bill research, writing and adoption are also currently active. 3.2.2 Sector Pathway The Energy sector vision is: ‘A Tonga that promotes standards that establishes renewable energy, energy efficient infrastructure, and battery storage facility.’ This sectoral pathway focuses on electricity generation and consumption as the main source of GHG emissions. Building an Energy sector that promotes high standards of renewable energy systems and energy efficiency measures will require each project to be delivered as an integrated solution.', 'Building an Energy sector that promotes high standards of renewable energy systems and energy efficiency measures will require each project to be delivered as an integrated solution. As a priority, demand-side (consumer-side) efficiency measures should be deployed wherever possible on a country-wide basis. Further, optimising incentives through electricity rate structures and renewable energy financing will ensure that government, businesses and residences are aligned and assist in the co-creation of the future power generation system. Community awareness, knowledge and capacity building are essential to gaining country-wide support for the ambitious trajectory of Tonga’s electricity system. Education around energy consumption, energy supply and renewable energy projects will help consumers support changing technology and systems. A new model will be required so the electric utility can collaborate with consumers, businesses and government.', 'A new model will be required so the electric utility can collaborate with consumers, businesses and government. Higher standards, regulations and enforcement will be needed for building green infrastructure, retrofitting existing structures and purchasing interior energy efficient equipment. 100% RE, Sust.', 'Higher standards, regulations and enforcement will be needed for building green infrastructure, retrofitting existing structures and purchasing interior energy efficient equipment. 100% RE, Sust. Transp., Data, Inclusion, Resilience RE Energy Bill becomes Energy Act in GHG emissions from energy Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side RE Start implementing standards & regulations Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency enters standard education Regulation & policy for green infrastructure standards Enforce codes & provide skills & training 8 POLICY & WORKRFORCE INVESTMENT Update Building Codes for Energy Efficiency & Resiliency Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side RE Technologies upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network Roll out LED lighting retrofit program ENERGY Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Implement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country PRINCIPLES Environment, Education & Traditional Knowledge Draft regulation and policy paper for Infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards PRINCIPLES Environment & Education Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to become part of standard education curriculum PRINCIPLES Education Draft regulation and policy paper to support roll out of LED Street and Interior LED Lamps PRINCIPLES Core Values, Autonomy & Traditional Knowledge Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side renewable energy, projects and green initiatives PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values & Environment Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Core Values, Traditional Knowledge, Education & Environment Technologies like battery storage to upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Environment Government to provide a loan program to private sector for Low Energy Buildings PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Education & Environment Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSImplement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country.', 'Transp., Data, Inclusion, Resilience RE Energy Bill becomes Energy Act in GHG emissions from energy Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side RE Start implementing standards & regulations Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency enters standard education Regulation & policy for green infrastructure standards Enforce codes & provide skills & training 8 POLICY & WORKRFORCE INVESTMENT Update Building Codes for Energy Efficiency & Resiliency Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side RE Technologies upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network Roll out LED lighting retrofit program ENERGY Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Implement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country PRINCIPLES Environment, Education & Traditional Knowledge Draft regulation and policy paper for Infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards PRINCIPLES Environment & Education Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to become part of standard education curriculum PRINCIPLES Education Draft regulation and policy paper to support roll out of LED Street and Interior LED Lamps PRINCIPLES Core Values, Autonomy & Traditional Knowledge Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side renewable energy, projects and green initiatives PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values & Environment Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Core Values, Traditional Knowledge, Education & Environment Technologies like battery storage to upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Environment Government to provide a loan program to private sector for Low Energy Buildings PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Education & Environment Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSImplement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country. GHG Reduction potential: High.', 'Transp., Data, Inclusion, Resilience RE Energy Bill becomes Energy Act in GHG emissions from energy Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side RE Start implementing standards & regulations Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency enters standard education Regulation & policy for green infrastructure standards Enforce codes & provide skills & training 8 POLICY & WORKRFORCE INVESTMENT Update Building Codes for Energy Efficiency & Resiliency Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side RE Technologies upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network Roll out LED lighting retrofit program ENERGY Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Implement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country PRINCIPLES Environment, Education & Traditional Knowledge Draft regulation and policy paper for Infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards PRINCIPLES Environment & Education Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to become part of standard education curriculum PRINCIPLES Education Draft regulation and policy paper to support roll out of LED Street and Interior LED Lamps PRINCIPLES Core Values, Autonomy & Traditional Knowledge Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand-side renewable energy, projects and green initiatives PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values & Environment Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Core Values, Traditional Knowledge, Education & Environment Technologies like battery storage to upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Environment Government to provide a loan program to private sector for Low Energy Buildings PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Education & Environment Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSImplement Standards and Regulations for renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies imported into the country. GHG Reduction potential: High. Description: Implementing standards and regulations will provide for more complete and optimal solutions.', 'Description: Implementing standards and regulations will provide for more complete and optimal solutions. It will ensure that any project developed or equipment procured is of the highest quality available to continue to move Tonga toward a clean, sustainable energy pathway. The TEEMP will provide high energy efficiency equipment standards adopted from neighboring countries of Australia and New Zealand. The Energy Bill poised to become an Act in 2022 will provide broad powers to enact standards and regulations with the DOE. Supporting asset and capacity measures: The DOE will need to train, deploy and set-up proper inspections at airports and wharves to ensure high- standard compliance for the import of renewable energy components and energy efficiency equipment. Location: Starting in Tongatapu with some remote inspections in Vava’u and Ha’apai.', 'Location: Starting in Tongatapu with some remote inspections in Vava’u and Ha’apai. Timeline: Implementation of standards and regulations will begin by 2022 when the Energy Bill becomes an Act. Principles: Environment, Education and Traditional Knowledge. Links to Second NDC: Renewable Energy (RE) & Energy Efficiency (EE) Mitigation Measures. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. Draft regulation and policy paper for infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards. GHG Reduction potential: Medium. Description: All public infrastructure should be developed using latest principles of clean energy, energy efficiency, and resilience as well as integrating with local natural resources and reducing waste of all types. This will ensure the planning and development of infrastructure for Tonga incorporates the latest green standards that focus on improving local environments.', 'This will ensure the planning and development of infrastructure for Tonga incorporates the latest green standards that focus on improving local environments. All future development policy should look to build on the Waste Management Act and Tonga Housing Recovery and Resilience policies. Although costs in the beginning may be higher due to higher infrastructure standards, life-cycle cost and improvement to the environment is projected to outweigh initial added expenses. New standards for green infrastructure are to become part of NIIP II and upcoming NIIP 3. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Green infrastructure projects including waste infrastructure to be deployed on existing assets and upcoming refurbishments as well as in new builds. Location: Commence with pilots and projects in Tongatapu and apply lessons to outer islands. Timeline: 2025 and beyond.', 'Location: Commence with pilots and projects in Tongatapu and apply lessons to outer islands. Timeline: 2025 and beyond. Principles: Environment and Education. Links to Second NDC: RE & EE Mitigation Measures. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. Pathways Description ENERGY ENERGY Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency to become part of standard education curriculum. GHG Reduction potential: Low. Description: Including renewable energy and energy efficiency as standard in the education curriculum will assist in providing jobs and careers for Tonga’s people. Building wide knowledge of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and systems will enable capacity building for Tonga’s future experts to support a green growth future.', 'Building wide knowledge of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and systems will enable capacity building for Tonga’s future experts to support a green growth future. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Educational institutes to provide programs for energy efficiency education and practical technical vocational training as well as on-site labs for testing equipment. Radio and television ads can support interest and knowledge building by touting the benefits of energy efficiency solutions for home and businesses. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2022 just after Energy Bill becomes an Act. Principles: Not provided, but would at least include Education. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. Draft regulation and policy paper to support roll out of light emitting diode (LED) street lamps and interior LED lamps. GHG Reduction Potential: High. Description: A complete LED Street Lamp Retrofit Program for all outdoor roadway and outdoor lights. Also includes an Interior Light retrofit to LT- LEDS in existing Government Buildings and as part of new building codes. Once existing lights have been retrofitted, all future street lamps and interior lights should automatically specify LED as standard. Due to the issue of wide variation in LED lamp technologies, this project should include local ‘pilot- testing’ to cover lamps of different manufacture. Some testing of optimum lights for exterior & interior spaces is also needed.', 'Some testing of optimum lights for exterior & interior spaces is also needed. Additionally, information about efficiency in lumens-per-watt should be verified by an independent testing lab. All findings to be made available to update the TEEMP and to place country and island-wide projects in the upcoming NIIP II update. Projects can (and should) be developed as public-private-partnerships, with the GoT providing up to 50 percent of funding on high-return efficiency projects (return on investment of 3-5-years is normal). Supporting asset and capacity measures: Existing lighting infrastructure to be used where possible - and replaced only where needed. Start training a workforce to undertake this rollout, with collaboration from GoT and TPL.', 'Start training a workforce to undertake this rollout, with collaboration from GoT and TPL. Location: Phase 1 - starts with the major villages of Tongatapu, moving to Phase 2 - more populous outer islands and Phase 3 - remote inhabited islands. Timeline: 2021-2025 - education and capacity building; 2025-2030 - implementation; 2030-2050 - operation, maintenance and enforcement of new lighting standards / ordinance. Principles: Core Values, Autonomy, Traditional Knowledge and Environment. Links to Second NDC: EE Mitigation Measures. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements and Transport. ENERGY ENERGY TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSENERGY Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand- side renewable energy, projects and green initiatives. GHG Reduction Potential: High.', 'ENERGY ENERGY TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSENERGY Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund demand- side renewable energy, projects and green initiatives. GHG Reduction Potential: High. Description: An electricity system serving large customers or an aggregation of customers can perform more efficiently if it can be switched on-or-off according to demand. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Existing network of Tongatapu to be upgraded to a ‘smart-grid’ that can allow two-way flow of electricity. Capacity-building will be needed for a new generation of electric utility control- room specialists. Automated controls are needed for shedding (reducing) load on large customers like water pumps or large industries.', 'Automated controls are needed for shedding (reducing) load on large customers like water pumps or large industries. Aggregating loads (where individual energy users band together to reduce costs) will need an expert system, such as Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), which can also turn off-and-on systems like air-conditioners, water heaters, lights, etc. Electricity & energy regulators should work with electricity concessionaires to drive incentives for large customers or large aggregators through policy. TEEMP should include updates on these policies and technology platforms and the TERMPLUS should include these measures. The parallel development of a smart network with centralised control is needed as a foundation for these programs. Location: Tongatapu. Timeline: 2025. Principles: Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Environment. Links to Second NDC: RE Mitigation Measures (allows more RE to flow on grid).', 'Links to Second NDC: RE Mitigation Measures (allows more RE to flow on grid). Links to other mitigation sectors: Transportation (electric vehicle (EV) charging/ discharging), Human Settlements and Waste, Agriculture (water-pumping). ENERGY Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply- side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure. GHG Reduction Potential: High. Description: Tonga’s stated goals are to achieve 70 percent then 100 percent renewable electricity by 2030 and 2035, respectively. To achieve this, many inputs must be coordinated, including applying the best technologies for a Tonga-context setting, from the Pacific and around the world. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Existing land-sites that can add storage systems and additional renewable equipment are ideal. New ideal land-sites (typically, royal-lands) for renewable energy resources need to be obtained as soon as practical.', 'New ideal land-sites (typically, royal-lands) for renewable energy resources need to be obtained as soon as practical. Capacity development needed from external consultants that analyse for renewable resources needs to be funded and applied. Development partner funding for specific RE projects in sequence can be determined from TERMPLUS documents and investment plans. Feasibility studies will be needed on pushing the limits of renewable energies from solar and wind plus smart networks with appropriate storage. Capacity-building is needed for TPL technicians that will implement and operate advanced RE systems. Strengthened and close coordination as well as common understanding of RE goals among major energy stakeholders; especially the GoT Ministries and TPL. RE goals should also be codified in national and sectoral plans like NIIP II, TERMPLUS as well as TPL Business Plans.', 'RE goals should also be codified in national and sectoral plans like NIIP II, TERMPLUS as well as TPL Business Plans. Location: All inhabited lands need to be addressed, starting with the largest grid of Tongatapu. Certain renewable resources like biomass from plants and animals may only be feasible on the larger islands. Certain renewable resources like biomass from plants and animals and renewable fuels like hydrogen may only be feasible on the larger islands. Geothermal resources would need to be located near large populations. Timeline: 2021-2030–feasibility studies; 2023 - ongoing capacity building; 2023 - ongoing on the job training; 2025-2030 - implementation of projects. Principles: Autonomy, Core Values, Traditional Knowledge, Education, Environment. Links to Second NDC: RE Mitigation Measures. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. ENERGY Technologies like battery storage to upgrade, maintain and operate a renewable energy network. GHG Reduction Potential: Medium. Description: To support a renewable energy network, upgrades are needed on Tonga’s electricity grids. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Existing network in Tongatapu to receive network upgrades to allow the penetration of renewable electricity to rise to 70-100 percent. Most network upgrade equipment and capacity building will come from development partner countries like Australia, New Zealand and the United States. Appropriate battery storage, centralised SCADA, Controls and advanced transmission and distribution infrastructure will allow maximum capabilities for storing, transmitting and distributing renewable electricity when penetration levels hit above 50 percent RE. Significant development partner funding and capacity building will be needed for the network projects in tandem with the large funding for pure RE projects.', 'Significant development partner funding and capacity building will be needed for the network projects in tandem with the large funding for pure RE projects. The TERMPLUS should address these network issues. Funding needs to be provided by development partners for capacity building for new skills in operating, maintaining and managing a complex smart-grid. Location: Tongatapu. Timeline: 2025-2030. Principles: Not provided, but should at least include Autonomy and Environment. Links to Second NDC: RE Mitigation Measure. Links to other mitigation sectors: Transportation, Human Settlements, Waste. ENERGY Government to provide a loan program to private sector for low energy buildings. GHG Reduction Potential: High. Description: Update building codes for energy efficiency and resilience as well as enforce compliance for government, business and residential buildings. New codes for green infrastructure projects will also require significant capacity building.', 'New codes for green infrastructure projects will also require significant capacity building. Supporting asset and capacity measures: New buildings planned and designed using the latest building codes in the Pacific. Existing buildings to be retrofitted. This needs highly- skilled and knowledgeable technicians to provide both resiliency- and energy efficiency- measures. Provide education and training to tradespeople working on these structures and develop programs to educate construction industry businesses and the workforce about latest materials and equipment used for new buildings and upgrades to existing building stock. Upgrade important structures to Category 5 to be resilient to the strongest cyclones. Government to provide loans to make these structures more resilient and able to withstand the new normal of climate change eventsLearn from other countries like the islands of Japan (Okinawa) about building cost-effective and climate-resilient structures.', 'Government to provide loans to make these structures more resilient and able to withstand the new normal of climate change eventsLearn from other countries like the islands of Japan (Okinawa) about building cost-effective and climate-resilient structures. Location: All islands (however, most buildings are in Tongatapu). Timeline: 2022-2023 - update building codes; 2022-2050 - enforce codes and provide skills and training. Principles: Not provided, but should at least include Autonomy, Education, Environment. Links to Second NDC: EE Mitigation Measures. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.2.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Education, training and capacity building are fundamental to the transformation of Tonga’s traditional fossil-fuel based electricity system to a new, renewable electricity system.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.2.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Education, training and capacity building are fundamental to the transformation of Tonga’s traditional fossil-fuel based electricity system to a new, renewable electricity system. Currently however, there is a shortage of skills and experience in the technical and regulatory areas needed to implement Tonga’s ambition to achieve 70 percent then 100 percent renewable electricity by 2030 and 2035, respectively. Over the recent time period leading up to COVID-19, external consultants were flown in to do much of the technical planning and implementation. Now, with development partners keenly aware of the need to train Tonga nationals to continue this work, funding for capacity development has just started.', 'Now, with development partners keenly aware of the need to train Tonga nationals to continue this work, funding for capacity development has just started. Intensive technical training of electric utility workers will be needed for Tonga’s new renewable electricity system/s. Trained workers also need incentives to stay in Tonga and deploy their skills. New building codes for green infrastructure projects will require significant capacity building. Outer- islands communities will require capacity building for new off-grid projects remote locations. Legal & regulatory training will be needed for the energy regulator that will be established from the Energy Bill/Act (2022). Skills and capacity building needed Cross-sectoral considerations Energy touches on all other sectors including Transport, Human Settlements, Waste and AFOLU.', 'Skills and capacity building needed Cross-sectoral considerations Energy touches on all other sectors including Transport, Human Settlements, Waste and AFOLU. Energy system transformation requires significant education and capacity building for all of Tonga, so that ambitious initiatives can work to benefit all. However, there might also be short term pain with price increases, before price reductions are experienced - and this is also where a strong educational and marketing programs can be best deployed. Increasing renewable energy sources will produce dramatic positive impacts for long term green growth and could also spur economic development in new areas where renewable energy can be best deployed, for instance, integrating transportation systems and microgrids for disaster management purposes.', 'Increasing renewable energy sources will produce dramatic positive impacts for long term green growth and could also spur economic development in new areas where renewable energy can be best deployed, for instance, integrating transportation systems and microgrids for disaster management purposes. Gender and social inclusion considerations The role of men and women, including behavioural change around purchasing energy efficient household appliances, should be examined. Specific communication and awareness campaigns may be needed for specific groups. Measures should be implemented to ensure that low-income and vulnerable groups are not excluded from benefits or penalised by higher prices of more efficient appliances.', 'Measures should be implemented to ensure that low-income and vulnerable groups are not excluded from benefits or penalised by higher prices of more efficient appliances. With regard to renewable energy implementation for homeowners, it should be stressed that low-income groups need to be made aware of and given some subsidy to equalise access to the benefits of renewable energy (solar photovoltaics) on the home. The role of men and women in the buildings sector and construction industry should be examined to ensure women can also participate in learning and skill development/job creation. Differences between urban and rural areas should also be taken into consideration to ensure that low-income and vulnerable groups are not excluded from benefits or penalised by higher costs of a new building code.', 'Differences between urban and rural areas should also be taken into consideration to ensure that low-income and vulnerable groups are not excluded from benefits or penalised by higher costs of a new building code. Specific communication and awareness campaigns may be needed for specific groups. Importantly, all Tongans should enjoy the benefits of sustainable renewable electricity. All strata of stakeholders must be supported in receiving information and taking action to implement beneficial cost-effective home appliances and home solar systems. Therefore, training and capacity building programs should be inclusive across all of society. Environmental and social safeguards considerations Renewable energy system upgrades and projects should be informed by comprehensive environmental impact assessments, in order to understand whether such projects would have wider impacts on local environments.', 'Environmental and social safeguards considerations Renewable energy system upgrades and projects should be informed by comprehensive environmental impact assessments, in order to understand whether such projects would have wider impacts on local environments. This is especially true in the case of battery energy storage systems, given that some customers have objected to the use of smart equipment in their homes, specifically smart meters. It is important to address such concerns through public educational bulletins and other outreach resources, before deploying equipment island-wide. Key data gaps and solutions Tonga’s success in the Energy sector relies heavily on obtaining, managing and disseminating data that supports the march to its 70 percent and 100 percent renewable electricity goals. Importantly, development partners and donors require appropriate and accurate data to unlock funding sources for upcoming projects and monitor their implementation.', 'Importantly, development partners and donors require appropriate and accurate data to unlock funding sources for upcoming projects and monitor their implementation. Renewable resource optimisation will be ever more important to the ongoing implementation of further renewable electricity as penetration levels reach higher percentages. Added resources will need to be identified, and intensive analysis will also be needed to determine the most appropriate sequence for project implementation. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) will need to optimise its control of a more complex electricity grid (one that flows two-ways) and will necessarily need to incorporate a much more sophisticated system. This will require audits of TPL’s business structure, alongside comparisons with other electric utilities achieving high-penetrations of renewable energy.', 'This will require audits of TPL’s business structure, alongside comparisons with other electric utilities achieving high-penetrations of renewable energy. With Tonga’s Energy Bill poised to become an Act in 2022, the major responsibility for proper data collection and dissemination will reside in the new Ministry of Energy. It will be essential for the Ministry of Energy to model and adapt ideas from other country governments which have been successful in collecting, storing and disseminating such intensive energy information. Surveys of other electricity networks that are pushing the boundaries of renewable electricity integration will be needed, in order to determine the most appropriate renewable solutions for a Tongan network. Image: Maama Mai Solar Facility at the Tonga Power Limited’s Power Station in Popua, Tongatapu.', 'Image: Maama Mai Solar Facility at the Tonga Power Limited’s Power Station in Popua, Tongatapu. ‘Maama Mai’ means ‘let there be light’. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSIntroduction Due to the isolated nature and relatively small size and population of a number of Tonga’s islands, inter-island shipping forms a vital part of the supply chain. Many of the smaller islands have neither docking capability for larger vessels nor airstrips, making them reliant on supply by small boats for commerce, social, educational and medical needs. Domestic shipping is provided by the government-owned Friendly Islands Shipping Agency and a variety of private sector parties including private shipping companies, churches, small vessel operators and a community cooperative (World Bank, 2015).', 'Domestic shipping is provided by the government-owned Friendly Islands Shipping Agency and a variety of private sector parties including private shipping companies, churches, small vessel operators and a community cooperative (World Bank, 2015). Service to major islands in each of Tonga’s main island groups is reliable (World Bank, 2015) but services are weather affected and may be cancelled due to windy and/or rough water conditions, particularly during the cyclone season (World Food Programme (WFP), Undated). As of 2014, there were 250 seafarers in Tonga (World Bank, 2015). The Government has stated its highest priority for the maritime sector is increasing the safety and resilience of all maritime activities, especially in relation to inter-island shipping (LCA, WFP, Undated). The current available data does not allow for a breakdown between diesel used in road and maritime transport.', 'The current available data does not allow for a breakdown between diesel used in road and maritime transport. However, domestic maritime transport likely represents a considerable share of diesel consumption. In future, expansion of cruise passenger arrivals as part of tourism may have implications for increased fuel use, GHG emissions and other environmental impacts. Freight transport via aviation in Tonga is limited. Domestic planes are small and mostly serve for passenger travel. There are no dedicated cargo planes. From 2008-2012 less than 5 percent of jet fuel was reported as being used for domestic aviation (IRENA, 2013). In addition, assuming that the vast majority of aviation gasoline is used for local travel (generally used in small, short-distance airplanes), domestic aviation represents approximately a quarter of fuel consumption in aviation.', 'In addition, assuming that the vast majority of aviation gasoline is used for local travel (generally used in small, short-distance airplanes), domestic aviation represents approximately a quarter of fuel consumption in aviation. Tonga’s Transport sector depends exclusively on imported petroleum products (GoT 2015) and accounts for approximately 90 percent of end-use petroleum oil demand in Tonga. Road transport is the dominant mode of transport, while domestic shipping (for transportation of people and goods and fishing) is also important. Domestic aviation plays a small role. For land transport, the 2016 vehicle stock was estimated at 6,031 cars, 7,103 light trucks, vans and SUVs, 2,099 heavy duty vehicles, 953 taxis and rentals, 306 motorcycles and 225 buses (TEEMP, 2020).', 'For land transport, the 2016 vehicle stock was estimated at 6,031 cars, 7,103 light trucks, vans and SUVs, 2,099 heavy duty vehicles, 953 taxis and rentals, 306 motorcycles and 225 buses (TEEMP, 2020). There are currently no vehicle standards in place but the government is seeking to restrict importation to newer vehicles and has put in place a 10 year age limit for imported vehicles. Vehicle ownership is high. There are approximately 18,200 households in the country, owning a total of 16,000 vehicles (Tonga Statistics Department (TSD), 2016) with 59 percent of households owning at least one car (TSD, 2019).', 'There are approximately 18,200 households in the country, owning a total of 16,000 vehicles (Tonga Statistics Department (TSD), 2016) with 59 percent of households owning at least one car (TSD, 2019). Based on vehicle stock figures, the country has an estimated motorisation rate of approximately 160-170 vehicles per 1,000 people (United Nations Climate Technology Centre and Network (UNCTCN),2018; TSD, 2016) which is relatively high compared to other countries in the Asia-Pacific region. Road transportation is concentrated on Tongatapu, with 85 percent of fuel for road transportation being used on the island (TEEMP, 2020). Estimates suggest a total of approximately 200 million vehicle kilometres travelled per year, which translates into almost 2,300 vehicle kilometres travelled per capita (GoT and UNCTCN, 2018).', 'Estimates suggest a total of approximately 200 million vehicle kilometres travelled per year, which translates into almost 2,300 vehicle kilometres travelled per capita (GoT and UNCTCN, 2018). Under a business as usual scenario, an average annual growth rate of 2.4 percent for vehicle kilometres travelled during the period 2016-2050 is projected, translating into an equal growth in fuel consumption from road transport (TEEMP, 2020; UNCTCN, 2018). In general there is a preference for car usage over motorbike, cycling and walking and a lack of infrastructure for non- motorised transport. Congestion on the main roads of Nuku’alofa is a concern. One of the goals defined in the TSDF II is the provision of safer, more reliable, and more affordable transport infrastructure and services to achieve dynamic and inclusive growth across the country.', 'One of the goals defined in the TSDF II is the provision of safer, more reliable, and more affordable transport infrastructure and services to achieve dynamic and inclusive growth across the country. The NIIP II outlines these priorities for the maritime space: (i) reduce the cost of services to reduce transport costs and improve Tonga’s international competitiveness; (ii) improve the sustainability of maritime infrastructure by ensuring adequate maintenance, so as to minimise long term costs and maximise availability; (iii) enhance inter-island shipping services to help improve socioeconomic conditions; (iv) increase the safety of the transport system, and its resilience to climate change and natural disasters, to minimise disruptions; (v) strengthen and reform the institutional framework that governs the management, maintenance, and financing of maritime infrastructure and services; and (vi) promote and better use a competitive private sector.', 'The NIIP II outlines these priorities for the maritime space: (i) reduce the cost of services to reduce transport costs and improve Tonga’s international competitiveness; (ii) improve the sustainability of maritime infrastructure by ensuring adequate maintenance, so as to minimise long term costs and maximise availability; (iii) enhance inter-island shipping services to help improve socioeconomic conditions; (iv) increase the safety of the transport system, and its resilience to climate change and natural disasters, to minimise disruptions; (v) strengthen and reform the institutional framework that governs the management, maintenance, and financing of maritime infrastructure and services; and (vi) promote and better use a competitive private sector. The Ports Authority Tonga (PAT) Business Plan 2019–2024, also has, amongst its aims, the promotion of sustainable growth and a sustainable environment.', 'The Ports Authority Tonga (PAT) Business Plan 2019–2024, also has, amongst its aims, the promotion of sustainable growth and a sustainable environment. Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure - SDG9, calls on the global community to build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialisation, and foster innovation. The pathways laid out in this LT-LEDS will therefore contribute towards this, as well as to the sustainability aims of the NIIP and PAT Business Plan 2019-2024. The Tonga Climate Change Policy sets the targets of ‘a transport system that is not reliant on fossil fuels’ and ‘100 per cent renewable energy’.', 'The Tonga Climate Change Policy sets the targets of ‘a transport system that is not reliant on fossil fuels’ and ‘100 per cent renewable energy’. This LT-LEDS aligns with this aim as well as with the aims of Tonga’s Second NDC which states a target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13 percent (16 Gg) by 2030, compared to 2006. The NDC specifies a Transport sector measure of 2 percent efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles to contribute to the NDC emission reduction target. The LT-LEDS pathway for transport supports this NDC aim through either establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs.', 'The LT-LEDS pathway for transport supports this NDC aim through either establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs. Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS All transport responsibilities come under the Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI), under which sit a number of entities managing land, maritime and aviation sub-sectors. The main actor in land transport is the Land Transport Division of MOI. The main actors in the maritime sector in Tonga are the Marine and Ports Division (MPD) of the MOI, Ports Authority Tonga (PAT), Ministry of Education, Tonga Maritime Polytechnic Institute (TMPI) and a number of private sector actors.', 'The main actors in the maritime sector in Tonga are the Marine and Ports Division (MPD) of the MOI, Ports Authority Tonga (PAT), Ministry of Education, Tonga Maritime Polytechnic Institute (TMPI) and a number of private sector actors. The MPD is responsible for oversight of the maritime sector (policy, regulation of domestic shipping, ship registry operation, port and flag state control, auditing of PAT and TMPI). MPD also manages and operates six domestic ports (World Bank, 2015). The MOI also collects data on domestic shipping, including the number of ferries, the number of passengers, and the volume of cargo delivered to various wharves (GoT and UNCTCN, 2018). PAT is responsible for the management and operations of Nuku’alofa Port. It is a government-owned enterprise overseen by the Ministry of Public Enterprises.', 'It is a government-owned enterprise overseen by the Ministry of Public Enterprises. The aviation sector is overseen by the Civil Aviation Division of MOI. The Ministry of Trade and Economic Development (MTED) is responsible for importation, and this ministry and the customs service have a role to play in implementation and enforcement of vehicle standards. The MTED also manages standards, including fuel standards. Responsible Ministries and sector Stakeholders TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSHistorical and current GHG emissions The Transport sector is the second largest source of greenhouse gas emissions in Tonga (GoT, 2019) One-third (37%) of fossil fuel supply is used for electricity generation, while approximately two thirds (63%) are used for direct final consumption (Department of Energy, 2020).', 'One-third (37%) of fossil fuel supply is used for electricity generation, while approximately two thirds (63%) are used for direct final consumption (Department of Energy, 2020). The Transport sector accounts for approximately 80% of total final consumption, dominated by road transport, representing 70% of total final consumption. GHG emissions from the Transport sector primarily reflect emissions from land transport which accounts for 60 percent of Energy sector emissions according to the Third National Communication (GoT, 2019). Hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, ozone and aerosol precursors are not covered in the GHG inventory. Emissions based on liquid fuels sold to aircrafts and ships engaged in international transport are not covered in the national emissions totals. There is no data available regarding share of emissions from the maritime and aviation sectors.', 'There is no data available regarding share of emissions from the maritime and aviation sectors. According to TEEMP, emissions from land transport will grow by an average of 2.4 percent per year under a business as usual (BAU) scenario (GoT and UNCTCN, 2018). Current initiatives The Tonga Climate Resilient Transport Sector Project 2019–2024 (USD 27 million), supported by the World Bank, aims to facilitate the safe, efficient and sustainable movement of people and goods in Tonga while strengthening resiliency of the Transport sector. It has four components.', 'Current initiatives The Tonga Climate Resilient Transport Sector Project 2019–2024 (USD 27 million), supported by the World Bank, aims to facilitate the safe, efficient and sustainable movement of people and goods in Tonga while strengthening resiliency of the Transport sector. It has four components. The first; Sectoral and Spatial Planning Tools, involves technical assistance that will improve the way climate change is addressed in Tonga’s Transport sectors and allows for the financing of updates to analytical and sector planning tools to enable policymakers to make informed decisions based on the most accurate and up-to-date information available. The second component; Climate Resilient Infrastructure Solutions, involves feasibility studies, design and physical works of identified road, aviation and maritime assets to improve their resilience to climate related hazards and/or events.', 'The second component; Climate Resilient Infrastructure Solutions, involves feasibility studies, design and physical works of identified road, aviation and maritime assets to improve their resilience to climate related hazards and/or events. The third component; Strengthening the Enabling Environment, will provide funding to support institutional and regulatory reforms for Transport sector asset management and maintenance, including measures to strengthen local capacity and to increase the sustainability of climate resilient investments under the project; and the fourth component; Contingency Emergency Response is designed to provide a swift response in the event of an eligible crisis or emergency, by enabling the GoT to ask the World Bank to reallocate project funds to support emergency response and reconstruction. The Fanga’uta Lagoon bridge project in Nuku’alofa aims to relieve congestion and connect communities.', 'The Fanga’uta Lagoon bridge project in Nuku’alofa aims to relieve congestion and connect communities. It will also provide an evacuation route to higher areas in the event of a tsunami and extreme weather events, and facilitate long term climate change-induced relocation of communities currently living in low-lying areas, to higher areas (ADB 2021). The ongoing Nuku’alofa Port Upgrade Project will rehabilitate, renew and expand existing infrastructure. And it will improve management and operations practices with the aim of achieving safer, more reliable, and more affordable transport infrastructure and services in Tonga (ADB 2020). The Green Pacific Port initiative integrates applicable global approaches and promotes more efficient port infrastructure and operations, in a regional project implemented by The Pacific Community.', 'The Green Pacific Port initiative integrates applicable global approaches and promotes more efficient port infrastructure and operations, in a regional project implemented by The Pacific Community. The Green Pacific Port approach explores port development that enables holistic - operational, energy-conscious, and environmental - management of ports. The initiative’s benefits extend to reduced environmental impacts, better quality of working and living in port areas, and greater commercial benefits (ADB 2020). PAT joined the initiative in 2018. 3.3.2 Sector Pathways The Transport sector vision is: ‘A Tonga with low emissions in the Transport sector, achieved through sustainable maintenance of transport, knowledge production, enforced regulation and decentralisation of services.’ The sector focuses on land transport as the largest emission sub-sector within transport, according to data currently available. Given domestic aviation’s small contribution to transport GHG emissions, it is not a focus of the LT-LEDS.', 'Given domestic aviation’s small contribution to transport GHG emissions, it is not a focus of the LT-LEDS. Targets to reduce GHG emissions from maritime transport and aviation were not examined in this LT- LEDS due to the lack of commercially viable alternatives, at least in the short term. This may, however, change in the medium-term and this sub-sector can be revisited once more data and information is available, along with commercially viable alternatives. Priority areas for the transport pathway were identified as improved data collection and waste management of vehicles, sustainable maintenance and overhaul and services for vehicles and improved road maintenance.', 'Priority areas for the transport pathway were identified as improved data collection and waste management of vehicles, sustainable maintenance and overhaul and services for vehicles and improved road maintenance. These are already set policies and plans for these interventions and the LT-LEDS will align closely to existing policies for the short term while enabling future revision of policies to take low emissions measures into account. The next five years (short term) are planned for, but the door remains open for transformative change over the subsequent 40 years. This is where the LT-LEDS supports new policies, introduction of technologies and accompanying measures to reduce GHG emissions. Some of the medium term priorities identified for the pathway were low emissions vehicles, including mandatory vehicle standards, and a 100 percent electric government fleet and non-motorised/cycling options.', 'Some of the medium term priorities identified for the pathway were low emissions vehicles, including mandatory vehicle standards, and a 100 percent electric government fleet and non-motorised/cycling options. In the long term, the aim is for public adoption of electric vehicles. A combination of mode shifts, improvements in vehicle efficiency and use of alternative fuels (e.g. renewable electricity) as mentioned in this pathway, would reduce GHG emissions from road transport by 28 percent by 2030, compared to a BAU scenario (TEEMP, 2020). As actions in this pathway are transformative, awareness raising and clear communication strategies for different actions will be very important, and should include promoting transparency and information availability to the public.', 'As actions in this pathway are transformative, awareness raising and clear communication strategies for different actions will be very important, and should include promoting transparency and information availability to the public. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSImproved transport data collection and waste management PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Autonomy, Culture & Core Values Decentralization of services from urban to rural areas to decrease traffic congestion PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Environment, Education, Autonomy & Core Values Strengthen Sustainable Maintenance of all vehicles PRINCIPLES Environment Low Emissions Vehicles PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Environment & Inclusivity Mandatory vehicle standards and incentives for more efficient vehicles through tax, fees and import tariffs PRINCIPLES Education, Environment, Inclusivity, Culture & Traditional Knowledge Strengthening Road maintenance— Tanu Hala PRINCIPLES Environment Introducing Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the municipal government fleet PRINCIPLES Environment, Education & Culture Implementation of Non-motorised and cycling transport options PRINCIPLES Environment, Traditional Knowledge and Culture and well aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy, Education & Core Values Public adoption of 50% Electric Vehicles (EVs) PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy & Core Values Transport Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Preparatory activities for non-motorised & cycling transport Preparatory activities for public adoption of 50% EVs Improved data collection Mandatory vehicle standards & incentives for more efficient vehicles Strengthening Road maintenance—Tanu Hala Low emissions vehicles Phased approach across Tongatapu for vehicle waste Introduce EVs in the municipal government fleet Pilots start for cycling paths and pedestrianization Pilot starts for public for public adoption of 50% EVs Tonga Climate Resilient Transport Sector Project 2019–2024 (World Bank) Reduce GHG emissions from road transport by 28% Strengthen Sustainable Maintenance of all vehicles Emergency services in every district Full implementation for non-motorised & cycling transport Full implementation for public adoption of 50% EVs Pathways Description Improved transport data collection and waste management.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSImproved transport data collection and waste management PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Autonomy, Culture & Core Values Decentralization of services from urban to rural areas to decrease traffic congestion PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Environment, Education, Autonomy & Core Values Strengthen Sustainable Maintenance of all vehicles PRINCIPLES Environment Low Emissions Vehicles PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Environment & Inclusivity Mandatory vehicle standards and incentives for more efficient vehicles through tax, fees and import tariffs PRINCIPLES Education, Environment, Inclusivity, Culture & Traditional Knowledge Strengthening Road maintenance— Tanu Hala PRINCIPLES Environment Introducing Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the municipal government fleet PRINCIPLES Environment, Education & Culture Implementation of Non-motorised and cycling transport options PRINCIPLES Environment, Traditional Knowledge and Culture and well aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy, Education & Core Values Public adoption of 50% Electric Vehicles (EVs) PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy & Core Values Transport Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Preparatory activities for non-motorised & cycling transport Preparatory activities for public adoption of 50% EVs Improved data collection Mandatory vehicle standards & incentives for more efficient vehicles Strengthening Road maintenance—Tanu Hala Low emissions vehicles Phased approach across Tongatapu for vehicle waste Introduce EVs in the municipal government fleet Pilots start for cycling paths and pedestrianization Pilot starts for public for public adoption of 50% EVs Tonga Climate Resilient Transport Sector Project 2019–2024 (World Bank) Reduce GHG emissions from road transport by 28% Strengthen Sustainable Maintenance of all vehicles Emergency services in every district Full implementation for non-motorised & cycling transport Full implementation for public adoption of 50% EVs Pathways Description Improved transport data collection and waste management. GHG emission reduction potential: Low and mostly indirect.', 'GHG emission reduction potential: Low and mostly indirect. Description: This action involves improved data collection across all areas of the Transport sector, including consumption behaviour and transport preferences, breakdown of fuel use for land, maritime and aviation, and separation and classification of transport waste. Mandatory data collection systems and procedures will be put in place with awareness raising and training provided. At the policy level this includes policies on abandoned vehicles, vehicle and boat collection and scrappage, and data collection for transport energy consumption (aligned with the new Energy Bill). Policies for all new vehicles will be considered to allocate responsibility to the importer or exporter, for vehicles’ end of life removal, before replacements can be brought in.', 'Policies for all new vehicles will be considered to allocate responsibility to the importer or exporter, for vehicles’ end of life removal, before replacements can be brought in. Supporting asset and capacity measures: For vehicle waste - a central facility for collection and disposal or preparation for export of scrapped vehicles. For data collection - laptops, tablets, drones and mobile apps. Location: For vehicle waste - Tongatapu only. For data collection - across the whole Kingdom of Tonga. However, consideration needs to be given for constraints around data collection in the outer islands, though this could, in part, be overcome by technologies that facilitate remote data collection. Timeline: 2025 with a phased approach across all of Tongatapu only for vehicle waste; 2030 for improving data collection.', 'Timeline: 2025 with a phased approach across all of Tongatapu only for vehicle waste; 2030 for improving data collection. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and is also well aligned to Education, Autonomy, Culture and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Waste for disposal of vehicles and boats, including setting up of a central facility for collection and vehicle disposal. TRANSPORT Image: Traffic congestion at Veitongo, Tongatapu as vehicles are headed to the eastern side of the island in the evening. Taken in 2021.', 'TRANSPORT Image: Traffic congestion at Veitongo, Tongatapu as vehicles are headed to the eastern side of the island in the evening. Taken in 2021. TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE AND INVESTMENT TECHNICAL AND INVESTMENT WORKFORCE POLICY POLICY WORKFORCE WORKFORCE & POLICY POLICY TECHNICAL TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE WORKFORCE AND INVESTMENT TECHNICAL AND INVESTMENT Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTRANSPORT Mandatory vehicle standards and incentives for more efficient vehicles through tax, fees and import tariffs. GHG emission reduction potential: Medium. Description: This action involves policy, regulations and/or incentives to increase uptake of more energy efficient, lower emissions conventional vehicle technologies. Policies to operationalise this will include bans on certains types of vehicles, regulations on imported vehicles to meet low sulfur standards (e.g.', 'Policies to operationalise this will include bans on certains types of vehicles, regulations on imported vehicles to meet low sulfur standards (e.g. Euro 4), high import tariffs on inefficient vehicles and lower tariffs for efficient vehicles, and a maximum age of imported vehicles of 5 years. This will be accompanied by enforcement with penalties. An awareness raising campaign will support behavioural change and promote the benefits of this approach, as well as raise awareness of enforcement and penalties. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Inspection equipment and buildings, or specific areas for tests and inspections. Capacity measures will need to involve a broad range of stakeholders. General awareness raising with the public in the short and medium , to provide everyone with good access to information, particularly on enforcement and penalties.', 'General awareness raising with the public in the short and medium , to provide everyone with good access to information, particularly on enforcement and penalties. Delivery of this action will also need short courses for government officials, technicians and mechanics, customs officers, transport civil servants, owners of large commercial fleets and other private sector professionals. And these capacity building measures will need to continue periodically for the medium term, to embed behaviour change. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2030. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Education and well aligned to Environment, Inclusivity, Culture and Traditional Knowledge.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned to Education and well aligned to Environment, Inclusivity, Culture and Traditional Knowledge. Link to Second NDC: This action supports the NDC target of a 2 percent efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles through either establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs. Links to other mitigation sectors: Waste for disposal of old and inefficient vehicles including setting up of a central facility for vehicle disposal. TRANSPORT Strengthening road maintenance—Tanu Hala. GHG emission reduction potential: Low. Description: This action refers to improved road maintenance focusing on pothole repair and road resurfacing.', 'Description: This action refers to improved road maintenance focusing on pothole repair and road resurfacing. This will reduce travel costs, including movement of agricultural produce to markets, and support introduction of newer vehicles, e-vehicles, as well as cycling and walking where road resurfacing can be combined with introduction of dedicated cycle paths and pavements. To implement this action, standards (tanu Hala) with regular reporting and greater transparency will be introduced, and weight limits for trucks will be put in place. A road asset management system will be implemented to support this action. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - road repairs and resurfacing will be needed as well as road maintenance trucks.', 'Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - road repairs and resurfacing will be needed as well as road maintenance trucks. For capacity building, a range of short term and medium term measures are needed, including on the job training and short courses for road repair contractors, truck owners and drivers and government employees, particularly those involved in roads and transport work. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2030. Principles: This action is well aligned to Environment. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements for road planning. TRANSPORT Decentralization of services from urban to rural areas to decrease traffic congestion. GHG emission reduction potential: Low.', 'GHG emission reduction potential: Low. Description: This action involves focusing on decentralisation of services from urban to rural areas in order to decrease traffic congestion around Tongatapu, but it is also applicable to the centre of island districts. This action includes a strategic plan for decentralising services, incentives to locate or relocate key utility services/agencies offices outside of Nuku’alofa CBD so that people can reach services locally, expansion of internet services through the development of apps and digitised services, incentives for employees to move/ work in decentralised offices, and recruitment of staff based in decentralised locations. This action may also involve encouraging private companies to decentralise services and operations over a certain size, and to provide minibus services for employee pick-up and drop-off in mornings and afternoons.', 'This action may also involve encouraging private companies to decentralise services and operations over a certain size, and to provide minibus services for employee pick-up and drop-off in mornings and afternoons. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - parking and road maintenance (linked to Action 3), Internet access and digitisation of services and buildings for decentralised services. Capacity building measures will need to continue from medium to long term, including awareness raising for the general public, short courses for government employees and professionals and vocational training for technicians. Location: This action would start with Nuku’alofa and the Tongatapu districts, then also be implemented for the centre of each island district. Locations would be further defined by the strategic plan for decentralising services. Timeline: 2040, with emergency services available in every district by 2050.', 'Timeline: 2040, with emergency services available in every district by 2050. Principles: This action is highly aligned to inclusivity and is well aligned to Environment, Education, Autonomy and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Urban Planning and Energy (particularly energy efficiency). TRANSPORT Low emissions vehicles. GHG emission reduction potential: Medium. Description: Mandatory vehicle standards for newly purchased light duty vehicles (private cars, taxis, minivans, etc.) with incentives through taxes, fees and import tariffs. The action would include policies favouring low emissions vehicles, the introduction of regulations and standards, enforcement of penalties for non-compliant vehicles (this could be enforced at the border, with the importer), incentives for compliant vehicles (both for importers and consumers, to encourage purchase). Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - new inspection buildings and equipment for testing vehicles.', 'Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - new inspection buildings and equipment for testing vehicles. Short courses and vocational training would be implemented for enforcement agency staff, government employees, technicians and professionals. In the medium term tertiary studies could also support this action as standards evolve. A communications strategy would be needed to support effective implementation of this action. Capacity building in the short term would focus on awareness raising for the general public, including multiple rounds of awareness raising and outreach programs to communities. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2030. Principles: This action is highly aligned with Autonomy and well aligned with Environment and Inclusivity.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned with Autonomy and well aligned with Environment and Inclusivity. Link to Second NDC: This action supports the NDC target of a 2 percent efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles through either establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy (energy efficiency). TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTRANSPORT Introducing electric vehicles (EVs) in the municipal government fleet. GHG emission reduction potential: Low, but the potential to grow significantly beyond the government fleet as EVs are implemented. Description: This action focuses on making the municipal government fleet 100 percent electric.', 'Description: This action focuses on making the municipal government fleet 100 percent electric. The government would lead by example to implement a pilot project for e-vehicles in the municipal fleet. Supporting asset and capacity measures: The action requires procurement of EVs for the government municipal fleet and charging stations at government buildings. It would need changes to policies around vehicle procurement, and awareness raising among civil servants and the general public. It also requires piloting the introduction of new regulations and standards for electric vehicles. As a pilot, the action will need to include Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for monitoring, collection and storage of EV operational data - this will be very important to enabling planning around future EV applications. There will also be close cooperation and exchange of data on electricity with TPL.', 'There will also be close cooperation and exchange of data on electricity with TPL. Capacity building for the pilot will be needed in the short term, including short courses and ongoing training for Ministry drivers and mechanics and government employees, with Ministries involved in the EV fleet pilot being fully engaged in maintenance, management and data collection. Awareness raising among all Ministry staff as well as the general public would be undertaken. Location: Nuku’alofa. Timeline: 2025. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and Education and well aligned to Culture. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy and particularly renewable electricity generation. TRANSPORT Strengthen sustainable maintenance of all vehicles. GHG emission reduction potential: Low.', 'GHG emission reduction potential: Low. Description: This action focuses on overhaul and maintenance services for all types of vehicles, and enforcement of related regulations for both public and government vehicle fleets. Supporting asset and capacity measures: This action would involve the introduction of safety inspections to assist with enforcement of maintenance every 3 years. Inspection equipment and new inspection buildings attached to current garages would be needed. The action would also support implementation of ISO14000 and ISO 9001:2015 and other international best practice and standards, as well as insurance policies for fleets, maintenance and inspection programs, and green procurement policies. Implementation within ministries from top to bottom of management would encourage fleet management programs to be put in place. As significant changes in attitudes towards vehicle maintenance will be needed, behavioural change would also be supported through various measures.', 'As significant changes in attitudes towards vehicle maintenance will be needed, behavioural change would also be supported through various measures. This capacity building will be mainly short term and include awareness raising and short courses for the general public and government employees. Location: All four main island groups. Timeline: 2030 in incremental phases. Principles: This action has good alignment to the Environment principle. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: None. TRANSPORT Implementation of non-motorised and cycling transport options. GHG emission reduction potential: Unknown. Description: This action focuses on the expansion and creation of new cycling and pedestrian pathways/sidewalks both within and outside the central business district of Nuku’alofa.', 'Description: This action focuses on the expansion and creation of new cycling and pedestrian pathways/sidewalks both within and outside the central business district of Nuku’alofa. It includes the development of an integrated urban planning program (homes, employment, transport), dedicated cycle lanes, pedestrians-only city centre areas (cyclist and pedestrians only paths /roads) and permanent removal of import duties for bicycles. This will be brought together under a green cities program with a sustained 5-year awareness raising campaign on health benefits of cycling and walking. In the past, Tongans walked a lot, so there are strong linkages to culture which can be reactivated, making this a matter of learning from the past and building it into the future of sustainable transport and community health.', 'In the past, Tongans walked a lot, so there are strong linkages to culture which can be reactivated, making this a matter of learning from the past and building it into the future of sustainable transport and community health. Given that it offers many all-round benefits and fits well into traditional Tongan life, non-motorised transport is a high priority. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Infrastructure - adapting road layouts and creating safe separation between different modes of transport, adding cycle lanes and space and infrastructure for parking bikes safely, adding pavements /sidewalks and creating new dedicated paths for cycles and pedestrians. Creating green spaces and pathways which make it pleasant to cycle or walk in pedestrianised or exclusively cycling areas.', 'Creating green spaces and pathways which make it pleasant to cycle or walk in pedestrianised or exclusively cycling areas. This action will require a broad range of capacity building (awareness raising, short courses, tertiary and vocational training well as integrating information into lessons in primary and secondary schools (e.g. about the environmental and health benefits of cycling and walking) amongst target groups. These groups include the general public, women and youth, government employees, primary and secondary school teachers and students and professionals in urban planning and transport. Capacity building needs to start immediately and continue into the medium and long term as the action is envisioned to be implemented all the way to 2050.', 'Capacity building needs to start immediately and continue into the medium and long term as the action is envisioned to be implemented all the way to 2050. Behavioural change and community and individual participation will also be important and will form a significant component of this action. Studies will be carried out to determine how to influence behaviour through enforcement and incentives, and to uncover which initiatives might work best with different target groups. A communications strategy will be developed and a long term awareness campaign implemented. Incentives and requirements for ministries and larger companies to provide facilities to encourage cycling by employees like showers, changing rooms, personal lockers and secure bike parking will also be implemented. Location: Nuku’alofa.', 'Incentives and requirements for ministries and larger companies to provide facilities to encourage cycling by employees like showers, changing rooms, personal lockers and secure bike parking will also be implemented. Location: Nuku’alofa. Timeline: 2022 - preparatory activities and some actions (such as sidewalk construction underway); 2025 - pilots start for cycling paths and pedestrianisation; 2030 - 2050 - full implementation. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment, Traditional Knowledge and Culture and well aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy, Education and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements for urban planning. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTRANSPORT Public adoption of 50 percent electric vehicles (EVs).', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTRANSPORT Public adoption of 50 percent electric vehicles (EVs). GHG emission reduction potential: Medium to high, depending on percentage of electricity derived from renewables to charge EVs. Description: Tongatapu is a very well suited location for EVs, it has the population, it is flat, only 60 and 30km in each direction. TPL are engaged in the discussion on EVs and have started research to look into a transition to EVs and what this means for electricity generation. This action would follow-on from the piloting of EVs within the government municipal fleet (Action 6). It involves expanded adoption of EVs to the public, including different types of light duty EVs (cars, bikes, minivans, etc.).', 'It involves expanded adoption of EVs to the public, including different types of light duty EVs (cars, bikes, minivans, etc.). Supporting asset and capacity measures: Introduction of national EV regulations and standards - to ensure safety and good quality, introduction of regulations and standards for battery management and disposal, alignment of incentives for tax/duties/tariffs with the different stakeholders (car dealers, consumers and TPL), provide rebates for EV purchasers and for charging station set-up, create special parking spaces reserved for EVs and the option of a shared EV scheme may also be explored. These initiatives would start with studies to determine which EV and charging technologies to focus on and the optimal design and implementation of incentives schemes. An additional action arising which has not been prioritised but is currently underway is the completion of a maritime transport low GHG emissions strategy.', 'An additional action arising which has not been prioritised but is currently underway is the completion of a maritime transport low GHG emissions strategy. This strategy will be ready as a first draft in November 2021 and will inform interventions for low emission development in the maritime sector. It can therefore complement actions focused on the land Transport sector, as laid out in this LT-LEDS. A further specific action for maritime transport is the implementation of ferry transportation across the Fanga’uta Lagoon. This would involve the public leaving their vehicles behind and using the lagoon ferry to travel to Nuku’alofa instead of driving. The ferry could be electric - an option that could be explored in future.', 'The ferry could be electric - an option that could be explored in future. Additionally, the option of an electric bus network was explored but not prioritised, though this may be revisited in future as E-Buses are being studied as a potential pilot for the TERM-PLUS which is being completed in 2021. To date, biofuel has not offered a cost effective option. It also conflicts with food security and thus has not been considered in this LT-LEDS. Further exploration of biofuels as an alternative fuel for both land and maritime transport may be revisited in future, although potential conflict with food security will again need to be carefully examined, as food security would always be a priority.', 'Further exploration of biofuels as an alternative fuel for both land and maritime transport may be revisited in future, although potential conflict with food security will again need to be carefully examined, as food security would always be a priority. Image: View of Taufa’ahau Road from the Tungi Colonnade Building in Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. 3.3.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Sustainable transportation is a new field of work with limited experience on the ground in Tonga. A broad range of capacity building measures (awareness raising, on-the-job training, short courses, tertiary and vocational training) would therefore be needed. Additionally, integrating information into lessons in primary and secondary schools (e.g. about the environmental and health benefits of cycling and walking, how EVs work, etc.)', 'about the environmental and health benefits of cycling and walking, how EVs work, etc.) will need to be implemented, starting as soon as possible to begin building knowledge. The acquisition of knowledge, skills and experience will be a long term undertaking, all the way to 2050. Target groups for capacity building also range widely, from the general public, to women and youth and government employees (particularly those involved in energy, transport, road construction and urban planning), to primary and secondary school teachers and students at the vocational and tertiary level, private sector car dealers, mechanics, technicians and professionals in energy, transport, civil engineering and urban planning. Overseas training/courses will be helpful in expanding local experience by integrating innovative and new technologies from countries where EVs are already implemented.', 'Overseas training/courses will be helpful in expanding local experience by integrating innovative and new technologies from countries where EVs are already implemented. This will apply to a broad range of areas such as policy-making, regulations and standards for EVs, as well as technologies, maintenance and implementation. To complement this, capacity strengthening for data collection, management and storage is needed. This can also be facilitated through increased availability and use of electronic equipment such as laptops, tablets, storage devices/servers as well as drones and mobile apps which could enable remote data collection. Skills and capacity strengthening needed Infrastructure - EV charging stations and parking spaces as well as safer roads for electric bikes. Introduction of a variety of EV technology including private vehicles (bikes, cars, minivans), electric buses and taxis and electric motors for small boats.', 'Introduction of a variety of EV technology including private vehicles (bikes, cars, minivans), electric buses and taxis and electric motors for small boats. A broad range of capacity building (awareness raising, on-the-job training, short courses, tertiary and vocational training) will also be needed. This would need to start in 2022 and continue into the medium and long term, as the action is envisioned to be implemented all the way to 2050. Target groups for capacity building are the general public, youth, car dealers, government employees, car mechanics, TPL staff and professionals in urban planning and transport. Location: Phase 1 - Nuku’alofa; Phase 2 - all of Tongatapu. Timeline: 2022 - preparatory activities start; 2025 - pilots start; 2030 to 2050 - full implementation.', 'Timeline: 2022 - preparatory activities start; 2025 - pilots start; 2030 to 2050 - full implementation. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and well aligned to Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy, particularly renewable electricity generation. Note that renewable energy generation would need to increase significantly to cater for demand from EVs, in order to achieve emission reductions. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSCross-sectoral considerations There are strong linkages between the land Transport sector and energy efficiency and urban planning.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSCross-sectoral considerations There are strong linkages between the land Transport sector and energy efficiency and urban planning. For example, action on pedestrianisation of Nuku’alofa and appropriate road and pathway design for e-vehicles, cycling and walking will need to be coordinated with urban planning entities and undergo broad consultation across communities involved. ICT can play an important role in supporting decentralisation of services. In this respect, reliable internet could be a major factor alongside key infrastructure investment. The latter not only refers to the decentralisation of physical infrastructure, but also the human resource needed to operate and maintain it.', 'The latter not only refers to the decentralisation of physical infrastructure, but also the human resource needed to operate and maintain it. It would, therefore, also involve the management of human resources potentially across a number of ministries and the civil service. This could be assisted by short courses and vocational training to be provided for staff who are recruited to decentralised posts. The sector also has close linkages with health and healthier lifestyle choices, such as cycling and walking, which could deliver added benefits such as reduced obesity and incidence of non-communicable diseases in Tonga. Gender and social inclusion considerations The actions needed in this pathway include significant communication and awareness raising among the general public and other groups.', 'Gender and social inclusion considerations The actions needed in this pathway include significant communication and awareness raising among the general public and other groups. In order to be as effective and efficient as possible, this awareness raising must take into account gender and the roles of different groups within the Transport sector, and be tailored to reach all audiences. Where behaviour change is desired, incentives should also take into account different characteristics among gender and society groups. Development of policies should include a gender-sensitive approach. Changes in transportation regulations, standards and other issues need to be as transparent as possible, with information available to the public in a timely and effective manner.', 'Changes in transportation regulations, standards and other issues need to be as transparent as possible, with information available to the public in a timely and effective manner. Actions to improve non-motorised transport (walking, cycling), decentralisation of services and improvements in public transport would offer major benefits around social inclusion, making services more easily available to all segments of the population. This is likely to boost access to services and facilitate improved transport options for low-income families, families without cars / access to private transport, women, the elderly and vulnerable groups. There is a risk to social inclusion if vehicles and compliance become too expensive for lower-income households.', 'There is a risk to social inclusion if vehicles and compliance become too expensive for lower-income households. Further studies are therefore needed, to ensure cost distribution is right, with measures put in place to ensure equity in the transition to low emission vehicles. For capacity building and training it should be taken into consideration that vehicle technicians and government drivers, as well as the maintenance and inspection sector for transport, etc. can be male dominated. Ways to also involve women across Transport sector actions will therefore need to be studied with an action plan developed, so that men and women are learning from new projects and experiences and skills development, with the creation of potential jobs available to all.', 'Ways to also involve women across Transport sector actions will therefore need to be studied with an action plan developed, so that men and women are learning from new projects and experiences and skills development, with the creation of potential jobs available to all. Environmental and social safeguards considerations Where additional transport infrastructure is put in place the appropriate EIAs would need to be undertaken. For example, there may be some infrastructure such as e-mobility charging stations, cycle paths and sidewalks needing an EIA if in new areas. However, most infrastructure will already likely be built on existing roads and will not need EIA.', 'However, most infrastructure will already likely be built on existing roads and will not need EIA. There are risks that as vehicles are replaced they are dumped instead of being scrapped properly and that as e-vehicle batteries need to be replaced they are dumped instead of disposed of safely. Both these risks must be managed Key gaps data and solutions Data management is fragmented with responsibilities shared among the Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI), PAT, the Tonga Statistics Department (TSD), and the Ministry of Revenue and Customs (MORC). The private sector also collects important trade performance information, but this is not always publicly available due to confidentiality issues.', 'The private sector also collects important trade performance information, but this is not always publicly available due to confidentiality issues. As the Transport sector is one of Tonga’s main GHG emitters, a coordinated effort is needed with a number of Ministries involved, including MEIDECC, MTED, the TSD, and development partners, in order to improve data collection and availability. This will enable planning to allow a future where the Transport sector makes a greater contribution to emission reductions, and allow for more detailed emission reduction targets to be set during the 2025 NDC revision process. Improved data for the Transport sector is a top priority as identified in the pathway action 1.', 'Improved data for the Transport sector is a top priority as identified in the pathway action 1. As well as improved data collection for the number of vehicles, and vessels, number of passengers, transport routes and length of journeys, improved data is also needed regarding vehicle stock and vehicle efficiency, passenger/traveller behaviour and preferences, cargo volumes by mode of transport (passenger and freight kilometres by mode of transport), marine and aviation data. For example, there is currently no breakdown between passenger and freight kilometres travelled. Given that it describes two different activities, namely the movement of people versus the movement of goods, such a breakdown would be useful for analysis and the development of projections.', 'Given that it describes two different activities, namely the movement of people versus the movement of goods, such a breakdown would be useful for analysis and the development of projections. Improved data collection is also needed in order to distinguish clearly between fuel consumption for international and domestic aviation and international and domestic shipping. Being able to distinguish between these is relevant, as only GHG emissions from domestic aviation and shipping are counted towards national emissions. This would require collection of petroleum product demand by type of end-use and mode of transport (e.g. diesel for road transport versus diesel for shipping; fuel for domestic versus international aviation/shipping). There is no information on the relevance of non-motorised transportation in Tonga though high vehicle ownership rate could indicate limited use of non-motorised transportation.', 'There is no information on the relevance of non-motorised transportation in Tonga though high vehicle ownership rate could indicate limited use of non-motorised transportation. However, there are a number of assumptions and caveats behind this assessment. Firstly, the high ownership rate per household is based on the assumption that the large majority of households own more than one vehicle. Secondly, it assumes that vehicles owned by a household are shared by individual household members. Thirdly, it assumes that the vehicle is frequently used. These assumptions should be further investigated through surveys, interviews and other data collection such as adding questions to the census, to gather information on non-motorised transport.', 'These assumptions should be further investigated through surveys, interviews and other data collection such as adding questions to the census, to gather information on non-motorised transport. Finally, there is no systematic collection of passenger and freight data in the aviation sector by the Civil Aviation Division (CAD), CAD can, however, request data on passenger numbers and freight from operators, which would improve data for domestic aviation for future analysis. through vehicle and battery collection, scrappage and disposal management systems put in place early. Another area of risk in terms of waste, is where there is an increase of electronic equipment for data collection and management for the e-waste which must be disposed of in a safe manner.', 'Another area of risk in terms of waste, is where there is an increase of electronic equipment for data collection and management for the e-waste which must be disposed of in a safe manner. There will also be benefits: lower GHG emission vehicles will also reduce other pollutants such as sulfur and particles, so there will be co-benefits for the environment and there are also significant social co-benefits in terms of better health outcomes from increased walking and cycling which can contribute to reduced obesity and reduced non-communicable diseases.', 'There will also be benefits: lower GHG emission vehicles will also reduce other pollutants such as sulfur and particles, so there will be co-benefits for the environment and there are also significant social co-benefits in terms of better health outcomes from increased walking and cycling which can contribute to reduced obesity and reduced non-communicable diseases. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSIntroduction Agriculture, forestry and other land uses along with fisheries form an integral part of Tonga’s economy and culture and are the leading productive sectors for Tonga (IFAD, 2017) as well as AFOLU being the largest source of GHG emissions.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSIntroduction Agriculture, forestry and other land uses along with fisheries form an integral part of Tonga’s economy and culture and are the leading productive sectors for Tonga (IFAD, 2017) as well as AFOLU being the largest source of GHG emissions. Agriculture, fisheries, and forestry provide 30 percent-40 percent of employment, contributing 18 percent of total GDP (2013/14) and 44 percent of exports (MAFFF, 2015a). Agriculture, agroforestry, and fisheries are often the only sources of livelihoods in remote and isolated rural areas, therefore measures that reduce emissions without adversely affecting these livelihoods, will be key to climate resilience. Subsistence agriculture predominates: only 5 percent of Tonga’s farmers are commercial producers who engage directly with formal markets.', 'Subsistence agriculture predominates: only 5 percent of Tonga’s farmers are commercial producers who engage directly with formal markets. Key agricultural commodities are root crops (cassava, yam, sweet potatoes and swamp taro), squash, and vanilla (MAFFF, 2015a). Coconut-based agroforestry was commercially important in the past, including for export markets, and offers potential for future economic growth. Animal husbandry is locally important. In 2015 there were 100,000 pigs and 92,071 chickens in Tonga but few cattle, sheep, or horses. Commercial forestry is limited, but many Tongans depend on forest products for their subsistence, and more depend on the various forms of agroforestry (combinations of trees and other crops), including coconut woodlands, which cover much of Tonga’s land mass. There is considerable scope for boosting agricultural productivity, but there are also considerable challenges.', 'There is considerable scope for boosting agricultural productivity, but there are also considerable challenges. More than half (51 percent) of agricultural land is left fallow due to land rights issues and the high population of Tongan landowners living overseas (IFAD, 2017). Droughts and cyclones have a severe impact on forestry and agriculture: for example, cyclone Ian and severe drought each caused extensive damage in 2014 and in 2016 respectively (FAO, n.d; MAFFF, 2015a). The Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) has estimated that 4.3 percent of native forest cover for all of Tonga is threatened, hence, a national forestry inventory is needed. The forestry sector is mainly government managed with limited private sector initiatives other than nursery seedlings. The government runs forest nurseries and small-scale sawmilling, mainly as part of cyclone response and recovery works.', 'The government runs forest nurseries and small-scale sawmilling, mainly as part of cyclone response and recovery works. Since the early 1970s, there has been a focus on developing timber plantations in ‘Eua and promoting public tree planting via seedlings produced at forest nurseries run by the Ministry of Agriculture Food, & Forests (MAFF). The main timber species promoted include Caribbean pine (Paini), Red cedar (Sita kula), Mahogany (Makoni), Teak (Tiki) and Kauri (Kauli). While sandalwood is the prominent export forest product, its export is currently banned under “Tonga Sandalwood Regulation 2016” which seeks to promote replanting and safeguard unsustainable harvest of sandalwood. Invasive species such as the Tulip and Kotia have also been introduced. Sawmilling, including coconut palm wood utilisation is a declining industry.', 'Sawmilling, including coconut palm wood utilisation is a declining industry. There is growing demand, especially from women, for multipurpose trees/plant varieties for landscaping and floriculture activities, hence a growing number of small, private tree nurseries operate in Tongatapu. Fishing is among the most important economic activities of Tongans for subsistence, semi- subsistence, and commerce, providing food security and income (Kronen, 2004a & 2004b; FAO 2010) and contributing 3 percent of GDP (GCF, 2018). Fish (including live reef fish) dominated Tonga’s exports in 2013-14, at 22 percent, followed by crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates at 20 percent and other marine products such as seaweed and live hard coral (FAO, nd; MAFF, 2015a). Fisheries production continues to fluctuate substantially due to changes in policy, resource depletion, and climate change impacting the distribution of tuna.', 'Fisheries production continues to fluctuate substantially due to changes in policy, resource depletion, and climate change impacting the distribution of tuna. Barriers to further development of export markets are market access, unstable market prices, and growing local demand (GCF, 2018). Numerous reports indicated that coastal fishery resources are close to overfishing and degradation (Kronen & Bender, 2007; MAFF, 2015b). Fisheries infrastructure remains at a low level and requires further investment. 3.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) And Fisheries Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS At the national level, the AFOLU sector draws direction from three of TSDF II’s outcomes: (i) urban and regional (island/rural) agriculture development; (ii) good governance through the MAFF and (iii) sustainable environment and climate resilience.', '3.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) And Fisheries Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS At the national level, the AFOLU sector draws direction from three of TSDF II’s outcomes: (i) urban and regional (island/rural) agriculture development; (ii) good governance through the MAFF and (iii) sustainable environment and climate resilience. With regard to adaptation and building resilience to climate change, the JNAP2 identifies as a priority the implementation of climate-smart agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture and water management approaches. Areas in common with the LT-LEDS include community engagement; data collection and management; operational monitoring systems for groundwater, soil health and coastal conditions; and involvement of civil society organisations in raising awareness on climate change.', 'Areas in common with the LT-LEDS include community engagement; data collection and management; operational monitoring systems for groundwater, soil health and coastal conditions; and involvement of civil society organisations in raising awareness on climate change. Key JNAP2 targets relevant to the AFOLU sector of the LT-LEDS are (1) resilient fisheries development and marine and coastal ecosystems conservation, including special management areas (SMAs); (2) resilient, low-chemical-input or organic farming systems; and (3) allocation of 30 percent of Tonga’s land to be used for agroforestry or forestry.', 'Key JNAP2 targets relevant to the AFOLU sector of the LT-LEDS are (1) resilient fisheries development and marine and coastal ecosystems conservation, including special management areas (SMAs); (2) resilient, low-chemical-input or organic farming systems; and (3) allocation of 30 percent of Tonga’s land to be used for agroforestry or forestry. At the sectoral level, the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan (TASF) 2016-2020 identifies the vision and priorities for maximising contributions from the agriculture sector both to national economic growth and to sustain Tonga’s food security in the face of a changing world economy, looming climate change, and natural disasters in the Pacific.', 'At the sectoral level, the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan (TASF) 2016-2020 identifies the vision and priorities for maximising contributions from the agriculture sector both to national economic growth and to sustain Tonga’s food security in the face of a changing world economy, looming climate change, and natural disasters in the Pacific. The TASF’s Programme 1, ‘Climate-resilient environment and agricultural systems,’ is relevant for the LT-LEDS, while programs 2, 3, and 4 emphasise an enabling environment and sustainability as well as linkages to livelihoods and healthy foods - elements which also form an important part of the LT-LEDS. The Tonga Forestry Act 2016 has enabled the establishment of regulations for the protection, control, and management of forest reserves and has fostered and encouraged the growth of forest products.', 'The Tonga Forestry Act 2016 has enabled the establishment of regulations for the protection, control, and management of forest reserves and has fostered and encouraged the growth of forest products. The Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga (Forest Management Plan, or FMP) 2017, prescribes actions to enhance the sustainable management of forests and tree resources. Other key documents are the Tonga National Forest Policy (TNFP) 2009, which supports the sustainable management of Image: Displays of local seafood at the annual Royal Agricultural Show at Neiafu, Vava’u. Taken in 2019.', 'Other key documents are the Tonga National Forest Policy (TNFP) 2009, which supports the sustainable management of Image: Displays of local seafood at the annual Royal Agricultural Show at Neiafu, Vava’u. Taken in 2019. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSTonga’s forests and tree resources, and the Code of Practice for Sustainable Management of Forests 2010, which provides practical guidelines for the sustainable management of forest and tree resources of Tonga. The TNFP and FMP designate agroforestry as ‘the preferred form of productive land use in Tonga.’ The Tonga National Land use Policy is currently in its finalisation stage, led by the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR).', 'The TNFP and FMP designate agroforestry as ‘the preferred form of productive land use in Tonga.’ The Tonga National Land use Policy is currently in its finalisation stage, led by the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR). LT-LEDS AFOLU matters, as well as other sectors, will make necessary links and affiliation to this national policy as needed. The Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024 is a framework for achieving the overall sector objective of ‘Increasing sustainable shared benefits for the Kingdom from optimal use of its living marine resources’. It includes four components: sustainable community fisheries, profitable commercial fisheries and aquaculture, public and private investment, and governance and capacity building. All four are reflected in the LT-LEDS.', 'All four are reflected in the LT-LEDS. In 2020, the Second NDC set two non-emission AFOLU mitigation sector targets: (1) to establish a forest inventory as a prerequisite to identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and (2) planting one million trees by 2023. For adaptation, the NDC sets an AFOLU target of 30 percent of land in Tonga to be utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025 (aligned to the JNAP2), and a fisheries target of maintaining existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30 percent of Tonga’s exclusive economic zone (EEZ). The LT-LEDS is aligned to these NDC targets and integrates action towards implementing them.', 'The LT-LEDS is aligned to these NDC targets and integrates action towards implementing them. Overall, the AFOLU sector is cross-cutting across a number of SDGs, including: Good health and well-being (SDG 3), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17). Responsible Ministries and Sector Stakeholders The Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (MAFF) is responsible for policy and implementation for agriculture and forestry and chairs the Agricultural Growth Committee (v). The Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan is implemented through the AGC, with the Minister of MAFF acting as chair of the AGC along with a member of the private sector acting as co-chair.', 'The Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan is implemented through the AGC, with the Minister of MAFF acting as chair of the AGC along with a member of the private sector acting as co-chair. Members are mostly from the private sector including MORDI Tonga Trust, Food and Agricultural Organisation, Bilateral Agencies (Australia, New Zealand etc.) and exporters, as well as MAFF’s six divisions representatives. Reporting on the implementation of the TASP is made regularly to the AGC. For forestry, the Forestry Division is mandated to take charge of forest management and development, including development of policies and legislation. The division also monitors the state of forests in Tonga and promotes awareness on forests and forestry initiatives. The Department of Environment also undertakes nursery and tree planting activities.', 'The Department of Environment also undertakes nursery and tree planting activities. There is limited private sector involvement apart from the Aotearoa Forest Co. which is managing the forestry plantations on ‘Eua. Tonga Timber Limited has also been involved in plantation management. Some non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are undertaking awareness and tree planting programs with their local partner communities including MORDI Tonga Trust, the Tonga National Youth Congress and the Tonga Community Development Trust. The Ministry of Fisheries is responsible for policy and implementation in the fisheries sector. The Tonga Meteorological Division plays an important role in providing weather information to the sectors. The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) has the mandate on all land management and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) also plays important cross-cutting roles in the sector.', 'The Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) has the mandate on all land management and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) also plays important cross-cutting roles in the sector. Historical and current GHG emissions Activities in the AFOLU sector account for 61 percent of Tonga’s GHG emissions (NDC, 2020). Emissions from agriculture fell between 2000 and 2006. The main greenhouse gasses released from the agricultural sector are CO, CH , NO x O , and CO (Third National Communication, 2019). GHG emissions sources by sub-categories are enteric fermentation, emissions from managed soils, prescribed burning of savanna, and urea fertilisation. Total GHG emissions were 1.75 Gg - a very small portion of the total GHG inventory. For land use, land use change, and forestry, CO was the only GHG identified.', 'For land use, land use change, and forestry, CO was the only GHG identified. CO removals from forestry decreased from 1997.95 Gg in 2000 to 1879.37 Gg in 2006, and forestry emissions increased from 147.66 Gg in 2000 to 187.40 Gg in 2006. The main cause of this change was conversion of forest and grassland biomass. Changes in forest cover and other woody biomass and abandonment of managed lands also contributed to CO removal. However, uncertainty in land-use data and in the assumptions used to calculate GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from living biomass, undermines the reliability of GHG emissions estimates for the AFOLU sector. Current initiatives Green Environment Facility-funded Ridge to Reef (R2R) projects have been ongoing for a number of years.', 'Current initiatives Green Environment Facility-funded Ridge to Reef (R2R) projects have been ongoing for a number of years. The first component was completed recently and focussed on the rehabilitation of the mangrove ecosystems around Tongatapu. The second component, Integrated Land and Agro-ecosystems Management Systems, is ongoing. There are several success stories from these projects, including the adoption of biogas and organic/animal fertiliser as part of managing the roaming livestock that damages the environment etc; promoting community tree planting efforts via community nurseries and capacity buildings in related areas; introducing applicable and practical farming practices through women and youth e.g. keyhole gardening, farmer field demonstrations, and wicking systems for household-level activities; and others. Tonga Community Development Trust is promoting aspects of conserving traditionally useful tree species and home gardening.', 'Tonga Community Development Trust is promoting aspects of conserving traditionally useful tree species and home gardening. Tonga National Youth Congress is promoting organic farming and certification targeting youth and is involved in a number of resilient farming activities nationwide. MORDI Tonga Trust has been carrying out the Tonga Rural Innovation Project since 2018, with 122 rural communities. MORDI Tonga engages rural, remote and isolated outer islands including in Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Ha’apai islands, Vava’u islands, Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu. The government’s future climate change pipeline includes the project ‘Towards climate change resilient coastal fisheries and aquaculture in Tonga’, which will address effects of climate change on coastal fisheries through integrated sustainable management to ensure food security. The project will cover ecosystems and ecosystem services, health, food and water security and livelihoods of vulnerable communities.', 'The project will cover ecosystems and ecosystem services, health, food and water security and livelihoods of vulnerable communities. This fits with targets under the Second NDC, JNAP2 and fisheries sector plans and will also contribute to the LT-LEDS aims and pathway for AFOLU, particularly in the fisheries sector.', 'This fits with targets under the Second NDC, JNAP2 and fisheries sector plans and will also contribute to the LT-LEDS aims and pathway for AFOLU, particularly in the fisheries sector. Another key project for agriculture involves climate smart agriculture (CSA) approaches for sustainable food and nutrition and secure livelihoods in Tonga, which aims to contribute to achievement of targets of the NDC, JNAP2 and the Agriculture Sector Plan (MEIDECC 2020).3 3 Please refer to the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Investment Plan with Project Pipeline, Appendix B, for more information on current and planned projects TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.4.2 Sector Pathways This sector’s vision is for: ‘A resilient Fisheries and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs and sustainable systems.’ For the AFOLU and Fisheries sector, promotion of best practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is the highest priority.', 'Another key project for agriculture involves climate smart agriculture (CSA) approaches for sustainable food and nutrition and secure livelihoods in Tonga, which aims to contribute to achievement of targets of the NDC, JNAP2 and the Agriculture Sector Plan (MEIDECC 2020).3 3 Please refer to the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Investment Plan with Project Pipeline, Appendix B, for more information on current and planned projects TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.4.2 Sector Pathways This sector’s vision is for: ‘A resilient Fisheries and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Tonga through low emissions, low costs and sustainable systems.’ For the AFOLU and Fisheries sector, promotion of best practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries is the highest priority. This includes the need to strengthen public-private partnerships among government agencies, NGOs, village communities, church groups, farmer and fisher groups, and others, to enable sharing of responsibilities among stakeholders to meet their objectives as organisations and jointly contribute to low emissions actions.', 'This includes the need to strengthen public-private partnerships among government agencies, NGOs, village communities, church groups, farmer and fisher groups, and others, to enable sharing of responsibilities among stakeholders to meet their objectives as organisations and jointly contribute to low emissions actions. Data collection, management and accessibility is also a key part of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and land use work. Establishment of a forestry inventory and a digital library of information including traditional knowledge, are two key initiatives. This pathway also focuses on the expansion of MPAs and SMAs and of sustainable, low emissions, low cost, high productivity and sustainable agriculture, forest and land use systems. A holistic and participatory approach is envisioned. At the larger scale, this is with improvements in agro-forestry and at the smaller scale, enhancing home gardening.', 'At the larger scale, this is with improvements in agro-forestry and at the smaller scale, enhancing home gardening. Training and capacity building will be extended to all stakeholders from village groups and NGOs, to farmers, fishers, forestry workers, government officials and private sector actors.', 'Training and capacity building will be extended to all stakeholders from village groups and NGOs, to farmers, fishers, forestry workers, government officials and private sector actors. 30% of land in Tonga to be utilized for agroforestry or forestry Planting one million trees Improve data monitoring & information management Support community nurseries to improve agroforestry Proposal for Green Climate Fund Empower women to commercialise home garden produce 1st phase of strengthening PPP 2nd phase of strengthening PPP 3rd phase of strengthening PPP Establish SMA association to expand MPAs & SMAs AFOLU Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Strengthen Public Private Partnership to drive requirements of organisations with the aim of sharing responsibility to promote best practices in agriculture and forestry PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy & Core Values Support Community Nurseries to improve the productivity and diversity of agroforestry PRINCIPLES Environment, Inclusivity, Traditional Knowledge, Culture & Core Values Establish SMA association and ensure its maintenance through financial support and capacity, in order to support the expansion of MPAs and SMAs PRINCIPLES Environment, Culture, Traditional Knowledge, Core Values, Autonomy, Inclusivity & Education A proposal for low emissions, low cost, high productivity and sustainable AFOLU approach to be submitted to the Green Climate Fund for the next funding cycle PRINCIPLES Environment, Autonomy & Inclusivity Improve coordination of public and private sectors to strengthen and harmonise existing data collections for improved data monitoring and information management PRINCIPLES Environment Empower women to sustain and enhance home gardening through commercialising their produce PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Autonomy, Core Values, Culture & Environment Image: Tree Planting Activity at the Mango Tree Respite Center during the Department of Climate Change’s annual National Climate Change Awareness Week.', '30% of land in Tonga to be utilized for agroforestry or forestry Planting one million trees Improve data monitoring & information management Support community nurseries to improve agroforestry Proposal for Green Climate Fund Empower women to commercialise home garden produce 1st phase of strengthening PPP 2nd phase of strengthening PPP 3rd phase of strengthening PPP Establish SMA association to expand MPAs & SMAs AFOLU Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Strengthen Public Private Partnership to drive requirements of organisations with the aim of sharing responsibility to promote best practices in agriculture and forestry PRINCIPLES Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy & Core Values Support Community Nurseries to improve the productivity and diversity of agroforestry PRINCIPLES Environment, Inclusivity, Traditional Knowledge, Culture & Core Values Establish SMA association and ensure its maintenance through financial support and capacity, in order to support the expansion of MPAs and SMAs PRINCIPLES Environment, Culture, Traditional Knowledge, Core Values, Autonomy, Inclusivity & Education A proposal for low emissions, low cost, high productivity and sustainable AFOLU approach to be submitted to the Green Climate Fund for the next funding cycle PRINCIPLES Environment, Autonomy & Inclusivity Improve coordination of public and private sectors to strengthen and harmonise existing data collections for improved data monitoring and information management PRINCIPLES Environment Empower women to sustain and enhance home gardening through commercialising their produce PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Autonomy, Core Values, Culture & Environment Image: Tree Planting Activity at the Mango Tree Respite Center during the Department of Climate Change’s annual National Climate Change Awareness Week. The Tree Planting Activity focused on inclusive tree planting activities to include people living with disabilities.', 'The Tree Planting Activity focused on inclusive tree planting activities to include people living with disabilities. Taken in 2020. TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE WORKFORCE INVESTMENT WORKFORCE AND POLICY POLICY & WORKFORCE POLICY & WORKFORCE POLICY & WORKFORCE FINANCING Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSStrengthen public private partnership to drive requirements of organisations with the aim of sharing responsibility to promote best practices in agriculture and forestry. GHG emissions reduction potential: GHG emission potential is difficult to estimate for this action. Emissions reductions will be mainly indirect. Description: This action will implement outreach campaigns to promote integrated agroforestry, with minimum tillage and free from fire, in areas designated for agriculture. It will promote agroforestry as ‘the preferred form of productive land use in Tonga’ (TNFP 2009, FMP 2017).', 'It will promote agroforestry as ‘the preferred form of productive land use in Tonga’ (TNFP 2009, FMP 2017). The action includes the promotion of best available, socially appropriate practices in all AFOLU sectors through agricultural, agroforestry and forestry extension services, supported by public outreach. An important element of this work is to involve all stakeholders in planning and implementation, including foresters, agriculturalists and grassroots implementers, such as local NGOs and church groups, as well as ensuring the involvement of women and youth. As part of the planning for this action, environmental policies, sector plans and traditional practices will be reviewed and documented as a basis for making improvements, and this information will be disseminated to stakeholders. New enabling policy will also be required.', 'New enabling policy will also be required. Options include subsidies to farmers to encourage adoption of agroforestry, inter-cropping and other practices to retain and enrich soil organic matter (an important carbon stock). The AGC will drive these developments and promote partnership-building through enabling policy changes. This action will contribute to the following SDGs: Sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), Life on land (SDG15) and Partnerships for the goals (SDG17); and Tonga’s JNAP2 and Second NDC target for 30 percent of land to be used for agroforestry or forestry as well as the NDC target to plant one million trees by 2023. Supporting asset and capacity measures: This action requires computer and software supplies, procurement of agricultural and forestry materials, machines and tools, and marketing and partnership tools.', 'Supporting asset and capacity measures: This action requires computer and software supplies, procurement of agricultural and forestry materials, machines and tools, and marketing and partnership tools. Capacity strengthening areas are to train program managers in government, private sector and NGOs and provide on the job training in the short term. In the medium term short courses and mentoring, as well as peer-to-peer learning would be useful among government agencies and private sector/NGOs. Location: All of Tonga including households, communities, districts, outer islands, schools, royal estates and government land. Timeline: This action is split into three phases: present-2025 first phase, 2026-2030 second phase and 2031-2040 third phase. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and Education and also has good alignment with Inclusivity, Autonomy and Core Values.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and Education and also has good alignment with Inclusivity, Autonomy and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: This action will contribute to the mitigation target to plant one million trees by 2023 and the adaptation target of 30 percent of land in Tonga to be utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025. Links to other mitigation sectors: Waste and Energy for management and use of any increase in biomass waste (e.g. agricultural waste, woodchips/off-cuts). Pathways description AFOLU AFOLU Improve coordination of public and private sectors to strengthen and harmonise existing data collections for improved data monitoring and information management.', 'Pathways description AFOLU AFOLU Improve coordination of public and private sectors to strengthen and harmonise existing data collections for improved data monitoring and information management. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action, while not directly reducing GHG emissions, will improve clarity and transparency for the AFOLU sector, providing a basis for the calculation of GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for quantifying GHG emissions from the sector and identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Description: This action will establish the National Forest Inventory with carbon-stock assessment and monitoring of all forests and woodlands (including agro-forestry) as called for in the TNFP (2009) and the Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga (FMP 2017).', 'Description: This action will establish the National Forest Inventory with carbon-stock assessment and monitoring of all forests and woodlands (including agro-forestry) as called for in the TNFP (2009) and the Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga (FMP 2017). This action will utilise high resolution satellite imagery where available, combined with airborne light detection and ranging and ground truthing, supported by long term ground based observations. The data will be used for land use planning and a broad range of other information needs. This action includes improving coordination between public and private sectors and harmonising existing data collection through the AGC, mainstreaming necessary actions into Ministry Corporate Plans and annual budgets, and integrating relevant actions into the agricultural census.', 'This action includes improving coordination between public and private sectors and harmonising existing data collection through the AGC, mainstreaming necessary actions into Ministry Corporate Plans and annual budgets, and integrating relevant actions into the agricultural census. Market and crop surveys will also be implemented at regular intervals. A national data and information coordination and management group will be established, and data collection on outer islands will be enhanced through mobile phone applications and digitisation. Supporting asset and capacity measures: This action requires computer hardware and software, mobile apps, tablets for entering data and services, including cloud data storage services. Templates to collect data and information for each sector and sub-sector will be developed.', 'Templates to collect data and information for each sector and sub-sector will be developed. Drones will also increase ease of data collection and the geographic coverage that can be achieved, especially since some areas are inaccessible for humans. Significant short term capacity strengthening is needed including on the job training, short courses and survey and data collection training including using trial agro-forestry sites. The training will target government employees of relevant departments including ICT, technical and extension staff, responsible NGOs, as well as secondary, tertiary and vocational students. A training plan will be developed and some actions will continue in the medium term as needed. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2025. Principles: This action aligns well to Environment.', 'Principles: This action aligns well to Environment. Links to Second NDC: The establishment of a national forestry inventory is one of the non-emission targets. Links to other mitigation sectors: The data collected will also contribute to planning for Energy from biomass. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSSupport community nurseries to improve the productivity and diversity of agroforestry. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action has high GHG reduction potential through enhancing Tonga’s carbon sinks. Description: This action will focus on improving the productivity and diversity of agroforestry for food, fibre and timber.', 'Description: This action will focus on improving the productivity and diversity of agroforestry for food, fibre and timber. In addition to its direct economic benefits, this action will increase the standing stock (biomass) of multipurpose trees with productive and service functions in agroforestry systems, thus boosting carbon stocks. Tree density and carbon stocks per ha are moderate in these ecosystems, but agroforestry (including coconut woodlands) covers around 75 percent of Tonga’s total land area (FMP 2017), so the cumulative impact is potentially high. Field testing (trials and demonstrations) will be carried out to determine tree species that offer optimum potential to be part of agroforestry systems, types of agroforestry or mixed systems, trees for specific soil types and terrain, etc.', 'Field testing (trials and demonstrations) will be carried out to determine tree species that offer optimum potential to be part of agroforestry systems, types of agroforestry or mixed systems, trees for specific soil types and terrain, etc. This action includes creating incentives for community nurseries to grow and distribute tree seedlings of productive species as well as providing training through the private sector, NGOs, Civil Society Organisations (CSO), Community Based Organisations (CBO) and church groups. Nursery infrastructure, as well as planting materials and seeds, nursery tools and other support, will also be provided. A government financial mechanism to sustainably support government-run nurseries is proposed, while an increasing proportion of funding will also be allocated to support NGO, privately-run and community nurseries.', 'A government financial mechanism to sustainably support government-run nurseries is proposed, while an increasing proportion of funding will also be allocated to support NGO, privately-run and community nurseries. To plan for implementation of the action, a cost-benefit analysis and market study will be carried out to determine the optimal selection of tree and non-tree species and to identify appropriate water, energy and other infrastructure needs. Supporting asset and capacity measures: This action requires nursery infrastructure, supplies, tools and equipment, as well as fencing materials, composting machines and vehicles for transportation of supplies, and market access, seedlings, planting materials, etc. All community nursery initiatives shall link to community, regional and national tree planting programs whereby key targets will be set and timelines scheduled.', 'All community nursery initiatives shall link to community, regional and national tree planting programs whereby key targets will be set and timelines scheduled. Packing houses at each district will also support community crops sold locally and abroad. Capacity strengthening measures will focus on communities, women and youth leaders, CSOs, CBOs, NGOS and church groups, and will include a community-based training program, with on the job training, short courses, mentoring and transfer of traditional knowledge will be developed and implemented. NGOs and CSOs will also receive support from relevant regional organisations. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2025, with different initiatives needing to take place in parallel to meet this timeline. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and Inclusivity and also well aligned to Traditional Knowledge, Culture and Core Values.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and Inclusivity and also well aligned to Traditional Knowledge, Culture and Core Values. Links to Second NDC: This action will contribute to the mitigation target to plant one million trees by 2023 and the adaptation target of 30 percent of land in Tonga to be utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025. Links to other mitigation sectors: Increased stock and improved management of biomass and agroforestry waste products may contribute to Energy production. AFOLU AFOLU A proposal for low emissions, low cost, high productivity and sustainable AFOLU approach to be submitted to the Green Climate Fund for the next funding cycle. GHG emissions reduction potential: To be estimated during development of the proposal.', 'GHG emissions reduction potential: To be estimated during development of the proposal. Description: This action includes mainstreaming low emissions development into MAFF policies, including the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan and the National Forestry Policy and its Corporate plan, increasing private sector involvement, conducting bottom-up planning through the Community Development Plans (CDPs) and feasibility studies completed where needed. MAFF will be increasingly involved in low emissions planning and an AFOLU- based proposal will be developed and submitted for funding in the next GCF funding cycle. Supporting asset and capacity measures: There are no immediate asset needs. These will be determined during the proposal development.', 'These will be determined during the proposal development. Capacity strengthening will include short term on-the-job training and short courses on policy and planning as well as proposal development, particularly for staff in MAFF, MEIDECC and private sector actors (NGOS, etc.). Longer term capacity building needs will be determined during the proposal development. Location: To be determined during the proposal design and development. Timeline: 2025. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment and well aligned to Autonomy and Inclusivity. Links to Second NDC: This action links to the need to mobilise financing for the AFOLU sector as articulated in the NDC. Links to other mitigation sectors: These will be identified during proposal design and development.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: These will be identified during proposal design and development. Establish SMA association and ensure its maintenance through financial support and capacity, in order to support the expansion of MPAs and SMAs. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low. Description: This action aligns directly with the JNAP2 and Second NDC objectives to expand MPAs and SMAs to cover 30 percent of Tonga’s EEZ. More broadly, it will also support resilient fisheries development and marine and coastal ecosystems conservation.', 'More broadly, it will also support resilient fisheries development and marine and coastal ecosystems conservation. At the policy level, the action includes developing a national consensus on the definition of MPAs and SMAs and aligning this to international and regional definitions, amendment of laws, establishment of a national SMA association, strengthening enforcement, and conducting feasibility studies to explore financial instruments (such as ‘blue bonds’), dedicated funds, and other options for financing MPAs and SMAs. An important part of this action is empowering and involving communities in all steps, to expand and strengthen MPAs and SMAs. Building relationships between communities and the national government, together with the devolution of some decision making to communities to manage their own resources, will foster community ownership and strengthen enforcement, particularly for SMAs.', 'Building relationships between communities and the national government, together with the devolution of some decision making to communities to manage their own resources, will foster community ownership and strengthen enforcement, particularly for SMAs. Links between national government and communities should be fostered through ongoing and reciprocal communication. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Equipment for mapping, monitoring, marketing, and communications as well as small boats and safety equipment for coastal and maritime operations are also needed for this action. Capacity strengthening measures are continuously needed for AFOLU TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSthe long term including on the job training, short courses, mentoring and transfer of traditional knowledge.', 'Capacity strengthening measures are continuously needed for AFOLU TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSthe long term including on the job training, short courses, mentoring and transfer of traditional knowledge. Capacity building and training will be for government staff, private dive operators (particularly mentoring), SMA association members, local communities and women and youth leaders. Location: All of Tonga, and particularly the outer islands. Timeline: 2030 - with involvement of communities in SMAs essential to meeting this timeline. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment, Culture, Traditional Knowledge and Core Values and is also well aligned to Autonomy, Inclusivity and Education.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned to Environment, Culture, Traditional Knowledge and Core Values and is also well aligned to Autonomy, Inclusivity and Education. Links to Second NDC: This action supports the NDC adaptation target to maintain existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs to 30 percent of Tonga’s EEZ. Links to other mitigation sectors: None. Empower women to sustain and enhance home gardening through commercialising their produce. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low. Description: Expand production and improve productivity of home gardens, including household agroforestry, with particular attention to home gardens managed by women.', 'Description: Expand production and improve productivity of home gardens, including household agroforestry, with particular attention to home gardens managed by women. This initiative is replicable in nearly every household, using practices that can easily be taught, and could therefore reach 90 percent or more of Tongan households. The action will empower women and youth groups to derive greater benefits from home gardening by commercialising their produce for sale at local markets. It is expected to stimulate productivity of land and boost food production and local income, as well as reducing emissions by increasing and sustaining carbon stocks in garden soils and biomass.', 'It is expected to stimulate productivity of land and boost food production and local income, as well as reducing emissions by increasing and sustaining carbon stocks in garden soils and biomass. Policy changes to support this action will be needed down to the town council level, to facilitate women’s use of unattended town allotments, provide organic and green agriculture incentives, and to make micro- financing available for seeds, tools, and planting and fencing materials. Women will also need support to get their produce to market. Appropriate technology to support food production, weather forecasting, and access to markets is also needed, with follow-up support from extension officers. At the community level, local Town Officers and District Officers can mobilise sub- committees and councils to begin this initiative with community members.', 'At the community level, local Town Officers and District Officers can mobilise sub- committees and councils to begin this initiative with community members. This action is directly linked to community development plans as well as to a new food and health policy. Supporting asset and capacity measures: None. Location: The action will start in Tongatapu and will be progressively introduced to all of Tonga’s islands. Timeline: 2025 if funding can be mobilised quickly, otherwise 2030. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy and Core Values and well aligned to Culture and Environment.', 'Principles: This action is highly aligned to Inclusivity, Autonomy and Core Values and well aligned to Culture and Environment. Links to Second NDC: This action will contribute to the mitigation target to plant one million trees by 2023 and the adaptation target of 30 percent of land in Tonga to be utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025. Links to other mitigation sectors: None. AFOLU Additional actions identified but not prioritised at this time are listed to the right. These can be considered again in future discussions around a low emissions future for Tonga: • Protect mangrove forests: protect all (100 percent) of intact mangrove forests and other coastal vegetation, as called for in the 2009 National Forest Policy and 2017 Forest Management Plan. Tree density and carbon stock are high per ha.', 'Tree density and carbon stock are high per ha. This would include amending the current policy regarding mangrove management, and an approach to explore would be payment for ecosystem services. This action would also include rehabilitation of mangrove forests. • Rehabilitation of the Fanga’uta Lagoon of Tongatapu, which once provided abundant shellfish (Toó, Kuku, etc) and fish (particularly mullet) to its communities. This lagoon has played a major part in the life of the surrounding communities, with more than 85 percent of the population of Tongatapu residing within its catchment and beyond. First steps would be to survey the existing marine life and implement an SMA or MPA as appropriate.', 'First steps would be to survey the existing marine life and implement an SMA or MPA as appropriate. • Creating new products / greater use of current byproducts: Upscaling biogas systems and production and diversifying the use of waste / agricultural bi-product (e.g. manure). Also piloting algae to biofuels, nutraceuticals and fertiliser for agriculture and healthy soils. This would represent a new field of work and decrease the need for imported fuels while increasing self-reliance. Overall, traditional knowledge is very important in Tongan agriculture, forestry and fisheries and is integral to the forms of sustainable agriculture and agroforestry practiced for centuries in Tonga. Traditional agricultural practices have been well adapted to Tonga’s environment and historical climatic conditions and are still followed by most rural, small-holder farmers.', 'Traditional agricultural practices have been well adapted to Tonga’s environment and historical climatic conditions and are still followed by most rural, small-holder farmers. However, short term commercial opportunities and, in some places, local pressure on available land, have driven a shift to less sustainable practices, leading to soil loss and conversion of carbon-rich woodlands to carbon-poor open fields. Smallholder farmers require assistance to adapt to climate change and to ensure that their agriculture and agroforestry activities will contribute to LT- LEDS mitigation actions. Examples include the need for provision of quality open-pollinated seeds, new varieties of climate and pest-resistant crops with shorter harvest cycles, and advice on the use of organic materials for mulching, composting, and fertilising.', 'Examples include the need for provision of quality open-pollinated seeds, new varieties of climate and pest-resistant crops with shorter harvest cycles, and advice on the use of organic materials for mulching, composting, and fertilising. Promoting traditional agriculture and agroforestry by helping farmers understand its benefits is an important part of moving the AFOLU sector towards lower emissions. Promotion can use success stories, consultations with communities, and incentive programs for farmers and farming communities - including women and youth groups - to motivate the changes that are needed. A key challenge for the AFOLU sector is the increasing demand for meat products, with imports rising in recent years to meet it.', 'A key challenge for the AFOLU sector is the increasing demand for meat products, with imports rising in recent years to meet it. While there is potential to increase livestock production in Tonga, there is also a high risk that this would cause increased GHG emissions, unless initiatives are well planned and implemented through a climate-smart approach, including comprehensive waste recycling. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.4.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Skills and capacity building needed Strengthening and expanding technical expertise by education and training is a key cross-cutting element for all LT-LEDS action in the AFOLU sector.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.4.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Skills and capacity building needed Strengthening and expanding technical expertise by education and training is a key cross-cutting element for all LT-LEDS action in the AFOLU sector. Broad capacity building will be required for a diverse range of stakeholders, including government IT and technical staff; and non-government agencies in the AFOLU sector (MAFF, MEIDECC, etc); secondary, vocational, and tertiary students; NGOs, CBOs, and civil society organisations (such as community groups, committees and councils, women’s and youth groups, and church groups); SMA association members and private dive operators; and other private sector organisations (such as business associations).', 'Broad capacity building will be required for a diverse range of stakeholders, including government IT and technical staff; and non-government agencies in the AFOLU sector (MAFF, MEIDECC, etc); secondary, vocational, and tertiary students; NGOs, CBOs, and civil society organisations (such as community groups, committees and councils, women’s and youth groups, and church groups); SMA association members and private dive operators; and other private sector organisations (such as business associations). While most of the required training needs to take place in the short to medium term, some actions require capacity building to continue for the long term.', 'While most of the required training needs to take place in the short to medium term, some actions require capacity building to continue for the long term. Options to explore to boost capacity include potential graduate pools that are not being utilised which can be brought into the AFOLU sector; and incentivising the Tongan diaspora with the required skills to return to Tonga. An effort should also be made to tap into knowledge of traditional landowners and experts now present in retired communities who are willing to contribute their knowledge. Bringing in expertise for short term and long term support from the Pacific region and globally could also help bridge gaps in specific knowledge and skills ,until these become available in Tonga.', 'Bringing in expertise for short term and long term support from the Pacific region and globally could also help bridge gaps in specific knowledge and skills ,until these become available in Tonga. Agencies such as The Pacific Community and the Secretariat of the Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) can assist in boosting expertise available. Cross-sectoral considerations Actions for AFOLU require a cross-sectoral approach encompassing agriculture, forestry, and fisheries and interlinkages between these sectors. This means actions will have to be implemented through close coordination of the various ministries and departments responsible for those sectors, as well as among a number of other Ministries and agencies that can play a supporting role. Coordination will also be needed to gain access to finance.', 'Coordination will also be needed to gain access to finance. Beyond those specific sectors, there are strong linkages with food security, health, disaster risk management and livelihoods. Actions taken for emissions reduction should be designed to avoid negative impacts in these areas or to mitigate impacts that cannot be avoided. Low agricultural productivity, increasing food imports, and dietary shifts towards high fat, low quality meats and low fibre carbohydrates are already negatively impacting Tongan food security and health (Veatupu et al., 2019). The actions laid out in the AFOLU pathway are intended to deliver co-benefits to strengthen domestic food production, food security, and health. There is also potential for cross-sectoral co-benefits from using forest and farm waste to generate energy.', 'There is also potential for cross-sectoral co-benefits from using forest and farm waste to generate energy. Additionally, natural disaster response and recovery is an essential component of forestry and agriculture, as timber is needed in the aftermath of natural disaster events: rebuilding and resiliency of domestic agriculture are important to recovering quickly in order to provide food security and complement emergency food supplies. Gender and social inclusion considerations Consideration of gender and social inclusion is critical in the AFOLU sector, as land ownership, access, and roles differ between men and women. Most (88 percent) of employment in agriculture, fisheries and forestry is male (MAFFF 2015a).', 'Most (88 percent) of employment in agriculture, fisheries and forestry is male (MAFFF 2015a). The actions described above will need to take into account these differences and strive to be inclusive, with proactive efforts made to ensure the inclusion of men, women, and marginalised and vulnerable groups is woven into the different initiatives, from policy and investments to outreach, training and capacity building. The initiatives also need to be replicable and sustainable at a community level, with inclusion of vulnerable and marginalised groups. New policies for AFOLU to support low emission development should be designed to mainstream gender and inclusivity and take into account the Tonga Gender Policy and Action Plan.', 'New policies for AFOLU to support low emission development should be designed to mainstream gender and inclusivity and take into account the Tonga Gender Policy and Action Plan. Environmental and social safeguards considerations Where there are changes in land use, for example, from open field farming to agroforestry, among actions to implement LT-LEDS, environmental and social impact studies should be carried out as required. These should include consultation with landowners and communities to investigate potential positive and negative environmental and social (E&S) impacts. In the case of data management and collection, there should be minimal E&S impact; for example, using drones in remote areas will not disturb the natural environment.', 'In the case of data management and collection, there should be minimal E&S impact; for example, using drones in remote areas will not disturb the natural environment. Biosecurity should be considered when introducing new climate-smart seeds and plants, particularly to avoid the risk of introducing potentially invasive species to which Tonga’s fauna and flora (including traditional crops) are vulnerable. Existing invasive species need to be managed carefully, with priority given to plants and tree species indigenous to Tonga, where these can provide suitable productive and service functions. On the other hand, some invasive species have also had positive impacts on land protection and soil improvement.', 'On the other hand, some invasive species have also had positive impacts on land protection and soil improvement. In cases where actions remain at the small-scale level such as those involving communities, village groups, households, and on land already under use, the E&S risks are low. However, if these actions are scaled-up and applied across Tonga, potential E&S risks should be examined. New policies and plans developed for low emissions should incorporate E&S risk assessment and mitigation actions, and apply environmental and biodiversity protection laws as needed. For conservation and protection measures (such as SMAs), environmental risks should be minimal, and benefits strong. However, if there are potentially negative social impacts such as the displacement or disruption of traditional livelihoods, social risks should be assessed and mitigating actions taken.', 'However, if there are potentially negative social impacts such as the displacement or disruption of traditional livelihoods, social risks should be assessed and mitigating actions taken. Key data gaps and solutions Data gaps are recognised and actions included in the AFOLU and fisheries pathway to address them, particularly the establishment of a National Forestry Inventory, remote-sensing and mapping, and collecting information to make a digital library. Limitations around available data and resources constrains analysis of Tonga’s forestry and agroforestry and leads to uncertainty in quantifying GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. The establishment of a forest inventory will resolve this issue and would also assist in tracking progress towards the one million trees planted goal of the Second NDC.', 'The establishment of a forest inventory will resolve this issue and would also assist in tracking progress towards the one million trees planted goal of the Second NDC. For fisheries, improved data for production over time, export and licensing statistics and strengthened statistical information will allow for better planning. Improved data availability across AFOLU and fisheries will enhance feasibility and other studies needed to implement a low emissions pathway. In terms of emission reduction estimates and calculations, the Global Warming Potentials (GWP) values used to calculate GHG inventory results are not clear at the moment. This needs to be clearly reflected, to improve transparency.', 'This needs to be clearly reflected, to improve transparency. For future reviews of the NDC, National Communications and the LT-LEDS, a clear statement on the methodology, values, formulas and any default values used will improve transparency, reporting and planning for emission reductions. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSIntroduction Waste management in Tonga has been gradually improving over the last decade. Waste collection has increased, leading to a reduction in open burning of waste, particularly on the main island. Most waste is sent to landfill as there is minimal recycling capacity. There is a lack of recent data, though it is estimated that between 10,000 and 16,000 tonnes of waste are produced per year.', 'There is a lack of recent data, though it is estimated that between 10,000 and 16,000 tonnes of waste are produced per year. A solid waste composition assessment in Tongatapu (ADB, 2014) revealed that 33 percent of municipal waste is green waste (mostly vegetation), 15 percent is organic waste (mostly food) followed by diapers, paper, plastic, glass, textiles, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and other materials waste. In terms of climate impact, emissions are assumed to be minimal presently, and the more important waste challenge lies in the link to water supplies and adaptation of the surrounding ecosystem. If waste is unmanaged on the islands, it can permeate into groundwater and ecosystems, polluting fragile systems such as the oceans, coral reefs, and bringing harm to the rich biodiversity present.', 'If waste is unmanaged on the islands, it can permeate into groundwater and ecosystems, polluting fragile systems such as the oceans, coral reefs, and bringing harm to the rich biodiversity present. The target for the Waste sector is to ultimately reduce waste and increase recycling, but this is based on obtaining adequate equipment and funding to implement these plans and activities. Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS Tonga’s relevant legislation includes the Waste Management Act (2005) provides a comprehensive legislative base for the effective development and management of the sector. The Act allows for setting up the waste authority and mandating its functions, powers and responsibilities. In addition the Environmental Management Act (2010) governs the disposal of hazardous waste and chemicals and the transportation of all kinds of waste.', 'In addition the Environmental Management Act (2010) governs the disposal of hazardous waste and chemicals and the transportation of all kinds of waste. While the Environment Management (Litter and Waste Control) Regulations (2016) have been effectively implemented in partnership with local governments and have also served as a tool for community education. In terms of policy, Tonga’s Second NDC has a non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identifying a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC.', 'In terms of policy, Tonga’s Second NDC has a non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identifying a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. The Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 (TSDF II) includes Organisational Outcome 5.3: ‘Cleaner environments and less pollution from household and business activities building on improved waste management, minimisation and recycling, making conditions safer, healthier and more pleasant for residents and visitors’. It also contains a specific target of 100 percent enforcement of the ‘inefficient electrical appliance ban’ at border control.', 'It also contains a specific target of 100 percent enforcement of the ‘inefficient electrical appliance ban’ at border control. Responsible Ministries and sector stakeholders The key government bodies are the Department of Environment through the Waste Management and Pollution Control (WMPC) Division and the Waste Authority Limited (WAL), a government-owned enterprise. The WMPC are actively engaged in regional dialogues and coordinate a range of projects to provide improved waste management for challenging waste streams such as asbestos, mercury, and chemical waste. WAL is responsible for waste management service delivery—waste collection, landfill operations and management, waste awareness, public bin services, liquid waste management, and recycling, including removal of end-of-life vehicles and bulky waste.', 'WAL is responsible for waste management service delivery—waste collection, landfill operations and management, waste awareness, public bin services, liquid waste management, and recycling, including removal of end-of-life vehicles and bulky waste. Town and District Officers are responsible for community level initiatives, such as public bins and waste awareness, and private sector and NGOs also play complementary roles in the Waste sector. Historical and current GHG emissions The Third National Communication on Climate Change report (2019) states that the Waste sector represents about 0.3 percent of the country’s greenhouse emissions. However, accurate data is lacking, as highlighted in the NDC.', 'However, accurate data is lacking, as highlighted in the NDC. Current initiatives Over the last 20 years, there have been a number of important urban development and waste management projects that have been implemented with the help of donor funding , including from Australia, ADB, Japan and the United States. The current National GCF Pipeline as part of the Tonga Country Programming Process (Period: 2020 -2023) includes a US$10 million project. It focuses on delivering proper waste disposal facilities for all of Tonga and innovative waste to energy technology including recycling facilities and solutions for better managing waste emissions. A number of initiatives to develop regional waste management approaches for several Pacific Island countries are currently underway.', 'A number of initiatives to develop regional waste management approaches for several Pacific Island countries are currently underway. The ‘Moana Taka’ partnership between China Navigation Company and SPREP, to which Tonga is eligible, enables Tonga to export recyclable materials for free (SPREP, 2018). The Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility, working with SPREP, intends to produce a feasibility study for a regional recycling network as part of efforts to improve solid waste management in the Pacific.', 'The Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility, working with SPREP, intends to produce a feasibility study for a regional recycling network as part of efforts to improve solid waste management in the Pacific. Funded through JICA and administered by SPREP, the Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiatives on Solid Waste Management, Phase II (J-PRISM II) seeks to support technical capacity in Tonga and other Pacific Island countries.4 4 Please refer to the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Investment Plan with Project Pipeline, Appendix B, for more information on current and planned projects Image: Locally grown produce, presented at the annual Royal Agricultural Show in Neiafu, Vava’u. Taken in 2019.', 'Funded through JICA and administered by SPREP, the Japanese Technical Cooperation Project for Promotion of Regional Initiatives on Solid Waste Management, Phase II (J-PRISM II) seeks to support technical capacity in Tonga and other Pacific Island countries.4 4 Please refer to the NDC Implementation Roadmap and Investment Plan with Project Pipeline, Appendix B, for more information on current and planned projects Image: Locally grown produce, presented at the annual Royal Agricultural Show in Neiafu, Vava’u. Taken in 2019. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.5.2 Sector Pathways The Waste sector vision is for: ‘A resilient, sustainable and educated Tonga.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.5.2 Sector Pathways The Waste sector vision is for: ‘A resilient, sustainable and educated Tonga. This is achieved through effective education and sustainable waste management.’ To improve the Waste sector in the most effective manner, the priority intervention is to develop a national waste strategy. With in-depth stakeholder consultation, the strategy will contain a list of costed actions with an implementation timeframe. Financing the national waste strategy to ensure effective implementation of key actions is also a priority. The final top priority is updating the current inventory database, as working with reliable and up to date data is essential.', 'The final top priority is updating the current inventory database, as working with reliable and up to date data is essential. Comprehensive education and awareness raising is critical to achieving long term gains in the Waste sector, together with using traditional knowledge, and prioritising the use of local/recycled goods when possible. GHG emissions reductions have not been accurately assessed as the proposed actions are in early development.', 'GHG emissions reductions have not been accurately assessed as the proposed actions are in early development. WASTE Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Secure financing for outer island waste processing Planning, trial & implementation of data collection Finalise waste comms strategy & national EAP then roll out Ongoing actions toward biogas generators to fuel villages Implement National Waste Strategy Education & training for waste management Increased use of local & recycled construction materials Improve waste management infrastructure Establishment of a biogas plant TECHNICAL WORKFORCE Waste Survey conducted (PRIF) GHG emissions target for sector identified TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE POLICY WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE & TECHNICAL Establish strong Waste strategy and integrate the strategy into community development plans PRINCIPLES Core Values More efficient data collection and consistent update of the database PRINCIPLES NP Secure financing for outer island waste processing PRINCIPLES NP Developing/upgrading waste management facilities PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Culture Educate and train individuals on waste handling and management PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture & Education Unlearn old habits and teach healthy coexisting lifestyle to support short and long term training and public awareness on waste PRINCIPLES Education, Environment & Inclusivity Increased use of local and recycled construction materials PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Biogas generators to fuel villages; purchase best equipment and technology for Waste sector; create waste disposal bins at village level PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Image: Landfill at the Tapuhia Waste Management Facility in Vaini, Tongatapu.', 'WASTE Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Secure financing for outer island waste processing Planning, trial & implementation of data collection Finalise waste comms strategy & national EAP then roll out Ongoing actions toward biogas generators to fuel villages Implement National Waste Strategy Education & training for waste management Increased use of local & recycled construction materials Improve waste management infrastructure Establishment of a biogas plant TECHNICAL WORKFORCE Waste Survey conducted (PRIF) GHG emissions target for sector identified TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE POLICY WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE & TECHNICAL Establish strong Waste strategy and integrate the strategy into community development plans PRINCIPLES Core Values More efficient data collection and consistent update of the database PRINCIPLES NP Secure financing for outer island waste processing PRINCIPLES NP Developing/upgrading waste management facilities PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Culture Educate and train individuals on waste handling and management PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture & Education Unlearn old habits and teach healthy coexisting lifestyle to support short and long term training and public awareness on waste PRINCIPLES Education, Environment & Inclusivity Increased use of local and recycled construction materials PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Biogas generators to fuel villages; purchase best equipment and technology for Waste sector; create waste disposal bins at village level PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Image: Landfill at the Tapuhia Waste Management Facility in Vaini, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021.', 'WASTE Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Secure financing for outer island waste processing Planning, trial & implementation of data collection Finalise waste comms strategy & national EAP then roll out Ongoing actions toward biogas generators to fuel villages Implement National Waste Strategy Education & training for waste management Increased use of local & recycled construction materials Improve waste management infrastructure Establishment of a biogas plant TECHNICAL WORKFORCE Waste Survey conducted (PRIF) GHG emissions target for sector identified TECHNICAL & WORKFORCE POLICY WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE WORKFORCE & TECHNICAL Establish strong Waste strategy and integrate the strategy into community development plans PRINCIPLES Core Values More efficient data collection and consistent update of the database PRINCIPLES NP Secure financing for outer island waste processing PRINCIPLES NP Developing/upgrading waste management facilities PRINCIPLES Autonomy & Culture Educate and train individuals on waste handling and management PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture & Education Unlearn old habits and teach healthy coexisting lifestyle to support short and long term training and public awareness on waste PRINCIPLES Education, Environment & Inclusivity Increased use of local and recycled construction materials PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Biogas generators to fuel villages; purchase best equipment and technology for Waste sector; create waste disposal bins at village level PRINCIPLES Autonomy, Culture, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Image: Landfill at the Tapuhia Waste Management Facility in Vaini, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSPathway description Establish strong waste strategy and integrate the strategy into community development plans.', 'Existing Second NDC Targets TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSPathway description Establish strong waste strategy and integrate the strategy into community development plans. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low-Medium, once actions are implemented. Description: The strategy will act as a road map with links to agriculture, forestry, fisheries and Energy sectors, as well as manufacturing, commerce and tourism, towards sustainable and improved waste management in Tonga. It will further flesh out actions proposed in LT-LEDS to enable implementation.', 'It will further flesh out actions proposed in LT-LEDS to enable implementation. Through comprehensive public consultation, including with the private sector, the development of the strategy will enable testing of 3R options: replacement, reduction, and refinement, along with the development of incentives, regulations (such as banning single use items, increasing fees or introducing a container deposit scheme) and processes for long term awareness raising and the need for infrastructure. Actions will be costed and a timeline for implementation will be defined. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Public consultations, social media outreach programs, training and workshops, community and council meetings. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: Start implementing the national waste strategy by 2025. Principles: These actions align with Core Values, in particular cooperating and fulfillment of mutual obligations.', 'Principles: These actions align with Core Values, in particular cooperating and fulfillment of mutual obligations. Links to Second NDC: Indirect link to the target of expanding formal Waste collection. Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors. More efficient data collection and consistent update of the database. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low, as this is an indirect action. However, accurate data will enable other actions to be developed and implemented. Description: Reliable data is crucial to identify and improve weaknesses within the waste system. Data collection will be strengthened by installing infrastructure (such as weighbridges at landfills), improving staff capacity (e.g. for conducting surveys), mapping out relevant stakeholders and by improving cross ministerial collaboration. In addition, data processing capacity will be enhanced by improving IT infrastructure (e.g.', 'In addition, data processing capacity will be enhanced by improving IT infrastructure (e.g. computers and servers) and training data scientists. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Maintenance of weighbridge at the landfill; Improve and update computer technology at the landfill to record data. Capacity building for government employees. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: This action is split into 3 phases: planning, trial and implementation (2021-2025). Data gathering and collation may leverage the waste survey to be conducted by the Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility in 2021-22. Principles: Not provided. Links to Second NDC: Collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors. WASTE WASTE WASTE Secure financing for outer island waste processing. GHG emissions reduction potential: Medium, if it targets landfills and sewage. Description: Securing funding will enable implementation of actions identified in the LT-LEDS and future actions that will be identified in the national waste strategy. This is particularly important for outer islands such as Vava’u, Ha’apai & ‘Eua as remoteness and low population make waste interventions expensive. Partnerships with tourism operators will also be explored, where appropriate, to support improved waste management. Funding could be utilised for infrastructure such as landfills, public bins, transfer stations, septic beds and sewage treatment ponds, as well as through long term educational programs. Funding will be sought from the GCF for adaptation projects such as climate proofing landfills.', 'Funding will be sought from the GCF for adaptation projects such as climate proofing landfills. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Need for landfill sites, public bins, septic beds, transfer stations and sewage treatment ponds together with capacity building (e.g. for home composting) including farmers, women’s groups and market vendors. Location: Vava’u, Ha’apai and ‘Eua. Timeline: 2021-2022 then on an as needed basis to enable implementation of the strategy and when funding opportunities arise. Principles: Not provided. Links to Second NDC: Expanding the formal Waste collection system. Links to other mitigation sectors: None. WASTE Developing/upgrading waste management facilities. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low-Medium. Description: Progressively improve waste management infrastructure in the country, including the development of controlled landfills, transfer stations, transport equipment, and small recycling facilities to process wastes such as organics, glass, plastics, fecal sludge treatment plant,and bulky items (whitegoods, cars).', 'Description: Progressively improve waste management infrastructure in the country, including the development of controlled landfills, transfer stations, transport equipment, and small recycling facilities to process wastes such as organics, glass, plastics, fecal sludge treatment plant,and bulky items (whitegoods, cars). The scope of work will depend on the amount of funding secured. Efficient waste processing will be facilitated by improved upstream management such as source segregation of various materials, which can be organised through community waste management plans, partnerships with the private sector and improved inter-island collaboration. Capacity and infrastructure to process recyclables and wastes that may be exported is also needed, (e-waste, whitegoods, cars and batteries), particularly as Pacific regional recycling initiatives progress. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Need to establish proper landfills rather than dumpsters, and color-classify waste bags to facilitate collection. Capacity measures are needed for the whole population (government, private sector, general population). Location: All of Tonga.', 'Capacity measures are needed for the whole population (government, private sector, general population). Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: All required infrastructure in place by 2040. Principles: Autonomy and Culture. Links to Second NDC: Expanding the formal Waste collection system. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSWASTE Educate and train individuals on waste handling and management. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low, as this is an indirect action. However, it will enable other actions to be developed and implemented. Description: There is a need for education and training in conjunction with other actions such as providing recycling bins and a separate collection system.', 'Description: There is a need for education and training in conjunction with other actions such as providing recycling bins and a separate collection system. With strong leadership from government, private sector and community/traditional leaders, specific and targeted training on waste segregation and classification will be provided to the broader community. This will include training on e-waste, bulky waste and handling toxic materials/medical waste. Technical assistance can also be provided to government staff, SMEs and businesses. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Equipment for households such as bins, and composting/biogas equipment. Training resources, materials (e.g. instructions on bins, simple picture education signs) and personnel to carry out training. Location: All of Tonga, especially outer islands. Timeline: Strategy in place by 2030. Principles: Autonomy, Culture, Education. Links to Second NDC: Indirect link. Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors. WASTE Unlearn old habits and teach healthy coexisting lifestyle to support short and long term training and public awareness on waste. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low, as this is an indirect action. However, it will enable other actions to be developed and implemented. Description: Short and long term awareness raising is key. A national education awareness plan (EAP) and waste communication strategy will be developed and implemented. Including environmental concepts into the education curriculum and training teachers will ensure long term awareness among youth. It will also support the creation of a qualified workforce in required fields, including through Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), such as environmentalists, data scientists, engineers and lawyers.', 'It will also support the creation of a qualified workforce in required fields, including through Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET), such as environmentalists, data scientists, engineers and lawyers. For the broader community, implementation of the communication strategy through events, community and religious leaders, social media, radio and TV, will aim to change mindsets on environmental issues and 3R principles over the long term. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Need for radio and television programs, mass texts and jingles and short videos. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: Finalisation of the strategy and EAP by 2023, then ongoing roll out until 2040. Principles: Education, Environment, Inclusivity. Links to Second NDC: Indirect link. Links to other mitigation sectors: Potentially all sectors. WASTE Biogas generators to fuel villages; purchase best equipment and technology for Waste sector; create waste disposal bins at village level. GHG emissions reduction potential: Medium.', 'GHG emissions reduction potential: Medium. Description: Organic waste from household, industry and agriculture can generate high amounts of methane when treated or placed in landfills. Waste such as pig manure, food waste, fecal sludge and wastewater can be processed to generate biogas. Biogas harvesting can also be set up at a community level or as a standalone industrial facility. Using compost as a soil amendment returns valuable nutrients and carbon to land, while decreasing reliance on synthetic fertilisers which are polluting, unhealthy and expensive. While small scale options will continue to be encouraged in the short term, larger scale set ups will require feasibility studies to assess technical and financial potential. Finally, an increase in use of local food will reduce transport, packaging and food spoiling while supporting the local economy.', 'Finally, an increase in use of local food will reduce transport, packaging and food spoiling while supporting the local economy. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Feasibility studies before installing infrastructure. Will require machinery for processing organic waste and better harvesting local food production, training and capacity building on farming cultivation and livestock management. Location: All of Tonga: centralised on the main island, decentralised on smaller islands. Timeline: Establishment of a biogas plant by 2030. Ongoing actions (2022-2040). Principles: Autonomy, Culture, Education, Environment, Inclusivity. Links to Second NDC: Expanding the formal Waste collection system. Links to other mitigation sectors: AFOLU, Energy, Transport. WASTE Increased use of local and recycled construction materials. GHG emissions reduction potential: Low - Medium.', 'GHG emissions reduction potential: Low - Medium. Description: An increased use of low carbon local construction materials and traditional knowledge will be investigated in consultation with stakeholders, including from the forestry, agriculture, manufacturing, commerce, tourism and building industries. In addition, increased use of recycled materials, such as bricks, concrete, timber and glass will be assessed for technical and financial viability. This will include a review of the building code, developing guidelines and collaborating with neighboring countries on research and development. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Greater production of local plant materials suitable as construction inputs (e.g. Bamboo, straw, other plants). Greater linkages to recycling of waste. Workforce training on the use of recycled/local material (e.g. TVET), production of guidelines. Location: All of Tonga. Timeline: 2030. Principles: Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Education, Environment, Inclusivity.', 'Principles: Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, Education, Environment, Inclusivity. Links to Second NDC: Expanding the formal Waste collection system. Links to other mitigation sectors: Human Settlements, Transport. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.5.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Skills and capacity building needed The need for skills and for capacity building is addressed in Action 5 ‘educate and train individuals’. Modifying the curriculum, including TVET, and training teachers will encourage an increase in the skilled workforce for the long term. In the short term, targeted capacity building aimed at government officials and businesses can be impactful.', 'In the short term, targeted capacity building aimed at government officials and businesses can be impactful. Businesses can be made aware of their environmental obligations, while waste management businesses can receive technical assistance to operate equipment and in operation and maintenance of a landfill or transfer station. With continued donor support, SPREP can continue to build capacity for solid waste management as it is already doing through the J-PRISM II project. Train-the-trainer programs can be aimed at government officials; this will ensure they are better prepared to conduct environmental awareness activities among the general population and with businesses, for example on the need for source separation of waste. These officials can also be trained in obtaining and analysing data. Existing Tonga policies include JNAP2 - education for resilience target 16.', 'Existing Tonga policies include JNAP2 - education for resilience target 16. Cross-sectoral considerations Lack of environmental awareness at both community and business levels is generally not limited to waste management. Awareness is also lacking in areas including energy efficiency, water conservation, climate change, forestry and land use. The development and implementation of a communication strategy, as outlined in Action 6, should therefore also encompass other sectors. Similarly, developing a data management system should encompass other sectors, as the lack of quality data is not specific to waste. Finally, Action 8, which targets organic waste, including growing locally and composting, has strong links with food security and the AFOLU sector.', 'Finally, Action 8, which targets organic waste, including growing locally and composting, has strong links with food security and the AFOLU sector. Gender and social inclusion considerations Action 3 proposes directly funding communities, especially on outer islands, while Action 7 and Action 8 have the strongest links to social inclusion, aligning with the TSDF II which states that ‘Traditional societies produced limited waste and pollution, most of which was biodegradable. Modern trade and consumption generates vast amounts of waste that can easily lead to the pollution of our sensitive environment’. Action 7 and Action 8 propose increasing the use of local materials and crops: the process would benefit from close consultation with local communities for their traditional knowledge and may eventually create opportunities for them.', 'Action 7 and Action 8 propose increasing the use of local materials and crops: the process would benefit from close consultation with local communities for their traditional knowledge and may eventually create opportunities for them. The gender component should be carefully assessed, especially during the development of the waste management strategy and the EAP, to ensure women are appropriately represented during development and implementation of these plans. Environmental and social safeguards considerations Environmental and social standards should be carefully considered when establishing new waste management infrastructure, especially if it reaches the industrial scale such as landfills, anaerobic digesters, composting and crushing facilities. Emissions such as dust, odors, noise and contaminants must be carefully assessed and minimised with regard to local residents and the environment.', 'Emissions such as dust, odors, noise and contaminants must be carefully assessed and minimised with regard to local residents and the environment. Key data gaps and solutions Several assessments that have been conducted for the Waste sector in Tonga state that the level of data and information available to adequately assess the Waste sector is currently missing. This includes waste volumes, waste characterisation, and how waste is managed both at the landfill stage and outside of it. Without data, it is challenging to estimate greenhouse gases from waste on all of the islands, and to then determine actions required to address these emissions. Data is also crucial to assessing the financial viability of infrastructure.', 'Data is also crucial to assessing the financial viability of infrastructure. The Second NDC highlights this point and has mentioned prioritising data collection in the Waste sector for Tonga in the next five years. Image: Women’s handicraft displays at the annual Royal Agricultural Show in Neiafu, Vava’u. Taken in 2019. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.6 Human Settlements Introduction Tonga consists of 170 islands, with less than 45 of these islands inhabited. Most Tongan islands are low-lying, making communities extremely vulnerable to flooding due to rising sea levels and storm surges. These effects are becoming more frequent as the climate warms. Coastal flooding damages buildings and endangers human lives. Furthermore, droughts and increased freshwater extraction endanger community groundwater supplies from saltwater intrusion.', 'Furthermore, droughts and increased freshwater extraction endanger community groundwater supplies from saltwater intrusion. Urban areas in Tonga often experience flooding due to the lack of stormwater management infrastructure. Hence there is strong reasoning for the integration of stormwater drainage with the road network in urban areas, to prevent or reduce flooding. The inclusion of Human Settlements as a sector in the LT-LEDS planning is to enhance the complementarity of plans with other sectors rather than the potential for greenhouse gas emission reduction. Relevant national policies, sectoral policies and links with the LT-LEDS The Tonga JNAP1 and JNAP2 consistently discuss these risks and the prioritisation of securing the safety of coastal communities. The focus on enhancing resilience is further emphasised in the National Infrastructure Investment Plan, though the plan does not explicitly prioritise coastal infrastructure or the built environment.', 'The focus on enhancing resilience is further emphasised in the National Infrastructure Investment Plan, though the plan does not explicitly prioritise coastal infrastructure or the built environment. The Second NDC submitted by Tonga emphasises the need for coastal management and flood management to address sea level rise. The World Bank supported the establishment of the Road Maintenance Fund in 2013, though there is a need to supplement the scope of the fund to ensure adequate coverage of road networks across the islands. The Third National Communication (to UNFCCC) also describes the importance of timely maintenance and rehabilitation of road infrastructure to ensure all-weather access and as a means of job creation in Tonga.', 'The Third National Communication (to UNFCCC) also describes the importance of timely maintenance and rehabilitation of road infrastructure to ensure all-weather access and as a means of job creation in Tonga. Climate- resilient buildings and infrastructure are also prioritised in the NDC as a key adaptation measure to climate change impacts. The Building Control and Standards Act is in the process of integrating updated specifications to account for increasingly intense weather events and wind loads. After the 2020 cyclone season caused significant building damage, building audits have commenced to assess the suitability of safe assembly points for evacuation in preparation for the next cyclone season. Responsible Ministries and sector stakeholders The Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI) oversees the maintenance, design and planning of road networks across the islands.', 'Responsible Ministries and sector stakeholders The Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI) oversees the maintenance, design and planning of road networks across the islands. MOI is also responsible for building standards and regulations, leading the process for updating the Building Code and developing capacity to fully implement it. The National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) coordinates planning for disaster- response, including assessing evacuation routes and safe assembly points. Historical and current GHG emissions Buildings and infrastructure are not a major source of greenhouse gas emissions in Tonga. They are, however, identified as a critical part of adapting to climate change impacts such as sea level rise and increasingly powerful winds and storms. Additionally, efforts are being made to reduce energy consumption in buildings through improving energy efficiency of appliances and building envelopes.', 'Additionally, efforts are being made to reduce energy consumption in buildings through improving energy efficiency of appliances and building envelopes. The inclusion of the Human Settlements sub-chapter in LT-LEDS reiterates Tonga’s commitment to a comprehensive low emission development trajectory. Current initiatives The Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility is supporting the Government of Tonga to develop the Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2020- 2030 (NIIP-3). The NIIP-3 will support improved screening and prioritising infrastructure projects for resource allocation for projects. In 2018, the World Bank approved a US$26 million grant to improve climate resilience of Tonga’s land, sea and air transport infrastructure. This includes the integration of storm drains and road upgrades on major islands.', 'This includes the integration of storm drains and road upgrades on major islands. Municipal infrastructure in Nuku’alofa has been upgraded through the recently completed US$14.6 million Nuku’alofa Urban Development Sector Project, funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Australian Government. For coastal protection, the ADB is financing the US$19.25 million Tonga Climate Resilience Sector Project which includes the installation of 8km of soft and hard coastal infrastructure to protect against storm surges. In addition, the Integrated Urban Resilience Sector Project, jointly funded by the ADB and the Australian Government, addresses institutional and infrastructure gaps for flood prevention on Nuku’alofa. A coalition led by the United Nations Development Program, including the Tongan Government, SPREP, New Zealand MFAT and research institutions, is developing a US$40 million proposal to the GCF.', 'A coalition led by the United Nations Development Program, including the Tongan Government, SPREP, New Zealand MFAT and research institutions, is developing a US$40 million proposal to the GCF. This would cover construction of coastal protection in Tongatapu, Vava’u and Ha’apai and enhancing disaster monitoring capabilities. Image: Flooding of a local residence at Fasi, Tongatapu after TC Gita. Taken in 2018.', 'Image: Flooding of a local residence at Fasi, Tongatapu after TC Gita. Taken in 2018. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSHUMAN SETTLEMENTS Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Inclusive development through life skills program PRINCIPLES Traditional Knowledge, Education, Environment & Culture Water security in all islands as a DRR measure PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Environment, Education, Culture & Autonomy Increase finance, resource and capacity building for education to build a knowledge based society PRINCIPLES Education SHORT TERM Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings, retrofitting to withstand high winds and damaging cyclones PRINCIPLES Environment, Inclusivity, Traditional Knowledge, Culture, Autonomy, Education & Core Values Implement disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response so that communities can access climate resilient infrastructure PRINCIPLES Education, Environment, Inclusivity, Culture & Traditional Knowledge Engage with donors and partners to source funds for infrastructure management and design, particularly on stormwater management and road design PRINCIPLES Core Values, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Sustainable tourism in Tonga PRINCIPLES Education & Environment Increase access to financing for storm water management and road design by the MOI PRINCIPLES Autonomy Strengthen and refine current policy on coastal protection in order to strengthen Marine Protected Areas PRINCIPLES Environment Implement financing strategy for communities to access climate resilient infrastructure Enhance water security in all islands Undertake research for vulnerable shorelines Improve climate resilience of housing & buildings Inclusive development through life skills program Increase finance, resource & capacity building for a knowledge-based society Road Committee established & Road Maintenance Fund operational Road designs adjusted to include stormwater drain Infrastructure upgrades for sustainable tourism Trainings for care of coastal areas Trainings for personnel in sustainable tourism sector UNDERWAY MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM 3.6.2 Sector Pathways The Human Settlements vision is: ‘Building a resilient and autonomous Tonga through transformation and strengthening of all sectors.’ Pathway description Inclusive development through life skills program.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSHUMAN SETTLEMENTS Sector Pathway Actions Over Time Inclusive development through life skills program PRINCIPLES Traditional Knowledge, Education, Environment & Culture Water security in all islands as a DRR measure PRINCIPLES Inclusivity, Environment, Education, Culture & Autonomy Increase finance, resource and capacity building for education to build a knowledge based society PRINCIPLES Education SHORT TERM Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings, retrofitting to withstand high winds and damaging cyclones PRINCIPLES Environment, Inclusivity, Traditional Knowledge, Culture, Autonomy, Education & Core Values Implement disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response so that communities can access climate resilient infrastructure PRINCIPLES Education, Environment, Inclusivity, Culture & Traditional Knowledge Engage with donors and partners to source funds for infrastructure management and design, particularly on stormwater management and road design PRINCIPLES Core Values, Education, Environment & Inclusivity Sustainable tourism in Tonga PRINCIPLES Education & Environment Increase access to financing for storm water management and road design by the MOI PRINCIPLES Autonomy Strengthen and refine current policy on coastal protection in order to strengthen Marine Protected Areas PRINCIPLES Environment Implement financing strategy for communities to access climate resilient infrastructure Enhance water security in all islands Undertake research for vulnerable shorelines Improve climate resilience of housing & buildings Inclusive development through life skills program Increase finance, resource & capacity building for a knowledge-based society Road Committee established & Road Maintenance Fund operational Road designs adjusted to include stormwater drain Infrastructure upgrades for sustainable tourism Trainings for care of coastal areas Trainings for personnel in sustainable tourism sector UNDERWAY MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM 3.6.2 Sector Pathways The Human Settlements vision is: ‘Building a resilient and autonomous Tonga through transformation and strengthening of all sectors.’ Pathway description Inclusive development through life skills program. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not have direct GHG reduction potential.', 'GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not have direct GHG reduction potential. There may be indirect contributions to GHG emission reductions. Description: Engage all facets of society in the sustainable development of Tonga. This requires extensive consultations to identify all groups with different vulnerabilities and needs. Training programs need to be tailored for groups with consideration given to distinct constraints and capacities. These groups include women, youth, elderly, persons with disability and communities living in remote islands. Skills training and networking opportunities enhance the security of livelihoods for the people of Tonga. This action further requires policies and resources to support improved access to markets for the sale and exchange of products. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Training materials and equipment e.g. home gardening equipment.', 'Supporting asset and capacity measures: Training materials and equipment e.g. home gardening equipment. Location: Urban areas, unused land. Timeline: This action will commence in the short term, after community outreach officers are trained and training materials developed. It is anticipated that actions in this area will be required up to the long term. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Inclusivity and aligned with Traditional Knowledge, Education, Environment and Culture. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: AFOLU – Gardening and agricultural products are the primary source of economic output at the household level. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS In the Human Settlements group, the inclusion of all parts of the Tongan population in the development of the nation was identified as a top priority.', 'HUMAN SETTLEMENTS In the Human Settlements group, the inclusion of all parts of the Tongan population in the development of the nation was identified as a top priority. This requires concerted efforts to map all vulnerable groups and means to engage them in capacity development to improve livelihoods and early warnings in the event of disasters. The emphasis on inclusive development is reflected in almost all prioritised actions in this pathway. FINANCING POLICY POLICY POLICY & FINANCING WORKFORCE WORKFORCE & FINANCING FINANCING FINANCING WORKFORCE WORKFORCE POLICY & WORKFORCE TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSHUMAN SETTLEMENTS Implement a disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response so that communities can access climate resilient infrastructure. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not contribute directly to GHG reduction. Description: Ensure access to climate resilient community infrastructure during emergencies.', 'Description: Ensure access to climate resilient community infrastructure during emergencies. Complementing the priorities in JNAP2, access to climate resilient assembly points needs to be connected with Village Emergency Management Plans. Facility and access upgrades need to be undertaken, as informed by the NEMO audit. The Shelter Cluster, consisting of all stakeholders in disaster response, can contribute by sharing communication networks to disseminate timely information during emergencies. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Improve remote sensing capabilities, communications and evacuation networks. Location: All islands. Timeline: Implementation of this action is already underway, with NEMO auditing suitable evacuation centres in preparation for the next cyclone season. Principles: This action is highly aligned to Education, Environment, Inclusivity and Culture and aligned with Traditional Knowledge. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Engage with donors and partners to source funds for infrastructure management and design, particularly on stormwater management and road design. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not contribute to GHG reduction but could contribute to protection of low emission infrastructure assets. Description: Integrate stormwater drainage infrastructure into urban road network and implement maintenance regime to enhance longevity of infrastructure. The action requires the systematic integration of stormwater planning in the design and construction of roads and pavements in urban areas. This complements the Road Maintenance Fund established in 2013. Technical support to enhance the work of the National Spatial Planning Agency Office (NSPAO) and the Road Committee will be needed. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Install and maintain stormwater management infrastructure. Location: Urban areas. Timeline: Road Committee has been established and Road Maintenance Fund is operational.', 'Timeline: Road Committee has been established and Road Maintenance Fund is operational. Over the short to medium term, road designs to be adjusted to include stormwater drains. Principles: This action is aligned to Core Values, Education, Environment and Inclusivity. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Transport – The reduction of flooding enhances land-based transportation. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Water security in all islands as a disaster risk reduction measure. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not contribute to GHG reduction. Description: Enhance water security in all inhabited islands of Tonga. This would require the development of an integrated water management plan with specific considerations around the availability of groundwater in each island. Sensitisation to water containment and treatment methods needs to be conducted for all communities, with a focus on remote islands.', 'Sensitisation to water containment and treatment methods needs to be conducted for all communities, with a focus on remote islands. Groundwater measurement, as recognised in previous surveys, is an important feature for improving water management and security. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Rainwater catchment tanks, community reservoirs, emergency water purification kits, solar desalination plants, awareness raising on communal water management. Location: Tongatapu, outer islands. Timeline: This action will be implemented in the short to medium term. Principles: This action is very aligned with Inclusivity. It also aligns with Environment, Education, Culture and Autonomy. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy - where it may be needed to power water supply and treatment systems. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings, retrofitting to withstand high winds and damaging cyclones.', 'HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings, retrofitting to withstand high winds and damaging cyclones. GHG emissions reduction potential: This action does not contribute to GHG reduction but could contribute to protection of low emission infrastructure assets. Description: Improve resilience of housing and buildings to increasingly intense winds and storms through retrofits. An enhanced building code has been validated with industry and needs to be adopted as policy. Systematic capacity building for public and private sector stakeholders will be needed on adoption of the updated code. Materials standardisation and certification is needed for code implementation. Financing will also be needed to support existing buildings through necessary retrofits to withstand anticipated loading. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Suitable materials and capacity development for compliance to an upgraded Building Code. Production capacity to produce suitable wood-based materials locally. Location: Throughout the Kingdom.', 'Production capacity to produce suitable wood-based materials locally. Location: Throughout the Kingdom. Timeline: Activities in the action will be implemented over the short and medium term. Principles: This action is well aligned with all the Tongan principles. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Energy – The updated Building Code pending adoption improves the energy efficiency of building envelopes and appliances, while enhancing structural adequacy. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSHUMAN SETTLEMENTS Sustainable tourism in Tonga. GHG reduction potential: Low to Medium. Description: In anticipation of post-pandemic economic recovery, Tonga aims to promote sustainable tourism as a form of income generation.', 'Description: In anticipation of post-pandemic economic recovery, Tonga aims to promote sustainable tourism as a form of income generation. This includes putting in place tourist taxes which can then be channeled toward low emissions development and climate change adaptation measures in the tourism industry as well as promoting nature-based infrastructure solutions. Training programs will be organised to improve hospitality skills among the workforce while mainstreaming knowledge on sustainable tourism. Upgrades to telecommunications and transport infrastructure and vehicles/vessels while integrating renewable energy and energy efficiency, will benefit both tourists and the local population as it reduces the carbon footprint of the tourism sector. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Telecommunications and tourism infrastructure including nature-based solutions, renewable and energy efficiency technologies, fuel efficient/low emissions vehicles and vessels, monitoring systems, early warning systems. Location: Remote islands.', 'Supporting asset and capacity measures: Telecommunications and tourism infrastructure including nature-based solutions, renewable and energy efficiency technologies, fuel efficient/low emissions vehicles and vessels, monitoring systems, early warning systems. Location: Remote islands. Timeline: Training programs for personnel in the tourism sector are planned for the short term while infrastructure upgrades will follow in the medium term. Principles: This action is well aligned with Education and Environment. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Transport – land, sea and air transportation infrastructure within and between islands will be upgraded. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Increase finance, resource and capacity building for education to build a knowledge based society. GHG Reduction Potential: This action does not have direct GHG reduction potential. There may be indirect contributions to GHG emission reductions.', 'There may be indirect contributions to GHG emission reductions. Description: With disruptions to face to face gatherings increasingly possible (from global pandemics to natural disasters), Tonga is exploring mechanisms to ensure the continuity of quality education throughout any events. This will require significant financial resources to set up adequate communication channels in the outer islands and to ensure students have access to required equipment and materials when schools are not operating. This action also calls for a review of the curriculum, to increase environmental awareness and disaster preparedness through education. Consideration should be given to student loans to support vocational and tertiary education in particular. Teachers will have to undergo training to equip them with the skills to conduct lessons through new mediums.', 'Teachers will have to undergo training to equip them with the skills to conduct lessons through new mediums. This action links with the Tonga Accelerate Resilience Program and links students with employment after completion of their studies. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Upgraded school buildings and facilities, more training for teachers. Location: Throughout the country. Timeline: This action requires implementation from short to medium and long term. The initial focus is on low-income households, with support expanded to all teachers and students over time. Principles: This action is well aligned with Education. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: All sectors. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Increase access to financing for storm water management and road design by the MOI. GHG Reduction Potential: This action does not have direct GHG reduction potential.', 'GHG Reduction Potential: This action does not have direct GHG reduction potential. There may be indirect contributions to GHG emission reductions. Description: While the Road Maintenance Fund is operational and major defects and damages to road infrastructure are being repaired and rectified, there is a need for more systematic monitoring and maintenance of transportation assets in Tongatapu and beyond. Training for staff and the public to monitor and report defects for timely repairs as well as resourcing local teams to carry out regular maintenance works can extend the lifespan of road infrastructure at lower cost. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Costed maintenance plan for all public infrastructure. Location: Tongatapu, ‘Eua, Ha’apai, Vava’u, Niuas. Timeline: None. Principles: Autonomy. Links to Second NDC: None. Links to other mitigation sectors: Transport – Road infrastructure on larger islands will be regularly maintained.', 'Links to other mitigation sectors: Transport – Road infrastructure on larger islands will be regularly maintained. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Strengthen and refine current policy on coastal protection in order to strengthen Marine Protected Areas. GHG Reduction Potential: Low to Medium. Description: In line with climate change policy calling for coastal protection, this action prioritises the use of nature-based solutions for protection against storm surges and erosion. This entails leveraging traditional knowledge in plant selection for restoration of mangroves and replanting of foreshores. Restoration of mangroves, replanting and general strengthening of the coastal ecosystem will also have positive GHG emission sequestration outcomes although these cannot be quantified at the present time. Where vegetation is inadequate for blocking storm surges and sea level rise, revetments and seawalls may be needed to protect communities from the surrounding ocean incursions.', 'Where vegetation is inadequate for blocking storm surges and sea level rise, revetments and seawalls may be needed to protect communities from the surrounding ocean incursions. Assessments and feasibility studies need to be conducted in each case to determine the most appropriate modality for coastal protection. Supporting asset and capacity measures: Coastal replanting and seawall construction. Location: Fanga’uta Lagoon Coastal Areas and Tongatapu. Timeline: In the short term, research needs to be undertaken to determine the required intervention for each of the vulnerable shorelines, especially those closer to more populated areas. Over the medium to longer term, training for local communities, students and public officials for the protection and care of coastal areas will be conducted. Principles: Environment.', 'Over the medium to longer term, training for local communities, students and public officials for the protection and care of coastal areas will be conducted. Principles: Environment. Links to Second NDC: Planting one million trees by 2023 and prevention of any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands. Links to other mitigation sectors: AFOLU – Coastal mangroves contribute to carbon sequestration while protecting the coast from erosion. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.6.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Skills and capacity building needed Training and capacity building have been identified as a first step in almost all the actions for Human Settlements.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONS3.6.3 Socio-economic and environmental considerations Skills and capacity building needed Training and capacity building have been identified as a first step in almost all the actions for Human Settlements. There is a shortage of technical expertise locally to maintain and upgrade the infrastructure systems and technologies that have been imported. External skills can be brought in periodically from within the region to upskill technical professionals in Tonga. At the same time, traditional knowledge in agriculture, water management and coastal protection can be mobilised to ensure solutions pursued are sustainable and locally appropriate. Cross-sectoral considerations The Human Settlements pathway is an enabling pathway, not limited to a specific sector.', 'Cross-sectoral considerations The Human Settlements pathway is an enabling pathway, not limited to a specific sector. However, it brings together diverse aspects where concerted effort is required to ensure the wellbeing and livelihoods of Tongans in the wake of climate change impacts and economic development. The actions identified in this pathway intersect with Energy, Transport and AFOLU, and cross-sectoral collaboration can deliver optimal outcomes and mobilise external support, both in the form of technical assistance and financial support. Gender and social inclusion considerations Actions in this pathway have a strong focus on enhancing resilience, particularly to climate-induced impacts. These affect different groups in the population differently and substantial discussion has revolved around identifying the various forms of vulnerability that must be included in national and local planning.', 'These affect different groups in the population differently and substantial discussion has revolved around identifying the various forms of vulnerability that must be included in national and local planning. Gender, youth, disability, poverty, and remote locations are some of the factors that will require particular attention in the allocation of resources and planning for the actions listed in this pathway. Planning with vulnerability and social inclusion at the forefront of considerations will lead to more equitable outcomes to the actions taken to enhance the resilience of the country. Environmental and social safeguards considerations Measures to enhance resilience to disasters require stakeholders to be able to firstly, receive the information and then, to take action on warnings or information. Training and capacity building programs must not exacerbate social inequalities.', 'Training and capacity building programs must not exacerbate social inequalities. Infrastructure upgrades and construction projects should be informed by comprehensive environmental impact assessments, to understand whether such projects would have wider impacts on local flora and fauna. Key data gaps and solutions Audit of community facilities has commenced in preparation for evacuation and assembly during disasters. Systematic building audits to determine which and to what extent each building needs to be retrofitted to withstand cyclones is the next urgent task, to guide resource mobilisation and distribution. A market study can be commissioned to determine the building materials available in Tonga, and how they meet requirements in the Building Code. It is essential the same level of attention is paid to buildings in less populated islands, to consistently ensure safe spaces for shelter during disasters.', 'It is essential the same level of attention is paid to buildings in less populated islands, to consistently ensure safe spaces for shelter during disasters. Similarly for road infrastructure, a nationwide audit of the road network, condition of roads and stormwater drains will provide the first step towards developing a systematic road network maintenance and development framework. Traffic studies should be commissioned in urban areas to determine the adequacy of the network to traffic volumes and inform network expansion. Image (opposite page): Niutao Project seawall construction in progress from Navutoka to Talafo’ou, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021.', 'Image (opposite page): Niutao Project seawall construction in progress from Navutoka to Talafo’ou, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 3 KEY LONG-TERM CLIMATE ACTIONSFIRST STEPS LT-LEDS First Steps Through the LT-LEDS development, Tongan stakeholders contributed and shaped the vision for: A low emissions Tonga, where all sectors work together to create resilience, autonomy and self-reliance. Through this process, stakeholders developed, revised and assessed possible near term steps that will advance Tonga towards this vision. They identified nine first steps as priorities, to implement the LT-LEDS.', 'They identified nine first steps as priorities, to implement the LT-LEDS. In no particular order these are: • Loan program for low energy buildings • Standardising lighting power consumption for buildings by 2025 • Low emission vehicles: government to pilot electric vehicles • Develop a waste communication strategy • Strengthen existing transport policies • Mainstreaming important low emission policy elements into relevant ministries • Promote Best Practices in agriculture, forestry and fisheries • Develop and implement a national waste policy for Tonga • Pedestrianising Nuku’alofa by 2022 These priority steps are described further in this chapter. Image: A view of surrounding islands from Mt. Talau, Vava’u. Taken in 2020.', 'Talau, Vava’u. Taken in 2020. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSLoan program for low energy buildings LT-LEDS stakeholders prioritised a loan program for businesses to improve their building’s energy efficiency, replicating similar government programs provided in the agricultural sector. This step intersects with other intervention actions from the Energy, AFOLU and Human Settlements sectors with energy efficiency; low emissions, low cost, and retrofitting of houses and other structures to withstand high winds and damaging cyclones. The development of this loan program should be undertaken by government and businesses, with support from village and community scale actors. It should be led by the Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI), Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), DCC, Department of Environment, Department of Energy (DOE) and Tonga Power Limited (TPL).', 'It should be led by the Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI), Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), DCC, Department of Environment, Department of Energy (DOE) and Tonga Power Limited (TPL). Other key stakeholders include the construction sector, donors and NGOs, producers and makers like hardware stores such as EM Jones and electrical companies such as JH Electrical. Users of energy efficient buildings include the general public, schools and government, essential buildings and businesses such as resorts. This step should incorporate the development lead designs for the most energy efficient buildings suitable for Tonga and follow with energy performance audits and the management of change. This step should be implemented in percentages of building stock that are energy efficient.', 'This step should be implemented in percentages of building stock that are energy efficient. Stakeholders suggested these percentages would be achieved by 30 percent of buildings being energy efficient by 2030, 60 percent by 2040 and 100 percent by 2050. This step aligns with the Tongan principles of Environment, Education, Inclusivity and Autonomy. It would bring positive social, technical and environmental impacts, contributing to Tonga’s achievement of good health and wellbeing (SDG3), quality education and training for building retrofits (SDG4), gender equality (SDG5), affordable and clean energy (SDG7), decent work through retrofitting (SDG8), new industry, innovation and infrastructure sectors within the Tongan economy (SDG9), sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), responsible consumption and productivity (SDG12), climate action (SDG13), life on land (SDG15) and partnerships (SDG17). This step aligns with existing policies of TSDF II, TCCP, NIIP2, and TERM+.', 'This step aligns with existing policies of TSDF II, TCCP, NIIP2, and TERM+. Standardising lighting power consumption for buildings by 2025 The LT-LEDS prioritised the standardisation of lighting power consumption for buildings in Tonga by 2025. It is likely this step could affect how buildings will be designed in Tonga as we move towards more energy efficient designs for buildings, both in private and commercial sectors. It may also lead to behavioural impacts in the way people consume energy, in terms of both power and lighting. This would bring social, technical and financial benefits as the community saves more on their electricity bills. The standardisation of lighting power consumption should be the responsibility of Tonga Power Limited, MOI, the Tonga Electricity Commission and MEIDECC, and mainly the Department of Energy.', 'The standardisation of lighting power consumption should be the responsibility of Tonga Power Limited, MOI, the Tonga Electricity Commission and MEIDECC, and mainly the Department of Energy. State partners include the MLNR, while non-state partners include contractors, building electrical contractors, architects and engineers. This step should commence in 2022, with internal stakeholder consultations between MOI, Tonga Power Limited, Department of Energy and the Electricity Commission. This should be followed by public consultations on the draft policy over the next two to two and a half years, aiming for cabinet approval in 2024, and implementation in 2025. This step aligns with the Tongan principles of Environment, Education, Inclusivity and Autonomy. This step will help reduce the cost of living by reducing electricity bills.', 'This step will help reduce the cost of living by reducing electricity bills. Through the installation of energy efficient lighting, it will bring Affordable and clean energy (SDG7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG8), Industry innovation and infrastructure (SDG9), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG12), and Climate action (SDG13). The step affects the National Building Code, which is currently being reviewed, along with energy policies and the TSDF II. Low emission vehicles: government to pilot electric vehicles Piloting of electric vehicles (EVs) in the government fleet is a priority to support implementation of the LT-LEDS. It intersects with other intervention actions to manage energy demand, low emissions, low cost and road design. This pilot will be led by the GOT, MOI, and in particular, the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Energy.', 'This pilot will be led by the GOT, MOI, and in particular, the Department of Environment, Climate Change and Energy. Other partners would include TPL, engineering firms, car dealers and electrical contractors. In terms of producers and makers, EVs could be supplied from Japan, Korea, China and the US. This step will start with a proposal to be developed by 2022 for funding consideration, with the aim that, by 2027, 100 percent of the government fleet are EVs. This step aligns with the Tongan principles of environment, education, and inclusivity.', 'This step aligns with the Tongan principles of environment, education, and inclusivity. It is expected to have a social and technical impact, contributing to Tonga’s SDG fulfillment, particularly on in training and quality education (SDG4), affordable and clean energy (SDG7), support to energy efficient transport and therefore industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG9), sustainable cities and communities (SDG11), climate action (SDG13), life on land (SDG15) and partnerships (SDG17). The existing policies include: TSDF II, TCCP, JNAP2, Second NDC, ministries corporate plans, procurement plan and TERM-PLUS. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSDevelop a waste communication strategy The LT-LEDS also prioritises the development of a waste communication strategy and implementation of a national education awareness plan by 2025.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSDevelop a waste communication strategy The LT-LEDS also prioritises the development of a waste communication strategy and implementation of a national education awareness plan by 2025. It is expected to draw on complementary intervention actions to develop a communication strategy around waste, waste segregation, waste handling and management; threading these together with capacity building and education. This strategy will be developed by the government, in particular the Department of Environment within MEIDECC, and the Waste Authority Limited. Other state partners will be engaged, including the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Police, the Ministry of Finance (MOF), TSD, Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) and also the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO).', 'Other state partners will be engaged, including the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Police, the Ministry of Finance (MOF), TSD, Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) and also the Prime Minister’s Office (PMO). The step will also utilise non-state partners for information dissemination such as the Tonga Broadcasting Commission, radio and TV communities and the churches. For implementation, 2021-2022 will be used for planning, followed by the development of a EAP, establishment of a waste committee and identification of stakeholders over 2022-23. Final review and securing funding is planned for 2023 with implementation commencing in 2024 and a review and lessons learnt process one year after. This is aligned with the Tongan principles of Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Culture and Autonomy. This step will require support from technical, policy, workforce and financing avenues.', 'This step will require support from technical, policy, workforce and financing avenues. For behaviour, the step aims to change mindsets and produce positive social changes through involvement from the public. The step will contribute to the following SDGs: Quality education (SDG4), Responsible consumption and production (SDG12), Climate action (SDG13), Life below water (SDG14) and Life on land (SDG15). This step maps Tonga’s TSDF II, Climate Change Policy and JNAP2. Strengthen existing transport policies The LT-LEDS stakeholders prioritised the need for an inclusive and holistic policy that strengthens land, air and sea transport, to support sustainability and lower emissions. This will entail a stocktake of existing policies, followed by a gap analysis on existing policies and their implementation. The next step will be seeking to align policies across sectors, to address the gaps.', 'The next step will be seeking to align policies across sectors, to address the gaps. Policies will align with multiple other sector intervention actions. Under Waste, regulations for waste and disposal of transport technology need to be considered, along with urban infrastructure and design of bridges and roads. For Energy, this step will support low GHG emissions. There are also links with the transport of AFOLU products and transport actions relating to tariffs, taxes, electric vehicles, maintenance overhaul and services.', 'There are also links with the transport of AFOLU products and transport actions relating to tariffs, taxes, electric vehicles, maintenance overhaul and services. This holistic policy will be owned by the MOI who will work with other state ministries creating related transport policies, industry, also other state partners like public enterprises or other bodies such as Tonga Airports Ltd. Non-state partners are donors (ADB, Australia, MFAT) who could help fund the strengthening of existing transport policies and provide support through technical assistance. It is hoped that strengthened policy will prompt importers and suppliers to import and supply vehicles, airplanes or boats that follow the standards and the policy. As users are public consumers, monitoring and assessment of this step would occur through conducting surveys and audits with the public, to test policy effectiveness.', 'As users are public consumers, monitoring and assessment of this step would occur through conducting surveys and audits with the public, to test policy effectiveness. The timeline for implementation is for the stocktake, gap analysis and alignment of policies to be complete by 2023. By 2025, the responsible entity will, if required, then create integrated laws or frameworks for land, air and sea transport, with parliamentary approval by 2028. Implementation can commence from 2031 onwards and will be reviewed in 2035 to measure the degree of implementation and impact. This step aligns with Tongan principles of Culture, Environment and Inclusivity. Tonga has a culture of social and church functions which are important and should be considered when designing transport policies i.e. the priority of church functions when arranging inter-island transport.', 'the priority of church functions when arranging inter-island transport. The most relevant SDGs this will contribute to are Affordable and clean energy (SDG7) and Climate action (SDG13). The step aligns with Tonga’s Second NDC target for low transport emissions. The TSDF II, which covers all governmental sectors and sector plans, and corporate plans, will be related to the transport policy created through this step. Mainstreaming important low emission policy elements into relevant ministries LT-LEDS stakeholders recognised the need to mainstream the following intervention actions into the relevant ministries: energy efficiency, renewable energy and low emissions vehicles. This step is linked to the Alamea policy (see cross-cultural considerations), with priority given to identification of gaps in policy, duplication of policy, lack of enforcement and the need to connect policies across sectors where relevant.', 'This step is linked to the Alamea policy (see cross-cultural considerations), with priority given to identification of gaps in policy, duplication of policy, lack of enforcement and the need to connect policies across sectors where relevant. This mainstreaming should be owned by the DOE, TPL and the broader government, with support from donors like GCF, ADB and New Zealand’s MFAT. The time- frame to implement the step is by 2025, in accordance with targets already published in the TEEMP, JNAP2, the Second NDC - in 2030 to achieve 70 percent of RE and 100 percent in 2035 and moving forward for 2050 emission from Tonga will be 0 percent. This step aligns to Tongan principles of education, environment and inclusivity.', 'This step aligns to Tongan principles of education, environment and inclusivity. It will contribute to the following SDGs: Good Health and Well-being (SDG3), Quality Education (SDG4), Gender Equality (SDG5), Affordable and Clean Energy (SDG7), Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG9), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG11), Responsible Consumption and Production (SDG12) and Climate Action (SDG13). TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSPromote Best Practices in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries LT-LEDS will prioritise the promotion of climate smart agriculture, agroforestry systems and traditional fishing practices. An example is increasing awareness of subsistence farmers to understand the importance of the agroforestry system and how the achievement of low emissions can include practices like mixed cropping. For farmers this might involve a return to traditional fishing using the lunar calendar.', 'For farmers this might involve a return to traditional fishing using the lunar calendar. These best practices will be promoted by the agriculture sector, fisheries sectors and the forestry sector. The state partners are MAFF, MOF, Ministry of Fisheries and all other line ministries, such as MEIDECC. Efforts will be made to use existing mechanisms, such as the Ministry of Agriculture’s annual production survey and monitoring of SMAs and MPAs. The non-state partners are donors, agencies, local NGOs such as Live & Learn, MORDI Tonga Trust etc and private sectors. This step will also target producers or makers, the farmers and the fisherfolk. Implementation will start with planning and fundraising activities, with the aim that by 2028 capacity building and community awareness raising will be underway, along with the establishment of implementation areas.', 'Implementation will start with planning and fundraising activities, with the aim that by 2028 capacity building and community awareness raising will be underway, along with the establishment of implementation areas. This step has a 50 percent implementation target by 2035, 75 percent by 2042 and 100 percent by 2050. This step aligns with the Tongan principles of environment, education, inclusivity and culture. It will contribute to Tonga’s development through No poverty (SDG1), Zero hunger (SDG2), Good health and well- being (SDG3), Gender equality (SDG5), Decent work and economic growth (SDG8), Climate action (SDG13), Life on the water (SDG14) and Life on land (SDG15). The step maps to existing Tongan policies, including the Second NDC (Forestry Target = 1 millions trees by 2023) and the TASP, TFSP, and National Forest Policy.', 'The step maps to existing Tongan policies, including the Second NDC (Forestry Target = 1 millions trees by 2023) and the TASP, TFSP, and National Forest Policy. Develop and implement a National Waste Policy for Tonga The LT-LEDS will be supported by the development and implementation of a national waste policy for Tonga by 2025. In doing so this step will draw upon intervention actions of a feasibility study, identifying stakeholders and gaps, national awareness, developing a national waste strategy and collecting waste data. A feasibility study will identify gaps and the current situation, in order to identify entry points that can be strengthened. These will provide the foundations of the National Waste Policy. National awareness aims to increase participation, inclusivity, ownership and buy-in from the public, for more effective implementation and support.', 'National awareness aims to increase participation, inclusivity, ownership and buy-in from the public, for more effective implementation and support. The collection of accurate waste data will support the preparation, operation and future planning of the National Waste Strategy, allowing for further information for revision and tracking of progress. Ownership over this policy will be with the DOE and Waste Authority Limited, working with other state partners in the PMO (to develop the policy), Ministry of Health (for data), TSD (for data), MLNR, and Ministry of Internal Affairs (MIA) (awareness raising). Non-state partners include church leaders, private businesses and schools. Producers and makers include MORC, who are responsible for borders, and importing of waste like plastic. Implementation will occur over the next ten years, with 2021-2022 as a planning phase.', 'Implementation will occur over the next ten years, with 2021-2022 as a planning phase. This will be followed by data collection, reviewing reports and analysing data in 2023-2024. Based on this timeline, the National Waste Policy will be developed in 2025 followed by implementation, review in 2027 and incorporation of lessons learned in 2030. This step is aligned with Tongan principles of Environment, Inclusivity, Education, Culture and Autonomy. It will also contribute to Good health and wellbeing (SDG 3), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate Action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), and Life on land (SDG 15). This step will contribute to Tonga’s Second NDC, existing Waste and Litter regulations, JNAP2.', 'This step will contribute to Tonga’s Second NDC, existing Waste and Litter regulations, JNAP2. Pedestrianising Nuku’alofa by In order to support LT-LEDS implementation, stakeholders prioritised the pedestrianisation of Nuku’alofa urban area by 2022, aligning with intervention actions in the Human Settlements sector pathway, transport actions such as road maintenance and energy, through street lighting. This pedestrianisation will be led by the NSPAO as a division under MLNR, MOI, the Ministry of Police, and Ministry of Health. Other partners include NGOs, MOT, communities, churches, urban businesses and public enterprises. This step will be implemented over 2022, starting with a draft policy, consultation with urban communities, then cabinet approval followed by implementation and enforcement. This step aligns with all six Tongan principles: Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, and will contribute to nearly all SDGs.', 'This step aligns with all six Tongan principles: Environment, Education, Inclusivity, Autonomy, Culture, Core Values, and will contribute to nearly all SDGs. This step maps to Tonga’s Public Health Act, Non Communicable Disease strategy, TSDF II, Nuku’alofa Greater Urban Structure Plan and the NIIP II. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSCross-Sectoral Measures In addition to sectoral interventions outlined in Chapter 3, successful reduction in GHG emissions requires the consideration of cross-sectoral measures to drive comprehensive climate action across multiple sectors. Tongan stakeholders identified five cross-sectoral considerations essential to support the implementation of interventions mentioned under Chapter 3.', 'Tongan stakeholders identified five cross-sectoral considerations essential to support the implementation of interventions mentioned under Chapter 3. These cross-sectoral considerations are underpinned by the need for: • Capacity building through education, particularly in relation to any changes being made or new policies being implemented. • Cross-sectoral coordination • Funding directly to communities via education • Effective data collection and management • Identifying policy gaps and duplications There is a clear desire to work cross-sectorally to eliminate duplications, share data and resolve any policy overlaps. This includes identifying where policies can be formed cross-sectorally. LT-LEDS stakeholders grouped these into five areas: New-Niu Winds of change: education and training New interventions and actions should consider the education and training of people accordingly.', 'LT-LEDS stakeholders grouped these into five areas: New-Niu Winds of change: education and training New interventions and actions should consider the education and training of people accordingly. For new policy standards and legislation, training and consultation - which may include induction and orientation programs - should be included to build public awareness. A common requirement is the need for new equipment, with standard operating procedures being used by subject matter experts who are available locally. Tonga aims to use local expertise and develop local protocols to support the implementation of intervention actions under all five sectors. Vehicles and Waste Consideration should be given to the interconnectedness of vehicles, road maintenance and solid waste disposal.', 'Vehicles and Waste Consideration should be given to the interconnectedness of vehicles, road maintenance and solid waste disposal. Challenges include coordination between ministries, lack of enforcement of regulations, limited access to data collection between line ministries and the lack of policies for vehicles and for waste disposal. The importation of vehicles into Tonga is already restricted to those manufactured from 2006 onwards, with vehicles older than this classified as waste in limited landfill sites. The focus is on the importance of road maintenance and waste segregation to support the implementation of transport and waste intervention actions. Pa’anga (Mai Ange): securing financing Finance and securing funding is an important requirement to fulfill nearly all intervention actions under each sector.', 'Pa’anga (Mai Ange): securing financing Finance and securing funding is an important requirement to fulfill nearly all intervention actions under each sector. Funding needs to be publicly increased and go straight to the community for education and awareness. In particular, there needs to be an increased focus on strengthening vulnerable populations, ensuring they are involved and consulted in the implementation of all sector intervention actions. Deeply rooted policy change Good quality data and community education are needed to understand policy changes brought about by the LT-LEDs. This could be achieved through the establishment of a data policy to enable the collection of good quality data which can then inform better decision making. Further conducting awareness raising initiatives that use community-friendly language will support the implementation of any new policies resulting from the LT-LEDS.', 'Further conducting awareness raising initiatives that use community-friendly language will support the implementation of any new policies resulting from the LT-LEDS. Data collection and community awareness will benefit all sector intervention actions. In terms of emissions reduction estimates and calculations, the Global Warming Potentials (GWP) used to calculate the GHG inventory results are not clear at present. This needs to be clearly reflected to improve transparency. For future reviews of the NDC, national communications and the LT-LEDS, a clear statement on the methodology, values, formulas and any default values used will improve transparency, reporting and planning for emissions reductions. Alamea Policy: strengthening existing policies Priority should be given to identification of gaps in policy, duplication of policy, lack of enforcement and the need to connect policies across sectors, where relevant.', 'Alamea Policy: strengthening existing policies Priority should be given to identification of gaps in policy, duplication of policy, lack of enforcement and the need to connect policies across sectors, where relevant. Current examples include duplication in urban planning processes, transport policy linked to energy policy (via the TERMPLUS) and the mainstreaming of policies into corporate, sector and annual plans. Low enforcement can be the result of limited human resources and equipment. In the development of the LT-LEDS it is important to avoid re-phrasing existing policies and all sector intervention actions will consider existing policies that can be built on. Image: A boat during low tide, in the intertidal zone on the coast of Manuka, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021.', 'Image: A boat during low tide, in the intertidal zone on the coast of Manuka, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPS TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 4 MAJOR FIRST STEPSRESILIENCE & ADAPTATION 5.1 National context: climate change impacts in Tonga Tonga faces near and long term exposure to the negative impacts of climate change and natural disasters. Tonga was ranked the second highest disaster risk country globally, according to the World Risk Report in 2020 (Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft, 2020). Tonga’s future climate will see annual mean temperatures and extremely high daily temperatures continue to rise; ocean acidification is expected to continue and tropical cyclones are projected to be less frequent but more intense.', 'Tonga’s future climate will see annual mean temperatures and extremely high daily temperatures continue to rise; ocean acidification is expected to continue and tropical cyclones are projected to be less frequent but more intense. Temperature and Rainfall Annual and wet season mean and minimum temperatures have increased in Nuku’alofa since 1949 (Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program, 2013). Wet season maximum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.15°C per decade and dry season minimum temperatures have increased at a rate of 0.13°C per decade over the same period. By 2030, under a very high emissions scenario, this increase in temperature is projected to be in the range of 0.4–1.0°C. Further, the 1-in-20-year maximum temperature for Nuku’alofa will increase by 1.5°C by 2050, though some climate models project an even greater rise of over 2°C (ADB, 2019).', 'Further, the 1-in-20-year maximum temperature for Nuku’alofa will increase by 1.5°C by 2050, though some climate models project an even greater rise of over 2°C (ADB, 2019). Since the 1940s, there have not been clear trends in wet season or annual rainfall in Tonga. However, projections suggest that extreme rainfall days will occur more often and be more intense (Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program, 2013). The same data shows that since the 18th century, the level of ocean acidification has slowly increased in Tonga’s waters. Sea Level Rise With most settlements close to the coast, Tonga is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise. Satellite data collected by Tonga’s Meteorological Service and Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program, indicates that sea level has risen near Tonga by about 6 mm per year since 1993.', 'Satellite data collected by Tonga’s Meteorological Service and Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program, indicates that sea level has risen near Tonga by about 6 mm per year since 1993. This is larger than the global average of 2.8–3.6 mm per year. According to their very high emissions scenario, this rise in sea level is projected to be in the range of 7-17 cm annually, by 2030. However, research by ADB projects that sea level will rise by 24 scenario, and by 80±25 cm by 2100 under the RCP8.5 scenario (ADB, 2019). The risk of inundation due to sea level rise is projected to remain relatively low until 2050. According to the ADB, the Sopu wetlands will continue to attenuate tidal heights and reduce coastal inundation from extreme high tides. The Sopu wetlands currently dampen the tidal range to around 30 cm.', 'The Sopu wetlands currently dampen the tidal range to around 30 cm. This effect is projected to continue out to 2050, and high tides will probably be only 10 – 15 cm higher than present. As sea levels rise, the dampening effect of the Sopu wetland on the tides will diminish, and risks from inundation will eventually impact most of the low lying areas of Nuku’alofa by 2090 under the RCP8.5 scenario. By this time, many houses will be completely inundated at high tide, and low lying areas may have to be abandoned. Image (opposite page): Seawall along the village of Manuka in the Eastern district, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021.', 'Image (opposite page): Seawall along the village of Manuka in the Eastern district, Tongatapu. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION5.2 Existing policies frameworks and commitment to climate adaptation Despite these challenges Tonga has demonstrated commitment to achieving a resilient Tonga by 2035. The Tongan Strategic Development Framework (see Section 1.3) states ‘Tonga is our inheritance and our wealth in the form of our people, our land, and our strong Christian and traditional values that underpin our culture. We have inherited this from our families. We must pass it on to our children in an improved condition.’ (TSDF II, page 17).’ This is supported by the complementing policies of the Tonga Climate Change Policy (TCCP, 2016) and JNAP2 (introduced in Section 1.3).', 'We must pass it on to our children in an improved condition.’ (TSDF II, page 17).’ This is supported by the complementing policies of the Tonga Climate Change Policy (TCCP, 2016) and JNAP2 (introduced in Section 1.3). The LT-LEDS aligns with Tonga’s key policies in regards to resilience and adaptation in the following ways: Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025: the LT-LEDS vision and ambition supports a TSDF II National Outcome for ‘A more inclusive, sustainable and effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk’. In particular, sector pathways for Energy, Transport and Human Settlements align with the following Organisational Outcomes: • Organisational Outcome 4.1: The LT-LEDS includes steps and actions to progress towards more reliable, safe, affordable and widely available energy services with the aim to increase use of renewable energy.', 'In particular, sector pathways for Energy, Transport and Human Settlements align with the following Organisational Outcomes: • Organisational Outcome 4.1: The LT-LEDS includes steps and actions to progress towards more reliable, safe, affordable and widely available energy services with the aim to increase use of renewable energy. • Organisational Outcome 4.2: Actions under the Transport pathways support more reliable, safe and affordable transport services that are energy and environmentally efficient. • Organisational Outcome 4.4: The Human Settlements pathways contains actions and measures to support more reliable, safe and affordable buildings and other structures, that consider disaster resilience and energy efficiency. • Organisational Outcome 4.5: The process of developing the LT-LEDs enabled stakeholders to practice ‘improved foresight’ by employing futures thinking principles to consider Tonga’s low emissions futures (See Chapter 2).', '• Organisational Outcome 4.5: The process of developing the LT-LEDs enabled stakeholders to practice ‘improved foresight’ by employing futures thinking principles to consider Tonga’s low emissions futures (See Chapter 2). Tonga Climate Change Policy: the LT-LEDS contains actions that will support the delivery of targets under the TCCP, specifically its adaptation targets: • Target 1: The AFOLU pathways inclusion of MPAS and SMAs supports the TCCP target that every coastal community has a special management area and protected coastal environment as a means to protect against sea level rise and storm surges.', 'Tonga Climate Change Policy: the LT-LEDS contains actions that will support the delivery of targets under the TCCP, specifically its adaptation targets: • Target 1: The AFOLU pathways inclusion of MPAS and SMAs supports the TCCP target that every coastal community has a special management area and protected coastal environment as a means to protect against sea level rise and storm surges. • Target 2: The redesign of roads, buildings and other infrastructure so they are resilient to disasters is integrated into Transport and Human Settlement pathways through actions such as ‘Human Settlements Action 2: Develop a disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response’ and ‘Transport Action 3: Strengthening Road maintenance - Tanu Hala’.', '• Target 2: The redesign of roads, buildings and other infrastructure so they are resilient to disasters is integrated into Transport and Human Settlement pathways through actions such as ‘Human Settlements Action 2: Develop a disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response’ and ‘Transport Action 3: Strengthening Road maintenance - Tanu Hala’. • Target 3: Human Settlements pathways actions will support climate resilient homes, schools, and community halls, through actions such as ‘Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings’ (Action 5).', '• Target 3: Human Settlements pathways actions will support climate resilient homes, schools, and community halls, through actions such as ‘Improve the climate resilience of housing and buildings’ (Action 5). JNAP2: the LT-LEDS supports the overall objectives of JNAP2, in particular, Objective 4 on designing and implementing on-the-ground actions that build a Resilient Tonga by 2035 at national, island and community levels, specifically against the following objectives: • Objective 2: As JNAP2 seeks to implement a coordinated approach to research, monitoring and management of data and information, this will be supported by the LT-LEDS under the AFOLU pathway in Action 2 to improve coordination of public and private sectors to harmonise existing data collection.', 'JNAP2: the LT-LEDS supports the overall objectives of JNAP2, in particular, Objective 4 on designing and implementing on-the-ground actions that build a Resilient Tonga by 2035 at national, island and community levels, specifically against the following objectives: • Objective 2: As JNAP2 seeks to implement a coordinated approach to research, monitoring and management of data and information, this will be supported by the LT-LEDS under the AFOLU pathway in Action 2 to improve coordination of public and private sectors to harmonise existing data collection. • Objective 4: The LT-LEDs has specific actions to support climate resilient infrastructure under Energy pathways Action 2: Draft regulation and policy paper for infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards.', '• Objective 4: The LT-LEDs has specific actions to support climate resilient infrastructure under Energy pathways Action 2: Draft regulation and policy paper for infrastructure developed using green infrastructure standards. • Objective 5: Seeks to secure and mobilise the required finances and resources to build a Resilient Tonga by 2035, which is supported under the Human Settlements pathway by Action 2: Develop a disaster risk financing strategy to manage funds during disaster response so that communities can access climate resilient infrastructure, and Action 3: Engage with donors and partners to source funds for infrastructure management and design, particularly on stormwater management and road design’. The Energy pathway also supports this objective through Action 6: Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure.', 'The Energy pathway also supports this objective through Action 6: Increase access to finance for the private sector to fund supply-side renewable energy, projects and green infrastructure. Tonga’s Second NDC: the LT-LEDS and the Second NDC are well aligned in terms of mitigation and adaptation, specifically the Second NDC’s three adaptation targets have been integrated into the LT-LEDS in the following ways: • 30 percent of land in Tonga utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025: integrated into the AFOLU pathway under Action 1 to strengthen Public Private Partnerships to drive requirements of organisations with the aim of sharing responsibility to promote best practices in agriculture and forestry.', 'Tonga’s Second NDC: the LT-LEDS and the Second NDC are well aligned in terms of mitigation and adaptation, specifically the Second NDC’s three adaptation targets have been integrated into the LT-LEDS in the following ways: • 30 percent of land in Tonga utilised for agroforestry or forestry by 2025: integrated into the AFOLU pathway under Action 1 to strengthen Public Private Partnerships to drive requirements of organisations with the aim of sharing responsibility to promote best practices in agriculture and forestry. • Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua): This is supported by Action 9 under the AFOLU pathway to ‘Strengthen and refine current policy on coastal protection’.', '• Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua): This is supported by Action 9 under the AFOLU pathway to ‘Strengthen and refine current policy on coastal protection’. This action will leverage traditional knowledge in plant selection for restoration of mangroves and replanting of foreshores. • Maintenance of existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30 percent of Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): This will be supported through the establishment of an SMA association and ensure its maintenance through financial support and capacity (Action 5) with the purpose of expanding the number of MPAs and SMAs.', '• Maintenance of existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30 percent of Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): This will be supported through the establishment of an SMA association and ensure its maintenance through financial support and capacity (Action 5) with the purpose of expanding the number of MPAs and SMAs. The TSDF II, TCCP and JNAP2 form a whole-of-Tonga approach to building resilience over the next decade. This approach aligns with international agreements, including the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC, the Sendai Framework, the Montreal Protocol, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the Small Island Developing States Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway and the Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific.', 'This approach aligns with international agreements, including the Paris Agreement under the UNFCCC, the Sendai Framework, the Montreal Protocol, the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the Small Island Developing States Accelerated Modalities of Action Pathway and the Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION5.3 Synergies between mitigation and adaptation identified throughout the stakeholders consultation process The Government of Tonga has implemented a variety of adaptation measures to enhance climate resilience and to minimise the adverse impacts of climate change on the community, economy and our everyday lives. The LT-LEDS is no different, with multiple co-benefits for adaptation and resilience identified in the process of developing sectoral pathways.', 'The LT-LEDS is no different, with multiple co-benefits for adaptation and resilience identified in the process of developing sectoral pathways. The following measures captures these synergies and cut across the sectoral pathways: Improve productivity and diversity of agroforestry The diversity of species within the agroforestry and woodlands-dominated landscape of Tonga is credited with helping to maintain the general health of plants and ecosystems (GOT, 2010b). Improving agroforestry and subsequent mixed production can also bring greater resilience, by increasing land productivity and efficiency in the use of water and other resources and protecting against soil erosion, as well as serving carbon sequestration objectives (IPCC 2014). However, stakeholders acknowledge efforts will need to be made to overcome dependency on imported foods and limited space in urban areas, and to assess the net effect on agricultural crops grown under agroforestry regimes.', 'However, stakeholders acknowledge efforts will need to be made to overcome dependency on imported foods and limited space in urban areas, and to assess the net effect on agricultural crops grown under agroforestry regimes. Improving the productivity and diversity of agroforestry for food, fiber, and timber and increasing the standing stock (biomass) of trees in agroforestry systems will bring mitigation benefits by increasing the carbon stock of Tonga’s soil and woody biomass. This action will also provide significant adaptation co-benefits for climate change adaptation and resilience. These include income generation and subsistence from productive species and commodities; maintenance of tree cover to protect and regenerate soil fertility and sources of freshwater; and revitalisation of well-adapted customary practices and associated traditional knowledge.', 'These include income generation and subsistence from productive species and commodities; maintenance of tree cover to protect and regenerate soil fertility and sources of freshwater; and revitalisation of well-adapted customary practices and associated traditional knowledge. Active agroforestry systems also help minimise land tillage (especially repeated ploughing); restricts the slashing and burning of weeds; increases the use of mulching and composting materials; and minimises incidences of pest and disease infestation. A climate-smart approach to sustainable agroforestry will draw on local expertise and the experience of Tongan landholders in the growing and use of trees as part of their traditional agroforestry regimes. This will be enriched by the appropriate introduction of climate resilient crop varieties and practices based on best available scientific knowledge.', 'This will be enriched by the appropriate introduction of climate resilient crop varieties and practices based on best available scientific knowledge. Expansion of Marine Protected Areas and Special Management Areas The LT-LEDS supports Tonga’s Second NDC with maintenance of existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs. SMAs will help prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands, while MPAs will support the maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species. This combination of measures will improve overall resilience by improving fisheries productivity and management, thereby boosting livelihood opportunities and incomes for local fishing communities and reducing vulnerability to food shortages.', 'This combination of measures will improve overall resilience by improving fisheries productivity and management, thereby boosting livelihood opportunities and incomes for local fishing communities and reducing vulnerability to food shortages. It is expected that they will also attract greater numbers of international tourists, with associated benefits for employment and economic growth. Stakeholders acknowledge that a common definition is required regarding what is included in MPAs and SMAs, along with support to communities and enforcement of permissible uses within the areas. Reforestation as part of promoting best practices in agroforestry Tonga has made strong commitments to reforestation, including planting one million trees under its Second NDC. These additional trees will increase Tonga’s mitigation potential.', 'These additional trees will increase Tonga’s mitigation potential. They will also deliver adaptation and resilience benefits by improving the health and biodiversity of Tonga’s ecosystems, reducing exposure to extreme weather events, protecting waterways, improving soil structure, avoiding erosion and protecting against flooding. If reforestation is implemented with mixed production systems, this will increase land productivity and efficiency in the use of water and other resources. Stakeholders noted that forestry officers need to better quantify the costs and benefits of trees, including assessing the benefits of mixed production. In addition there is a need to utilise local experts within MAFF and other partners to carry out this field research and determine potential tree species, tree-crop associations, tree/crop-soil categorisation, species selection, soil preparation techniques and management techniques.', 'In addition there is a need to utilise local experts within MAFF and other partners to carry out this field research and determine potential tree species, tree-crop associations, tree/crop-soil categorisation, species selection, soil preparation techniques and management techniques. Landowners should be engaged in a participatory manner in order to generate ownership of these approaches and technologies from the outset. The proposed community nurseries will allow communities to actively take part in the national reforestation efforts. Enhance home gardening Tonga seeks to expand production and improve the productivity of home gardens, including household agroforestry, with particular attention to home gardens managed by women, to produce multiple vegetable crops for household consumption.', 'Enhance home gardening Tonga seeks to expand production and improve the productivity of home gardens, including household agroforestry, with particular attention to home gardens managed by women, to produce multiple vegetable crops for household consumption. The intended result is increased productivity and local income, increased food production at the household level and increased land productivity and efficiency in the use of water and other resources, to protect against soil erosion as well as serve carbon sequestration objectives. Unnecessary burning of organic wastes will be prevented through the use of mulching and composting techniques, where locally-made organic fertilizer will be available at home. In addition, home gardens help women plant trees of social, cultural and economic value, such as the paper mulberry for feta’aki (tapa cloth) making.', 'In addition, home gardens help women plant trees of social, cultural and economic value, such as the paper mulberry for feta’aki (tapa cloth) making. All these outcomes will represent co-benefits from the perspective of climate change adaptation and resilience, in addition to the mitigation effects of protection of soil organic matter and increased plant biomass in home gardens. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATIONCo-benefits of energy interventions A number of energy interventions in Tonga’s sectoral pathways will bring adaptation and mitigation benefits. For example, demand response systems can help keep a power grid stable by balancing electricity supply and demand. This stability will mean resilience and reliability during natural disasters and other disruptions.', 'This stability will mean resilience and reliability during natural disasters and other disruptions. Likewise, the introduction of battery storage will bring grid stability, though stakeholders noted the need for proper disposal of batteries lest they cause negative environmental impacts. Further, fulfilling new and existing renewable energy targets will bring more energy to the grid and reduce Tonga’s reliance on imported fuels. However, not all renewable energy is cyclone proof, so stakeholders suggest consideration should be given to a mix of renewable options, alongside careful placement. Other energy conservation measures should bring adaptation and resilience co-benefits. For example, in order to implement building standards for energy efficiency, a review of the building code will be required.', 'For example, in order to implement building standards for energy efficiency, a review of the building code will be required. This will provide an opportunity to ensure that new constructions are well- engineered to withstand the worsening effects of tropical cyclones. Tonga also seeks to improve street lighting through LED lamps, which will reduce energy consumption and increase safety and pedestrian access. However, stakeholders noted that consideration needs to be given to the correct light- spectrum to ensure new LED lighting does not bring negative impacts to wildlife, such as the risk of nesting turtles being attracted to bright lights. Impacts of EV uptake on transport and waste Tonga is keen to encourage the uptake of electric vehicles, with Transport stakeholders suggesting the adoption of EVs for the government fleet.', 'Impacts of EV uptake on transport and waste Tonga is keen to encourage the uptake of electric vehicles, with Transport stakeholders suggesting the adoption of EVs for the government fleet. This will bring resilience during disasters as batteries enable Tongans to be better prepared and less reliant on imported fuels (the supply of which is often disrupted during tropical storms and cyclones), as well as saving money on imported fuel costs. However, the batteries needed for EVs may bring negative environmental impacts through leaching and contamination into soil and water. Stakeholders therefore stressed the need for due consideration to be given to safe and clean waste disposal. Image: Mangroves at the Fanga’uta Lagoon along Havelu, Tongatapu.Taken in 2021.', 'Image: Mangroves at the Fanga’uta Lagoon along Havelu, Tongatapu.Taken in 2021. Reduced waste production and sustainable waste disposal The way in which Waste integrates with other sectors, as well as adaptation and resilience was given much consideration through the LT-LEDS development. Interactions include liquid waste, solid waste and the disposal of battery storage and EV batteries. Proper collection of liquid waste (such as wastewater and fecal sludge) prevents runoff and water and soil contamination. This would result in adaptation and health co-benefits, particularly during storms and cyclones (when waste infrastructure can be damaged and septic tanks/pit latrines can overflow). Further, ad hoc solid waste can turn into debris during tropical storms and cyclones.', 'Further, ad hoc solid waste can turn into debris during tropical storms and cyclones. Thus, the proper collection and sorting of solid waste can reduce the risk of marine, coastal and ecosystem pollution, thus serving as a co-benefit towards adaptation. In particular, Tonga’s efforts to reduce single- use plastic and increase the use of local materials could lead to green job creation through traditional materials markets, the introduction of an alternative materials economy in Tonga and reduced dependence on imported goods. Tonga’s action on composting and returning organics to the land will also bring climate resilience and adaptation benefits.', 'Tonga’s action on composting and returning organics to the land will also bring climate resilience and adaptation benefits. These include using compost as soil amendment to return valuable nutrients and carbon to land, while decreasing reliance on synthetic fertilisers; these are polluting to manufacture, import and use (including through the release of nitrous oxide), unhealthy and extremely expensive. Further, it can reduce soil erosion events that are higher during periods of intense rain; these will become more common due to climate change. It will also improve crop yields through the use of compost and improving moisture retention of soil (resulting in lower irrigation requirements). Finally, composting leads to improved soil conditions in areas degraded by climate change or industrial activities (e.g. mines, quarries and old landfill).', 'mines, quarries and old landfill). Resilient community infrastructure in human settlements across Tonga With most Tongans living in an urban environment, human settlement interventions primarily aim to address climate adaptation and resilience objectives. For example, the introduction of Disaster Risk Reduction (DDR) remote sensing capabilities, specifically GIS and satellite imaging to create and map resilient community infrastructures by digitisation, will create access to resilient community infrastructure such as schools, churches and community halls. These facilities provide a dual purpose of social convening and as assembly areas during emergencies. Further, DRR remote sensing capabilities and enhancing information sharing with regional monitoring facilities will improve access to timely information for emergency evacuations, to the whole of Tonga’s populations.', 'Further, DRR remote sensing capabilities and enhancing information sharing with regional monitoring facilities will improve access to timely information for emergency evacuations, to the whole of Tonga’s populations. Investing resources to regularly upgrade and maintain community infrastructure will ensure that climate resilient assembly facilities can keep communities safe during emergencies. Upgrading roads to integrate stormwater drainage and improve road design will reduce flood risk in Tonga’s urban areas and increase road resilience to flood damage. As rainfall becomes increasingly unpredictable, a number of measures could improve Tonga’s water supply. These include revising the Resource and Supply Master Plan, centralising water supply systems (such as in villages), and amending legislation and policy. This will have a positive impact on Tonga’s ability to adapt to water shortages resulting from climate change.', 'This will have a positive impact on Tonga’s ability to adapt to water shortages resulting from climate change. Finally the retrofitting of houses and other buildings that may be done for the purpose of energy efficiency should also be combined with disaster retrofitting. This would mean houses and buildings can withstand damaging winds and tropical cyclones and will improve Tonga’s ability to prepare and manage disasters as they occur. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATIONMONITORING & REVIEW Tonga is committed to co-ordinating processes for it’s LT-LEDS and future NDCs, with the aim to bring alignment between long and short term actions, thereby avoiding duplication of efforts and allowing for regular exchange of information between the two documents.', 'TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATION TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 5 CLIMATE RESILIENCE & ADAPTATIONMONITORING & REVIEW Tonga is committed to co-ordinating processes for it’s LT-LEDS and future NDCs, with the aim to bring alignment between long and short term actions, thereby avoiding duplication of efforts and allowing for regular exchange of information between the two documents. This alignment will occur under institutional arrangements, systems for monitoring and assessing progress, and revisions or review cycles. Institutional Tonga already has a preexisting institutional arrangement as a precondition for effective LT-LEDS and NDC alignment. The JNAP management structure will continue to oversee the implementation of the LT-LEDS and subsequent revisions of NDCs (see more on this cycle below).', 'The JNAP management structure will continue to oversee the implementation of the LT-LEDS and subsequent revisions of NDCs (see more on this cycle below). It is intended that the Mitigation Division will facilitate communication and exchange of critical information (e.g. data, projections, policy priorities) across teams and working groups, promoting the development of coherent and aligned policies and priorities for both the LT-LEDS and the NDCs. (See Annex B for governance arrangements). The JNAP Secretariat has clear roles and responsibilities (see JNAP2 for full details), leading coordination and linkages between Parliament and Cabinet, the National Climate Change Coordination Committee, the National Emergency Committee, and the JNAP Technical Team.', 'The JNAP Secretariat has clear roles and responsibilities (see JNAP2 for full details), leading coordination and linkages between Parliament and Cabinet, the National Climate Change Coordination Committee, the National Emergency Committee, and the JNAP Technical Team. The Secretariat will advise the GOT on appropriate and effective policy responses on climate change issues, coordinate all climate change related activities and liaise with all ministries to ensure the implementation of mainstreaming into government plans, data and information management, capacity building and resilience building actions. Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) & Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems Tonga will use existing MRV and M&E systems in the context of review and revision cycles of both LT-LEDS and NDCs.', 'Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) & Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) systems Tonga will use existing MRV and M&E systems in the context of review and revision cycles of both LT-LEDS and NDCs. Monitoring, measuring and evaluating progress of short-term action and NDC implementation can be useful to inform and readjust longer term strategies. Tonga will continue with MRV and M&E arrangements that are common to both the NDC and the LT-LEDS, through the NDC M&E Framework and JNAP2’s Monitoring and Evaluation System Guide.1 The JNAP2 M&E system is designed to support and contribute to reporting towards the TSDF and NDCs. It is operationalised by the JNAP Secretariat and National Planning Division.', 'It is operationalised by the JNAP Secretariat and National Planning Division. The GOT remains committed to indigenous notions of data gathering, synthesis and learning, exemplified in the Kakala Learning Framework2 which is at the heart of this M&E system. 1 This document acknowledges that at the time of publication Tonga’s Second NDC’s Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 2021 was still being finalised. The Government of Tonga will seek to align the LT- LEDS M&E with that of the Second NDC. 2 Thaman, K. H. (2009). Towards cultural democracy in teaching and learning with specific references to Pacific Island Nations (PINs). International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 6 Image (opposite page): Seedlings at the Forestry Division’s (MAFF) nursery at Tokomololo, Tongatapu. Taken in 2020.', 'International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 3(2), 6 Image (opposite page): Seedlings at the Forestry Division’s (MAFF) nursery at Tokomololo, Tongatapu. Taken in 2020. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 6 GOVERNANCE, MONITORING & REVIEWReview and revision cycles Tonga plans to undertake regular review and revision of its LT-LEDS to ensure it remains strategic and relevant, and reflective of changing national circumstances. Changes in national, regional and global context and macroeconomic trends e.g. rapid cost declines in certain mitigation technologies, may require LT-LEDS assumptions and decisions to be reconsidered. Information from the MRV and M&E systems may also prompt Tonga to reconsider or adjust the LT-LEDS and its sector pathways if they are not achieving the desired outcomes.', 'Information from the MRV and M&E systems may also prompt Tonga to reconsider or adjust the LT-LEDS and its sector pathways if they are not achieving the desired outcomes. Tonga will update its LT-LEDS in line with the five-year cycle of review under the provisions of the Paris Agreement. Thus subsequent NDCs and LT-LEDS will be updated in a single coordinated manner, encouraging alignment of near-term policy, planning and targets with long-term sectoral pathways. Participatory engagement on NDC enhancement and LT-LEDS will be held jointly with stakeholders, and the associated resources required will be streamlined. This coordinated review and revision will occur under the same government entity, Department of Climate Change, further maximising synergies between NDCs and LT-LEDS. Figure 2.', 'This coordinated review and revision will occur under the same government entity, Department of Climate Change, further maximising synergies between NDCs and LT-LEDS. Figure 2. Proposal for harmonised revision cycles of Tonga’s NDCs and LT-LEDS TONGA STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK SECOND NDC LT-LEDS THIRD NDC LT-LEDS FOURTH NDC LT-LEDS SUBMISSION SUBMISSION SUBMISSION CO-ORDINATED NDC & LT-LEDS REVISION CO-ORDINATED NDC & LT-LEDS REVISION Image (opposite page): Aerial view of the city of Nuku’alofa, Tongatapu at dawn. Taken in 2021. TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 6 GOVERNANCE, MONITORING & REVIEWReference list Asian Development Bank. (2014). Solid Waste Management in the Pacific Tonga Country Snapshot. Retrieved from Asian Development Bank. (2019). Climate Change Assessment for Integrated Urban Resilience Sector Project. Retrieved from Asian Development Bank. (2020). Tonga: Nuku’alofa Port Upgrade Project, Sector Assessment (Summary): Transport. Retrieved from Asian Development Bank. (2021).', 'Retrieved from Asian Development Bank. (2021). Tonga: Fanga’uta Lagoon Crossing Project. Retrieved from Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. (2020). World Risk Report. Retrieved from Department of Energy. (2020). Tonga Energy Balance. Internal Document. FAO. n.d. Country Reports: The State of Tonga’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. Retrieved from FAO. (2010). National Fishery Sector Overview Tonga. Retrieved from www.fao.org/fishery/docs/DOCUMENT/fcp/en/FI_CP_TO.pdf Green Climate Fund. (2018). Tonga Country Programme. Retrieved from IRENA. (2013). Pacific Lighthouses. Renewable energy opportunities and challenges in the Pacific Islands region. Tonga. The International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Retrieved from IFAD. (2017). Kingdom of Tonga: Country Strategy Note. Retrieved from Kronen, M. (2004a). Alu toutai-Na laki qoli-Fun or duty: school children’s involvement in subsistence fisheries in Tonga and Fiji. SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin, 14, pp.9-17.', 'SPC Women in Fisheries Information Bulletin, 14, pp.9-17. Kronen, M. (2004b). Fishing for fortunes? A socio-economic assessment of Tonga’s artisanal fisheries. Fisheries Research Kronen,M. & Bender,A. (2007). Assessing Marine Resource Exploitation in Lofanga, Tonga: One Case Study—Two Approaches. Retrieved from Exploitation_in_Lofanga_Tonga_One_Case_Study-Two_Approaches Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries. (2015a). Tonga National Agricultural Census. Retrieved from Government policies, legislations and decrees can be found in Annex C Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries. (2015b). Tonga Framework for Action on Food Security 2015-2020: draft for follow up consultation. Retrieved from Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program. (2013). Current and future climate of Tonga. Australian Government. Retrieved from Tonga Power Limited. (2021). Tonga Power Limited Presentation at TERMPLUS Workshop 24-25 August 2021, Nuku’alofa, Tonga. Tonga Statistics Department. (2016). Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing.', 'Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Vol.1. Retrieved from Tonga Statistics Department. (2019). Social Statistics, Facts and Figures 2018-2019. Retrieved from bulletin-available/ United Nations Climate Technology Centre and Network. (2018). Government of Tonga: Baseline and Benchmarking Study. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2018. Retrieved from World Bank. (2015). Report No: ACS13817 Pacific Islands Supporting Safe, Efficient and Sustainable Maritime Transport Systems Improving Ports and Maritime Shipping World Bank. (2020). Population data. Retrieved form org/country/tonga World Bank. (2021). Economic Data. Retrieved from org/country/tonga World Food Programme. (Undated). 2.4 Tonga Waterways Assessment.', 'org/country/tonga World Food Programme. (Undated). 2.4 Tonga Waterways Assessment. Retrieved from TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Annex A. Consultation List The following participants participated in Tonga’s long-term low emission development strategy process by attending one of the 3 workshops (October 2020, February 2021 and July 2021) or contributing to virtual stakeholder consultations (April - May 2020) and the validation workshop (October 2021). We thank them for their invaluable participation and feedback.', 'We thank them for their invaluable participation and feedback. FIRST NAME LAST NAME ORGANISATION ORGANISATION TYPE Cardinal Mafi Roman Catholic Church in Tonga FBO ‘Inoke Kupu Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints FBO Mele Moimoi Tonga National Council of Churches (IDRIT Project) FBO Salote Sakalia Caritas Tonga FBO Malialosa Tapueluelu Caritas Tonga FBO Keasi Pongi Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Emele Latu Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Timote Lomu Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Olive Mafi Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Vesta Guttenbeil Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Lucy Latu-Jones Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Papiloa Foliaki Tonga Community Development Trust CSO Kalolaine Kavaefiafi Tonga Community Development Trust CSO Sione Taumoefolau Tonga Red Cross Society CSO Marika Moala Tonga Red Cross Society CSO Vanessa Lolohea Tonga National Youth Congress CSO Samiuela Halahala Tonga National Youth Congress CSO Siosiua Veikune Pacific Island Students Fighting Climate Change CSO Kilisitina Moala Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Elizabeth V Kite Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Maile Fotu Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Lakai Fonua Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Paula Taumoepeau Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Sam Vea Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Carrie Vaea Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Crystal Ake Mordi Tonga Trust CSO Timote Laume Live & Learn Tonga CSO Lola Tonga Waste Authority Limited SOE Nikolasi Fonua Tonga Power Limited SOE Pesa Tohi Tonga Power Limited SOE Seti Chen Tonga Power Limited SOE Talo Fonua Tonga Power Limited SOE Vahid Fifita Tonga Power Limited SOE Andrew Kautoke Tonga Power Limited SOE Quddus Fielea Tonga Water Board SOE Evaleti Fuapau Tonga Water Board SOE Norma Lavemai Tonga Airports Limited SOE Andrew Niukapu Ports Authority Tonga SOE Mefilina Tohi National Reserve Bank of Tonga SOE Seneti Lasike National Reserve Bank of Tonga SOE Siosiua Talanoa Friendly Islands Shipping Agency SOE Ifalemi Ma u Pacific Energy Private Jesse Tikomailepanoni TOTAL Limited Private Dean Corpuz TOTAL Limited Private Lopeti Palu Raeworx Limited Private Akesa Ahokava Raeworx Limited Private Tatafu Moeaki ADB Donor Ana Tukia Land Transport Division, Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI) Government Hemaloto Tupou Marine Ports Division, MOI Government Tevita Lavemai Land Transport Division, MOI Government Peni Fa aui Buildings Division, MOI Government Roki Fatiaki Buildings Division, MOI Government Hepi Oko Land Transport Division, MOI Government Ane Tauki’uvea Ministry of Infrastructure Government ‘Atelaite Palu Ministry of Infrastructure Government ‘Otile Talanoa Ministry of Infrastructure Government Filisi Tonga Ministry of Health Government Viliami Tongamana Ministry of Health Government Tevita Faka’iloatonga Ministry of Health Government Heimuli Likiafu Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Mana ia Halafihi Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Charles Kato Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Elisaia Ika Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government ‘Eleni Tu i Latu’ila Women Affairs and Gender Equality Division, MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Government Ane Tovi Women Affairs and Gender Equality Division, MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Government Latu Palu Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Sione Faleafa Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Sandra Fifita Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Mele Fonua Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Saane Lolo Climate Change, Disaster Risk Financing and Resilient Development Unit, Ministry of Finance Government Linda Fa u Ministry of Finance Government Lupe Fe iloaki National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Ma’ata Mafi National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Silia Taulava National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Fono Hola National Planning Division, Prime Minister’s Office Government Kiu Tatafu National Planning Division, Prime Minister’s Office Government Lusia Kaitapu Tonga Statistics Department Government Samisoni Fotu Tonga Statistics Department Government Telekaki Latavao Tonga Statistics Department Government Masiva ilo Masila Tonga Statistics Department Government Ofeina He Tonga Statistics Department Government Vaimoana Soakimi Tonga Statistics Department Government Mele Taumoepeau Tonga Statistics Department Government Siola a Malimali Ministry of Fisheries Government Manatu Samate Maile Ministry of Fisheries Government Mele Fa’anunu Ministry of Fisheries Government Angelic Pale Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) Government Susitina Ta ai National Spatial Planning Authority Office, MLNR Government Maka Matekitonga National Spatial Planning Authority Office, MLNR Government Rennie Vaiomounga Natural Resource Division, MLNR Government Lolo Tukuafu Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Kolomanu Fakatoulelei Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Taaniela Kula Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Halalilika ‘Etika Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Folauhola Latu’ila Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government ‘Anaseini Manuopangai Ministry of Tourism Government ‘Atelaite Moa Ministry of Tourism Government Michael Cokanasiga Ministry of Revenue & Customs Government Viliami Folaumahina Ministry of Revenue & Customs Government Siaosi Faka’osi Ministry of Internal Affairs Government Tevita Tukunga Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Eliate Laulaupea alu Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Samiuela Matakaiongo Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government ‘Ofa Sefana Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Lupe Matoto Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Mafile o Masi Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Dorothy Foliaki Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Sulieti Hufanga Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Sisilia Ulakai Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Mele Tovi Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Loisi Tongia Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Fe ofa aki Latu Information Department, MEIDECC Government Lu’isa Taunga National Emergency Management Office, MEIDECC Government ‘Ofa Sefana GHG Inventory Team, MEIDECC Government Lopeti Tufui Department of Climate Change Government Elizabeth Akauola Department of Climate Change Government Frances Satini Department of Climate Change Government Anau Mataele Department of Climate Change Government Viliami Takau Department of Climate Change Government Siutaisa Fakahua Department of Climate Change Government A Seini Tolu Department of Climate Change Government Norma Taukapo Department of Climate Change Government Tonga Fuapau Department of Climate Change Government Susana Liava’a Department of Climate Change Government Estimoor Kaufusi Department of Climate Change Government Ma’ata Foliaki Department of Climate Change Government Alilia Fine Facilitator Government Samisoni Tupou Facilitator Government Posevima Havea Department of Climate Change Government Akesiu Fifita Department of Climate Change Government Loiloi Latu Facilitator Government Lilu Moala Department of Climate Change Government Elenoa Maile Department of Climate Change Government Mary Tuila Department of Climate Change Government Star Pau u Facilitator Other Inoke Taufa Facilitator Other Taniela Hoponoa Technical Expert Other Richard Kautoke Technical Expert Other Polikalepo Kefu Facilitator Other Katrina Ma u Fatiaki Facilitator Other TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Annex B.', 'FIRST NAME LAST NAME ORGANISATION ORGANISATION TYPE Cardinal Mafi Roman Catholic Church in Tonga FBO ‘Inoke Kupu Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints FBO Mele Moimoi Tonga National Council of Churches (IDRIT Project) FBO Salote Sakalia Caritas Tonga FBO Malialosa Tapueluelu Caritas Tonga FBO Keasi Pongi Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Emele Latu Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Timote Lomu Civil Society Forum of Tonga CSO Olive Mafi Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Vesta Guttenbeil Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Lucy Latu-Jones Tonga Youth Employment & Entrepreneurship (TYEE) CSO Papiloa Foliaki Tonga Community Development Trust CSO Kalolaine Kavaefiafi Tonga Community Development Trust CSO Sione Taumoefolau Tonga Red Cross Society CSO Marika Moala Tonga Red Cross Society CSO Vanessa Lolohea Tonga National Youth Congress CSO Samiuela Halahala Tonga National Youth Congress CSO Siosiua Veikune Pacific Island Students Fighting Climate Change CSO Kilisitina Moala Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Elizabeth V Kite Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Maile Fotu Take the Lead | Taki Mu’a CSO Lakai Fonua Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Paula Taumoepeau Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Sam Vea Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Carrie Vaea Tonga Chamber of Commerce & Industries CSO Crystal Ake Mordi Tonga Trust CSO Timote Laume Live & Learn Tonga CSO Lola Tonga Waste Authority Limited SOE Nikolasi Fonua Tonga Power Limited SOE Pesa Tohi Tonga Power Limited SOE Seti Chen Tonga Power Limited SOE Talo Fonua Tonga Power Limited SOE Vahid Fifita Tonga Power Limited SOE Andrew Kautoke Tonga Power Limited SOE Quddus Fielea Tonga Water Board SOE Evaleti Fuapau Tonga Water Board SOE Norma Lavemai Tonga Airports Limited SOE Andrew Niukapu Ports Authority Tonga SOE Mefilina Tohi National Reserve Bank of Tonga SOE Seneti Lasike National Reserve Bank of Tonga SOE Siosiua Talanoa Friendly Islands Shipping Agency SOE Ifalemi Ma u Pacific Energy Private Jesse Tikomailepanoni TOTAL Limited Private Dean Corpuz TOTAL Limited Private Lopeti Palu Raeworx Limited Private Akesa Ahokava Raeworx Limited Private Tatafu Moeaki ADB Donor Ana Tukia Land Transport Division, Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI) Government Hemaloto Tupou Marine Ports Division, MOI Government Tevita Lavemai Land Transport Division, MOI Government Peni Fa aui Buildings Division, MOI Government Roki Fatiaki Buildings Division, MOI Government Hepi Oko Land Transport Division, MOI Government Ane Tauki’uvea Ministry of Infrastructure Government ‘Atelaite Palu Ministry of Infrastructure Government ‘Otile Talanoa Ministry of Infrastructure Government Filisi Tonga Ministry of Health Government Viliami Tongamana Ministry of Health Government Tevita Faka’iloatonga Ministry of Health Government Heimuli Likiafu Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Mana ia Halafihi Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Charles Kato Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government Elisaia Ika Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Forests (MAFF) Government ‘Eleni Tu i Latu’ila Women Affairs and Gender Equality Division, MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Government Ane Tovi Women Affairs and Gender Equality Division, MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs) Government Latu Palu Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Sione Faleafa Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Sandra Fifita Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Mele Fonua Ministry of Trade and Economic Development Government Saane Lolo Climate Change, Disaster Risk Financing and Resilient Development Unit, Ministry of Finance Government Linda Fa u Ministry of Finance Government Lupe Fe iloaki National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Ma’ata Mafi National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Silia Taulava National Planning Division, Prime Minister s Office Government Fono Hola National Planning Division, Prime Minister’s Office Government Kiu Tatafu National Planning Division, Prime Minister’s Office Government Lusia Kaitapu Tonga Statistics Department Government Samisoni Fotu Tonga Statistics Department Government Telekaki Latavao Tonga Statistics Department Government Masiva ilo Masila Tonga Statistics Department Government Ofeina He Tonga Statistics Department Government Vaimoana Soakimi Tonga Statistics Department Government Mele Taumoepeau Tonga Statistics Department Government Siola a Malimali Ministry of Fisheries Government Manatu Samate Maile Ministry of Fisheries Government Mele Fa’anunu Ministry of Fisheries Government Angelic Pale Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR) Government Susitina Ta ai National Spatial Planning Authority Office, MLNR Government Maka Matekitonga National Spatial Planning Authority Office, MLNR Government Rennie Vaiomounga Natural Resource Division, MLNR Government Lolo Tukuafu Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Kolomanu Fakatoulelei Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Taaniela Kula Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Halalilika ‘Etika Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government Folauhola Latu’ila Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources Government ‘Anaseini Manuopangai Ministry of Tourism Government ‘Atelaite Moa Ministry of Tourism Government Michael Cokanasiga Ministry of Revenue & Customs Government Viliami Folaumahina Ministry of Revenue & Customs Government Siaosi Faka’osi Ministry of Internal Affairs Government Tevita Tukunga Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Eliate Laulaupea alu Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Samiuela Matakaiongo Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government ‘Ofa Sefana Department of Energy, MEIDECC Government Lupe Matoto Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Mafile o Masi Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Dorothy Foliaki Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Sulieti Hufanga Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Sisilia Ulakai Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Mele Tovi Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Loisi Tongia Department of Environment, MEIDECC Government Fe ofa aki Latu Information Department, MEIDECC Government Lu’isa Taunga National Emergency Management Office, MEIDECC Government ‘Ofa Sefana GHG Inventory Team, MEIDECC Government Lopeti Tufui Department of Climate Change Government Elizabeth Akauola Department of Climate Change Government Frances Satini Department of Climate Change Government Anau Mataele Department of Climate Change Government Viliami Takau Department of Climate Change Government Siutaisa Fakahua Department of Climate Change Government A Seini Tolu Department of Climate Change Government Norma Taukapo Department of Climate Change Government Tonga Fuapau Department of Climate Change Government Susana Liava’a Department of Climate Change Government Estimoor Kaufusi Department of Climate Change Government Ma’ata Foliaki Department of Climate Change Government Alilia Fine Facilitator Government Samisoni Tupou Facilitator Government Posevima Havea Department of Climate Change Government Akesiu Fifita Department of Climate Change Government Loiloi Latu Facilitator Government Lilu Moala Department of Climate Change Government Elenoa Maile Department of Climate Change Government Mary Tuila Department of Climate Change Government Star Pau u Facilitator Other Inoke Taufa Facilitator Other Taniela Hoponoa Technical Expert Other Richard Kautoke Technical Expert Other Polikalepo Kefu Facilitator Other Katrina Ma u Fatiaki Facilitator Other TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Annex B. Process Governance The LT-LEDS was developed by a project team made up of key officials from Tonga’s Department of Climate Change from MEIDECC and staff from ClimateWorks Australia, GGGI and Relative Creative: • The Department of Climate Change’s Mitigation Division at MEIDECC was responsible for overall coordination, arranging and conducting all meetings and workshops with stakeholders including government and civil society (see Annex A for full list of consulted stakeholders), reviewing and revising workshop reports, providing guidance to international team on cultural concepts, protocols and sensitivities, providing illustrations and core concept for document design, final reviewing of the overall document, as well as consultations with development partners.', 'Process Governance The LT-LEDS was developed by a project team made up of key officials from Tonga’s Department of Climate Change from MEIDECC and staff from ClimateWorks Australia, GGGI and Relative Creative: • The Department of Climate Change’s Mitigation Division at MEIDECC was responsible for overall coordination, arranging and conducting all meetings and workshops with stakeholders including government and civil society (see Annex A for full list of consulted stakeholders), reviewing and revising workshop reports, providing guidance to international team on cultural concepts, protocols and sensitivities, providing illustrations and core concept for document design, final reviewing of the overall document, as well as consultations with development partners. • ClimateWorks Australia had primary responsibility for overall project management, ensuring the team understands work assigned and timelines, and managing grants and contracts.', '• ClimateWorks Australia had primary responsibility for overall project management, ensuring the team understands work assigned and timelines, and managing grants and contracts. • GGGI was responsible for technical pathways analysis and advice on strategies and policy. • Relative Creative led on the design of the workshops, support for facilitators and professional visual communication design of product outputs. Governance and project oversight was provided by the existing JNAP Technical Team, a group of high-level Tongan officials with the mandate to provide high level guidance to the JNAP Secretariat, advise the National Climate Change Coordination Committee (NCCCC) on technical matters relating to JNAP2 and liaise with all Ministries. The Project Team prepared the LT-LEDS draft for approval by the Tongan government.', 'The Project Team prepared the LT-LEDS draft for approval by the Tongan government. The JNAP Technical Team and Technical Working Groups reviewed, validated and finally endorsed the document. After approval and recommendation from the Director of Department of Climate Change, the CEO of MEIDECC and the Minister of MEIDECC, the LT-LEDS was submitted to Cabinet for approval in November, 2021. The Government of Tonga submitted its LT-LEDS to the UNFCCC in November, 2021. Figure 3.', 'The Government of Tonga submitted its LT-LEDS to the UNFCCC in November, 2021. Figure 3. Institutional Arrangements for LT-LEDS Development Private sector CSOs & NGOs Other Ministries and agencies Faith-based organisations Local communities MEIDECC Department of Climate Change | Mitigation Division United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Donors & Development Partners International Consultant Team (ClimateWork Australia, FFFI, Relative Creative) JNAP Technical Team & NGO Forum Mitigation & Adaptation Working Group National Climate Change Coordination Committee Parliament Standing Committee on Climate Change Cabinet Climate Change Cabinet Committee Annex C. Relevant Legislation and Policy National • Tonga Strategic Development Framework (TSDF II, 2015-2025) • Tonga Climate Change Policy (TCCP, 2016) • Joint National Action Plan 2 Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management, • Tonga’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC, 2020) • Third National Communication (TNC, 2019) • National Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Tonga Policy and Strategic Plan of Action 2019-2025 Energy • Renewable Energy Act (2008) • Electricity Act (2007) • Petroleum Act (1959) • Tonga Energy Road Map 2010-2020 (TERM) • TERM-PLUS Framework • Tonga Energy Efficiency Master Plan (TEEMP) Transport • Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan (NIIP II) 2013 -2023 AFOLU • Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan (TASF) 2016-2020 • Tonga Forestry Act 2016 • Tonga National Forest Policy (TNFP) 2009 • Code of Practice for Sustainable Management of Forests 2010 • Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024 • Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga 2017 • Agricultural Commodities Export Act 2002 • Animal Disease Act 1979 • Birds and Fish Preservation Act 1915 • Copra Act 1926 • Food Act 2014 • Markets Act 1976 • Noxious Weeds Act 1917 • Pesticides Act 2002 • Plant Quarantine Act 1982 • Pounds and Animals Act 1918 • Rhinoceros Beetle Act 1912 Waste • Waste Management Act (2005) • Environmental Management Act (2010) • Environment Management (Litter and Waste Control) Regulations (2016) Human Settlements • Tonga National Infrastructure Investment Plan 2020-2030 (NIIP 3) TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050 TONGA LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2021-2050Department of Climate Change Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) Level 3, O.G Sanft Building Taufa ahau Road, Nuku alofa, Tonga www.climatechange.gov.to'] | en-US |
334 | TON | Tonga | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Tonga%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.12796 | 0.067546 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/adc0c528475ff428dcdd8b3f99d71d891f8f09231b040972bd12a1751abbcee5.pdf | ['KINGDOM OF TONGA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS Towards achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Contents Key Messages 3 Section 1: Introduction . 4 Section 2: National Response . 5 Section 3: Approach to Building Resilience to Climate Change 6 Section 4: Sector Policies and Plans 7 Section 5: Mitigation context 8 Section 6:Mitigation contribution . 10 Section 7: Climate Financing and Resourcing the INDC 11 Section 8: Stakeholder Engagement . 12 Section 9: Statement on “Fair and Ambitious” . 12 Section 10: General caveats statement 12Key Messages Climate Change continues to pose irreversible threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its national environment.', 'KINGDOM OF TONGA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS Towards achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.Contents Key Messages 3 Section 1: Introduction . 4 Section 2: National Response . 5 Section 3: Approach to Building Resilience to Climate Change 6 Section 4: Sector Policies and Plans 7 Section 5: Mitigation context 8 Section 6:Mitigation contribution . 10 Section 7: Climate Financing and Resourcing the INDC 11 Section 8: Stakeholder Engagement . 12 Section 9: Statement on “Fair and Ambitious” . 12 Section 10: General caveats statement 12Key Messages Climate Change continues to pose irreversible threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its national environment. The interference to the climate system from human-caused climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, livelihood of its people and future.', 'The interference to the climate system from human-caused climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, livelihood of its people and future. The World Risk Report has ranked Tonga as one of the world most at-risk country for natural hazards, and sea level rising. Tonga makes a negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, with low per capita emissions e whilst notably; the increasing frequency of strong destructive tropical cyclones has affected Tonga’s development with damages on average costing 20 percent of GDP. Extensive coastal erosions across the Kingdom has prompted Government to direct over 30 percent of mobilized development assistance to address it during the last six years, and lack of climate proofing investments further risks Government’s poverty alleviation commitments and national development.', 'Extensive coastal erosions across the Kingdom has prompted Government to direct over 30 percent of mobilized development assistance to address it during the last six years, and lack of climate proofing investments further risks Government’s poverty alleviation commitments and national development. Irreversible loss and damage from extreme weather events and coastal erosions are critical areas whereby national response are limited influencing the designed national contributions through reducing emission and also on creative smart resilience investments. Taking into account its negligible emission and limited capability, Tonga’s intended contributions are designed to be quantified at the national level cascaded to the sector level as follows: · 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020.', 'Taking into account its negligible emission and limited capability, Tonga’s intended contributions are designed to be quantified at the national level cascaded to the sector level as follows: · 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. In 2015 renewable energy accounts for approximately 9% of total electricity generation, with confirmed and funded investments taking this to 13% in 2016. · 70% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2030 · Improve Energy efficiency through reduction of electricity line losses to 9 percent by 2020 (from a baseline of 18 percent in 2010) · To double the 2015 number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030 · Sector Emission Reduction Targets: Transport, Agriculture, Environment Friendly Waste Management and Reforestation · Other Sectors Climate Resilience: Public Infrastructures, foreshore protection, buildings and houses.', '· 70% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2030 · Improve Energy efficiency through reduction of electricity line losses to 9 percent by 2020 (from a baseline of 18 percent in 2010) · To double the 2015 number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030 · Sector Emission Reduction Targets: Transport, Agriculture, Environment Friendly Waste Management and Reforestation · Other Sectors Climate Resilience: Public Infrastructures, foreshore protection, buildings and houses. INDC is designed for both reduced emission and increased investing in climate resilience, Tonga makes an explicit call for a more cost-effective national response and avoids the much bigger costs caused by climate inaction.', 'INDC is designed for both reduced emission and increased investing in climate resilience, Tonga makes an explicit call for a more cost-effective national response and avoids the much bigger costs caused by climate inaction. To facilitate this high level commitment, Government has raised climate change to Ministerial level, establishment of the Legislative Assembly Standing Committee for Climate Change, developing of National Climate Change Policy, revision of the Joint National Action Plan to Integrate Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, and development of the third Climate Change National Communication. Tonga’s INDC will also require basic information and data so that they can be understood clearly by key stakeholders to achieve consensus in setting realistic emission reduction targets and smart resilience investments.', 'Tonga’s INDC will also require basic information and data so that they can be understood clearly by key stakeholders to achieve consensus in setting realistic emission reduction targets and smart resilience investments. The intended contribution also include adaptation, mitigation and means of implementation: TSDF national planning framework with its national goal to achieve a more inclusive, sustainable and effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk, finance initiatives and capacity building. Overall, Tonga’s INDCs should raise the Kingdom ambition to contribute towards a robust and ambitious legally binding COP21 climate change agreement.Section 1: Introduction This island Kingdom of Tonga is located in the Central South Pacific. It lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West.', 'It lies between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West. Tonga consists of four clusters of islands extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu (260sqkm) and ‘Eua (87sqkm) in the south, Ha’apai (109sqkm) in the middle, Vava’u (121sqkm) in the north and Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu (72sqkm) in the far north. Nuku’alofa, the capital is situated in Tongatapu, the largest island. Tonga’s archipelago is situated within 200km of the subduction zone of the Indian- Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates which is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur and a potential source of tsunami.', 'Tonga’s archipelago is situated within 200km of the subduction zone of the Indian- Australian and the Pacific tectonic plates which is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire where intense seismic activities occur and a potential source of tsunami. Most of its atoll islands including the main island are very flat with an average altitude of 2–5 meters and hence Tonga is highly vulnerable to sea level rise, storm surges and tsunami inundation. In June 2012, the population of Tonga was estimated at 103,219 which is five times higher than 1901, with most of this growth existed between the 1930s and 1970s. Tongatapu is the most populous island and has the highest population density.', 'Tongatapu is the most populous island and has the highest population density. Increased population, along with urbanisation and development has resulted in substantial pressure on, and degradation of, land and marine resources. This in turn has reduced the resilience of Tonga’s environment and its people to climate change impacts and disaster risks. Since June 2013, Tonga moved from a lower middle to upper middle-income bracket, with a nominal GDP per capita for 2013/14 of about $7,636 or about US$3,800. Because of Tonga s large receipts of remittances, running at over 20% of GDP, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (about US$4,500 in 2013) is a better measure of the actual income going to Tongans.', 'Because of Tonga s large receipts of remittances, running at over 20% of GDP, Gross National Income (GNI) per capita (about US$4,500 in 2013) is a better measure of the actual income going to Tongans. Since 2005 Tonga’s GNI per capita has grown considerably faster than the average for the region, increasing from about the same as the regional average to 35 percent greater. However, these figures are average figures for Tonga and do not give a clear indication of distribution or inequality. The latest Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) of 2009 indicates an increase in the percentage of the population living below the poverty line increasing to 22.5 percent compared to 16.2 percent in the 2001 HIES.', 'The latest Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) of 2009 indicates an increase in the percentage of the population living below the poverty line increasing to 22.5 percent compared to 16.2 percent in the 2001 HIES. The increase was greatest on the outer islands increasing from 11.8 to 22.9 percent. The current anthropogenic greenhouse gases and warming of the atmosphere have negatively impacted Tonga’s environment, its people and their livelihoods. The most recent report from the Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program (PACCSAP) provided the following future projections to 2100 for Tonga: 1. El Niño and La Niña events will continue to occur in the future (very high confidence), but there is little consensus on whether these events will change in intensity or frequency; 2.', 'El Niño and La Niña events will continue to occur in the future (very high confidence), but there is little consensus on whether these events will change in intensity or frequency; 2. It is not clear whether mean annual rainfall will increase or decrease and the model average indicates little change (low confidence in this model average), with more extreme rain events (high confidence); 3. Drought frequency is projected to decrease slightly (low confidence); 4. Ocean acidification is expected to continue (very high confidence); 5. The risk of coral bleaching will increase in the future (very high confidence); 6. Sea level will continue to rise (very high confidence).', 'Sea level will continue to rise (very high confidence). Recent climate and weather events in Tonga, particularly in Ha’apai ( a sequence of drought, Cyclone Ian, and further drought), are a window to a future that will increasingly involve multiple stresses from the above (1-6) along with the pre-existing environmental, social, and economic stresses. Building greater resilience to existing extreme natural events and the threat of climate change is essential to ensure the sustainable progress that is desired. These and other potential threats require Tonga to become better equipped to plan and respond o the unexpected.', 'These and other potential threats require Tonga to become better equipped to plan and respond o the unexpected. This requires considerable foresight in planning and improved monitoring and evaluation of progress.Section 2: National Response The INDC recognises that Climate Change is the single biggest issue that will determine the future of Tonga over the coming decades and will require a ‘whole of Tonga’ level of cooperation and coordination. The Tongan Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025: A more progressive Tonga: Enhancing Our Inheritance (TSDF 2015-2025), presents the country’s new development framework.', 'The Tongan Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025: A more progressive Tonga: Enhancing Our Inheritance (TSDF 2015-2025), presents the country’s new development framework. TSDF sets one of its seven Goal to commit the Kingdom to ‘a more inclusive, sustainable and effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk’ and identifies the high level societal results required to improve the quality of life of Tongan citizens which include inter alia: 1. Informing all national stakeholders and development partners of the broad Organisational Outcomes that are needed to support the country’s National Outcomes and Impact; 2. Guides the formulation of sector plans, MDA corporate plans and the medium term budgetary framework (MTBF) through which resources are allocated; 3.', 'Guides the formulation of sector plans, MDA corporate plans and the medium term budgetary framework (MTBF) through which resources are allocated; 3. Guides the development of Government external economic relations and the country strategies and assistance programs of development partners; 4. Provides indicators, with targets, to facilitate monitoring and measurement our high level progress.', 'Provides indicators, with targets, to facilitate monitoring and measurement our high level progress. The TSDF 2015-2025 is designed to achieve the desired national impact of a “A more progressive Tonga supporting a higher quality of life for all.” The achievement of this is supported by seven National Outcomes: A. a more inclusive, sustainable and dynamic knowledge-based economy B. a more inclusive, sustainable and balanced urban and rural development across island groups C. a more inclusive, sustainable and empowering human development with gender equality D. a more inclusive, sustainable and responsive good-governance with law and order E. a more inclusive, sustainable and successful provision and maintenance of infrastructure and technology F. a more inclusive, sustainable and effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk G. a more inclusive, sustainable and consistent advancement of our external interests, security and sovereignty While resilience to climate and risk is an explicit component of Outcome F it is essentially a cross-cutting issue that is of relevance to all seven National Outcomes.', 'The TSDF 2015-2025 is designed to achieve the desired national impact of a “A more progressive Tonga supporting a higher quality of life for all.” The achievement of this is supported by seven National Outcomes: A. a more inclusive, sustainable and dynamic knowledge-based economy B. a more inclusive, sustainable and balanced urban and rural development across island groups C. a more inclusive, sustainable and empowering human development with gender equality D. a more inclusive, sustainable and responsive good-governance with law and order E. a more inclusive, sustainable and successful provision and maintenance of infrastructure and technology F. a more inclusive, sustainable and effective land administration, environment management, and resilience to climate and risk G. a more inclusive, sustainable and consistent advancement of our external interests, security and sovereignty While resilience to climate and risk is an explicit component of Outcome F it is essentially a cross-cutting issue that is of relevance to all seven National Outcomes. In support of the TSDF t h e I N D C response to support Tonga’s nationally determined contributions are approached in two national process and two contributing clusters: 1.', 'In support of the TSDF t h e I N D C response to support Tonga’s nationally determined contributions are approached in two national process and two contributing clusters: 1. National Process; a. Political and national drivers: strong national political leadership led by Government with cascaded governance reporting to Cabinet and to a Parliament Standing Committee required and supported by strong governance and national implementation b. Sectoral and technical drivers: provide the national process to facilitate bottom-up engagement of sectors, private sector and economy wide process to identify and analyse options required for reduced emission. It is important for this driver to ensure sufficient time is needed for establishing emissions pathways by sectors. 2. Contributing Clusters to build a Resilience Tonga; a. Reduce emissions b.', 'Contributing Clusters to build a Resilience Tonga; a. Reduce emissions b. Investment in resilienceSection 3: Approach to Building Resilience to Climate Change Within the national response context adopting the TSDF 2015-2025 the framework for building resilience to climate change in Tonga will use the new Climate Change Policy (2015-2020). The purpose of the new Tonga Climate Change Policy is to provide a clear vision, goal, and objectives to direct responses to climate change and disaster risk reduction over the next five years. The policy, and the associated, soon to be revised, Joint National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP). The Climate Change Policy is not intended to replace or duplicate sector specific policies and plans.', 'The Climate Change Policy is not intended to replace or duplicate sector specific policies and plans. Rather, it is intended to provide an overarching context and guiding framework with policy objectives that for the most part will require multi-sectoral coordination. The overall focus is towards the goal of ‘A Resilient Tonga’, aimed at achieving outcomes that are realised more widely than can be achieved through a more conventional, compartmentalised approach. Rather than address climate change adaptation, mitigation and disaster risk reduction in a fragmented manner, a holistic approach is taken to build resilience. There are five action areas: 1. Mainstreaming for a Resilient Tonga – To fully mainstream the goal of a Resilient Tonga into government legislation, policies, and planning at all levels; 2.', 'Mainstreaming for a Resilient Tonga – To fully mainstream the goal of a Resilient Tonga into government legislation, policies, and planning at all levels; 2. Research, Monitoring, Management of Data, and Information – To implement a coordinated approach to the collection, monitoring, management and use of all relevant data and information; and to develop a coordinated, multi-sectoral approach to research for building a Resilient Tonga; 3. Resilience Building Response Capability – To develop the capability for resilience building responses throughout government, the private sector, and civil society; 4. Resilience Building Actions – To implement actions that are designed towards the building of a Resilient Tonga by 2035 at national, island, and community level; 5.', 'Resilience Building Actions – To implement actions that are designed towards the building of a Resilient Tonga by 2035 at national, island, and community level; 5. Finance – To implement actions that are designed towards the building of a Resilient Tonga by 2035 at national, island, and community level. Table 1. Approach to Building Tonga’s Resilience. INDC Action Areas National Process Contributing Clusters National Sectoral Emissions Reduction Investing in Resilience 1. Mainstreaming for a Resilient Tonga TSDF, Cabinet, LA Standing Committee Legislations, regulations, NIPS, MEIDECC, JNAP, Mitigation, adaptation, RE 50 Percent Target, Forestry Targets, Technology transfer, capacity building 2. Research, Monitoring, Management of Data, and Information Census, Sectoral Assessments, Scientific Assessments Energy, Transport, Building Infrastructures, Agriculture, Forestry, Water, Waste, Environment Determine scientific targets for the Sectors New innovation, high technology, energy efficient appliances and disincentive for inefficient appliance 3. Resilience Building Response Capability Mainstream TSDF M&E, Climate Change Policy Finalize Sector Pathways Revised JNAP Climate Change Policy Actions Recommended options New initiatives to invest resilience economy wide infrastructure, buildings, sea wall and foreshore protection, Incentives to invest resilience energy efficient appliances 4. Resilience Building Actions Annex 1 Sectoral targets Reduced Emission Pathways Smart Investments,climate proofing public infrastructure, housing, communities, region and islands 5.', 'Resilience Building Actions Annex 1 Sectoral targets Reduced Emission Pathways Smart Investments,climate proofing public infrastructure, housing, communities, region and islands 5. Resourcing and finance: To implement designed actions towards the building of a Resilient Tonga by 2035 Costed options targeting to mobilize finance sourced from recurrent (local), national (economy wide) and international and global facilities Costed Policy options Costed Pathways and Implementation Plans Costed Options and Implementation Plans Integral to the policy is the planning process which links national, island, and community planning (under Objective 1: Mainstreaming) with action (under Objective 4: Resilience Building Actions). The mechanism for implementation will be through a new Joint National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (JNAP), along with all other plans (at sector, island, and community level) that are fully aligned with the goal and targets of the policy.', 'The mechanism for implementation will be through a new Joint National Action Plan for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (JNAP), along with all other plans (at sector, island, and community level) that are fully aligned with the goal and targets of the policy. The new JNAP, to be finalised by mid-2016 at the latest, will be fully aligned with the climate change policy objectives. Specific activities will be identified, with measureable indicators to align with the TSDF 2015-2025, and also be fully costed. This will be indeed crucial for negotiating and securing of funding from donors for implementation of this plan.', 'This will be indeed crucial for negotiating and securing of funding from donors for implementation of this plan. The achievement of the climate change policy objectives will be heavily reliant on donor support to develop or revise policies for all relevant sectors to ensure full alignment with the goal of a Resilient Tonga. A new climate change policy and JNAP with further identified costed activities will be prepared by 2020. Funding to implement this policy and plan will be strongly dependent on donors support. Section 4: Sector Policies and Plans Annex 1 provides an outline of the sector legislation, policies, and plans aligned with the goal of a Resilient Tonga.', 'Section 4: Sector Policies and Plans Annex 1 provides an outline of the sector legislation, policies, and plans aligned with the goal of a Resilient Tonga. Focusing on sector policies and plans in particular it is clear that there are significant gaps that need to be addressed. Climate resilience is addressed as a cross-cutting issue with both adaptation and mitigation benefits whereby key resilience building statements cover: 1. Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests; 2. Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas; 3. Establishing and managing forest reserves; 4. Promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests with climate change resilient, and ecologically and socially appropriate tree species; 5. Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture; 6. Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments; 7.', 'Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments; 7. Encouraging tax allotment holders to plant and manage trees on their properties. In addition the importance of trees for protection of coastal areas is identified. All of the above are important adaptation measures which will provide significant mitigation co-benefits. The latter are discussed more fully in the mitigation section.There are also significant gaps with sector plans. Aside from the current, and soon to be revised, JNAP the most important recent plan is the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan (TASP). The goal of the TASP is to “increase and sustain resilient agriculture livelihoods”. There are four strategic objectives aimed at meeting this goal: 1. To develop a climate resilient environment; 2. To improve the enabling environment; 3.', 'To improve the enabling environment; 3. To develop diverse, resilient farming systems for the Kingdom’s islands; 4. To increase and sustain rural incomes across the Kingdom. The TASP recognises the importance of, and includes strategies to support, climate-resilient agricultural production systems which are driven by healthy soils, secure and sustainable water supplies, diverse farming systems, and adaptive rural communities. The TASP contains fully costed programmes and activities covering a five year timeframe, and includes a results framework which includes specific indicators and targets. Section 5: Mitigation context Tonga, like other SIDS, makes a negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, with low per capita emissions of 2.95 tCO2 e, and total emissions of 300.54Gg CO2 e (2006 data).', 'Section 5: Mitigation context Tonga, like other SIDS, makes a negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas emissions, with low per capita emissions of 2.95 tCO2 e, and total emissions of 300.54Gg CO2 e (2006 data). When land use and forestry is taken into account, Tonga is a net carbon sink, with its forests absorbing substantially more greenhouse gas emissions than is emitted through all other sources. Nonetheless, as a country with much at stake in regard to climate change and variability and natural hazards, Tonga is strongly committed to climate change mitigation. Its primary focus on poverty alleviation and climate resilient development has many co-benefits in the area of mitigation.', 'Its primary focus on poverty alleviation and climate resilient development has many co-benefits in the area of mitigation. The sectoral breakdown in Figure 1 shows the energy sector, with transport (primarily land based transport) then electricity generation as the highest sources of emissions, followed by the agriculture and waste sectors. Figure 1: Breakdown of Tonga’s GHG emissions, excluding land use change and forestry (LUCF) (2006 GHG Inventory) Within land use change and forestry, forest and grassland conversion of biomass represents a source of slightly larger magnitude than energy industries and transport combined.', 'Figure 1: Breakdown of Tonga’s GHG emissions, excluding land use change and forestry (LUCF) (2006 GHG Inventory) Within land use change and forestry, forest and grassland conversion of biomass represents a source of slightly larger magnitude than energy industries and transport combined. However this is offset by removals from forests, making Tonga a net carbon sink overall, in the order of 1691.97 Gg CO2 e. Energy: Electricity generation Energy: Other Energy: Transport Agriculture WasteThus the reduction of emissions from the energy sector, and the maintenance of Tonga’s forest resources and preservation of forest ecosystem services for a climate resilient future should be the primary focus of mitigation actions into the future.', 'However this is offset by removals from forests, making Tonga a net carbon sink overall, in the order of 1691.97 Gg CO2 e. Energy: Electricity generation Energy: Other Energy: Transport Agriculture WasteThus the reduction of emissions from the energy sector, and the maintenance of Tonga’s forest resources and preservation of forest ecosystem services for a climate resilient future should be the primary focus of mitigation actions into the future. Energy: Electricity Generation The dominance of energy as a GHG emitting sector underscores Tonga’s current reliance on imported oil for its development needs, which supplies all transport fuel, much of the energy for water pumping, and over 90% of grid-supplied electricity.', 'Energy: Electricity Generation The dominance of energy as a GHG emitting sector underscores Tonga’s current reliance on imported oil for its development needs, which supplies all transport fuel, much of the energy for water pumping, and over 90% of grid-supplied electricity. As a consequence, the Tongan economy and electricity consumers in particular have been exposed to high and volatile electricity prices linked to oil prices over the last fifteen years. This is more acute than some other larger Pacific Island countries, as Tonga does not have hydropower potential. Energy is a fundamental building block for the Kingdom in its social and economic development and in enhancing the livelihood and wellbeing of all Tongans.', 'Energy is a fundamental building block for the Kingdom in its social and economic development and in enhancing the livelihood and wellbeing of all Tongans. Accessible and affordable electricity that is environmentally responsible and commercially viable is considered a key catalyst for sustainable economic growth. Further, accessible, affordable and sustainable electricity is crucial to achieve the Government s primary target of ‘poverty alleviation’ including increasing access to electricity from 89 to 100%. Increased access to electricity, along with additional growth in commercial and residential demand was forecast in 2010 to lead to a 50% increase in electricity consumption by 2020 in the absence of action on renewable energy and energy efficiency.', 'Increased access to electricity, along with additional growth in commercial and residential demand was forecast in 2010 to lead to a 50% increase in electricity consumption by 2020 in the absence of action on renewable energy and energy efficiency. This reliance on oil imports is incompatible with the aspirational goal of the Tonga Climate Change Policy, to achieve a resilient Tonga by 2035. Recognising the issue as a matter of national significance, in 2010 the Tongan Government released the Tonga Energy Road Map (TERM) 2010-2020 a “ten year road map to reduce Tonga’s vulnerability to oil price shocks and to achieve an increase in quality access to modern energy services in an environmentally sustainable manner”.', 'Recognising the issue as a matter of national significance, in 2010 the Tongan Government released the Tonga Energy Road Map (TERM) 2010-2020 a “ten year road map to reduce Tonga’s vulnerability to oil price shocks and to achieve an increase in quality access to modern energy services in an environmentally sustainable manner”. Under the Roadmap, Tonga’s initial target was to supply 50% of electricity generation through renewable resources by 2020. Furthermore, reducing the level of electricity network losses to reach at most 10% of total electricity generation in the country.', 'Furthermore, reducing the level of electricity network losses to reach at most 10% of total electricity generation in the country. While the targets was ambitious, it represented a clear direction and indication from the Government that reducing the vulnerability of the country to future oil price shocks is a key objective, and that renewable energy is expected to be a major element of a strategy to enhance energy security and reduce climate change for the Kingdom. There is already a plan to increase from 50% to 100% of RE in total electricity production by 2030. The Government has been proactively working towards the RE target, with over a million litres of diesel fuel oil projected to be saved per annum from March 2015.', 'The Government has been proactively working towards the RE target, with over a million litres of diesel fuel oil projected to be saved per annum from March 2015. The Government also aims to replace all diesel-based water pumping engines by 2017 using solar power. Implementation of the Tonga Energy Road Map will help Tonga to achieve its energy strategic objectives of accessible to affordable energy prices, improve accessible to clean energy and reliable power supply. That will lead to increased economic growth, which improve quality of life for all Tongans. Energy: Transport While transport fuel (primarily for land transport) is the largest component of energy sector emissions and the biggest driver of oil imports, it is not currently covered by the Roadmap.', 'Energy: Transport While transport fuel (primarily for land transport) is the largest component of energy sector emissions and the biggest driver of oil imports, it is not currently covered by the Roadmap. Due to the lack of available technological solutions for the transport sector and limited national focus on this area to date, the ability to quantify the mitigation potential or cost associated with the transport sector opportunities is limited. However, the Government of Tonga is in the process of developing transport sector measures to include in the TERM strategies, and has undertaken training and public awareness actions on vehicle maintenance, public transport and bicycle usage.', 'However, the Government of Tonga is in the process of developing transport sector measures to include in the TERM strategies, and has undertaken training and public awareness actions on vehicle maintenance, public transport and bicycle usage. The Kingdom is particularly interested in biofuels for both transport and electricity generation, developed in alignment with Tonga’s resilience focus, ensuring sustainable production and replanting. Tonga is participating in regional transport sector mitigationefforts being developed by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and welcomes international assistance in the development of meaningful and wide ranging mitigation opportunities to reduce Tonga’s oil dependence and GHG emissions in this sector.', 'Tonga is participating in regional transport sector mitigationefforts being developed by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and welcomes international assistance in the development of meaningful and wide ranging mitigation opportunities to reduce Tonga’s oil dependence and GHG emissions in this sector. This is crucial for a resilient Tonga, especially the plan to include diesel engines efficiency services training to help reduce fossil fuel consumption in the country. Furthermore, the identified private sector interest on solar car public transport campaign for tourists would help add values to reducing petroleum consumption in the sector. Refer to transport actions included in Annex 2. Land Use Change and Forestry As identified in Section 4, the National Forest Policy (2010) is of particular importance in terms of adaptation and mitigation co-benefits.', 'Land Use Change and Forestry As identified in Section 4, the National Forest Policy (2010) is of particular importance in terms of adaptation and mitigation co-benefits. A suite of activities regarding forest preservation, forest management and regulation are planned, in alignment with Tonga’s resilient development strategy. These will form part of an unquantified mitigation contribution, as mentioned in Section 6. Agriculture Emissions in the agriculture sector are principally a function of livestock numbers. Some mitigation co- benefits may result from plans to enhance the climate resilience of the agriculture sector (e.g. through improved soil management practices, development of agro-forestry systems, and increased use of biogas systems that also provide organic fertilizers).', 'through improved soil management practices, development of agro-forestry systems, and increased use of biogas systems that also provide organic fertilizers). Additionally, improvements in animal welfare through greater water availability to stock and improvements in feed quality could likely lead to reduced methane emissions. Section 6: Mitigation contribution Information on Tonga’s mitigation contribution is provided in the following tableaux form. COUNTRY: Tonga DATE: October 2015 Parameter Information Period for defining contribution (outcomes) Implementation period: 2015 – 2030. Type and level of contribution Tonga’s contribution is 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. In 2015 renewable energy accounts for approximately 9% of total electricity generation, with confirmed and funded investments taking this to 13% in 2016. Tonga’s contributions will also include the following:.', 'Tonga’s contributions will also include the following:. · 70% of electricity generation from renewable sources by 2030 · Improve Energy efficiency through reduction of electricity Line losses to 9 percent by 2020 (from a baseline of 18 percent in 2010) · To double the 2015 number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030 · Sector Emission Reduction Targets: Transport, Agriculture, Environment Friendly Waste Management and Reforestation · Other Sectors Climate Resilience: Public Infrastructures,COUNTRY: Tonga DATE: October 2015 Parameter Information foreshore protection, buildings and houses. Emissions reduction benefits of these activities have not yet been estimated; however additional emissions reductions delivered through these activities may be substituted for electricity sector contributions.', 'Emissions reduction benefits of these activities have not yet been estimated; however additional emissions reductions delivered through these activities may be substituted for electricity sector contributions. Data sources and methods Estimates of GHG emissions are based on methodologies used in 3rd GHG Inventory, and Draft Third National Communication (both in development, using 2006 data) and IPCC 2006 Guidelines. Estimated quantified emissions impact In 2006 electricity generation contributed 40 Gg CO2e as an emissions source. The Tonga Energy Roadmap Business as Usual forecast predicts a 35% increase in diesel consumption for electricity generation from 2006-2020, assuming continued economic and population growth, increasing electricity access to 100%, and no GHG abatement measures.', 'The Tonga Energy Roadmap Business as Usual forecast predicts a 35% increase in diesel consumption for electricity generation from 2006-2020, assuming continued economic and population growth, increasing electricity access to 100%, and no GHG abatement measures. A 50% renewable energy contribution in 2020 would equate to a reduction of 9.4 million litres of diesel per annum, or approximately 27 Gg CO2e. Coverage Sectors Energy - Electricity (23% of 2006 emissions) Transport Agriculture Waste Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O) Geography Whole country Planning Processes This INDC was prepared primarily using pre-existing national policy documents, and sector policies and plans to ensure accurate reflection of national development priorities, with pre-existing stakeholder support.', 'Coverage Sectors Energy - Electricity (23% of 2006 emissions) Transport Agriculture Waste Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2); Methane (CH4); Nitrous oxide (N2O) Geography Whole country Planning Processes This INDC was prepared primarily using pre-existing national policy documents, and sector policies and plans to ensure accurate reflection of national development priorities, with pre-existing stakeholder support. The INDC was reviewed by Tonga’s Climate Change Technical Group, including representation of all key relevant agencies/Government Ministries, before formal Cabinet endorsement. Section 7: Climate Financing and Resourcing the INDC Prior to COP21, Tonga’s commitment over the past six years recorded over 30 percent of development assistance supported Tonga’s climate change. In addition to Government’s ex-ante funding, Tonga does not have any dominant funding source for climate change but instead rely on the range of international and bilateral sources.', 'In addition to Government’s ex-ante funding, Tonga does not have any dominant funding source for climate change but instead rely on the range of international and bilateral sources. Government has consolidated MEIDECC as the vehicle to step up its ambition and mobilizing climate financing and resourcing including recurrent (local), national (economy wide) or transnational financing The INDC framework provides the strategy towards low emission and scaled up investment in climate resilient development of Tonga. The INDC can serve as a key component Tonga’s climate action plans, financing and resource mobilization by adopting the following short to medium initiatives recommended by the 2015 Climate Financing and Risk Governance Assessment; 1. Open to access climate financing through multiple channels;2.', 'Open to access climate financing through multiple channels;2. Explore multi-pronged approach to accessing climate funds but not limited to the Green Climate Fund, Adaptation Fund, Climate Technology Centre and Network Global Environment Facility; 3. Open Processes for Climate Financing Options 4. Commit appropriate recurrent budget to maintain stable, permanent, well trained cadre of climate financing staff to monitor and evaluate climate financing opportunities; Section 8: Stakeholder Engagement In preparation for COP21, Tonga has agreed to table its INDC under the TSDF framework where key stakeholder engagements at local, regional and national level, to the climate change are facilitated by the TSDF institutional arrangements for monitoring and evaluation on an annual basis.', 'Commit appropriate recurrent budget to maintain stable, permanent, well trained cadre of climate financing staff to monitor and evaluate climate financing opportunities; Section 8: Stakeholder Engagement In preparation for COP21, Tonga has agreed to table its INDC under the TSDF framework where key stakeholder engagements at local, regional and national level, to the climate change are facilitated by the TSDF institutional arrangements for monitoring and evaluation on an annual basis. In light of this IDNC, in partnership with economy wide counterparts, MEIDECC will host a broader set of stakeholder consultations post COP 21 after December 2015. The consultations will provide an opportunity to discuss Tonga’s position, fill gaps and build a common understanding and approach towards the agreed Paris COP21 and Tonga’s INDC.', 'The consultations will provide an opportunity to discuss Tonga’s position, fill gaps and build a common understanding and approach towards the agreed Paris COP21 and Tonga’s INDC. These stakeholder engagements will provide an opportunity to raise awareness, mobilize, inform and engage with key stakeholder groups and the general public around climate change issues, and climate change approach and response efforts at all levels. Section 9: Statement on “Fair and Ambitious” As noted, Tonga is classified as one of the most at-risk countries in the world in terms of its exposure to the unfolding effects of climate change.', 'Section 9: Statement on “Fair and Ambitious” As noted, Tonga is classified as one of the most at-risk countries in the world in terms of its exposure to the unfolding effects of climate change. The current need for Tonga to invest large portions of its public service capacity in the ambitious quest to achieve our climate resilience objectives is a consequence of the emissions of other large countries over many generations as they developed and became wealthy. Achieving the contributions set out in Tonga’s INDC will require considerable support for capacity and technology investment.', 'Achieving the contributions set out in Tonga’s INDC will require considerable support for capacity and technology investment. Section 10: General caveats statement The preparation of this INDC came at a time when Tonga is finalising its Third National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report, a major component of its Third National Communication on Climate Change Project. This has meant that data on GHG emissions and emission projections are still provisional. Data provided in this INDC is therefore subject to revision.', 'Data provided in this INDC is therefore subject to revision. The Third National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report, once completed, will provide a more comprehensive presentation of Tonga’s circumstance, plans and needs.Table 2: Extent to which current Legislation, Policies and Plans are aligned with a Resilient Tonga Legislation Policy Plan Sector/focal area Fully aligned with a Resilient Tonga Partially aligned with a Resilient Tonga Not aligned with a Resilient Tonga A priority for completion/development; and to be fully aligned with A Resilient Tonga Needs to be reviewed Finance and Planning TSDF Public Financial Management Act National Infrastructure and Investment Plan CFRGA Climate Change Climate Change Fund Bill Ozone Layer Protection Act Climate Change Policy Revised JNAP Environment Environment Management Act and EIA Act Revised National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Energy Renewable Energy Act Renewable Energy Policy Tonga Energy Roadmap Energy Bill Meteorology National Emergency Management Act DRM National Emergency Management Act JNAP, National Emergency Management Plan Internal Affairs District & Town Officers Act Fono’s Act Community Development Plans and Island Strategic Development Plans Infrastructure National Spatial Management Act Building Control and Standards Act Building Code Urban Infrastructure Development Plan Lands & Natural Resources Land Act Land Use Policy Land Use Plan Women Family Protection Act National Policy on Gender and Development Strategic Plan Culture and Youth Parks and Reserves Act Polynesian Heritage Trust Act Preservation of Objects of Archealogical Interests Act National Youth Policy Tonga National Youth Strategy and Action Plan National Cultural Policy National Cultural Plan Health Public Health Act 2008 Health Services Act 1991 Health Promotion Act 2007 Tonga National Strategy to Prevent and Control Non Communicable Diseases Agriculture Agriculture Policy Agriculture Sector Plan Fisheries Fisheries Management Act SMA Act Fisheries Sector Plan Forestry Forests Bill 2015 Forestry Policy Forestry Plan Tourism Tourism Act 2012 Tonga Tourism Roadmap Water Water Resources Bill National Water Policy Water Plan Education Education Act 2014 Education PoliciesSpecific strategies, policies, plans and actions, including timing and support needs The table below provides a summary of current priority items that Tonga wishes to highlight as needing support or that are significant initiatives that the government will take from their own budget resources.', 'The Third National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report, once completed, will provide a more comprehensive presentation of Tonga’s circumstance, plans and needs.Table 2: Extent to which current Legislation, Policies and Plans are aligned with a Resilient Tonga Legislation Policy Plan Sector/focal area Fully aligned with a Resilient Tonga Partially aligned with a Resilient Tonga Not aligned with a Resilient Tonga A priority for completion/development; and to be fully aligned with A Resilient Tonga Needs to be reviewed Finance and Planning TSDF Public Financial Management Act National Infrastructure and Investment Plan CFRGA Climate Change Climate Change Fund Bill Ozone Layer Protection Act Climate Change Policy Revised JNAP Environment Environment Management Act and EIA Act Revised National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Energy Renewable Energy Act Renewable Energy Policy Tonga Energy Roadmap Energy Bill Meteorology National Emergency Management Act DRM National Emergency Management Act JNAP, National Emergency Management Plan Internal Affairs District & Town Officers Act Fono’s Act Community Development Plans and Island Strategic Development Plans Infrastructure National Spatial Management Act Building Control and Standards Act Building Code Urban Infrastructure Development Plan Lands & Natural Resources Land Act Land Use Policy Land Use Plan Women Family Protection Act National Policy on Gender and Development Strategic Plan Culture and Youth Parks and Reserves Act Polynesian Heritage Trust Act Preservation of Objects of Archealogical Interests Act National Youth Policy Tonga National Youth Strategy and Action Plan National Cultural Policy National Cultural Plan Health Public Health Act 2008 Health Services Act 1991 Health Promotion Act 2007 Tonga National Strategy to Prevent and Control Non Communicable Diseases Agriculture Agriculture Policy Agriculture Sector Plan Fisheries Fisheries Management Act SMA Act Fisheries Sector Plan Forestry Forests Bill 2015 Forestry Policy Forestry Plan Tourism Tourism Act 2012 Tonga Tourism Roadmap Water Water Resources Bill National Water Policy Water Plan Education Education Act 2014 Education PoliciesSpecific strategies, policies, plans and actions, including timing and support needs The table below provides a summary of current priority items that Tonga wishes to highlight as needing support or that are significant initiatives that the government will take from their own budget resources. These relate principally to mitigation actions, due to the current availability of information.', 'These relate principally to mitigation actions, due to the current availability of information. This table does not provide details on general resilience building and adaptation. For this to be properly done would require a detailed facilitated process. This has not been possible to do given time and budget constraints. As an important general point, the investments required to deliver a resilient future for Tonga in the face of climate change will be very significantly larger than just those addressing investments in the energy sector. Item Planned period of implementation Conditional on additional support? Y N Support partner(s) identified?', 'Item Planned period of implementation Conditional on additional support? Y N Support partner(s) identified? Y N Notes Priority enabling activities: Smart Grid (SCADA Upgrade | Central Control | GIS Enhancement) 2016-2017 √ √ Smart Prepay Metering already funded to Ring Distribution Network Topology 2016-2017 √ √ World Bank have seed funds to start transformation. Fourth feeder 2016-2017 √ √ Energy Policy and development of Energy Bill Other Energy Sector Reforms/Regulatory Development (Electricity Tariff Review, Petroleum Supply Assessment, Data Repository Updating and Networking, Capacity Development) 2015-2020 √ SPC and UNEP Priority near-term investments: Solar Data Collection 2016-2018 √ √ OIREP. Current funding $6m TOP. Large 3rd Party Solar Generation | Medium 3rd Party Solar Generation | Small 3rd Party Solar Generation 2016-2020 √ \uf020 \uf020 √ US$ 30m in investment required to contribute to 50% RE goal.', 'Large 3rd Party Solar Generation | Medium 3rd Party Solar Generation | Small 3rd Party Solar Generation 2016-2020 √ \uf020 \uf020 √ US$ 30m in investment required to contribute to 50% RE goal. Wind Farm |Ha’apai Micro Wind | Outer Island Wind Data Collection 2016-2018 √ √ MFAT/JICA. Current funding $40m TOP. 3rd Party Wind Generation 2017-2019 √ \uf020 \uf020 √ ‘Eua Biomass | Tongatapu Biomass ASAP √ √ Current funding $4.6m TOP. Vava’u Biomass 2020-2022 √ \uf020 √\uf020 Development of new RE sources: Coconut Oil | 2020 – 2025 √ √Heat Recovery | Bio-gas | Tidal Solar water pumping (Phase I, II and IIIa) 2014-2015 √ √ Current funding $2.85m TOP.', 'Vava’u Biomass 2020-2022 √ \uf020 √\uf020 Development of new RE sources: Coconut Oil | 2020 – 2025 √ √Heat Recovery | Bio-gas | Tidal Solar water pumping (Phase I, II and IIIa) 2014-2015 √ √ Current funding $2.85m TOP. Solar water pumping (Phase IIIb, Tourism and Agricultural Sectors) 2016-2025 √ \uf020 √ Solar Freezer System (Phase I Vava’u and Ha’apai Outer Islands) 2016 √ √ Current funding $2m TOP. Solar Freezer System (Phase II Tongatapu and Niuas) 2017-2020 √ √ Solar Home System Phase 1 [Off Grid] 2016 √ √ Current funding $0.6m TOP. Solar Home System Phase 2 [Off Grid, main islands] 2019-2020 √ √ PV Mini-Grid System (Phase 1) for Ha’ano, ‘Uiha, Ha’afeva, Nomuka, Niuatoputapu islands 2016 √ √ Current funding $2.4m TOP.', 'Solar Home System Phase 2 [Off Grid, main islands] 2019-2020 √ √ PV Mini-Grid System (Phase 1) for Ha’ano, ‘Uiha, Ha’afeva, Nomuka, Niuatoputapu islands 2016 √ √ Current funding $2.4m TOP. PV Mini-Grid System (Phase 2) for Hunga, Falevai, Niuafo’ou islands 2018-2025 √ √ Development of energy storage strategy 2016 – 2017 √ \uf020 √\uf020 OIREP Ha’apai will be a lighthouse project. Energy Efficiency strategy 2016-2017 \uf020 √\uf020 Building on PEEP and PEEP2 Enforcement of Minimum Energy Performance Standards Regulation [Cooling Equipment] 2013-2017 \uf020 \uf020 √ SPC AusAid.', 'Energy Efficiency strategy 2016-2017 \uf020 √\uf020 Building on PEEP and PEEP2 Enforcement of Minimum Energy Performance Standards Regulation [Cooling Equipment] 2013-2017 \uf020 \uf020 √ SPC AusAid. (AUD 2.7m) Additional activities to achieve 50% renewable electricity generation by 2020: Network Efficiency: & Power System Monitoring: Village Electricity Network Upgrade 2014-2016 \uf020 \uf013 \uf013 \uf020 Funded by NZ (40m NZD) Diesel Engines Fuel Efficiency Services Training 2016-2020 \uf013 \uf013 Solar Vehicle Public awareness Tour Project 2015-2020 \uf013 \uf013 Identified Private Sector Investment Interest Additional activities to achieve 100% renewable electricity generation by 2030: Geothermal Power Generation 2020-2030 \uf013 \uf013 JICA interest Biomass and Waste Power Generation 2020-2030 \uf013 \uf013 China interest Investment in Resilience: Scientific and technology transfer 2015-2030 \uf013 \uf013 JICA interest Disaster Resilience 2015-2030 \uf013 \uf013 World Bank Sea Wall and Foreshore Protection 2015-2030 \uf020 \uf020 ADB and EU Climate Proofing Public Infrastructure 2015-2030 \uf020 \uf020 World Bank Housing 2015-2030 \uf020 \uf020 TBC'] | en-US |
335 | TON | Tonga | NDC reference document | 2020-09-12 00:00:00 | null | null | null | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Tonga's%20Second%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.12796 | 0.067546 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0381d1eac100eae64187b14f0fc14cce0dd525f0a36ceed103232461967da155.pdf | ['Kingdom of Tongai Tonga’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)i Foreword The Kingdom of Tonga is a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) with a population of just over 100,000 people and as such our total contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is negligible, especially when compared to countries with far larger and more developed economies. Nevertheless, Tonga is prepared to do its part and be an example of what we are asking from the rest of the world in terms of climate action. We are convinced that Tonga’s development, need not come at the cost of our own natural environment nor of the livelihoods of future generations and we call for all countries to take the same decisive action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as a matter of urgency.', 'We are convinced that Tonga’s development, need not come at the cost of our own natural environment nor of the livelihoods of future generations and we call for all countries to take the same decisive action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as a matter of urgency. Critical to achieving the 1.5 ̊C goal of the Paris Agreement is the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of each country, which articulates efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Tonga is proud to be amongst the countries submitting its second NDC in 2020, as agreed under the timeline set by the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.', 'Tonga is proud to be amongst the countries submitting its second NDC in 2020, as agreed under the timeline set by the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. This year, more than ever, it is time for every country to double-down on its climate change commitments and support the full implementation of the Paris Agreement to spare our planet from the worst effects of a future in a changing climate. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts it has had on Tonga’s people and livelihoods, Tonga has increased its ambition to cut greenhouse gas emissions in our 2020 NDC and has laid out clear means to implement the targets that have been set, as well as providing the information required for clarity, transparency and accountability of our NDC.', 'Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts it has had on Tonga’s people and livelihoods, Tonga has increased its ambition to cut greenhouse gas emissions in our 2020 NDC and has laid out clear means to implement the targets that have been set, as well as providing the information required for clarity, transparency and accountability of our NDC. Tonga is already and will continue to be heavily impacted by climate change, including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones There is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, the livelihood of its people and the possible futures for our nation.', 'Tonga is already and will continue to be heavily impacted by climate change, including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones There is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, the livelihood of its people and the possible futures for our nation. While Tonga will continue to invest large portions of its public finance and service capacity in the ambitious quest to achieve our climate mitigation and resilience objectives, achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investmentii from external sources. Tonga will continue to do its part while counting on the support of all nations and our partners around the world.', 'Tonga will continue to do its part while counting on the support of all nations and our partners around the world. As the Minister of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC), it is indeed an honour and a privilege to submit Tonga’s 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution. HONOURABLE POASI TEI Minister for Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) TONGAiii Acknowledgements The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support to review and enhance Tonga’s NDC.', 'HONOURABLE POASI TEI Minister for Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) TONGAiii Acknowledgements The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support to review and enhance Tonga’s NDC. Thanks, are also extended to the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for their funding of the Pacific NDC Hub and to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as the implementing partners of the Hub.', 'Thanks, are also extended to the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for their funding of the Pacific NDC Hub and to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as the implementing partners of the Hub. The development of the 2020 NDC of Tonga has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) with technical assistance provided by GGGI.', 'The development of the 2020 NDC of Tonga has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) with technical assistance provided by GGGI. Notable contributions were also made by the members of the Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP) Technical Team and by a broad group of stakeholders who attended the national NDC workshops and consultations. Kind contributions were also made by ClimateWorks Australia (CWA) and Relative Creative (Australia).iv Table of Contents FOREWORD I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES . V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI KEY MESSAGES VIII 2.', 'I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES . V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI KEY MESSAGES VIII 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2 2.2 CLIMATE PROFILE . 2 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES . 3 2.4 POPULATION PROFILE 3 2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND . 4 3.1 ENERGY SECTOR . 6 3.2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU) SECTOR 7 3.3 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) SECTOR 7 3.4 WASTE SECTOR 8 4.1 PRIORITIES AND OBJECTIVES FOR ADAPTATION . 9 4.2 OVERVIEW OF TARGETS, MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS 9 5. PLANNING PROCESS . 12 5.1 INFORMATION ON THE PROCESS TO PREPARE THE NDC 12 5.2 INFORMATION ON IMPLEMENTATION PLANS . 13 6. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 14 ANNEX . 15 A1.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 14 ANNEX . 15 A1. INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING OF TONGA’S 2020 NDC 15 A2. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TONGA 26 REFERENCES . 34 A3. NDC REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS REPORT . 37v List of Tables TABLE 1. MITIGATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS 5 TABLE 2. ADAPTATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS . 10 TABLE 3.', 'ADAPTATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS . 10 TABLE 3. OVERVIEW OF PHENOMENA RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN TONGA 26vi Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon dioxide CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CWA ClimateWorks Australia DCC Department of Climate Change ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GoT Government of Tonga GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 LT-LEDS Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests MEIDECC Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications Nz MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MPAs Marine Protected Areas N2O Nitrous oxide NCDs Non-communicable diseases NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Changevii SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SIDS Small Island Developing State SMAs Special Management Areas SPC The Pacific Community SPREP The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TNC Third National Communication on Climate Change TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationKey Messages viii Key Messages The Kingdom of Tonga (Tonga) is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to its geographic location, status as a SIDS, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture and tourism.', 'OVERVIEW OF PHENOMENA RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN TONGA 26vi Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon dioxide CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CWA ClimateWorks Australia DCC Department of Climate Change ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GoT Government of Tonga GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 LT-LEDS Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests MEIDECC Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications Nz MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MPAs Marine Protected Areas N2O Nitrous oxide NCDs Non-communicable diseases NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Changevii SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SIDS Small Island Developing State SMAs Special Management Areas SPC The Pacific Community SPREP The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TNC Third National Communication on Climate Change TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationKey Messages viii Key Messages The Kingdom of Tonga (Tonga) is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to its geographic location, status as a SIDS, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture and tourism. The World Risk Report 2017 has ranked Tonga as the second most at-risk country in the world for natural hazards, including cyclones and flooding, as well as sea level rise.', 'The World Risk Report 2017 has ranked Tonga as the second most at-risk country in the world for natural hazards, including cyclones and flooding, as well as sea level rise. Although Tonga makes a negligible contribution to global GHG emissions, there is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development and the livelihood of its people and future. The impact of climate change induced phenomena such as sea level rise, ocean acidification, temperature rise and increased intensity of cyclones continue to pose a threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its natural environment.', 'The impact of climate change induced phenomena such as sea level rise, ocean acidification, temperature rise and increased intensity of cyclones continue to pose a threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its natural environment. Irreversible loss and damage from extreme weather events and coastal erosions are putting the Government’s poverty alleviation commitments and national development objectives at risk, and this risk is now compounded by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Tonga’s Third National Communication (TNC) to the United Nation Framework Convention Climate Change, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions.', 'According to Tonga’s Third National Communication (TNC) to the United Nation Framework Convention Climate Change, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions. Taking into account its negligible emissions and limited resources, as well as the ongoing disruption and uncertainty brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tonga’s second NDC is nevertheless ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement. Tonga’s targets for mitigation are as follows: x Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through a transition to 70% renewable electricity as well as energy efficiency measures.', 'Tonga’s targets for mitigation are as follows: x Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through a transition to 70% renewable electricity as well as energy efficiency measures. x AFOLU: establishment of a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023. x Waste: expansion of the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.Key Messages ix Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change within this NDC focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level.', 'x AFOLU: establishment of a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023. x Waste: expansion of the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.Key Messages ix Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change within this NDC focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level. In the context of adaptation, the Government of Tonga has set three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e.', 'In the context of adaptation, the Government of Tonga has set three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e. Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30% of the Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).', 'Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30% of the Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In addition, Tonga is currently developing a Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) which will be submitted to the UNFCCC in 2021.Introduction The Government of Tonga (GoT) developed its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and submitted it to the UNFCCC in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016. When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC.', 'When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC. In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, Tonga hereby communicates its 2020 NDC, its second NDC towards achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as set out in its Article 2, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its NDC. The process to develop Tonga’s 2020 NDC included a review of the 2015 INDC, determining the progress made to date towards achieving its targets and identifying recommendations for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. The review and the recommendations were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga.', 'The review and the recommendations were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga. The review and recommendations were discussed, comments were received and integrated, and the findings were validated by the Tonga JNAP technical team and relevant stakeholders through national workshops. The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and was taken through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders. The 2020 NDC was then approved by the Tongan Cabinet. Tonga’s second NDC is aligned with other international conventions and agreements that Tonga is a party to, including but not limited to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Montreal Protocol.National Circumstances 2.', 'Tonga’s second NDC is aligned with other international conventions and agreements that Tonga is a party to, including but not limited to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Montreal Protocol.National Circumstances 2. National Circumstances 2.1 Geographical characteristics Tonga has four main island groups extended over a south to north axis. Tongatapu (260 km2) and ‘Eua (87 km2) in the south, Ha‘apai (109 km2) in the middle, Vava‘u (121 km2) in the north and Niuafo‘ou (15 km2) and Niuatoputapu (71.7 km2) in the far north. Nuku‘alofa is the capital of Tonga, which is located in the main island of Tongatapu. 2.2 Climate profile Tonga’s tropical climate reflects its position within the southeast trade wind zone of the South Pacific.', '2.2 Climate profile Tonga’s tropical climate reflects its position within the southeast trade wind zone of the South Pacific. Tonga’s climate is tropical throughout the year, with two distinct seasons: namely dry season (May- October) and wet season (November- April). The northern islands of Tonga receive more rainfall than the southern islands. The driest month is July, and the wettest month is March. During the dry season, the rainfall level received ranges from 100.53 mm to 145.87 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 24.7°C to 28.1°C/decade and from 14.71°C to 22.33°C/decade respectively. The wet season is summertime in Tonga, where the rainfall level varies from 140.85 mm to 235.73 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 27.6°C to 30.3°C/decade, 20.78°C to 24.34°C/decade respectively.', 'The wet season is summertime in Tonga, where the rainfall level varies from 140.85 mm to 235.73 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 27.6°C to 30.3°C/decade, 20.78°C to 24.34°C/decade respectively. In terms of winds, the southeast trades dominate Tonga. The strength of winds is normally light to moderate with a wind speed of 10 to 16 knots at a distance of 7 to 9 km per hour which is strongly correlated to Tonga’s Southeast trade winds. During dry season, the wind speed is strong in the northern islands of Tonga with little variation in the southern islands. During the wet season, which is summertime in Tonga, tropical cyclones can bring very strong winds at a speed of 22 to more than 65 knots.', 'During the wet season, which is summertime in Tonga, tropical cyclones can bring very strong winds at a speed of 22 to more than 65 knots. Tropical cyclones have become more intense than historical records of cyclone occurrences. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a significant role in Tonga s climatic patterns. ENSO is associated with large year-to-year changes in the risks of drought, flood, tropical cyclones and coral bleaching throughout the region. Water temperature continues to increase by 0.0004°C since 1993. Sea level rise has also increased by 0.007 m per year since 1993.National Circumstances Climate determines the state of natural resources such as water, forest, biodiversity and other sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and health. Henceforth, Tonga is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'Henceforth, Tonga is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 2.3 Environmental resources Natural resources are the primary source of living for the people of Tonga. Despite being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, natural resources are also affected by population growth and environment degradation. Forest area covers 12.5% of the lands while 43.1% is by agricultural land and 44.4% by settlement areas including roads and other transportation features, barren land/wasteland, and other construction purposes. Captured rainwater and underground aquifers are the main sources of water resources in Tonga. Water is used daily for household usage, industrial, agricultural, and commercial purposes. These uses put pressure on water resources and are likely to be exacerbated by climate change.', 'These uses put pressure on water resources and are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. The quality and quantity of surface water can be affected by human activities and climate change. Warmer temperature is affecting the water cycle resulting on changes of the amount of rainfall during cyclone season. The demands for water in Tonga are very high as all Tongans need water to maintain health and other economic activities. 2.4 Population profile The total population of Tonga is about 100,651 as of 2016 (Department of Statistics Tonga, 2016) with 50,255 males and 50,396 females. Tongatapu remains the most populated island in the archipelago, followed by Vava‘u, Ha‘apai, ‘Eua, Niuatoputapu then Niuafo‘ou. The population decreased by 2.5% from 2011 to 2016 and this is largely due to emigration.', 'The population decreased by 2.5% from 2011 to 2016 and this is largely due to emigration. Census data also showed that the populations of the outer islands in Tonga have also decreased with many people migrating to the main islands for education and other purposes. Tonga has a relatively young population, with a median age of 22 years. More than one third (39%) of the population is aged 15 years and younger, while only 9% are 60 years and older. Tongatapu’s population was 74,611, constituting 74% of Tonga’s total population. This has increased from 73% in 2011. The urban population of Tongatapu was 23,221 (23% of the total population). The average population density was 155 people per km2.', 'The average population density was 155 people per km2. However, this varies widely across island division and districts, with the population density in Tongatapu being 286 people per km2 compared to only 17 people per km2 in the Niuas.National Circumstances 2.5 Socio-economic background The key economic sectors in Tonga are agriculture, fisheries and tourism. Remittances to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio in 2015 was 26.5%, which shows the importance of remittances in the economy of Tonga, whereas, exports to GDP ratio was 3.3% in the same year1. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is around 4.3 thousand US dollars2. Tonga is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuel to meet energy demand. The use of renewable energy is increasing but is dependent on external funding and technical support.', 'The use of renewable energy is increasing but is dependent on external funding and technical support. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2019) the total unemployment rate is 1.1 %, with the female unemployment rate at 2 %, higher than the male unemployment rate at 0.5 %. About 11% of the population aged 15 and older in rural areas are subsistence workers compared with only 1% of the population aged 15 and older in urban areas. 22.1% of the population in Tonga in 2015 lived under the national poverty line. Tonga’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2015 was 0.721, slightly higher than 0.7, the average of developing countries in the same year.', 'Tonga’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2015 was 0.721, slightly higher than 0.7, the average of developing countries in the same year. 1 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025Mitigation According to Tonga’s TNC to the UNFCCC, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, AFOLU accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions. However, uncertainty in land use data, combined with paucity of information regarding assumptions and methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from living biomass undermines the reliability of the estimate for the AFOLU sector. Tonga wishes to communicate the following targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (table 1): 1. Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2.', 'Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2. Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): no target, 3. AFOLU: non-emission targets of establishing a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023, 4. Waste: non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Table 1.', 'Waste: non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Table 1. Mitigation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from energy by 2030 compared 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combination of solar, wind and battery storage Financing Upgrade of network infrastructure Mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives through tax, fees, import tariffs Alignment of price signals for consumers with targets Public acceptance Adoption of minimum energy performance standards Financing Public acceptance Enforcement Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and Establishment of a forest inventory Financing Technical capacityMitigation other land use for the Planting one million trees To be determined: kind of trees to be planted, land on which trees to be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees Financing Technical capacity Consent from various stakeholders Identification of a GHG emission target for waste for the 2025 NDC Expansion of formal waste collection system Financing Technical capacity Source: Kingdom of Tonga 3.1 Energy Sector Tonga set the target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16 Gg) by 2030 compared to 2006.', 'Mitigation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from energy by 2030 compared 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combination of solar, wind and battery storage Financing Upgrade of network infrastructure Mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives through tax, fees, import tariffs Alignment of price signals for consumers with targets Public acceptance Adoption of minimum energy performance standards Financing Public acceptance Enforcement Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and Establishment of a forest inventory Financing Technical capacityMitigation other land use for the Planting one million trees To be determined: kind of trees to be planted, land on which trees to be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees Financing Technical capacity Consent from various stakeholders Identification of a GHG emission target for waste for the 2025 NDC Expansion of formal waste collection system Financing Technical capacity Source: Kingdom of Tonga 3.1 Energy Sector Tonga set the target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16 Gg) by 2030 compared to 2006. This target is to be achieved by implementing the following measures: x 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources, x 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles, x Limit growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment.', 'This target is to be achieved by implementing the following measures: x 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources, x 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles, x Limit growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment. 3.1.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets First, generating 70% of electricity from renewable sources requires considerable expansion of generation capacity from solar and wind as well as a substantial increase in battery storage and upgrading of the existing network infrastructure. Technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support will be required to build, operate, and maintain the necessary infrastructure.', 'Technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support will be required to build, operate, and maintain the necessary infrastructure. Second, achieving a 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles either requires establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs. While price incentives would likely directly affect consumer choices, mandatory standards would profit from being aligned with price signals for consumers in order to be effective. Establishing mandatory standards and priceMitigation incentives will require public acceptance as both will likely have an impact on vehicle prices and/or vehicle size.', 'Establishing mandatory standards and priceMitigation incentives will require public acceptance as both will likely have an impact on vehicle prices and/or vehicle size. Third, limiting growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 may be achieved by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment. The successful adoption of energy performance standards will require public acceptance as their introduction will likely increase purchasing prices, though possibly reducing electricity costs. For both vehicle and appliance standards and incentives, technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support may be required. 3.2 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Sector Tonga does not have any target to reduce GHG emissions from IPPU for two reasons.', '3.2 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Sector Tonga does not have any target to reduce GHG emissions from IPPU for two reasons. First, GHG emissions from IPPU represent a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics, and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents. Second, the paucity of data on GHG emissions from IPPU prevents the establishment of a verifiable target. 3.3 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Sector Tonga set two non-emission targets for AFOLU: x establishing a forest inventory by 2025 x planting one million trees by 2023.', '3.3 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Sector Tonga set two non-emission targets for AFOLU: x establishing a forest inventory by 2025 x planting one million trees by 2023. 3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets First, while not reducing GHG emissions, the establishment of forest inventory will improve clarity and transparency for the AFOLU sector, providing a basis for the calculation of GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for quantifying GHG emissions from the sector and identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.', 'Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for quantifying GHG emissions from the sector and identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Currently, the paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbonMitigation sequestration from forests and other woody biomass.3 The establishment of such a forest inventory requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the administration to maintain the inventory. Second, the successful achievement of planting one million trees will reduce GHG emissions. However, it is not possible to quantify this target in terms of GHG emission reductions, as the volume of reductions will depend on the kind and the age of trees to be planted.', 'However, it is not possible to quantify this target in terms of GHG emission reductions, as the volume of reductions will depend on the kind and the age of trees to be planted. Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees. 3.4 Waste Sector Tonga set a non-emission target for the waste sector of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC.', '3.4 Waste Sector Tonga set a non-emission target for the waste sector of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. Expanding the country’s formal waste collection system will also allow to improve transparency and clarity regarding assumptions and methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions from waste. 3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets The expansion of the formal waste collection systems requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the Waste Authority and the administration to collect the relevant data in order to determine GHG emissions from waste and identify a quantifiable target for reducing GHG emissions.', '3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets The expansion of the formal waste collection systems requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the Waste Authority and the administration to collect the relevant data in order to determine GHG emissions from waste and identify a quantifiable target for reducing GHG emissions. from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from WKH\x03FRXQWU\\·V\x03IRUHVWV\x0f\x03ZLWK\x03FKDQJHV\x03LQ\x03IRUHVW\x03DQG\x03RWK dy biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of e (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from WKH\x03FRXQWU\\·V\x03IRUHVWV\x0f\x03ZLWK\x03FKDQJHV\x03LQ\x03IRUHVW\x03DQG\x03RWK dy biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of e (Government of Tonga, 2019). However, these estimates could not be confirmed based on the available land use data.Adaptation 4.1 Priorities and objectives for adaptation In Tonga, adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level. Adapting to the impacts of these two phenomena is regarded as a priority for two reasons. First, there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga.', 'First, there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga. There is considerable uncertainty about the relationship between climate change and other phenomena, including changes in rainfall patterns, occurrence of droughts, and occurrence of tropical cyclones. Second, there are feasible measures available to respond to the impact of increasing temperatures and rising sea levels on a national scale. There are no effective measures to respond to other phenomena, such as ocean acidification, on a national scale. For more information, please refer to Annex A2. Impacts of climate change.', 'For more information, please refer to Annex A2. Impacts of climate change. 4.2 Overview of targets, measures and requirements In the context of adaptation, the GoT identified three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e. Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species.Adaptation Table 2.', 'Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species.Adaptation Table 2. Adaptation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025 Planting of one million trees by 2023 Technical expertise Financial support Consensus on the kind of trees to be planted, the land on which the trees are to be planted, and responsibility for planting the trees Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands Expansion of MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ Consensus on definition of MPAs and SMAs Strengthened enforcement Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species Source: Kingdom of Tonga These targets were derived from the 20 targets identified in the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 (JNAP 2).', 'Adaptation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025 Planting of one million trees by 2023 Technical expertise Financial support Consensus on the kind of trees to be planted, the land on which the trees are to be planted, and responsibility for planting the trees Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands Expansion of MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ Consensus on definition of MPAs and SMAs Strengthened enforcement Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species Source: Kingdom of Tonga These targets were derived from the 20 targets identified in the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 (JNAP 2). However, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, three targets have been selected as being closely related to the priorities of coping with increasing temperatures and rising sea levels.', 'However, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, three targets have been selected as being closely related to the priorities of coping with increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. In addition, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, the selected targets were defined more closely and formulated as quantifiable targets in order to be able to evaluate progress: x The target of 30% of land being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry has been amended by a target year. x The target of preventing any permanent land loss to rising sea levels has been derived from the JNAP 2 target of resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management.', 'x The target of preventing any permanent land loss to rising sea levels has been derived from the JNAP 2 target of resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management. x The target of maintaining Tonga’s stocks of fish and other marine species has been derived from the 2018 JNAP 2 target of resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems. The target of 30% of land in Tonga being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry is envisioned to be achieved by planting of one million trees by 2023, among others.', 'The target of 30% of land in Tonga being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry is envisioned to be achieved by planting of one million trees by 2023, among others. Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees.Adaptation The expansion of MPAs and SMAs is regarded as an important means to achieve the two targets of preventing any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands and maintaining existing stocks of fish and other marine species.', 'Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees.Adaptation The expansion of MPAs and SMAs is regarded as an important means to achieve the two targets of preventing any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands and maintaining existing stocks of fish and other marine species. In that context, the Government of Tonga aims to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ.', 'In that context, the Government of Tonga aims to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ. In order to be effective, the expansion of MPAs will require a clear definition of MPAs — including if and how they differ from SMAs — as well as strengthened enforcement.Planning Process 5. Planning Process 5.1 Information on the process to prepare the NDC The Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2018-2028 (TSDF II) is the overarching national planning document and the principles of the TSDF II have informed the development of the 2020 NDC. There are a number of key sectoral policies and plans which have also informed the 2020 NDC.', 'There are a number of key sectoral policies and plans which have also informed the 2020 NDC. These include the Tonga Energy Road Map, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forestry Policy and the JNAP 2. The Department of Climate Change has led the development of Tonga’s second NDC. The Department reviewed the progress made to date towards achieving the targets identified in the 2015 INDC and identified means of how to enhance the 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC.', 'As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. The review of progress and the development of recommendations for the 2020 NDC were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga, including government and non-government organisations. Further details of the review and recommendations process are available in Annex 3 of this NDC in the “Review of the 2015 Intended National ly Determined Contribution and Recommendations for the 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution s” report.', 'Further details of the review and recommendations process are available in Annex 3 of this NDC in the “Review of the 2015 Intended National ly Determined Contribution and Recommendations for the 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution s” report. The review and recommendations were discussed, comments were received and integrated, and the findings were validated by the Tonga JNAP technical team and relevant stakeholders through national workshops. These meetings were attended by stakeholders from government, private sector and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) with approximately 25 women and 20 men taking part in the workshops. The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and went through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders.', 'The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and went through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders. Once the 2020 NDC contents had been agreed across ministries and departments, the NDC was submitted to and approved by Cabinet.Planning Process 5.2 Information on implementation plans Tonga is currently developing a LT-LEDS which will be submitted to the UNFCCC in 2021. This NDC is aligned with the upcoming LT-LEDS and stakeholder dialogue for the development of the LT-LEDS has fed into the development of the 2020 NDC. The Tongan Government also intends to develop a NDC Roadmap and Investment Plan in 2021.Fairness and Ambition 6. Fairness and Ambition Tonga is a SIDS and its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale.', 'Fairness and Ambition Tonga is a SIDS and its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale. Due to its geography and economy, Tonga is highly affected by the adverse impact of climate change. Tonga is classified as one of the most at-risk countries in the world in terms of its exposure to the unfolding effects of climate change. The ongoing need for Tonga to invest large portions of its public finance and service capacity in the ambitious quest to achieve our climate resilience objectives is a consequence of the emissions of other large countries over many generations as they developed and became wealthy. Achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investment.', 'Achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investment. Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious.Annex Annex A1. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Tonga’s 2020 NDC 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Tonga’s 2020 NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year for GHG emission target: 2006 Base year for planting one million trees: (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions from energy sector in (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Relevant strategies, plans and actions include: x Long-term low emissions development strategy x Tonga Energy Road Map x Energy Efficiency Master Plan x Joint National Adaptation Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Government of Tonga’s Third National CommunicationAnnex (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year for GHG emission target: 2006 Base year for planting one million trees: (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions from energy sector in (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Relevant strategies, plans and actions include: x Long-term low emissions development strategy x Tonga Energy Road Map x Energy Efficiency Master Plan x Joint National Adaptation Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Government of Tonga’s Third National CommunicationAnnex (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. GHG emissions from energy sector in 2006 may be updated and recalculated as a result of methodological improvements.', 'GHG emissions from energy sector in 2006 may be updated and recalculated as a result of methodological improvements. Information on updates made will be included in the Government of Tonga’s Third National Communications to the UNFCCC. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target 3.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; GHG emission reduction target: x Sector-specific target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16Gg) by 2025 compared to Non-emission targets: x Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and other land use sector by 2025 x Planting one million trees by 2023 x Identification of a GHG emission target for the waste sector by 2025 (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Sectors: x Energy Gases: x Carbon dioxide (CO2), x Methane (CH4),Annex Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; x Nitrous oxide (N2O), x Carbon monoxide (CO) x Sulphur dioxide (SO2) x Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC) x Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision Tonga aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC.', 'Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; GHG emission reduction target: x Sector-specific target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16Gg) by 2025 compared to Non-emission targets: x Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and other land use sector by 2025 x Planting one million trees by 2023 x Identification of a GHG emission target for the waste sector by 2025 (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Sectors: x Energy Gases: x Carbon dioxide (CO2), x Methane (CH4),Annex Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; x Nitrous oxide (N2O), x Carbon monoxide (CO) x Sulphur dioxide (SO2) x Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC) x Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision Tonga aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. However, targets for GHG emission reductions could only be developed for the energy sector because: x Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): There is a paucity of data for the IPPU sector, preventing the inclusion of the sector.', 'However, targets for GHG emission reductions could only be developed for the energy sector because: x Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): There is a paucity of data for the IPPU sector, preventing the inclusion of the sector. In addition, GHG emissions from IPPU represent a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents. Therefore, omission of the sector has a negligible impact on Tonga’s NDC. x Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector: Paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass.', 'x Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector: Paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. For example, the Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication states that GHG emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from the country’s forests, with changes in forest and other woody biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of CO2e (Government of Tonga 2019). However, these estimatesAnnex could not be confirmed based on the available land use data. Therefore, the AFOLU sector is not considered as part of Tonga’s NDC. However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU sector in its 2025 NDC.', 'However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU sector in its 2025 NDC. x Waste: Paucity of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition prevented considering GHG emissions from the waste sector as part of Tonga’s NDC. However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions from waste in its 2025 NDC. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 4.', 'Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Department of Climate Change was responsible for developing Tonga’s 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and representatives of civil society.', 'Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and representatives of civil society. In addition, the targets and measures put forward in Tonga’s 2020 NDC have been informed by academic studies, policies, strategies, and roadmaps. The contents ofAnnex the 2020 NDC were agreed across ministries and departments and approved by the cabinet. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Tonga is a small island developing state consisting of 176 islands. Tonga’s economy is characterized by agriculture and fishing, with a high level of subsistence agriculture and dependence on remittances. Both, Tonga’s geography and its economic structure make the country susceptible to the adverse impacts of climate change. More information on Tonga’s national circumstances is available in its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. b.', 'More information on Tonga’s national circumstances is available in its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contributions; Tonga regards coordination between and consultation of all relevant stakeholders as a prerequisite to develop its NDC and its effective implementation. Tonga also regards consistency with existing policies, strategies, and roadmaps as pertinent for developing its NDC and its effective implementation. Tonga recognises the need to strengthen data collection in order to comply with the 2006 IPCC guidelines. The 2020 NDC puts forward specific targets to increase clarity and transparency in this area.', 'The 2020 NDC puts forward specific targets to increase clarity and transparency in this area. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Food security: Given the country’s geographical and economic characteristics, ensuring food security for its population is a priority for Tonga Social inclusion: Tonga puts a strong emphasis on ensuring the consideration of aspects such as gender, income, age, etc. when developing its nationally determined contributionsAnnex (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. Tonga is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Tonga is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; According to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, the first global stocktake will take place in 2023. In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stocktake will inform Tonga in updating and enhancing its nationally determined contribution.', 'In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stocktake will inform Tonga in updating and enhancing its nationally determined contribution. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodologicalAnnex (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodologicalAnnex (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 5.', 'approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contributions (b) , consistent with paragraph 31, and For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions and determined its GHG emission targets following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1Annex accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1Annex accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; approach and applying default emission factors. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; When accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions for the energy sector, Tonga will apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; When accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions for the energy sector, Tonga will apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. When reporting progress towards the targets set in the 2020 NDC, Tonga will strive to apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'When reporting progress towards the targets set in the 2020 NDC, Tonga will strive to apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasAnnex Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable as the current GHG inventory does not adequately capture GHG emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land use.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable as the current GHG inventory does not adequately capture GHG emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land use. Tonga strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable. For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Tonga’s non-GHG components largely aim at improving clarity and transparency, enabling Tonga to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, usingAnnex the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. There are not specific assumptions and methodological approaches underpinning these components. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable.', '(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. Tonga’s 2020 NDC does not include any climate forcers that are not covered by the IPCC guidelines. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Tonga intends to achieve the mitigation objectives under its 2020 NDC exclusively through domestic efforts and does not envision any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Tonga is a small island developing state.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Tonga is a small island developing state. Its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale. Due to its geography and economy, Tonga is highly affected by the adverse impact of climate change. Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious.', 'Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The targets set in Tonga’s 2020 NDC represent a progression beyond Tonga’s 2015 NDC in that: The 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets a clear and transparent target for reducing GHG emissions, and the 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets clear and transparent non-emission targets for the AFOLU and waste sectors.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The targets set in Tonga’s 2020 NDC represent a progression beyond Tonga’s 2015 NDC in that: The 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets a clear and transparent target for reducing GHG emissions, and the 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets clear and transparent non-emission targets for the AFOLU and waste sectors. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The non-GHG emissions targets set in the 2020 NDC aim at establishing the prerequisites for Tonga to develop an economy-wide GHG emission reductionAnnex target as part of its 2025 NDC, accounting for anthropogenic emissions or removals from energy, AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The non-GHG emissions targets set in the 2020 NDC aim at establishing the prerequisites for Tonga to develop an economy-wide GHG emission reductionAnnex target as part of its 2025 NDC, accounting for anthropogenic emissions or removals from energy, AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. In alignment with its 2020 NDC, Tonga is preparing a long-term low emission development strategy to be launched in 2021. 7.', 'In alignment with its 2020 NDC, Tonga is preparing a long-term low emission development strategy to be launched in 2021. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified clear targets towards increasing the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified clear targets towards increasing the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified where financing will be required to achieve its targets. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target.Annex A2.', 'As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target.Annex A2. Impacts of climate change on Tonga For the purpose of clarity and transparency, this section assesses the impact of five different phenomena related to climate change in Tonga: changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones. It summarizes what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlights areas of uncertainty, and indicates areas in need of future research. Table 3.', 'It summarizes what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlights areas of uncertainty, and indicates areas in need of future research. Table 3. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomen on Confiden ce Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Rise in temperatur es Very high Increase in temperature s by up to 2030 and up Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± 0.2°C by (high emissions) x Decreased yield and quality of crops x Reduced fish catch and degradation of corals x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario x Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Degradation of coral reefs due to pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain eventsAnnex Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7– 18 cm by 88 cm by Rise in mean sea levels by x Land loss x Damage to infrastructure and property x Salinization of groundwater x Migration of population x Degradation of coral reefs Table 2.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomen on Confiden ce Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Rise in temperatur es Very high Increase in temperature s by up to 2030 and up Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± 0.2°C by (high emissions) x Decreased yield and quality of crops x Reduced fish catch and degradation of corals x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario x Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Degradation of coral reefs due to pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain eventsAnnex Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7– 18 cm by 88 cm by Rise in mean sea levels by x Land loss x Damage to infrastructure and property x Salinization of groundwater x Migration of population x Degradation of coral reefs Table 2. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomen on Confiden ce (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Increase in ocean acidificatio n Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification x Destruction of coral reefs x Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of Increase in mean maximum wind speed of Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin x Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts,Annex cyclones of bananas, and breadfruit x Destruction of infrastructure x Damage of coral reefs x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI Rise in temperatures Under all emission scenarios, temperatures in Tonga are predicted to rise.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomen on Confiden ce (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Increase in ocean acidificatio n Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification x Destruction of coral reefs x Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of Increase in mean maximum wind speed of Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin x Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts,Annex cyclones of bananas, and breadfruit x Destruction of infrastructure x Damage of coral reefs x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI Rise in temperatures Under all emission scenarios, temperatures in Tonga are predicted to rise. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2014) indicate that temperatures will increase by 1.0°C by 2030 under all emission scenarios, and between 0.2°C and 4.1°C by 2090 depending on the emission scenario.', 'The Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2014) indicate that temperatures will increase by 1.0°C by 2030 under all emission scenarios, and between 0.2°C and 4.1°C by 2090 depending on the emission scenario. In its Third National Communication, the Government of Tonga (2019) suggests an increase in temperature of up to 0.7°C by 2030 and 2.6°C by 2090. An increase in temperatures has direct repercussions for agriculture, fishery, and human health. First, impacts from rising temperatures are expected to be particularly pronounced in the agriculture sector. Agriculture is a crucial sector in Tonga, accounting for approximately 15% of the country’s GDP in 2018/19, with a quarter of the country’s employed laborers working in agriculture, forestry and fishing (Tonga Statistics Department 2019; Tonga Statistics Department 2018).', 'Agriculture is a crucial sector in Tonga, accounting for approximately 15% of the country’s GDP in 2018/19, with a quarter of the country’s employed laborers working in agriculture, forestry and fishing (Tonga Statistics Department 2019; Tonga Statistics Department 2018). Furthermore, in 2015, more than 80% of Tonga’s population were engaged in agriculture to meet their own food needs or earn cash income through sale, with squash, yam, taro, sweet potato and cassava representing the most common crops (MAFF et al. 2015). Higher temperatures can lead to lower crop yields because levels of photosynthesis decrease at temperatures above 25°C for tropical crops, like sweet potato, cassava, taro, and yams (Hay et al. 2003). Second, according to Dutra et al.', 'Second, according to Dutra et al. 2018, increase in temperature along with nutrient enrichment and ocean acidification can affect corals’ immune response, thus increasing the susceptibility of corals to diseases and affecting their survivability and growth. Higher sea surface temperatures of Tonga’s coastal waters have reportedly led to reduced fish catch as a result of widespread coral bleaching (Government of Tonga 2018b).Annex Third, Tonga, along with most Pacific island countries, faces effects of water scarcity, vector-, food- and waterborne diseases (McIver et al. 2016). Increasing temperatures are known to facilitate the spread of foodborne diseases such as diarrheal disease, ciguatera and salmonella, due to an increase in the concentration of certain pathogens in food along the pathway from preparation and handling to cooking, serving and storing (WHO 2015).', 'Increasing temperatures are known to facilitate the spread of foodborne diseases such as diarrheal disease, ciguatera and salmonella, due to an increase in the concentration of certain pathogens in food along the pathway from preparation and handling to cooking, serving and storing (WHO 2015). In addition, an increase in temperature may exacerbate Tonga’s incidences of non- communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity and diabetes. As one of the countries with the highest obesity and diabetes rates worldwide — affecting two in five and one in five Tongans respectively — an increase in temperature may contribute to further worsening of public health (WHO 2016). For example, temperature extremes put type-2 diabetes patients at increased risk (Hajat et al. 2017).', 'For example, temperature extremes put type-2 diabetes patients at increased risk (Hajat et al. 2017). Similarly, Moellering and Smith (2012) suggest that as air conditioning increases with the rise in temperatures, energy expenditure of the human body decreases which may contribute to rising obesity rates. Increase in extreme rainfall events Projections for the impact of climate change on rainfall patterns are subject to considerable uncertainty. While existing projections suggest with high confidence that extreme rain events will occur more frequently, there is low confidence that mean annual rainfall will be affected by climate change (Government of Tonga 2019; Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014). An increase in extreme rain events can be expected to adversely impact infrastructure, agriculture, and public health in Tonga.', 'An increase in extreme rain events can be expected to adversely impact infrastructure, agriculture, and public health in Tonga. First, an increase in extreme rainfall events threatens to reduce agricultural productivity in Tonga (Government of Tonga 2018b). As a large share of Tonga’s population relies on subsistence agriculture, reduced production might threaten food security of many households. Furthermore, lower productivity as a result of an increase in extreme rainfall events will likely affect revenue from agriculture exports which are vital for the Tongan economy (Government of Tonga 2019). In 2019, agriculture products represented almost half of the country’s export revenue (National Reserve Bank of Tonga 2019).', 'In 2019, agriculture products represented almost half of the country’s export revenue (National Reserve Bank of Tonga 2019). Second, Tonga occasionally faces heavy rainfall that causes flooding and prolonged ponding of water, which is associated with health risks such as waterborne and vector diseases, including dengue fever (Fakhruddin 2015). In 2017, the Tongan Ministry of Health has expressed concerns with the increasedAnnex risk of dengue fever due to heavy rainfall (Tonga Broadcasting Commission 2017). Moreover, in the Pacific, WHO (2015) identified diarrheal illness as the most significant category of waterborne disease caused by changes in temperature, rainfall and humidity. Third, while a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, extreme rainfall events are considered to cause considerable damage to infrastructure.', 'Third, while a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, extreme rainfall events are considered to cause considerable damage to infrastructure. Finally, heavy rainfall in combination with insufficient drainage systems increases surface runoff, resulting in the pollution of nearby coastal areas due to sediments and debris washing into these areas (Government of Tonga 2018b). Occurrence of droughts Existing projections suggest little change in the incidence of droughts in Tonga due to climate change. However, confidence levels behind these projections are low since the confidence level of changes in mean rainfall change is low. Furthermore, there is no consensus about projected changes in ENSO and their impact on rainfall patterns (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019).', 'Furthermore, there is no consensus about projected changes in ENSO and their impact on rainfall patterns (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019). Although droughts might not increase due to climate change, they already pose a threat, particularly to Tonga’s agriculture sector and public health. If climate change was to result in more prolonged droughts, their impact would further increase. First, agricultural droughts — i.e. insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of a crop — are already occurring regularly in Tonga (Government of Tonga 2019). Such droughts severely affect agriculture productivity in the country, resulting in stunted growth of annual crops such as squash, vegetables, yams, sweet potatoes, root crops, and coconuts (Government of Tonga 2018b; FAO and MAFF 2014).', 'Such droughts severely affect agriculture productivity in the country, resulting in stunted growth of annual crops such as squash, vegetables, yams, sweet potatoes, root crops, and coconuts (Government of Tonga 2018b; FAO and MAFF 2014). Second, despite the uncertainty in the projection of droughts in Tonga, droughts already pose health threats to the country’s population. For example, prolonged dry periods have caused reduced access to potable water (Fakhruddin 2015). Historically, droughts in 1982-83 and 1997-98 resulted in water shortage, devastating agriculture harvests in those years and causing food shortages (Government of Tonga 2018a).', 'Historically, droughts in 1982-83 and 1997-98 resulted in water shortage, devastating agriculture harvests in those years and causing food shortages (Government of Tonga 2018a). Such threats would be exacerbated in case the frequency or intensity of droughts were to increase as a result of climate change.Annex Rise in sea levels Sea levels in Tongan territorial waters are predicted to rise under all emissions scenarios, though projections show considerable differences in the magnitude of that rise, with projections suggesting a 7-27cm rise by 2030 and an increase of 11-88cm by 2090 (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019). Rising sea levels have a large spectrum of potential impacts, from land loss to salinization of ground water to degradation of coral reefs and migration, among others.', 'Rising sea levels have a large spectrum of potential impacts, from land loss to salinization of ground water to degradation of coral reefs and migration, among others. First, along with many countries in the South Pacific, Tonga has experienced the risk of inundation and flooding as a result of sea level rise, making low-lying islands inhabitable (Mimura 1999). Additionally, short duration coastal flooding events can have devastating impacts on coastal infrastructure that further increases risks to populations residing in coastal areas (Aucan 2018). While a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, more than 80% of Tonga’s population resides within a distance of less than 1km from the shore, suggesting a very high vulnerability to rising sea levels (Neil et al. 2019).', 'While a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, more than 80% of Tonga’s population resides within a distance of less than 1km from the shore, suggesting a very high vulnerability to rising sea levels (Neil et al. 2019). Sea level rise combined with extreme weather events is likely to contribute to an increase in inundation of low-lying areas. Estimates suggest that flooding and inundation will affect approximately 4% to 14% of the total population of Tongatapu (Rawat et al. 2016). Even under a medium emissions scenario,4 considerable parts of Tongatapu are projected to be inundated by 2090. In particular, this would affect Nuku’alofa and the northern coasts of Tongatapu (Climate Central 2020).', 'In particular, this would affect Nuku’alofa and the northern coasts of Tongatapu (Climate Central 2020). Ultimately, a considerable share of the population may have to relocate closer to the center of the islands. Second, rise in sea level will cause seawater intrusion in low lying coastal areas, which can reduce the availability of freshwater as salinity of groundwater increases (Government of Tonga 2018b). Furthermore, the marginal areas of farmland on the coast are expected to experience higher moisture and increased salinization due to inundation or flooding, reducing their suitability for agriculture (Rawat et al. 2016). Land loss, in addition to saltwater intrusion, is also predicted to reduce the availability of potable water (Fakhruddin 2015).', 'Land loss, in addition to saltwater intrusion, is also predicted to reduce the availability of potable water (Fakhruddin 2015). 4 Medium emissions scenario is based on RCP 4.5 and consistent with the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to 2°C (Climate Central 2020).Annex Increase in ocean acidification Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes more CO2 to be absorbed by the world’s oceans. As more CO2 dissolves in the sea, ocean pH decreases, and aragonite saturation levels fall. This process is commonly referred to as ocean acidification. Coral reefs are highly vulnerable to projected decreases in ocean pH and aragonite saturation levels, as corals and crustaceans use aragonite to build their skeletons.', 'Coral reefs are highly vulnerable to projected decreases in ocean pH and aragonite saturation levels, as corals and crustaceans use aragonite to build their skeletons. At atmospheric concentrations of CO2 above 450 ppm, aragonite levels could fall to levels that make it impossible for corals to sustain building their skeletons (Bell et al. 2011). In Tonga, aragonite saturation levels are predicted to decrease to 3.5Ω by 2035 and continue to decline further (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014, Government of Tonga 2019), threating corals’ reef-building calcification rates and structural integrity, making coral reefs the most vulnerable marine habitat in the tropical Pacific region (Fakhruddin 2015). In particular, according to Dutra et al.', 'In particular, according to Dutra et al. 2018, increase in ocean acidification is expected to impact on coral physiology (calcification rates, ability to repair tissues and growth), behavior (feeding rate), reproduction (early life-stage survival, timing of spawning) as well as weaken calcified structures, and alter coral stress- response mechanisms (Fabricius et al. 2015; Fabricius et al. 2011). In addition, ocean acidification is predicted to pose moderate to high risk to the demersal fish and intertidal invertebrates with shells made of calcium carbonate (Fakhruddin 2015). These combined impacts could potentially have detrimental consequences for fisheries (IPCC 2014; Dutra et al. 2018).', 'These combined impacts could potentially have detrimental consequences for fisheries (IPCC 2014; Dutra et al. 2018). With more than 13% of Tongan households engaged in fisheries for both consumption and sale, this would affect a considerable share of the population (Tonga Statistics Department 2018).Annex Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones While the number of cyclones is projected to decrease, their intensity in the Southeast Pacific Ocean basin in Tonga will increase (Government of Tonga 2019). The frequency is predicted to decrease varying from 6% to 35%, while the mean maximum wind speeds are predicted to increase between 2% and 11% (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014). However, these projections are made with only moderate confidence.', 'However, these projections are made with only moderate confidence. If climate change was to lead to an increase in the intensity of cyclones, it can be expected that the already existing negative impacts on agriculture, coral reefs and fisheries, and public health would be exacerbated. First, Tonga is regularly affected by cyclones which cause considerable damage to agriculture and related infrastructure. Cyclones are accompanied by heavy winds, rainfall, and storm surges that devastate crops and trees (FAO 2010). For instance, Cyclone Gita in 2018 significantly damaged perennial tree crops, such as coconuts, bananas and breadfruit (Government of Tonga 2018b). Cyclone Harold in 2020 contributed a drop in agricultural export volumes by nearly 30%, with lower exports of taro and cassava (National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020).', 'Cyclone Harold in 2020 contributed a drop in agricultural export volumes by nearly 30%, with lower exports of taro and cassava (National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020). In addition, cyclones contribute to soil erosion and salinization, which lead to loss of soil nutrients in coastal areas and stream catchments, creating unfavorable conditions for crop cultivation (FAO 2010; Government of Tonga 2018b). In addition, past cyclones have caused considerable damage to infrastructure, such as transport infrastructure and buildings. In turn, some of that infrastructure is essential to support the agriculture sector, like farm buildings and fences (FAO 2010). Second, cyclones – in combination with heavy rainfall – affect coral reefs, fisheries and related infrastructure (Dutra et al. 2018; FAO 2014).', 'Second, cyclones – in combination with heavy rainfall – affect coral reefs, fisheries and related infrastructure (Dutra et al. 2018; FAO 2014). Once damage has been done by cyclones, fish habitats such as coral reefs take years to re-establish and function normally, thus negatively affecting ecosystems that depend on coral reefs (Government of Tonga 2019). Furthermore, cyclones destroy fishing vessels and equipment. For example, Cyclone Ian in 2014 severely devastated the fisheries sector of Ha’apai, due to damage sustained to fishing boats, outboard motors and an estimated 100% of all fishing gears (FAO 2014). If climate change was to cause an increase in the intensity of cyclones, the damage to coral reefs and fisheries would increase accordingly.', 'If climate change was to cause an increase in the intensity of cyclones, the damage to coral reefs and fisheries would increase accordingly. Third, cyclones, along with other extreme weather events, have a direct impact on health, especially from water contamination (WHO 2015). As tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall and provoke flooding, water treatment plants tend to beAnnex overwhelmed, leading to cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water pipes, sewage overflow, or bypass into local waterways (Semenza and Nichols 2007). References Aucan, Jerome. 2018. Effects of Climate Change on Sea Levels and Inundation Relevant to the Pacific Islands. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card. Science Review 2018, pp. 43-49. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 2014.', '43-49. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 2014. Climate Variability, Extremes and Change in the Western Tropical Pacific: New Science and Updated Country Reports. Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program. Technical Report. Melbourne, Australia IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.', 'Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. Bell, Johann D.; Johanna E. Johnson; Alex S. Ganachaud; Peter C. Gehrke; Alistair J. Hobday; Ove Hoegh- Guldberg; Robert Le Borgne; Patrick Lehodey; Janice M. Lough; Tim Pickering; Morgan S. Pratchett; and Michelle Waycott. 2011. Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change: Summary for Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Noumea, New Caledonia. end.pdf Climate Central. 2020. Coastal Risk Screening Tool. Land projected to be below annual flood Dutra, Leo X.C. ; Michael D.E. Haywood; Shubha Shalini Singh; Marta Ferreira; Johanna E. Johnson; Joeli Veitayaka; Stuart Kininmonth; Cherrie W. Morris. 2018. “Effects of Climate Change on Corals Relevant to the Pacific Islands”. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card.', 'Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card. Science Review 2018, Fabricius, K.; A. Kluibenschedl; L. Harrington; S. Noonan; and G. De’ath. 2015. “In situ changes of tropical crustose coralline algae along carbon dioxide gradients”. Science Reports 5, 9537 (2015).Annex Fabricius, Katharina E.; Chris Langdon, Sven Uthicke, Craig Humphrey, Sam Noonan, Glenn De’ath, Remy Okazaki, Nancy Muehllehner, Martin Glas, and Janice M. Lough. 2011. “Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations”. Nature Climate Change Vol. 1, pp. 165-169. Fakhruddin, Bapon. 2015. Climate Risk Management in Water Sector in Tonga. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisgheries. 2014. Cyclone Ian in Ha’apai. Rapid damage assessment to the agriculture and fisheries sectors report.', 'Rapid damage assessment to the agriculture and fisheries sectors report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Pacific Food Security Toolkit. Building Resilience to Climate Change. Root Crop and Fishery Production. Rome, Italy. Government of Tonga. 2019. Third National Communication on Climate Change Report. Government of Tonga. 2018a. El Niño and drought Watch for Tonga. Government of Tonga. 2018b. Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028. Hajat, S; A. Haines; C Sarran; A. Sharma; C. Bates; and L. E. Fleming. 2017. “The effect of ambient temperature on type-2-diabetes: case-crossover analysis of 4+ million GP consultations Hay, John E., Nobuo Mimura, John Campbell, Solomone Fifita, Kanayathu Koshy, Roger F. McLean, Taito Nakalevu, Patrick Nunn, and Neil de Wet.', '“The effect of ambient temperature on type-2-diabetes: case-crossover analysis of 4+ million GP consultations Hay, John E., Nobuo Mimura, John Campbell, Solomone Fifita, Kanayathu Koshy, Roger F. McLean, Taito Nakalevu, Patrick Nunn, and Neil de Wet. 2003. Climate Variability and Change and Sea-level Rise in the Pacific Islands: Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, Educators and Other Stakeholders. McIver, Lachlan; Rokho Kim; Alistair Woodward, Simon Hales; Jeffery Spickett; Dianne Katscherian; Masahiro Hashizume; Yasushi Honda; Ho Kim; Steven Iddings; Jyotishma Naicker; Hilary Bambrick; Anthony J. McMichael; Kristie L. Ebi. 2016. Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016, 124 (11), pp. 1707–14. Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries et al.', 'Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries et al. 2015; TNAC 2015 Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF), Tonga Statistics Department, and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). 2015. Tonga National Agriculture Census. Main Report. Nuku’alofa. Moellering, Douglas R, and Daniel L Smith Jr. 2012. “Ambient Temperature and Obesity.” Current Obesity Reports. Vol. 1,1 (2012), pp. 26-34.Annex National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020. Overseas Exchange Transactions (OET). November 2019. 29 May 2020. Neil, L. Andrew; Phil Bright; Luis de la Rua; Shwu Jiau Teoh; Methew Vickers. 2019. Coastal proximity of populations in 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories. PLoS ONE 14(9). Semenza, Jan; and Gordon Nichols. 2007. “Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe.” Euro Surveill, Vol. 12, pp. 120-123.', '“Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe.” Euro Surveill, Vol. 12, pp. 120-123. Tonga Broadcasting Commission. 2017. Tonga is vulnerable to the virus of dengue fever. Tonga Statistics Department. 2019. National Accounts Statistics. Gross Domestic Products Highlights 2018-2019. Tonga Statistics Department. 2018. Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Second Edition. Nuku’alofa. Rawat, Nidhi; M S Umesh Babu; Sunil Nautiyal. 2016. "Climate change and sea level rise: A review of studies on low lying and Island countries". Institute for Social and Economic Change. Working Paper 359. Bangalore. World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Diabetes country profiles. Tonga. World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. Human health and climate change in Pacific Island countries. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila.Annex A3.', 'WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila.Annex A3. Tonga NDC Review Report The Tonga NDC Review Report is annexed herewith for information purpose only. It can be accessed on the Department of Climate Change portal www.climatechange.gov.to.2 | P a g e Kingdom of Tonga Tonga Nationally Determined Contributions Review Report This document has been produced with the financial support of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub under the Review and Enhancement of Tonga Nationally Determined Contributions. This project is part of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub’s support to the Government of Tonga in implementing, enhancing and financing its NDCs. The NDC Hub is financed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.', 'The NDC Hub is financed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. The NDC Hub is managed by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) in partnership with the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). The Hub has a close collaboration with the NDC Partnership’s Support Unit (NDCP SU).', 'The Hub has a close collaboration with the NDC Partnership’s Support Unit (NDCP SU). The NDC Hub is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) of New Zealand.3 | P a g e CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF BOXES . 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 5 1.1 Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions 6 1.2 Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use 17 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and oOther Land use 18 A1. Interview Notes 33 A2.', 'The NDC Hub is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) of New Zealand.3 | P a g e CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF BOXES . 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 5 1.1 Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions 6 1.2 Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use 17 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and oOther Land use 18 A1. Interview Notes 33 A2. List of interview participants and contact information 464 | P a g e LIST OF TABLES Table 1.', 'List of interview participants and contact information 464 | P a g e LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Targets for the electricity sector 12 Table 2. Transmission and distribution losses across Tonga’s four main networks 14 Table 3. GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) 17 Table 4. Estimated carbon sequestration 19 Table 5. JNAP 2 targets by category . 23 Table 6. Example of matching goals with measures . 25 Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga 26 Table 8. Summary of recommendations . 29 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Options for enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions 8 Figure 2. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 10 Figure 3.', 'Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 10 Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel in Tonga 12 Figure 4. Electricity generation by fuel in Tongatapu 13 Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai . 13 Figure 6. Electricity generation by fuel in Vava’u . 14 Figure 7. Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua . 14 LIST OF BOXES Box 1.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua . 14 LIST OF BOXES Box 1. Marine Protected Areas 245 | P a g e List of Abbreviations °C degree Celsius AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use cm centimeter Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease 2019 CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DPE Department of Energy Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GWh Gigawatt per hour ha hectare HFO high sulphur fuel oil ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IOM International Maritime Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 km kilometer km2 square kilometer LED light-emitting diode LPG liquefied petroleum gas LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MAFF CP Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests corporate plan MPA Marine Protected Area MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt per hour NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions Ωar aragonite saturation state PACCSAP Pacific Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Program TNC TERM Third National Communication Tonga Energy Road Map TPL Tonga Power Limited UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WRI World Resources Institute6 | P a g e Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, mentioning three specific means to achieve that aim: 1.', 'Marine Protected Areas 245 | P a g e List of Abbreviations °C degree Celsius AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use cm centimeter Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease 2019 CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DPE Department of Energy Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GWh Gigawatt per hour ha hectare HFO high sulphur fuel oil ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IOM International Maritime Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 km kilometer km2 square kilometer LED light-emitting diode LPG liquefied petroleum gas LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MAFF CP Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests corporate plan MPA Marine Protected Area MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt per hour NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions Ωar aragonite saturation state PACCSAP Pacific Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Program TNC TERM Third National Communication Tonga Energy Road Map TPL Tonga Power Limited UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WRI World Resources Institute6 | P a g e Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, mentioning three specific means to achieve that aim: 1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, 2.', 'Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, 2. Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and 3. Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-resilient development. To achieve its ambitious long-term goals, the Paris Agreement introduced the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In the lead-up to the Paris Agreement, governments initially developed Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and submitted these to the secretariat of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bonn, Germany. With the ratification of the Paris Agreement, those INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (Fransen et al., 2017).', 'With the ratification of the Paris Agreement, those INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (Fransen et al., 2017). These NDCs represent a five-year cycle of pledges and reviews of governments’ actions to mitigate their countries’ contribution to climate change. Each party1 to the Paris Agreement is required to prepare and submit a successive NDC every five years to the UNFCCC secretariat (UNFCCC, 2015). This NDC review process was designed to provide a formal framework within which governments would increase the ambition of their actions against climate change and reduce its GHG emission over time, with the intention that each successive NDC would represent a progression beyond a country’s current NDC and ultimately allow to meet the aims of the Paris Agreement goal.', 'This NDC review process was designed to provide a formal framework within which governments would increase the ambition of their actions against climate change and reduce its GHG emission over time, with the intention that each successive NDC would represent a progression beyond a country’s current NDC and ultimately allow to meet the aims of the Paris Agreement goal. Following the submission of each NDC to the UNFCCC secretariat, governments are required to pursue domestic measures to achieve their mitigation objectives. While most of the submitted NDCs have contained information on adaptation, this is not required.', 'While most of the submitted NDCs have contained information on adaptation, this is not required. Parties are invited to submit and periodically update communications on adaptation, which may describe adaptation priorities, implementation and support needs, as well as plans and actions, either through their NDCs or other relevant formats such as national adaptation plans or national communications (UNFCCC, 2015). Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of Tonga developed its INDC and submitted it to the UNFCCC in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016. When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC. The Department of Climate Change is currently developing Tonga’s second NDC.', 'The Department of Climate Change is currently developing Tonga’s second NDC. Specifically, the department is reviewing the progress made to date towards achieving the targets identified in the 2015 INDC and identifying means of how to enhance the 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change takes a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. Once the 2020 NDC has been drafted, its contents will be agreed across ministries and departments, 1 A party to the Paris Agreement is a country which has ratified the agreement.7 | P a g e prior to seeking approval from cabinet.', 'Once the 2020 NDC has been drafted, its contents will be agreed across ministries and departments, 1 A party to the Paris Agreement is a country which has ratified the agreement.7 | P a g e prior to seeking approval from cabinet. Finally, the document will be approved by the cabinet prior to being communicated to the UNFCCC secretariat. This report presents the progress made towards achieving the targets set in Tonga’s 2015 INDC. It also presents a set of recommendations to be considered for the development of the country’s 2020 NDC. The Department of Climate Change seeks input from all relevant stakeholders on the findings of this report as guidance for drafting Tonga’s 2020 NDC.', 'The Department of Climate Change seeks input from all relevant stakeholders on the findings of this report as guidance for drafting Tonga’s 2020 NDC. The department expects to draft the 2020 NDC in the fourth quarter of this year. This report is one of the deliverables of the project Review and Enhancement of Tonga Nationally Determined Contribution. The project is part of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub’s support to the Government of Tonga in implementing, enhancing and financing its NDCs. The project is being led by the Department of Climate Change and implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), on behalf of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub.8 | P a g e This report has two principal purposes.', 'The project is being led by the Department of Climate Change and implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), on behalf of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub.8 | P a g e This report has two principal purposes. First, it reviews the 2015 INDC, determining the progress made to date towards achieving the identified targets. Second, it puts forward recommendations for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. First, the review presented in this report addresses the progress made towards existing goals and targets for both the mitigation and adaptation components of Tonga’s 2015 INDC. Within each component, the review considered three elements: 1. To what extent identified targets have been achieved, 2.', 'To what extent identified targets have been achieved, 2. To what extent implementation is supported by identifying specific measures — or the lack thereof — to achieve the identified targets, 3. How targets and measures are communicated, with a particular focus on the available data, including important gaps and inconsistencies. Second, recommendations were developed to inform the scope and content of the 2020 NDC. There are a number of options for governments of how to enhance or update their NDCs. Following Fransen et al. (2017), these options include (Figure 1): Updating or adding relevant information, Revising and/or expanding the existing goals and targets, Providing information on specific measures to achieve those goals, and Improving the clarity, transparency, and understanding of their NDCs.', '(2017), these options include (Figure 1): Updating or adding relevant information, Revising and/or expanding the existing goals and targets, Providing information on specific measures to achieve those goals, and Improving the clarity, transparency, and understanding of their NDCs. The analysis presented in this report was informed by publicly available data sets and reports, in- country interviews with stakeholders in Tonga facilitated by the Department of Climate Change, and data gathered as a result of these interviews. Figure 1. Options for enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions Source: Adapted from Fransen et al. (2017)9 | P a g e Interviews were held during the period of 9th March to 30th April 2020.', '(2017)9 | P a g e Interviews were held during the period of 9th March to 30th April 2020. Travel restrictions imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic prevented the GGGI team from travelling to Tonga for face- to-face interviews. Therefore, all interviews were conducted remotely via video calls. A summary of these interviews is available in Annex 1 of this report. The list of the individuals interviewed from both public and private entities is available in Annex 2. The contents of this report were discussed and its findings were validated by the JNAP technical team on 24th July and during a 2-day validation workshop with relevant stakeholders on 30th and 31st July 2020. At the validation workshops, the following 3 questions were asked: Question 1.', 'At the validation workshops, the following 3 questions were asked: Question 1. Do you agree with the results of the review of the 2015 INDC? Would you like to add any comments regarding the achievement of targets in the 2015 INDC? Question 2. Do you agree with the recommendations made for your sector for the 2020 NDC? Other than the recommendations presented, do you have any other recommendations for the 2020 NDC? Question 3. How can the suggested 2020 NDC targets be achieved in Tonga? What are the barriers and opportunities? What enabling actions need to be taken? The feedback in response to questions 1 and 2 was integrated into the review and recommendations of this report.', 'The feedback in response to questions 1 and 2 was integrated into the review and recommendations of this report. Responses to question 3 on barriers, opportunities and enabling actions will be considered for drafting the 2020 NDC. Feedback collected addressing question 3 is presented in this report in Annex 3.10 | P a g e Mitigation refers to human interventions to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources or enhance their removal from the atmosphere (UNFCCC, 2009). In other words, mitigation can be broken down into two components. First, it includes any activities that decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, such as switching from fossil fuels to renewable sources for electricity generation.', 'First, it includes any activities that decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, such as switching from fossil fuels to renewable sources for electricity generation. Second, mitigation refers to removing GHG emissions from the atmosphere via carbon sinks, such as vegetations and soils absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) The 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories identifies the following sectors as relevant sources for GHG emissions (IPCC, 2019): Energy, including electricity generation, transport, and commercial, institutional and residential end-use, Industrial processes and product use (IPPU), Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and Waste. Available information suggests that Tonga’s GHG emissions originate from two main sources: 1. Burning of fossil fuels, and 2.', 'Burning of fossil fuels, and 2. Conversion of forest and grassland (Government of Tonga, 2019; Figure 2).2 Tonga’s 2015 INDC includes the following mitigation targets (Government of Tonga, 2015): 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2020, 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030, Reduction of line losses of electricity to 9% by 2020, 2 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'Conversion of forest and grassland (Government of Tonga, 2019; Figure 2).2 Tonga’s 2015 INDC includes the following mitigation targets (Government of Tonga, 2015): 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2020, 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030, Reduction of line losses of electricity to 9% by 2020, 2 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019). While this report generally follows the guidance provided by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories (IPCC, 2019), figure Figure 2 presents data as reported by the Government of Tonga in order to be consistent with the source of the data.', 'While this report generally follows the guidance provided by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories (IPCC, 2019), figure Figure 2 presents data as reported by the Government of Tonga in order to be consistent with the source of the data. Figure 2. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 GHG emissions (in Gg) Share in total GHG emissions Source: Government of Tonga (2019) Energy, Agricult ure, LULUCF Waste,11 | P a g e Double the number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030, compared to 2015,3 Development of GHG emission reduction targets for the following sectors: transport, agriculture, waste, and forestry.4 None of these targets was formulated in the form of quantifying reductions in GHG emissions.', 'Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 GHG emissions (in Gg) Share in total GHG emissions Source: Government of Tonga (2019) Energy, Agricult ure, LULUCF Waste,11 | P a g e Double the number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030, compared to 2015,3 Development of GHG emission reduction targets for the following sectors: transport, agriculture, waste, and forestry.4 None of these targets was formulated in the form of quantifying reductions in GHG emissions. For the 2020 NDC, it is recommended that targets are formulated in terms of GHG emissions reductions, to the extent possible. This chapter summarizes the 2015 INDC distinguishing between the four sectors put forward as part of the 2006 IPCC guidelines and assesses the progress made towards achieving the identified targets.', 'This chapter summarizes the 2015 INDC distinguishing between the four sectors put forward as part of the 2006 IPCC guidelines and assesses the progress made towards achieving the identified targets. It also highlights important gaps within the 2015 INDC, such as missing sector targets, gaps in identifying measures to achieve the existing targets, and lack of and inconsistencies in the available data and calculations. Finally, under each section, the report suggests a set of recommendations for the 2020 NDC. Targets for the energy sector only refer to electricity generation, with the aim to generate 50% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 and 70% by 2030, as well as to reduce line losses to 9% by 2020 (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'Targets for the energy sector only refer to electricity generation, with the aim to generate 50% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 and 70% by 2030, as well as to reduce line losses to 9% by 2020 (Government of Tonga, 2015). These targets are largely consistent with other policy documents, such as the second Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 (JNAP 2) and the Tonga Energy Road Map (TERM) (Table 1). 3 The 2015 INDC lists the target of doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as part of mitigation. However, in-country interviews suggested that this target should be considered under adaptation. This review discusses MPAs under adaptation (see Box 1. Marine Protected Areas).', 'This review discusses MPAs under adaptation (see Box 1. Marine Protected Areas). 4 The 2015 INDC refers to “Sector Emission Reduction Targets: Transport, Agriculture, Environment Friendly Waste Management and Reforestation”. It is not clear whether this refers to the objective of (1) setting GHG emission targets for these sectors or (2) reducing GHG emissions from these sectors. In the context of this review, the statement is interpreted as referring to setting GHG emission targets for the mentioned sectors.12 | P a g e Table 1.', 'In the context of this review, the statement is interpreted as referring to setting GHG emission targets for the mentioned sectors.12 | P a g e Table 1. Targets for the electricity sector Target Source 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2015 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 100% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2035 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2 Reduction of line losses to 9% of total generation in 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map Source: Compiled by GGGI In Tonga, electricity is generated from diesel, solar and wind.', 'Targets for the electricity sector Target Source 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2015 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 100% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2035 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2 Reduction of line losses to 9% of total generation in 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map Source: Compiled by GGGI In Tonga, electricity is generated from diesel, solar and wind. According to in- country interviews, Tonga is on track to achieve the target of 50% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020.', 'According to in- country interviews, Tonga is on track to achieve the target of 50% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. The target refers to the fiscal year 2020, which ends in June 2021. Data made available by the utility — Tonga Power Limited (TPL) — shows that the share of electricity generated from renewables increased from 7% Figure 3). Shares of electricity generated from renewable sources diverge considerably across the four main networks, with the highest share reported for Ha’apai at nearly 29% in 2019 (figure 5) and the lowest share in Vava’u at less than 3% in 2019 (figure 6). Tongatapu, as the largest network by far, saw a share of slightly more than 11% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (figure 4).', 'Tongatapu, as the largest network by far, saw a share of slightly more than 11% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (figure 4). Data for the ‘Eua network shows a share of approximately 5% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (TPL, 2020a; figure 7). Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel in Tonga Source: TPL 2020a Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables13 | P a g e Currently, solar and wind farms represent approximately 30% of total installed electricity generation capacity. Planned additions of generation capacity will increase the share of renewables in total capacity to more than 60% over the next two years (TPL, 2020c; in-country interviews).5 Given these capacity additions, it is expected that the share of electricity generated from renewable sources will increase further. However, achieving the target of 50% electricity generation from renewables in 2020 is extremely ambitious.', 'However, achieving the target of 50% electricity generation from renewables in 2020 is extremely ambitious. In addition to the four networks, solar off-grid systems represent a total of approximately 0.8 MW, equivalent to 4% of total installed capacity (Department of Energy, 2020). Information on electricity generation from these systems is not available. Therefore, this review does not consider them when assessing electricity generation by fuel. However, it is estimated that they would only marginally increase the overall share of electricity from renewables. According to in-country interviews, TPL and the Department of Energy are committed to achieve the target of 70% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2030. The existing project pipeline is aimed at meeting the 50% target and it is assumed that further generation capacity will be needed to meet the 70% target by 2030.', 'The existing project pipeline is aimed at meeting the 50% target and it is assumed that further generation capacity will be needed to meet the 70% target by 2030. It is also assumed that considerable battery storage would be required in order to meet the 2030 target. According to data shared by TPL, line losses have been successfully reduced to below 9% of electricity generated for all four networks since 2018 (TPL, 2020b). In the period from 2015 to 2019, line losses were reported below 9% across all four networks for four out of five years (Table 2). In-country interviews confirmed the achievement of this target as a result of significant improvements in the network infrastructure reducing technical losses and the introduction of meters curbing non-technical losses.', 'In-country interviews confirmed the achievement of this target as a result of significant improvements in the network infrastructure reducing technical losses and the introduction of meters curbing non-technical losses. 5 Planned additions will nearly quadruple total installed capacity of electricity generation from renewables, from 6,642 kW in 2Q2020 to approximately 25,292 kW (TPL, 2020c). Figure 4. Electricity generation by fuel in Tongatapu Source: TPL (2020a) Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables14 | P a g e The 2015 INDC neither includes any targets for transportation nor for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables14 | P a g e The 2015 INDC neither includes any targets for transportation nor for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. The document states that no targets for reducing GHG emissions from the transport sector have been identified, due to the lack of viable alternatives for fossil fuel in transportation (Government of Tonga, 2015). In-country interviews confirmed that no targets for reducing GHG emissions have been developed for these sectors since 2015. The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 (JNAP 2) highlights energy efficiency measures as an important means to reduce GHG emissions. However, the document does not set any specific targets (Government of Tonga, 2018).', 'However, the document does not set any specific targets (Government of Tonga, 2018). Therefore, it is recommended to derive relevant targets for reducing GHG emissions from the transport sector as well as from commercial, institutional and residential end- use of energy from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). Table 2. Transmission and distribution losses across Tonga’s four main networks Year Generated electricity (MWh) Billed electricity (MWh) Parasitic losses (MWh) Line losses (MWh) Share of line losses (%) Source: TPL (2020c) Figure 6. Electricity generation by fuel in Vava’u Source: TPL (2020a) Figure 7. Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables15 | P a g e The 2020 Energy Efficiency Master Plan — in its current draft versions — does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from transport.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables15 | P a g e The 2020 Energy Efficiency Master Plan — in its current draft versions — does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from transport. However, the plan suggests that a combination of targets would lead to an estimated reduction of 28% compared to GHG emission levels in 2030 under a business as usual scenario.6 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 30% improvement in fuel efficiency for newly registered light-duty vehicles, reducing consumption from 10.1 litres per 100 km in 2016 to 7 litres per 100 km in 2030, through registration fees, import tariffs, or fuel economy standards, 10% of all newly registered light-duty vehicles to be electric or hybrid vehicles by 2030.8 Similarly, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy.', 'However, the plan suggests that a combination of targets would lead to an estimated reduction of 28% compared to GHG emission levels in 2030 under a business as usual scenario.6 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 30% improvement in fuel efficiency for newly registered light-duty vehicles, reducing consumption from 10.1 litres per 100 km in 2016 to 7 litres per 100 km in 2030, through registration fees, import tariffs, or fuel economy standards, 10% of all newly registered light-duty vehicles to be electric or hybrid vehicles by 2030.8 Similarly, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. Instead, the plan proposes several targets.', 'Instead, the plan proposes several targets. Together, these targets would accumulate to a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario.9 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 NDC:10 Adoption of minimum energy performance standards by 2022, following Australian and New Zealand standards for all fridges, freezers, air conditioners, water heaters, televisions, computers, clothes washing machines, dryers, cooking appliances, Curtailment of import of non-LED bulbs, Implementation of energy efficiency standards for buildings and performance of energy 100% of streetlights retrofitted with LED bulbs.', 'Together, these targets would accumulate to a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario.9 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 NDC:10 Adoption of minimum energy performance standards by 2022, following Australian and New Zealand standards for all fridges, freezers, air conditioners, water heaters, televisions, computers, clothes washing machines, dryers, cooking appliances, Curtailment of import of non-LED bulbs, Implementation of energy efficiency standards for buildings and performance of energy 100% of streetlights retrofitted with LED bulbs. The 2015 INDC does not identify specific measures or technologies of how to achieve the proposed targets for the energy sector, nor does it identify technical and financial requirements.', 'The 2015 INDC does not identify specific measures or technologies of how to achieve the proposed targets for the energy sector, nor does it identify technical and financial requirements. While Annex 2 of the document provides a summary of initiatives that are related to mitigation, there is no indication to what extent these initiatives will contribute to reducing GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2015). According to in-country interviews, several of the listed initiatives have proven to be technically and/or financially unfeasible. This includes, among others, the development of coconut oil and tidal power as sources for renewable energy.', 'This includes, among others, the development of coconut oil and tidal power as sources for renewable energy. As noted above, 6 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan states that this would be equivalent to an increase of GHG emissions of 1% compared to 2018 (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). 7 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan is also introducing the target of reducing vehicle kilometers traveled by light-duty vehicles by 20%, compared to 2030 business as usual scenario. However, this target is considered as challenging to verify, given current limitations on traffic data. Therefore, it is not recommended to adopt this target as part of the 2020 NDC. 8 This target is identified in the Energy Efficiency Master Plan.', '8 This target is identified in the Energy Efficiency Master Plan. However, during consultations, stakeholders only regarded hybrid vehicles as a viable option. Therefore, the specific content of the target will need to be elaborated further. 9 The estimate of a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario, is based on data provided as part of the Energy Efficiency Master Plan. The plan itself does not refer to this estimate. 10 The form in which these targets are currently formulated, they rather take the form of measures. However, relevant targets for reductions in GHG emissions can be formulated when assessing the potential impact of these measures.', 'However, relevant targets for reductions in GHG emissions can be formulated when assessing the potential impact of these measures. 11 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan does neither specify the energy savings to be achieved by new building standards nor what these standards would entail.16 | P a g e the technologies that have played the largest role towards achieving the renewable energy targets in the energy sector are solar and wind, combined with battery storage. Planned capacity additions suggest that the role of solar and wind will increase further during the next decade.', 'Planned capacity additions suggest that the role of solar and wind will increase further during the next decade. While the 2015 INDC does not include any target for the transport sector, the document mentions public awareness programs for vehicle maintenance, public transport, as well as use of biofuels, electric vehicles and bicycles as means to reduce emissions from the sector — without quantifying their mitigation potentials (Government of Tonga, 2015). It is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify relevant measures, if any targets for the transport sector are to be included. In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans. For example, relevant measures can be derived from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan.', 'For example, relevant measures can be derived from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. To reduce GHG emissions from land transport, the plan proposes improving user-friendliness of public transportation, increasing vehicle efficiency through adjusting vehicle registration tax and import fees, and introducing a mandatory minimum standard for blending of biofuels (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020).12 Similarly, the 2015 INDC does not include any target for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. It is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify relevant measures, if any targets for commercial, institutional and residential end-use are to be included. The upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan proposes a number of measures that could be reflected in the 2020 NDC.', 'The upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan proposes a number of measures that could be reflected in the 2020 NDC. For example, the plan suggests introducing building standards and energy audits to reduce electricity consumption in buildings. Furthermore, it proposes establishing minimum energy performance standards for electrical appliances and creating a revolving fund to finance the adoption of more energy-efficient equipment (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). There are considerable gaps in the 2015 INDC regarding transparency and clarity for the energy sector. There is no information on which data and which conversion factors were used to estimate GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication (TNC) refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions.', 'Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication (TNC) refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions. However, for these two data sets are not consistent (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga, 2019; Table 3). This is the result of data for GHG emissions having been revised and updated prior to the Third National Communication (in-country interviews). While the amount of total GHG emissions remained largely unchanged, the sectoral breakdown shows considerable revisions. Therefore, data published as part of the TNC is considered to be more accurate and is generally used for reference in this report, unless stated otherwise. Attempts to recalculate the 2006 data are prevented by the paucity of raw data and uncertainty about the methodology and conversion factors used.', 'Attempts to recalculate the 2006 data are prevented by the paucity of raw data and uncertainty about the methodology and conversion factors used. However, calculations based on the Department of Energy’s 2018 energy balance are consistent with GHG emissions reported in the Third National Communication. The numbers suggest that little change has occurred in the overall amounts of fossil fuels consumption. Therefore, GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels should also remain largely unchanged. 12 However, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not quantify the contribution of individual measures to achieve the suggested targets.', '12 However, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not quantify the contribution of individual measures to achieve the suggested targets. Furthermore, during the validation workshops, stakeholders regarded the blending of biofuel as not feasible, noting that coconut oil is too expensive to be used for biofuel blending and other feedstocks are not available in Tonga.17 | P a g e Table 3. GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) Total Electricity Transport Other energy Agriculture Land Waste Third National Communication Source: Government of Tonga (2019), Government of Tonga (2012) 1 According to Tonga’s Second National Communication, conversion of forests and grasslands represents a source of emissions that is comparable to the amount emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels (Government of Tonga, 2012).', 'GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) Total Electricity Transport Other energy Agriculture Land Waste Third National Communication Source: Government of Tonga (2019), Government of Tonga (2012) 1 According to Tonga’s Second National Communication, conversion of forests and grasslands represents a source of emissions that is comparable to the amount emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels (Government of Tonga, 2012). However, no information is provided on the calculated amount. The 2015 INDC and the Third National Communication both report Tonga to be a net carbon sink, with the INDC reporting carbon removals by forests of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams for 2006 and the Third National Communication reporting removals of 1,879.37 gigagrams for the same year.', 'The 2015 INDC and the Third National Communication both report Tonga to be a net carbon sink, with the INDC reporting carbon removals by forests of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams for 2006 and the Third National Communication reporting removals of 1,879.37 gigagrams for the same year. It is recommended to ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations in order to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the 2020 NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. If relevant data and calculations are published separately from the NDC document, it should be ensured that the information published is consistent across documents. Furthermore, it is recommended to use the most recent data available for calculating and reporting GHG emissions.', 'Furthermore, it is recommended to use the most recent data available for calculating and reporting GHG emissions. Data that is more than 10 years old should be considered outdated. 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) The 2015 INDC does not include any targets, measures, or data related to industrial processes and product use (IPPU). However, the sector’s omission does not necessarily reflect a gap in the document. Given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents, the IPPU sector might have been considered as not sufficiently relevant to be considered as part of the 2015 INDC.', 'Given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents, the IPPU sector might have been considered as not sufficiently relevant to be considered as part of the 2015 INDC. For the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to not include a GHG emissions target for the IPPU sector. However, in the light of clarity and transparency, it is suggested to explain that there is no target for two reasons: First, GHG emissions from the sector represent only a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions.', 'However, in the light of clarity and transparency, it is suggested to explain that there is no target for two reasons: First, GHG emissions from the sector represent only a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the paucity of data on GHG emissions from the IPPU sector prevents the establishment of a variable target.18 | P a g e 3.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) The 2015 INDC recognizes agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) is crucial for both mitigation and adaptation. However, the document does not set any targets to reduce emissions from the sector. Given the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector.', 'Given the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector. For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector. In addition, in-country consultations asked for including a second non-emission target envisioning the planting of one million trees by 2023. While such a target can be considered for the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to ascertain the feasibility of this target prior to its inclusion. Finally, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC, after the successful establishment of a forest inventory.', 'Finally, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC, after the successful establishment of a forest inventory. Any such target could be derived from existing targets identified in the 2009 National Forest Policy, including halting deforestation and further degradation of indigenous forests, establishing and managing forest reserves, promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests, and promoting agroforestry (Government of Tonga et al., 2009). However, establishing a forest inventory is required in order to be able to quantify any of these targets in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal. The 2015 INDC does not identify any specific measures to reduce GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector.', 'The 2015 INDC does not identify any specific measures to reduce GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector. However, existing policies and plans identify relevant means, which could be drawn upon for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. Among others, the National Forest Policy identified intercropping and agroforestry as an option to mitigate GHG emissions. In-country interviews also specifically highlighted these two measures. Complementarily, the Forest Management Plan identified a range of measures to reduce deforestation, such as improving the enforcement of illegal tree clearing, capacity building to promote agroforestry, and applying certification in order to adhere to international standards for sustainable timber production (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).', 'Complementarily, the Forest Management Plan identified a range of measures to reduce deforestation, such as improving the enforcement of illegal tree clearing, capacity building to promote agroforestry, and applying certification in order to adhere to international standards for sustainable timber production (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017). However, a prerequisite for setting specific targets and identifying measures to reduce GHG emissions is to improve data collection and establish a forest inventory. This is reflected in the National Forest Policy stating that “Tonga needs a comprehensive inventory of its forest resources” (Government of Tonga et al., 2009). Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for analysis, identifying trends and appropriate actions, and evaluating the impact of specific policies and interventions.', 'Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for analysis, identifying trends and appropriate actions, and evaluating the impact of specific policies and interventions. Currently, the paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any larger-scale assessment undertaken in the agriculture and forestry sectors. With basic information regarding forest cover and forest cover change lacking, assessing more complex issues — such as forest regeneration following clearing for agriculture — becomes largely impossible. In return, the paucity of reliable analysis impedes the development of relevant policies to address the issues faced within the sector.', 'In return, the paucity of reliable analysis impedes the development of relevant policies to address the issues faced within the sector. Finally, the absence of reliable data also prevents monitoring the impact and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and other interventions.19 | P a g e Tonga’s 2015 INDC states that, when land use and forestry are considered, Tonga is a net carbon sink of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams of CO2 e per year, with its forests absorbing substantially more GHG emissions than the amount emitted by all other sectors combined (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'Finally, the absence of reliable data also prevents monitoring the impact and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and other interventions.19 | P a g e Tonga’s 2015 INDC states that, when land use and forestry are considered, Tonga is a net carbon sink of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams of CO2 e per year, with its forests absorbing substantially more GHG emissions than the amount emitted by all other sectors combined (Government of Tonga, 2015). According to the Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, within the land use and forestry sector, the conversion of forests and grasslands represents the single largest source of GHG emissions in Tonga, accounting for 187.4 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'According to the Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, within the land use and forestry sector, the conversion of forests and grasslands represents the single largest source of GHG emissions in Tonga, accounting for 187.4 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019). The Third National Communication also states that GHG emissions from land-use are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from the country’s forests, with changes in forest and other woody biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019). However, this could not be confirmed by the available land use data. Rather, estimates based on available data shed considerable doubt on whether Tonga constitutes a net carbon sink. Table 4.', 'Rather, estimates based on available data shed considerable doubt on whether Tonga constitutes a net carbon sink. Table 4. Estimated carbon sequestration Land category Area (ha) Factor for annual above-ground net- biomass growth (tonnes/ha/year) Ratio of below- to above-ground biomass Estimated carbon sequestration (gigagrams/year) Coniferous plantation Non-coniferous plantation Coconut (grassland, shrubland and cropland) Mangroves and wetland (saline and estuarine) Source: GGGI calculated based on Government of Tonga et al. (2009), IPCC (2006) 1 The category ‘other’ is assumed to represent land covered by settlements. This assumption is based on the following premises: First, according to the National Forest Policy, Tonga’s total land area amounts to 75,210 hectares. Second, the National Forest Policy reports the area covered by lakes and freshwater bodies at 6,523 hectares. Third, the remaining 68,687 hectares fall within the land categories shown in table 3.', 'Third, the remaining 68,687 hectares fall within the land categories shown in table 3. Within these categories, ‘other’ is the only category eligible to represent land area covered by settlements. 2 Total land area of Tonga does not include lakes and freshwater bodies. Estimates for total land area differ between sources. Table 4 is consistent with the figures published as part of the 2009 National Forest Policy.', 'Table 4 is consistent with the figures published as part of the 2009 National Forest Policy. First, based on the size of different land categories published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy (Government of Tonga, 2009) and applying default factors for average annual above-ground biomass net growth as well as default ratios of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass for specific vegetation types20 | P a g e (IPCC, 2006a), it is estimated that changes in vegetation capture between 183 to 588 gigagrams e per year (Table 4).13 Even under the most optimistic assumptions, this estimate falls short considerably of the 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e reported in the Third National Communication and accordingly of the figures referred to in the 2015 INDC.', 'First, based on the size of different land categories published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy (Government of Tonga, 2009) and applying default factors for average annual above-ground biomass net growth as well as default ratios of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass for specific vegetation types20 | P a g e (IPCC, 2006a), it is estimated that changes in vegetation capture between 183 to 588 gigagrams e per year (Table 4).13 Even under the most optimistic assumptions, this estimate falls short considerably of the 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e reported in the Third National Communication and accordingly of the figures referred to in the 2015 INDC. In addition, the estimated range is considered to rather overestimate actual carbon sequestration, since annual carbon losses due to wood removals, fuelwood removal, and disturbance are not captured (IPCC, 2006a).', 'In addition, the estimated range is considered to rather overestimate actual carbon sequestration, since annual carbon losses due to wood removals, fuelwood removal, and disturbance are not captured (IPCC, 2006a). The large variation in the estimate is a result of uncertainty regarding which default factors for above- ground net-biomass growth to apply. In particular, the category covering the largest share of land area — coconut (grassland, shrubland and cropland) — does not distinguish between natural and plantation areas, resulting in a large variance in the estimated amounts. Second, no separate estimate could be made to verify the numbers reported for carbon sequestration as a result of the abandonment of managed lands, as the necessary data was not available.', 'Second, no separate estimate could be made to verify the numbers reported for carbon sequestration as a result of the abandonment of managed lands, as the necessary data was not available. However, if any estimates for abandonment of managed lands were included, the numbers for carbon sequestration from changes in forest and other woody biomass would diminish accordingly. Third, the Third National Communication states that forest area covers 12.5% of Tonga’s landmass, while 43.1% consists of agricultural land, and 44.4% of the land is covered by settlement areas (Government of Tonga, 2019). Given the large share of settlement areas compared to the data published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy, the high amount of reported carbon sequestration becomes even more questionable.', 'Given the large share of settlement areas compared to the data published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy, the high amount of reported carbon sequestration becomes even more questionable. In-country interviews confirmed the paucity of reliable data for forestry in Tonga. While a forest inventory is scheduled to be established in 2020-2021, interviewees highlighted the need for capacity building and funding within the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry to collect and analyse forestry data. 3.4.1 Targets and implementation Similar to the AFOLU and transport sectors, while the 2015 INDC calls for reducing GHG emissions from waste management, no specific targets are set, and no relevant measures are identified for this sector (Government of Tonga, 2015).', '3.4.1 Targets and implementation Similar to the AFOLU and transport sectors, while the 2015 INDC calls for reducing GHG emissions from waste management, no specific targets are set, and no relevant measures are identified for this sector (Government of Tonga, 2015). In-country interviews confirmed that no targets for reducing GHG emissions from waste have been developed since 2015. Given that the waste sector represents only a fraction of Tonga’s GHG emissions — approximately 0.3% according to the Third National Communication, compared to 11% reported in the 2015 INDC (Government of Tonga, 2019; Government of Tonga, 2015) — and the uncertainty in the available data, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to not include a target for reducing GHG from the waste sector.', 'Given that the waste sector represents only a fraction of Tonga’s GHG emissions — approximately 0.3% according to the Third National Communication, compared to 11% reported in the 2015 INDC (Government of Tonga, 2019; Government of Tonga, 2015) — and the uncertainty in the available data, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to not include a target for reducing GHG from the waste sector. Instead, it is suggested to include a non-emissions target, establishing the necessary preconditions to be able to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. For that purpose, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu.', 'For that purpose, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu. In that context, relevant data should be collected in order to be able to set a quantifiable GHG emissions target for the next NDC cycle. 13 The Forest Management Plan refers to nearly identical figures for the estimated area under the same set of land categories (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).21 | P a g e There are considerable gaps in the 2015 INDC regarding transparency and clarity for the waste sector. There is no information on the amounts of waste, based on which GHG emissions were calculated.', 'There is no information on the amounts of waste, based on which GHG emissions were calculated. In addition, there is no information on the calculation for converting available waste data into estimates for GHG emissions. Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions. However, for these two data sets are not consistent (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga, 2019; Table 3). Instead, data for GHG emissions was revised prior to the Third National Communication and is considered to be more accurate (in-country interviews).', 'Instead, data for GHG emissions was revised prior to the Third National Communication and is considered to be more accurate (in-country interviews). According to the 2006 IPCC guidelines, GHG emissions from the waste sector include emissions from (1) solid waste disposal, (2) biological treatment of solid waste, (3) incineration and open burning of waste, and (4) wastewater treatment and discharge (IPCC, 2006a). First, in-country interviews confirmed that only data capturing total amounts for solid waste is available, with no information on composition. Second, according to available data and in-country interviews, there is no biological treatment of solid waste in Tonga. Third, according to the 2016 census and in- country interviews, open burning of waste remains a common practice in Tonga, particularly outside Tongatapu (Tonga Statistics Department, 2017).', 'Third, according to the 2016 census and in- country interviews, open burning of waste remains a common practice in Tonga, particularly outside Tongatapu (Tonga Statistics Department, 2017). However, information on the amounts of waste disposed of through the practice of open burning are not available. Finally, there is insufficient information on wastewater treatment and discharge in Tonga.', 'Finally, there is insufficient information on wastewater treatment and discharge in Tonga. Using the IPCC waste model (IPCC, 2006b), extrapolating the amounts for municipal solid waste reported for Tongatapu (Waste Authority Ltd., 2017), applying default factors for Other Oceania, assuming methane generation rate under moist and wet climatic conditions and no methane recovery at the landfill site, results in minimal GHG emissions from municipal solid waste of less than 1 gigagram.22 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to strengthening resilience against the adverse impacts of climate change, mentioning specifically the following sectors and areas (Government of Tonga, 2015): Public infrastructure, Buildings, Coastal protection, and Agriculture sector, mentioning measures such as improved soil management and agroforestry.', 'Using the IPCC waste model (IPCC, 2006b), extrapolating the amounts for municipal solid waste reported for Tongatapu (Waste Authority Ltd., 2017), applying default factors for Other Oceania, assuming methane generation rate under moist and wet climatic conditions and no methane recovery at the landfill site, results in minimal GHG emissions from municipal solid waste of less than 1 gigagram.22 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to strengthening resilience against the adverse impacts of climate change, mentioning specifically the following sectors and areas (Government of Tonga, 2015): Public infrastructure, Buildings, Coastal protection, and Agriculture sector, mentioning measures such as improved soil management and agroforestry. In alignment with the National Forest Policy, the 2015 INDC also identifies goals to increase resilience in the forestry sector, including (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests, Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas, Establishing and managing forest reserves, Promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests with climate change resilient, and ecologically and socially appropriate tree species, Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture, Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments, Encouraging tax allotment holders to plant and manage trees on their properties.', 'In alignment with the National Forest Policy, the 2015 INDC also identifies goals to increase resilience in the forestry sector, including (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests, Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas, Establishing and managing forest reserves, Promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests with climate change resilient, and ecologically and socially appropriate tree species, Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture, Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments, Encouraging tax allotment holders to plant and manage trees on their properties. In addition to the goals mentioned above, the 2015 INDC also refers to the importance of trees for the protection of coastal areas.', 'In addition to the goals mentioned above, the 2015 INDC also refers to the importance of trees for the protection of coastal areas. While references to strengthening resilience against and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change are made throughout the document, the 2015 INDC lacks a systematic assessment of adaptation options. This is reflected in the document’s neglect to distinguish between goals and measures to achieve these goals. It is recommended for the Government of Tonga to focus on targets related to coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level, as there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga.', 'It is recommended for the Government of Tonga to focus on targets related to coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level, as there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga. Other phenomena either entail considerable uncertainty (change in rainfall patterns, occurrence of droughts, occurrence of cyclones) or there are no feasible measures available to respond on a national scale (ocean acidification). In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP 2) can be regarded as relevant.', 'In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP 2) can be regarded as relevant. JNAP 2 identifies electricity, transport, agriculture, fisheries, coastal protection and flood management as important areas for adaptation (Government of Tonga, 2018). More importantly, JNAP 2 introduces 20 targets to strengthen resilience against climate change. Several of these targets could be included in the 2020 NDC (table 5). 14 While the 2015 INDC lists these goals in the context of strengthening resilience towards the adverse impacts of climate change, the National Forest Policy lists them as measures in the context of mitigation.23 | P a g e Table 5.', '14 While the 2015 INDC lists these goals in the context of strengthening resilience towards the adverse impacts of climate change, the National Forest Policy lists them as measures in the context of mitigation.23 | P a g e Table 5. JNAP 2 targets by category Increase in temperature Rise in sea level Other 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry Resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management Resilient tourism and tourism infrastructures Resilient land, air, and marine infrastructures Strengthened capacity and awareness of climate change and disaster risk management among population Resilient public and community infrastructures, Strengthened climate services and early warning systems Water security through integrated water management and conservation Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Source: GGGI If any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress.', 'JNAP 2 targets by category Increase in temperature Rise in sea level Other 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry Resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management Resilient tourism and tourism infrastructures Resilient land, air, and marine infrastructures Strengthened capacity and awareness of climate change and disaster risk management among population Resilient public and community infrastructures, Strengthened climate services and early warning systems Water security through integrated water management and conservation Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Source: GGGI If any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a number of objectives, including: Mainstreaming climate resilience by strengthening existing decision-making structures, reflecting considerations related climate resilience in government planning and implementation, and developing guidelines, Strengthening data collection and dissemination by building capacity and systematically sharing data across entities, Developing a monitoring system to strengthen meteorological services, to assess water and soil conditions, Raising awareness and increasing access to information within government, private sector, communities, and private households through trainings and web portals, Increasing access to finance by establishing a coordination mechanism for funding from development partners, simplifying and harmonizing procedures for disbursement.', 'In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a number of objectives, including: Mainstreaming climate resilience by strengthening existing decision-making structures, reflecting considerations related climate resilience in government planning and implementation, and developing guidelines, Strengthening data collection and dissemination by building capacity and systematically sharing data across entities, Developing a monitoring system to strengthen meteorological services, to assess water and soil conditions, Raising awareness and increasing access to information within government, private sector, communities, and private households through trainings and web portals, Increasing access to finance by establishing a coordination mechanism for funding from development partners, simplifying and harmonizing procedures for disbursement. However, it is unclear how these objectives relate to the targets identified earlier.', 'However, it is unclear how these objectives relate to the targets identified earlier. Nevertheless, objectives from the JNAP 2 related to data gathering and monitoring are regarded as the most relevant to be reflected in the 2020 NDC. Both would allow to develop specific targets, increase transparency, and improve communication in later iterations of the Nationally Determined Contributions(post-2020).24 | P a g e Box 1. Marine Protected Areas The 2015 INDC included a provision calling for the doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) by 2030, compared to 2015.', 'Marine Protected Areas The 2015 INDC included a provision calling for the doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) by 2030, compared to 2015. However, the document does not elaborate on how an increase in Marine Protected Areas would reduce GHG emissions or strengthen Tonga’s adaptive capacity towards the adverse impact of climate change (Government of Tonga, 2015).15 In-country interviews provided conflicting information on whether increasing the number of Marine Protected Areas is considered a mitigation or an adaptation target. On the one hand, it was mentioned that Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC, because they were regarded as a means to maintain or increase the absorption of carbon from the atmosphere by sea organisms.', 'On the one hand, it was mentioned that Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC, because they were regarded as a means to maintain or increase the absorption of carbon from the atmosphere by sea organisms. However, the document does not provide any evidence that establishing Marine Protected Areas has a positive effect on carbon sequestration. On the other hand, in-country interviews suggested that the expansion of Marine Protected Areas should be considered as an adaptation target as the aim of MPAs is to preserve marine biodiversity and fish populations. However, the 2015 INDC does also not elaborate on how an increase in the number of MPAs would strengthen adaptive capacity (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'However, the 2015 INDC does also not elaborate on how an increase in the number of MPAs would strengthen adaptive capacity (Government of Tonga, 2015). Independent of the questions whether or not MPAs are a suitable means to support mitigation or strengthen adaptive capacity, in-country consultation suggested that the number of Marine Protected Areas has increased from six in 2015 to ten in 2020. However, this change could not be confirmed by other sources with available data for the period from 2016 to 2018 showing no change in the size of Marine Protected Areas.', 'However, this change could not be confirmed by other sources with available data for the period from 2016 to 2018 showing no change in the size of Marine Protected Areas. World Bank (2019) reported a constant 1.5% of Tonga territorial waters — equivalent to approximately 10,050 km2 — to be covered by Marine Protected Areas.16 This figure coincides with data published as part of the Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024, reporting 10,100 km2 of marine conservation area (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2016). For the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation.', 'For the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation. Therefore, it is suggested to include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means for coastal protection and food security. However, it should be noted that connecting MPAs to a measurable target is unlikely. While the area covered by MPAs can be measured, it will not be possible to express their impact to function as a carbon sink as well as their effect on resilience as a quantifiable target.', 'While the area covered by MPAs can be measured, it will not be possible to express their impact to function as a carbon sink as well as their effect on resilience as a quantifiable target. 15 This report discusses MPAs as part of adaptation. Independent of whether MPAs are considered under mitigation or adaptation, the principal findings remain unchanged. 16 The total area of territorial waters for Tonga is reported at 668.055 km2 (UNEP-WCMC, 2020).25 | P a g e The 2015 INDC does not identify measures to strengthen adaptation. In that context, it is very important to distinguish between goals and the means to achieve these goals. This is not the case in the 2015 INDC.', 'This is not the case in the 2015 INDC. While the 2015 INDC refers to a list of goals related to resilience, the National Forest Policy enumerates the same statements as measures (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et al., 2009). Therefore, in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to systematically identify relevant goals and the related measures to achieve them. Examples are provided in Table 6 below. Table 6. Example of matching goals with measures Goal Example of related measure Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests Conduct a forest inventory identifying drivers of deforestation Enhance forest monitoring and enforcement of policies by increasing the number of staff.', 'Example of matching goals with measures Goal Example of related measure Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests Conduct a forest inventory identifying drivers of deforestation Enhance forest monitoring and enforcement of policies by increasing the number of staff. Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas Provide necessary funding to enforce logging ban Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture Develop detailed guidelines for integrated agroforestry practices Establish agroforestry pilot projects in selected villages involving extension service workers Source: GGGI Several existing policies and plans identify relevant measures, which could be drawn upon for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. Among others, the 2016 Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan includes measures to support climate-resilient agriculture.', 'Among others, the 2016 Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan includes measures to support climate-resilient agriculture. In that context, the plan refers to the maintenance of soil conditions, rotational and mixed cropping, diversity in life stock, and water management, among others. For example, in order to maintain soil conditions, the plan proposes to conduct soil surveys and trials with fertilizers and vermiculture. To improve water management, the plan suggests estimating groundwater resource and their current exploitation as well as identifying potential use and/or need for protection (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b).17 Similarly, the National Forest Policy and the Forest Management Plan contain measures to enhance coastal protection in Tonga (Government of Tonga et al., 2009; Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).', 'To improve water management, the plan suggests estimating groundwater resource and their current exploitation as well as identifying potential use and/or need for protection (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b).17 Similarly, the National Forest Policy and the Forest Management Plan contain measures to enhance coastal protection in Tonga (Government of Tonga et al., 2009; Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017). In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a range of activities to achieve its objectives. Some of these activities could be included in the 2020 NDC if it was to reflect any of the objectives from the JNAP 2.', 'Some of these activities could be included in the 2020 NDC if it was to reflect any of the objectives from the JNAP 2. 17 The Tonga Agricultural Sector Plan does not specify the geographical scope of the proposed interventions (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b)26 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to adaptation in various sections of the document. However, adaptation is not addressed systematically. Following the example of the JNAP2, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change — including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones — and their impact on Tonga (Table 7).', 'Following the example of the JNAP2, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change — including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones — and their impact on Tonga (Table 7). This overview should summarize what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlight areas of uncertainty, and indicate areas in need of future research. Table 7.', 'This overview should summarize what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlight areas of uncertainty, and indicate areas in need of future research. Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in temperatures Very high Increase in temperatures by up to 1.0°C by 2030 and up to Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± emissions) Decreased yield and quality of crops Reduced fish catch and increased destruction of corals Increase in vector-, foodborne and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in temperatures Very high Increase in temperatures by up to 1.0°C by 2030 and up to Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± emissions) Decreased yield and quality of crops Reduced fish catch and increased destruction of corals Increase in vector-, foodborne and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall. Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure Decrease in agricultural productivity Degradation of coral reefs as a result of pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain events Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts Decrease in agricultural productivity Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security. Source: Compiled by GGGI27 | P a g e Table 7.', 'Source: Compiled by GGGI27 | P a g e Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7–18 cm by cm by 2090 Rise in mean sea levels by Land loss, including agricultural land Damage to infrastructure and property Salinization of groundwater Migration of population Degradation of coral reefs Increase in ocean acidification Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to 3.5 Ωar by 2035 and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification Destruction of coral reefs Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of 6% to Increase in mean maximum wind speed of cyclones of between 2% Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts, bananas, and breadfruit Destruction of infrastructure Damage of coral reefs Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI28 | P a g e This report reviewed and assessed Tonga’s 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions regarding the identified goals and targets, the proposed measures to achieve those targets, and the clarity and transparency of communicating the relevant information.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7–18 cm by cm by 2090 Rise in mean sea levels by Land loss, including agricultural land Damage to infrastructure and property Salinization of groundwater Migration of population Degradation of coral reefs Increase in ocean acidification Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to 3.5 Ωar by 2035 and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification Destruction of coral reefs Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of 6% to Increase in mean maximum wind speed of cyclones of between 2% Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts, bananas, and breadfruit Destruction of infrastructure Damage of coral reefs Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI28 | P a g e This report reviewed and assessed Tonga’s 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions regarding the identified goals and targets, the proposed measures to achieve those targets, and the clarity and transparency of communicating the relevant information. Based on the results of this review process, recommendations were developed for the scope and content of the 2020 NDC (see Table 8 for a summary of the recommendations).', 'Based on the results of this review process, recommendations were developed for the scope and content of the 2020 NDC (see Table 8 for a summary of the recommendations). First, following international best practice, to the extent possible, it is recommended that mitigation targets in the 2020 NDC are formulated in terms of GHG emission reductions. Second, it is recommended to follow the 2006 IPCC guidelines for reporting GHG emissions and selecting targets for reducing emissions. This will considerably enhance transparency and clarity. Third, it is recommended to keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector. However, the 2015 INDC largely focused on reducing emissions from electricity generation.', 'However, the 2015 INDC largely focused on reducing emissions from electricity generation. It is recommended to expand the scope for the 2020 NDC and includes targets for the transport as well as for commercial, institutional and residential end-use. Such targets could be based on the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Furthermore, given that none of the existing targets for the AFOLU sectors is quantified in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal as well as the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector. For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector.', 'For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector. Based on data obtained through the forest inventory, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC. Similarly, given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, it is recommended to not include emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC. It is suggested for these non-emission targets to focus on increasing clarity and transparency.', 'It is suggested for these non-emission targets to focus on increasing clarity and transparency. In case of the waste sector, it is recommended to expand the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data in order to define relevant GHG emissions targets for the 2025 NDC. In addition, for the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation. Therefore, it is suggested to include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security.', 'In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security. However, either target will likely not be quantifiable, and — as a result — their achievement will be difficult to verify. Stakeholders suggested also considering Special Management Areas (SMAs). However, there is a need for clarification on the concept, definition and relationship between MPAs and SMAs (see Annex 4 to this report). Therefore, it is recommended to include only MPAs in the 2020 NDC. This would also provide consistency with the 2015 INDC. Fourth, the 2015 INDC generally omits to identify measures to achieve the proposed targets. However, identifying relevant means is crucial to establish realistic targets and to measure progress.', 'However, identifying relevant means is crucial to establish realistic targets and to measure progress. It is suggested that once targets for the 2020 NDC have been identified to draw upon relevant measures from existing policies and plans for the formulation of the 2020 NDC.29 | P a g e Fifth, the 2015 INDC’s clarity and transparency are undermined by a paucity of relevant data and an inability for third parties to re-calculate results based on publicly available data. Therefore, it is recommended to ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC.', 'This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. In particular, there is a high uncertainty regarding GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use. Therefore, it is suggested to recalculate figures for carbon sequestration. If recalculation is not possible as part of the 2020 NDC, it should be considered to exclude GHG emission data for the AFOLU sector from the document and highlight the existing uncertainty instead. Finally, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to clearly distinguish between mitigation and adaptation. For adaptation, it is suggested for the 2020 NDC to highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga.', 'For adaptation, it is suggested for the 2020 NDC to highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga. If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels. In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management are regarded as relevant. However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress.', 'However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. In order to improve clarity and transparency, it is recommended for the adaptation section of the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research. Table 8. Summary of recommendations Category Recommendation Structure Have a clear structure of the NDC, distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation.', 'Summary of recommendations Category Recommendation Structure Have a clear structure of the NDC, distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation. The mitigation section should distinguish between the four main sectors identified by the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories as relevant sources for GHG emissions. Follow the 2006 IPCC guidelines for reporting GHG emissions and selecting targets for reducing emissions. This will considerably enhance transparency and clarity. Targets Following international best practice, to the extent possible, formulate mitigation targets in terms of GHG emission reductions. Keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector but expand the scope beyond reducing emissions from electricity generation and include transport as well as for commercial, institutional, and residential end-use.', 'Keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector but expand the scope beyond reducing emissions from electricity generation and include transport as well as for commercial, institutional, and residential end-use. Relevant targets for the transport sector as well as for commercial, institutional and residential end-use could be based on the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Maintain the target of achieving 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030. Consider updating the target of achieving 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources from being achieved in 2020. Source: GGGI30 | P a g e Table 8.', 'Source: GGGI30 | P a g e Table 8. Summary of recommendations (continued) Category Recommendation Targets Given that none of the existing targets for the AFOLU sectors is quantified in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal, include a non-emissions target in the 2020 NDC and include an emissions reduction target in a later iteration of the NDC. The non-emission target should include the establishment of Tonga’s national forest inventory as a means to enhance clarity and transparency. Given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, do not include any GHG emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC.', 'Given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, do not include any GHG emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC. Include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu, as a prerequisite for collecting relevant data and setting a quantifiable GHG emissions target during the next NDC cycle. Highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga. If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels.', 'If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels. In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management are regarded as relevant. However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. Implementation Complement targets with relevant measures to achieve them. In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans, such as the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forest Policy, and the Forest Management Plan.', 'In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans, such as the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forest Policy, and the Forest Management Plan. Consider the expansion of Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation rather than a target in itself. In that context, include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security. Communication Ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties.', 'Communication Ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. Recalculate figures for carbon sequestration. If recalculation is not possible as part of the 2020 NDC, consider excluding GHG emission data for the AFOLU sector and explain the uncertainty in the available data. In order to improve clarity and transparency, provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature,31 | P a g e highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research.', 'In order to improve clarity and transparency, provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature,31 | P a g e highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research. Source: GGGI32 | P a g e Department of Energy 2020. Installed off-grid renewable energy. Fransen, T., Northrop, E., Mogelgaard, K. & Levin, K. 2017. Enhancing NDCs by 2020: Achieving the Goals of the Paris Agreement. Working paper. Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute. Fransen, T., Sato, I., Levin, K., Waskow, D., Rich, D., Ndoko, S. & Teng, J. 2019. Enhancing NDCs by 2020: Achieving the Goals of the Paris Agreement. Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute.', 'Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute. Government of Tonga 2012. Second National Communication. Government of Tonga 2015. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Government of Tonga 2018. Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028. Government of Tonga 2019. Third National Communication on Climate Change Report. Government of Tonga, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, German Agency for International Development Cooperation & Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2009. National Forest Policy for Tonga. Government of Tonga & United Nation’s Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) 2020. Government of Tonga Energy Efficiency Master Plan, Unpublished. Government of Tonga, World Bank & International Fund for Agricultural Development 2016a. Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020.', 'Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020. Government of Tonga, World Bank & International Fund for Agricultural Development 2016b. Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024. IPCC 2006a. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Japan, IGES. IPCC 2006b. IPCC Waste Model. IPCC 2019. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize, S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds). Publish. Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries 2017. Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2016. Tonga Power Limited Annual Report 2016. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2017.', 'Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2017. Tonga Power Limited Annual Report 2017. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020a. Losses and Consumption Data 2015-2020. Internal Document. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020b. TPL Generation Data. Internal Document. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020c. TPL Installed and Planned Generation Capacity. Internal Document. Tonga Statistics Department 2017. Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. UNEP-Wcmc 2020. Profile for Tonga. UNFCCC 2009. Fact sheet: The need for mitigation. UNFCCC 2015. Paris Agreement. World Bank 2019. Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters). Washington, D.C.: World Bank.33 | P a g e A1. Interview Notes A1.1 Department of Climate Change, Greenhouse gas inventory working group Context Key points GHG from burning fossil fuels Estimates are based on figures from oil companies.', 'Interview Notes A1.1 Department of Climate Change, Greenhouse gas inventory working group Context Key points GHG from burning fossil fuels Estimates are based on figures from oil companies. Sales figures from oil companies differ from imports/consumption data from Statistics Department. Diesel Sales data from oil companies to different consumers used to estimate breakdown between road transport and maritime transport (also relevant for gasoline). However, records are not always clear to make distinction. Fuel oil deliveries are not clearly distinguished in report, but all fuel oil deliveries counted towards maritime transport, as newer domestic ferries run on diesel. Data (energy) Approach followed for national communication: figures collected from shipping and aviation companies and authorities Willingness of oil companies to share data is limited as data regarded as commercially sensitive. Stock changes had to be estimated.', 'Stock changes had to be estimated. Situation should improve once energy yearbook is available in 2021. Marine bunkers Data on deliveries to marine bunkers is difficult to obtain as some oil directly sold to vessels. Targets (energy) Target for electricity losses has been achieved. Renewable energy targets on track. Generation target has never been an official policy. Goals and targets for energy efficiency will be determined based on general direction provided by Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Key sector for energy efficiency measures is transport, particularly road transport (followed by maritime transport, with very limited contribution from aviation), and to a lesser extent residential sector. Lack of data as a hindrance to determine relevant targets and measures.', 'Lack of data as a hindrance to determine relevant targets and measures. GHG from forestry Formal figures for only one logging company/forest plantation in ‘Eua. Estimates for harvesting of trees for fuelwood, based on samples. Basing estimate on Department of Statistics expenditure survey would only capture fuelwood that is sold commercially. Particularly in outer islands, fuelwood represents the main source of energy.34 | P a g e Estimate for CO2 sequestration of forests is likely too high in 2015 INDC, as figures for forest cover were probably too high. Using data from the National Forest Policy regarded as a good option. Age of trees is considered as low, due to considerable replanting in recent years and cultivation of fast-growing trees for fuel wood harvesting.', 'Age of trees is considered as low, due to considerable replanting in recent years and cultivation of fast-growing trees for fuel wood harvesting. This would have an impact when using IPCC default emission factors. GHG from agriculture Conversion of land for agriculture as the main contributor, including slashing and burning of forests, ploughing, agrichemicals, etc. Livestock not considered currently, but useful to capture in the future. Data (agriculture and forestry) Need to improve data. Need for capacity building for data collection and analysis of forestry data. Current capacity within the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry considered as limited. FAO forestry inventory scheduled to be concluded by 2021, by a Japanese consultant. Goals and targets Proposed goal of planting one million trees has to be put into context.', 'Goals and targets Proposed goal of planting one million trees has to be put into context. Setting a single number is too simplistic. Tonga National Agriculture Sector Plan might include more practical goals. A1.2 MEIDECC, Department of Energy Context Key points Electricity Main concern in Energy sector has shifted from access to electricity (100% access likely to be achieved by end 2021) to affordability (which will remain a concern for the near future) and will shift to acceptability of generation source in the future, with the necessity to move away from fossil fuels to renewables Access to electricity Access is defined broadly; anyone who is connected to main grids, mini- grids, or home systems being counted.', 'A1.2 MEIDECC, Department of Energy Context Key points Electricity Main concern in Energy sector has shifted from access to electricity (100% access likely to be achieved by end 2021) to affordability (which will remain a concern for the near future) and will shift to acceptability of generation source in the future, with the necessity to move away from fossil fuels to renewables Access to electricity Access is defined broadly; anyone who is connected to main grids, mini- grids, or home systems being counted. Essential services include: lighting, refrigeration, an water pumping Renewables targets Prior to 2015: none 2015-2020: 14-17% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2020/25: on track to achieve 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2030: political target to achieve 70% 2035: political target to achieve 100% Conditional on:35 | P a g e 1.', 'Essential services include: lighting, refrigeration, an water pumping Renewables targets Prior to 2015: none 2015-2020: 14-17% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2020/25: on track to achieve 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2030: political target to achieve 70% 2035: political target to achieve 100% Conditional on:35 | P a g e 1. Tonga government: providing enabling environment (policy and regulation) 2. Donors providing funding for hardware Solar capacity Current: about 4.2 MW in Tongatapu, 400 kW in Vava’u, 500 kW in Ha’apai, and 200 kW in ‘Eua.', 'Donors providing funding for hardware Solar capacity Current: about 4.2 MW in Tongatapu, 400 kW in Vava’u, 500 kW in Ha’apai, and 200 kW in ‘Eua. Wind capacity Current: 1.3 MW in Tongatapu, 11 kW in Nakolo, 11 kW in Ha’apai By end 2020: 2.1 MW Future capacity additions: 6 MW at western site 6 MW at eastern site Energy efficiency Energy Efficiency Master Plan to be finalized by end-March Legislation Energy bill as umbrella for all energy-related acts, including electricity, petroleum, pricing, renewable energy, etc. Coordination of all acts and update of all acts accordingly IPP Companies from China, France and New Zealand Transport Electric vehicles: main concern about costs Efficiency of roads/infrastructure Ministry of Infrastructure expected to provide recommendation on vehicle efficiency. Vehicle efficiency testing through technical verification agency required.', 'Vehicle efficiency testing through technical verification agency required. Transmission and distribution losses From 18% in 2011 to under 11%, as a result of grid improvements36 | P a g e A1.3 Department of Environment Context Key points Forest data If forest data in 2009 National Forest Policy came from Department of Environment, it would have been as part of the communication to CBD (part of the mandatory reporting as part of multilateral environmental agreements). The specific report in question is the 5th National Forestry Report.18 However, the data in the report comes from the Department of Forestry. Forest targets Relevant targets are formulated as part of the 5th National Forestry Report, referring to forest cover and mangroves, among others. The 2020 NDC could refer to these existing targets.', 'The 2020 NDC could refer to these existing targets. Marine Protected Areas Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC as part of mitigation, because they were regarded as a means to maintain/increase the absorption of carbon by sea organisms. However, there is no system or methodology to measure the impact of establishing Marine Protected Areas on carbon sequestration.19 The 2015 INDC included the general goal of increasing the number of Marine Protected Areas. However, among the guidelines to establish Marine Protected Areas, the size of the area is one criterium. The current target is for 30% of Tonga’s exclusive economic zone to be covered by Marine Protected Areas, included in the Marine Spatial Plan. The plan itself is currently being drafted, but materials informing the plan are available.', 'The plan itself is currently being drafted, but materials informing the plan are available. Adaptation Adaptation, as part of the 2020 NDC, should include measurable and realistic goals and targets. Targets have to be measurable and realistic as a prerequisite for funding and implementation. JNAP2 and the National Environmental Management Strategy (being drafted) are sources that could inform adaptation as part of the 2020 NDC. The State of the Environment Report could help to capture evaluate current development and identify gaps and barriers (e.g. terrestrial protected areas). Waste Department of Environment collects waste data from Waste Authority Ltd. Currently, no distinction between waste streams. However, there is an aim to collect waste information distinguishing between different categories of waste. No collection of data on methane emissions from landfill.', 'No collection of data on methane emissions from landfill. Specific measure to be implemented concerns phase-out of single-use plastics. 18 GGGI was not able to obtain the 5th National Forestry Report. 19 In a follow up discussion, the Department of Environment suggested that the target of doubling the number of marine protected areas should be regarded as a means to strengthen adaptation.37 | P a g e A1.4 Tonga Bureau of Statistics Context Key points Biomass Information on consumption in “household income and expenditure LPG Information on consumption in “household income and expenditure Oil products Information on imports (quarterly) in “foreign trade report”, based on customs data. Note: “Re-export” refers to international marine bunkers. No data on consumption. Transport No data beyond census and household survey.', 'Transport No data beyond census and household survey. No data on passenger and freight kilometers. Ask for vehicle registry data from the Ministry of Infrastructure. Waste No data beyond census and household survey. No data on amounts and waste composition. Ask waste authority. Labour Labour force survey (2018) Data gathering Census in 2021. Currently collecting input on design and content Generally, data gathering through census in order to gain an overview. Detailed data can be gathered through specific survey, covering specific topic. Data shared between ministries/departments once agreement on what data is shared, for what purpose and with whom. Arrangements are made based on Statistical Act with other line ministries (letter from CEO).', 'Arrangements are made based on Statistical Act with other line ministries (letter from CEO). Follow up Questions from Bureau of Statistics: Specific data collected as part of the preparation of Fiji LEDS?', 'Follow up Questions from Bureau of Statistics: Specific data collected as part of the preparation of Fiji LEDS? Answer from GGGI: Nothing specifically collected due to budget and time constraints.38 | P a g e A1.5 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport Division Context Key points Infrastructure Considering the impacts of climate change during the planning and design process Upgrading and maintaining roads as a key activity Data Check national infrastructure investment plan (2013-2023) Can share data on fuel consumption, vehicle registry, and traffic count (Tongatapu) Contacts for buildings control, maritime transport and aviation to set up interviews Goals and measures No vehicle standards No consideration of fuel switching or alternative technologies Transport modes Preference for car over motorbike, cycling, walking Lack of infrastructure for non-motorised transport A1.6 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Maritime Transport Division Context Key points Data Collecting data of fuel sales to domestic shipping for registered vessels (>8 meters).', 'Answer from GGGI: Nothing specifically collected due to budget and time constraints.38 | P a g e A1.5 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport Division Context Key points Infrastructure Considering the impacts of climate change during the planning and design process Upgrading and maintaining roads as a key activity Data Check national infrastructure investment plan (2013-2023) Can share data on fuel consumption, vehicle registry, and traffic count (Tongatapu) Contacts for buildings control, maritime transport and aviation to set up interviews Goals and measures No vehicle standards No consideration of fuel switching or alternative technologies Transport modes Preference for car over motorbike, cycling, walking Lack of infrastructure for non-motorised transport A1.6 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Maritime Transport Division Context Key points Data Collecting data of fuel sales to domestic shipping for registered vessels (>8 meters). No data for smaller vessels that would often get gasoline/diesel directly from gas stations.', 'No data for smaller vessels that would often get gasoline/diesel directly from gas stations. Data on number of port calls by vessel. No data on passenger and freight numbers, only weight estimates when vessels cross load line. No projections on fuel consumption. Maybe collected by shipping companies. Diesel/fuel oil There are no domestic vessels using high sulphur fuel oil (HFO). HFO only used for international marine bunkers. Goals and targets Negations at IMO on GHG emissions from vessels. Tonga would need to adhere to any agreements achieved there. Contribution of domestic shipping to GHG emissions considered as insignificant, particularly on a global level. Energy Efficiency aster Plan focused on land transport, as major share of GHG emissions from land transport in Tonga.', 'Energy Efficiency aster Plan focused on land transport, as major share of GHG emissions from land transport in Tonga. Any regulation on engine or fuel standards would likely impose an additional cost on vessel owners,39 | P a g e who often can barely afford to pay the fuel. Also, it is unclear whether higher standards fuel can be used in existing engines. No impact on domestic shipping from IMO regulation on sulphur content. A1.7 Civil Aviation Division Context Key points Data on fuel consumption No systematic collection of fuel consumption data in aviation under Transport by the Civil Aviation Division. Information is requested from operators and Pacific Energy (which is responsible for fuel deliveries to aviation).', 'Information is requested from operators and Pacific Energy (which is responsible for fuel deliveries to aviation). As part of Tonga’s requirement as a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Civil Aviation Division will start to collect data on fuel consumption for international flights, starting from the second half of 2020. Data is expected to be published in 2021. Ad-hoc request to operators is possible, if it is specified what data is needed and for which purpose. Passenger and freight data No systematic collection of passenger and freight data in aviation u by the Civil Aviation Division. Civil Aviation Division can request data on passenger numbers from operators. Similar request can be made for freight data, but uncertain whether operators collect that data.', 'Similar request can be made for freight data, but uncertain whether operators collect that data. Freight transport via aviation in Tonga is limited. Freight is rather transported via maritime transport. Domestic planes are small and mostly serve for passenger travel. There are no dedicated cargo planes. Targets for GHG emissions Establishing targets to reduce fuel consumption/GHG emissions from aviation was regarded as unrealistic, due to the lack of alternative fuels and technologies. Alternative fuels are currently not commercially viable. Introducing stricter engine standards would come at considerable costs for operators as airplanes would need to be replaced.40 | P a g e A1.8 Department of Forestry Context Key points Data No reliable data for forestry, no forest inventory in Tonga.', 'Introducing stricter engine standards would come at considerable costs for operators as airplanes would need to be replaced.40 | P a g e A1.8 Department of Forestry Context Key points Data No reliable data for forestry, no forest inventory in Tonga. Work on forest inventory to commence in 2020 with support of FAO 2009 National Forest Policy uses data from the Department of Environment. Recommended to contact Department of Environment about the origin of this data.', 'Recommended to contact Department of Environment about the origin of this data. Also recommended to consult 2017 Forest Management Plan Land area used for agriculture: annual crop survey + recheck census Estimates Difference between FAO estimate (9,000 ha) and National Forest Policy (68,000ha) as a result of different definition for forests GHG targets Limited land area in Tonga: Conflict between food security/income and need to clear land for agriculture vs reducing emissions Forestry Makes sense to have targets for forestry, but not for Tonga where no forest harvesting and forests are generally small on a global scale 2019 Corporate Plan of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (MAFF CP) envisions planting of 1 million trees Agriculture Reducing land need (emissions from agriculture) requires considering most suitable crops/change in crops/viable alternatives with price and sustainability as two important determinants Agroforestry, intercropping of crops and trees, and mixed cropping as important measures to reduce the impact of climate change, droughts, pests and diseases, but dependent on funding Need for more efficient land use41 | P a g e A1.9 Ministry of Revenue and Customs Context Key points Petroleum data Data collected by customs and shared with the Department of Statistics.', 'Also recommended to consult 2017 Forest Management Plan Land area used for agriculture: annual crop survey + recheck census Estimates Difference between FAO estimate (9,000 ha) and National Forest Policy (68,000ha) as a result of different definition for forests GHG targets Limited land area in Tonga: Conflict between food security/income and need to clear land for agriculture vs reducing emissions Forestry Makes sense to have targets for forestry, but not for Tonga where no forest harvesting and forests are generally small on a global scale 2019 Corporate Plan of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (MAFF CP) envisions planting of 1 million trees Agriculture Reducing land need (emissions from agriculture) requires considering most suitable crops/change in crops/viable alternatives with price and sustainability as two important determinants Agroforestry, intercropping of crops and trees, and mixed cropping as important measures to reduce the impact of climate change, droughts, pests and diseases, but dependent on funding Need for more efficient land use41 | P a g e A1.9 Ministry of Revenue and Customs Context Key points Petroleum data Data collected by customs and shared with the Department of Statistics. Gaps in publicly availably foreign trade report (Department of Statistics) are likely the result of outage of automated customs system.', 'Gaps in publicly availably foreign trade report (Department of Statistics) are likely the result of outage of automated customs system. In case of an outage, the system is updated manually afterwards, but statistics reports might not reflect those updates. Customs data can be shared and includes concession codes (tax exemption based on use) that allow for some distinction between product use. Oil supply chain While direct shipments from Singapore were under discussion a few years ago, they never materialized. Subsidies Subsidies entail the removal of excise tax and for some products/use consumption tax. Excise tax amounts to 65 cents per litre for all petroleum products, except lubricants. Weekly/monthly reports on subsidies contain details on concessions, such as amounts and categories of use that they apply to.', 'Weekly/monthly reports on subsidies contain details on concessions, such as amounts and categories of use that they apply to. These reports can be shared. Vehicle data Customs collects data on vehicle imports. Excise tax is based on engine size, which would allow to distinguish between vehicle categories.', 'Excise tax is based on engine size, which would allow to distinguish between vehicle categories. This data can be shared.42 | P a g e A1.10 Tonga Power Limited Context Key points Renewable energy Achieving 50% electricity generation from renewable sources as the main challenge, to be achieved by wind, solar and battery, with 10 major projects over the next two years (53.2 million USD) Implications on network/change to the network, even more so for Options to diversify renewable energy options: currently solar and wind, with the need for battery storage to possibly waste/biomass, tidal/wave in the future Implications on costs/electricity tariffs Demand Growing demand: TPL projects 2.5-2.7% year-on-year demand growth for 2020-2025, driven by construction of commercial and residential buildings Data Able to provide load curves, installed capacity, losses Check Pacific Power Association for benchmarking World Bank (2016) study on resilience/adaptation in Energy sector Request overview for planned capacity additions Metering Ongoing with focus on Tongatapu where 85-90% coverage achieved Losses Loss reductions as a result of significant improvements in network infrastructure (technical losses) and the introduction of meters (non- technical losses) Off-grid Outside of TPL responsibility Goals and targets Goals and targets set by government, with TPL focusing on implementation and providing feedback on technical feasibility (impact on grid and security of supply) Financing and costs Funding to build infrastructure to achieve targets mostly from outside TPL 2015-2020, grand funding for solar and wind as well as technical assistance, but increasingly private investment under power purchase agreements Drive towards private sector investment, with support from financing institutions If diesel prices drop considerably (March 2020), then solar/windless competitive.', 'This data can be shared.42 | P a g e A1.10 Tonga Power Limited Context Key points Renewable energy Achieving 50% electricity generation from renewable sources as the main challenge, to be achieved by wind, solar and battery, with 10 major projects over the next two years (53.2 million USD) Implications on network/change to the network, even more so for Options to diversify renewable energy options: currently solar and wind, with the need for battery storage to possibly waste/biomass, tidal/wave in the future Implications on costs/electricity tariffs Demand Growing demand: TPL projects 2.5-2.7% year-on-year demand growth for 2020-2025, driven by construction of commercial and residential buildings Data Able to provide load curves, installed capacity, losses Check Pacific Power Association for benchmarking World Bank (2016) study on resilience/adaptation in Energy sector Request overview for planned capacity additions Metering Ongoing with focus on Tongatapu where 85-90% coverage achieved Losses Loss reductions as a result of significant improvements in network infrastructure (technical losses) and the introduction of meters (non- technical losses) Off-grid Outside of TPL responsibility Goals and targets Goals and targets set by government, with TPL focusing on implementation and providing feedback on technical feasibility (impact on grid and security of supply) Financing and costs Funding to build infrastructure to achieve targets mostly from outside TPL 2015-2020, grand funding for solar and wind as well as technical assistance, but increasingly private investment under power purchase agreements Drive towards private sector investment, with support from financing institutions If diesel prices drop considerably (March 2020), then solar/windless competitive. However, (1) low prices are considered to be a short-term phenomenon and (2) willingness for a temporary premium to be paid to achieve emission reductions.43 | P a g e Wind First system installed in July 2019 by Japan Providing baseload, particularly at night.', 'However, (1) low prices are considered to be a short-term phenomenon and (2) willingness for a temporary premium to be paid to achieve emission reductions.43 | P a g e Wind First system installed in July 2019 by Japan Providing baseload, particularly at night. Output changes much more gradual than solar, as a result, easier to operate (but only 7 months of data) Upfront costs for wind even higher than solar Solar Tongatapu: baseload, with diesel for meeting peak demand Ha‘apai: solar and battery storage cover entire demand during daytime Cloud cover as the main challenge, requiring diesel backup. Modern diesel generator fleet, but use for backup generations reduces efficiency as generators are run on lower frequencies Solar for main grids is cost-competitive with diesel, as evidenced by private sector investment.', 'Modern diesel generator fleet, but use for backup generations reduces efficiency as generators are run on lower frequencies Solar for main grids is cost-competitive with diesel, as evidenced by private sector investment. For off-grid systems, diesel is cheaper Upfront costs as a challenge. Grant-funded upfront costs not passed on to consumers Battery Two facilities in 2020 12-years life expectancy for batteries (at current cost of 30 million USD), impossible for TPL to fund replacement of components Options other than battery considered, but currently not economically viable Biomass/waste Biomass and waste regarded as options to replace firm capacity diesel Adaptation 1. Hardening of infrastructure with project specifications and design of generation infrastructure to withstand cyclones + network upgrades to improve resilience 2.', 'Hardening of infrastructure with project specifications and design of generation infrastructure to withstand cyclones + network upgrades to improve resilience 2. Rebuilding, with more flexible designs to re-establish power faster, instead of building infrastructure that can withstand all phenomena Rooftop solar Currently 30 systems, mainly as trials Regarded as an option for (1) reducing investment burden on TPL, as consumers pay for infrastructure, and (2) demand-side management Assessment of impact on-grid and requirement to upgrade grid TPL involved in system design, TPL permission required to connect systems to network Missing policies and incentives to encourage installation/investment. For example, unclear whether or not import fees and taxes are imposed on equipment. Currently, no policy/regulation but decision is project- based Energy efficiency/demand- side management TPL heavily involved.', 'Currently, no policy/regulation but decision is project- based Energy efficiency/demand- side management TPL heavily involved. Examples include street lighting (LED), distribution of light bulbs to consumers (15,000), energy auditing and training,44 | P a g e development of standards, studies on consumer behaviour in cooperation with universities A1.11 Tonga Waste Authority Limited Context Key points Data Only total amounts in cubic meters, based on collection vehicles No data on composition, but high amount of plastic Can share annual plan/business plan for projections Can share data for total amounts Recycling The entirety of the collected waste goes to the landfill, no recycling Waste collection Practice of burning waste has reduced, due to regulation (fine) and collection system in place. Fixed fee for households and commercial users provides incentives to use the system.', 'Fixed fee for households and commercial users provides incentives to use the system. A system established in Tongatapu and Vava’u, to be established in Ha’apai and ‘Eua in 2020. Further expansion to other islands required in the future. Willingness to pay is an issue in some areas, but regulation/fines has been helpful in enforcement Targets and measures Target to reduce waste/increase recycling, but need for equipment and funding Limited financial capacity of waste authority. Improvement in infrastructure requires improvement in financial situation for necessary investments. Currently dependent on donor funding. Fees are barely sufficient to cover operational costs, but not investments. Considering waste to energy as an option, but capacity and resources to assess viability are limited A1.12 Real Tonga Airline Context Key points Data Collect data on fuel consumption for domestic flights.', 'Considering waste to energy as an option, but capacity and resources to assess viability are limited A1.12 Real Tonga Airline Context Key points Data Collect data on fuel consumption for domestic flights. Collect data for domestic passenger numbers and distance travelled. Data can be shared pending approval from company CEO. No data on international flights.45 | P a g e Goals and targets Setting emission reduction targets for aviation is not regarded as realistic for two reasons: (1) there are no alternative fuels and (2) costs would be too high. A1.13 Pacific Energy Context Key points Petroleum consumption Diesel reflects Approximately 40% of total product sales. Half of the diesel is used for road transport, 40% for power generation, and 10% for marine bunkering (ferries, fishing, international).', 'Half of the diesel is used for road transport, 40% for power generation, and 10% for marine bunkering (ferries, fishing, international). No reduction in diesel sales observed for electricity generation, despite increased deployment of renewables. Data Suggestion to use customs data as company data is confidential. Policy The only major change over the last 10 years is the tightening of fuel specifications, in particular regarding lower thresholds for Sulphur content. Context Key points Petroleum consumption End-use of diesel sales (from Total) can be roughly broken down as follows: 60% for electricity generation, 30% for road transport, 10% for shipping Data Sales data is confidential. Suggestion to rely on customs data.46 | P a g e A2.', 'Suggestion to rely on customs data.46 | P a g e A2. List of interview participants and contact information Name Title Affiliation Email 1 Mr. Taniela Hoponoa Independent National Consultant Greenhouse gas inventory working group th.hoponoa@gmail.com 2 Mr. ‘Ofa Sefana Energy Planning Specialist Greenhouse gas inventory working group ofasefana@yahoo.com 3 Mr. Heimuli Likiafu Head of Forestry Department Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests, Department of Forestry hlikiafu@yahoo.com 4 Ms. Hepi Oko Road Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Department of Transport, Land Transport Division hepioko@gmail.com 5 Mr. Hemaloto Tupou Marine Port Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Department of Transport, Maritime Transport Division 6 Ms. Lilu Moala Principal Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Climate Change lilumoala@gmail.com 7 Ms. ‘Akesiu Meimoana Leua Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications.', 'Department of Climate Change lilumoala@gmail.com 7 Ms. ‘Akesiu Meimoana Leua Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Climate Change akesiuleua@gmail.com 8 Dr. Tevita Tukunga Director for Energy Department Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy ttukunga@gmail.com 9 Mr. Sione Tausinga Principal Energy Planner, On-grid Wind Power and Renewable Energy Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy sl_tausinga@yahoo.com 10 Mr. ‘Eliate Laulaupea alu Energy Planner, Renewable Energy Division Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate tuhamoelotu@gmail.com47 | P a g e Change and Communications. Department of Energy 11 Ms. ‘Atelaite Lupe Matoto Director for Department of Environment Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy. Department of Environment lupe.matoto@gmail.com 12 Ms. Sandra Fifita Senior Secretary Ministry of Trade and Economic Development/ Tonga Competent Authority sandraf@mted.gov.to 13 Mr. Samisoni Fotu General Statistician Tonga Statistics Department.', 'Department of Environment lupe.matoto@gmail.com 12 Ms. Sandra Fifita Senior Secretary Ministry of Trade and Economic Development/ Tonga Competent Authority sandraf@mted.gov.to 13 Mr. Samisoni Fotu General Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Statistical Advice and Capacity Assistances sfotu@stats.gov.to 14 Mr. Masiva’ilo Masila Principal Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Real Sector Economic Statistics mmasila@stats.gov.to 15 Ms. Telekaki Latavao Poverty Statistician Tonga Statistics Department.', 'Real Sector Economic Statistics mmasila@stats.gov.to 15 Ms. Telekaki Latavao Poverty Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Poverty Statistics tlatavao@stats.gov.to 16 Mr. Nikolasi Fonua Engineer Manager Tonga Power Limited nfonua@tongapower.to 17 Mr. Viliami Palaki Engineering Officer Tonga Power Limited vpalaki@tongapower.to 18 Mr. Seti Chan Chief Executive Officer Tonga Power Limited 20 Ms. Lola Liava’a Tonga Manager Administration & Special Projects Tong Waste Authority Limited lola.liavaa.tonga@gmail.com 21 Ms. ‘Eleni Tu’i Senior Program Officer/Gender Mainstream Ministry of Internal Affairs kilikilitefua@gmail.com 22 Ms. Ane Tavo Legal Officer Ministry of Internal Affairs avotay@hotmail.com 23 Ms. Saane Lolo Chief Economist Ministry of Finance slolo@finance.gov.to 24 Ms. Lupe Fe’iloaki Acting Head of National Planning Division Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division ltfeiloaki@gmail.com 25 Ms. Ma’ata Mafi Senior Economist Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division slolo@finance.gov.to48 | P a g e 26 Mr. Manaia Halafihi Head of Corporate Division Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries mhalafihi@gmail.com 27 Mr. Peni Taimani Senior Aviation Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Civil Aviation Division pltaimani@gmail.com 28 Mr. Michael Cokanasiga Deputy Chief Executive Officer Customs and Trade Division, Ministry of Revenue and Customs michaelc@customs.gov.to 29 Mr. Ifalemi Ma u Terminal Manager Pacific Energy ifalemi.tauheluhelumau@p.ene rgy 30 Mr. Jese Tikomailepano ni Manager – Tonga Total jese.tikomailepanoni@total.com 31 Mr ‘Amanaki Paea Secretary Real Tonga Airlines amanaki.paea@paluaviation.to49 | P a g e A3.', 'Poverty Statistics tlatavao@stats.gov.to 16 Mr. Nikolasi Fonua Engineer Manager Tonga Power Limited nfonua@tongapower.to 17 Mr. Viliami Palaki Engineering Officer Tonga Power Limited vpalaki@tongapower.to 18 Mr. Seti Chan Chief Executive Officer Tonga Power Limited 20 Ms. Lola Liava’a Tonga Manager Administration & Special Projects Tong Waste Authority Limited lola.liavaa.tonga@gmail.com 21 Ms. ‘Eleni Tu’i Senior Program Officer/Gender Mainstream Ministry of Internal Affairs kilikilitefua@gmail.com 22 Ms. Ane Tavo Legal Officer Ministry of Internal Affairs avotay@hotmail.com 23 Ms. Saane Lolo Chief Economist Ministry of Finance slolo@finance.gov.to 24 Ms. Lupe Fe’iloaki Acting Head of National Planning Division Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division ltfeiloaki@gmail.com 25 Ms. Ma’ata Mafi Senior Economist Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division slolo@finance.gov.to48 | P a g e 26 Mr. Manaia Halafihi Head of Corporate Division Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries mhalafihi@gmail.com 27 Mr. Peni Taimani Senior Aviation Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Civil Aviation Division pltaimani@gmail.com 28 Mr. Michael Cokanasiga Deputy Chief Executive Officer Customs and Trade Division, Ministry of Revenue and Customs michaelc@customs.gov.to 29 Mr. Ifalemi Ma u Terminal Manager Pacific Energy ifalemi.tauheluhelumau@p.ene rgy 30 Mr. Jese Tikomailepano ni Manager – Tonga Total jese.tikomailepanoni@total.com 31 Mr ‘Amanaki Paea Secretary Real Tonga Airlines amanaki.paea@paluaviation.to49 | P a g e A3. Barriers and opportunities for achieving the 2020 NDC targets The information below was collected from stakeholders at two workshops on the 30th and 31st of July 2020.', 'Barriers and opportunities for achieving the 2020 NDC targets The information below was collected from stakeholders at two workshops on the 30th and 31st of July 2020. The stakeholders represented participants from the energy, IPPU, AFOLU, waste and adaptation sectors and cross-cutting areas such as finance, planning, local government and gender. The questions asked to stakeholder during the workshop were: How can the suggested 2020 NDC targets be achieved in Tonga? What are the barriers and opportunities? What enabling actions need to be taken?', 'What enabling actions need to be taken? Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Adaptation Lack of enforcement of MPAs and SMAs so this needs strengthening Marine spatial planning to better manage our ocean Introduce and Enforce Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) Act No regulation specific under Parks & Reserves concerning the MPA and SMA Strengthen and develop skills in ocean management and monitoring Funding and resources Lack of awareness Cooperation between all stakeholders Technical assistance e.g. to strengthen marine monitoring teams Conflict of users (private sector) Closely collaborate between agriculture, transport, waste, water to understand each other s targets and be involved in each other’s planning and budget processes Specifically distinguish between MPAs and SMAs Political and institutional threats Use existing resources and activities e.g. MPAs Conduct a quarterly, biannual or annual monitoring and evaluation for all NDC sectors implementing the targets Lack of funding, resources and activities to implement the targets.', 'MPAs Conduct a quarterly, biannual or annual monitoring and evaluation for all NDC sectors implementing the targets Lack of funding, resources and activities to implement the targets. To achieve the Collaboration with all institutions - Understand the NDC targets50 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions - Incorporation of the targets to the corporate plans - Incorporation of targets to the government budget Gaps need to be identified early so that it can be addressed early rather than being identified in the review.', 'To achieve the Collaboration with all institutions - Understand the NDC targets50 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions - Incorporation of the targets to the corporate plans - Incorporation of targets to the government budget Gaps need to be identified early so that it can be addressed early rather than being identified in the review. AFOLU Not enough budget allocated Include NDC goals in Ministry corporate plans Improve awareness Lack of funding NDC targets should be included in the National Development Plan Improve communication and collaboration at a high level including within Ministries and with other stakeholders NDC targets not included in ministries plans and strategies Make NDC goals a priority for Ministries Commitment to data and survey and maintaining data system Lack of expertise To update or establish an Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census Review the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan and Forestry Policy Allocate national budget to achieve the targets Waste Lack of capacity A centralized database should be in place to prevent duplication of works Technical support Lack of data and consistency of data Improve the consistency of data Waste composition survey51 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Limited availability of data and it is scattered across sectors Construct a Weighbridge in landfills and Waste Facilities Duplication of efforts Capacity building Landfill upgrade Energy Impacts of Climate Change for example occurrence of intensive events such as Tropical Cyclones has affected the implementation of RE projects resulting in delays in implementation.', 'AFOLU Not enough budget allocated Include NDC goals in Ministry corporate plans Improve awareness Lack of funding NDC targets should be included in the National Development Plan Improve communication and collaboration at a high level including within Ministries and with other stakeholders NDC targets not included in ministries plans and strategies Make NDC goals a priority for Ministries Commitment to data and survey and maintaining data system Lack of expertise To update or establish an Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census Review the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan and Forestry Policy Allocate national budget to achieve the targets Waste Lack of capacity A centralized database should be in place to prevent duplication of works Technical support Lack of data and consistency of data Improve the consistency of data Waste composition survey51 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Limited availability of data and it is scattered across sectors Construct a Weighbridge in landfills and Waste Facilities Duplication of efforts Capacity building Landfill upgrade Energy Impacts of Climate Change for example occurrence of intensive events such as Tropical Cyclones has affected the implementation of RE projects resulting in delays in implementation. Opportunity to conduct high-level consultation for decision-makers.', 'Opportunity to conduct high-level consultation for decision-makers. Carry out more high-level consultations and awareness-raising so decision-makers know the challenges. Cyclones have affected the RE equipment. Opportunity to make alignment of different policies and national plans for future purposes and avoid contradictions Better align national and sectoral policies and plans towards the same goals Novelty of projects, different project requiring different procedure with different donor demands and procedures Tax and tariffs are focused on some goods while others are neglected thus need of fair and evenly tax imposition Remove concessions on fuels The availability of land is an issue for new upcoming RE projects Through targets can enable aid in achieving the targets through such as Tax exemption on certain goods Lack of funding and capacities. Opportunity to get the private sector more involved Lack of in-country capacities in some specific areas which are needed for renewable energy projects and cannot fly-in specialists due to covid-19. This has caused delays Political issues are one of the challenges.', 'This has caused delays Political issues are one of the challenges. Elections in52 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions 2021, changing the government priorities thus affecting the targets progress. Lack of aligning policies and national reports in Tonga53 | P a g e A4. Marine Protected Areas and Special Management Areas There are two major strategies for Marine Managed Areas in Tonga. These are: 1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs); and 2. Special Management Areas (SMAs). Both strategies are managed by Government of which MPAs are managed under the Ministry of MEIDECC (Department of Environment) and SMAs under the Department of Fisheries. MPAs are areas of marine protection that are remote from communities, where community management is not possible, and are managed exclusively by the government.', 'MPAs are areas of marine protection that are remote from communities, where community management is not possible, and are managed exclusively by the government. MPAs are labelled as parks or reserves designated under the Parks and Reserves Act 1979 (Rev. 1988) and are exclusively no-take zones . SMAs are areas of marine protection that are located near island communities where they can be locally managed under government supervision of the Department of Fisheries (DoF). All SMAs are designated under the Fisheries Management Act 2003 and are multi- use zones. The above-stated government ministries (MEIDECC and DoF) are also responsible for the monitoring of MPAs and SMAs. MPAs SMAs Regulation for human usage Exclusive no-take area - non- extractive activities (snorkeling, diving, etc.) only.', 'MPAs SMAs Regulation for human usage Exclusive no-take area - non- extractive activities (snorkeling, diving, etc.) only. Multiple-use area - fishing in designated zones only Area location Remote areas – areas remote from communities Areas adjacent to local communities Management Strategy Government-managed by Ministry of MEIDECC (Department of Environment) Locally managed by island communities under the Department of Fisheries Legislation Parks and Reserves Act, 1979 Fisheries Management Act, 2003 Fisheries Management Act, Fines <TOP $500 & imprisonment <3 months < TOP $50,000 At the NDC review and recommendation validation workshops, the point was raised with regard to whether both MPAs and SMAs should be included in the 2020 NDC. This lead to discussions of some points which need to be decided first before making further decisions on how MPAs and SMAs are included into the future NDCs.', 'This lead to discussions of some points which need to be decided first before making further decisions on how MPAs and SMAs are included into the future NDCs. At the validation workshops, it was recommended that there is a need to clarify definition of MPAs and SMAs, including that MPAs are all no-take zones and SMAs also in some cases include no-take zones so there are overlaps. The concept of MPA and SMA having a no- take policy is their similar characteristic that warrants them to be categorized together. There was a suggestion to use Marine Managed Areas to house both the MPA and SMA.', 'There was a suggestion to use Marine Managed Areas to house both the MPA and SMA. However, the MPA is a global definition recognized by the Convention for Biological Diversity while the SMA is a national term dictated by Tonga and MMA is a regional term. To house the MPA & SMA under MMA was thus not regarded as ideal and stakeholders agreed there is a need for further discussion between the Department of Environment and the Ministry of Fisheries regarding this issue.Contact Department of Climate Change, Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communication (MEIDECC) Level 3 O.G Sanft Building, Taufa ahau Road, Nuku alofa, TONGA www.climatechange.gov.to'] | en-US |
336 | TON | Tonga | 2nd NDC | 2020-09-12 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Tonga's%20Second%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.12796 | 0.067546 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0381d1eac100eae64187b14f0fc14cce0dd525f0a36ceed103232461967da155.pdf | ['Kingdom of Tongai Tonga’s Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)i Foreword The Kingdom of Tonga is a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) with a population of just over 100,000 people and as such our total contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is negligible, especially when compared to countries with far larger and more developed economies. Nevertheless, Tonga is prepared to do its part and be an example of what we are asking from the rest of the world in terms of climate action. We are convinced that Tonga’s development, need not come at the cost of our own natural environment nor of the livelihoods of future generations and we call for all countries to take the same decisive action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as a matter of urgency.', 'We are convinced that Tonga’s development, need not come at the cost of our own natural environment nor of the livelihoods of future generations and we call for all countries to take the same decisive action to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions as a matter of urgency. Critical to achieving the 1.5 ̊C goal of the Paris Agreement is the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of each country, which articulates efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change. Tonga is proud to be amongst the countries submitting its second NDC in 2020, as agreed under the timeline set by the Paris Agreement on Climate Change.', 'Tonga is proud to be amongst the countries submitting its second NDC in 2020, as agreed under the timeline set by the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. This year, more than ever, it is time for every country to double-down on its climate change commitments and support the full implementation of the Paris Agreement to spare our planet from the worst effects of a future in a changing climate. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts it has had on Tonga’s people and livelihoods, Tonga has increased its ambition to cut greenhouse gas emissions in our 2020 NDC and has laid out clear means to implement the targets that have been set, as well as providing the information required for clarity, transparency and accountability of our NDC.', 'Despite the COVID-19 pandemic and the impacts it has had on Tonga’s people and livelihoods, Tonga has increased its ambition to cut greenhouse gas emissions in our 2020 NDC and has laid out clear means to implement the targets that have been set, as well as providing the information required for clarity, transparency and accountability of our NDC. Tonga is already and will continue to be heavily impacted by climate change, including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones There is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, the livelihood of its people and the possible futures for our nation.', 'Tonga is already and will continue to be heavily impacted by climate change, including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones There is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development, the livelihood of its people and the possible futures for our nation. While Tonga will continue to invest large portions of its public finance and service capacity in the ambitious quest to achieve our climate mitigation and resilience objectives, achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investmentii from external sources. Tonga will continue to do its part while counting on the support of all nations and our partners around the world.', 'Tonga will continue to do its part while counting on the support of all nations and our partners around the world. As the Minister of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC), it is indeed an honour and a privilege to submit Tonga’s 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution. HONOURABLE POASI TEI Minister for Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) TONGAiii Acknowledgements The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support to review and enhance Tonga’s NDC.', 'HONOURABLE POASI TEI Minister for Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) TONGAiii Acknowledgements The Government of Tonga would like to acknowledge and thank the Regional Pacific NDC Hub and the New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) for their kind and generous support to review and enhance Tonga’s NDC. Thanks, are also extended to the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for their funding of the Pacific NDC Hub and to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as the implementing partners of the Hub.', 'Thanks, are also extended to the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for their funding of the Pacific NDC Hub and to the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) as the implementing partners of the Hub. The development of the 2020 NDC of Tonga has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) with technical assistance provided by GGGI.', 'The development of the 2020 NDC of Tonga has been led by the Department of Climate Change (DCC) of the Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications (MEIDECC) with technical assistance provided by GGGI. Notable contributions were also made by the members of the Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP) Technical Team and by a broad group of stakeholders who attended the national NDC workshops and consultations. Kind contributions were also made by ClimateWorks Australia (CWA) and Relative Creative (Australia).iv Table of Contents FOREWORD I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES . V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI KEY MESSAGES VIII 2.', 'I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . III TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF TABLES . V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VI KEY MESSAGES VIII 2. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 2 2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS 2 2.2 CLIMATE PROFILE . 2 2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES . 3 2.4 POPULATION PROFILE 3 2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND . 4 3.1 ENERGY SECTOR . 6 3.2 INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND PRODUCT USE (IPPU) SECTOR 7 3.3 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND OTHER LAND USE (AFOLU) SECTOR 7 3.4 WASTE SECTOR 8 4.1 PRIORITIES AND OBJECTIVES FOR ADAPTATION . 9 4.2 OVERVIEW OF TARGETS, MEASURES AND REQUIREMENTS 9 5. PLANNING PROCESS . 12 5.1 INFORMATION ON THE PROCESS TO PREPARE THE NDC 12 5.2 INFORMATION ON IMPLEMENTATION PLANS . 13 6. FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 14 ANNEX . 15 A1.', 'FAIRNESS AND AMBITION 14 ANNEX . 15 A1. INFORMATION TO FACILITATE CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY AND UNDERSTANDING OF TONGA’S 2020 NDC 15 A2. IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON TONGA 26 REFERENCES . 34 A3. NDC REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS REPORT . 37v List of Tables TABLE 1. MITIGATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS 5 TABLE 2. ADAPTATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS . 10 TABLE 3.', 'ADAPTATION TARGETS, MEANS AND REQUIREMENTS . 10 TABLE 3. OVERVIEW OF PHENOMENA RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN TONGA 26vi Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon dioxide CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CWA ClimateWorks Australia DCC Department of Climate Change ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GoT Government of Tonga GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 LT-LEDS Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests MEIDECC Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications Nz MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MPAs Marine Protected Areas N2O Nitrous oxide NCDs Non-communicable diseases NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Changevii SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SIDS Small Island Developing State SMAs Special Management Areas SPC The Pacific Community SPREP The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TNC Third National Communication on Climate Change TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationKey Messages viii Key Messages The Kingdom of Tonga (Tonga) is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to its geographic location, status as a SIDS, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture and tourism.', 'OVERVIEW OF PHENOMENA RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN TONGA 26vi Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use CMA Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon dioxide CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CWA ClimateWorks Australia DCC Department of Climate Change ENSO El Niño Southern Oscillation EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH GoT Government of Tonga GNI Gross National Income HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change Adaptation & Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 LT-LEDS Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests MEIDECC Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications Nz MFAT New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade MPAs Marine Protected Areas N2O Nitrous oxide NCDs Non-communicable diseases NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PACC Pacific Adaptation to Climate Changevii SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride SIDS Small Island Developing State SMAs Special Management Areas SPC The Pacific Community SPREP The Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme TNC Third National Communication on Climate Change TSDF II Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025 UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WHO World Health OrganizationKey Messages viii Key Messages The Kingdom of Tonga (Tonga) is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to climate change due to its geographic location, status as a SIDS, and the importance of natural resources to its main economic sectors of fisheries, agriculture and tourism. The World Risk Report 2017 has ranked Tonga as the second most at-risk country in the world for natural hazards, including cyclones and flooding, as well as sea level rise.', 'The World Risk Report 2017 has ranked Tonga as the second most at-risk country in the world for natural hazards, including cyclones and flooding, as well as sea level rise. Although Tonga makes a negligible contribution to global GHG emissions, there is no doubt that climate change is already affecting Tonga’s development and the livelihood of its people and future. The impact of climate change induced phenomena such as sea level rise, ocean acidification, temperature rise and increased intensity of cyclones continue to pose a threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its natural environment.', 'The impact of climate change induced phenomena such as sea level rise, ocean acidification, temperature rise and increased intensity of cyclones continue to pose a threat to the people of Tonga, its society, livelihoods, and its natural environment. Irreversible loss and damage from extreme weather events and coastal erosions are putting the Government’s poverty alleviation commitments and national development objectives at risk, and this risk is now compounded by the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Tonga’s Third National Communication (TNC) to the United Nation Framework Convention Climate Change, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions.', 'According to Tonga’s Third National Communication (TNC) to the United Nation Framework Convention Climate Change, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions. Taking into account its negligible emissions and limited resources, as well as the ongoing disruption and uncertainty brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tonga’s second NDC is nevertheless ambitious and reflects the urgency of the Paris Agreement. Tonga’s targets for mitigation are as follows: x Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through a transition to 70% renewable electricity as well as energy efficiency measures.', 'Tonga’s targets for mitigation are as follows: x Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2006 through a transition to 70% renewable electricity as well as energy efficiency measures. x AFOLU: establishment of a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023. x Waste: expansion of the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.Key Messages ix Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change within this NDC focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level.', 'x AFOLU: establishment of a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023. x Waste: expansion of the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.Key Messages ix Adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change within this NDC focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level. In the context of adaptation, the Government of Tonga has set three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e.', 'In the context of adaptation, the Government of Tonga has set three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e. Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30% of the Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).', 'Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species through a commitment to expand the area covered by Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and Special Management Areas (SMAs) to 30% of the Tonga’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). In addition, Tonga is currently developing a Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) which will be submitted to the UNFCCC in 2021.Introduction The Government of Tonga (GoT) developed its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) and submitted it to the UNFCCC in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016. When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC.', 'When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC. In accordance with decision 1/CP.21, Tonga hereby communicates its 2020 NDC, its second NDC towards achieving the objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change as set out in its Article 2, as well as accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding of its NDC. The process to develop Tonga’s 2020 NDC included a review of the 2015 INDC, determining the progress made to date towards achieving its targets and identifying recommendations for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. The review and the recommendations were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga.', 'The review and the recommendations were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga. The review and recommendations were discussed, comments were received and integrated, and the findings were validated by the Tonga JNAP technical team and relevant stakeholders through national workshops. The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and was taken through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders. The 2020 NDC was then approved by the Tongan Cabinet. Tonga’s second NDC is aligned with other international conventions and agreements that Tonga is a party to, including but not limited to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Montreal Protocol.National Circumstances 2.', 'Tonga’s second NDC is aligned with other international conventions and agreements that Tonga is a party to, including but not limited to the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Montreal Protocol.National Circumstances 2. National Circumstances 2.1 Geographical characteristics Tonga has four main island groups extended over a south to north axis. Tongatapu (260 km2) and ‘Eua (87 km2) in the south, Ha‘apai (109 km2) in the middle, Vava‘u (121 km2) in the north and Niuafo‘ou (15 km2) and Niuatoputapu (71.7 km2) in the far north. Nuku‘alofa is the capital of Tonga, which is located in the main island of Tongatapu. 2.2 Climate profile Tonga’s tropical climate reflects its position within the southeast trade wind zone of the South Pacific.', '2.2 Climate profile Tonga’s tropical climate reflects its position within the southeast trade wind zone of the South Pacific. Tonga’s climate is tropical throughout the year, with two distinct seasons: namely dry season (May- October) and wet season (November- April). The northern islands of Tonga receive more rainfall than the southern islands. The driest month is July, and the wettest month is March. During the dry season, the rainfall level received ranges from 100.53 mm to 145.87 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 24.7°C to 28.1°C/decade and from 14.71°C to 22.33°C/decade respectively. The wet season is summertime in Tonga, where the rainfall level varies from 140.85 mm to 235.73 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 27.6°C to 30.3°C/decade, 20.78°C to 24.34°C/decade respectively.', 'The wet season is summertime in Tonga, where the rainfall level varies from 140.85 mm to 235.73 mm/decade while the maximum and minimum temperature varies from 27.6°C to 30.3°C/decade, 20.78°C to 24.34°C/decade respectively. In terms of winds, the southeast trades dominate Tonga. The strength of winds is normally light to moderate with a wind speed of 10 to 16 knots at a distance of 7 to 9 km per hour which is strongly correlated to Tonga’s Southeast trade winds. During dry season, the wind speed is strong in the northern islands of Tonga with little variation in the southern islands. During the wet season, which is summertime in Tonga, tropical cyclones can bring very strong winds at a speed of 22 to more than 65 knots.', 'During the wet season, which is summertime in Tonga, tropical cyclones can bring very strong winds at a speed of 22 to more than 65 knots. Tropical cyclones have become more intense than historical records of cyclone occurrences. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a significant role in Tonga s climatic patterns. ENSO is associated with large year-to-year changes in the risks of drought, flood, tropical cyclones and coral bleaching throughout the region. Water temperature continues to increase by 0.0004°C since 1993. Sea level rise has also increased by 0.007 m per year since 1993.National Circumstances Climate determines the state of natural resources such as water, forest, biodiversity and other sectors such as agriculture, fisheries, tourism and health. Henceforth, Tonga is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'Henceforth, Tonga is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. 2.3 Environmental resources Natural resources are the primary source of living for the people of Tonga. Despite being highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, natural resources are also affected by population growth and environment degradation. Forest area covers 12.5% of the lands while 43.1% is by agricultural land and 44.4% by settlement areas including roads and other transportation features, barren land/wasteland, and other construction purposes. Captured rainwater and underground aquifers are the main sources of water resources in Tonga. Water is used daily for household usage, industrial, agricultural, and commercial purposes. These uses put pressure on water resources and are likely to be exacerbated by climate change.', 'These uses put pressure on water resources and are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. The quality and quantity of surface water can be affected by human activities and climate change. Warmer temperature is affecting the water cycle resulting on changes of the amount of rainfall during cyclone season. The demands for water in Tonga are very high as all Tongans need water to maintain health and other economic activities. 2.4 Population profile The total population of Tonga is about 100,651 as of 2016 (Department of Statistics Tonga, 2016) with 50,255 males and 50,396 females. Tongatapu remains the most populated island in the archipelago, followed by Vava‘u, Ha‘apai, ‘Eua, Niuatoputapu then Niuafo‘ou. The population decreased by 2.5% from 2011 to 2016 and this is largely due to emigration.', 'The population decreased by 2.5% from 2011 to 2016 and this is largely due to emigration. Census data also showed that the populations of the outer islands in Tonga have also decreased with many people migrating to the main islands for education and other purposes. Tonga has a relatively young population, with a median age of 22 years. More than one third (39%) of the population is aged 15 years and younger, while only 9% are 60 years and older. Tongatapu’s population was 74,611, constituting 74% of Tonga’s total population. This has increased from 73% in 2011. The urban population of Tongatapu was 23,221 (23% of the total population). The average population density was 155 people per km2.', 'The average population density was 155 people per km2. However, this varies widely across island division and districts, with the population density in Tongatapu being 286 people per km2 compared to only 17 people per km2 in the Niuas.National Circumstances 2.5 Socio-economic background The key economic sectors in Tonga are agriculture, fisheries and tourism. Remittances to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio in 2015 was 26.5%, which shows the importance of remittances in the economy of Tonga, whereas, exports to GDP ratio was 3.3% in the same year1. Gross National Income (GNI) per capita is around 4.3 thousand US dollars2. Tonga is heavily dependent on imported fossil fuel to meet energy demand. The use of renewable energy is increasing but is dependent on external funding and technical support.', 'The use of renewable energy is increasing but is dependent on external funding and technical support. According to Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2019) the total unemployment rate is 1.1 %, with the female unemployment rate at 2 %, higher than the male unemployment rate at 0.5 %. About 11% of the population aged 15 and older in rural areas are subsistence workers compared with only 1% of the population aged 15 and older in urban areas. 22.1% of the population in Tonga in 2015 lived under the national poverty line. Tonga’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2015 was 0.721, slightly higher than 0.7, the average of developing countries in the same year.', 'Tonga’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2015 was 0.721, slightly higher than 0.7, the average of developing countries in the same year. 1 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2015-2025Mitigation According to Tonga’s TNC to the UNFCCC, Tonga emitted a total of 310.4 Gg of CO2-equivalent in 2006, with the Energy sector accounting for 39%, AFOLU accounting for 61%, and Waste accounting for 0.3% of total GHG emissions. However, uncertainty in land use data, combined with paucity of information regarding assumptions and methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from living biomass undermines the reliability of the estimate for the AFOLU sector. Tonga wishes to communicate the following targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions (table 1): 1. Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2.', 'Energy: 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 2. Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): no target, 3. AFOLU: non-emission targets of establishing a forest inventory as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC and planting one million trees by 2023, 4. Waste: non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Table 1.', 'Waste: non-emission target of expanding the formal waste collection system as prerequisite to identify a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Table 1. Mitigation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from energy by 2030 compared 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combination of solar, wind and battery storage Financing Upgrade of network infrastructure Mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives through tax, fees, import tariffs Alignment of price signals for consumers with targets Public acceptance Adoption of minimum energy performance standards Financing Public acceptance Enforcement Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and Establishment of a forest inventory Financing Technical capacityMitigation other land use for the Planting one million trees To be determined: kind of trees to be planted, land on which trees to be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees Financing Technical capacity Consent from various stakeholders Identification of a GHG emission target for waste for the 2025 NDC Expansion of formal waste collection system Financing Technical capacity Source: Kingdom of Tonga 3.1 Energy Sector Tonga set the target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16 Gg) by 2030 compared to 2006.', 'Mitigation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions from energy by 2030 compared 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030 through combination of solar, wind and battery storage Financing Upgrade of network infrastructure Mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives through tax, fees, import tariffs Alignment of price signals for consumers with targets Public acceptance Adoption of minimum energy performance standards Financing Public acceptance Enforcement Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and Establishment of a forest inventory Financing Technical capacityMitigation other land use for the Planting one million trees To be determined: kind of trees to be planted, land on which trees to be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees Financing Technical capacity Consent from various stakeholders Identification of a GHG emission target for waste for the 2025 NDC Expansion of formal waste collection system Financing Technical capacity Source: Kingdom of Tonga 3.1 Energy Sector Tonga set the target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16 Gg) by 2030 compared to 2006. This target is to be achieved by implementing the following measures: x 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources, x 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles, x Limit growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment.', 'This target is to be achieved by implementing the following measures: x 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources, x 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles, x Limit growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment. 3.1.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets First, generating 70% of electricity from renewable sources requires considerable expansion of generation capacity from solar and wind as well as a substantial increase in battery storage and upgrading of the existing network infrastructure. Technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support will be required to build, operate, and maintain the necessary infrastructure.', 'Technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support will be required to build, operate, and maintain the necessary infrastructure. Second, achieving a 2% efficiency gain per year for newly purchased light duty vehicles either requires establishing mandatory vehicle standards and/or incentives for purchasing more efficient vehicles through taxes, fees, or import tariffs. While price incentives would likely directly affect consumer choices, mandatory standards would profit from being aligned with price signals for consumers in order to be effective. Establishing mandatory standards and priceMitigation incentives will require public acceptance as both will likely have an impact on vehicle prices and/or vehicle size.', 'Establishing mandatory standards and priceMitigation incentives will require public acceptance as both will likely have an impact on vehicle prices and/or vehicle size. Third, limiting growth in grid-connected residential electricity end-use to 1% per year on average for the period 2021-2030 may be achieved by adopting minimum energy performance standards for appliances, lighting, and electrical equipment. The successful adoption of energy performance standards will require public acceptance as their introduction will likely increase purchasing prices, though possibly reducing electricity costs. For both vehicle and appliance standards and incentives, technology transfer, capacity building and external financial support may be required. 3.2 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Sector Tonga does not have any target to reduce GHG emissions from IPPU for two reasons.', '3.2 Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) Sector Tonga does not have any target to reduce GHG emissions from IPPU for two reasons. First, GHG emissions from IPPU represent a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics, and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents. Second, the paucity of data on GHG emissions from IPPU prevents the establishment of a verifiable target. 3.3 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Sector Tonga set two non-emission targets for AFOLU: x establishing a forest inventory by 2025 x planting one million trees by 2023.', '3.3 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Sector Tonga set two non-emission targets for AFOLU: x establishing a forest inventory by 2025 x planting one million trees by 2023. 3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets First, while not reducing GHG emissions, the establishment of forest inventory will improve clarity and transparency for the AFOLU sector, providing a basis for the calculation of GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for quantifying GHG emissions from the sector and identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC.', 'Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for quantifying GHG emissions from the sector and identifying a GHG emission target for the 2025 NDC. Currently, the paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbonMitigation sequestration from forests and other woody biomass.3 The establishment of such a forest inventory requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the administration to maintain the inventory. Second, the successful achievement of planting one million trees will reduce GHG emissions. However, it is not possible to quantify this target in terms of GHG emission reductions, as the volume of reductions will depend on the kind and the age of trees to be planted.', 'However, it is not possible to quantify this target in terms of GHG emission reductions, as the volume of reductions will depend on the kind and the age of trees to be planted. Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees. 3.4 Waste Sector Tonga set a non-emission target for the waste sector of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC.', '3.4 Waste Sector Tonga set a non-emission target for the waste sector of expanding the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition, as a prerequisite to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. Expanding the country’s formal waste collection system will also allow to improve transparency and clarity regarding assumptions and methodologies used to calculate GHG emissions from waste. 3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets The expansion of the formal waste collection systems requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the Waste Authority and the administration to collect the relevant data in order to determine GHG emissions from waste and identify a quantifiable target for reducing GHG emissions.', '3.3.2 Overview of measures and requirements to achieve targets The expansion of the formal waste collection systems requires financing and the development of the necessary technical capacity within the Waste Authority and the administration to collect the relevant data in order to determine GHG emissions from waste and identify a quantifiable target for reducing GHG emissions. from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from WKH\x03FRXQWU\\·V\x03IRUHVWV\x0f\x03ZLWK\x03FKDQJHV\x03LQ\x03IRUHVW\x03DQG\x03RWK dy biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of e (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from WKH\x03FRXQWU\\·V\x03IRUHVWV\x0f\x03ZLWK\x03FKDQJHV\x03LQ\x03IRUHVW\x03DQG\x03RWK dy biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of e (Government of Tonga, 2019). However, these estimates could not be confirmed based on the available land use data.Adaptation 4.1 Priorities and objectives for adaptation In Tonga, adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change focusses on coping with the impacts of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level. Adapting to the impacts of these two phenomena is regarded as a priority for two reasons. First, there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga.', 'First, there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga. There is considerable uncertainty about the relationship between climate change and other phenomena, including changes in rainfall patterns, occurrence of droughts, and occurrence of tropical cyclones. Second, there are feasible measures available to respond to the impact of increasing temperatures and rising sea levels on a national scale. There are no effective measures to respond to other phenomena, such as ocean acidification, on a national scale. For more information, please refer to Annex A2. Impacts of climate change.', 'For more information, please refer to Annex A2. Impacts of climate change. 4.2 Overview of targets, measures and requirements In the context of adaptation, the GoT identified three targets: x 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025, x Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands (i.e. Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species.Adaptation Table 2.', 'Tongatapu, Ha’apai, Vava’u, and ‘Eua), x Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species.Adaptation Table 2. Adaptation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025 Planting of one million trees by 2023 Technical expertise Financial support Consensus on the kind of trees to be planted, the land on which the trees are to be planted, and responsibility for planting the trees Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands Expansion of MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ Consensus on definition of MPAs and SMAs Strengthened enforcement Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species Source: Kingdom of Tonga These targets were derived from the 20 targets identified in the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 (JNAP 2).', 'Adaptation targets, means and requirements Target Means Requirement 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry by 2025 Planting of one million trees by 2023 Technical expertise Financial support Consensus on the kind of trees to be planted, the land on which the trees are to be planted, and responsibility for planting the trees Prevent any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands Expansion of MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ Consensus on definition of MPAs and SMAs Strengthened enforcement Maintenance of the existing stocks of fish and other marine species Source: Kingdom of Tonga These targets were derived from the 20 targets identified in the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028 (JNAP 2). However, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, three targets have been selected as being closely related to the priorities of coping with increasing temperatures and rising sea levels.', 'However, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, three targets have been selected as being closely related to the priorities of coping with increasing temperatures and rising sea levels. In addition, for the purpose of the 2020 NDC, the selected targets were defined more closely and formulated as quantifiable targets in order to be able to evaluate progress: x The target of 30% of land being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry has been amended by a target year. x The target of preventing any permanent land loss to rising sea levels has been derived from the JNAP 2 target of resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management.', 'x The target of preventing any permanent land loss to rising sea levels has been derived from the JNAP 2 target of resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management. x The target of maintaining Tonga’s stocks of fish and other marine species has been derived from the 2018 JNAP 2 target of resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems. The target of 30% of land in Tonga being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry is envisioned to be achieved by planting of one million trees by 2023, among others.', 'The target of 30% of land in Tonga being utilized for agro-forestry or forestry is envisioned to be achieved by planting of one million trees by 2023, among others. Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees.Adaptation The expansion of MPAs and SMAs is regarded as an important means to achieve the two targets of preventing any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands and maintaining existing stocks of fish and other marine species.', 'Successfully planting one million trees will require technical expertise, financial support, and consent from various stakeholders in order to determine what kind of trees will be planted, the land on which the trees will be planted, and who will be responsible for planting the trees.Adaptation The expansion of MPAs and SMAs is regarded as an important means to achieve the two targets of preventing any permanent loss of land to rising sea levels on Tonga’s four main islands and maintaining existing stocks of fish and other marine species. In that context, the Government of Tonga aims to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ.', 'In that context, the Government of Tonga aims to expand the area covered by MPAs and SMAs to 30% of Tonga’s EEZ. In order to be effective, the expansion of MPAs will require a clear definition of MPAs — including if and how they differ from SMAs — as well as strengthened enforcement.Planning Process 5. Planning Process 5.1 Information on the process to prepare the NDC The Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2018-2028 (TSDF II) is the overarching national planning document and the principles of the TSDF II have informed the development of the 2020 NDC. There are a number of key sectoral policies and plans which have also informed the 2020 NDC.', 'There are a number of key sectoral policies and plans which have also informed the 2020 NDC. These include the Tonga Energy Road Map, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forestry Policy and the JNAP 2. The Department of Climate Change has led the development of Tonga’s second NDC. The Department reviewed the progress made to date towards achieving the targets identified in the 2015 INDC and identified means of how to enhance the 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC.', 'As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. The review of progress and the development of recommendations for the 2020 NDC were informed by data sets, academic studies, policies, strategies, roadmaps and other reports and structured interviews with stakeholders in Tonga, including government and non-government organisations. Further details of the review and recommendations process are available in Annex 3 of this NDC in the “Review of the 2015 Intended National ly Determined Contribution and Recommendations for the 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution s” report.', 'Further details of the review and recommendations process are available in Annex 3 of this NDC in the “Review of the 2015 Intended National ly Determined Contribution and Recommendations for the 2020 Nationally Determined Contribution s” report. The review and recommendations were discussed, comments were received and integrated, and the findings were validated by the Tonga JNAP technical team and relevant stakeholders through national workshops. These meetings were attended by stakeholders from government, private sector and non- governmental organizations (NGOs) with approximately 25 women and 20 men taking part in the workshops. The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and went through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders.', 'The 2020 NDC was then prepared building on the recommendations which had been developed and went through a final validation process with the JNAP technical team and national stakeholders. Once the 2020 NDC contents had been agreed across ministries and departments, the NDC was submitted to and approved by Cabinet.Planning Process 5.2 Information on implementation plans Tonga is currently developing a LT-LEDS which will be submitted to the UNFCCC in 2021. This NDC is aligned with the upcoming LT-LEDS and stakeholder dialogue for the development of the LT-LEDS has fed into the development of the 2020 NDC. The Tongan Government also intends to develop a NDC Roadmap and Investment Plan in 2021.Fairness and Ambition 6. Fairness and Ambition Tonga is a SIDS and its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale.', 'Fairness and Ambition Tonga is a SIDS and its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale. Due to its geography and economy, Tonga is highly affected by the adverse impact of climate change. Tonga is classified as one of the most at-risk countries in the world in terms of its exposure to the unfolding effects of climate change. The ongoing need for Tonga to invest large portions of its public finance and service capacity in the ambitious quest to achieve our climate resilience objectives is a consequence of the emissions of other large countries over many generations as they developed and became wealthy. Achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investment.', 'Achieving the targets set out in Tonga’s 2020 NDC will require considerable support for financing, capacity and technology investment. Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious.Annex Annex A1. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Tonga’s 2020 NDC 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Tonga’s 2020 NDC 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year for GHG emission target: 2006 Base year for planting one million trees: (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions from energy sector in (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Relevant strategies, plans and actions include: x Long-term low emissions development strategy x Tonga Energy Road Map x Energy Efficiency Master Plan x Joint National Adaptation Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Government of Tonga’s Third National CommunicationAnnex (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year) (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year for GHG emission target: 2006 Base year for planting one million trees: (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; Total GHG emissions from energy sector in (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Relevant strategies, plans and actions include: x Long-term low emissions development strategy x Tonga Energy Road Map x Energy Efficiency Master Plan x Joint National Adaptation Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; 13% (16 Gg) reduction in GHG emissions by (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Government of Tonga’s Third National CommunicationAnnex (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. GHG emissions from energy sector in 2006 may be updated and recalculated as a result of methodological improvements.', 'GHG emissions from energy sector in 2006 may be updated and recalculated as a result of methodological improvements. Information on updates made will be included in the Government of Tonga’s Third National Communications to the UNFCCC. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target 3.', 'Time frames and/or periods for implementation (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target 3. Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; GHG emission reduction target: x Sector-specific target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16Gg) by 2025 compared to Non-emission targets: x Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and other land use sector by 2025 x Planting one million trees by 2023 x Identification of a GHG emission target for the waste sector by 2025 (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Sectors: x Energy Gases: x Carbon dioxide (CO2), x Methane (CH4),Annex Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; x Nitrous oxide (N2O), x Carbon monoxide (CO) x Sulphur dioxide (SO2) x Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC) x Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision Tonga aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC.', 'Scope and coverage (a) General description of the target; GHG emission reduction target: x Sector-specific target of reducing GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels by 13% (16Gg) by 2025 compared to Non-emission targets: x Identification of a GHG emission target for agriculture, forestry and other land use sector by 2025 x Planting one million trees by 2023 x Identification of a GHG emission target for the waste sector by 2025 (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Sectors: x Energy Gases: x Carbon dioxide (CO2), x Methane (CH4),Annex Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; x Nitrous oxide (N2O), x Carbon monoxide (CO) x Sulphur dioxide (SO2) x Non-Volatile organic compound (NMVOC) x Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31 (c) and (d) of decision Tonga aimed to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. However, targets for GHG emission reductions could only be developed for the energy sector because: x Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): There is a paucity of data for the IPPU sector, preventing the inclusion of the sector.', 'However, targets for GHG emission reductions could only be developed for the energy sector because: x Industrial processes and product use (IPPU): There is a paucity of data for the IPPU sector, preventing the inclusion of the sector. In addition, GHG emissions from IPPU represent a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents. Therefore, omission of the sector has a negligible impact on Tonga’s NDC. x Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector: Paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass.', 'x Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector: Paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any attempt to quantify GHG emissions and carbon sequestration from forests and other woody biomass. For example, the Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication states that GHG emissions from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from the country’s forests, with changes in forest and other woody biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.5 gigagrams of CO2e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of CO2e (Government of Tonga 2019). However, these estimatesAnnex could not be confirmed based on the available land use data. Therefore, the AFOLU sector is not considered as part of Tonga’s NDC. However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU sector in its 2025 NDC.', 'However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU sector in its 2025 NDC. x Waste: Paucity of relevant data on waste amounts and waste composition prevented considering GHG emissions from the waste sector as part of Tonga’s NDC. However, Tonga is striving to include anthropogenic emissions from waste in its 2025 NDC. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Not applicable. Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 4.', 'Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodological approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 4. Planning Processes (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Department of Climate Change was responsible for developing Tonga’s 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change took a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and representatives of civil society.', 'Stakeholders included government officials, technical experts, and representatives of civil society. In addition, the targets and measures put forward in Tonga’s 2020 NDC have been informed by academic studies, policies, strategies, and roadmaps. The contents ofAnnex the 2020 NDC were agreed across ministries and departments and approved by the cabinet. (ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Tonga is a small island developing state consisting of 176 islands. Tonga’s economy is characterized by agriculture and fishing, with a high level of subsistence agriculture and dependence on remittances. Both, Tonga’s geography and its economic structure make the country susceptible to the adverse impacts of climate change. More information on Tonga’s national circumstances is available in its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. b.', 'More information on Tonga’s national circumstances is available in its Third National Communication to the UNFCCC. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contributions; Tonga regards coordination between and consultation of all relevant stakeholders as a prerequisite to develop its NDC and its effective implementation. Tonga also regards consistency with existing policies, strategies, and roadmaps as pertinent for developing its NDC and its effective implementation. Tonga recognises the need to strengthen data collection in order to comply with the 2006 IPCC guidelines. The 2020 NDC puts forward specific targets to increase clarity and transparency in this area.', 'The 2020 NDC puts forward specific targets to increase clarity and transparency in this area. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; Food security: Given the country’s geographical and economic characteristics, ensuring food security for its population is a priority for Tonga Social inclusion: Tonga puts a strong emphasis on ensuring the consideration of aspects such as gender, income, age, etc. when developing its nationally determined contributionsAnnex (b) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. Tonga is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Tonga is not part of any joint fulfilment agreement under Article 4, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; According to Article 14, paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, the first global stocktake will take place in 2023. In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stocktake will inform Tonga in updating and enhancing its nationally determined contribution.', 'In line with Article 14, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement, the outcome of the global stocktake will inform Tonga in updating and enhancing its nationally determined contribution. (d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', '(d) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: (i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodologicalAnnex (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'Tonga accounts for any mitigation co-benefits from adaptation actions and/or economic diversification as mitigation actions in accordance with the assumptions and methodologicalAnnex (ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 5.', 'approaches indicated in section 5 of this document. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contributions (b) , consistent with paragraph 31, and For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions and determined its GHG emission targets following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1Annex accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1Annex accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; approach and applying default emission factors. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; When accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions for the energy sector, Tonga will apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; When accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contributions for the energy sector, Tonga will apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. When reporting progress towards the targets set in the 2020 NDC, Tonga will strive to apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'When reporting progress towards the targets set in the 2020 NDC, Tonga will strive to apply the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report a complete GHG inventory by 2025, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasAnnex Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable as the current GHG inventory does not adequately capture GHG emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land use.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not applicable as the current GHG inventory does not adequately capture GHG emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and other land use. Tonga strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'Tonga strives to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable.', '(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not applicable. For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', 'For the energy sector, Tonga reported GHG emissions following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Tonga’s non-GHG components largely aim at improving clarity and transparency, enabling Tonga to report anthropogenic emissions or removals from AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, usingAnnex the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. There are not specific assumptions and methodological approaches underpinning these components. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable.', '(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable. Tonga’s 2020 NDC does not include any climate forcers that are not covered by the IPCC guidelines. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Tonga intends to achieve the mitigation objectives under its 2020 NDC exclusively through domestic efforts and does not envision any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Tonga is a small island developing state.', 'How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Tonga is a small island developing state. Its GHG emissions are negligible on a global scale. Due to its geography and economy, Tonga is highly affected by the adverse impact of climate change. Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious.', 'Accounting for these circumstances, Tonga considers its NDC as fair and ambitious. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The targets set in Tonga’s 2020 NDC represent a progression beyond Tonga’s 2015 NDC in that: The 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets a clear and transparent target for reducing GHG emissions, and the 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets clear and transparent non-emission targets for the AFOLU and waste sectors.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The targets set in Tonga’s 2020 NDC represent a progression beyond Tonga’s 2015 NDC in that: The 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets a clear and transparent target for reducing GHG emissions, and the 2020 NDC, for the first time, sets clear and transparent non-emission targets for the AFOLU and waste sectors. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The non-GHG emissions targets set in the 2020 NDC aim at establishing the prerequisites for Tonga to develop an economy-wide GHG emission reductionAnnex target as part of its 2025 NDC, accounting for anthropogenic emissions or removals from energy, AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The non-GHG emissions targets set in the 2020 NDC aim at establishing the prerequisites for Tonga to develop an economy-wide GHG emission reductionAnnex target as part of its 2025 NDC, accounting for anthropogenic emissions or removals from energy, AFOLU and waste, following the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, using the tier 1 approach and applying default emission factors. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. In alignment with its 2020 NDC, Tonga is preparing a long-term low emission development strategy to be launched in 2021. 7.', 'In alignment with its 2020 NDC, Tonga is preparing a long-term low emission development strategy to be launched in 2021. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified clear targets towards increasing the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified clear targets towards increasing the country’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has also identified where financing will be required to achieve its targets. (b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target.Annex A2.', 'As part of its 2020 NDC, Tonga has identified a clear and transparent target to reduce GHG emissions and charted a course towards gradually increasing its ambitions in the future by expanding its target from a sector-specific to an economy-wide target.Annex A2. Impacts of climate change on Tonga For the purpose of clarity and transparency, this section assesses the impact of five different phenomena related to climate change in Tonga: changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones. It summarizes what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlights areas of uncertainty, and indicates areas in need of future research. Table 3.', 'It summarizes what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlights areas of uncertainty, and indicates areas in need of future research. Table 3. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomen on Confiden ce Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Rise in temperatur es Very high Increase in temperature s by up to 2030 and up Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± 0.2°C by (high emissions) x Decreased yield and quality of crops x Reduced fish catch and degradation of corals x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario x Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Degradation of coral reefs due to pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain eventsAnnex Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7– 18 cm by 88 cm by Rise in mean sea levels by x Land loss x Damage to infrastructure and property x Salinization of groundwater x Migration of population x Degradation of coral reefs Table 2.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomen on Confiden ce Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Rise in temperatur es Very high Increase in temperature s by up to 2030 and up Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± 0.2°C by (high emissions) x Decreased yield and quality of crops x Reduced fish catch and degradation of corals x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario x Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Degradation of coral reefs due to pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain eventsAnnex Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts x Decrease in agricultural productivity x Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7– 18 cm by 88 cm by Rise in mean sea levels by x Land loss x Damage to infrastructure and property x Salinization of groundwater x Migration of population x Degradation of coral reefs Table 2. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomen on Confiden ce (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Increase in ocean acidificatio n Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification x Destruction of coral reefs x Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of Increase in mean maximum wind speed of Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin x Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts,Annex cyclones of bananas, and breadfruit x Destruction of infrastructure x Damage of coral reefs x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI Rise in temperatures Under all emission scenarios, temperatures in Tonga are predicted to rise.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomen on Confiden ce (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts PACCSAP Increase in ocean acidificatio n Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification x Destruction of coral reefs x Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of Increase in mean maximum wind speed of Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin x Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts,Annex cyclones of bananas, and breadfruit x Destruction of infrastructure x Damage of coral reefs x Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI Rise in temperatures Under all emission scenarios, temperatures in Tonga are predicted to rise. The Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2014) indicate that temperatures will increase by 1.0°C by 2030 under all emission scenarios, and between 0.2°C and 4.1°C by 2090 depending on the emission scenario.', 'The Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO (2014) indicate that temperatures will increase by 1.0°C by 2030 under all emission scenarios, and between 0.2°C and 4.1°C by 2090 depending on the emission scenario. In its Third National Communication, the Government of Tonga (2019) suggests an increase in temperature of up to 0.7°C by 2030 and 2.6°C by 2090. An increase in temperatures has direct repercussions for agriculture, fishery, and human health. First, impacts from rising temperatures are expected to be particularly pronounced in the agriculture sector. Agriculture is a crucial sector in Tonga, accounting for approximately 15% of the country’s GDP in 2018/19, with a quarter of the country’s employed laborers working in agriculture, forestry and fishing (Tonga Statistics Department 2019; Tonga Statistics Department 2018).', 'Agriculture is a crucial sector in Tonga, accounting for approximately 15% of the country’s GDP in 2018/19, with a quarter of the country’s employed laborers working in agriculture, forestry and fishing (Tonga Statistics Department 2019; Tonga Statistics Department 2018). Furthermore, in 2015, more than 80% of Tonga’s population were engaged in agriculture to meet their own food needs or earn cash income through sale, with squash, yam, taro, sweet potato and cassava representing the most common crops (MAFF et al. 2015). Higher temperatures can lead to lower crop yields because levels of photosynthesis decrease at temperatures above 25°C for tropical crops, like sweet potato, cassava, taro, and yams (Hay et al. 2003). Second, according to Dutra et al.', 'Second, according to Dutra et al. 2018, increase in temperature along with nutrient enrichment and ocean acidification can affect corals’ immune response, thus increasing the susceptibility of corals to diseases and affecting their survivability and growth. Higher sea surface temperatures of Tonga’s coastal waters have reportedly led to reduced fish catch as a result of widespread coral bleaching (Government of Tonga 2018b).Annex Third, Tonga, along with most Pacific island countries, faces effects of water scarcity, vector-, food- and waterborne diseases (McIver et al. 2016). Increasing temperatures are known to facilitate the spread of foodborne diseases such as diarrheal disease, ciguatera and salmonella, due to an increase in the concentration of certain pathogens in food along the pathway from preparation and handling to cooking, serving and storing (WHO 2015).', 'Increasing temperatures are known to facilitate the spread of foodborne diseases such as diarrheal disease, ciguatera and salmonella, due to an increase in the concentration of certain pathogens in food along the pathway from preparation and handling to cooking, serving and storing (WHO 2015). In addition, an increase in temperature may exacerbate Tonga’s incidences of non- communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity and diabetes. As one of the countries with the highest obesity and diabetes rates worldwide — affecting two in five and one in five Tongans respectively — an increase in temperature may contribute to further worsening of public health (WHO 2016). For example, temperature extremes put type-2 diabetes patients at increased risk (Hajat et al. 2017).', 'For example, temperature extremes put type-2 diabetes patients at increased risk (Hajat et al. 2017). Similarly, Moellering and Smith (2012) suggest that as air conditioning increases with the rise in temperatures, energy expenditure of the human body decreases which may contribute to rising obesity rates. Increase in extreme rainfall events Projections for the impact of climate change on rainfall patterns are subject to considerable uncertainty. While existing projections suggest with high confidence that extreme rain events will occur more frequently, there is low confidence that mean annual rainfall will be affected by climate change (Government of Tonga 2019; Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014). An increase in extreme rain events can be expected to adversely impact infrastructure, agriculture, and public health in Tonga.', 'An increase in extreme rain events can be expected to adversely impact infrastructure, agriculture, and public health in Tonga. First, an increase in extreme rainfall events threatens to reduce agricultural productivity in Tonga (Government of Tonga 2018b). As a large share of Tonga’s population relies on subsistence agriculture, reduced production might threaten food security of many households. Furthermore, lower productivity as a result of an increase in extreme rainfall events will likely affect revenue from agriculture exports which are vital for the Tongan economy (Government of Tonga 2019). In 2019, agriculture products represented almost half of the country’s export revenue (National Reserve Bank of Tonga 2019).', 'In 2019, agriculture products represented almost half of the country’s export revenue (National Reserve Bank of Tonga 2019). Second, Tonga occasionally faces heavy rainfall that causes flooding and prolonged ponding of water, which is associated with health risks such as waterborne and vector diseases, including dengue fever (Fakhruddin 2015). In 2017, the Tongan Ministry of Health has expressed concerns with the increasedAnnex risk of dengue fever due to heavy rainfall (Tonga Broadcasting Commission 2017). Moreover, in the Pacific, WHO (2015) identified diarrheal illness as the most significant category of waterborne disease caused by changes in temperature, rainfall and humidity. Third, while a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, extreme rainfall events are considered to cause considerable damage to infrastructure.', 'Third, while a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, extreme rainfall events are considered to cause considerable damage to infrastructure. Finally, heavy rainfall in combination with insufficient drainage systems increases surface runoff, resulting in the pollution of nearby coastal areas due to sediments and debris washing into these areas (Government of Tonga 2018b). Occurrence of droughts Existing projections suggest little change in the incidence of droughts in Tonga due to climate change. However, confidence levels behind these projections are low since the confidence level of changes in mean rainfall change is low. Furthermore, there is no consensus about projected changes in ENSO and their impact on rainfall patterns (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019).', 'Furthermore, there is no consensus about projected changes in ENSO and their impact on rainfall patterns (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019). Although droughts might not increase due to climate change, they already pose a threat, particularly to Tonga’s agriculture sector and public health. If climate change was to result in more prolonged droughts, their impact would further increase. First, agricultural droughts — i.e. insufficient soil moisture to meet the needs of a crop — are already occurring regularly in Tonga (Government of Tonga 2019). Such droughts severely affect agriculture productivity in the country, resulting in stunted growth of annual crops such as squash, vegetables, yams, sweet potatoes, root crops, and coconuts (Government of Tonga 2018b; FAO and MAFF 2014).', 'Such droughts severely affect agriculture productivity in the country, resulting in stunted growth of annual crops such as squash, vegetables, yams, sweet potatoes, root crops, and coconuts (Government of Tonga 2018b; FAO and MAFF 2014). Second, despite the uncertainty in the projection of droughts in Tonga, droughts already pose health threats to the country’s population. For example, prolonged dry periods have caused reduced access to potable water (Fakhruddin 2015). Historically, droughts in 1982-83 and 1997-98 resulted in water shortage, devastating agriculture harvests in those years and causing food shortages (Government of Tonga 2018a).', 'Historically, droughts in 1982-83 and 1997-98 resulted in water shortage, devastating agriculture harvests in those years and causing food shortages (Government of Tonga 2018a). Such threats would be exacerbated in case the frequency or intensity of droughts were to increase as a result of climate change.Annex Rise in sea levels Sea levels in Tongan territorial waters are predicted to rise under all emissions scenarios, though projections show considerable differences in the magnitude of that rise, with projections suggesting a 7-27cm rise by 2030 and an increase of 11-88cm by 2090 (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014; Government of Tonga 2019). Rising sea levels have a large spectrum of potential impacts, from land loss to salinization of ground water to degradation of coral reefs and migration, among others.', 'Rising sea levels have a large spectrum of potential impacts, from land loss to salinization of ground water to degradation of coral reefs and migration, among others. First, along with many countries in the South Pacific, Tonga has experienced the risk of inundation and flooding as a result of sea level rise, making low-lying islands inhabitable (Mimura 1999). Additionally, short duration coastal flooding events can have devastating impacts on coastal infrastructure that further increases risks to populations residing in coastal areas (Aucan 2018). While a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, more than 80% of Tonga’s population resides within a distance of less than 1km from the shore, suggesting a very high vulnerability to rising sea levels (Neil et al. 2019).', 'While a systematic analysis is prevented by paucity of data, more than 80% of Tonga’s population resides within a distance of less than 1km from the shore, suggesting a very high vulnerability to rising sea levels (Neil et al. 2019). Sea level rise combined with extreme weather events is likely to contribute to an increase in inundation of low-lying areas. Estimates suggest that flooding and inundation will affect approximately 4% to 14% of the total population of Tongatapu (Rawat et al. 2016). Even under a medium emissions scenario,4 considerable parts of Tongatapu are projected to be inundated by 2090. In particular, this would affect Nuku’alofa and the northern coasts of Tongatapu (Climate Central 2020).', 'In particular, this would affect Nuku’alofa and the northern coasts of Tongatapu (Climate Central 2020). Ultimately, a considerable share of the population may have to relocate closer to the center of the islands. Second, rise in sea level will cause seawater intrusion in low lying coastal areas, which can reduce the availability of freshwater as salinity of groundwater increases (Government of Tonga 2018b). Furthermore, the marginal areas of farmland on the coast are expected to experience higher moisture and increased salinization due to inundation or flooding, reducing their suitability for agriculture (Rawat et al. 2016). Land loss, in addition to saltwater intrusion, is also predicted to reduce the availability of potable water (Fakhruddin 2015).', 'Land loss, in addition to saltwater intrusion, is also predicted to reduce the availability of potable water (Fakhruddin 2015). 4 Medium emissions scenario is based on RCP 4.5 and consistent with the Paris Agreement’s target of limiting global warming to 2°C (Climate Central 2020).Annex Increase in ocean acidification Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes more CO2 to be absorbed by the world’s oceans. As more CO2 dissolves in the sea, ocean pH decreases, and aragonite saturation levels fall. This process is commonly referred to as ocean acidification. Coral reefs are highly vulnerable to projected decreases in ocean pH and aragonite saturation levels, as corals and crustaceans use aragonite to build their skeletons.', 'Coral reefs are highly vulnerable to projected decreases in ocean pH and aragonite saturation levels, as corals and crustaceans use aragonite to build their skeletons. At atmospheric concentrations of CO2 above 450 ppm, aragonite levels could fall to levels that make it impossible for corals to sustain building their skeletons (Bell et al. 2011). In Tonga, aragonite saturation levels are predicted to decrease to 3.5Ω by 2035 and continue to decline further (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014, Government of Tonga 2019), threating corals’ reef-building calcification rates and structural integrity, making coral reefs the most vulnerable marine habitat in the tropical Pacific region (Fakhruddin 2015). In particular, according to Dutra et al.', 'In particular, according to Dutra et al. 2018, increase in ocean acidification is expected to impact on coral physiology (calcification rates, ability to repair tissues and growth), behavior (feeding rate), reproduction (early life-stage survival, timing of spawning) as well as weaken calcified structures, and alter coral stress- response mechanisms (Fabricius et al. 2015; Fabricius et al. 2011). In addition, ocean acidification is predicted to pose moderate to high risk to the demersal fish and intertidal invertebrates with shells made of calcium carbonate (Fakhruddin 2015). These combined impacts could potentially have detrimental consequences for fisheries (IPCC 2014; Dutra et al. 2018).', 'These combined impacts could potentially have detrimental consequences for fisheries (IPCC 2014; Dutra et al. 2018). With more than 13% of Tongan households engaged in fisheries for both consumption and sale, this would affect a considerable share of the population (Tonga Statistics Department 2018).Annex Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones While the number of cyclones is projected to decrease, their intensity in the Southeast Pacific Ocean basin in Tonga will increase (Government of Tonga 2019). The frequency is predicted to decrease varying from 6% to 35%, while the mean maximum wind speeds are predicted to increase between 2% and 11% (Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO 2014). However, these projections are made with only moderate confidence.', 'However, these projections are made with only moderate confidence. If climate change was to lead to an increase in the intensity of cyclones, it can be expected that the already existing negative impacts on agriculture, coral reefs and fisheries, and public health would be exacerbated. First, Tonga is regularly affected by cyclones which cause considerable damage to agriculture and related infrastructure. Cyclones are accompanied by heavy winds, rainfall, and storm surges that devastate crops and trees (FAO 2010). For instance, Cyclone Gita in 2018 significantly damaged perennial tree crops, such as coconuts, bananas and breadfruit (Government of Tonga 2018b). Cyclone Harold in 2020 contributed a drop in agricultural export volumes by nearly 30%, with lower exports of taro and cassava (National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020).', 'Cyclone Harold in 2020 contributed a drop in agricultural export volumes by nearly 30%, with lower exports of taro and cassava (National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020). In addition, cyclones contribute to soil erosion and salinization, which lead to loss of soil nutrients in coastal areas and stream catchments, creating unfavorable conditions for crop cultivation (FAO 2010; Government of Tonga 2018b). In addition, past cyclones have caused considerable damage to infrastructure, such as transport infrastructure and buildings. In turn, some of that infrastructure is essential to support the agriculture sector, like farm buildings and fences (FAO 2010). Second, cyclones – in combination with heavy rainfall – affect coral reefs, fisheries and related infrastructure (Dutra et al. 2018; FAO 2014).', 'Second, cyclones – in combination with heavy rainfall – affect coral reefs, fisheries and related infrastructure (Dutra et al. 2018; FAO 2014). Once damage has been done by cyclones, fish habitats such as coral reefs take years to re-establish and function normally, thus negatively affecting ecosystems that depend on coral reefs (Government of Tonga 2019). Furthermore, cyclones destroy fishing vessels and equipment. For example, Cyclone Ian in 2014 severely devastated the fisheries sector of Ha’apai, due to damage sustained to fishing boats, outboard motors and an estimated 100% of all fishing gears (FAO 2014). If climate change was to cause an increase in the intensity of cyclones, the damage to coral reefs and fisheries would increase accordingly.', 'If climate change was to cause an increase in the intensity of cyclones, the damage to coral reefs and fisheries would increase accordingly. Third, cyclones, along with other extreme weather events, have a direct impact on health, especially from water contamination (WHO 2015). As tropical cyclones bring heavy rainfall and provoke flooding, water treatment plants tend to beAnnex overwhelmed, leading to cross-contamination between sewage and drinking water pipes, sewage overflow, or bypass into local waterways (Semenza and Nichols 2007). References Aucan, Jerome. 2018. Effects of Climate Change on Sea Levels and Inundation Relevant to the Pacific Islands. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card. Science Review 2018, pp. 43-49. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 2014.', '43-49. Australian Bureau of Meteorology and Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). 2014. Climate Variability, Extremes and Change in the Western Tropical Pacific: New Science and Updated Country Reports. Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Program. Technical Report. Melbourne, Australia IPCC. 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.', 'Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. Bell, Johann D.; Johanna E. Johnson; Alex S. Ganachaud; Peter C. Gehrke; Alistair J. Hobday; Ove Hoegh- Guldberg; Robert Le Borgne; Patrick Lehodey; Janice M. Lough; Tim Pickering; Morgan S. Pratchett; and Michelle Waycott. 2011. Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change: Summary for Pacific Island Countries and Territories. Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Noumea, New Caledonia. end.pdf Climate Central. 2020. Coastal Risk Screening Tool. Land projected to be below annual flood Dutra, Leo X.C. ; Michael D.E. Haywood; Shubha Shalini Singh; Marta Ferreira; Johanna E. Johnson; Joeli Veitayaka; Stuart Kininmonth; Cherrie W. Morris. 2018. “Effects of Climate Change on Corals Relevant to the Pacific Islands”. Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card.', 'Pacific Marine Climate Change Report Card. Science Review 2018, Fabricius, K.; A. Kluibenschedl; L. Harrington; S. Noonan; and G. De’ath. 2015. “In situ changes of tropical crustose coralline algae along carbon dioxide gradients”. Science Reports 5, 9537 (2015).Annex Fabricius, Katharina E.; Chris Langdon, Sven Uthicke, Craig Humphrey, Sam Noonan, Glenn De’ath, Remy Okazaki, Nancy Muehllehner, Martin Glas, and Janice M. Lough. 2011. “Losers and winners in coral reefs acclimatized to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations”. Nature Climate Change Vol. 1, pp. 165-169. Fakhruddin, Bapon. 2015. Climate Risk Management in Water Sector in Tonga. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisgheries. 2014. Cyclone Ian in Ha’apai. Rapid damage assessment to the agriculture and fisheries sectors report.', 'Rapid damage assessment to the agriculture and fisheries sectors report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010. Pacific Food Security Toolkit. Building Resilience to Climate Change. Root Crop and Fishery Production. Rome, Italy. Government of Tonga. 2019. Third National Communication on Climate Change Report. Government of Tonga. 2018a. El Niño and drought Watch for Tonga. Government of Tonga. 2018b. Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028. Hajat, S; A. Haines; C Sarran; A. Sharma; C. Bates; and L. E. Fleming. 2017. “The effect of ambient temperature on type-2-diabetes: case-crossover analysis of 4+ million GP consultations Hay, John E., Nobuo Mimura, John Campbell, Solomone Fifita, Kanayathu Koshy, Roger F. McLean, Taito Nakalevu, Patrick Nunn, and Neil de Wet.', '“The effect of ambient temperature on type-2-diabetes: case-crossover analysis of 4+ million GP consultations Hay, John E., Nobuo Mimura, John Campbell, Solomone Fifita, Kanayathu Koshy, Roger F. McLean, Taito Nakalevu, Patrick Nunn, and Neil de Wet. 2003. Climate Variability and Change and Sea-level Rise in the Pacific Islands: Region: A Resource Book for Policy and Decision Makers, Educators and Other Stakeholders. McIver, Lachlan; Rokho Kim; Alistair Woodward, Simon Hales; Jeffery Spickett; Dianne Katscherian; Masahiro Hashizume; Yasushi Honda; Ho Kim; Steven Iddings; Jyotishma Naicker; Hilary Bambrick; Anthony J. McMichael; Kristie L. Ebi. 2016. Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2016, 124 (11), pp. 1707–14. Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries et al.', 'Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries et al. 2015; TNAC 2015 Ministry of Agriculture, Food, Forests and Fisheries (MAFF), Tonga Statistics Department, and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO). 2015. Tonga National Agriculture Census. Main Report. Nuku’alofa. Moellering, Douglas R, and Daniel L Smith Jr. 2012. “Ambient Temperature and Obesity.” Current Obesity Reports. Vol. 1,1 (2012), pp. 26-34.Annex National Reserve Bank of Tonga. 2020. Overseas Exchange Transactions (OET). November 2019. 29 May 2020. Neil, L. Andrew; Phil Bright; Luis de la Rua; Shwu Jiau Teoh; Methew Vickers. 2019. Coastal proximity of populations in 22 Pacific Island Countries and Territories. PLoS ONE 14(9). Semenza, Jan; and Gordon Nichols. 2007. “Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe.” Euro Surveill, Vol. 12, pp. 120-123.', '“Cryptosporidiosis surveillance and water-borne outbreaks in Europe.” Euro Surveill, Vol. 12, pp. 120-123. Tonga Broadcasting Commission. 2017. Tonga is vulnerable to the virus of dengue fever. Tonga Statistics Department. 2019. National Accounts Statistics. Gross Domestic Products Highlights 2018-2019. Tonga Statistics Department. 2018. Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. Second Edition. Nuku’alofa. Rawat, Nidhi; M S Umesh Babu; Sunil Nautiyal. 2016. "Climate change and sea level rise: A review of studies on low lying and Island countries". Institute for Social and Economic Change. Working Paper 359. Bangalore. World Health Organization (WHO). 2016. Diabetes country profiles. Tonga. World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. Human health and climate change in Pacific Island countries. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila.Annex A3.', 'WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. Manila.Annex A3. Tonga NDC Review Report The Tonga NDC Review Report is annexed herewith for information purpose only. It can be accessed on the Department of Climate Change portal www.climatechange.gov.to.2 | P a g e Kingdom of Tonga Tonga Nationally Determined Contributions Review Report This document has been produced with the financial support of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub under the Review and Enhancement of Tonga Nationally Determined Contributions. This project is part of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub’s support to the Government of Tonga in implementing, enhancing and financing its NDCs. The NDC Hub is financed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia.', 'The NDC Hub is financed by the governments of Germany, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. The NDC Hub is managed by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ) in partnership with the Pacific Community (SPC), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP) and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). The Hub has a close collaboration with the NDC Partnership’s Support Unit (NDCP SU).', 'The Hub has a close collaboration with the NDC Partnership’s Support Unit (NDCP SU). The NDC Hub is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) of New Zealand.3 | P a g e CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF BOXES . 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 5 1.1 Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions 6 1.2 Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use 17 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and oOther Land use 18 A1. Interview Notes 33 A2.', 'The NDC Hub is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) of the United Kingdom, the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) of Australia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) of New Zealand.3 | P a g e CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 4 LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF BOXES . 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . 5 1.1 Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions 6 1.2 Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions 6 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use 17 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and oOther Land use 18 A1. Interview Notes 33 A2. List of interview participants and contact information 464 | P a g e LIST OF TABLES Table 1.', 'List of interview participants and contact information 464 | P a g e LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Targets for the electricity sector 12 Table 2. Transmission and distribution losses across Tonga’s four main networks 14 Table 3. GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) 17 Table 4. Estimated carbon sequestration 19 Table 5. JNAP 2 targets by category . 23 Table 6. Example of matching goals with measures . 25 Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga 26 Table 8. Summary of recommendations . 29 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Options for enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions 8 Figure 2. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 10 Figure 3.', 'Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 10 Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel in Tonga 12 Figure 4. Electricity generation by fuel in Tongatapu 13 Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai . 13 Figure 6. Electricity generation by fuel in Vava’u . 14 Figure 7. Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua . 14 LIST OF BOXES Box 1.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua . 14 LIST OF BOXES Box 1. Marine Protected Areas 245 | P a g e List of Abbreviations °C degree Celsius AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use cm centimeter Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease 2019 CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DPE Department of Energy Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GWh Gigawatt per hour ha hectare HFO high sulphur fuel oil ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IOM International Maritime Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 km kilometer km2 square kilometer LED light-emitting diode LPG liquefied petroleum gas LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MAFF CP Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests corporate plan MPA Marine Protected Area MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt per hour NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions Ωar aragonite saturation state PACCSAP Pacific Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Program TNC TERM Third National Communication Tonga Energy Road Map TPL Tonga Power Limited UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WRI World Resources Institute6 | P a g e Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, mentioning three specific means to achieve that aim: 1.', 'Marine Protected Areas 245 | P a g e List of Abbreviations °C degree Celsius AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use cm centimeter Carbon dioxide e Carbon dioxide equivalent COVID-19 Corona virus disease 2019 CTCN Climate Technology Centre and Network DPE Department of Energy Gg Gigagram GGGI Global Green Growth Institute GHG Greenhouse gas GWh Gigawatt per hour ha hectare HFO high sulphur fuel oil ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IOM International Maritime Organisation IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use JNAP 2 Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 km kilometer km2 square kilometer LED light-emitting diode LPG liquefied petroleum gas LULUCF Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry MAFF CP Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests corporate plan MPA Marine Protected Area MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt per hour NDCs Nationally Determined Contributions Ωar aragonite saturation state PACCSAP Pacific Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Program TNC TERM Third National Communication Tonga Energy Road Map TPL Tonga Power Limited UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP-WCMC United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD United States Dollar WRI World Resources Institute6 | P a g e Paris Agreement and Nationally Determined Contributions The Paris Agreement aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, mentioning three specific means to achieve that aim: 1. Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, 2.', 'Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, 2. Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and 3. Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate-resilient development. To achieve its ambitious long-term goals, the Paris Agreement introduced the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In the lead-up to the Paris Agreement, governments initially developed Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) and submitted these to the secretariat of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bonn, Germany. With the ratification of the Paris Agreement, those INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (Fransen et al., 2017).', 'With the ratification of the Paris Agreement, those INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (Fransen et al., 2017). These NDCs represent a five-year cycle of pledges and reviews of governments’ actions to mitigate their countries’ contribution to climate change. Each party1 to the Paris Agreement is required to prepare and submit a successive NDC every five years to the UNFCCC secretariat (UNFCCC, 2015). This NDC review process was designed to provide a formal framework within which governments would increase the ambition of their actions against climate change and reduce its GHG emission over time, with the intention that each successive NDC would represent a progression beyond a country’s current NDC and ultimately allow to meet the aims of the Paris Agreement goal.', 'This NDC review process was designed to provide a formal framework within which governments would increase the ambition of their actions against climate change and reduce its GHG emission over time, with the intention that each successive NDC would represent a progression beyond a country’s current NDC and ultimately allow to meet the aims of the Paris Agreement goal. Following the submission of each NDC to the UNFCCC secretariat, governments are required to pursue domestic measures to achieve their mitigation objectives. While most of the submitted NDCs have contained information on adaptation, this is not required.', 'While most of the submitted NDCs have contained information on adaptation, this is not required. Parties are invited to submit and periodically update communications on adaptation, which may describe adaptation priorities, implementation and support needs, as well as plans and actions, either through their NDCs or other relevant formats such as national adaptation plans or national communications (UNFCCC, 2015). Tonga’s Nationally Determined Contributions The Government of Tonga developed its INDC and submitted it to the UNFCCC in 2015 and ratified the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016. When the Paris Agreement came into force on 4th November 2016, Tonga’s INDC submitted in 2015 automatically became Tonga’s first NDC. The Department of Climate Change is currently developing Tonga’s second NDC.', 'The Department of Climate Change is currently developing Tonga’s second NDC. Specifically, the department is reviewing the progress made to date towards achieving the targets identified in the 2015 INDC and identifying means of how to enhance the 2020 NDC. As part of this process, the Department of Climate Change takes a coordinating role in gathering input from stakeholders, both for evaluating progress on the 2015 INDC and designing the 2020 NDC. Once the 2020 NDC has been drafted, its contents will be agreed across ministries and departments, 1 A party to the Paris Agreement is a country which has ratified the agreement.7 | P a g e prior to seeking approval from cabinet.', 'Once the 2020 NDC has been drafted, its contents will be agreed across ministries and departments, 1 A party to the Paris Agreement is a country which has ratified the agreement.7 | P a g e prior to seeking approval from cabinet. Finally, the document will be approved by the cabinet prior to being communicated to the UNFCCC secretariat. This report presents the progress made towards achieving the targets set in Tonga’s 2015 INDC. It also presents a set of recommendations to be considered for the development of the country’s 2020 NDC. The Department of Climate Change seeks input from all relevant stakeholders on the findings of this report as guidance for drafting Tonga’s 2020 NDC.', 'The Department of Climate Change seeks input from all relevant stakeholders on the findings of this report as guidance for drafting Tonga’s 2020 NDC. The department expects to draft the 2020 NDC in the fourth quarter of this year. This report is one of the deliverables of the project Review and Enhancement of Tonga Nationally Determined Contribution. The project is part of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub’s support to the Government of Tonga in implementing, enhancing and financing its NDCs. The project is being led by the Department of Climate Change and implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), on behalf of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub.8 | P a g e This report has two principal purposes.', 'The project is being led by the Department of Climate Change and implemented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI), on behalf of the Regional Pacific NDC Hub.8 | P a g e This report has two principal purposes. First, it reviews the 2015 INDC, determining the progress made to date towards achieving the identified targets. Second, it puts forward recommendations for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. First, the review presented in this report addresses the progress made towards existing goals and targets for both the mitigation and adaptation components of Tonga’s 2015 INDC. Within each component, the review considered three elements: 1. To what extent identified targets have been achieved, 2.', 'To what extent identified targets have been achieved, 2. To what extent implementation is supported by identifying specific measures — or the lack thereof — to achieve the identified targets, 3. How targets and measures are communicated, with a particular focus on the available data, including important gaps and inconsistencies. Second, recommendations were developed to inform the scope and content of the 2020 NDC. There are a number of options for governments of how to enhance or update their NDCs. Following Fransen et al. (2017), these options include (Figure 1): Updating or adding relevant information, Revising and/or expanding the existing goals and targets, Providing information on specific measures to achieve those goals, and Improving the clarity, transparency, and understanding of their NDCs.', '(2017), these options include (Figure 1): Updating or adding relevant information, Revising and/or expanding the existing goals and targets, Providing information on specific measures to achieve those goals, and Improving the clarity, transparency, and understanding of their NDCs. The analysis presented in this report was informed by publicly available data sets and reports, in- country interviews with stakeholders in Tonga facilitated by the Department of Climate Change, and data gathered as a result of these interviews. Figure 1. Options for enhancing Nationally Determined Contributions Source: Adapted from Fransen et al. (2017)9 | P a g e Interviews were held during the period of 9th March to 30th April 2020.', '(2017)9 | P a g e Interviews were held during the period of 9th March to 30th April 2020. Travel restrictions imposed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic prevented the GGGI team from travelling to Tonga for face- to-face interviews. Therefore, all interviews were conducted remotely via video calls. A summary of these interviews is available in Annex 1 of this report. The list of the individuals interviewed from both public and private entities is available in Annex 2. The contents of this report were discussed and its findings were validated by the JNAP technical team on 24th July and during a 2-day validation workshop with relevant stakeholders on 30th and 31st July 2020. At the validation workshops, the following 3 questions were asked: Question 1.', 'At the validation workshops, the following 3 questions were asked: Question 1. Do you agree with the results of the review of the 2015 INDC? Would you like to add any comments regarding the achievement of targets in the 2015 INDC? Question 2. Do you agree with the recommendations made for your sector for the 2020 NDC? Other than the recommendations presented, do you have any other recommendations for the 2020 NDC? Question 3. How can the suggested 2020 NDC targets be achieved in Tonga? What are the barriers and opportunities? What enabling actions need to be taken? The feedback in response to questions 1 and 2 was integrated into the review and recommendations of this report.', 'The feedback in response to questions 1 and 2 was integrated into the review and recommendations of this report. Responses to question 3 on barriers, opportunities and enabling actions will be considered for drafting the 2020 NDC. Feedback collected addressing question 3 is presented in this report in Annex 3.10 | P a g e Mitigation refers to human interventions to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases from anthropogenic sources or enhance their removal from the atmosphere (UNFCCC, 2009). In other words, mitigation can be broken down into two components. First, it includes any activities that decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, such as switching from fossil fuels to renewable sources for electricity generation.', 'First, it includes any activities that decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, such as switching from fossil fuels to renewable sources for electricity generation. Second, mitigation refers to removing GHG emissions from the atmosphere via carbon sinks, such as vegetations and soils absorbing carbon dioxide (CO2 ) The 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories identifies the following sectors as relevant sources for GHG emissions (IPCC, 2019): Energy, including electricity generation, transport, and commercial, institutional and residential end-use, Industrial processes and product use (IPPU), Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), and Waste. Available information suggests that Tonga’s GHG emissions originate from two main sources: 1. Burning of fossil fuels, and 2.', 'Burning of fossil fuels, and 2. Conversion of forest and grassland (Government of Tonga, 2019; Figure 2).2 Tonga’s 2015 INDC includes the following mitigation targets (Government of Tonga, 2015): 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2020, 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030, Reduction of line losses of electricity to 9% by 2020, 2 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'Conversion of forest and grassland (Government of Tonga, 2019; Figure 2).2 Tonga’s 2015 INDC includes the following mitigation targets (Government of Tonga, 2015): 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2020, 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030, Reduction of line losses of electricity to 9% by 2020, 2 The Government of Tonga’s Third National Communication to the UNFCCC distinguishes between (1) agriculture and (2) land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) as separate sectors for GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2019). While this report generally follows the guidance provided by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories (IPCC, 2019), figure Figure 2 presents data as reported by the Government of Tonga in order to be consistent with the source of the data.', 'While this report generally follows the guidance provided by the 2019 refinement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national GHG inventories (IPCC, 2019), figure Figure 2 presents data as reported by the Government of Tonga in order to be consistent with the source of the data. Figure 2. Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 GHG emissions (in Gg) Share in total GHG emissions Source: Government of Tonga (2019) Energy, Agricult ure, LULUCF Waste,11 | P a g e Double the number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030, compared to 2015,3 Development of GHG emission reduction targets for the following sectors: transport, agriculture, waste, and forestry.4 None of these targets was formulated in the form of quantifying reductions in GHG emissions.', 'Estimated greenhouse gas emissions by sector in gigagrams (2006)2 GHG emissions (in Gg) Share in total GHG emissions Source: Government of Tonga (2019) Energy, Agricult ure, LULUCF Waste,11 | P a g e Double the number of Marine Protected Areas by 2030, compared to 2015,3 Development of GHG emission reduction targets for the following sectors: transport, agriculture, waste, and forestry.4 None of these targets was formulated in the form of quantifying reductions in GHG emissions. For the 2020 NDC, it is recommended that targets are formulated in terms of GHG emissions reductions, to the extent possible. This chapter summarizes the 2015 INDC distinguishing between the four sectors put forward as part of the 2006 IPCC guidelines and assesses the progress made towards achieving the identified targets.', 'This chapter summarizes the 2015 INDC distinguishing between the four sectors put forward as part of the 2006 IPCC guidelines and assesses the progress made towards achieving the identified targets. It also highlights important gaps within the 2015 INDC, such as missing sector targets, gaps in identifying measures to achieve the existing targets, and lack of and inconsistencies in the available data and calculations. Finally, under each section, the report suggests a set of recommendations for the 2020 NDC. Targets for the energy sector only refer to electricity generation, with the aim to generate 50% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 and 70% by 2030, as well as to reduce line losses to 9% by 2020 (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'Targets for the energy sector only refer to electricity generation, with the aim to generate 50% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 and 70% by 2030, as well as to reduce line losses to 9% by 2020 (Government of Tonga, 2015). These targets are largely consistent with other policy documents, such as the second Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 (JNAP 2) and the Tonga Energy Road Map (TERM) (Table 1). 3 The 2015 INDC lists the target of doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as part of mitigation. However, in-country interviews suggested that this target should be considered under adaptation. This review discusses MPAs under adaptation (see Box 1. Marine Protected Areas).', 'This review discusses MPAs under adaptation (see Box 1. Marine Protected Areas). 4 The 2015 INDC refers to “Sector Emission Reduction Targets: Transport, Agriculture, Environment Friendly Waste Management and Reforestation”. It is not clear whether this refers to the objective of (1) setting GHG emission targets for these sectors or (2) reducing GHG emissions from these sectors. In the context of this review, the statement is interpreted as referring to setting GHG emission targets for the mentioned sectors.12 | P a g e Table 1.', 'In the context of this review, the statement is interpreted as referring to setting GHG emission targets for the mentioned sectors.12 | P a g e Table 1. Targets for the electricity sector Target Source 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2015 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 100% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2035 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2 Reduction of line losses to 9% of total generation in 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map Source: Compiled by GGGI In Tonga, electricity is generated from diesel, solar and wind.', 'Targets for the electricity sector Target Source 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2015 Tonga Strategic Development Framework 2 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2, 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions 100% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2035 2018 Joint National Action Plan 2 Reduction of line losses to 9% of total generation in 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, 2010 Tonga Energy Road Map Source: Compiled by GGGI In Tonga, electricity is generated from diesel, solar and wind. According to in- country interviews, Tonga is on track to achieve the target of 50% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020.', 'According to in- country interviews, Tonga is on track to achieve the target of 50% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2020. The target refers to the fiscal year 2020, which ends in June 2021. Data made available by the utility — Tonga Power Limited (TPL) — shows that the share of electricity generated from renewables increased from 7% Figure 3). Shares of electricity generated from renewable sources diverge considerably across the four main networks, with the highest share reported for Ha’apai at nearly 29% in 2019 (figure 5) and the lowest share in Vava’u at less than 3% in 2019 (figure 6). Tongatapu, as the largest network by far, saw a share of slightly more than 11% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (figure 4).', 'Tongatapu, as the largest network by far, saw a share of slightly more than 11% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (figure 4). Data for the ‘Eua network shows a share of approximately 5% of electricity generation from renewables in 2019 (TPL, 2020a; figure 7). Figure 3. Electricity generation by fuel in Tonga Source: TPL 2020a Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables13 | P a g e Currently, solar and wind farms represent approximately 30% of total installed electricity generation capacity. Planned additions of generation capacity will increase the share of renewables in total capacity to more than 60% over the next two years (TPL, 2020c; in-country interviews).5 Given these capacity additions, it is expected that the share of electricity generated from renewable sources will increase further. However, achieving the target of 50% electricity generation from renewables in 2020 is extremely ambitious.', 'However, achieving the target of 50% electricity generation from renewables in 2020 is extremely ambitious. In addition to the four networks, solar off-grid systems represent a total of approximately 0.8 MW, equivalent to 4% of total installed capacity (Department of Energy, 2020). Information on electricity generation from these systems is not available. Therefore, this review does not consider them when assessing electricity generation by fuel. However, it is estimated that they would only marginally increase the overall share of electricity from renewables. According to in-country interviews, TPL and the Department of Energy are committed to achieve the target of 70% electricity generation from renewable sources by 2030. The existing project pipeline is aimed at meeting the 50% target and it is assumed that further generation capacity will be needed to meet the 70% target by 2030.', 'The existing project pipeline is aimed at meeting the 50% target and it is assumed that further generation capacity will be needed to meet the 70% target by 2030. It is also assumed that considerable battery storage would be required in order to meet the 2030 target. According to data shared by TPL, line losses have been successfully reduced to below 9% of electricity generated for all four networks since 2018 (TPL, 2020b). In the period from 2015 to 2019, line losses were reported below 9% across all four networks for four out of five years (Table 2). In-country interviews confirmed the achievement of this target as a result of significant improvements in the network infrastructure reducing technical losses and the introduction of meters curbing non-technical losses.', 'In-country interviews confirmed the achievement of this target as a result of significant improvements in the network infrastructure reducing technical losses and the introduction of meters curbing non-technical losses. 5 Planned additions will nearly quadruple total installed capacity of electricity generation from renewables, from 6,642 kW in 2Q2020 to approximately 25,292 kW (TPL, 2020c). Figure 4. Electricity generation by fuel in Tongatapu Source: TPL (2020a) Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables14 | P a g e The 2015 INDC neither includes any targets for transportation nor for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in Ha’apai Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables14 | P a g e The 2015 INDC neither includes any targets for transportation nor for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. The document states that no targets for reducing GHG emissions from the transport sector have been identified, due to the lack of viable alternatives for fossil fuel in transportation (Government of Tonga, 2015). In-country interviews confirmed that no targets for reducing GHG emissions have been developed for these sectors since 2015. The Joint National Action Plan on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2 (JNAP 2) highlights energy efficiency measures as an important means to reduce GHG emissions. However, the document does not set any specific targets (Government of Tonga, 2018).', 'However, the document does not set any specific targets (Government of Tonga, 2018). Therefore, it is recommended to derive relevant targets for reducing GHG emissions from the transport sector as well as from commercial, institutional and residential end- use of energy from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). Table 2. Transmission and distribution losses across Tonga’s four main networks Year Generated electricity (MWh) Billed electricity (MWh) Parasitic losses (MWh) Line losses (MWh) Share of line losses (%) Source: TPL (2020c) Figure 6. Electricity generation by fuel in Vava’u Source: TPL (2020a) Figure 7. Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables15 | P a g e The 2020 Energy Efficiency Master Plan — in its current draft versions — does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from transport.', 'Electricity generation by fuel in ‘Eua Source: TPL (2020a) Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables - Electricity generated in GWh Diesel Renewables15 | P a g e The 2020 Energy Efficiency Master Plan — in its current draft versions — does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from transport. However, the plan suggests that a combination of targets would lead to an estimated reduction of 28% compared to GHG emission levels in 2030 under a business as usual scenario.6 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 30% improvement in fuel efficiency for newly registered light-duty vehicles, reducing consumption from 10.1 litres per 100 km in 2016 to 7 litres per 100 km in 2030, through registration fees, import tariffs, or fuel economy standards, 10% of all newly registered light-duty vehicles to be electric or hybrid vehicles by 2030.8 Similarly, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy.', 'However, the plan suggests that a combination of targets would lead to an estimated reduction of 28% compared to GHG emission levels in 2030 under a business as usual scenario.6 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 30% improvement in fuel efficiency for newly registered light-duty vehicles, reducing consumption from 10.1 litres per 100 km in 2016 to 7 litres per 100 km in 2030, through registration fees, import tariffs, or fuel economy standards, 10% of all newly registered light-duty vehicles to be electric or hybrid vehicles by 2030.8 Similarly, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not propose a target that quantifies the reduction of GHG emissions from commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. Instead, the plan proposes several targets.', 'Instead, the plan proposes several targets. Together, these targets would accumulate to a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario.9 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 NDC:10 Adoption of minimum energy performance standards by 2022, following Australian and New Zealand standards for all fridges, freezers, air conditioners, water heaters, televisions, computers, clothes washing machines, dryers, cooking appliances, Curtailment of import of non-LED bulbs, Implementation of energy efficiency standards for buildings and performance of energy 100% of streetlights retrofitted with LED bulbs.', 'Together, these targets would accumulate to a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario.9 Among the targets included in the plan, the following selection is regarded as the most relevant to be considered for formulating the 2020 NDC:10 Adoption of minimum energy performance standards by 2022, following Australian and New Zealand standards for all fridges, freezers, air conditioners, water heaters, televisions, computers, clothes washing machines, dryers, cooking appliances, Curtailment of import of non-LED bulbs, Implementation of energy efficiency standards for buildings and performance of energy 100% of streetlights retrofitted with LED bulbs. The 2015 INDC does not identify specific measures or technologies of how to achieve the proposed targets for the energy sector, nor does it identify technical and financial requirements.', 'The 2015 INDC does not identify specific measures or technologies of how to achieve the proposed targets for the energy sector, nor does it identify technical and financial requirements. While Annex 2 of the document provides a summary of initiatives that are related to mitigation, there is no indication to what extent these initiatives will contribute to reducing GHG emissions (Government of Tonga, 2015). According to in-country interviews, several of the listed initiatives have proven to be technically and/or financially unfeasible. This includes, among others, the development of coconut oil and tidal power as sources for renewable energy.', 'This includes, among others, the development of coconut oil and tidal power as sources for renewable energy. As noted above, 6 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan states that this would be equivalent to an increase of GHG emissions of 1% compared to 2018 (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). 7 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan is also introducing the target of reducing vehicle kilometers traveled by light-duty vehicles by 20%, compared to 2030 business as usual scenario. However, this target is considered as challenging to verify, given current limitations on traffic data. Therefore, it is not recommended to adopt this target as part of the 2020 NDC. 8 This target is identified in the Energy Efficiency Master Plan.', '8 This target is identified in the Energy Efficiency Master Plan. However, during consultations, stakeholders only regarded hybrid vehicles as a viable option. Therefore, the specific content of the target will need to be elaborated further. 9 The estimate of a 35% reduction of GHG emissions from electricity generation, compared to a business as usual scenario, is based on data provided as part of the Energy Efficiency Master Plan. The plan itself does not refer to this estimate. 10 The form in which these targets are currently formulated, they rather take the form of measures. However, relevant targets for reductions in GHG emissions can be formulated when assessing the potential impact of these measures.', 'However, relevant targets for reductions in GHG emissions can be formulated when assessing the potential impact of these measures. 11 The Energy Efficiency Master Plan does neither specify the energy savings to be achieved by new building standards nor what these standards would entail.16 | P a g e the technologies that have played the largest role towards achieving the renewable energy targets in the energy sector are solar and wind, combined with battery storage. Planned capacity additions suggest that the role of solar and wind will increase further during the next decade.', 'Planned capacity additions suggest that the role of solar and wind will increase further during the next decade. While the 2015 INDC does not include any target for the transport sector, the document mentions public awareness programs for vehicle maintenance, public transport, as well as use of biofuels, electric vehicles and bicycles as means to reduce emissions from the sector — without quantifying their mitigation potentials (Government of Tonga, 2015). It is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify relevant measures, if any targets for the transport sector are to be included. In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans. For example, relevant measures can be derived from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan.', 'For example, relevant measures can be derived from the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. To reduce GHG emissions from land transport, the plan proposes improving user-friendliness of public transportation, increasing vehicle efficiency through adjusting vehicle registration tax and import fees, and introducing a mandatory minimum standard for blending of biofuels (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020).12 Similarly, the 2015 INDC does not include any target for commercial, institutional and residential end-use of energy. It is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify relevant measures, if any targets for commercial, institutional and residential end-use are to be included. The upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan proposes a number of measures that could be reflected in the 2020 NDC.', 'The upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan proposes a number of measures that could be reflected in the 2020 NDC. For example, the plan suggests introducing building standards and energy audits to reduce electricity consumption in buildings. Furthermore, it proposes establishing minimum energy performance standards for electrical appliances and creating a revolving fund to finance the adoption of more energy-efficient equipment (Government of Tonga and CTCN, 2020). There are considerable gaps in the 2015 INDC regarding transparency and clarity for the energy sector. There is no information on which data and which conversion factors were used to estimate GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication (TNC) refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions.', 'Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication (TNC) refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions. However, for these two data sets are not consistent (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga, 2019; Table 3). This is the result of data for GHG emissions having been revised and updated prior to the Third National Communication (in-country interviews). While the amount of total GHG emissions remained largely unchanged, the sectoral breakdown shows considerable revisions. Therefore, data published as part of the TNC is considered to be more accurate and is generally used for reference in this report, unless stated otherwise. Attempts to recalculate the 2006 data are prevented by the paucity of raw data and uncertainty about the methodology and conversion factors used.', 'Attempts to recalculate the 2006 data are prevented by the paucity of raw data and uncertainty about the methodology and conversion factors used. However, calculations based on the Department of Energy’s 2018 energy balance are consistent with GHG emissions reported in the Third National Communication. The numbers suggest that little change has occurred in the overall amounts of fossil fuels consumption. Therefore, GHG emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels should also remain largely unchanged. 12 However, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not quantify the contribution of individual measures to achieve the suggested targets.', '12 However, the Energy Efficiency Master Plan does not quantify the contribution of individual measures to achieve the suggested targets. Furthermore, during the validation workshops, stakeholders regarded the blending of biofuel as not feasible, noting that coconut oil is too expensive to be used for biofuel blending and other feedstocks are not available in Tonga.17 | P a g e Table 3. GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) Total Electricity Transport Other energy Agriculture Land Waste Third National Communication Source: Government of Tonga (2019), Government of Tonga (2012) 1 According to Tonga’s Second National Communication, conversion of forests and grasslands represents a source of emissions that is comparable to the amount emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels (Government of Tonga, 2012).', 'GHG emissions reported in the 2015 INDC and Third National Communication (in gigagrams) Total Electricity Transport Other energy Agriculture Land Waste Third National Communication Source: Government of Tonga (2019), Government of Tonga (2012) 1 According to Tonga’s Second National Communication, conversion of forests and grasslands represents a source of emissions that is comparable to the amount emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels (Government of Tonga, 2012). However, no information is provided on the calculated amount. The 2015 INDC and the Third National Communication both report Tonga to be a net carbon sink, with the INDC reporting carbon removals by forests of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams for 2006 and the Third National Communication reporting removals of 1,879.37 gigagrams for the same year.', 'The 2015 INDC and the Third National Communication both report Tonga to be a net carbon sink, with the INDC reporting carbon removals by forests of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams for 2006 and the Third National Communication reporting removals of 1,879.37 gigagrams for the same year. It is recommended to ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations in order to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the 2020 NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. If relevant data and calculations are published separately from the NDC document, it should be ensured that the information published is consistent across documents. Furthermore, it is recommended to use the most recent data available for calculating and reporting GHG emissions.', 'Furthermore, it is recommended to use the most recent data available for calculating and reporting GHG emissions. Data that is more than 10 years old should be considered outdated. 3.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) The 2015 INDC does not include any targets, measures, or data related to industrial processes and product use (IPPU). However, the sector’s omission does not necessarily reflect a gap in the document. Given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents, the IPPU sector might have been considered as not sufficiently relevant to be considered as part of the 2015 INDC.', 'Given the absence of mineral, chemical, metal, electronics and other manufacturing industries as well as the limited use of lubricants, paraffin waxes and solvents, the IPPU sector might have been considered as not sufficiently relevant to be considered as part of the 2015 INDC. For the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to not include a GHG emissions target for the IPPU sector. However, in the light of clarity and transparency, it is suggested to explain that there is no target for two reasons: First, GHG emissions from the sector represent only a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions.', 'However, in the light of clarity and transparency, it is suggested to explain that there is no target for two reasons: First, GHG emissions from the sector represent only a fraction of Tonga’s total greenhouse gas emissions. Second, the paucity of data on GHG emissions from the IPPU sector prevents the establishment of a variable target.18 | P a g e 3.2 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) The 2015 INDC recognizes agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) is crucial for both mitigation and adaptation. However, the document does not set any targets to reduce emissions from the sector. Given the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector.', 'Given the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector. For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector. In addition, in-country consultations asked for including a second non-emission target envisioning the planting of one million trees by 2023. While such a target can be considered for the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to ascertain the feasibility of this target prior to its inclusion. Finally, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC, after the successful establishment of a forest inventory.', 'Finally, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC, after the successful establishment of a forest inventory. Any such target could be derived from existing targets identified in the 2009 National Forest Policy, including halting deforestation and further degradation of indigenous forests, establishing and managing forest reserves, promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests, and promoting agroforestry (Government of Tonga et al., 2009). However, establishing a forest inventory is required in order to be able to quantify any of these targets in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal. The 2015 INDC does not identify any specific measures to reduce GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector.', 'The 2015 INDC does not identify any specific measures to reduce GHG emissions from the AFOLU sector. However, existing policies and plans identify relevant means, which could be drawn upon for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. Among others, the National Forest Policy identified intercropping and agroforestry as an option to mitigate GHG emissions. In-country interviews also specifically highlighted these two measures. Complementarily, the Forest Management Plan identified a range of measures to reduce deforestation, such as improving the enforcement of illegal tree clearing, capacity building to promote agroforestry, and applying certification in order to adhere to international standards for sustainable timber production (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).', 'Complementarily, the Forest Management Plan identified a range of measures to reduce deforestation, such as improving the enforcement of illegal tree clearing, capacity building to promote agroforestry, and applying certification in order to adhere to international standards for sustainable timber production (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017). However, a prerequisite for setting specific targets and identifying measures to reduce GHG emissions is to improve data collection and establish a forest inventory. This is reflected in the National Forest Policy stating that “Tonga needs a comprehensive inventory of its forest resources” (Government of Tonga et al., 2009). Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for analysis, identifying trends and appropriate actions, and evaluating the impact of specific policies and interventions.', 'Such an inventory will serve as the foundation for analysis, identifying trends and appropriate actions, and evaluating the impact of specific policies and interventions. Currently, the paucity of reliable data leads to significant uncertainty in any larger-scale assessment undertaken in the agriculture and forestry sectors. With basic information regarding forest cover and forest cover change lacking, assessing more complex issues — such as forest regeneration following clearing for agriculture — becomes largely impossible. In return, the paucity of reliable analysis impedes the development of relevant policies to address the issues faced within the sector.', 'In return, the paucity of reliable analysis impedes the development of relevant policies to address the issues faced within the sector. Finally, the absence of reliable data also prevents monitoring the impact and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and other interventions.19 | P a g e Tonga’s 2015 INDC states that, when land use and forestry are considered, Tonga is a net carbon sink of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams of CO2 e per year, with its forests absorbing substantially more GHG emissions than the amount emitted by all other sectors combined (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'Finally, the absence of reliable data also prevents monitoring the impact and evaluating the effectiveness of policies and other interventions.19 | P a g e Tonga’s 2015 INDC states that, when land use and forestry are considered, Tonga is a net carbon sink of approximately 1,691.97 gigagrams of CO2 e per year, with its forests absorbing substantially more GHG emissions than the amount emitted by all other sectors combined (Government of Tonga, 2015). According to the Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, within the land use and forestry sector, the conversion of forests and grasslands represents the single largest source of GHG emissions in Tonga, accounting for 187.4 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019).', 'According to the Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, within the land use and forestry sector, the conversion of forests and grasslands represents the single largest source of GHG emissions in Tonga, accounting for 187.4 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019). The Third National Communication also states that GHG emissions from land-use are entirely offset by carbon sequestration from the country’s forests, with changes in forest and other woody biomass capturing an estimated 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e and abandonment of managed lands sequestering a further 441.8 gigagrams of CO2 e (Government of Tonga, 2019). However, this could not be confirmed by the available land use data. Rather, estimates based on available data shed considerable doubt on whether Tonga constitutes a net carbon sink. Table 4.', 'Rather, estimates based on available data shed considerable doubt on whether Tonga constitutes a net carbon sink. Table 4. Estimated carbon sequestration Land category Area (ha) Factor for annual above-ground net- biomass growth (tonnes/ha/year) Ratio of below- to above-ground biomass Estimated carbon sequestration (gigagrams/year) Coniferous plantation Non-coniferous plantation Coconut (grassland, shrubland and cropland) Mangroves and wetland (saline and estuarine) Source: GGGI calculated based on Government of Tonga et al. (2009), IPCC (2006) 1 The category ‘other’ is assumed to represent land covered by settlements. This assumption is based on the following premises: First, according to the National Forest Policy, Tonga’s total land area amounts to 75,210 hectares. Second, the National Forest Policy reports the area covered by lakes and freshwater bodies at 6,523 hectares. Third, the remaining 68,687 hectares fall within the land categories shown in table 3.', 'Third, the remaining 68,687 hectares fall within the land categories shown in table 3. Within these categories, ‘other’ is the only category eligible to represent land area covered by settlements. 2 Total land area of Tonga does not include lakes and freshwater bodies. Estimates for total land area differ between sources. Table 4 is consistent with the figures published as part of the 2009 National Forest Policy.', 'Table 4 is consistent with the figures published as part of the 2009 National Forest Policy. First, based on the size of different land categories published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy (Government of Tonga, 2009) and applying default factors for average annual above-ground biomass net growth as well as default ratios of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass for specific vegetation types20 | P a g e (IPCC, 2006a), it is estimated that changes in vegetation capture between 183 to 588 gigagrams e per year (Table 4).13 Even under the most optimistic assumptions, this estimate falls short considerably of the 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e reported in the Third National Communication and accordingly of the figures referred to in the 2015 INDC.', 'First, based on the size of different land categories published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy (Government of Tonga, 2009) and applying default factors for average annual above-ground biomass net growth as well as default ratios of below-ground biomass to above-ground biomass for specific vegetation types20 | P a g e (IPCC, 2006a), it is estimated that changes in vegetation capture between 183 to 588 gigagrams e per year (Table 4).13 Even under the most optimistic assumptions, this estimate falls short considerably of the 1,437.54 gigagrams of CO2 e reported in the Third National Communication and accordingly of the figures referred to in the 2015 INDC. In addition, the estimated range is considered to rather overestimate actual carbon sequestration, since annual carbon losses due to wood removals, fuelwood removal, and disturbance are not captured (IPCC, 2006a).', 'In addition, the estimated range is considered to rather overestimate actual carbon sequestration, since annual carbon losses due to wood removals, fuelwood removal, and disturbance are not captured (IPCC, 2006a). The large variation in the estimate is a result of uncertainty regarding which default factors for above- ground net-biomass growth to apply. In particular, the category covering the largest share of land area — coconut (grassland, shrubland and cropland) — does not distinguish between natural and plantation areas, resulting in a large variance in the estimated amounts. Second, no separate estimate could be made to verify the numbers reported for carbon sequestration as a result of the abandonment of managed lands, as the necessary data was not available.', 'Second, no separate estimate could be made to verify the numbers reported for carbon sequestration as a result of the abandonment of managed lands, as the necessary data was not available. However, if any estimates for abandonment of managed lands were included, the numbers for carbon sequestration from changes in forest and other woody biomass would diminish accordingly. Third, the Third National Communication states that forest area covers 12.5% of Tonga’s landmass, while 43.1% consists of agricultural land, and 44.4% of the land is covered by settlement areas (Government of Tonga, 2019). Given the large share of settlement areas compared to the data published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy, the high amount of reported carbon sequestration becomes even more questionable.', 'Given the large share of settlement areas compared to the data published in Tonga’s National Forest Policy, the high amount of reported carbon sequestration becomes even more questionable. In-country interviews confirmed the paucity of reliable data for forestry in Tonga. While a forest inventory is scheduled to be established in 2020-2021, interviewees highlighted the need for capacity building and funding within the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry to collect and analyse forestry data. 3.4.1 Targets and implementation Similar to the AFOLU and transport sectors, while the 2015 INDC calls for reducing GHG emissions from waste management, no specific targets are set, and no relevant measures are identified for this sector (Government of Tonga, 2015).', '3.4.1 Targets and implementation Similar to the AFOLU and transport sectors, while the 2015 INDC calls for reducing GHG emissions from waste management, no specific targets are set, and no relevant measures are identified for this sector (Government of Tonga, 2015). In-country interviews confirmed that no targets for reducing GHG emissions from waste have been developed since 2015. Given that the waste sector represents only a fraction of Tonga’s GHG emissions — approximately 0.3% according to the Third National Communication, compared to 11% reported in the 2015 INDC (Government of Tonga, 2019; Government of Tonga, 2015) — and the uncertainty in the available data, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to not include a target for reducing GHG from the waste sector.', 'Given that the waste sector represents only a fraction of Tonga’s GHG emissions — approximately 0.3% according to the Third National Communication, compared to 11% reported in the 2015 INDC (Government of Tonga, 2019; Government of Tonga, 2015) — and the uncertainty in the available data, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to not include a target for reducing GHG from the waste sector. Instead, it is suggested to include a non-emissions target, establishing the necessary preconditions to be able to identify a GHG emissions target for the sector in the 2025 NDC. For that purpose, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu.', 'For that purpose, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu. In that context, relevant data should be collected in order to be able to set a quantifiable GHG emissions target for the next NDC cycle. 13 The Forest Management Plan refers to nearly identical figures for the estimated area under the same set of land categories (Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).21 | P a g e There are considerable gaps in the 2015 INDC regarding transparency and clarity for the waste sector. There is no information on the amounts of waste, based on which GHG emissions were calculated.', 'There is no information on the amounts of waste, based on which GHG emissions were calculated. In addition, there is no information on the calculation for converting available waste data into estimates for GHG emissions. Both the 2015 INDC and the 2019 Third National Communication refer to 2006 data in order to estimate GHG emissions. However, for these two data sets are not consistent (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga, 2019; Table 3). Instead, data for GHG emissions was revised prior to the Third National Communication and is considered to be more accurate (in-country interviews).', 'Instead, data for GHG emissions was revised prior to the Third National Communication and is considered to be more accurate (in-country interviews). According to the 2006 IPCC guidelines, GHG emissions from the waste sector include emissions from (1) solid waste disposal, (2) biological treatment of solid waste, (3) incineration and open burning of waste, and (4) wastewater treatment and discharge (IPCC, 2006a). First, in-country interviews confirmed that only data capturing total amounts for solid waste is available, with no information on composition. Second, according to available data and in-country interviews, there is no biological treatment of solid waste in Tonga. Third, according to the 2016 census and in- country interviews, open burning of waste remains a common practice in Tonga, particularly outside Tongatapu (Tonga Statistics Department, 2017).', 'Third, according to the 2016 census and in- country interviews, open burning of waste remains a common practice in Tonga, particularly outside Tongatapu (Tonga Statistics Department, 2017). However, information on the amounts of waste disposed of through the practice of open burning are not available. Finally, there is insufficient information on wastewater treatment and discharge in Tonga.', 'Finally, there is insufficient information on wastewater treatment and discharge in Tonga. Using the IPCC waste model (IPCC, 2006b), extrapolating the amounts for municipal solid waste reported for Tongatapu (Waste Authority Ltd., 2017), applying default factors for Other Oceania, assuming methane generation rate under moist and wet climatic conditions and no methane recovery at the landfill site, results in minimal GHG emissions from municipal solid waste of less than 1 gigagram.22 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to strengthening resilience against the adverse impacts of climate change, mentioning specifically the following sectors and areas (Government of Tonga, 2015): Public infrastructure, Buildings, Coastal protection, and Agriculture sector, mentioning measures such as improved soil management and agroforestry.', 'Using the IPCC waste model (IPCC, 2006b), extrapolating the amounts for municipal solid waste reported for Tongatapu (Waste Authority Ltd., 2017), applying default factors for Other Oceania, assuming methane generation rate under moist and wet climatic conditions and no methane recovery at the landfill site, results in minimal GHG emissions from municipal solid waste of less than 1 gigagram.22 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to strengthening resilience against the adverse impacts of climate change, mentioning specifically the following sectors and areas (Government of Tonga, 2015): Public infrastructure, Buildings, Coastal protection, and Agriculture sector, mentioning measures such as improved soil management and agroforestry. In alignment with the National Forest Policy, the 2015 INDC also identifies goals to increase resilience in the forestry sector, including (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests, Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas, Establishing and managing forest reserves, Promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests with climate change resilient, and ecologically and socially appropriate tree species, Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture, Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments, Encouraging tax allotment holders to plant and manage trees on their properties.', 'In alignment with the National Forest Policy, the 2015 INDC also identifies goals to increase resilience in the forestry sector, including (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests, Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas, Establishing and managing forest reserves, Promoting reforestation and rehabilitation of cleared and degraded forests with climate change resilient, and ecologically and socially appropriate tree species, Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture, Discouraging tree removal on tax allotments, Encouraging tax allotment holders to plant and manage trees on their properties. In addition to the goals mentioned above, the 2015 INDC also refers to the importance of trees for the protection of coastal areas.', 'In addition to the goals mentioned above, the 2015 INDC also refers to the importance of trees for the protection of coastal areas. While references to strengthening resilience against and adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change are made throughout the document, the 2015 INDC lacks a systematic assessment of adaptation options. This is reflected in the document’s neglect to distinguish between goals and measures to achieve these goals. It is recommended for the Government of Tonga to focus on targets related to coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level, as there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga.', 'It is recommended for the Government of Tonga to focus on targets related to coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level, as there is a high confidence in the available scientific evidence that these two phenomena are a direct manifestation of climate change in Tonga. Other phenomena either entail considerable uncertainty (change in rainfall patterns, occurrence of droughts, occurrence of cyclones) or there are no feasible measures available to respond on a national scale (ocean acidification). In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP 2) can be regarded as relevant.', 'In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (JNAP 2) can be regarded as relevant. JNAP 2 identifies electricity, transport, agriculture, fisheries, coastal protection and flood management as important areas for adaptation (Government of Tonga, 2018). More importantly, JNAP 2 introduces 20 targets to strengthen resilience against climate change. Several of these targets could be included in the 2020 NDC (table 5). 14 While the 2015 INDC lists these goals in the context of strengthening resilience towards the adverse impacts of climate change, the National Forest Policy lists them as measures in the context of mitigation.23 | P a g e Table 5.', '14 While the 2015 INDC lists these goals in the context of strengthening resilience towards the adverse impacts of climate change, the National Forest Policy lists them as measures in the context of mitigation.23 | P a g e Table 5. JNAP 2 targets by category Increase in temperature Rise in sea level Other 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry Resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management Resilient tourism and tourism infrastructures Resilient land, air, and marine infrastructures Strengthened capacity and awareness of climate change and disaster risk management among population Resilient public and community infrastructures, Strengthened climate services and early warning systems Water security through integrated water management and conservation Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Source: GGGI If any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress.', 'JNAP 2 targets by category Increase in temperature Rise in sea level Other 30% of land in Tonga utilized for agro-forestry or forestry Resilient coastal development, infrastructures, and integrated coastal ecosystems management Resilient tourism and tourism infrastructures Resilient land, air, and marine infrastructures Strengthened capacity and awareness of climate change and disaster risk management among population Resilient public and community infrastructures, Strengthened climate services and early warning systems Water security through integrated water management and conservation Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Resilient fisheries and marine and coastal ecosystems Source: GGGI If any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a number of objectives, including: Mainstreaming climate resilience by strengthening existing decision-making structures, reflecting considerations related climate resilience in government planning and implementation, and developing guidelines, Strengthening data collection and dissemination by building capacity and systematically sharing data across entities, Developing a monitoring system to strengthen meteorological services, to assess water and soil conditions, Raising awareness and increasing access to information within government, private sector, communities, and private households through trainings and web portals, Increasing access to finance by establishing a coordination mechanism for funding from development partners, simplifying and harmonizing procedures for disbursement.', 'In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a number of objectives, including: Mainstreaming climate resilience by strengthening existing decision-making structures, reflecting considerations related climate resilience in government planning and implementation, and developing guidelines, Strengthening data collection and dissemination by building capacity and systematically sharing data across entities, Developing a monitoring system to strengthen meteorological services, to assess water and soil conditions, Raising awareness and increasing access to information within government, private sector, communities, and private households through trainings and web portals, Increasing access to finance by establishing a coordination mechanism for funding from development partners, simplifying and harmonizing procedures for disbursement. However, it is unclear how these objectives relate to the targets identified earlier.', 'However, it is unclear how these objectives relate to the targets identified earlier. Nevertheless, objectives from the JNAP 2 related to data gathering and monitoring are regarded as the most relevant to be reflected in the 2020 NDC. Both would allow to develop specific targets, increase transparency, and improve communication in later iterations of the Nationally Determined Contributions(post-2020).24 | P a g e Box 1. Marine Protected Areas The 2015 INDC included a provision calling for the doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) by 2030, compared to 2015.', 'Marine Protected Areas The 2015 INDC included a provision calling for the doubling the number of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) by 2030, compared to 2015. However, the document does not elaborate on how an increase in Marine Protected Areas would reduce GHG emissions or strengthen Tonga’s adaptive capacity towards the adverse impact of climate change (Government of Tonga, 2015).15 In-country interviews provided conflicting information on whether increasing the number of Marine Protected Areas is considered a mitigation or an adaptation target. On the one hand, it was mentioned that Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC, because they were regarded as a means to maintain or increase the absorption of carbon from the atmosphere by sea organisms.', 'On the one hand, it was mentioned that Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC, because they were regarded as a means to maintain or increase the absorption of carbon from the atmosphere by sea organisms. However, the document does not provide any evidence that establishing Marine Protected Areas has a positive effect on carbon sequestration. On the other hand, in-country interviews suggested that the expansion of Marine Protected Areas should be considered as an adaptation target as the aim of MPAs is to preserve marine biodiversity and fish populations. However, the 2015 INDC does also not elaborate on how an increase in the number of MPAs would strengthen adaptive capacity (Government of Tonga, 2015).', 'However, the 2015 INDC does also not elaborate on how an increase in the number of MPAs would strengthen adaptive capacity (Government of Tonga, 2015). Independent of the questions whether or not MPAs are a suitable means to support mitigation or strengthen adaptive capacity, in-country consultation suggested that the number of Marine Protected Areas has increased from six in 2015 to ten in 2020. However, this change could not be confirmed by other sources with available data for the period from 2016 to 2018 showing no change in the size of Marine Protected Areas.', 'However, this change could not be confirmed by other sources with available data for the period from 2016 to 2018 showing no change in the size of Marine Protected Areas. World Bank (2019) reported a constant 1.5% of Tonga territorial waters — equivalent to approximately 10,050 km2 — to be covered by Marine Protected Areas.16 This figure coincides with data published as part of the Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024, reporting 10,100 km2 of marine conservation area (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2016). For the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation.', 'For the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation. Therefore, it is suggested to include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means for coastal protection and food security. However, it should be noted that connecting MPAs to a measurable target is unlikely. While the area covered by MPAs can be measured, it will not be possible to express their impact to function as a carbon sink as well as their effect on resilience as a quantifiable target.', 'While the area covered by MPAs can be measured, it will not be possible to express their impact to function as a carbon sink as well as their effect on resilience as a quantifiable target. 15 This report discusses MPAs as part of adaptation. Independent of whether MPAs are considered under mitigation or adaptation, the principal findings remain unchanged. 16 The total area of territorial waters for Tonga is reported at 668.055 km2 (UNEP-WCMC, 2020).25 | P a g e The 2015 INDC does not identify measures to strengthen adaptation. In that context, it is very important to distinguish between goals and the means to achieve these goals. This is not the case in the 2015 INDC.', 'This is not the case in the 2015 INDC. While the 2015 INDC refers to a list of goals related to resilience, the National Forest Policy enumerates the same statements as measures (Government of Tonga, 2015; Government of Tonga et al., 2009). Therefore, in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to systematically identify relevant goals and the related measures to achieve them. Examples are provided in Table 6 below. Table 6. Example of matching goals with measures Goal Example of related measure Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests Conduct a forest inventory identifying drivers of deforestation Enhance forest monitoring and enforcement of policies by increasing the number of staff.', 'Example of matching goals with measures Goal Example of related measure Halting deforestation and degradation of indigenous forests Conduct a forest inventory identifying drivers of deforestation Enhance forest monitoring and enforcement of policies by increasing the number of staff. Maintaining national parks, reserves and protected areas Provide necessary funding to enforce logging ban Promoting integrated agroforestry in areas earmarked for agriculture Develop detailed guidelines for integrated agroforestry practices Establish agroforestry pilot projects in selected villages involving extension service workers Source: GGGI Several existing policies and plans identify relevant measures, which could be drawn upon for the formulation of the 2020 NDC. Among others, the 2016 Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan includes measures to support climate-resilient agriculture.', 'Among others, the 2016 Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan includes measures to support climate-resilient agriculture. In that context, the plan refers to the maintenance of soil conditions, rotational and mixed cropping, diversity in life stock, and water management, among others. For example, in order to maintain soil conditions, the plan proposes to conduct soil surveys and trials with fertilizers and vermiculture. To improve water management, the plan suggests estimating groundwater resource and their current exploitation as well as identifying potential use and/or need for protection (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b).17 Similarly, the National Forest Policy and the Forest Management Plan contain measures to enhance coastal protection in Tonga (Government of Tonga et al., 2009; Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017).', 'To improve water management, the plan suggests estimating groundwater resource and their current exploitation as well as identifying potential use and/or need for protection (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b).17 Similarly, the National Forest Policy and the Forest Management Plan contain measures to enhance coastal protection in Tonga (Government of Tonga et al., 2009; Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries, 2017). In addition, JNAP 2 identifies a range of activities to achieve its objectives. Some of these activities could be included in the 2020 NDC if it was to reflect any of the objectives from the JNAP 2.', 'Some of these activities could be included in the 2020 NDC if it was to reflect any of the objectives from the JNAP 2. 17 The Tonga Agricultural Sector Plan does not specify the geographical scope of the proposed interventions (Government of Tonga, World Bank, and IFAD, 2016b)26 | P a g e The 2015 INDC refers to adaptation in various sections of the document. However, adaptation is not addressed systematically. Following the example of the JNAP2, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change — including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones — and their impact on Tonga (Table 7).', 'Following the example of the JNAP2, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change — including changes in temperatures, shifts in rainfall patterns, a rise in sea levels, ocean acidification, and the occurrence of tropical cyclones — and their impact on Tonga (Table 7). This overview should summarize what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlight areas of uncertainty, and indicate areas in need of future research. Table 7.', 'This overview should summarize what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlight areas of uncertainty, and indicate areas in need of future research. Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in temperatures Very high Increase in temperatures by up to 1.0°C by 2030 and up to Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± emissions) Decreased yield and quality of crops Reduced fish catch and increased destruction of corals Increase in vector-, foodborne and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in temperatures Very high Increase in temperatures by up to 1.0°C by 2030 and up to Increase in surface air temperature by up to 0.7°C ± emissions) Decreased yield and quality of crops Reduced fish catch and increased destruction of corals Increase in vector-, foodborne and waterborne diseases Increase in rainfall Low Little change in annual mean rainfall. Increase of annual mean rainfall by 2-3% by 2030 under a high emissions scenario Increase in flooding and damage to infrastructure Decrease in agricultural productivity Degradation of coral reefs as a result of pollution of coastal areas by sediments and debris Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases High More extreme rain events More extreme rain events Occurrence of droughts Low Decrease slightly in frequency of droughts Little change is projected in the incidence of droughts Decrease in agricultural productivity Reduced access to drinking water and reduced food security. Source: Compiled by GGGI27 | P a g e Table 7.', 'Source: Compiled by GGGI27 | P a g e Table 7. Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7–18 cm by cm by 2090 Rise in mean sea levels by Land loss, including agricultural land Damage to infrastructure and property Salinization of groundwater Migration of population Degradation of coral reefs Increase in ocean acidification Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to 3.5 Ωar by 2035 and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification Destruction of coral reefs Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of 6% to Increase in mean maximum wind speed of cyclones of between 2% Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts, bananas, and breadfruit Destruction of infrastructure Damage of coral reefs Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI28 | P a g e This report reviewed and assessed Tonga’s 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions regarding the identified goals and targets, the proposed measures to achieve those targets, and the clarity and transparency of communicating the relevant information.', 'Overview of phenomena related to climate change in Tonga (continued) Phenomenon Confidence (direction of change) Projections in existing literature Potential Impacts Rise in sea levels Very high Rise in sea levels by 7–18 cm by cm by 2090 Rise in mean sea levels by Land loss, including agricultural land Damage to infrastructure and property Salinization of groundwater Migration of population Degradation of coral reefs Increase in ocean acidification Very high Aragonite saturation levels in the ocean will decrease to 3.5 Ωar by 2035 and continue to decline after Continue trend of acidification Destruction of coral reefs Reduced catch of calcifying invertebrates and demersal fish Decline in frequency but increase in intensity of cyclones Medium Decrease in frequency of cyclones of 6% to Increase in mean maximum wind speed of cyclones of between 2% Decrease in number but increase in intensity of cyclones in the southeast Pacific Ocean basin Decrease in agricultural productivity with severe damage to perennial tree crops such as coconuts, bananas, and breadfruit Destruction of infrastructure Damage of coral reefs Increase in vector- and waterborne diseases Source: Compiled by GGGI28 | P a g e This report reviewed and assessed Tonga’s 2015 Intended Nationally Determined Contributions regarding the identified goals and targets, the proposed measures to achieve those targets, and the clarity and transparency of communicating the relevant information. Based on the results of this review process, recommendations were developed for the scope and content of the 2020 NDC (see Table 8 for a summary of the recommendations).', 'Based on the results of this review process, recommendations were developed for the scope and content of the 2020 NDC (see Table 8 for a summary of the recommendations). First, following international best practice, to the extent possible, it is recommended that mitigation targets in the 2020 NDC are formulated in terms of GHG emission reductions. Second, it is recommended to follow the 2006 IPCC guidelines for reporting GHG emissions and selecting targets for reducing emissions. This will considerably enhance transparency and clarity. Third, it is recommended to keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector. However, the 2015 INDC largely focused on reducing emissions from electricity generation.', 'However, the 2015 INDC largely focused on reducing emissions from electricity generation. It is recommended to expand the scope for the 2020 NDC and includes targets for the transport as well as for commercial, institutional and residential end-use. Such targets could be based on the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Furthermore, given that none of the existing targets for the AFOLU sectors is quantified in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal as well as the uncertainty of the extent of carbon sequestration, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to identify a non-emission target for the AFOLU sector. For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector.', 'For that purpose, it is suggested to include the establishment of forest inventory to improve clarity and transparency for the sector. Based on data obtained through the forest inventory, it is recommended to include a GHG emissions target for the AFOLU sector in the 2025 NDC. Similarly, given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, it is recommended to not include emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC. It is suggested for these non-emission targets to focus on increasing clarity and transparency.', 'It is suggested for these non-emission targets to focus on increasing clarity and transparency. In case of the waste sector, it is recommended to expand the formal waste collection system, including the collection of relevant data in order to define relevant GHG emissions targets for the 2025 NDC. In addition, for the 2020 NDC, in-country consultations recommended to consider Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation. Therefore, it is suggested to include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security.', 'In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security. However, either target will likely not be quantifiable, and — as a result — their achievement will be difficult to verify. Stakeholders suggested also considering Special Management Areas (SMAs). However, there is a need for clarification on the concept, definition and relationship between MPAs and SMAs (see Annex 4 to this report). Therefore, it is recommended to include only MPAs in the 2020 NDC. This would also provide consistency with the 2015 INDC. Fourth, the 2015 INDC generally omits to identify measures to achieve the proposed targets. However, identifying relevant means is crucial to establish realistic targets and to measure progress.', 'However, identifying relevant means is crucial to establish realistic targets and to measure progress. It is suggested that once targets for the 2020 NDC have been identified to draw upon relevant measures from existing policies and plans for the formulation of the 2020 NDC.29 | P a g e Fifth, the 2015 INDC’s clarity and transparency are undermined by a paucity of relevant data and an inability for third parties to re-calculate results based on publicly available data. Therefore, it is recommended to ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC.', 'This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. In particular, there is a high uncertainty regarding GHG emissions from agriculture, forestry and other land use. Therefore, it is suggested to recalculate figures for carbon sequestration. If recalculation is not possible as part of the 2020 NDC, it should be considered to exclude GHG emission data for the AFOLU sector from the document and highlight the existing uncertainty instead. Finally, it is recommended for the 2020 NDC to clearly distinguish between mitigation and adaptation. For adaptation, it is suggested for the 2020 NDC to highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga.', 'For adaptation, it is suggested for the 2020 NDC to highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga. If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels. In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management are regarded as relevant. However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress.', 'However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, it is recommended to define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. In order to improve clarity and transparency, it is recommended for the adaptation section of the 2020 NDC to provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature, highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research. Table 8. Summary of recommendations Category Recommendation Structure Have a clear structure of the NDC, distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation.', 'Summary of recommendations Category Recommendation Structure Have a clear structure of the NDC, distinguishing between mitigation and adaptation. The mitigation section should distinguish between the four main sectors identified by the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories as relevant sources for GHG emissions. Follow the 2006 IPCC guidelines for reporting GHG emissions and selecting targets for reducing emissions. This will considerably enhance transparency and clarity. Targets Following international best practice, to the extent possible, formulate mitigation targets in terms of GHG emission reductions. Keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector but expand the scope beyond reducing emissions from electricity generation and include transport as well as for commercial, institutional, and residential end-use.', 'Keep the focus of mitigation targets on the energy sector but expand the scope beyond reducing emissions from electricity generation and include transport as well as for commercial, institutional, and residential end-use. Relevant targets for the transport sector as well as for commercial, institutional and residential end-use could be based on the upcoming Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Maintain the target of achieving 70% of electricity generated from renewable sources by 2030. Consider updating the target of achieving 50% of electricity generated from renewable sources from being achieved in 2020. Source: GGGI30 | P a g e Table 8.', 'Source: GGGI30 | P a g e Table 8. Summary of recommendations (continued) Category Recommendation Targets Given that none of the existing targets for the AFOLU sectors is quantified in terms of emission reduction or emissions removal, include a non-emissions target in the 2020 NDC and include an emissions reduction target in a later iteration of the NDC. The non-emission target should include the establishment of Tonga’s national forest inventory as a means to enhance clarity and transparency. Given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, do not include any GHG emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC.', 'Given the minimal amount of emissions from the industry and waste sectors, combined with the paucity of relevant data, do not include any GHG emission targets for these two sectors in the 2020 NDC. Include the target of expanding the formal waste collection system in Tonga beyond Tongatapu, as a prerequisite for collecting relevant data and setting a quantifiable GHG emissions target during the next NDC cycle. Highlight that coping with the impact of an increase in temperature and a rise in sea level are priorities for Tonga. If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels.', 'If specific targets for adaptation are to be identified as part of the 2020 NDC, select targets related to increasing temperatures and a rising sea levels. In this context, several targets identified by the Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management are regarded as relevant. However, if any of these targets were to be included in the 2020 NDC, define them more closely and/or make them quantifiable in order to be able to evaluate progress. Implementation Complement targets with relevant measures to achieve them. In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans, such as the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forest Policy, and the Forest Management Plan.', 'In many cases, relevant measures can be drawn from existing policies and plans, such as the Energy Efficiency Master Plan, the National Forest Policy, and the Forest Management Plan. Consider the expansion of Marine Protected Areas as a means for mitigation as well as a means for adaptation rather than a target in itself. In that context, include a non-emission target for preserving Tonga’s marine biodiversity to function as a carbon sink, considering MPAs as a measure to achieve this target. In addition, Marine Protected Areas could be mentioned under adaptation as a means to support coastal protection and food security. Communication Ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties.', 'Communication Ensure the publication of relevant data and calculations to permit verification by third parties. This can be done either as part of the NDC or as part of the national communications to the UNFCCC. Recalculate figures for carbon sequestration. If recalculation is not possible as part of the 2020 NDC, consider excluding GHG emission data for the AFOLU sector and explain the uncertainty in the available data. In order to improve clarity and transparency, provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature,31 | P a g e highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research.', 'In order to improve clarity and transparency, provide an overview of the different phenomena related to climate change and their impact on Tonga, summarizing what can be regarded as consensus in the existing literature,31 | P a g e highlighting areas of uncertainty, and indicating areas in need of future research. Source: GGGI32 | P a g e Department of Energy 2020. Installed off-grid renewable energy. Fransen, T., Northrop, E., Mogelgaard, K. & Levin, K. 2017. Enhancing NDCs by 2020: Achieving the Goals of the Paris Agreement. Working paper. Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute. Fransen, T., Sato, I., Levin, K., Waskow, D., Rich, D., Ndoko, S. & Teng, J. 2019. Enhancing NDCs by 2020: Achieving the Goals of the Paris Agreement. Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute.', 'Washington, DC. : World Resources Institute. Government of Tonga 2012. Second National Communication. Government of Tonga 2015. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Government of Tonga 2018. Joint National Action Plan 2 on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management 2018-2028. Government of Tonga 2019. Third National Communication on Climate Change Report. Government of Tonga, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, German Agency for International Development Cooperation & Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2009. National Forest Policy for Tonga. Government of Tonga & United Nation’s Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) 2020. Government of Tonga Energy Efficiency Master Plan, Unpublished. Government of Tonga, World Bank & International Fund for Agricultural Development 2016a. Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020.', 'Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan 2016-2020. Government of Tonga, World Bank & International Fund for Agricultural Development 2016b. Tonga Fisheries Sector Plan 2016-2024. IPCC 2006a. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Japan, IGES. IPCC 2006b. IPCC Waste Model. IPCC 2019. 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Calvo Buendia, E., Tanabe, K., Kranjc, A., Baasansuren, J., Fukuda, M., Ngarize, S., Osako, A., Pyrozhenko, Y., Shermanau, P. and Federici, S. (eds). Publish. Ministry of Agriculture Food Forestry and Fisheries 2017. Management Plan for the Forests and Tree Resources of Tonga. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2016. Tonga Power Limited Annual Report 2016. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2017.', 'Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2017. Tonga Power Limited Annual Report 2017. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020a. Losses and Consumption Data 2015-2020. Internal Document. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020b. TPL Generation Data. Internal Document. Tonga Power Limited (TPL) 2020c. TPL Installed and Planned Generation Capacity. Internal Document. Tonga Statistics Department 2017. Tonga 2016 Census of Population and Housing. Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report. UNEP-Wcmc 2020. Profile for Tonga. UNFCCC 2009. Fact sheet: The need for mitigation. UNFCCC 2015. Paris Agreement. World Bank 2019. Marine protected areas (% of territorial waters). Washington, D.C.: World Bank.33 | P a g e A1. Interview Notes A1.1 Department of Climate Change, Greenhouse gas inventory working group Context Key points GHG from burning fossil fuels Estimates are based on figures from oil companies.', 'Interview Notes A1.1 Department of Climate Change, Greenhouse gas inventory working group Context Key points GHG from burning fossil fuels Estimates are based on figures from oil companies. Sales figures from oil companies differ from imports/consumption data from Statistics Department. Diesel Sales data from oil companies to different consumers used to estimate breakdown between road transport and maritime transport (also relevant for gasoline). However, records are not always clear to make distinction. Fuel oil deliveries are not clearly distinguished in report, but all fuel oil deliveries counted towards maritime transport, as newer domestic ferries run on diesel. Data (energy) Approach followed for national communication: figures collected from shipping and aviation companies and authorities Willingness of oil companies to share data is limited as data regarded as commercially sensitive. Stock changes had to be estimated.', 'Stock changes had to be estimated. Situation should improve once energy yearbook is available in 2021. Marine bunkers Data on deliveries to marine bunkers is difficult to obtain as some oil directly sold to vessels. Targets (energy) Target for electricity losses has been achieved. Renewable energy targets on track. Generation target has never been an official policy. Goals and targets for energy efficiency will be determined based on general direction provided by Energy Efficiency Master Plan. Key sector for energy efficiency measures is transport, particularly road transport (followed by maritime transport, with very limited contribution from aviation), and to a lesser extent residential sector. Lack of data as a hindrance to determine relevant targets and measures.', 'Lack of data as a hindrance to determine relevant targets and measures. GHG from forestry Formal figures for only one logging company/forest plantation in ‘Eua. Estimates for harvesting of trees for fuelwood, based on samples. Basing estimate on Department of Statistics expenditure survey would only capture fuelwood that is sold commercially. Particularly in outer islands, fuelwood represents the main source of energy.34 | P a g e Estimate for CO2 sequestration of forests is likely too high in 2015 INDC, as figures for forest cover were probably too high. Using data from the National Forest Policy regarded as a good option. Age of trees is considered as low, due to considerable replanting in recent years and cultivation of fast-growing trees for fuel wood harvesting.', 'Age of trees is considered as low, due to considerable replanting in recent years and cultivation of fast-growing trees for fuel wood harvesting. This would have an impact when using IPCC default emission factors. GHG from agriculture Conversion of land for agriculture as the main contributor, including slashing and burning of forests, ploughing, agrichemicals, etc. Livestock not considered currently, but useful to capture in the future. Data (agriculture and forestry) Need to improve data. Need for capacity building for data collection and analysis of forestry data. Current capacity within the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forestry considered as limited. FAO forestry inventory scheduled to be concluded by 2021, by a Japanese consultant. Goals and targets Proposed goal of planting one million trees has to be put into context.', 'Goals and targets Proposed goal of planting one million trees has to be put into context. Setting a single number is too simplistic. Tonga National Agriculture Sector Plan might include more practical goals. A1.2 MEIDECC, Department of Energy Context Key points Electricity Main concern in Energy sector has shifted from access to electricity (100% access likely to be achieved by end 2021) to affordability (which will remain a concern for the near future) and will shift to acceptability of generation source in the future, with the necessity to move away from fossil fuels to renewables Access to electricity Access is defined broadly; anyone who is connected to main grids, mini- grids, or home systems being counted.', 'A1.2 MEIDECC, Department of Energy Context Key points Electricity Main concern in Energy sector has shifted from access to electricity (100% access likely to be achieved by end 2021) to affordability (which will remain a concern for the near future) and will shift to acceptability of generation source in the future, with the necessity to move away from fossil fuels to renewables Access to electricity Access is defined broadly; anyone who is connected to main grids, mini- grids, or home systems being counted. Essential services include: lighting, refrigeration, an water pumping Renewables targets Prior to 2015: none 2015-2020: 14-17% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2020/25: on track to achieve 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2030: political target to achieve 70% 2035: political target to achieve 100% Conditional on:35 | P a g e 1.', 'Essential services include: lighting, refrigeration, an water pumping Renewables targets Prior to 2015: none 2015-2020: 14-17% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2020/25: on track to achieve 50% of electricity generation from renewable sources 2030: political target to achieve 70% 2035: political target to achieve 100% Conditional on:35 | P a g e 1. Tonga government: providing enabling environment (policy and regulation) 2. Donors providing funding for hardware Solar capacity Current: about 4.2 MW in Tongatapu, 400 kW in Vava’u, 500 kW in Ha’apai, and 200 kW in ‘Eua.', 'Donors providing funding for hardware Solar capacity Current: about 4.2 MW in Tongatapu, 400 kW in Vava’u, 500 kW in Ha’apai, and 200 kW in ‘Eua. Wind capacity Current: 1.3 MW in Tongatapu, 11 kW in Nakolo, 11 kW in Ha’apai By end 2020: 2.1 MW Future capacity additions: 6 MW at western site 6 MW at eastern site Energy efficiency Energy Efficiency Master Plan to be finalized by end-March Legislation Energy bill as umbrella for all energy-related acts, including electricity, petroleum, pricing, renewable energy, etc. Coordination of all acts and update of all acts accordingly IPP Companies from China, France and New Zealand Transport Electric vehicles: main concern about costs Efficiency of roads/infrastructure Ministry of Infrastructure expected to provide recommendation on vehicle efficiency. Vehicle efficiency testing through technical verification agency required.', 'Vehicle efficiency testing through technical verification agency required. Transmission and distribution losses From 18% in 2011 to under 11%, as a result of grid improvements36 | P a g e A1.3 Department of Environment Context Key points Forest data If forest data in 2009 National Forest Policy came from Department of Environment, it would have been as part of the communication to CBD (part of the mandatory reporting as part of multilateral environmental agreements). The specific report in question is the 5th National Forestry Report.18 However, the data in the report comes from the Department of Forestry. Forest targets Relevant targets are formulated as part of the 5th National Forestry Report, referring to forest cover and mangroves, among others. The 2020 NDC could refer to these existing targets.', 'The 2020 NDC could refer to these existing targets. Marine Protected Areas Marine Protected Areas were included in the 2015 INDC as part of mitigation, because they were regarded as a means to maintain/increase the absorption of carbon by sea organisms. However, there is no system or methodology to measure the impact of establishing Marine Protected Areas on carbon sequestration.19 The 2015 INDC included the general goal of increasing the number of Marine Protected Areas. However, among the guidelines to establish Marine Protected Areas, the size of the area is one criterium. The current target is for 30% of Tonga’s exclusive economic zone to be covered by Marine Protected Areas, included in the Marine Spatial Plan. The plan itself is currently being drafted, but materials informing the plan are available.', 'The plan itself is currently being drafted, but materials informing the plan are available. Adaptation Adaptation, as part of the 2020 NDC, should include measurable and realistic goals and targets. Targets have to be measurable and realistic as a prerequisite for funding and implementation. JNAP2 and the National Environmental Management Strategy (being drafted) are sources that could inform adaptation as part of the 2020 NDC. The State of the Environment Report could help to capture evaluate current development and identify gaps and barriers (e.g. terrestrial protected areas). Waste Department of Environment collects waste data from Waste Authority Ltd. Currently, no distinction between waste streams. However, there is an aim to collect waste information distinguishing between different categories of waste. No collection of data on methane emissions from landfill.', 'No collection of data on methane emissions from landfill. Specific measure to be implemented concerns phase-out of single-use plastics. 18 GGGI was not able to obtain the 5th National Forestry Report. 19 In a follow up discussion, the Department of Environment suggested that the target of doubling the number of marine protected areas should be regarded as a means to strengthen adaptation.37 | P a g e A1.4 Tonga Bureau of Statistics Context Key points Biomass Information on consumption in “household income and expenditure LPG Information on consumption in “household income and expenditure Oil products Information on imports (quarterly) in “foreign trade report”, based on customs data. Note: “Re-export” refers to international marine bunkers. No data on consumption. Transport No data beyond census and household survey.', 'Transport No data beyond census and household survey. No data on passenger and freight kilometers. Ask for vehicle registry data from the Ministry of Infrastructure. Waste No data beyond census and household survey. No data on amounts and waste composition. Ask waste authority. Labour Labour force survey (2018) Data gathering Census in 2021. Currently collecting input on design and content Generally, data gathering through census in order to gain an overview. Detailed data can be gathered through specific survey, covering specific topic. Data shared between ministries/departments once agreement on what data is shared, for what purpose and with whom. Arrangements are made based on Statistical Act with other line ministries (letter from CEO).', 'Arrangements are made based on Statistical Act with other line ministries (letter from CEO). Follow up Questions from Bureau of Statistics: Specific data collected as part of the preparation of Fiji LEDS?', 'Follow up Questions from Bureau of Statistics: Specific data collected as part of the preparation of Fiji LEDS? Answer from GGGI: Nothing specifically collected due to budget and time constraints.38 | P a g e A1.5 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport Division Context Key points Infrastructure Considering the impacts of climate change during the planning and design process Upgrading and maintaining roads as a key activity Data Check national infrastructure investment plan (2013-2023) Can share data on fuel consumption, vehicle registry, and traffic count (Tongatapu) Contacts for buildings control, maritime transport and aviation to set up interviews Goals and measures No vehicle standards No consideration of fuel switching or alternative technologies Transport modes Preference for car over motorbike, cycling, walking Lack of infrastructure for non-motorised transport A1.6 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Maritime Transport Division Context Key points Data Collecting data of fuel sales to domestic shipping for registered vessels (>8 meters).', 'Answer from GGGI: Nothing specifically collected due to budget and time constraints.38 | P a g e A1.5 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Land Transport Division Context Key points Infrastructure Considering the impacts of climate change during the planning and design process Upgrading and maintaining roads as a key activity Data Check national infrastructure investment plan (2013-2023) Can share data on fuel consumption, vehicle registry, and traffic count (Tongatapu) Contacts for buildings control, maritime transport and aviation to set up interviews Goals and measures No vehicle standards No consideration of fuel switching or alternative technologies Transport modes Preference for car over motorbike, cycling, walking Lack of infrastructure for non-motorised transport A1.6 Department of Transport, Ministry of Infrastructure, Maritime Transport Division Context Key points Data Collecting data of fuel sales to domestic shipping for registered vessels (>8 meters). No data for smaller vessels that would often get gasoline/diesel directly from gas stations.', 'No data for smaller vessels that would often get gasoline/diesel directly from gas stations. Data on number of port calls by vessel. No data on passenger and freight numbers, only weight estimates when vessels cross load line. No projections on fuel consumption. Maybe collected by shipping companies. Diesel/fuel oil There are no domestic vessels using high sulphur fuel oil (HFO). HFO only used for international marine bunkers. Goals and targets Negations at IMO on GHG emissions from vessels. Tonga would need to adhere to any agreements achieved there. Contribution of domestic shipping to GHG emissions considered as insignificant, particularly on a global level. Energy Efficiency aster Plan focused on land transport, as major share of GHG emissions from land transport in Tonga.', 'Energy Efficiency aster Plan focused on land transport, as major share of GHG emissions from land transport in Tonga. Any regulation on engine or fuel standards would likely impose an additional cost on vessel owners,39 | P a g e who often can barely afford to pay the fuel. Also, it is unclear whether higher standards fuel can be used in existing engines. No impact on domestic shipping from IMO regulation on sulphur content. A1.7 Civil Aviation Division Context Key points Data on fuel consumption No systematic collection of fuel consumption data in aviation under Transport by the Civil Aviation Division. Information is requested from operators and Pacific Energy (which is responsible for fuel deliveries to aviation).', 'Information is requested from operators and Pacific Energy (which is responsible for fuel deliveries to aviation). As part of Tonga’s requirement as a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Civil Aviation Division will start to collect data on fuel consumption for international flights, starting from the second half of 2020. Data is expected to be published in 2021. Ad-hoc request to operators is possible, if it is specified what data is needed and for which purpose. Passenger and freight data No systematic collection of passenger and freight data in aviation u by the Civil Aviation Division. Civil Aviation Division can request data on passenger numbers from operators. Similar request can be made for freight data, but uncertain whether operators collect that data.', 'Similar request can be made for freight data, but uncertain whether operators collect that data. Freight transport via aviation in Tonga is limited. Freight is rather transported via maritime transport. Domestic planes are small and mostly serve for passenger travel. There are no dedicated cargo planes. Targets for GHG emissions Establishing targets to reduce fuel consumption/GHG emissions from aviation was regarded as unrealistic, due to the lack of alternative fuels and technologies. Alternative fuels are currently not commercially viable. Introducing stricter engine standards would come at considerable costs for operators as airplanes would need to be replaced.40 | P a g e A1.8 Department of Forestry Context Key points Data No reliable data for forestry, no forest inventory in Tonga.', 'Introducing stricter engine standards would come at considerable costs for operators as airplanes would need to be replaced.40 | P a g e A1.8 Department of Forestry Context Key points Data No reliable data for forestry, no forest inventory in Tonga. Work on forest inventory to commence in 2020 with support of FAO 2009 National Forest Policy uses data from the Department of Environment. Recommended to contact Department of Environment about the origin of this data.', 'Recommended to contact Department of Environment about the origin of this data. Also recommended to consult 2017 Forest Management Plan Land area used for agriculture: annual crop survey + recheck census Estimates Difference between FAO estimate (9,000 ha) and National Forest Policy (68,000ha) as a result of different definition for forests GHG targets Limited land area in Tonga: Conflict between food security/income and need to clear land for agriculture vs reducing emissions Forestry Makes sense to have targets for forestry, but not for Tonga where no forest harvesting and forests are generally small on a global scale 2019 Corporate Plan of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (MAFF CP) envisions planting of 1 million trees Agriculture Reducing land need (emissions from agriculture) requires considering most suitable crops/change in crops/viable alternatives with price and sustainability as two important determinants Agroforestry, intercropping of crops and trees, and mixed cropping as important measures to reduce the impact of climate change, droughts, pests and diseases, but dependent on funding Need for more efficient land use41 | P a g e A1.9 Ministry of Revenue and Customs Context Key points Petroleum data Data collected by customs and shared with the Department of Statistics.', 'Also recommended to consult 2017 Forest Management Plan Land area used for agriculture: annual crop survey + recheck census Estimates Difference between FAO estimate (9,000 ha) and National Forest Policy (68,000ha) as a result of different definition for forests GHG targets Limited land area in Tonga: Conflict between food security/income and need to clear land for agriculture vs reducing emissions Forestry Makes sense to have targets for forestry, but not for Tonga where no forest harvesting and forests are generally small on a global scale 2019 Corporate Plan of Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (MAFF CP) envisions planting of 1 million trees Agriculture Reducing land need (emissions from agriculture) requires considering most suitable crops/change in crops/viable alternatives with price and sustainability as two important determinants Agroforestry, intercropping of crops and trees, and mixed cropping as important measures to reduce the impact of climate change, droughts, pests and diseases, but dependent on funding Need for more efficient land use41 | P a g e A1.9 Ministry of Revenue and Customs Context Key points Petroleum data Data collected by customs and shared with the Department of Statistics. Gaps in publicly availably foreign trade report (Department of Statistics) are likely the result of outage of automated customs system.', 'Gaps in publicly availably foreign trade report (Department of Statistics) are likely the result of outage of automated customs system. In case of an outage, the system is updated manually afterwards, but statistics reports might not reflect those updates. Customs data can be shared and includes concession codes (tax exemption based on use) that allow for some distinction between product use. Oil supply chain While direct shipments from Singapore were under discussion a few years ago, they never materialized. Subsidies Subsidies entail the removal of excise tax and for some products/use consumption tax. Excise tax amounts to 65 cents per litre for all petroleum products, except lubricants. Weekly/monthly reports on subsidies contain details on concessions, such as amounts and categories of use that they apply to.', 'Weekly/monthly reports on subsidies contain details on concessions, such as amounts and categories of use that they apply to. These reports can be shared. Vehicle data Customs collects data on vehicle imports. Excise tax is based on engine size, which would allow to distinguish between vehicle categories.', 'Excise tax is based on engine size, which would allow to distinguish between vehicle categories. This data can be shared.42 | P a g e A1.10 Tonga Power Limited Context Key points Renewable energy Achieving 50% electricity generation from renewable sources as the main challenge, to be achieved by wind, solar and battery, with 10 major projects over the next two years (53.2 million USD) Implications on network/change to the network, even more so for Options to diversify renewable energy options: currently solar and wind, with the need for battery storage to possibly waste/biomass, tidal/wave in the future Implications on costs/electricity tariffs Demand Growing demand: TPL projects 2.5-2.7% year-on-year demand growth for 2020-2025, driven by construction of commercial and residential buildings Data Able to provide load curves, installed capacity, losses Check Pacific Power Association for benchmarking World Bank (2016) study on resilience/adaptation in Energy sector Request overview for planned capacity additions Metering Ongoing with focus on Tongatapu where 85-90% coverage achieved Losses Loss reductions as a result of significant improvements in network infrastructure (technical losses) and the introduction of meters (non- technical losses) Off-grid Outside of TPL responsibility Goals and targets Goals and targets set by government, with TPL focusing on implementation and providing feedback on technical feasibility (impact on grid and security of supply) Financing and costs Funding to build infrastructure to achieve targets mostly from outside TPL 2015-2020, grand funding for solar and wind as well as technical assistance, but increasingly private investment under power purchase agreements Drive towards private sector investment, with support from financing institutions If diesel prices drop considerably (March 2020), then solar/windless competitive.', 'This data can be shared.42 | P a g e A1.10 Tonga Power Limited Context Key points Renewable energy Achieving 50% electricity generation from renewable sources as the main challenge, to be achieved by wind, solar and battery, with 10 major projects over the next two years (53.2 million USD) Implications on network/change to the network, even more so for Options to diversify renewable energy options: currently solar and wind, with the need for battery storage to possibly waste/biomass, tidal/wave in the future Implications on costs/electricity tariffs Demand Growing demand: TPL projects 2.5-2.7% year-on-year demand growth for 2020-2025, driven by construction of commercial and residential buildings Data Able to provide load curves, installed capacity, losses Check Pacific Power Association for benchmarking World Bank (2016) study on resilience/adaptation in Energy sector Request overview for planned capacity additions Metering Ongoing with focus on Tongatapu where 85-90% coverage achieved Losses Loss reductions as a result of significant improvements in network infrastructure (technical losses) and the introduction of meters (non- technical losses) Off-grid Outside of TPL responsibility Goals and targets Goals and targets set by government, with TPL focusing on implementation and providing feedback on technical feasibility (impact on grid and security of supply) Financing and costs Funding to build infrastructure to achieve targets mostly from outside TPL 2015-2020, grand funding for solar and wind as well as technical assistance, but increasingly private investment under power purchase agreements Drive towards private sector investment, with support from financing institutions If diesel prices drop considerably (March 2020), then solar/windless competitive. However, (1) low prices are considered to be a short-term phenomenon and (2) willingness for a temporary premium to be paid to achieve emission reductions.43 | P a g e Wind First system installed in July 2019 by Japan Providing baseload, particularly at night.', 'However, (1) low prices are considered to be a short-term phenomenon and (2) willingness for a temporary premium to be paid to achieve emission reductions.43 | P a g e Wind First system installed in July 2019 by Japan Providing baseload, particularly at night. Output changes much more gradual than solar, as a result, easier to operate (but only 7 months of data) Upfront costs for wind even higher than solar Solar Tongatapu: baseload, with diesel for meeting peak demand Ha‘apai: solar and battery storage cover entire demand during daytime Cloud cover as the main challenge, requiring diesel backup. Modern diesel generator fleet, but use for backup generations reduces efficiency as generators are run on lower frequencies Solar for main grids is cost-competitive with diesel, as evidenced by private sector investment.', 'Modern diesel generator fleet, but use for backup generations reduces efficiency as generators are run on lower frequencies Solar for main grids is cost-competitive with diesel, as evidenced by private sector investment. For off-grid systems, diesel is cheaper Upfront costs as a challenge. Grant-funded upfront costs not passed on to consumers Battery Two facilities in 2020 12-years life expectancy for batteries (at current cost of 30 million USD), impossible for TPL to fund replacement of components Options other than battery considered, but currently not economically viable Biomass/waste Biomass and waste regarded as options to replace firm capacity diesel Adaptation 1. Hardening of infrastructure with project specifications and design of generation infrastructure to withstand cyclones + network upgrades to improve resilience 2.', 'Hardening of infrastructure with project specifications and design of generation infrastructure to withstand cyclones + network upgrades to improve resilience 2. Rebuilding, with more flexible designs to re-establish power faster, instead of building infrastructure that can withstand all phenomena Rooftop solar Currently 30 systems, mainly as trials Regarded as an option for (1) reducing investment burden on TPL, as consumers pay for infrastructure, and (2) demand-side management Assessment of impact on-grid and requirement to upgrade grid TPL involved in system design, TPL permission required to connect systems to network Missing policies and incentives to encourage installation/investment. For example, unclear whether or not import fees and taxes are imposed on equipment. Currently, no policy/regulation but decision is project- based Energy efficiency/demand- side management TPL heavily involved.', 'Currently, no policy/regulation but decision is project- based Energy efficiency/demand- side management TPL heavily involved. Examples include street lighting (LED), distribution of light bulbs to consumers (15,000), energy auditing and training,44 | P a g e development of standards, studies on consumer behaviour in cooperation with universities A1.11 Tonga Waste Authority Limited Context Key points Data Only total amounts in cubic meters, based on collection vehicles No data on composition, but high amount of plastic Can share annual plan/business plan for projections Can share data for total amounts Recycling The entirety of the collected waste goes to the landfill, no recycling Waste collection Practice of burning waste has reduced, due to regulation (fine) and collection system in place. Fixed fee for households and commercial users provides incentives to use the system.', 'Fixed fee for households and commercial users provides incentives to use the system. A system established in Tongatapu and Vava’u, to be established in Ha’apai and ‘Eua in 2020. Further expansion to other islands required in the future. Willingness to pay is an issue in some areas, but regulation/fines has been helpful in enforcement Targets and measures Target to reduce waste/increase recycling, but need for equipment and funding Limited financial capacity of waste authority. Improvement in infrastructure requires improvement in financial situation for necessary investments. Currently dependent on donor funding. Fees are barely sufficient to cover operational costs, but not investments. Considering waste to energy as an option, but capacity and resources to assess viability are limited A1.12 Real Tonga Airline Context Key points Data Collect data on fuel consumption for domestic flights.', 'Considering waste to energy as an option, but capacity and resources to assess viability are limited A1.12 Real Tonga Airline Context Key points Data Collect data on fuel consumption for domestic flights. Collect data for domestic passenger numbers and distance travelled. Data can be shared pending approval from company CEO. No data on international flights.45 | P a g e Goals and targets Setting emission reduction targets for aviation is not regarded as realistic for two reasons: (1) there are no alternative fuels and (2) costs would be too high. A1.13 Pacific Energy Context Key points Petroleum consumption Diesel reflects Approximately 40% of total product sales. Half of the diesel is used for road transport, 40% for power generation, and 10% for marine bunkering (ferries, fishing, international).', 'Half of the diesel is used for road transport, 40% for power generation, and 10% for marine bunkering (ferries, fishing, international). No reduction in diesel sales observed for electricity generation, despite increased deployment of renewables. Data Suggestion to use customs data as company data is confidential. Policy The only major change over the last 10 years is the tightening of fuel specifications, in particular regarding lower thresholds for Sulphur content. Context Key points Petroleum consumption End-use of diesel sales (from Total) can be roughly broken down as follows: 60% for electricity generation, 30% for road transport, 10% for shipping Data Sales data is confidential. Suggestion to rely on customs data.46 | P a g e A2.', 'Suggestion to rely on customs data.46 | P a g e A2. List of interview participants and contact information Name Title Affiliation Email 1 Mr. Taniela Hoponoa Independent National Consultant Greenhouse gas inventory working group th.hoponoa@gmail.com 2 Mr. ‘Ofa Sefana Energy Planning Specialist Greenhouse gas inventory working group ofasefana@yahoo.com 3 Mr. Heimuli Likiafu Head of Forestry Department Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests, Department of Forestry hlikiafu@yahoo.com 4 Ms. Hepi Oko Road Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Department of Transport, Land Transport Division hepioko@gmail.com 5 Mr. Hemaloto Tupou Marine Port Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Department of Transport, Maritime Transport Division 6 Ms. Lilu Moala Principal Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Climate Change lilumoala@gmail.com 7 Ms. ‘Akesiu Meimoana Leua Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications.', 'Department of Climate Change lilumoala@gmail.com 7 Ms. ‘Akesiu Meimoana Leua Assistant Secretary Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Climate Change akesiuleua@gmail.com 8 Dr. Tevita Tukunga Director for Energy Department Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy ttukunga@gmail.com 9 Mr. Sione Tausinga Principal Energy Planner, On-grid Wind Power and Renewable Energy Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy sl_tausinga@yahoo.com 10 Mr. ‘Eliate Laulaupea alu Energy Planner, Renewable Energy Division Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate tuhamoelotu@gmail.com47 | P a g e Change and Communications. Department of Energy 11 Ms. ‘Atelaite Lupe Matoto Director for Department of Environment Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communications. Department of Energy. Department of Environment lupe.matoto@gmail.com 12 Ms. Sandra Fifita Senior Secretary Ministry of Trade and Economic Development/ Tonga Competent Authority sandraf@mted.gov.to 13 Mr. Samisoni Fotu General Statistician Tonga Statistics Department.', 'Department of Environment lupe.matoto@gmail.com 12 Ms. Sandra Fifita Senior Secretary Ministry of Trade and Economic Development/ Tonga Competent Authority sandraf@mted.gov.to 13 Mr. Samisoni Fotu General Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Statistical Advice and Capacity Assistances sfotu@stats.gov.to 14 Mr. Masiva’ilo Masila Principal Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Real Sector Economic Statistics mmasila@stats.gov.to 15 Ms. Telekaki Latavao Poverty Statistician Tonga Statistics Department.', 'Real Sector Economic Statistics mmasila@stats.gov.to 15 Ms. Telekaki Latavao Poverty Statistician Tonga Statistics Department. Poverty Statistics tlatavao@stats.gov.to 16 Mr. Nikolasi Fonua Engineer Manager Tonga Power Limited nfonua@tongapower.to 17 Mr. Viliami Palaki Engineering Officer Tonga Power Limited vpalaki@tongapower.to 18 Mr. Seti Chan Chief Executive Officer Tonga Power Limited 20 Ms. Lola Liava’a Tonga Manager Administration & Special Projects Tong Waste Authority Limited lola.liavaa.tonga@gmail.com 21 Ms. ‘Eleni Tu’i Senior Program Officer/Gender Mainstream Ministry of Internal Affairs kilikilitefua@gmail.com 22 Ms. Ane Tavo Legal Officer Ministry of Internal Affairs avotay@hotmail.com 23 Ms. Saane Lolo Chief Economist Ministry of Finance slolo@finance.gov.to 24 Ms. Lupe Fe’iloaki Acting Head of National Planning Division Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division ltfeiloaki@gmail.com 25 Ms. Ma’ata Mafi Senior Economist Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division slolo@finance.gov.to48 | P a g e 26 Mr. Manaia Halafihi Head of Corporate Division Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries mhalafihi@gmail.com 27 Mr. Peni Taimani Senior Aviation Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Civil Aviation Division pltaimani@gmail.com 28 Mr. Michael Cokanasiga Deputy Chief Executive Officer Customs and Trade Division, Ministry of Revenue and Customs michaelc@customs.gov.to 29 Mr. Ifalemi Ma u Terminal Manager Pacific Energy ifalemi.tauheluhelumau@p.ene rgy 30 Mr. Jese Tikomailepano ni Manager – Tonga Total jese.tikomailepanoni@total.com 31 Mr ‘Amanaki Paea Secretary Real Tonga Airlines amanaki.paea@paluaviation.to49 | P a g e A3.', 'Poverty Statistics tlatavao@stats.gov.to 16 Mr. Nikolasi Fonua Engineer Manager Tonga Power Limited nfonua@tongapower.to 17 Mr. Viliami Palaki Engineering Officer Tonga Power Limited vpalaki@tongapower.to 18 Mr. Seti Chan Chief Executive Officer Tonga Power Limited 20 Ms. Lola Liava’a Tonga Manager Administration & Special Projects Tong Waste Authority Limited lola.liavaa.tonga@gmail.com 21 Ms. ‘Eleni Tu’i Senior Program Officer/Gender Mainstream Ministry of Internal Affairs kilikilitefua@gmail.com 22 Ms. Ane Tavo Legal Officer Ministry of Internal Affairs avotay@hotmail.com 23 Ms. Saane Lolo Chief Economist Ministry of Finance slolo@finance.gov.to 24 Ms. Lupe Fe’iloaki Acting Head of National Planning Division Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division ltfeiloaki@gmail.com 25 Ms. Ma’ata Mafi Senior Economist Prime Minister’s Office, National Planning Division slolo@finance.gov.to48 | P a g e 26 Mr. Manaia Halafihi Head of Corporate Division Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Forests and Fisheries mhalafihi@gmail.com 27 Mr. Peni Taimani Senior Aviation Officer Ministry of Infrastructure, Civil Aviation Division pltaimani@gmail.com 28 Mr. Michael Cokanasiga Deputy Chief Executive Officer Customs and Trade Division, Ministry of Revenue and Customs michaelc@customs.gov.to 29 Mr. Ifalemi Ma u Terminal Manager Pacific Energy ifalemi.tauheluhelumau@p.ene rgy 30 Mr. Jese Tikomailepano ni Manager – Tonga Total jese.tikomailepanoni@total.com 31 Mr ‘Amanaki Paea Secretary Real Tonga Airlines amanaki.paea@paluaviation.to49 | P a g e A3. Barriers and opportunities for achieving the 2020 NDC targets The information below was collected from stakeholders at two workshops on the 30th and 31st of July 2020.', 'Barriers and opportunities for achieving the 2020 NDC targets The information below was collected from stakeholders at two workshops on the 30th and 31st of July 2020. The stakeholders represented participants from the energy, IPPU, AFOLU, waste and adaptation sectors and cross-cutting areas such as finance, planning, local government and gender. The questions asked to stakeholder during the workshop were: How can the suggested 2020 NDC targets be achieved in Tonga? What are the barriers and opportunities? What enabling actions need to be taken?', 'What enabling actions need to be taken? Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Adaptation Lack of enforcement of MPAs and SMAs so this needs strengthening Marine spatial planning to better manage our ocean Introduce and Enforce Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) Act No regulation specific under Parks & Reserves concerning the MPA and SMA Strengthen and develop skills in ocean management and monitoring Funding and resources Lack of awareness Cooperation between all stakeholders Technical assistance e.g. to strengthen marine monitoring teams Conflict of users (private sector) Closely collaborate between agriculture, transport, waste, water to understand each other s targets and be involved in each other’s planning and budget processes Specifically distinguish between MPAs and SMAs Political and institutional threats Use existing resources and activities e.g. MPAs Conduct a quarterly, biannual or annual monitoring and evaluation for all NDC sectors implementing the targets Lack of funding, resources and activities to implement the targets.', 'MPAs Conduct a quarterly, biannual or annual monitoring and evaluation for all NDC sectors implementing the targets Lack of funding, resources and activities to implement the targets. To achieve the Collaboration with all institutions - Understand the NDC targets50 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions - Incorporation of the targets to the corporate plans - Incorporation of targets to the government budget Gaps need to be identified early so that it can be addressed early rather than being identified in the review.', 'To achieve the Collaboration with all institutions - Understand the NDC targets50 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions - Incorporation of the targets to the corporate plans - Incorporation of targets to the government budget Gaps need to be identified early so that it can be addressed early rather than being identified in the review. AFOLU Not enough budget allocated Include NDC goals in Ministry corporate plans Improve awareness Lack of funding NDC targets should be included in the National Development Plan Improve communication and collaboration at a high level including within Ministries and with other stakeholders NDC targets not included in ministries plans and strategies Make NDC goals a priority for Ministries Commitment to data and survey and maintaining data system Lack of expertise To update or establish an Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census Review the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan and Forestry Policy Allocate national budget to achieve the targets Waste Lack of capacity A centralized database should be in place to prevent duplication of works Technical support Lack of data and consistency of data Improve the consistency of data Waste composition survey51 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Limited availability of data and it is scattered across sectors Construct a Weighbridge in landfills and Waste Facilities Duplication of efforts Capacity building Landfill upgrade Energy Impacts of Climate Change for example occurrence of intensive events such as Tropical Cyclones has affected the implementation of RE projects resulting in delays in implementation.', 'AFOLU Not enough budget allocated Include NDC goals in Ministry corporate plans Improve awareness Lack of funding NDC targets should be included in the National Development Plan Improve communication and collaboration at a high level including within Ministries and with other stakeholders NDC targets not included in ministries plans and strategies Make NDC goals a priority for Ministries Commitment to data and survey and maintaining data system Lack of expertise To update or establish an Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Census Review the Tonga Agriculture Sector Plan and Forestry Policy Allocate national budget to achieve the targets Waste Lack of capacity A centralized database should be in place to prevent duplication of works Technical support Lack of data and consistency of data Improve the consistency of data Waste composition survey51 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions Limited availability of data and it is scattered across sectors Construct a Weighbridge in landfills and Waste Facilities Duplication of efforts Capacity building Landfill upgrade Energy Impacts of Climate Change for example occurrence of intensive events such as Tropical Cyclones has affected the implementation of RE projects resulting in delays in implementation. Opportunity to conduct high-level consultation for decision-makers.', 'Opportunity to conduct high-level consultation for decision-makers. Carry out more high-level consultations and awareness-raising so decision-makers know the challenges. Cyclones have affected the RE equipment. Opportunity to make alignment of different policies and national plans for future purposes and avoid contradictions Better align national and sectoral policies and plans towards the same goals Novelty of projects, different project requiring different procedure with different donor demands and procedures Tax and tariffs are focused on some goods while others are neglected thus need of fair and evenly tax imposition Remove concessions on fuels The availability of land is an issue for new upcoming RE projects Through targets can enable aid in achieving the targets through such as Tax exemption on certain goods Lack of funding and capacities. Opportunity to get the private sector more involved Lack of in-country capacities in some specific areas which are needed for renewable energy projects and cannot fly-in specialists due to covid-19. This has caused delays Political issues are one of the challenges.', 'This has caused delays Political issues are one of the challenges. Elections in52 | P a g e Barriers Opportunities Enabling Actions 2021, changing the government priorities thus affecting the targets progress. Lack of aligning policies and national reports in Tonga53 | P a g e A4. Marine Protected Areas and Special Management Areas There are two major strategies for Marine Managed Areas in Tonga. These are: 1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs); and 2. Special Management Areas (SMAs). Both strategies are managed by Government of which MPAs are managed under the Ministry of MEIDECC (Department of Environment) and SMAs under the Department of Fisheries. MPAs are areas of marine protection that are remote from communities, where community management is not possible, and are managed exclusively by the government.', 'MPAs are areas of marine protection that are remote from communities, where community management is not possible, and are managed exclusively by the government. MPAs are labelled as parks or reserves designated under the Parks and Reserves Act 1979 (Rev. 1988) and are exclusively no-take zones . SMAs are areas of marine protection that are located near island communities where they can be locally managed under government supervision of the Department of Fisheries (DoF). All SMAs are designated under the Fisheries Management Act 2003 and are multi- use zones. The above-stated government ministries (MEIDECC and DoF) are also responsible for the monitoring of MPAs and SMAs. MPAs SMAs Regulation for human usage Exclusive no-take area - non- extractive activities (snorkeling, diving, etc.) only.', 'MPAs SMAs Regulation for human usage Exclusive no-take area - non- extractive activities (snorkeling, diving, etc.) only. Multiple-use area - fishing in designated zones only Area location Remote areas – areas remote from communities Areas adjacent to local communities Management Strategy Government-managed by Ministry of MEIDECC (Department of Environment) Locally managed by island communities under the Department of Fisheries Legislation Parks and Reserves Act, 1979 Fisheries Management Act, 2003 Fisheries Management Act, Fines <TOP $500 & imprisonment <3 months < TOP $50,000 At the NDC review and recommendation validation workshops, the point was raised with regard to whether both MPAs and SMAs should be included in the 2020 NDC. This lead to discussions of some points which need to be decided first before making further decisions on how MPAs and SMAs are included into the future NDCs.', 'This lead to discussions of some points which need to be decided first before making further decisions on how MPAs and SMAs are included into the future NDCs. At the validation workshops, it was recommended that there is a need to clarify definition of MPAs and SMAs, including that MPAs are all no-take zones and SMAs also in some cases include no-take zones so there are overlaps. The concept of MPA and SMA having a no- take policy is their similar characteristic that warrants them to be categorized together. There was a suggestion to use Marine Managed Areas to house both the MPA and SMA.', 'There was a suggestion to use Marine Managed Areas to house both the MPA and SMA. However, the MPA is a global definition recognized by the Convention for Biological Diversity while the SMA is a national term dictated by Tonga and MMA is a regional term. To house the MPA & SMA under MMA was thus not regarded as ideal and stakeholders agreed there is a need for further discussion between the Department of Environment and the Ministry of Fisheries regarding this issue.Contact Department of Climate Change, Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communication (MEIDECC) Level 3 O.G Sanft Building, Taufa ahau Road, Nuku alofa, TONGA www.climatechange.gov.to'] | en-US |
337 | TTO | Trinidad and Tobago | 1st NDC | 2018-02-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Trinidad%20and%20Tobago%20Final%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 32.743771 | 2.743691 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a264c152f5c031a7ce93a09de6adb7d1dbc068bdd60cc8bfd398c7b4c9c3358b.pdf | ['TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (iNDC) UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE Executive Summary Trinidad and Tobago s intended nationally determined contribution (iNDC) is based on its Carbon Reduction Strategy developed for its power generation, transportation and industrial sectors, these being the major emitting sectors of the economy, and consistent with implementing the provisions of the National Climate Change Policy. The process of developing the Strategy and hence the iNDC involved wide stakeholder consultation and participation, including through its Climate Change Focal Point Network consisting of over 175 representatives of government ministries, agencies and institutions, academia, the private and industrial sectors, non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, and fiduciary organisations.', 'The process of developing the Strategy and hence the iNDC involved wide stakeholder consultation and participation, including through its Climate Change Focal Point Network consisting of over 175 representatives of government ministries, agencies and institutions, academia, the private and industrial sectors, non-governmental organisations, civil society organisations, and fiduciary organisations. This process was finalised in 2014 and lasted for three (3) years during which business-as-usual scenarios were developed for each sector to the year 2040 although the iNDC presented goes to the year 2030, involving a conservative (lower economic growth) and optimistic (higher economic growth).', 'This process was finalised in 2014 and lasted for three (3) years during which business-as-usual scenarios were developed for each sector to the year 2040 although the iNDC presented goes to the year 2030, involving a conservative (lower economic growth) and optimistic (higher economic growth). Mitigation options were identified which underwent cost-benefit analyses and socio- economic impact assessment and includes policy instruments, knowledge and awareness approaches to elicit behavioural changes and direct technology intervention options such as clean technology, fuel switching and renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. Due to a lack of sufficient data sets, the methodology to estimate projected emissions was developed as an ad hoc model based on the BIOS model.', 'Due to a lack of sufficient data sets, the methodology to estimate projected emissions was developed as an ad hoc model based on the BIOS model. Trinidad and Tobago s aim is to achieve a reduction objective in overall emissions from the three sectors by 15% by 2030 from BAU, which in absolute terms is an equivalent of one hundred and three million tonnes (103,000,000) of CO2e. The estimated cost of meeting this objective is USD 2 billion, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international financing including through the Green Climate Fund.', 'The estimated cost of meeting this objective is USD 2 billion, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international financing including through the Green Climate Fund. In this regard, Trinidad and Tobago will commit to unconditionally reduce its public transportation emissions by 30% or one million, seven hundred thousand tonnes (1,700,000) CO2e compared to 2013 levels by December 31, 2030.Trinidad and Tobago s National Circumstances Trinidad and Tobago is the most industrialized economy in the English-speaking Caribbean. It is the leading Caribbean producer of oil and gas, and its economy is mainly based upon these resources. Trinidad and Tobago also supplies manufactured goods, mainly food products and beverages, as well as cement, to the Caribbean region.', 'Trinidad and Tobago also supplies manufactured goods, mainly food products and beverages, as well as cement, to the Caribbean region. Even though other products are also manufactured, oil and gas is the leading economic sector and accounts for 40% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 80% of exports. Trinidad and Tobago does not contribute largely to the total worldwide GHG emissions. In fact, as of 2013, Trinidad and Tobago was ranked 62nd of all the countries if they were classified by total national GHG emissions. There are several studies that found evidence of recent changes in the climate in Trinidad and Tobago. It has been shown that, over the last three (3) decades, there has been an upward trend in temperatures.', 'It has been shown that, over the last three (3) decades, there has been an upward trend in temperatures. The Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service (TTMS) found that the annual mean air temperature has warmed over the period 1981-2010 by 0.8 and 0.5 ºC relative to 1961-1990 and 1971-1990, for Trinidad and Tobago respectively. That anomalous warming per decade is consistent with those observed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2007) for the Caribbean region. In terms of vulnerability to the effects of climate change, Trinidad and Tobago’s exposure to possible impacts has been well documented. As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the country is vulnerable to temperature increases, changes in precipitation and sea level rise.', 'As a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), the country is vulnerable to temperature increases, changes in precipitation and sea level rise. Other vulnerabilities include increased flooding, increased frequency and intensity of hurricanes, hillside erosion and loss of coastal habitats. In fact, even though Trinidad and Tobago is not in the main Atlantic hurricane belt, one of the new natural hazards scenarios considered for the country is the increased potential to be hit by tropical storms. In light of the expected climate change impacts for Trinidad and Tobago and, taking into account its fossil fuel based economy, taking action to implement climate change mitigation policies in the country is deemed as a necessity to reduce climate change impacts and assume responsibility for the country’s GHG emissions.', 'In light of the expected climate change impacts for Trinidad and Tobago and, taking into account its fossil fuel based economy, taking action to implement climate change mitigation policies in the country is deemed as a necessity to reduce climate change impacts and assume responsibility for the country’s GHG emissions. The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the importance of addressing climate change both from a mitigation and adaptation perspective and is committed to playing its part as a responsible member of the global community, and as a signatory to the UNFCCC, to making efforts to achieve the objective of the UNFCCC, regardless of the quantum of emissions on a global scale.', 'The Government of Trinidad and Tobago has recognised the importance of addressing climate change both from a mitigation and adaptation perspective and is committed to playing its part as a responsible member of the global community, and as a signatory to the UNFCCC, to making efforts to achieve the objective of the UNFCCC, regardless of the quantum of emissions on a global scale. Accordingly the Government has defined the policy framework for a low carbon development plan through the National Climate Change Policy, and developed a Carbon Reduction Strategy for the power generation, transportation and industrial sectors which forms the basis of Trinidad and Tobago s iNDC.', 'Accordingly the Government has defined the policy framework for a low carbon development plan through the National Climate Change Policy, and developed a Carbon Reduction Strategy for the power generation, transportation and industrial sectors which forms the basis of Trinidad and Tobago s iNDC. Trinidad and Tobago already produces all of its electricity from natural gas and is working towards achieving greater efficiency through combined cycle generation at all its power plants. This sector would therefore be at the edge of low carbon emissions with renewable energy being the next stage for reducing emissions even further.', 'This sector would therefore be at the edge of low carbon emissions with renewable energy being the next stage for reducing emissions even further. The objective therefore is to achieve the optimal energy mix with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve sustainable development, including the decoupling of emissions and economic growth.Therefore, implementing the provisions of the National Climate Change Policy is critical and necessary to ensure a sustainable development path that will redound to the benefits of society as a whole in the short, medium and long terms.', 'The objective therefore is to achieve the optimal energy mix with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions in order to achieve sustainable development, including the decoupling of emissions and economic growth.Therefore, implementing the provisions of the National Climate Change Policy is critical and necessary to ensure a sustainable development path that will redound to the benefits of society as a whole in the short, medium and long terms. Building climate resilience through the reduction of carbon emissions and reducing climate vulnerability in all sectors will create green jobs and have significant co-benefits from an air quality and associated public health costs perspective, as well as enhance the coping ability and capacity to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Building climate resilience through the reduction of carbon emissions and reducing climate vulnerability in all sectors will create green jobs and have significant co-benefits from an air quality and associated public health costs perspective, as well as enhance the coping ability and capacity to the adverse impacts of climate change. The following sections provide further details.Trinidad and Tobago s Mitigation Contribution Mitigation Objectives Unconditional: 30% reduction in GHG emissions by December 31, 2030 in the public transportation sector compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario (reference year 2013).1 Conditional: Additional reduction achievable under certain conditions which would bring the total GHG reduction to 15% below BAU emission levels by December 31, 2030.', 'The following sections provide further details.Trinidad and Tobago s Mitigation Contribution Mitigation Objectives Unconditional: 30% reduction in GHG emissions by December 31, 2030 in the public transportation sector compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario (reference year 2013).1 Conditional: Additional reduction achievable under certain conditions which would bring the total GHG reduction to 15% below BAU emission levels by December 31, 2030. Financial Requirements: The estimated cost of achieving the reduction objectives is USD 2 billion, which is expected to be met partly through domestic funding and conditional on international climate financing including through the Green Climate Fund. Methodological Approaches: The BAU baseline was developed using an ad hoc model based on the BIOS tool, rather than the wholesale application of prefabricated models.', 'Methodological Approaches: The BAU baseline was developed using an ad hoc model based on the BIOS tool, rather than the wholesale application of prefabricated models. This decision was taken as a result of various criteria applied to the Trinidad and Tobago situation as summarised in the table below. Evaluation criteria Prefabricated model Ad-hoc model Situation of Trinidad and Tobago Transparency Black box High Needed for a better understanding of the situation Data requirement High Adaptable Data available ,with some gaps Flexibility/adaptability None High Necessary to cover the data gaps Legitimacy Generally high Depending on its strengths Both types could be used for the situation of Trinidad and Tobago Therefore, the model could be described as a simulation model, designed to develop the GHG emissions projections based on some specific sectoral assumptions and other, more general, economic assumptions which link the three (3) sectors.', 'Evaluation criteria Prefabricated model Ad-hoc model Situation of Trinidad and Tobago Transparency Black box High Needed for a better understanding of the situation Data requirement High Adaptable Data available ,with some gaps Flexibility/adaptability None High Necessary to cover the data gaps Legitimacy Generally high Depending on its strengths Both types could be used for the situation of Trinidad and Tobago Therefore, the model could be described as a simulation model, designed to develop the GHG emissions projections based on some specific sectoral assumptions and other, more general, economic assumptions which link the three (3) sectors. The main features of the model are: 1. The economic module, which forecasts the general economic growth of Trinidad and Tobago and that of the sectors, according to some assumptions and scenarios generated. 2.', 'The economic module, which forecasts the general economic growth of Trinidad and Tobago and that of the sectors, according to some assumptions and scenarios generated. 2. The sectoral submodels, which develop the technical specificities of every sector, according to the forecasts of the economic module. 1 Trinidad and Tobago will continue to revise the BAU projections as more data becomes available to better track emission reduction efforts.3. The emissions module, which converts the activity data into GHG emissions, according to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The development of the future scenarios is based on projections of the World Bank for Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean2.', 'The development of the future scenarios is based on projections of the World Bank for Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean2. The scenario developed shows a lower economic growth and is therefore defined as the conservative scenario, while the growth expected for the Caribbean is higher, so it was used as the baseline for the optimistic scenario. The scenarios have an important influence on the GHG emissions. Firstly, it is due to the relationship between the demand growth and the GHG emissions. And secondly, because in a long term projection, structural transformations of the economy take place, reflecting the differences between the relative weights of the economic sectors, and affecting the GHG emissions.', 'And secondly, because in a long term projection, structural transformations of the economy take place, reflecting the differences between the relative weights of the economic sectors, and affecting the GHG emissions. Type of Emissions Reductions: Emission reduction from projected emissions based a business as usual scenario to the year 2030. Sectors: Transportation, power generation and industry. Gases: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide Fairness and Ambition: Trinidad and Tobago is a small island developing state with the attendant limitations of small size, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources, relatively small economy, accounting for less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions and more critically, acutely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change.', 'Gases: Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide Fairness and Ambition: Trinidad and Tobago is a small island developing state with the attendant limitations of small size, limited technological, technical, financial and human resources, relatively small economy, accounting for less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions and more critically, acutely vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change. Notwithstanding, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has placed equal importance on mitigation and adaptation because it recognises the need for developing a low carbon economy in order to assist in the achievement of sustainable development objectives. To this end, Trinidad and Tobago has begun to put in place the necessary policy and legislative framework and has committed to unconditional mitigation action consistent with the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy.', 'To this end, Trinidad and Tobago has begun to put in place the necessary policy and legislative framework and has committed to unconditional mitigation action consistent with the implementation of the National Climate Change Policy. 2 “Real Projected Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Growth Rates of GDP for Baseline Countries/Regions (in billions of 2005 dollars) 2000-2030”. World Bank World Development Indicators, International Financial Statistics of the IMF, IHS Global Insight, and Oxford Economic Forecasting, as well as estimated and projected values developed by the Economic Research Service all converted to a 2005 base year.Additionally, robust policy measures for forest, land use and natural resources management are underway that will result in greater mitigation of greenhouse gases but which are not included as part of the iNDC.', 'World Bank World Development Indicators, International Financial Statistics of the IMF, IHS Global Insight, and Oxford Economic Forecasting, as well as estimated and projected values developed by the Economic Research Service all converted to a 2005 base year.Additionally, robust policy measures for forest, land use and natural resources management are underway that will result in greater mitigation of greenhouse gases but which are not included as part of the iNDC. Trinidad and Tobago’s iNDC therefore goes beyond the requirements of the provisions made for SIDS in Paragraph 11 of Decision 1/CP.20. Furthermore, the Energy Chamber of Trinidad and Tobago is developing a feasible carbon trading scheme that will also result in reduced emissions in the industrial sector.', 'Furthermore, the Energy Chamber of Trinidad and Tobago is developing a feasible carbon trading scheme that will also result in reduced emissions in the industrial sector. Contribution to achieving the objective of the UNFCCC: The Government of Trinidad and Tobago recognises the legally binding commitment of all Parties to achieving the objective of the UNFCCC as articulated in its Article 2 and the need for mitigation action by all Parties regardless of their quantum of emissions. The mitigation efforts of Trinidad and Tobago along with those of all Parties will collectively contribute to the reduction of global atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and the achievement of the objective of the UNFCCC.', 'The mitigation efforts of Trinidad and Tobago along with those of all Parties will collectively contribute to the reduction of global atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases and the achievement of the objective of the UNFCCC. Explanatory Notes BAU Scenario: The estimated emissions to 2030 are based on the Business-As-Usual (BAU) projections modeled, and calculated as the average of the emissions projected of both the optimistic scenario and the conservative scenarios. 1. Emissions Reduction by 2030: The emissions reduction objective is intended to be a reduction of the cumulative emissions of the three sectors (power generation, industry and transport) between 2013 and 2030, and aimed to be achieved by 31 December 2030.', 'Emissions Reduction by 2030: The emissions reduction objective is intended to be a reduction of the cumulative emissions of the three sectors (power generation, industry and transport) between 2013 and 2030, and aimed to be achieved by 31 December 2030. These cumulative emissions are referenced against a 2013 baseline in which the total emissions from these sectors amounted to an estimated 34,234,032 tCO2-e. 2. Sectors: The sectors covered are the three major emitting sectors (power generation, industry and transportation) as the emissions from the other sectors are considered relatively negligible. For example, in 2010, the land use and agriculture sector accounted for 2% of total economy- wide emissions, while the waste sector accounted for 7% of the total economy-wide emissions. 3.', 'For example, in 2010, the land use and agriculture sector accounted for 2% of total economy- wide emissions, while the waste sector accounted for 7% of the total economy-wide emissions. 3. Global Warming Potential (GWP): GWP used were consistent with the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and applied in estimating projected emissions.'] | en-US |
338 | TUN | Tunisia | 1st NDC | 2017-02-10 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC-Tunisia-English%20Version.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 32.071694 | 7.271216 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/56579faaf6ef3ab95bb7dbb99dba2cae53f7ecf925a533c0d407278f4755daa0.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TUNISIA UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA Ministry of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Table of contents INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE TUNISIAN CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS MITIGATION 5 2.2 COVERAGE AND SCOPE . 6 2.3 FUNDING NEEDS FOR MITIGATION 6 2.4 PLANNING PROCESS 7 2.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES . 9 2.6 EXPECTED EMISSIONS 13 2.7 OTHER INFORMATION: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS . 14 3 THE TUNISIAN CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS ADAPTATION . 15 3.1 TUNISIA S EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE . 15 3.2 TUNISIA S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE. 15 3.3 MEASURES PLANNED BY TUNISIA TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE . 16 3.4 NEEDS FOR ADAPTATION FUNDING . 18Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Introduction This document summarizes the intended nationally determined contributions (INDC) of Tunisia for the purposes of its submission to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION TUNISIA UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA Ministry of Environment and Sustainable DevelopmentIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Table of contents INTRODUCTION 3 2 THE TUNISIAN CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS MITIGATION 5 2.2 COVERAGE AND SCOPE . 6 2.3 FUNDING NEEDS FOR MITIGATION 6 2.4 PLANNING PROCESS 7 2.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES . 9 2.6 EXPECTED EMISSIONS 13 2.7 OTHER INFORMATION: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS . 14 3 THE TUNISIAN CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS ADAPTATION . 15 3.1 TUNISIA S EXPOSURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE . 15 3.2 TUNISIA S VULNERABILITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE. 15 3.3 MEASURES PLANNED BY TUNISIA TO ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE . 16 3.4 NEEDS FOR ADAPTATION FUNDING . 18Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Introduction This document summarizes the intended nationally determined contributions (INDC) of Tunisia for the purposes of its submission to the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The report has been drawn up in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 (Lima call for climate action), which specifically draws attention, in paragraph 14, to the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC reports.', 'The report has been drawn up in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 (Lima call for climate action), which specifically draws attention, in paragraph 14, to the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC reports. It is based on important models and calculations of emissions reductions in various sectors, as well as ways of identifying and evaluating adaptation measures. The document was drafted through broad cooperation between the main stakeholders involved in the topic of climate change in Tunisia, including public institutions, the private sector and civil society.', 'The document was drafted through broad cooperation between the main stakeholders involved in the topic of climate change in Tunisia, including public institutions, the private sector and civil society. Tunisia s contributions were also by and large developed on the basis of existing sectoral and horizontal strategies, such as the national climate change strategy, drawn up in 2012; the energy efficiency strategy; the Tunisian Solar Plan and the adaptation strategies of a range of sectors and fields (coast, agriculture, water resources, health, tourism, and so on). In its contribution, Tunisia proposes reducing its greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors (energy; industrial processes; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste) in order to lower its carbon intensity by 41 per cent in 2030, relative to the base year 2010.', 'In its contribution, Tunisia proposes reducing its greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors (energy; industrial processes; agriculture, forestry and other land use; waste) in order to lower its carbon intensity by 41 per cent in 2030, relative to the base year 2010. Mitigation efforts will particularly centre on the energy sector, which alone accounts for 75 per cent of the emissions reductions contributing to this decrease in carbon intensity. As part of the energy transition policy advocated by the State, it is estimated that the energy sector will reduce its carbon intensity in 2030 by 46 per cent compared with 2010.', 'As part of the energy transition policy advocated by the State, it is estimated that the energy sector will reduce its carbon intensity in 2030 by 46 per cent compared with 2010. Tunisia, which has already made significant strides towards mitigation in its baseline, is looking to reduce its carbon intensity unconditionally and through its own efforts by 13 per cent compared to 2010, i.e. by around 1/3 of its INDC. To achieve the rest of its objective, i.e. an additional drop in carbon intensity of 28 per cent in 2030 compared to 2010, Tunisia is relying on the support of the international community for funding, capacity building and technology transfer.', 'an additional drop in carbon intensity of 28 per cent in 2030 compared to 2010, Tunisia is relying on the support of the international community for funding, capacity building and technology transfer. The reduction in emissions compared to the baseline scenario would be in the order of 26 million eq for the period 2015-2030. Implementation of the Tunisian contribution towards mitigation requires substantial funds to be mobilized – an estimated 18 billion US dollars – to cover investment needs and finance capacity building programmes. The national effort required to achieve Tunisia s unconditional contribution is estimated at nearly 10 per cent of the total mitigation investment needs. The national effort exclusively concerns the energy sector, which accounts for the most significant part of the investment needs.', 'The national effort exclusively concerns the energy sector, which accounts for the most significant part of the investment needs. In terms of adaptation, Tunisia remains very vulnerable to the global warming anticipated in the region and the corresponding implications of major increases in temperature, reduced precipitation and rising sea levels. The socio-economic and environmental impact will particularly affect water resources, agriculture, natural and artificial ecosystems, the coastline, health and tourism. The additional costs of the necessary adaptation measures for these sectors and fields will come to some 2 billion dollars and should be borne completely by the international community as part of the global fight against climate change.', 'The additional costs of the necessary adaptation measures for these sectors and fields will come to some 2 billion dollars and should be borne completely by the international community as part of the global fight against climate change. Altogether, the total additional financing required for mitigation and adaptation would be around 20 billion US dollars to fund investment requirements and capacity building. 1 National situation Tunisia is situated in North Africa, covering an area of some 164,000 km² and with a 1,300 km coastline on the Mediterranean Sea.', '1 National situation Tunisia is situated in North Africa, covering an area of some 164,000 km² and with a 1,300 km coastline on the Mediterranean Sea. The climate is particularly arid and variable, with precipitation ranging from 800 mm per year in the north to 150 mm per year in the south.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 The population growth rate has steadily been dropping, reaching 1 per cent per year during the past decade. Tunisia had some 11 million inhabitants in 2014, whereas it had 9.9 million in 2004. Tunisia is considered to be one of the countries most exposed to climate change in the Mediterranean.', 'Tunisia is considered to be one of the countries most exposed to climate change in the Mediterranean. The main risks which it is likely to confront are temperature increases, reduced precipitation, rising sea levels and escalating extreme weather phenomena (floods and droughts). These risks are likely to result in major environmental and socio-economic vulnerability. Tunisia is aware of these challenges and has adopted a proactive policy of fighting climate change, both in terms of mitigation and adaptation. Moreover, as Tunisia actively supports international efforts to combat climate change, it has delivered on all of its commitments to the UNFCCC, the last of which was the submission of the first biennial report in December 2014.', 'Moreover, as Tunisia actively supports international efforts to combat climate change, it has delivered on all of its commitments to the UNFCCC, the last of which was the submission of the first biennial report in December 2014. In addition, in the wake of the political changes triggered in December 2010, Tunisia adopted a new constitution on 26 January 2014, which incorporated the fight against climate change as a permanent feature. Under Article 44 of the new constitution, the State shall “provide the means necessary to guarantee a healthy and balanced environment and contribute to the climate s integrity”. The policy of fighting climate change is particularly emphasized in the energy sector.', 'The policy of fighting climate change is particularly emphasized in the energy sector. It is the case that, despite Tunisia s efforts to manage its energy over the past three decades, the energy system is today facing significant challenges: - Energy supply security issues due to the growing energy balance deficit and the heavy reliance on conventional energy; - Economic sustainability issues associated with fluctuations in global energy prices and their implications regarding the balance of payments and public finances. To meet these challenges, the Tunisian authorities have decided, since 2013, to forge ahead with an energy transition process based on an unprecedented strengthening of the energy management agenda and its two pillars of energy efficiency and renewable energies.', 'To meet these challenges, the Tunisian authorities have decided, since 2013, to forge ahead with an energy transition process based on an unprecedented strengthening of the energy management agenda and its two pillars of energy efficiency and renewable energies. This transition agenda aims for a reduction in primary energy demand of 30 per cent by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario, and a penetration rate of 30 per cent for renewable energies in electricity production.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 2 The Tunisian contribution towards mitigation Type of objective % decrease in carbon intensity compared to the base year Target year 2030 Implementation period Base year 2010 Overall INDC objective The aim of Tunisia s contribution in the area of mitigation is to reduce its carbon intensity by 41 per cent compared to 2010.', 'This transition agenda aims for a reduction in primary energy demand of 30 per cent by 2030 compared to the baseline scenario, and a penetration rate of 30 per cent for renewable energies in electricity production.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 2 The Tunisian contribution towards mitigation Type of objective % decrease in carbon intensity compared to the base year Target year 2030 Implementation period Base year 2010 Overall INDC objective The aim of Tunisia s contribution in the area of mitigation is to reduce its carbon intensity by 41 per cent compared to 2010. Carbon intensity is calculated as the relationship between the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent) and the GDP, with 2005 set as a continuous baseline.', 'Carbon intensity is calculated as the relationship between the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions (expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent) and the GDP, with 2005 set as a continuous baseline. In the specific sector of energy, Tunisia aims to reduce its carbon intensity by 46 per cent compared to 2010 levels. Unconditional and conditional mitigation objectives Tunisia s unconditional contribution corresponds to a 13 per cent reduction in carbon intensity, with 2010 as the base year, or around 1/3 of the overall objective. The conditional contribution allows for an additional decrease of 28 per cent in carbon intensity, with 2010 as the base year.', 'The conditional contribution allows for an additional decrease of 28 per cent in carbon intensity, with 2010 as the base year. The graph below represents the trajectory of Tunisia s conditional and unconditional contribution for the period 2015-2030: Trajectory of Tunisia s conditional and unconditional contribution for the period 2015- Equity and ambition Tunisia, as a Non-Annex I Party to the UNFCCC, shall actively contribute to the planetary effort to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Tunisia considers its contribution to be fair and ambitious on three fundamental grounds: - Through its total contribution (both unconditional and conditional), Tunisia aims to reduce its carbon intensity by 41 per cent compared to 2010.', 'Tunisia considers its contribution to be fair and ambitious on three fundamental grounds: - Through its total contribution (both unconditional and conditional), Tunisia aims to reduce its carbon intensity by 41 per cent compared to 2010. The national effort (equivalent to the unconditional contribution) would lead to a reduction of 13 per cent of the carbon intensity by 2030 compared to 2010 levels, i.e. almost 1/3 of the objective. Trajectory from the national effort Trajectory of the INDCIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 - Tunisia is committed to reducing its carbon intensity to below 2010 levels, although it contributed to only 0.07 per cent of global emissions in 2010.', 'Trajectory from the national effort Trajectory of the INDCIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 - Tunisia is committed to reducing its carbon intensity to below 2010 levels, although it contributed to only 0.07 per cent of global emissions in 2010. - Thanks to its overall contribution, by 2030, emissions per capita would reach eq per capita, whereas global emissions in 2010 had already reached 7 eq per capita.', '- Thanks to its overall contribution, by 2030, emissions per capita would reach eq per capita, whereas global emissions in 2010 had already reached 7 eq per capita. 2.2 Coverage and scope Geographical coverage The entire country % of national emissions covered by mitigation efforts 100 per cent of the emissions of 2010 Target sectors Energy; industrial processes; agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU); waste Target gases CO2 O 2.3 Funding needs for mitigation Investment needs The mitigation objective would require a large total investment amount to be mobilized – around 17.5 billion US dollars over the period 2015- 2030 – distributed among the following sectors: Funding needs to support the INDC scenario for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (millions of US dollars) SECTORS/FIELDS Total Energy efficiency 6,991 Renewable energy 7,926 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Forestry and other land use 566 Solid waste 70 Around 85 per cent of the funding needs would have to be mobilized for the energy sector: 40 per cent for energy efficiency and 45 per cent for renewable energies.', '2.2 Coverage and scope Geographical coverage The entire country % of national emissions covered by mitigation efforts 100 per cent of the emissions of 2010 Target sectors Energy; industrial processes; agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU); waste Target gases CO2 O 2.3 Funding needs for mitigation Investment needs The mitigation objective would require a large total investment amount to be mobilized – around 17.5 billion US dollars over the period 2015- 2030 – distributed among the following sectors: Funding needs to support the INDC scenario for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (millions of US dollars) SECTORS/FIELDS Total Energy efficiency 6,991 Renewable energy 7,926 Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) Forestry and other land use 566 Solid waste 70 Around 85 per cent of the funding needs would have to be mobilized for the energy sector: 40 per cent for energy efficiency and 45 per cent for renewable energies. Capacity building and technology transfer needs The capacity-building measures required to facilitate achievement of the INDC objective include, inter alia, training stakeholders, institutional development, technical assistance for sectoral mitigation programmes and support for R&D and innovation.', 'Capacity building and technology transfer needs The capacity-building measures required to facilitate achievement of the INDC objective include, inter alia, training stakeholders, institutional development, technical assistance for sectoral mitigation programmes and support for R&D and innovation. The total cost of covering capacity-building needs is estimated at about 523 million US dollars for the period 2015-2030, the majority of which will be earmarked for the energy sector (about 450 million US dollars). In addition, technology transfer programmes will be required to allow Tunisia to gain access to know-how and appropriate industrial means in order to ensure the sustainability of its contribution. These transfers mayIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 take the form, for example, of industrial partnerships with parties holding the technologies.', 'These transfers mayIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 take the form, for example, of industrial partnerships with parties holding the technologies. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention should also develop appropriate mechanisms to facilitate these transfers, depending on the specific needs for each mitigation measure adopted. The national effort and support from international financing \uf0a7 The national effort required to achieve Tunisia s unconditional contribution is estimated at around 10 per cent of the total mitigation investment needs. The national effort exclusively concerns the energy sector, which accounts for the most significant part of the mitigation objective. \uf0a7 International support should focus on funding the various remaining types of investment needs (concessional lines of credit, donations, direct investment, integration into carbon markets, etc.).', '\uf0a7 International support should focus on funding the various remaining types of investment needs (concessional lines of credit, donations, direct investment, integration into carbon markets, etc.). In the energy sector, some of the international financial support should serve to bolster the Energy Transition Fund (FTE). 1 This fund was established by the Tunisian State in 2014 as a central instrument for implementing its energy transition agenda. Finally, the international effort will also focus on the funding of capacity building and technology transfer programmes.', 'Finally, the international effort will also focus on the funding of capacity building and technology transfer programmes. Usage of carbon market mechanisms To support the financing needs of its mitigation objective, Tunisia would like to use carbon market mechanisms in addition to the direct financial supports listed above, particularly for the following programmes: - Tunisian Solar Plan - Mitigation in the cement industry and in any other sector which tends to be involved in carbon markets - Energy efficiency and renewable energies in the building sector 2.4 Planning process INDC preparation The preparatory phases for the INDC were already under way in July 2014 with the launch of a series of consultation workshops bringing together the main stakeholders involved in the climate change process (public administration, civil society, private sector and industry experts).', 'Usage of carbon market mechanisms To support the financing needs of its mitigation objective, Tunisia would like to use carbon market mechanisms in addition to the direct financial supports listed above, particularly for the following programmes: - Tunisian Solar Plan - Mitigation in the cement industry and in any other sector which tends to be involved in carbon markets - Energy efficiency and renewable energies in the building sector 2.4 Planning process INDC preparation The preparatory phases for the INDC were already under way in July 2014 with the launch of a series of consultation workshops bringing together the main stakeholders involved in the climate change process (public administration, civil society, private sector and industry experts). This process has gathered momentum since publication of the Lima COP20 decisions defining the rules for achieving the INDCs and for their content.', 'This process has gathered momentum since publication of the Lima COP20 decisions defining the rules for achieving the INDCs and for their content. The consultation process continued until validation.', 'The consultation process continued until validation. INDC implementation In its standard development agenda, Tunisia is already striving to mitigate its greenhouse gas emissions in all of the key sectors which generate them: (i) The country has continuously pursued a proactive energy management policy for some 30 years and has one of the lowest energy intensities in the Middle East/ North Africa region, (ii) It has achieved major accomplishments in the reforestation and preservation of forested ecosystems, which are confirmed by the finding in the 2010 greenhouse gas inventory that the entire Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector is a net CO2 absorber, (iii) It has 1 The Energy Transition Fund replaces the National Energy Management Fund (FNME), increasing its resources through a tax on energy consumption, diversifying its intervention strategies and extending the range of eligible actions.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 always set store by improvement of agricultural productivity(including livestock) and optimization of the use of inputs, (iv) It has established the systematic introduction of controlled landfills and has, since 2006, launched Ministry of Sustainable Development projects for degasification and gas flaring across the country s eight main landfills.', 'INDC implementation In its standard development agenda, Tunisia is already striving to mitigate its greenhouse gas emissions in all of the key sectors which generate them: (i) The country has continuously pursued a proactive energy management policy for some 30 years and has one of the lowest energy intensities in the Middle East/ North Africa region, (ii) It has achieved major accomplishments in the reforestation and preservation of forested ecosystems, which are confirmed by the finding in the 2010 greenhouse gas inventory that the entire Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector is a net CO2 absorber, (iii) It has 1 The Energy Transition Fund replaces the National Energy Management Fund (FNME), increasing its resources through a tax on energy consumption, diversifying its intervention strategies and extending the range of eligible actions.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 always set store by improvement of agricultural productivity(including livestock) and optimization of the use of inputs, (iv) It has established the systematic introduction of controlled landfills and has, since 2006, launched Ministry of Sustainable Development projects for degasification and gas flaring across the country s eight main landfills. Tunisia was one of the pioneering countries in the drafting of several nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs)2, thereby standing ready to sign a new climate agreement, and was one of the first non-Annex I countries to submit its first biennial report (31 December 2014).', 'Tunisia was one of the pioneering countries in the drafting of several nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs)2, thereby standing ready to sign a new climate agreement, and was one of the first non-Annex I countries to submit its first biennial report (31 December 2014). These numerous initiatives prove Tunisia s determination to advance swiftly beyond the already proactive baseline which it has adopted for a number of years and to set out on a virtuous and ambitious path towards mitigating its emissions of greenhouse gases, drawing both on its own resources and on those of the international community.', 'These numerous initiatives prove Tunisia s determination to advance swiftly beyond the already proactive baseline which it has adopted for a number of years and to set out on a virtuous and ambitious path towards mitigating its emissions of greenhouse gases, drawing both on its own resources and on those of the international community. As part of its contribution to tackling climate change issues, Tunisia will step up its efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in several sectors: The energy sector: The aim of the mitigation plan is to intensify the promotion of energy efficiency in all consumer sectors and for all energy usages. Around 20 energy efficiency actions have been included in the calculation of avoidable emissions, covering the entire industrial, building, transport and agricultural sectors.', 'Around 20 energy efficiency actions have been included in the calculation of avoidable emissions, covering the entire industrial, building, transport and agricultural sectors. This should allow primary energy demand to decrease by some 30 per cent by 2030 ,compared to the baseline. The plan also advocates increasing the use of renewable energies, not least through the Tunisian Solar Plan (PST). This will raise the share of renewable energies in electricity production to 14 per cent in 2020 and to 30 per cent in 2030, whereas it stood at only 4 per cent in 2015.', 'This will raise the share of renewable energies in electricity production to 14 per cent in 2020 and to 30 per cent in 2030, whereas it stood at only 4 per cent in 2015. To achieve this, the plan will aim to achieve an installed renewable energy capacity of 3,815 MW in 2030, including 1,755 MW for wind power, 1,610 MW for solar photovoltaic (PV) and 450 MW for concentrated solar power (CSP). With regard to solar heating, Tunisia intends to triple the solar water heater distribution rate, which will exceed 220 m² of collectors per 1,000 inhabitants in 2030, compared to 73 in 2015.', 'With regard to solar heating, Tunisia intends to triple the solar water heater distribution rate, which will exceed 220 m² of collectors per 1,000 inhabitants in 2030, compared to 73 in 2015. Industrial processes sector: The mitigation plan includes the use of a NAMA in the cement industry from 2016 onwards and access of this sector to carbon markets from 2021 onwards. Agriculture, Forestry and Changes in Land Use: The mitigation plan aims to intensify the CO2 absorption capacities of forestry and arboriculture by stepping up reforestation and by consolidating and increasing carbon reserves in forest and pastoral environments.', 'Agriculture, Forestry and Changes in Land Use: The mitigation plan aims to intensify the CO2 absorption capacities of forestry and arboriculture by stepping up reforestation and by consolidating and increasing carbon reserves in forest and pastoral environments. The carbon footprint for agriculture will also be improved by using practices that generate fewer emissions, such as optimizing the diets of domestic animals, promoting biological agriculture or conservation- oriented agricultural practices, or recovering energy from animal waste.', 'The carbon footprint for agriculture will also be improved by using practices that generate fewer emissions, such as optimizing the diets of domestic animals, promoting biological agriculture or conservation- oriented agricultural practices, or recovering energy from animal waste. Waste: The mitigation plan provides for the implementation, from 2016, of a plan to install facilities to transform solid waste into RDF (refuse derived fuel) 2 Five NAMA proposals have already been developed: (i) NAMA Cement, (ii) NAMA Buildings (iii) NAMA Electricity Sector, (iv) NAMA Forests, and (v) NAMA Sanitation.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 intended for cement facilities, as well as a programme for introducing degasification systems in controlled landfills. It is planned to recover electricity from captured gases, at least at the main landfills.', 'It is planned to recover electricity from captured gases, at least at the main landfills. This energy option is covered in the low-carbon scenario for the energy sector. The mitigation plan in the sanitation sector provides in particular for the installation of solar PV capacity at water treatment plants (STEPs), biogas digesters for electricity production and a reduction in the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of industrial wastewater. Monitoring INDC implementation To ensure the success and efficiency of the actions which make up its contribution, Tunisia will establish a rigorous system for monitoring and evaluating the actions and results achieved.3 This system will also enable the actions to be adjusted and potentially redirected.', 'Monitoring INDC implementation To ensure the success and efficiency of the actions which make up its contribution, Tunisia will establish a rigorous system for monitoring and evaluating the actions and results achieved.3 This system will also enable the actions to be adjusted and potentially redirected. This system will be based on a comprehensive approach of Measurement, Notification and Verification (MRV)4 and will apply to all elements of the national strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The Tunisian MRV system will revolve around three major elements of greenhouse gas emissions, namely: - MRV of greenhouse gas national emissions, which will be responsible for the preparation each year of inventory data for greenhouse gases and for distributing and checking this data.', 'The Tunisian MRV system will revolve around three major elements of greenhouse gas emissions, namely: - MRV of greenhouse gas national emissions, which will be responsible for the preparation each year of inventory data for greenhouse gases and for distributing and checking this data. - MRV of mitigation measures, which will be responsible for monitoring, notifying and checking the impacts (emission reductions, carbon intensity, co-beneficiaries, etc.) of all mitigation measures, especially those developed under NAMA, in accordance with national and international regulations. - MRV of support, which will be responsible for monitoring, notifying and checking greenhouse gas emission mitigation support and adaptation actions for which support has been received (funding, technology transfer and capacity building). 2.5 Methodological approaches Inventory methodology Inventory carried out in accordance with the 2006 IPCC guidelines.', '2.5 Methodological approaches Inventory methodology Inventory carried out in accordance with the 2006 IPCC guidelines. Global warming potential GWP values used from the document “IPCC Fourth Assessment Report- AR4 - Climate Change 2007”: O = 298 Baseline scenario The approaches for calculating greenhouse gas emissions derive directly from the 2006 IPCC guidelines. The emissions calculation is based on estimated activity data, which is deduced from a simulation model using the following approaches: \uf0a7 Energy sector: Emissions are assessed in the baseline scenario, mainly using a bottom-up approach based on modelling the final energy demand by sector and by type of energy using the MEDPRO prediction model. This then allows primary energy demand to be predicted per energy type on the basis of hypothetical parameter changes in the electricity sector (specific consumption, losses and mix).', 'This then allows primary energy demand to be predicted per energy type on the basis of hypothetical parameter changes in the electricity sector (specific consumption, losses and mix). 3 See detailed description in the First Biennial Report of Tunisia – December 2014. 4 Measurement - Reporting - Verification (MRV).Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 The baseline scenario already includes a mitigation component since it corresponds to an average decrease in primary energy intensity in the order of 1 per cent per year for the period 2010-2030. The baseline emissions are being evaluated, year by year, from 2010 to 2030, by applying the sectoral approach of the 2006 IPCC guidelines very carefully (activity data and emission factors by sector and by energy product). This sectoral approach covers CO2 O.', 'This sectoral approach covers CO2 O. Annual baseline emissions are then expressed in tons of CO2 equivalent. This approach should make it easier to cross-check the results of this baseline against future greenhouse gas inventories which will be carried out under the MRV system in Tunisia.', 'This approach should make it easier to cross-check the results of this baseline against future greenhouse gas inventories which will be carried out under the MRV system in Tunisia. The following graph shows the breakdown of the energy baseline by sector: Breakdown of the energy baseline by sector \uf0a7 Industrial processes: Emissions assessments for the baseline scenario mainly draw on the results of the cement sector NAMA.5 For other process sources, the simulations are based either on the relationship with GDP or on the principle of a fixed production value.6 \uf0a7 Forestry and other land use: The baseline assumes continuation of the reforestation trend and conservation measures typically pursued by the Directorate-General for Forestry, as well as the same rate of progress in arboriculture.', 'The following graph shows the breakdown of the energy baseline by sector: Breakdown of the energy baseline by sector \uf0a7 Industrial processes: Emissions assessments for the baseline scenario mainly draw on the results of the cement sector NAMA.5 For other process sources, the simulations are based either on the relationship with GDP or on the principle of a fixed production value.6 \uf0a7 Forestry and other land use: The baseline assumes continuation of the reforestation trend and conservation measures typically pursued by the Directorate-General for Forestry, as well as the same rate of progress in arboriculture. This trend scenario will therefore consolidate the status of this source of emissions/absorptions as a net absorber.', 'This trend scenario will therefore consolidate the status of this source of emissions/absorptions as a net absorber. \uf0a7 Agriculture: The baseline assumes that current trends in given agricultural practices will continue, while including four mitigation actions depending on the current or planned rate (including poultry dung in composting processes, biological agriculture, stepping up the role of legumes in arable crops and optimizing the use of synthetic mineral fertilizers). \uf0a7 Waste: Solid waste: The baseline assumes that current waste management practices will continue, with waste being buried in controlled landfills. The 5 The cement sector represents ¾ of national emissions relating to industrial processes. 6 Example of the nitric acid facility whose production capacity will remain stable throughout the simulation period.', '6 Example of the nitric acid facility whose production capacity will remain stable throughout the simulation period. Agriculture Services Residential Transportation Energy industries Manufacturing industriesIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 baseline incorporates the emission reductions of the two Ministry of Sustainable Development degasification projects.7 Waste water treatment: The baseline assumes that current sanitation practices will continue until 2030, but with particular efforts made towards energy efficiency. Mitigation scenario \uf0a7 Energy sector: The mitigation scenario is proactive and incorporates ambitious programmes for developing energy efficiency and renewable energies. Two methods have been used to calculate emissions for this scenario: - A modelling method using the MEDPRO predictive tool, identical to that used in the baseline case.', 'Two methods have been used to calculate emissions for this scenario: - A modelling method using the MEDPRO predictive tool, identical to that used in the baseline case. In this case, the decrease in primary energy intensity is estimated at an average of about 2.5 per cent per year between 2010 and 2030.', 'In this case, the decrease in primary energy intensity is estimated at an average of about 2.5 per cent per year between 2010 and 2030. - A bottom-up method consisting of: (1) identifying the energy efficiency and renewable energy actions one by one, (2) calculating the final energy savings expected for each form of energy, (3) calculating the primary energy savings for each of the actions on the basis of assumptions for the electricity sector (specific consumption, losses to the network and the mix), (4) calculating emissions avoided on the basis of emissions factors for each form of energy, (5) aggregating emissions avoided as a result of all of the actions, (6) subtracting these emissions from those of the baseline.', '- A bottom-up method consisting of: (1) identifying the energy efficiency and renewable energy actions one by one, (2) calculating the final energy savings expected for each form of energy, (3) calculating the primary energy savings for each of the actions on the basis of assumptions for the electricity sector (specific consumption, losses to the network and the mix), (4) calculating emissions avoided on the basis of emissions factors for each form of energy, (5) aggregating emissions avoided as a result of all of the actions, (6) subtracting these emissions from those of the baseline. The two graphs below respectively show the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions due to energy efficiency measures (by sector) and due to renewable energies (by type).', 'The two graphs below respectively show the reductions in greenhouse gas emissions due to energy efficiency measures (by sector) and due to renewable energies (by type). Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions due to energy efficiency and renewable energies This reduction thus makes it possible to reduce carbon intensity in the energy sector by approximately 46 per cent compared to 2010. About half of this reduction is due to the national effort, as shown in the following graph: 7 These two projects will be closed in 2018 but it is assumed that the degasification systems will be maintained until 2025. Beyond that point it will be assumed that the Tunisian State will be unable to modernize, maintain, or generally manage the degasification equipment.', 'Beyond that point it will be assumed that the Tunisian State will be unable to modernize, maintain, or generally manage the degasification equipment. Energy efficiency measures Renewable energy measures Agriculture Industry Building Transportation Wind Centralized PV Solar PV roofs Concentrated solar power (CSP) Biomass Solar water heatersIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Trajectory for the decrease in carbon intensity in the energy sector \uf0a7 Industrial processes: The mitigation scenario for the processes sector covers the launch of NAMA Cement, which is a mitigation programme with four focuses: (i) Energy efficiency, (ii) Renewable energies, (iii) Co- incineration of solid waste, (iv) Segmentation of the cement market to reduce emissions deriving from processes. The results of the first three actions are included in the mitigation scenario for the energy sector.', 'The results of the first three actions are included in the mitigation scenario for the energy sector. The impact of segmentation of the cement market on emissions related to the clinkering process is also included here, however, the energy impact of this segmentation is included in the low-carbon scenario for the energy sector. \uf0a7 Forestry and other land usage: The mitigation scenario for the FAT sector assumes the strengthening of reforestation and conservation actions already considered in the baseline and the addition of three new actions. As with the baseline, the calculation method is based on the 2006 IPCC guidelines. \uf0a7 Agriculture: The mitigation scenario for the agricultural sector assumes the strengthening of actions already considered in the baseline and the addition of four new specific actions.', '\uf0a7 Agriculture: The mitigation scenario for the agricultural sector assumes the strengthening of actions already considered in the baseline and the addition of four new specific actions. Estimates of avoidable emissions are based firstly on the 2006 IPCC guidelines and secondly on international literature concerning certain mitigation actions. Mitigation actions regarding energy recovery from waste are listed in this sector, but the results of these actions are included in the low-carbon scenario for the energy sector. \uf0a7 Waste Solid waste: this involves a bottom-up approach combining two actions: - Introduction of the option to produce RDF to be used for combustion in the cement industry. NAMA Cement assumes the recovery of 3 million tons of solid waste (i.e. only 35 per cent of solid waste generated) for RDF production by 2030.', 'only 35 per cent of solid waste generated) for RDF production by 2030. - Introduction of degasification systems for 50 per cent of the quantities of waste which will be buried in controlled landfills in the future, amounting to about 1.5 million tons of solid waste by 2030. The low-carbon scenario also covers degasification projects for the two Ministry of Sustainable Development projects beyond 2025. Estimates of avoidable emissions are based on the calculation method Trajectory from the national effort for energy Trajectory from the mitigation objective for energyIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 from the 2006 IPCC approach.', 'Estimates of avoidable emissions are based on the calculation method Trajectory from the national effort for energy Trajectory from the mitigation objective for energyIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 from the 2006 IPCC approach. Emission reductions as a result of co- incineration are estimated on the basis of the quantity of waste which it is no longer necessary to put into landfill due to the usage of mechanical and biological processing for the production of RDF. Emission reductions as a result of degasification systems on controlled landfills are estimated by using the most recent degasification indicators generated by Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) landfills in Tunisia. The impact of potential projects to recover energy from landfills is included in the low-carbon scenario for the energy sector.', 'The impact of potential projects to recover energy from landfills is included in the low-carbon scenario for the energy sector. Wastewater treatment: this involves a bottom-up approach combining two renewable energy actions and one action to improve treatment processes in the industry. The approach for estimating avoidable emissions is derived from the method of calculating emissions for renewable electricity generation, based on an assumed COD reduction of about 15 per cent in industrial wastewater. Mitigation actions relating to renewable energies are listed in this sector, but the results of these actions are included in the mitigation scenario for the energy sector. 2.6 Expected emissions Baseline emissions and those of the INDC eq) The following graph shows the respective trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline, the unconditional national effort and the INDC scenario.', '2.6 Expected emissions Baseline emissions and those of the INDC eq) The following graph shows the respective trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline, the unconditional national effort and the INDC scenario. Trajectories of greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline, unconditional effort and INDC scenarios The following table shows greenhouse gas emissions for the three scenarios up to 2020, 2025 and 2030. Emissions including both conditional and unconditional efforts Baseline emission Emission after unconditional efforts INDC scenario emissions Effect of the national effort Effect of international supportIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Emission reductions eq) The following table shows the conditional and unconditional reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. Sectoral contribution to emissions reductions (up to 2030) The constant decline in carbon intensity in Tunisia until 2030 stems from significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors.', 'Sectoral contribution to emissions reductions (up to 2030) The constant decline in carbon intensity in Tunisia until 2030 stems from significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors. The energy sector remains the main contributor to the Tunisian objective in 2030, with 75 per cent of the reductions in emissions. Waste comes in second place, followed by forestry and other land use, and agriculture. 2.7 Other information: sustainable development impacts Energy sector \uf0a7 Primary energy savings: 7.6 Mtoe in 2030, and cumulatively 51 Mtoe over the period 2015-2030, 2/3 of which is in energy efficiency and 1/3 in renewable energies. \uf0a7 Job creation: Approximately 58,000 job equivalents over the 2015- 2030 period, 75 per cent of which would come from energy efficiency measures in the building sector.', '\uf0a7 Job creation: Approximately 58,000 job equivalents over the 2015- 2030 period, 75 per cent of which would come from energy efficiency measures in the building sector. \uf0a7 Combating energy insecurity: reducing consumers energy bills, especially for the poorest strata of the population.', '\uf0a7 Combating energy insecurity: reducing consumers energy bills, especially for the poorest strata of the population. Forestry and other land usages \uf0a7 Balance of ecosystems and preservation of the fertility of soils \uf0a7 Improvement of the balance of fodder for feeding livestock \uf0a7 Job creation and income-generating activities in rural zones \uf0a7 Population stabilization and prevention of rural depopulation Agriculture \uf0a7 Improvements in the quality of livestock fodder and increases in the productivity of livestock farming \uf0a7 Preservation of the quality and fertility of soils \uf0a7 Promotion of biological agriculture and reduction of pollution from agricultural areas due to chemical fertilizers \uf0a7 Improvements in the quality of manure and organic recovery of animal wasteIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 3 The Tunisian contribution towards adaptation Climate studies on Tunisia have shown that the country is very exposed to climate change and that its economy, population and ecosystems are therefore very vulnerable.', 'Forestry and other land usages \uf0a7 Balance of ecosystems and preservation of the fertility of soils \uf0a7 Improvement of the balance of fodder for feeding livestock \uf0a7 Job creation and income-generating activities in rural zones \uf0a7 Population stabilization and prevention of rural depopulation Agriculture \uf0a7 Improvements in the quality of livestock fodder and increases in the productivity of livestock farming \uf0a7 Preservation of the quality and fertility of soils \uf0a7 Promotion of biological agriculture and reduction of pollution from agricultural areas due to chemical fertilizers \uf0a7 Improvements in the quality of manure and organic recovery of animal wasteIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 3 The Tunisian contribution towards adaptation Climate studies on Tunisia have shown that the country is very exposed to climate change and that its economy, population and ecosystems are therefore very vulnerable. 3.1 Tunisia s exposure to climate change Temperature Average annual temperature increase across the entire country of +2.1°C until 2050.', '3.1 Tunisia s exposure to climate change Temperature Average annual temperature increase across the entire country of +2.1°C until 2050. Precipitation By 2050, a drop of between 10 and 30 per cent – depending on the region – in the annual precipitation rate compared to the current situation. Alongside these falling values, there will be an increase in the frequency and intensity of the extreme weather phenomena: droughts and floods. Rising sea levels Heightened sensitivity of the 1,300 km coastline due to rising sea levels. By 2050, the sea level is expected to have risen on average by 30 to 50 cm, causing the beaches to shrink by 20 to 135 cm per year, depending on the coastline and the region.', 'By 2050, the sea level is expected to have risen on average by 30 to 50 cm, causing the beaches to shrink by 20 to 135 cm per year, depending on the coastline and the region. 3.2 Tunisia s vulnerability to climate change Water resources With some 385 m3 of renewable blue water resources available per year and per capita, Tunisia is already experiencing water scarcity. This situation is due to be exacerbated by climate change over the coming years, with the decrease in conventional water resources estimated at about 28 per cent by 2030. The decline in surface waters would be approaching 5 per cent by the same year.', 'The decline in surface waters would be approaching 5 per cent by the same year. Furthermore, following the expected rise in the sea level, losses through the salinization of coastal aquifers due to this rise in sea level would account for about 50 per cent of the current resources of these aquifers by 2030, amounting to almost 150 million m3.', 'Furthermore, following the expected rise in the sea level, losses through the salinization of coastal aquifers due to this rise in sea level would account for about 50 per cent of the current resources of these aquifers by 2030, amounting to almost 150 million m3. Coastline The physical vulnerability of the Tunisian coastline to rising sea levels has various direct and indirect socio-economic consequences: - Loss by submersion of approximately 16,000 hectares of agricultural land in low-lying coastal areas, - Loss by submersion of approximately 700,000 hectares of built-up areas, - Loss by salinization of approximately 50 per cent of the resources currently available in coastal aquifers, - Indirect loss of the potential for approximately 38,000 ha of irrigable land by 2050, i.e.', 'Coastline The physical vulnerability of the Tunisian coastline to rising sea levels has various direct and indirect socio-economic consequences: - Loss by submersion of approximately 16,000 hectares of agricultural land in low-lying coastal areas, - Loss by submersion of approximately 700,000 hectares of built-up areas, - Loss by salinization of approximately 50 per cent of the resources currently available in coastal aquifers, - Indirect loss of the potential for approximately 38,000 ha of irrigable land by 2050, i.e. 10 per cent of currently irrigated land, - Decline in the activities of seafront hotels, which have a total capacity of approximately 30,000 beds, owing to retreating beaches, - Decline in port and shore infrastructure. The loss of productive capital caused by this damage is in the order of 2 billion US dollars.', 'The loss of productive capital caused by this damage is in the order of 2 billion US dollars. Losses in annual production are estimated at approximately 0.5 per cent of current GDP, mainly in the areas of tourism (55 per cent) and agriculture (45 per cent). An estimated 36,000 job losses, mainly in agriculture and tourism. Agriculture Droughts caused by climate change will particularly affect rainfed cereal farming interests, which would decrease from a current average land area ofIntended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 1.5 million hectares to about 1 million hectares in 2030, i.e. a reduction of approximately 30 per cent.', 'a reduction of approximately 30 per cent. Agricultural GDP following the reduction in land area, given yields identical to the reference situation, would fall by 5 to 10 per cent by 2030. In the event of successive extreme droughts, the land area used for cereal crops and arboriculture (mainly regions in the centre and the south) will decrease by 200,000 and 800,000 hectares respectively. Lastly, the livestock population would decrease by about 80 per cent in the centre and the south, and 20 per cent in the north, owing to the loss of rough grazing areas. Ecosystems Concerning ecosystems, as well as water resources, the major effects may be observed in forests and pastoral ecosystems.', 'Ecosystems Concerning ecosystems, as well as water resources, the major effects may be observed in forests and pastoral ecosystems. As temperatures and the inflammability of the biomass rise, the risk of large forest and bush fires also increases. It is estimated that 180,000 hectares of forest will have been lost by 2030. In the north of the country, such a risk will have an impact on the availability of water resources, and on the population and its heritage. The steppe ecosystems of the centre and south of the country will see their pastoral functions decline in central Tunisia, and even cease in the south. The herds will fall back to the rough grazing areas in the north, burdening these further and thereby increasing the extent of overgrazing.', 'The herds will fall back to the rough grazing areas in the north, burdening these further and thereby increasing the extent of overgrazing. In the event of climate change, if no action is taken to improve the production of rough grazing areas, the contribution of steppe ecosystems is likely to have ceased by 2050. Health The effects of climate change on health in Tunisia will take the form of: - The resurgence and proliferation of certain vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis or dengue, - Respiratory diseases caused by the rise in temperature, - Water-borne diseases caused by degradation of the bacteriological, physical and chemical quality of water resources.', 'Health The effects of climate change on health in Tunisia will take the form of: - The resurgence and proliferation of certain vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis or dengue, - Respiratory diseases caused by the rise in temperature, - Water-borne diseases caused by degradation of the bacteriological, physical and chemical quality of water resources. Tourism Tourism in Tunisia essentially revolves around its image as a beach and seaside resort, which means that it is particularly sensitive to the summer climate, rising sea levels and coastal erosion. The rise in temperature will make the heat in summer more severe, affecting humans climate comfort and making heatwaves unbearable for the human body.', 'The rise in temperature will make the heat in summer more severe, affecting humans climate comfort and making heatwaves unbearable for the human body. The water stress already experienced by Tunisia will intensify, which will have repercussions on tourist facilities in terms of operating costs and health and safety. Concerning coastal erosion, the annual losses to the tourist sector resulting from the retreat of the beaches due to the rising sea level are estimated at around 5 per cent of the sector s added value. 3.3 Measures planned by Tunisia to adapt to climate change Tunisia is aware of these challenges and has striven for several years to include adaptation to climate change in the development planning process at global and sectoral levels.', '3.3 Measures planned by Tunisia to adapt to climate change Tunisia is aware of these challenges and has striven for several years to include adaptation to climate change in the development planning process at global and sectoral levels. Tunisia has therefore prepared a raft of measures focusing on the adaptation of six key sectors and ecosystems which are among the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Water resources The adaptation measures proposed for water resources essentially consist in projects to transfer and reuse treated wastewater and to improve and secure the water supplies of large urban centres, especially Greater Tunis, Cap-bon, Sahel and Sfax.', 'Tunisia has therefore prepared a raft of measures focusing on the adaptation of six key sectors and ecosystems which are among the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Water resources The adaptation measures proposed for water resources essentially consist in projects to transfer and reuse treated wastewater and to improve and secure the water supplies of large urban centres, especially Greater Tunis, Cap-bon, Sahel and Sfax. Coastline The projects planned essentially concern the rehabilitation of coasts and the prevention of coastal erosion: redeveloping and displacing coastal industrial zones; rehabilitating and protecting existing infrastructure against the risks of climatic impacts and developing farms and agricultural infrastructure.', 'Coastline The projects planned essentially concern the rehabilitation of coasts and the prevention of coastal erosion: redeveloping and displacing coastal industrial zones; rehabilitating and protecting existing infrastructure against the risks of climatic impacts and developing farms and agricultural infrastructure. Agriculture The actions planned are essentially capacity-building and institutional development measures: - Adapting irrigated crops in the central regions, - Adapting mixed farming-livestock production to climate change in vulnerable regions, - Updating the agricultural map to take into account the impacts of climate change, - Introducing a climate monitoring and early warning system, as well as an insurance mechanism against climatic hazards due to climate change, - Conserving and exploiting genetic heritage to adapt cereal crops to climate change, developing innovative systems for arable crops.', 'Agriculture The actions planned are essentially capacity-building and institutional development measures: - Adapting irrigated crops in the central regions, - Adapting mixed farming-livestock production to climate change in vulnerable regions, - Updating the agricultural map to take into account the impacts of climate change, - Introducing a climate monitoring and early warning system, as well as an insurance mechanism against climatic hazards due to climate change, - Conserving and exploiting genetic heritage to adapt cereal crops to climate change, developing innovative systems for arable crops. Ecosystems A number of measures are planned for adapting ecosystems, which may be summarized as follows: - Rehabilitation of forest nurseries and the expansion of indigenous and multi-use species, - Holistic management of cork oak forests in zones at high risk of fire in the north-west of the country, - Management of the degraded rough grazing and esparto areas in the central and southern regions, - Conservation of the ecological functions of low-lying coastal areas, - Integrated rural development of vulnerable drainage basins, sub- drainage basins and flood control, - Biological consolidation of work to combat silting in the south of Tunisia and support the implementation of regional action plans to counter desertification.', 'Ecosystems A number of measures are planned for adapting ecosystems, which may be summarized as follows: - Rehabilitation of forest nurseries and the expansion of indigenous and multi-use species, - Holistic management of cork oak forests in zones at high risk of fire in the north-west of the country, - Management of the degraded rough grazing and esparto areas in the central and southern regions, - Conservation of the ecological functions of low-lying coastal areas, - Integrated rural development of vulnerable drainage basins, sub- drainage basins and flood control, - Biological consolidation of work to combat silting in the south of Tunisia and support the implementation of regional action plans to counter desertification. Tourism The main measures planned in the area of tourism can essentially be summarized as: - Restoration of the Tunisian touristic sea coast and protection of tourist areas against the advance of the sea, - Definition of climatic and touristic regions and adaptation of the division of eco-touristic circuits, - Development of a range of services that are at once alternative and complementary to seaside tourism, particularly in terms of health, culture, sport and environment.', 'Tourism The main measures planned in the area of tourism can essentially be summarized as: - Restoration of the Tunisian touristic sea coast and protection of tourist areas against the advance of the sea, - Definition of climatic and touristic regions and adaptation of the division of eco-touristic circuits, - Development of a range of services that are at once alternative and complementary to seaside tourism, particularly in terms of health, culture, sport and environment. - Launch and promotion of the concept of ecological hotels, - Optimization of the management of water resources by the tourist sector and installation of mini seawater desalination plants using renewable energies.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Health This too essentially consists in measures for capacity-building and institutional support: - Risk assessment and prevention of a proliferation of respiratory pathologies linked to climate change, - Introduction of a network to monitor epidemics of the principle vector- borne diseases, - Implementation and strengthening of the entomological monitoring network and efforts to fight mosquitoes and sand flies, - Introduction of a programme to adapt the health system to climate change, especially through protection against water-borne diseases.', '- Launch and promotion of the concept of ecological hotels, - Optimization of the management of water resources by the tourist sector and installation of mini seawater desalination plants using renewable energies.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Tunisia - 2015 Health This too essentially consists in measures for capacity-building and institutional support: - Risk assessment and prevention of a proliferation of respiratory pathologies linked to climate change, - Introduction of a network to monitor epidemics of the principle vector- borne diseases, - Implementation and strengthening of the entomological monitoring network and efforts to fight mosquitoes and sand flies, - Introduction of a programme to adapt the health system to climate change, especially through protection against water-borne diseases. 3.4 Needs for adaptation funding Investment needs The total funding needs for adaptation to climate change would stand at about 1.9 billion US dollars for the period 2015-2030.', '3.4 Needs for adaptation funding Investment needs The total funding needs for adaptation to climate change would stand at about 1.9 billion US dollars for the period 2015-2030. Besides a number of physical investments, these are mostly intangible investments to support and popularize new practices (institutional support, capacity building, research and development, etc.). Funding needs to support the INDC adaptation effort SECTORS/FIELDS TOTAL Water resources 533 International support required for adaptation Tunisia is appealing for international support to cover all of the additional costs for the adaptation of these sectors and fields.'] | en-US |
339 | TUN | Tunisia | Updated NDC | 2021-10-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Tunisia%20Update%20NDC-french.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 32.071694 | 7.271216 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4b04f9410f19c5903f7cdd781b38dca88909ee75e5739896c23ce26933b02192.pdf | ['CDN actualisée de la TUNISIEACCORD DE PARIS SUR LE CLIMAT CDN actualisée - TUNISIETable des matières LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS RESUME EXECUTIF 1 LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ATTENUATION 1.2 COUVERTURE ET PORTEE BESOINS DE FINANCEMENTS, DE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET DE TRANSFERTS DE TECHNOLOGIES NECESSAIRES POUR L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE LA CDN 1.4 PROCESSUS DE PLANIFICATION 1.5 APPROCHES METHODOLOGIQUES ET RESULTATS SECTORIELS 1.6 EMISSIONS ESCOMPTEES A L’ECHELLE NATIONALE 1.7 AUTRES INFORMATIONS : IMPACTS EN TERMES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2 LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION 2.1 VULNERABILITE AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES 2.1.1 Ressources en eau 2.1.2 Productions agricoles 2.1.3 Ecosystèmes naturels 2.1.7 Nouveaux domaines transversaux 2.2 OBJECTIFS DE RENFORCEMENT DE LA RESILIENCE A L’HORIZON 2030 2.2.1 L’Etoile de la résilience 2.2.2 Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation 3 ENJEUX TRANSVERSAUX DE L’ATTENUATION ET DE L’ADAPTATION 3.1 AMELIORATION DE LA GOUVERNANCE 3.2 AMELIORATION DU CADRE DE TRANSPARENCE BESOINS EN RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET TRANSFERTS TECHNOLOGIQUES LA QUESTION DU GENRE DANS LES POLITIQUES D’ATTENUATION ET D’ADAPTATION ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 : INFORMATIONS NECESSAIRES A LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION DE LA CDN ANNEXE 2 : RECAPITULATIF DES ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES D’ADAPTATION AACTE Alliance des Communes pour la Transition Energétique ANGED Agence Nationale de Gestion des Déchets ANME Agence Nationale pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie AFAT \x07 Secteur de l’Agriculture, de la Forêt et des Autres utilisations des terres (AFOLOU selon l’abréviation anglaise), tel qu’il est établi en tant que source GIEC d’émissions/Absorptions AP Accord de Paris sur le Climat BaU \x07 Scénario Business-as-Usual traduisant un prolongement des tendances historiques des pratiques de consommation et de production BaC \x07 Scénario Bas-carbone traduisant une politique volontariste de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CCS Abréviation anglaise du « Captage Stockage du Carbone » CDB Convention des Nations Unies sur la Diversité Biologique CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National COP Abréviation anglaise de la Conférence des Parties de la CCNUCC DCO Demande Chimique en Oxygène EE Efficacité Energétique ER Energies Renouvelables FTE Fonds de Transition Energétique GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe d Experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat HFC Hydrofluorocarbure IPCC Intergovernemental Panel on Climate Change MALEn Ministère des Affaires Locales et de l’Environnement MARHP \x07 Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources hydrauliques et de la Pêche Maritime MDP Mécanisme pour le Développement Propre MtéCO2 Million de tonnes équivalent CO2 NA Non-Applicable NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAMA Mesure d’Atténuation appropriée au niveau national ONAS Office National de l’Assainissement PRG \x07 Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (correspondant à l’abréviation anglaise GWP) RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SPANB Stratégie et Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité STEG Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz TMB Traitement mécano-biologique UGPO \x07 Unité de Gestion Par Objectifs, établie au sein du Ministère des Affaires Locales et de l’Environnement (MALEn), et chargée du suivi et de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des activités liées à l’Accord de Paris sur le Climat LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONSCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE La Tunisie avait soumis sa Contribution Déterminée Prévue au niveau National (CPDN) à la Conférence des Parties de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements climatiques (CCNUCC) le 16 septembre 2015.', 'CDN actualisée de la TUNISIEACCORD DE PARIS SUR LE CLIMAT CDN actualisée - TUNISIETable des matières LISTE DES ABREVIATIONS RESUME EXECUTIF 1 LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ATTENUATION 1.2 COUVERTURE ET PORTEE BESOINS DE FINANCEMENTS, DE RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET DE TRANSFERTS DE TECHNOLOGIES NECESSAIRES POUR L’ATTEINTE DES OBJECTIFS DE LA CDN 1.4 PROCESSUS DE PLANIFICATION 1.5 APPROCHES METHODOLOGIQUES ET RESULTATS SECTORIELS 1.6 EMISSIONS ESCOMPTEES A L’ECHELLE NATIONALE 1.7 AUTRES INFORMATIONS : IMPACTS EN TERMES DE DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE 2 LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISEE EN MATIERE D’ADAPTATION 2.1 VULNERABILITE AUX CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES 2.1.1 Ressources en eau 2.1.2 Productions agricoles 2.1.3 Ecosystèmes naturels 2.1.7 Nouveaux domaines transversaux 2.2 OBJECTIFS DE RENFORCEMENT DE LA RESILIENCE A L’HORIZON 2030 2.2.1 L’Etoile de la résilience 2.2.2 Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation 3 ENJEUX TRANSVERSAUX DE L’ATTENUATION ET DE L’ADAPTATION 3.1 AMELIORATION DE LA GOUVERNANCE 3.2 AMELIORATION DU CADRE DE TRANSPARENCE BESOINS EN RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITES ET TRANSFERTS TECHNOLOGIQUES LA QUESTION DU GENRE DANS LES POLITIQUES D’ATTENUATION ET D’ADAPTATION ANNEXES ANNEXE 1 : INFORMATIONS NECESSAIRES A LA CLARTE, LA TRANSPARENCE ET LA COMPREHENSION DE LA CDN ANNEXE 2 : RECAPITULATIF DES ACTIONS PRIORITAIRES D’ADAPTATION AACTE Alliance des Communes pour la Transition Energétique ANGED Agence Nationale de Gestion des Déchets ANME Agence Nationale pour la Maîtrise de l’Energie AFAT \x07 Secteur de l’Agriculture, de la Forêt et des Autres utilisations des terres (AFOLOU selon l’abréviation anglaise), tel qu’il est établi en tant que source GIEC d’émissions/Absorptions AP Accord de Paris sur le Climat BaU \x07 Scénario Business-as-Usual traduisant un prolongement des tendances historiques des pratiques de consommation et de production BaC \x07 Scénario Bas-carbone traduisant une politique volontariste de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre CCNUCC Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques CCS Abréviation anglaise du « Captage Stockage du Carbone » CDB Convention des Nations Unies sur la Diversité Biologique CDN Contribution Déterminée au niveau National COP Abréviation anglaise de la Conférence des Parties de la CCNUCC DCO Demande Chimique en Oxygène EE Efficacité Energétique ER Energies Renouvelables FTE Fonds de Transition Energétique GES Gaz à effet de serre GIEC Groupe d Experts intergouvernemental sur l évolution du climat HFC Hydrofluorocarbure IPCC Intergovernemental Panel on Climate Change MALEn Ministère des Affaires Locales et de l’Environnement MARHP \x07 Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources hydrauliques et de la Pêche Maritime MDP Mécanisme pour le Développement Propre MtéCO2 Million de tonnes équivalent CO2 NA Non-Applicable NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group NAMA Mesure d’Atténuation appropriée au niveau national ONAS Office National de l’Assainissement PRG \x07 Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (correspondant à l’abréviation anglaise GWP) RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SPANB Stratégie et Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité STEG Société Tunisienne de l’Electricité et du Gaz TMB Traitement mécano-biologique UGPO \x07 Unité de Gestion Par Objectifs, établie au sein du Ministère des Affaires Locales et de l’Environnement (MALEn), et chargée du suivi et de la coordination de la mise en œuvre des activités liées à l’Accord de Paris sur le Climat LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONSCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE La Tunisie avait soumis sa Contribution Déterminée Prévue au niveau National (CPDN) à la Conférence des Parties de la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements climatiques (CCNUCC) le 16 septembre 2015. A l’issue de la ratification de la Tunisie de l’Accord de Paris, le 17 octobre 2016, et de l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord le 4 novembre 2016, La CPDN était devenue la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) de la Tunisie.', 'A l’issue de la ratification de la Tunisie de l’Accord de Paris, le 17 octobre 2016, et de l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord le 4 novembre 2016, La CPDN était devenue la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National (CDN) de la Tunisie. La présente Contribution Déterminée au niveau National actualisée, est établie conformément aux dispositions de la décision 1/CP.21, ainsi qu’aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord, et permet à la Tunisie de communiquer des efforts d’atténuation et d’adaptation ambitieux pour contribuer à la riposte mondiale à la menace des changements climatiques et atteindre les objectifs prévus par l’article 2 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'La présente Contribution Déterminée au niveau National actualisée, est établie conformément aux dispositions de la décision 1/CP.21, ainsi qu’aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord, et permet à la Tunisie de communiquer des efforts d’atténuation et d’adaptation ambitieux pour contribuer à la riposte mondiale à la menace des changements climatiques et atteindre les objectifs prévus par l’article 2 de l’Accord de Paris. La CDN actualisée est aussi totalement en ligne avec les priorités de développement économique et social de la Tunisie, notamment à travers : \x07 Son alignement avec les Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) 13 et 17. \x07 Les co-bénéfices significatifs qu’elle implique en termes de croissance économique, de création d’emplois et de lutte contre la pauvreté. \x07 L’intégration des aspects relatifs au genre aux deux volets atténuation et adaptation.', '\x07 L’intégration des aspects relatifs au genre aux deux volets atténuation et adaptation. Résumé ExécutifObjectifs et approches En matière d’atténuation L’actualisation du volet atténuation de la Contribution Déterminée au niveau National de la Tunisie est établie conformément aux articles 4.2, 4.3 et et 4.9 de l’Accord de Paris, et au paragraphe 24 de la décision 1/CP.21, ainsi qu’aux autres dispositions pertinentes de l’Accord de Paris et de son Livre des Règles pour faciliter la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension des engagements de la Tunisie. La CDN actualisée rehausse les ambitions d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la Tunisie1, à travers un relèvement de l’objectif de réduction de l’intensité carbone nationale2 à 45% à l’horizon 20303, par rapport à son niveau de 2010.', 'La CDN actualisée rehausse les ambitions d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre de la Tunisie1, à travers un relèvement de l’objectif de réduction de l’intensité carbone nationale2 à 45% à l’horizon 20303, par rapport à son niveau de 2010. Cette révision à la hausse de l’ambition tunisienne est également bonifiée grâce à trois piliers essentiels : \x07 Augmentation du périmètre de l’objectif (conformément aux préconisations de l’article 4.13 de l’Accord de Paris), qui inclut désormais exhaustivement, toutes les sources des émissions ; \x07 Le scénario bas-carbone (BaC) va imposer une trajectoire descendante laissant derrière le pic des émissions nettes.', 'Cette révision à la hausse de l’ambition tunisienne est également bonifiée grâce à trois piliers essentiels : \x07 Augmentation du périmètre de l’objectif (conformément aux préconisations de l’article 4.13 de l’Accord de Paris), qui inclut désormais exhaustivement, toutes les sources des émissions ; \x07 Le scénario bas-carbone (BaC) va imposer une trajectoire descendante laissant derrière le pic des émissions nettes. La Tunisie sera donc parfaitement en phase avec la préconisation – pourtant optionnelle à court terme pour les pays en développement- de plafonnement des émissions (article 4.1 de l’Accord de Paris) ; \x07 La trajectoire de fléchissement des émissions nettes se prolongera après 2030, mettant la Tunisie définitivement dans la rampe de lancement des objectifs à long terme poursuivis par l’Accord de Paris.', 'La Tunisie sera donc parfaitement en phase avec la préconisation – pourtant optionnelle à court terme pour les pays en développement- de plafonnement des émissions (article 4.1 de l’Accord de Paris) ; \x07 La trajectoire de fléchissement des émissions nettes se prolongera après 2030, mettant la Tunisie définitivement dans la rampe de lancement des objectifs à long terme poursuivis par l’Accord de Paris. En matière d’adaptation L’objectif général d’adaptation de la CDN actualisée est de « promouvoir une Tunisie résiliente aux changements climatiques, ayant significativement réduit les vulnérabilités et renforcé les capacités d’adaptation de ses écosystèmes, de sa population, de son économie, de ses territoires, et ayant résolument opéré les transformations nécessaires, à même d’assurer un modèle de développement socio-économique inclusif et durable ». 1.', 'En matière d’adaptation L’objectif général d’adaptation de la CDN actualisée est de « promouvoir une Tunisie résiliente aux changements climatiques, ayant significativement réduit les vulnérabilités et renforcé les capacités d’adaptation de ses écosystèmes, de sa population, de son économie, de ses territoires, et ayant résolument opéré les transformations nécessaires, à même d’assurer un modèle de développement socio-économique inclusif et durable ». 1. \x07 Ce relèvement de l’ambition de la Tunisie se fait malgré un contexte national très défavorable sur le triple plan économique, social et sanitaire. 2. \x07 L’intensité carbone désigne le rapport entre les émissions nettes et le PIB (à prix constants 2010).', '\x07 L’intensité carbone désigne le rapport entre les émissions nettes et le PIB (à prix constants 2010). Les émissions nettes résultent de l’agrégation des émissions nettes de GES des 4 secteurs de l’IPCC (Energie, procédés industriels, agriculture ; forêts et changement d’utilisation des terres-AFAT, et déchets.) 3. \x07 La première CDN de la Tunisie visait une baisse de 41% de son intensité carbone entre 2010 et 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Pour atteindre cet objectif, le volet adaptation de la CDN actualisée repose sur une « Etoile de la résilience », conçue comme un cadre structurant pour accompagner les acteurs tunisiens et leurs partenaires techniques et financiers tant publics que privés.', '\x07 La première CDN de la Tunisie visait une baisse de 41% de son intensité carbone entre 2010 et 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Pour atteindre cet objectif, le volet adaptation de la CDN actualisée repose sur une « Etoile de la résilience », conçue comme un cadre structurant pour accompagner les acteurs tunisiens et leurs partenaires techniques et financiers tant publics que privés. Afin de renforcer sa résilience sous toutes ses composantes, à savoir la résilience alimentaire, hydrique, écologique, sociale, économique, territoriale, sanitaire et également, la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles, le volet adaptation de la CDN est fondé à la fois sur un changement de paradigme et sur une approche intersectorielle.', 'Afin de renforcer sa résilience sous toutes ses composantes, à savoir la résilience alimentaire, hydrique, écologique, sociale, économique, territoriale, sanitaire et également, la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles, le volet adaptation de la CDN est fondé à la fois sur un changement de paradigme et sur une approche intersectorielle. Le changement de paradigme repose sur une nouvelle façon d’agir dans un cadre d’action plus global et plus transversal de l’adaptation qui concerne tous les plans de la nation et de son développement. La mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée s’appuie sur un plan d’actions priorisé, avec des actions verticales qui répondent aux enjeux spécifiques sectoriels et des actions transversales pour mieux appréhender les défis intersectoriels.', 'La mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée s’appuie sur un plan d’actions priorisé, avec des actions verticales qui répondent aux enjeux spécifiques sectoriels et des actions transversales pour mieux appréhender les défis intersectoriels. Pour ce faire, les actions sectorielles touchent les six secteurs les plus vulnérables que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, les écosystèmes, le littoral, la santé, et le tourisme en prenant en compte trois nouveaux domaines d’interventions transversaux à savoir : le genre, l’aménagement du territoire et la réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles.', 'Pour ce faire, les actions sectorielles touchent les six secteurs les plus vulnérables que sont : les ressources en eau, l’agriculture, les écosystèmes, le littoral, la santé, et le tourisme en prenant en compte trois nouveaux domaines d’interventions transversaux à savoir : le genre, l’aménagement du territoire et la réduction des risques de catastrophes naturelles. Besoins de financement La mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée nécessitera la mobilisation d’importantes ressources financières, estimées à environ 19,4 milliards USD sur la période 2021-2030, dont 14,4 milliards USD pour l’atténuation, 4,3 milliards USD pour l’adaptation et 0,7 milliards USD pour les actions de renforcement des capacités.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE \x07LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISÉE EN MATIÈRE D’ATTÉNUATION 1.Type d’objectif % de baisse de l’intensité carbone par rapport à une année de référence Année cible \x07 Période de mise en œuvre \x07 Année de référence Objectif global de la CDN La contribution de la Tunisie en matière d’atténuation se matérialise par une baisse de 45% de son intensité carbone en 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010 (Figure 1).', 'Besoins de financement La mise en œuvre de la CDN actualisée nécessitera la mobilisation d’importantes ressources financières, estimées à environ 19,4 milliards USD sur la période 2021-2030, dont 14,4 milliards USD pour l’atténuation, 4,3 milliards USD pour l’adaptation et 0,7 milliards USD pour les actions de renforcement des capacités.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE \x07LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISÉE EN MATIÈRE D’ATTÉNUATION 1.Type d’objectif % de baisse de l’intensité carbone par rapport à une année de référence Année cible \x07 Période de mise en œuvre \x07 Année de référence Objectif global de la CDN La contribution de la Tunisie en matière d’atténuation se matérialise par une baisse de 45% de son intensité carbone en 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010 (Figure 1). Objectifs inconditionnels et conditionnels d’atténuation La contribution inconditionnelle de la Tunisie correspond à une baisse de l’intensité carbone de 27 % en 2030 par rapport à celle de l’année de référence 2010, ce qui est très largement au-dessus de la première CDN ou l’effort inconditionnel devait générer seulement 13% de réduction de l’intensité carbone.', 'Objectifs inconditionnels et conditionnels d’atténuation La contribution inconditionnelle de la Tunisie correspond à une baisse de l’intensité carbone de 27 % en 2030 par rapport à celle de l’année de référence 2010, ce qui est très largement au-dessus de la première CDN ou l’effort inconditionnel devait générer seulement 13% de réduction de l’intensité carbone. La contribution conditionnelle permet une baisse additionnelle de l’intensité carbone en 2030 de 18 % par rapport à l’année de référence 2010.', 'La contribution conditionnelle permet une baisse additionnelle de l’intensité carbone en 2030 de 18 % par rapport à l’année de référence 2010. Figure 1: Trajectoires de l’intensité carbone selon la contribution conditionnelle et inconditionnelle de la Tunisie sur la période 2010-2030 \x07 La Contribution Tunisienne actualisée en matière d’atténuationCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE 1.2 Couverture et portée Besoins de financements, de renforcement des capacités et de transfert de technologie nécessaires pour l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN Couverture géographique Ensemble du territoire national % des émissions nationales couvertes par l’effort d’atténuation 100% des émissions de l’année 2010 Secteurs ciblés Énergie (toutes les sources et secteurs), Procédés industriels, Agriculture, Forêt et Autres utilisations des Terres (AFAT) et Déchets Gaz ciblés Équité et Ambition Partie Non-Annexe 1 de la CCNUCC, la Tunisie s’engage à contribuer à l’effort planétaire d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES).', 'Figure 1: Trajectoires de l’intensité carbone selon la contribution conditionnelle et inconditionnelle de la Tunisie sur la période 2010-2030 \x07 La Contribution Tunisienne actualisée en matière d’atténuationCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE 1.2 Couverture et portée Besoins de financements, de renforcement des capacités et de transfert de technologie nécessaires pour l’atteinte des objectifs de la CDN Couverture géographique Ensemble du territoire national % des émissions nationales couvertes par l’effort d’atténuation 100% des émissions de l’année 2010 Secteurs ciblés Énergie (toutes les sources et secteurs), Procédés industriels, Agriculture, Forêt et Autres utilisations des Terres (AFAT) et Déchets Gaz ciblés Équité et Ambition Partie Non-Annexe 1 de la CCNUCC, la Tunisie s’engage à contribuer à l’effort planétaire d’atténuation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES). La Tunisie considère que sa contribution est équitable et ambitieuse, pour quatre principales raisons : \x07 Grâce à sa contribution, la Tunisie rehausse son ambition, en visant une réduction de son intensité carbone en 2030 de 45% par rapport à celle de 2010.', 'La Tunisie considère que sa contribution est équitable et ambitieuse, pour quatre principales raisons : \x07 Grâce à sa contribution, la Tunisie rehausse son ambition, en visant une réduction de son intensité carbone en 2030 de 45% par rapport à celle de 2010. \x07 L’effort national (contribution inconditionnelle) induit une baisse de 27% de l’intensité carbone à l’horizon 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010. \x07 La Tunisie s’engage à faire baisser son intensité carbone significativement en dessous de celle de l’année 2010, bien qu’elle n’ait participé qu’à hauteur de 0,07% dans les émissions mondiales en 2010. \x07 Grâce à sa contribution, les émissions par habitant passeraient à 2,4 teCO2/habitant, en 2030 alors que les émissions mondiales en 2010 atteignaient déjà 7 teCO2/habitant.', '\x07 Grâce à sa contribution, les émissions par habitant passeraient à 2,4 teCO2/habitant, en 2030 alors que les émissions mondiales en 2010 atteignaient déjà 7 teCO2/habitant. Besoins en financements La mise en œuvre de la contribution tunisienne en matière d’atténuation nécessite la mobilisation d’importants moyens financiers estimés à environ 14,4 milliards USD sur la période 2021-2030. La répartition sectorielle de ces ressources est indiquée dans le Tableau 1 :Environ 11,8 milliards USD 2020 devraient être alloués au secteur particulièrement capitalistique de l’énergie, soit 82% des besoins de financement des objectifs d’atténuation des GES.', 'La répartition sectorielle de ces ressources est indiquée dans le Tableau 1 :Environ 11,8 milliards USD 2020 devraient être alloués au secteur particulièrement capitalistique de l’énergie, soit 82% des besoins de financement des objectifs d’atténuation des GES. L’effort national et l’appui de financement international Les besoins précités de financement nécessaires pour l’atteinte de l’objectif de la CDN se répartissent en deux « catégories » : \x07 L’effort national : concerne les ressources propres, à mobiliser par la Tunisies en vue de soutenir sa contribution inconditionnelle. Cet effort a été estimé à 3,3 milliards USD pour toute la période 2021-2030 (Tableau 2) ; soit 23% des besoins totaux de financement accompagnant la transition bas-carbone 2021-2030 envisagée par la CDN actualisée.', 'Cet effort a été estimé à 3,3 milliards USD pour toute la période 2021-2030 (Tableau 2) ; soit 23% des besoins totaux de financement accompagnant la transition bas-carbone 2021-2030 envisagée par la CDN actualisée. L’effort national couvre tous les secteurs, et pas seulement le secteur de l’énergie, comme ce fût le cas dans la première CDN. \x07 L’appui international à mobiliser en vue de soutenir la réalisation de la contribution conditionnelle s’élèverait à 11,1 milliards USD sur la période 2021-2030. Cet appui pourrait être mobilisé sous diverses formes (lignes de crédit concessionnelles, dons, investissements directs étrangers, intégration dans des marchés carbone, etc.).', 'Cet appui pourrait être mobilisé sous diverses formes (lignes de crédit concessionnelles, dons, investissements directs étrangers, intégration dans des marchés carbone, etc.). Tableau 1: Besoins de financement de l’investissement pour le soutien au scénario bas-carbone de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030 (millions USD 2020) Recours à la tarification carbone Pour financer sa contribution conditionnelle, tout en apportant une réponse complémentaire à ses besoins en matière de développement durable, la Tunisie envisage Tableau 2: Besoins de financement de l’investissement nécessaires pour la concrétisation des objectifs « inconditionnels » et « conditionnels » de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030 (M USD) SECTEURS/DOMAINES TOTAL (millions USD) (%) Infrastructure (renforcement du système électrique) Besoins servant les objectifs inconditionnels Besoins servant les objectifs conditionnels 4.', 'Tableau 1: Besoins de financement de l’investissement pour le soutien au scénario bas-carbone de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030 (millions USD 2020) Recours à la tarification carbone Pour financer sa contribution conditionnelle, tout en apportant une réponse complémentaire à ses besoins en matière de développement durable, la Tunisie envisage Tableau 2: Besoins de financement de l’investissement nécessaires pour la concrétisation des objectifs « inconditionnels » et « conditionnels » de la CDN sur la période 2021-2030 (M USD) SECTEURS/DOMAINES TOTAL (millions USD) (%) Infrastructure (renforcement du système électrique) Besoins servant les objectifs inconditionnels Besoins servant les objectifs conditionnels 4. \x07 Pour les Energies Renouvelables, les technologies de l’éolien et du photovoltaïque représentent chacune 42% de l’investissement et le reste est réparti entre le CSP, la biomasse et le solaire thermique.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Tableau 3: Répartition sectorielle des besoins de renforcement des capacités (MUSD) BESOINS EN RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS (*) Environ 56 M USD supplémentaires en renforcement des capacités sont aussi intégrés directement dans les programmes AFAT dont les besoins de financement sont mentionnés dans le Tableau 2. d’utiliser la tarification carbone y compris les mécanismes coopératifs prévus par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris.', '\x07 Pour les Energies Renouvelables, les technologies de l’éolien et du photovoltaïque représentent chacune 42% de l’investissement et le reste est réparti entre le CSP, la biomasse et le solaire thermique.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Tableau 3: Répartition sectorielle des besoins de renforcement des capacités (MUSD) BESOINS EN RENFORCEMENT DES CAPACITÉS (*) Environ 56 M USD supplémentaires en renforcement des capacités sont aussi intégrés directement dans les programmes AFAT dont les besoins de financement sont mentionnés dans le Tableau 2. d’utiliser la tarification carbone y compris les mécanismes coopératifs prévus par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris. De manière générale, la Tunisie souhaite s’engager dans ces approches coopératives pour toutes les sources éligibles aux mécanismes de l’article 6, plus particulièrement pour développer les énergies renouvelables, et améliorer son efficacité énergétique, maîtriser les émissions dues aux procédés industriels, assurer une gestion contrôlée et améliorée des déchets et des eaux usées, et enfin, mettre en œuvre les mesures ciblant l’agriculture et la forêt et utilisations des terres.', 'De manière générale, la Tunisie souhaite s’engager dans ces approches coopératives pour toutes les sources éligibles aux mécanismes de l’article 6, plus particulièrement pour développer les énergies renouvelables, et améliorer son efficacité énergétique, maîtriser les émissions dues aux procédés industriels, assurer une gestion contrôlée et améliorée des déchets et des eaux usées, et enfin, mettre en œuvre les mesures ciblant l’agriculture et la forêt et utilisations des terres. Et en vue d’être prête à accéder aux mécanismes de l’article 6, la Tunisie prépare activement l’expérimentation et l’application d’instruments pilote de tarification carbone, notamment à travers la mise en place : \x07 D’un système de taxation carbone sur la consommation des produits énergétiques pour l’alimentation du Fonds de Transition Energétique, \x07 D’un système de crediting destiné à l’atténuation de GES dans le secteur électrique, \x07 D’un système de crediting visant le secteur cimentier.', 'Et en vue d’être prête à accéder aux mécanismes de l’article 6, la Tunisie prépare activement l’expérimentation et l’application d’instruments pilote de tarification carbone, notamment à travers la mise en place : \x07 D’un système de taxation carbone sur la consommation des produits énergétiques pour l’alimentation du Fonds de Transition Energétique, \x07 D’un système de crediting destiné à l’atténuation de GES dans le secteur électrique, \x07 D’un système de crediting visant le secteur cimentier. Besoins en renforcement de capacités et transfert technologique Renforcement des capacités Le coût total pour couvrir les besoins en renforcement de capacités dans le domaine de l’atténuation a été estimé à environ 744 millions USD sur la période 2021-2030, dont la plus grande partie sera destinée au secteur de l’énergie), suivi de celui de l’AFAT.', 'Besoins en renforcement de capacités et transfert technologique Renforcement des capacités Le coût total pour couvrir les besoins en renforcement de capacités dans le domaine de l’atténuation a été estimé à environ 744 millions USD sur la période 2021-2030, dont la plus grande partie sera destinée au secteur de l’énergie), suivi de celui de l’AFAT. Accès aux technologies et aux innovations technologiques Des programmes de transferts de technologies seront nécessaires pour permettre l’accès de la Tunisie aux principaux créneaux d’innovation technologique en lien avec la transition bas-carbone. On peut citer, à titre indicatif, plusieurs créneaux pouvant avoir un apport important à la transition bas-carbone de la Tunisie : i.', 'On peut citer, à titre indicatif, plusieurs créneaux pouvant avoir un apport important à la transition bas-carbone de la Tunisie : i. \x07 Le développement en masse des énergies renouvelables, qui comprend cinq principales filières : l’éolien (on-shore et off-shore), le photovoltaïque, le solaire à concentration (CSP), le biogaz et l’hydrogène vert.Le secteur du bâtiment est le principal secteur consommateur d’énergie finale (37% en 2019, biomasse-énergie comprise). Il est également impliqué à travers les industries des matériaux de construction qui figurent parmi les secteurs les plus émetteurs de GES. Pris dans son ensemble, le secteur du bâtiment représenterait –d’amont en aval- autour de 50% de la demande finale d’énergie en Tunisie, et au moins 55% des émissions de GES imputables à l’énergie en 2019.', 'Pris dans son ensemble, le secteur du bâtiment représenterait –d’amont en aval- autour de 50% de la demande finale d’énergie en Tunisie, et au moins 55% des émissions de GES imputables à l’énergie en 2019. Sous la forme de nombreux ateliers nationaux et sectoriels, ainsi que des réunions sectorielles et individuelles avec les principales parties-prenantes. ii. \x07 Le choix des meilleures technologies et pratiques énergétiques pour le secteur du bâtiment5. iii. \x07 La participation, via des partenariats internationaux, aux travaux de recherches internationales sur la mobilité durable (électrique, hydrogène, etc. ), et les systèmes de stockage, ainsi que les applications immédiates sur des flottes captives (ex. La poste, les transports publics, etc.).', 'La poste, les transports publics, etc.). v. \x07 Le suivi des grandes mutations mondiales en matière de modes de travail, et plus particulièrement en lien avec le développement du télétravail. vi. \x07 L’implication active dans des partenariats internationaux de recherches et de développement de mécanismes visant les écosystèmes aménagés et les sols à des fins productives, de préservation contre toute forme de dégradation, de restauration et d’augmentation de la séquestration du carbone. vii. \x07 La Tunisie souhaite également suivre de près les grandes orientations des recherches en vue de réduire les émissions de CH4 imputables à l’élevage, à travers des politiques centrées sur (a) les modes d’alimentation du bétail, en parallèle avec l’augmentation des rendements, (b) la valorisation, notamment énergétique, des sous-produits de l’agriculture en général et de l’élevage en particulier. viii.', '\x07 La Tunisie souhaite également suivre de près les grandes orientations des recherches en vue de réduire les émissions de CH4 imputables à l’élevage, à travers des politiques centrées sur (a) les modes d’alimentation du bétail, en parallèle avec l’augmentation des rendements, (b) la valorisation, notamment énergétique, des sous-produits de l’agriculture en général et de l’élevage en particulier. viii. \x07 Le positionnement sur les créneaux technologiques en matière de captation-stockage du CO2 (CCS), en s’intégrant dans les grandes initiatives de recherches et d’applications industrielles. Processus de planification Préparation de la mise à jour de la CDN La CDN actualisée a été réalisée sur la base de larges concertations6 avec les principales parties- prenantes, incluant les institutions publiques, le secteur privé, la société civile et les experts.', 'Processus de planification Préparation de la mise à jour de la CDN La CDN actualisée a été réalisée sur la base de larges concertations6 avec les principales parties- prenantes, incluant les institutions publiques, le secteur privé, la société civile et les experts. L’élaboration de la contribution actualisée de la Tunisie a été également largement basée sur les stratégies sectorielles et horizontales existantes, telles que la stratégie nationale sur les changements climatiques élaborée en 2012, la stratégie de développement des énergies renouvelables à l’horizon 2050 (Projet TUNIREP), la stratégie d’efficacité énergétique, ainsi que les stratégies sectorielles AFAT qui sont totalement en ligne avec les préconisations de la Stratégie « Eau 2050 » et déchets, sans oublier les différentes initiatives sous sectorielles (ex. ciment, HFC, Acide nitrique).', 'L’élaboration de la contribution actualisée de la Tunisie a été également largement basée sur les stratégies sectorielles et horizontales existantes, telles que la stratégie nationale sur les changements climatiques élaborée en 2012, la stratégie de développement des énergies renouvelables à l’horizon 2050 (Projet TUNIREP), la stratégie d’efficacité énergétique, ainsi que les stratégies sectorielles AFAT qui sont totalement en ligne avec les préconisations de la Stratégie « Eau 2050 » et déchets, sans oublier les différentes initiatives sous sectorielles (ex. ciment, HFC, Acide nitrique). Approches méthodologiques et résultats sectoriels Méthodologie d’inventaire Inventaire réalisé conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC (IPCC) 2006.', 'Approches méthodologiques et résultats sectoriels Méthodologie d’inventaire Inventaire réalisé conformément aux lignes directrices du GIEC (IPCC) 2006. Potentiel de réchauffement global (PRG) Valeurs PRG utilisées à partir du document « IPCC Fourth Assessment Report- AR4 - Climate Change 2007 » :CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • HFC : PRG variables selon les substances utilisées Scénario de ligne de base L’élaboration du scénario de ligne de base s’est appuyée sur d’importants travaux de modélisation développés pour les différents secteurs. Les approches de calcul des émissions des GES découlent directement des lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006.', 'Les approches de calcul des émissions des GES découlent directement des lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006. Le calcul des émissions est basé sur la prévision des données d’activité en utilisant les approches suivantes : \x07 Secteur de l’énergie : L’évaluation des émissions du scénario de ligne de base s’est appuyée sur une approche de modélisation de la demande d’énergie finale par secteur et par forme d’énergie en utilisant le modèle prospectif ENERMED7. Les émissions de la ligne de base sont évaluées, année par année, de 2021 à 2030, en appliquant l’approche sectorielle des lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006.', 'Les émissions de la ligne de base sont évaluées, année par année, de 2021 à 2030, en appliquant l’approche sectorielle des lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006. La CDN actualisée couvre exhaustivement ces sources d’émissions, contrairement à la première CDN qui n’avait couvert ni les émissions fugitives, ni celles relatives aux autoconsommations d’énergie des champs pétroliers et gaziers, aux unités de traitement du gaz et aux installations du gazoduc algéro-italien, \x07 Procédés industriels : L’évaluation des émissions du scénario de ligne de base s’est basée sur un prolongement tendanciel des données d’activité des quatre principales sources d’émissions du secteur (industrie du ciment et briques, industries chimiques et industrie du froid) ; représentant 96% des émissions du secteur des procédés industriels \x07 Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Utilisation des Terres (FAT) : La ligne de base considère une poursuite tendancielle des efforts menés par le ministère chargé de l’agriculture et de la forêt, et constatés durant la période 2015-2020, en ce qui concerne les mesures de reboisement et de conservation, ainsi que les rythmes de progression de l’arboriculture.', 'La CDN actualisée couvre exhaustivement ces sources d’émissions, contrairement à la première CDN qui n’avait couvert ni les émissions fugitives, ni celles relatives aux autoconsommations d’énergie des champs pétroliers et gaziers, aux unités de traitement du gaz et aux installations du gazoduc algéro-italien, \x07 Procédés industriels : L’évaluation des émissions du scénario de ligne de base s’est basée sur un prolongement tendanciel des données d’activité des quatre principales sources d’émissions du secteur (industrie du ciment et briques, industries chimiques et industrie du froid) ; représentant 96% des émissions du secteur des procédés industriels \x07 Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Utilisation des Terres (FAT) : La ligne de base considère une poursuite tendancielle des efforts menés par le ministère chargé de l’agriculture et de la forêt, et constatés durant la période 2015-2020, en ce qui concerne les mesures de reboisement et de conservation, ainsi que les rythmes de progression de l’arboriculture. Ce scénario tendanciel consolidera le statut d’absorbeur net de cette source d’émissions/ absorptions.', 'Ce scénario tendanciel consolidera le statut d’absorbeur net de cette source d’émissions/ absorptions. \x07Déchets : - \x07 Déchets solides : La ligne de base considère le prolongement des mêmes pratiques de gestion des déchets, par enfouissement des déchets solides dans des décharges contrôlées. La ligne de base considère le maintien -jusqu’en 2025- des systèmes de dégazage installés dans le cadre des deux projets MDP8, en se basant sur les mêmes niveaux de torchage de biogaz que l’année 2020. - \x07 Assainissement/Traitement des eaux usées : La ligne de base considère le prolongement -jusqu’en 2030- des mêmes pratiques d’assainissement constatées durant la période 2015-2020, lesquelles ont enregistré une amélioration notable de leurs performances GES par rapport au BaU considéré dans la première CDN. Nouvelle version de Medpro.', '- \x07 Assainissement/Traitement des eaux usées : La ligne de base considère le prolongement -jusqu’en 2030- des mêmes pratiques d’assainissement constatées durant la période 2015-2020, lesquelles ont enregistré une amélioration notable de leurs performances GES par rapport au BaU considéré dans la première CDN. Nouvelle version de Medpro. Ces deux projets ont été clôturés entre 2016 et 2018, mais on supposera que les systèmes de dégazage seront maintenus jusqu’en 2025.', 'Ces deux projets ont été clôturés entre 2016 et 2018, mais on supposera que les systèmes de dégazage seront maintenus jusqu’en 2025. Au-delà, on considèrera dans le BaU que l’Etat tunisien ne sera pas en mesure de renouveler les équipements de dégazage, ni d’assurer leur maintenance, et leur gestion en général.Scénario d’atténuation \x07 Secteur de l’énergie : Le scénario de la CDN est un scénario bas carbone basé sur la mise en œuvre de programmes ambitieux de développement de l’efficacité énergétique et des énergies renouvelables. La trajectoire des émissions a été simulée d’abord grâce à une méthode de modélisation utilisant l’outil de prospective ENERMED.', 'La trajectoire des émissions a été simulée d’abord grâce à une méthode de modélisation utilisant l’outil de prospective ENERMED. Grâce au scénario BaC, les émissions du secteur de l’énergie seraient 34% inférieures à celles du scénario BaU, totalisant environ 27 MtéCO2 à l’horizon 2030, ce qui représenterait une baisse de 9% par rapport aux émissions de 2010. Les émissions évitées grâce au scénario BaC (différence avec le niveau d’émissions BaU), selon l’approche top-down, seraient de l’ordre de 63 MteCO2 cumulées sur la période 2021-2030. Grâce à de tels résultats d’atténuation des GES induits par la politique de transition énergétique, le secteur de l’énergie réduirait son intensité carbone en 2030 de 44% par rapport à l’année 2010 ; soit une baisse annuelle moyenne de 4,7%.', 'Grâce à de tels résultats d’atténuation des GES induits par la politique de transition énergétique, le secteur de l’énergie réduirait son intensité carbone en 2030 de 44% par rapport à l’année 2010 ; soit une baisse annuelle moyenne de 4,7%. Les deux figures suivantes présentent les réductions des émissions respectivement par les mesures d’efficacité énergétique selon les secteurs et par les énergies renouvelables selon les technologies.', 'Les deux figures suivantes présentent les réductions des émissions respectivement par les mesures d’efficacité énergétique selon les secteurs et par les énergies renouvelables selon les technologies. Figure 2: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues à l’efficacité énergétique (par secteur) Evolution des émissions évitées de GES due à l EE selon les secteurs Figure 3: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues au renouvelable par technologie Evolution des émissions évitées de GES selon les technologies ERCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Catalyseur secondaire Les réductions d’émissions dues à l’efficacité énergétique sur la période 2021-2030 découleraient tout d’abord de la politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie dans l’industrie (38%).', 'Figure 2: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues à l’efficacité énergétique (par secteur) Evolution des émissions évitées de GES due à l EE selon les secteurs Figure 3: Trajectoires futures des réductions des émissions des GES dues au renouvelable par technologie Evolution des émissions évitées de GES selon les technologies ERCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Catalyseur secondaire Les réductions d’émissions dues à l’efficacité énergétique sur la période 2021-2030 découleraient tout d’abord de la politique d’utilisation rationnelle de l’énergie dans l’industrie (38%). Le secteur des transports vient tout juste après (37%), principalement grâce à l’organisation des déplacements urbains dans les grandes villes ainsi qu’à l’introduction des véhicules électriques. Le secteur des bâtiments contribue, lui, à hauteur du quart des réductions d’émissions découlant de l’efficacité énergétique.', 'Le secteur des bâtiments contribue, lui, à hauteur du quart des réductions d’émissions découlant de l’efficacité énergétique. Par ailleurs, les réductions d’émissions du secteur de l’énergie sur toute la période 2021- 2030 seraient atteintes à hauteur de 45% sur la base d’efforts nationaux inconditionnels, et à 55% grâce à des appuis internationaux requis à cet effet. L’ensemble de ces réductions des émissions induit une baisse l’intensité carbone du secteur de l’énergie de 38% \x07 Procédés industriels : La trajectoire des émissions du secteur des procédés industriels a été simulée sur la base de modèles spécifique développés sous tableurs Excel séparés pour les secteurs du ciment, des briques et céramiques, de l’acide nitrique et des autres sources de procédés.', 'L’ensemble de ces réductions des émissions induit une baisse l’intensité carbone du secteur de l’énergie de 38% \x07 Procédés industriels : La trajectoire des émissions du secteur des procédés industriels a été simulée sur la base de modèles spécifique développés sous tableurs Excel séparés pour les secteurs du ciment, des briques et céramiques, de l’acide nitrique et des autres sources de procédés. Pour les HFCs, l’outil de simulation a été conçu en reprenant les modèles de calcul de l’IPCC pour ces substances.', 'Pour les HFCs, l’outil de simulation a été conçu en reprenant les modèles de calcul de l’IPCC pour ces substances. Le scénario BaC du secteur des procédés considère trois principales actions : (a) Lancement de la NAMA ciment et des instruments de tarification carbone, qui comprendraient un programme d’atténuation allant dans 4 directions : (i) Efficacité énergétique, (ii) Energies renouvelables, (iii) Utilisation de combustibles alternatifs à base de déchets solides (RDF), et (iv) Meilleure segmentation du marché du ciment en vue d’abaisser le ratio clinker/ciment. Les impacts de la segmentation du marché du ciment sur les émissions liées au procédé de clinkerisation sont inclus et mis au crédit du secteur des procédés.', 'Les impacts de la segmentation du marché du ciment sur les émissions liées au procédé de clinkerisation sont inclus et mis au crédit du secteur des procédés. Par contre, les résultats des trois premières actions sont incorporés dans le scénario BaC du secteur de l’énergie. (b) Lancement, à partir de 2023, du projet de destruction catalytique du N₂O9 dans l’usine de production de l’acide nitrique à Gabès. (c) Lancement du programme de réduction des utilisations de HFC, en vue de se mettre en conformité avec les objectifs de l’Amendement de Kigali.', '(c) Lancement du programme de réduction des utilisations de HFC, en vue de se mettre en conformité avec les objectifs de l’Amendement de Kigali. A travers ce programme, toutes les parties prenantes du secteur HFC seront mobilisées, en vue d’une intervention coordonnée en plusieurs axes: - \x07 Mise en place d’un système de Licences d’importation des HFC (système en ligne déjà opérationnel) et d’un rapportage annuel. - \x07Arrangements réglementaires et normatifs devant conduire à la mise en conformité avec les engagements de Kigali. - \x07 Choix des options technologiques les plus appropriées pour la Tunisie, en se basant sur un affinement des analyses technico-économiques de ces options.', '- \x07 Choix des options technologiques les plus appropriées pour la Tunisie, en se basant sur un affinement des analyses technico-économiques de ces options. - \x07 Organisation et programmation de tout le processus de formation des intervenants afin de maîtriser toutes les chaînes de conversion vers les nouvelles substances à faible Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG).- \x07 Mobilisation des moyens et ressources (humaines et financières) nécessaires pour entamer le processus, et concevoir les programmes et mécanismes d’appui en lien avec le fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, d’une part, et les mécanismes de soutien se rapportant à l’Accord de Paris, d’autre part.', '- \x07 Organisation et programmation de tout le processus de formation des intervenants afin de maîtriser toutes les chaînes de conversion vers les nouvelles substances à faible Potentiel de Réchauffement Global (PRG).- \x07 Mobilisation des moyens et ressources (humaines et financières) nécessaires pour entamer le processus, et concevoir les programmes et mécanismes d’appui en lien avec le fonds multilatéral du Protocole de Montréal, d’une part, et les mécanismes de soutien se rapportant à l’Accord de Paris, d’autre part. La Tunisie lancera également les projets PROMOFRIGO et PROMOCLIM, qui opèreront surtout sur la « banque » des HFCs en retirant du parc actuel –via des mécanismes dédiés- les appareils âgés et donc peu efficaces en énergie et utilisant les HFCs à PRG élevé, en détruisant et en régénérant les HFCs qui seront récupérés à partir des appareils à mettre au rebut tous les ans.', 'La Tunisie lancera également les projets PROMOFRIGO et PROMOCLIM, qui opèreront surtout sur la « banque » des HFCs en retirant du parc actuel –via des mécanismes dédiés- les appareils âgés et donc peu efficaces en énergie et utilisant les HFCs à PRG élevé, en détruisant et en régénérant les HFCs qui seront récupérés à partir des appareils à mettre au rebut tous les ans. En composant l’ensemble de ces mesures d’atténuation, les émissions de GES du secteur rapport à la même année du scénario BaU. Sur la période 2021-2030, le scénario BaC cumulerait 8,4 MtéCO2 d’émissions évitées ; dont 55% découleraient des actions sur les HFCs, 31% des actions sur le N₂O, et le reste proviendrait des efforts consentis par le secteur cimentier, principalement à base réglementaire.', 'Sur la période 2021-2030, le scénario BaC cumulerait 8,4 MtéCO2 d’émissions évitées ; dont 55% découleraient des actions sur les HFCs, 31% des actions sur le N₂O, et le reste proviendrait des efforts consentis par le secteur cimentier, principalement à base réglementaire. Par ailleurs, ces résultats seraient atteints à hauteur de 43% grâce aux efforts nationaux inconditionnels, et à 57% sur la base des appuis internationaux requis à cet effet. Agriculture,10 Forêt et Autres utilisations des Terres (AFAT) : Les estimations des émissions évitables sont basées sur les lignes directrices du GIEC, 2006, d’une part, et sur la littérature et les études nationales et internationales les plus récentes en ce qui concerne les actions d’atténuation, d’autre part.', 'Agriculture,10 Forêt et Autres utilisations des Terres (AFAT) : Les estimations des émissions évitables sont basées sur les lignes directrices du GIEC, 2006, d’une part, et sur la littérature et les études nationales et internationales les plus récentes en ce qui concerne les actions d’atténuation, d’autre part. Le scénario BaC du secteur AFAT considère désormais une classification selon des approches-paysages intégrées, combinant paysages agricoles, forestiers et parcours, des actions d atténuation et mettant l’accent sur 11: - \x07 La rationalisation de l’utilisation des terres cultivées moyennant la restauration des agrosystèmes dégradés; - \x07 La gestion durable des forêts et parcours et la restauration des paysages forestiers et pastoraux dégradés; - \x07 La Valorisation des synergies entre les trois conventions climat-biodiversité et désertification ; notamment en soutenant la mise en place de systèmes de paiement pour les services environnementaux/écosystémiques.', 'Le scénario BaC du secteur AFAT considère désormais une classification selon des approches-paysages intégrées, combinant paysages agricoles, forestiers et parcours, des actions d atténuation et mettant l’accent sur 11: - \x07 La rationalisation de l’utilisation des terres cultivées moyennant la restauration des agrosystèmes dégradés; - \x07 La gestion durable des forêts et parcours et la restauration des paysages forestiers et pastoraux dégradés; - \x07 La Valorisation des synergies entre les trois conventions climat-biodiversité et désertification ; notamment en soutenant la mise en place de systèmes de paiement pour les services environnementaux/écosystémiques. Cette approche d’intervention intégrée différenciera les actions selon les vocations des types d’utilisation des sols, et selon les régions.', 'Cette approche d’intervention intégrée différenciera les actions selon les vocations des types d’utilisation des sols, et selon les régions. Outre les actions intégrées, le scénario BaC, ciblant les espaces forestiers et maquis, engagera également un renforcement très significatif des plans de lutte contre les incendies ; dont l’ampleur a été multipliée par un facteur 10 durant la décennie 2011-2021. Ces plans devraient viser une limitation drastique des incendies de forêts, de façon à les plafonner aux niveaux d’avant 2010. 10. \x07 Le secteur de la pêche induit des émissions de GES du fait de la consommation de carburant. Dans la nomenclature de l’inventaire des GES du GIEC, la pêche est incluse dans le volet énergie, en tant que sous-secteur de l’agriculture et de la pêche.', 'Dans la nomenclature de l’inventaire des GES du GIEC, la pêche est incluse dans le volet énergie, en tant que sous-secteur de l’agriculture et de la pêche. 11. \x07 Les actions classiques de renforcement des actions de reboisement et conservation déjà considérées dans la première CDN, sont désormais considérées sous une forme intégrée.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE A travers cette approche d’intervention intégrée, le scénario BaC induira l’injection de ressources plus importantes en faveur du milieu rural, pour appuyer de manière juste et appropriée la politique d’atténuation des GES. Ces ressources permettront d’assurer une meilleure inclusivité de tous acteurs du milieu rural (femmes, jeunes, organisations paysannes, etc.) et d’agir comme moteur de croissance de l’espace rural qui réintègrera la dynamique de croissance et de développement national.', 'et d’agir comme moteur de croissance de l’espace rural qui réintègrera la dynamique de croissance et de développement national. Dans une telle optique, les impacts GES des options proposées dans le secteur AFAT devraient plutôt être considérés comme co-bénéfices, profitables au climat, d’un programme visant l’objectif plus large de développement du secteur AFAT et de l’espace rural en général.', 'Dans une telle optique, les impacts GES des options proposées dans le secteur AFAT devraient plutôt être considérés comme co-bénéfices, profitables au climat, d’un programme visant l’objectif plus large de développement du secteur AFAT et de l’espace rural en général. Outre les actions intégrées, le scénario BaC du secteur agricole considère un renforcement des actions déjà considérées dans la ligne de base (Incorporation des fientes de volaille dans les procédés de compostage, consolidation de l’arboriculture et plus particulièrement la plantation d’oliviers, Agriculture Biologique, encouragement des légumineuses en grandes cultures et Optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais minéraux de synthèse), et l’adjonction de cinq actions d’atténuation (ajouts alimentaires soutenant la productivité du bétail et induisant la baisse des émissions entériques, Agriculture de conservation, Valorisation énergétique des fientes, Valorisation énergétique du fumier bovin, et Valorisation énergétique des margines)12.', 'Outre les actions intégrées, le scénario BaC du secteur agricole considère un renforcement des actions déjà considérées dans la ligne de base (Incorporation des fientes de volaille dans les procédés de compostage, consolidation de l’arboriculture et plus particulièrement la plantation d’oliviers, Agriculture Biologique, encouragement des légumineuses en grandes cultures et Optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais minéraux de synthèse), et l’adjonction de cinq actions d’atténuation (ajouts alimentaires soutenant la productivité du bétail et induisant la baisse des émissions entériques, Agriculture de conservation, Valorisation énergétique des fientes, Valorisation énergétique du fumier bovin, et Valorisation énergétique des margines)12. Enfin, les actions d’optimisation visant l’agriculture devraient être accompagnées par un programme national de réduction des gaspillages à tous les niveaux.', 'Enfin, les actions d’optimisation visant l’agriculture devraient être accompagnées par un programme national de réduction des gaspillages à tous les niveaux. Les émissions nettes du secteur AFAT se présentent sous la forme de bilans négatifs, dans les deux scénarios BaU et BaC, ce qui signifie que les absorptions sont toujours supérieures aux émissions sur toute la trajectoire, et donc compensent largement et dans leur intégralité les émissions. Le scénario Bas Carbone (BaC), présente cependant un bilan net de 58% meilleur que celui du scénario BaU. Les absorptions additionnelles nettes réalisées grâce au scénario BaC en comparaison avec le niveau d’absorption nette BaU, seraient de l’ordre de 2,5 MtéCO2 à l’horizon de l’année 2030.', 'Les absorptions additionnelles nettes réalisées grâce au scénario BaC en comparaison avec le niveau d’absorption nette BaU, seraient de l’ordre de 2,5 MtéCO2 à l’horizon de l’année 2030. En termes cumulés sur la période 2021-2030, elles totaliseraient 9 MteCO2, dont 35% découleraient des mesures de réduction des émissions, et 65% résulteraient des mesures d’absorption du carbone. Ces résultats seraient atteints à parts égales (50%-50%) sur la base d’efforts nationaux inconditionnels, et d’appuis internationaux. Déchets : Pour les déchets solides, le modèle de calcul des émissions du GIEC2006 aux fins de l’inventaire des GES a été transformé en outil prospectif et utilisé dans la modélisation des émissions futures. Les impacts d’éventuels des projets de valorisation énergétique des décharges sont incorporés dans le scénario bas-carbone du secteur de l’énergie.', 'Les impacts d’éventuels des projets de valorisation énergétique des décharges sont incorporés dans le scénario bas-carbone du secteur de l’énergie. Le secteur de l’assainissement a été traité selon la même approche que celle des déchets solides. 12. \x07 Les actions de valorisation énergétique sont mentionnées dans cette section agriculture du fait de leur appartenance originale à ce secteur, mais les résultats de ces actions sont incorporés dans le scénario bas-carbone du secteur de l’énergie.Les impacts du projet de valorisation des boues et de cogénération à lancer par le secteur de l’assainissement se rapportent uniquement aux évitements des émissions induites, respectivement par la réduction des durées et taux de stockage et la récupération du CH4.', '\x07 Les actions de valorisation énergétique sont mentionnées dans cette section agriculture du fait de leur appartenance originale à ce secteur, mais les résultats de ces actions sont incorporés dans le scénario bas-carbone du secteur de l’énergie.Les impacts du projet de valorisation des boues et de cogénération à lancer par le secteur de l’assainissement se rapportent uniquement aux évitements des émissions induites, respectivement par la réduction des durées et taux de stockage et la récupération du CH4. Tous les autres impacts GES, incluant les projets de valorisation énergétique sont comptabilisés dans le secteur de l’énergie.', 'Tous les autres impacts GES, incluant les projets de valorisation énergétique sont comptabilisés dans le secteur de l’énergie. Déchets solides : Le scénario BaC du secteur des déchets solides considère huit principales actions : - \x07 Réduction de la quantité journalière moyenne des déchets ménagers produits par les citadins (kg/hab/jour) en 2030 de 7% par rapport à 2020. - \x07 Hausse du taux de recyclage matière des déchets ménagers produits en milieu urbain en 2030 de 13% par rapport à 2020. - \x07 Hausse du taux de valorisation organique (compostage) et/ou énergétique (RDF et électricité) en 2030 de 30% par rapport à 2020.', '- \x07 Hausse du taux de valorisation organique (compostage) et/ou énergétique (RDF et électricité) en 2030 de 30% par rapport à 2020. - \x07 Mise en place de l’option de production du RDF pour l’utilisation dans la combustion par le secteur cimentier (la réduction des émissions découlant de l’utilisation du RDF par le secteur cimentier est créditée au profit du secteur de l’énergie) - \x07 Réduction du taux de mise en décharge contrôlée des déchets ultimes (y compris grâce à la production de RDF, et au TMB, et toute autre technologie de valorisation), en 2030 de 54% par rapport à 2020. - \x07 Systématisation du dégazage sur les décharges contrôlées déjà équipées de systèmes au moins jusqu’à l’horizon 2030.', '- \x07 Systématisation du dégazage sur les décharges contrôlées déjà équipées de systèmes au moins jusqu’à l’horizon 2030. - \x07 Généralisation de la production d’électricité à partir du biogaz dans les décharges dotées actuellement de systèmes de dégazage (réductions des émissions créditées au profit du secteur de l’énergie) - \x07 Valorisation énergétique des margines (réduction des émissions créditées au profit du secteur de l’énergie).', '- \x07 Généralisation de la production d’électricité à partir du biogaz dans les décharges dotées actuellement de systèmes de dégazage (réductions des émissions créditées au profit du secteur de l’énergie) - \x07 Valorisation énergétique des margines (réduction des émissions créditées au profit du secteur de l’énergie). Assainissement/Traitement des eaux usées : Le scénario BaC du secteur de l’assainissement considère six principales actions déjà identifiées par la NAMA Assainissement développée en 2013, et bien évidemment toujours à l’ordre du jour dans la mesure où elles figurent toujours dans les priorités de développement de l’ONAS : - \x07 Amélioration du taux de prise en charge des eaux usées (90% d’ici 2030) - \x07 Amélioration de la gestion des STEP (urbaines et rurales), notamment par la réhabilitation de plusieurs d’entre elles, - \x07 Amélioration du branchement industriel et baisse de la DCO par un traitement adapté à la qualité de l’effluent rejeté tout en préconisant le recyclage/ valorisation.', 'Assainissement/Traitement des eaux usées : Le scénario BaC du secteur de l’assainissement considère six principales actions déjà identifiées par la NAMA Assainissement développée en 2013, et bien évidemment toujours à l’ordre du jour dans la mesure où elles figurent toujours dans les priorités de développement de l’ONAS : - \x07 Amélioration du taux de prise en charge des eaux usées (90% d’ici 2030) - \x07 Amélioration de la gestion des STEP (urbaines et rurales), notamment par la réhabilitation de plusieurs d’entre elles, - \x07 Amélioration du branchement industriel et baisse de la DCO par un traitement adapté à la qualité de l’effluent rejeté tout en préconisant le recyclage/ valorisation. - \x07 Valorisation des boues (en milieu agricole et éventuellement en cimenteries) - \x07 Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et développement de la cogénération - \x07 Mise en place de systèmes photovoltaïques Ainsi, en 2030, les émissions du secteur des déchets, selon le scénario BaC, atteindraient 4 MtéCO2 ; soit 1,2 MtéCO2 (23%) en dessous des émissions du scénario BaU.', '- \x07 Valorisation des boues (en milieu agricole et éventuellement en cimenteries) - \x07 Amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique et développement de la cogénération - \x07 Mise en place de systèmes photovoltaïques Ainsi, en 2030, les émissions du secteur des déchets, selon le scénario BaC, atteindraient 4 MtéCO2 ; soit 1,2 MtéCO2 (23%) en dessous des émissions du scénario BaU. En termes cumulés sur la période la période 2021-2030, le BaC du secteur des déchets permettrait de réduire les émissions de 5,5 MteCO2 par rapport au BaU, dont 92%CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE découleraient des actions ciblant les déchets solides, et le reste provenant du secteur de l’assainissement. Ces résultats seraient atteints à hauteur de 58% sur la base d’efforts nationaux inconditionnels, et à 42% grâce à l’appui financier international.', 'Ces résultats seraient atteints à hauteur de 58% sur la base d’efforts nationaux inconditionnels, et à 42% grâce à l’appui financier international. Déclinaisons locales des politiques d’atténuation des GES Les villes tunisiennes croissent à un rythme rapide, et concentrent une part de plus en plus croissante de la population nationale, ainsi que l’essentiel des activités économiques, et donc du PIB. Elles ont donc une responsabilité -directe et indirecte- très importante dans les émissions nationales des GES. En Tunisie, il est estimé qu’au moins 50% des émissions de GES se déroulent à l’intérieur des périmètres urbains, au travers des activités industrielles et de transport intercommunal, mais aussi des sources provenant du secteur du bâtiment (résidentiel et tertiaire.', 'En Tunisie, il est estimé qu’au moins 50% des émissions de GES se déroulent à l’intérieur des périmètres urbains, au travers des activités industrielles et de transport intercommunal, mais aussi des sources provenant du secteur du bâtiment (résidentiel et tertiaire. Les villes tunisiennes devraient donc s’inscrire en tant que piliers essentiels des politiques nationales d’atténuation, à travers des solutions et choix pertinents et efficaces centrés sur la transition vers de nouveaux modèles de développement et d’aménagement urbains et modes de vie plus respectueux du climat mais aussi résilients aux impacts climatiques.', 'Les villes tunisiennes devraient donc s’inscrire en tant que piliers essentiels des politiques nationales d’atténuation, à travers des solutions et choix pertinents et efficaces centrés sur la transition vers de nouveaux modèles de développement et d’aménagement urbains et modes de vie plus respectueux du climat mais aussi résilients aux impacts climatiques. Une meilleure planification du développement locale devrait aboutir à la prise en compte des enjeux climatiques, selon les spécificités inhérentes à chaque commune tunisienne, et en mettant l’accès sur les priorités d’une meilleure efficacité énergétique, du recours aux énergies renouvelables, d’une meilleure mobilité urbaine, y compris les modes de transport plus propres, ainsi qu’une amélioration généralisée de la santé et des conditions de vie à travers une politique intégrée de gestion des déchets liquides et solides.', 'Une meilleure planification du développement locale devrait aboutir à la prise en compte des enjeux climatiques, selon les spécificités inhérentes à chaque commune tunisienne, et en mettant l’accès sur les priorités d’une meilleure efficacité énergétique, du recours aux énergies renouvelables, d’une meilleure mobilité urbaine, y compris les modes de transport plus propres, ainsi qu’une amélioration généralisée de la santé et des conditions de vie à travers une politique intégrée de gestion des déchets liquides et solides. Emissions escomptées à l’échelle nationale La figure suivante présente les trajectoires respectives des émissions des GES de la ligne de base, de l’effort national inconditionnel et du scénario bas-carbone de la CDN actualisée (considérant des soutiens internationaux substantiels).', 'Emissions escomptées à l’échelle nationale La figure suivante présente les trajectoires respectives des émissions des GES de la ligne de base, de l’effort national inconditionnel et du scénario bas-carbone de la CDN actualisée (considérant des soutiens internationaux substantiels). Il est utile de rappeler que les émissions nettes -en termes absolus- du scénario bas- carbone la CDN actualisée s’établiraient à l’horizon 2030 à 33% en dessous du niveau des émissions nettes du scénario bas carbone de la première CDN. Mieux encore, elles seraient largement (-11%) en dessous des niveaux d’émissions de 2010.', 'Mieux encore, elles seraient largement (-11%) en dessous des niveaux d’émissions de 2010. Figure 4: Trajectoires des émissions des GES selon les scénarios de la ligne de base, de l’effort inconditionnel et de la CDN Trajectoire des emissions nettes BaU et BaC de la Tunisie - Périmètre exhaussif (celui de l inventaire des GESLe tableau suivant présente les émissions des GES selon les trois scénarios aux horizons 2020, 2025 et 2030. Emissions incluant efforts conditionnels et inconditionnels Tableau 4: Emissions de GES13 selon les trois scénarios aux horizons 2020, 2025 et 2030 (millions de téCO2) 13. \x07 Sources d‘émissions/absorptions couvertes exhaustivement. Réductions des émissions Le Tableau 5 présente les réductions inconditionnelles et conditionnelles des émissions des GES, cumulées 2021-2030 ; et aux horizons 2025 et 2030.', 'Réductions des émissions Le Tableau 5 présente les réductions inconditionnelles et conditionnelles des émissions des GES, cumulées 2021-2030 ; et aux horizons 2025 et 2030. Ainsi, la contribution inconditionnelle de la Tunisie s’élèverait à presque 40 MtéCO2 ; soit 46% de l’impact GES total de la CDN actualisée ; le restant (46 MtéCO2) découlant des actions conditionnelles ; soit 54% de l’effort total. Tableau 5 : Réductions conditionnelles et inconditionnelles des émissions des GES (millions de téCO2) \x07 Contribution sectorielle aux réductions des émissions En termes cumulés sur la période 2021-2030, les réductions des émissions par rapport à la trajectoire BaU totaliseront 87,5 MtéCO2. Ces réductions d’émissions proviendraient de manière dominante du secteur de l’énergie (72%), suivi de l’AFAT (13%), et des procédés (9%).', 'Ces réductions d’émissions proviendraient de manière dominante du secteur de l’énergie (72%), suivi de l’AFAT (13%), et des procédés (9%). Le reste des résultats d’atténuation (6%) découle de la politique bas-carbone du secteur des déchets (Figure 5). Figure 5: Répartition sectorielle des réductions cumulées (2021-2030) des émissions des GES découlant de la mise en œuvre du scénario bas- carbone actualisé Déchets Energie AFAT Procédés Répartition des impacts GES cumulés CDN 2021-2030 Autres informations : impacts en termes de développement durable Secteur de l’énergie \x07 Economies d’énergie primaire : 4 Mtep en 2030 et environ 20 Mtep cumulées sur la période 2021-2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE 14. \x07 Pour l’évaluation des impacts macroéconomiques de la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur de l’énergie, le modèle macroéconomique d’équilibre général ThreeME adapté au contexte tunisien a été utilisé.', '\x07 Pour l’évaluation des impacts macroéconomiques de la mise en œuvre de la CDN dans le secteur de l’énergie, le modèle macroéconomique d’équilibre général ThreeME adapté au contexte tunisien a été utilisé. \x07 Impacts macro-économiques14 : La mise en œuvre de la CDN devrait permettre un gain de PIB sur toute la période (2021-2030), d’environ 1% par rapport au scénario de référence, ainsi que la création d’environ 12 000 emplois additionnels dans le secteur de l’énergie par rapport au scénario BaU grâce aux mesures d’EE et d’ER. \x07 Lutte contre la précarité énergétique : réduction de la facture énergétique des consommateurs et particulièrement des classes de population les plus vulnérables.', '\x07 Lutte contre la précarité énergétique : réduction de la facture énergétique des consommateurs et particulièrement des classes de population les plus vulnérables. Secteur des procédés industriels \x07 Réduction des pollutions atmosphériques \x07 Baisse des coûts de production du ciment au profit des consommateurs et des secteurs liés Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Utilisation des Terres \x07 Replacement ; et donc redynamisation de l’espace rural au cœur du développement du pays \x07 Hausse des revenus de la population rurale grâce (i) à la restauration des écosystèmes et des sols, et l’amélioration des rendements des activités liées, (ii) à la réinjection de ressources supplémentaires significatives soutenant le scénario BaC, (iii) à l’amélioration du bilan fourrager pour l’alimentation du bétail \x07 Impacts bénéfiques des répartitions plus égalitaires des fruits de la croissance sur toutes les catégories rurales (femmes, jeunes, métiers défavorisés).)', 'Secteur des procédés industriels \x07 Réduction des pollutions atmosphériques \x07 Baisse des coûts de production du ciment au profit des consommateurs et des secteurs liés Agriculture, Forêt et Autres Utilisation des Terres \x07 Replacement ; et donc redynamisation de l’espace rural au cœur du développement du pays \x07 Hausse des revenus de la population rurale grâce (i) à la restauration des écosystèmes et des sols, et l’amélioration des rendements des activités liées, (ii) à la réinjection de ressources supplémentaires significatives soutenant le scénario BaC, (iii) à l’amélioration du bilan fourrager pour l’alimentation du bétail \x07 Impacts bénéfiques des répartitions plus égalitaires des fruits de la croissance sur toutes les catégories rurales (femmes, jeunes, métiers défavorisés).) \x07 Création d’emplois et d’activités génératrices de revenus dans les zones rurales \x07 Stabilisation des populations et lutte contre l’exode rural \x07 Meilleure conservation des ressources en eaux \x07 Réduction de la pollution du milieu agricole (sols et eaux) grâce aux pratiques de l’agriculture biologique et à l’optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais chimiques \x07 Amélioration de la qualité du fumier et valorisation organique des déchets animaux \x07 Contribution aux objectifs des autres conventions (biodiversité, désertification) Déchets \x07 Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources nationales, à travers la valorisation des déchets \x07 Préservation des sols, des ressources en eaux, et de la santé publique grâce à une meilleure gestion des déchets solides et liquides \x07 Meilleure exploitation des ressources en eau, grâce à la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées \x07 Emergence de nouvelles filières économiques et création d’emplois Communes \x07 Meilleure qualité de vie \x07 Des villes éco-responsables \x07 Emergence d’entreprises vertesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE \x07LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISÉE EN MATIÈRE D’ADAPTATION 2.La version actualisée du volet adaptation de la CDN de la Tunisie repose sur une revue précise des vulnérabilités nationales et sectorielles.', '\x07 Création d’emplois et d’activités génératrices de revenus dans les zones rurales \x07 Stabilisation des populations et lutte contre l’exode rural \x07 Meilleure conservation des ressources en eaux \x07 Réduction de la pollution du milieu agricole (sols et eaux) grâce aux pratiques de l’agriculture biologique et à l’optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais chimiques \x07 Amélioration de la qualité du fumier et valorisation organique des déchets animaux \x07 Contribution aux objectifs des autres conventions (biodiversité, désertification) Déchets \x07 Optimisation de l’utilisation des ressources nationales, à travers la valorisation des déchets \x07 Préservation des sols, des ressources en eaux, et de la santé publique grâce à une meilleure gestion des déchets solides et liquides \x07 Meilleure exploitation des ressources en eau, grâce à la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées \x07 Emergence de nouvelles filières économiques et création d’emplois Communes \x07 Meilleure qualité de vie \x07 Des villes éco-responsables \x07 Emergence d’entreprises vertesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE \x07LA CONTRIBUTION TUNISIENNE ACTUALISÉE EN MATIÈRE D’ADAPTATION 2.La version actualisée du volet adaptation de la CDN de la Tunisie repose sur une revue précise des vulnérabilités nationales et sectorielles. Cette revue est basée sur des projections climatiques plus fines permettant une descente d’échelle au niveau des territoires.', 'Cette revue est basée sur des projections climatiques plus fines permettant une descente d’échelle au niveau des territoires. De plus, l’actualisation du volet adaptation de la CDN intègre trois nouvelles dimensions transversales (genre, aménagement du territoire et réduction des risques des catastrophes naturelles). Vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques 2.1.1 Ressources en eau Les projections climatiques15 indiquent que les ressources en eau seront particulièrement exposées à : i) l’augmentation de la demande en eau et des conflits d’usages ; ii) la surexploitation des nappes souterraines ; iii) la baisse des stocks d’eau, et iv) la dégradation de la qualité des eaux y compris la salinisation des nappes littorales.', 'Vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques 2.1.1 Ressources en eau Les projections climatiques15 indiquent que les ressources en eau seront particulièrement exposées à : i) l’augmentation de la demande en eau et des conflits d’usages ; ii) la surexploitation des nappes souterraines ; iii) la baisse des stocks d’eau, et iv) la dégradation de la qualité des eaux y compris la salinisation des nappes littorales. Les pertes totales en ressources en eau de ces nappes en Tunisie à l’horizon 2050, ont été évaluées à environ 220 millions de m3 par an, ce qui représente environ 75% de l’ensemble des ressources phréatiques littorales16. La capacité d’adaptation du secteur de l’eau face à ces impacts est jugée modérée à faible17.', 'La capacité d’adaptation du secteur de l’eau face à ces impacts est jugée modérée à faible17. Les groupes d’individus les plus vulnérables sont composés en zones rurales des femmes agricultrices, et des enfants, ainsi que des agriculteurs possédant de petites superficies. Les groupes les plus vulnérables en zones urbaines et péri-urbaines sont composés des populations pauvres, des chômeurs, et des personnes âgées. 2.1.2 Productions agricoles Les projections climatiques prévoient une augmentation de la fréquence et de l’intensité des épisodes de sécheresse prolongée. Celles-ci affecteront notamment la production en céréales qui chuterait de près de 40% à l horizon 2050 selon le scénario RCP 8.518. La baisse des rendements qui affectera les productions oléicoles pourrait atteindre 32%.', 'La baisse des rendements qui affectera les productions oléicoles pourrait atteindre 32%. La part de la production agricole dans le PIB national accuserait une diminution de 5% à 10% en 2030, selon les scénarios d’ouverture économique du secteur agricole. En l’absence d’adaptation et de progrès technologique, les impacts se traduiront notamment par une baisse des rendements et la réduction de la superficie des cultures arboricoles et céréalières, une perte de la fertilité des sols et de la superficie des terres cultivables. La plus forte vulnérabilité est observée au Centre et au Sud Tunisien, et le niveau de vulnérabilité est particulièrement critique dans le Sud (Est et Ouest).', 'La plus forte vulnérabilité est observée au Centre et au Sud Tunisien, et le niveau de vulnérabilité est particulièrement critique dans le Sud (Est et Ouest). 2.1.3 Ecosystèmes naturels De nombreux défis pèsent sur l équilibre des écosystèmes naturels, leur capacité de régénération et le maintien même des biens et services écosystémiques qu ils procurent. Sur la biodiversité elle-même, les menaces résultent d’une interaction de facteurs, notamment anthropiques, accentués directement ou indirectement par les changements climatiques, notamment la destruction, en particulier par les incendies de forêts, et la fragmentation des habitats notamment en milieux forestiers et steppiques, les pollutions de l’air, du sol et des eaux douces au niveau des côtes et des agrosystèmes, la surexploitation des 15 . \x07 Scenario RCP 8.5 à l’horizon 2050. 16 .', '\x07 Scenario RCP 8.5 à l’horizon 2050. 16 . \x07 APAL - PNUD - FEM 2015 : Le littoral Tunisien : Chiffres clés. Déc. 2015, 75p. Document publié dans le cadre du projet « Addressing climate change vulnerabilities and risks in vulnerable coastal areas of Tunisia » ( 17 . \x07 Résultats publiés dans le Rapport du Plan National d Adaptation (PNA-sécurité alimentaire) - phase2 - 2021-2021. Document en cours de publication par MARHP et AFD (Ministère de l Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche - Agence Française au Développement). 18 . Op. Cit 19.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ressources animales et végétales terrestres et marines et l’intrusion des espèces exotiques envahissantes.', 'Cit 19.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ressources animales et végétales terrestres et marines et l’intrusion des espèces exotiques envahissantes. Ainsi, les projections climatiques prévoient un nombre plus élevé de journées de canicules, un stress hydrique plus important ou encore des précipitations irrégulières. Ces impacts provoqueraient une augmentation de la fréquence des incendies de forêts, une diminution des opportunités de remontée biologique, de multiplication des espèces naturelles et de renouvellement du stock des graines dans les sols des parcours, des steppes et sous les forêts. Ces impacts affecteront les rendements des écosystèmes naturels en produits forestiers ligneux et non ligneux et fourragers. De fortes pertes sont à prévoir dans le Sud tunisien où se trouve la majeure partie du pastoral disponible.', 'De fortes pertes sont à prévoir dans le Sud tunisien où se trouve la majeure partie du pastoral disponible. Notamment, les aires favorables aux plantes pastorales risquent de diminuer de 19 % en moyenne et de remonter vers le nord de la Tunisie. Sur le littoral tunisien, les changements climatiques seront accompagnés par une élévation du niveau de la mer (ENM) ainsi qu’une augmentation de la température, de la salinité et de l’acidité des eaux. Ces effets des changements climatiques entraineront d’autres impacts telles que la perte d’espaces bâtis, d’infrastructures côtières et agricoles littorales, l’érosion du trait de côte ou encore la dégradation des écosystèmes littoraux.', 'Ces effets des changements climatiques entraineront d’autres impacts telles que la perte d’espaces bâtis, d’infrastructures côtières et agricoles littorales, l’érosion du trait de côte ou encore la dégradation des écosystèmes littoraux. Par ailleurs, sur le domaine littoral tunisien oriental une bonne partie de la ressource hydrique est fournie par les nappes phréatiques côtières qui présentent une forte vulnérabilité face à l’ENM. Ainsi, 44% des côtes tunisiennes sont classées sous la forme d une salinisation accrue vulnérables à très fortement vulnérables, tandis que les côtes moyennement vulnérables représentent 24% et celles faiblement à très faiblement vulnérables se situent autour de 32%.', 'Ainsi, 44% des côtes tunisiennes sont classées sous la forme d une salinisation accrue vulnérables à très fortement vulnérables, tandis que les côtes moyennement vulnérables représentent 24% et celles faiblement à très faiblement vulnérables se situent autour de 32%. Les principaux impacts sanitaires dus aux changements climatiques concernent la recrudescence et l’émergence des maladies à transmission vectorielle ; l’augmentation de l’incidence des maladies à transmission hydrique et alimentaire ; l’aggravation des maladies en relation avec la pollution atmosphérique et l’augmentation de la fréquence et de l’Intensification des effets sanitaires des inondations. On pourrait également craindre l’émergence de nouvelles maladies encore absentes du territoire comme la fièvre à virus Chikungunya ou la fièvre à virus Zika, qui sont présentes sur le continent Africain.', 'On pourrait également craindre l’émergence de nouvelles maladies encore absentes du territoire comme la fièvre à virus Chikungunya ou la fièvre à virus Zika, qui sont présentes sur le continent Africain. A ceci s’ajoute l’effet des inondations avec le risque de destruction de l’infrastructure de distribution de l’eau potable et celle de l’assainissement et la contamination des eaux de surface et souterraines. Enfin, sous l’effet d’une action de la pollution par les particules fines et l’ozone couplée à celle des allergènes polliniques, les maladies respiratoires et cardiovasculaires pourraient être exacerbées. Récemment, les interactions entre la pandémie de COVID-19 et le changement climatique sont présentées dans plusieurs rapports comme des effets cumulés.', 'Récemment, les interactions entre la pandémie de COVID-19 et le changement climatique sont présentées dans plusieurs rapports comme des effets cumulés. Dans un scénario où les deux effets, pandémie et changement climatique, se développent en même temps, les populations humaines, dont les ressources et les capacités sont limitées, auraient tendance à être plus vulnérables aux crises exceptionnelles. Par conséquent, cette crise sanitaire mondiale exacerberait les inégalités déjà existantes.L’accélération de l’ENM constitue une menace majeure pour le tourisme qui reste essentiellement balnéaire en Tunisie.', 'Par conséquent, cette crise sanitaire mondiale exacerberait les inégalités déjà existantes.L’accélération de l’ENM constitue une menace majeure pour le tourisme qui reste essentiellement balnéaire en Tunisie. Le retrait du trait de côte se fait à des vitesses souvent comprises en 0,5 et 1,5 m/an, et près de 440 km de côtes, soit 26,6 % du littoral tunisien, ont été évalués comme présentant une vulnérabilité très forte à la submersion marine et à l’érosion. Cela concerne en particulier les golfes de Hammamet (40 % du total de ses plages), de Tunis (30 % du total de ses plages) et à moindre degré au niveau des îles de Djerba et de Kerkennah (respectivement 24 % et 14 % du total de leur plages).', 'Cela concerne en particulier les golfes de Hammamet (40 % du total de ses plages), de Tunis (30 % du total de ses plages) et à moindre degré au niveau des îles de Djerba et de Kerkennah (respectivement 24 % et 14 % du total de leur plages). Bien que le secteur consomme moins de 1% du potentiel en eau du pays, le stress hydrique que la Tunisie connait déjà sera renforcé ce qui aura des répercussions sur les aménagements touristiques en termes de coût d’exploitation et de sécurité sanitaire. L’intensification des vagues de chaleur devrait également affecter financièrement le secteur dans leur gestion de l’énergie, notamment dédiée à la climatisation des bâtiments. Enfin, la fragilité des emplois constitue une conséquence directe de la perturbation de l’activité touristique.', 'Enfin, la fragilité des emplois constitue une conséquence directe de la perturbation de l’activité touristique. La perte moyenne d’emplois due au phénomène du changement climatique à l’horizon 2030 est estimée à 1000 emplois par an. 2.1.7 Nouveaux domaines transversaux Cette mise à jour de la CDN est enrichie par la prise en compte de trois domaines qui n’avaient pas été suffisamment pris en compte dans la 1er CDN à savoir : le genre, l’aménagement du territoire, et la réduction des risques de catastrophes liés aux changements climatiques (RRC).', '2.1.7 Nouveaux domaines transversaux Cette mise à jour de la CDN est enrichie par la prise en compte de trois domaines qui n’avaient pas été suffisamment pris en compte dans la 1er CDN à savoir : le genre, l’aménagement du territoire, et la réduction des risques de catastrophes liés aux changements climatiques (RRC). Malgré des conditions économiques fortement dégradées par les impacts de la pandémie du Covid-19, qui a frappé gravement l économie du pays et les catégories vulnérables dont particulièrement les femmes, la Tunisie affiche sa volonté de poursuivre les avancées juridico institutionnelles pour le renforcement économique et social durable, et maintient ainsi son statut de pays d’avant-garde dans le monde arabe en matière de droits de la femme et son émancipation.', 'Malgré des conditions économiques fortement dégradées par les impacts de la pandémie du Covid-19, qui a frappé gravement l économie du pays et les catégories vulnérables dont particulièrement les femmes, la Tunisie affiche sa volonté de poursuivre les avancées juridico institutionnelles pour le renforcement économique et social durable, et maintient ainsi son statut de pays d’avant-garde dans le monde arabe en matière de droits de la femme et son émancipation. Ce statut implique que soit confié aux femmes un rôle important dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques.', 'Ce statut implique que soit confié aux femmes un rôle important dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques. 2.1.7.2 Aménagement du territoire et urbanisme Les conséquences dramatiques des inondations passées et récentes provoquées par une approche de l’aménagement du territoire qui n’intègre pas assez les effets des changements climatiques a sensiblement relevé l’importance de la prise en compte du climat dans l’aménagement du territoire en Tunisie. Les effets des changements climatiques sont davantage prononcés dans les villes où le mouvement d’urbanisation est accéléré par les extensions des périmètres urbains. Cette extension urbaine est due à une périurbanisation marquée, en plus des modes formels de production foncière et immobilière, par la prolifération des quartiers non réglementaires et les occupations informelles sur des terres inondables et sur les lignes d’écoulement.', 'Cette extension urbaine est due à une périurbanisation marquée, en plus des modes formels de production foncière et immobilière, par la prolifération des quartiers non réglementaires et les occupations informelles sur des terres inondables et sur les lignes d’écoulement. A cela s’ajoute également l’insuffisance des infrastructures. L’augmentation en intensité et en fréquence d’évènements extrêmes sous l’effet du changement climatique (pluies torrentielles dans un temps limité, vagues d’extrêmes chaleurs, submersion marine, tempêtes, etc.) ont montré les limites de la conception traditionnelle des espaces urbains en Tunisie. Ceci conduit à la nécessaire prise en compteCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE du risque climatique dans les extensions des villes actuelles, la conception des bâtiments ou lors de l’élaboration des plans d’aménagement urbain.', 'Ceci conduit à la nécessaire prise en compteCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE du risque climatique dans les extensions des villes actuelles, la conception des bâtiments ou lors de l’élaboration des plans d’aménagement urbain. Les territoires tunisiens n’ont pas tous les mêmes capacités d’adaptation face aux dérèglements climatiques. Ces disparités territoriales seront susceptibles d’être fortement accentuées par la dérive climatique lors de des prochaines décennies ce qui appelle des réponses fortes.', 'Ces disparités territoriales seront susceptibles d’être fortement accentuées par la dérive climatique lors de des prochaines décennies ce qui appelle des réponses fortes. La Gestion, y compris la Réduction, des Risques de Catastrophes (RRC-GRC) liées aux changements climatiques Les études de vulnérabilité démontrent sans aucun doute possible que les effets des changements climatiques vont amplifier très significativement l’exposition du pays aux risques d’inondations, notamment en zones urbaines, d’élévations du niveau de la mer et des submersions le long de la côte, de sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères dans le Sud, et la survenue de feux de forêt, notamment dans le Nord et au Centre-Ouest du pays.', 'La Gestion, y compris la Réduction, des Risques de Catastrophes (RRC-GRC) liées aux changements climatiques Les études de vulnérabilité démontrent sans aucun doute possible que les effets des changements climatiques vont amplifier très significativement l’exposition du pays aux risques d’inondations, notamment en zones urbaines, d’élévations du niveau de la mer et des submersions le long de la côte, de sécheresses plus fréquentes et plus sévères dans le Sud, et la survenue de feux de forêt, notamment dans le Nord et au Centre-Ouest du pays. Outre la mise en danger des vies humaines qu’il convient de protéger, ou encore les risques de conflits sociaux qui pourraient menacer la stabilité politique du pays, les impacts de ces évènements extrêmes pèsent déjà et vont peser de plus en plus lourdement sur le budget national du fait des coûts très élevés des mesures de réponse et de réhabilitation/ reconstruction.', 'Outre la mise en danger des vies humaines qu’il convient de protéger, ou encore les risques de conflits sociaux qui pourraient menacer la stabilité politique du pays, les impacts de ces évènements extrêmes pèsent déjà et vont peser de plus en plus lourdement sur le budget national du fait des coûts très élevés des mesures de réponse et de réhabilitation/ reconstruction. Objectifs de renforcement de la résilience à l’horizon 2030 2.2.1 L’Etoile de la résilience L’objectif général de la CDN actualisée à 2030 est de « promouvoir une Tunisie résiliente aux changements climatiques, ayant significativement réduit les vulnérabilités et renforcé les capacités d’adaptation de ses écosystèmes, de sa population, de son économie, de ses territoires, et opéré les transformations nécessaires, à même d’assurer un modèle de développement socio-économique inclusif et durable et ce faisant contribuer à un monde plus résilient ».', 'Objectifs de renforcement de la résilience à l’horizon 2030 2.2.1 L’Etoile de la résilience L’objectif général de la CDN actualisée à 2030 est de « promouvoir une Tunisie résiliente aux changements climatiques, ayant significativement réduit les vulnérabilités et renforcé les capacités d’adaptation de ses écosystèmes, de sa population, de son économie, de ses territoires, et opéré les transformations nécessaires, à même d’assurer un modèle de développement socio-économique inclusif et durable et ce faisant contribuer à un monde plus résilient ». Cet objectif s’inscrit pleinement dans la trajectoire de résilience de la SNRCC qui est visé à l’horizon 2050.', 'Cet objectif s’inscrit pleinement dans la trajectoire de résilience de la SNRCC qui est visé à l’horizon 2050. Face aux aléas climatiques plus fréquents et plus intenses, une Tunisie résiliente doit être capable : \x07 D’assurer une croissance économique retrouvée et partagée, et créer des emplois pour tous ; \x07 D’anticiper des perturbations climatiques (brutales ou lentes) ; \x07 D’en réduire ou d’en absorber les effets ; \x07 De se relever et de rebondir grâce à l’adaptation, la solidarité et l’innovation ; \x07 \x07 D’évoluer vers un nouvel état d’équilibre dynamique et de se transformer tout en préservant les fonctionnalités et les performances de ses systèmes naturels et humains.', 'Face aux aléas climatiques plus fréquents et plus intenses, une Tunisie résiliente doit être capable : \x07 D’assurer une croissance économique retrouvée et partagée, et créer des emplois pour tous ; \x07 D’anticiper des perturbations climatiques (brutales ou lentes) ; \x07 D’en réduire ou d’en absorber les effets ; \x07 De se relever et de rebondir grâce à l’adaptation, la solidarité et l’innovation ; \x07 \x07 D’évoluer vers un nouvel état d’équilibre dynamique et de se transformer tout en préservant les fonctionnalités et les performances de ses systèmes naturels et humains. Cet objectif, pour être atteint, doit pouvoir s’appuyer sur un cadre d’action global et transversal de l’adaptation qui concerne tous les pans de la nation et de son développement.', 'Cet objectif, pour être atteint, doit pouvoir s’appuyer sur un cadre d’action global et transversal de l’adaptation qui concerne tous les pans de la nation et de son développement. La CDN actualisée propose donc de changer de paradigme et d’adopter une approche systémique et intersectorielle, permettant de décliner la résilience dans ses différentes dimensions : alimentaire ; hydrique ; écologique ; sociale ; économique ; territoriale ; sanitaire et aux catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques.Catastrophes naturelles liées au climat Alimentaire Hydrique Ecologique Sociale Economique Territoriale Sanitaire Résilience Figure 6 : L’Etoile de la Résilience Tunisienne Cette approche forme « l’Etoile de la résilience » (Figure 6) qui est conçue comme un cadre structurant pour accompagner les acteurs tunisiens et leurs partenaires techniques et financiers dans leurs efforts de renforcement des capacités d’adaptation, de réduction des risques et d’anticipation.', 'La CDN actualisée propose donc de changer de paradigme et d’adopter une approche systémique et intersectorielle, permettant de décliner la résilience dans ses différentes dimensions : alimentaire ; hydrique ; écologique ; sociale ; économique ; territoriale ; sanitaire et aux catastrophes naturelles liées aux changements climatiques.Catastrophes naturelles liées au climat Alimentaire Hydrique Ecologique Sociale Economique Territoriale Sanitaire Résilience Figure 6 : L’Etoile de la Résilience Tunisienne Cette approche forme « l’Etoile de la résilience » (Figure 6) qui est conçue comme un cadre structurant pour accompagner les acteurs tunisiens et leurs partenaires techniques et financiers dans leurs efforts de renforcement des capacités d’adaptation, de réduction des risques et d’anticipation. Cette étoile, à la manière des explorateurs du passé, doit servir de cap au pays dans sa quête de résilience future d’ici 2050, avec 2030 comme échéance transformative pour mettre la Tunisie sur cette trajectoire.', 'Cette étoile, à la manière des explorateurs du passé, doit servir de cap au pays dans sa quête de résilience future d’ici 2050, avec 2030 comme échéance transformative pour mettre la Tunisie sur cette trajectoire. 2.2.1.1. Résilience alimentaire Objectif général de la résilience alimentaire à l’horizon 2030 Permettre au secteur agricole, de l élevage et de la pêche de pouvoir assurer la sécurité alimentaire de la population tunisienne de manière durable, en quantité suffisante et selon les qualités requises. Cet objectif sera atteint à travers la mise en œuvre de mesures adéquates et adaptées pour améliorer la résilience des systèmes de production, des filières, des marchés.etc., et des producteurs et autres acteurs.', 'Cet objectif sera atteint à travers la mise en œuvre de mesures adéquates et adaptées pour améliorer la résilience des systèmes de production, des filières, des marchés.etc., et des producteurs et autres acteurs. Il s agit de moderniser le secteur par sa digitalisation, de créer, traiter l information et la partager avec les acteurs afin d améliorer la veille et la réaction aux effets du changement climatique. Pour les mesures structurantes d adaptation, elles concerneront les productions stratégiques (tels que les céréales, l olivier, les viandes, les produits de la mer.etc.) et les facteurs de production (les sols, les semences, .) ainsi que les marchés et autres filières.', 'et les facteurs de production (les sols, les semences, .) ainsi que les marchés et autres filières. Gouvernance & financement Recherche & innovation Transfert technologique Renforcement des capacités Liens de la résilience alimentaire avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoireCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilence alimentaire (PRA) PRA 1 : \x07 Atteindre la transition numérique des systèmes de production agro-sylvo- pastoraux, de l’élevage, de la pêche et de l’aquaculture, améliorer le partage des informations, des données et des connaissances pour une meilleure résilience aux effets du changement climatique des territoires et des sociétés.', 'Gouvernance & financement Recherche & innovation Transfert technologique Renforcement des capacités Liens de la résilience alimentaire avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoireCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilence alimentaire (PRA) PRA 1 : \x07 Atteindre la transition numérique des systèmes de production agro-sylvo- pastoraux, de l’élevage, de la pêche et de l’aquaculture, améliorer le partage des informations, des données et des connaissances pour une meilleure résilience aux effets du changement climatique des territoires et des sociétés. PRA 2 : \x07 Anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (produits agricoles, élevages, pêche et aquaculture, territoires et exploitants) 2.2.1.2 Résilience hydrique Les grands défis de l adaptation aux impacts des changements climatiques pour les ressources en eau sont : \x07 Maitriser la demande en eau et régler les conflits d’usages ; \x07 Protéger les eaux souterraines contre la surexploitation ; \x07 Lutter contre l’érosion et l’envasement des retenues ; \x07 Lutter contre la pollution hydrique et la dégradation de la qualité des eaux ; \x07 Promouvoir la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées (EUT) et le dessalement ; \x07 Respecter les besoins (en eau) écologiques dans une vision intégrée et durable Objectifs de la résilience hydrique à l’horizon 2030 Assurer à la population Tunisienne et aux secteurs utilisateurs des ressources en eau un approvisionnement suffisant, durable et de qualité en eau à l horizon 2030.', 'PRA 2 : \x07 Anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (produits agricoles, élevages, pêche et aquaculture, territoires et exploitants) 2.2.1.2 Résilience hydrique Les grands défis de l adaptation aux impacts des changements climatiques pour les ressources en eau sont : \x07 Maitriser la demande en eau et régler les conflits d’usages ; \x07 Protéger les eaux souterraines contre la surexploitation ; \x07 Lutter contre l’érosion et l’envasement des retenues ; \x07 Lutter contre la pollution hydrique et la dégradation de la qualité des eaux ; \x07 Promouvoir la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées (EUT) et le dessalement ; \x07 Respecter les besoins (en eau) écologiques dans une vision intégrée et durable Objectifs de la résilience hydrique à l’horizon 2030 Assurer à la population Tunisienne et aux secteurs utilisateurs des ressources en eau un approvisionnement suffisant, durable et de qualité en eau à l horizon 2030. Il s agit pour cela de mobiliser toutes les ressources encore possibles au niveau du pays, d améliorer la gestion des stocks, d assurer les équilibres entre les secteurs demandeurs (dont les eaux écologiques) et éviter et prévenir les conflits potentiels, améliorer la qualité des eaux usées traitées et massifier le recours de manière progressive mais raisonné aux eaux non conventionnelles au profit des secteurs non exigeants en eau verte.', 'Il s agit pour cela de mobiliser toutes les ressources encore possibles au niveau du pays, d améliorer la gestion des stocks, d assurer les équilibres entre les secteurs demandeurs (dont les eaux écologiques) et éviter et prévenir les conflits potentiels, améliorer la qualité des eaux usées traitées et massifier le recours de manière progressive mais raisonné aux eaux non conventionnelles au profit des secteurs non exigeants en eau verte. Il est aussi nécessaire d améliorer la gouvernance et d accorder une place de choix au transfert des connaissances et des compétences au profit des gens du métier, d introduire, ou de réintroduire, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de l eau, d explorer les solutions fondées sur la nature ainsi que les techniques traditionnelles et d encourager la recherche et l’action.Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Prioirités de la résilience hydrique (PRH) PRH1 : \x07 Améliorer la gouvernance de l eau et la gestion quantitative et qualitative des ressources en eaux conventionnelles face aux impacts du changement climatique PRH2 : \x07 Massifier l’utilisation maîtrisée des eaux non conventionnelles pour faire face à la raréfaction de la ressource sous l’effet du changement climatique PRH3 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités techniques, scientifiques et institutionnelles des acteurs de l eau à s adapter au changement climatique 2.2.1.3 Résilience sociale La résilience sociale visée par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 doit être accompagnée de mesures d’adaptation justes et créatrices d’emplois pour les jeunes et génératrices d’une croissance économique redistribuée aux plus vulnérables, en veillant à ne laisser personne de côté et à réduire les disparités sociales en faveur d’un développement résilient et plus juste et plus sensible au genre.', 'Il est aussi nécessaire d améliorer la gouvernance et d accorder une place de choix au transfert des connaissances et des compétences au profit des gens du métier, d introduire, ou de réintroduire, les bonnes pratiques de gestion de l eau, d explorer les solutions fondées sur la nature ainsi que les techniques traditionnelles et d encourager la recherche et l’action.Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Prioirités de la résilience hydrique (PRH) PRH1 : \x07 Améliorer la gouvernance de l eau et la gestion quantitative et qualitative des ressources en eaux conventionnelles face aux impacts du changement climatique PRH2 : \x07 Massifier l’utilisation maîtrisée des eaux non conventionnelles pour faire face à la raréfaction de la ressource sous l’effet du changement climatique PRH3 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités techniques, scientifiques et institutionnelles des acteurs de l eau à s adapter au changement climatique 2.2.1.3 Résilience sociale La résilience sociale visée par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 doit être accompagnée de mesures d’adaptation justes et créatrices d’emplois pour les jeunes et génératrices d’une croissance économique redistribuée aux plus vulnérables, en veillant à ne laisser personne de côté et à réduire les disparités sociales en faveur d’un développement résilient et plus juste et plus sensible au genre. Liens de la résilience sociale avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Objectifs de la résilience sociale à l’horizon 2030 Réduire les disparités sociales en faveur d’un développement résilient plus juste.', 'Liens de la résilience sociale avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Objectifs de la résilience sociale à l’horizon 2030 Réduire les disparités sociales en faveur d’un développement résilient plus juste. Cela doit permettre de soutenir une intégration systémique d’une approche transformationnelle du genre résolue et institutionnalisée dans tous les secteurs clés de l’adaptation. Le développement résilient et juste renforce le fondement démocratique annonciateur de progrès pérenne de la société résiliente pour toutes et tous.', 'Le développement résilient et juste renforce le fondement démocratique annonciateur de progrès pérenne de la société résiliente pour toutes et tous. Liens de la résilience hydrique avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoireCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience sociale (PRS) PRS1 : \x07 Entériner la politique nationale en matière de transversalité du genre et de lutte contre le changement climatique PRS2 : \x07 Intégrer une approche inclusive et systémique du genre dans les mesures sectorielles de la politique agricole, de la gestion des ressources en eau, de la préservation des écosystèmes, des domaines d’interventions de la RCC, de la politique sanitaire et de l’offre touristique alternative et durable.', 'Liens de la résilience hydrique avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoireCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience sociale (PRS) PRS1 : \x07 Entériner la politique nationale en matière de transversalité du genre et de lutte contre le changement climatique PRS2 : \x07 Intégrer une approche inclusive et systémique du genre dans les mesures sectorielles de la politique agricole, de la gestion des ressources en eau, de la préservation des écosystèmes, des domaines d’interventions de la RCC, de la politique sanitaire et de l’offre touristique alternative et durable. PRS3 : \x07 Limiter les impacts du changement climatique sur la pauvreté, renforcer la protection sociale et assurer un accès à des emplois durables pour les ménages et les communautés les plus vulnérables face aux changements climatiques (« leave no one behind ») 2.2.1.4 Résilience territoriale Pour répondre globalement aux enjeux de l’adaptation équitable, la résilience sociale devra être renforcée par son corollaire transversal qui est lié au cadre de vie des populations, à savoir la résilience territoriale.', 'PRS3 : \x07 Limiter les impacts du changement climatique sur la pauvreté, renforcer la protection sociale et assurer un accès à des emplois durables pour les ménages et les communautés les plus vulnérables face aux changements climatiques (« leave no one behind ») 2.2.1.4 Résilience territoriale Pour répondre globalement aux enjeux de l’adaptation équitable, la résilience sociale devra être renforcée par son corollaire transversal qui est lié au cadre de vie des populations, à savoir la résilience territoriale. À cet effet, il est impératif d’intégrer l’adaptation dans les décisions et instruments de planification du développement et de l’aménagement des territoires. Cette dimension territoriale n’a pas été prise en compte dans la 1ère CDN de la Tunisie.', 'Cette dimension territoriale n’a pas été prise en compte dans la 1ère CDN de la Tunisie. Il s’agit à présent d’intégrer des mesures d’aménagement du territoire et d’urbanisme en tenant compte des aspirations des besoins des communautés et les disparités territoriales qui se sont creusées ces dernières années faute de moyens pour faire face aux effets du changement climatique dans les régions les plus vulnérables. Ces choix ont fini par oblitérer les aspects sociaux dégageant ainsi la perte de maîtrise de l espace, la dévalorisation des aménagements traditionnels (micro-hydraulique, logement type Dar.) où les hommes et femmes maîtrisent et s approprient l’espace et la territorialité de leur vécu et mémoire collective.', 'Ces choix ont fini par oblitérer les aspects sociaux dégageant ainsi la perte de maîtrise de l espace, la dévalorisation des aménagements traditionnels (micro-hydraulique, logement type Dar.) où les hommes et femmes maîtrisent et s approprient l’espace et la territorialité de leur vécu et mémoire collective. 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens de la résilience territoriale avec les secteurs/domaines Objectifs de la résilience territoriale à l’horizon 2030 Réduire les disparités territoriales en faveur d’un développement résilient plus justeLiens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience territoriale (PRT) PRT 1 : \x07 Mettre en place un cadre national d’adaptation au changement climatique avec une prise en compte de l’aménagement du territoire PRT 2 : Intégrer dans les plans de développement local et les plans de planification urbaine les risques liés au changement climatique et les besoins d adaptation PRT 3 (littoral) : Produire et partager de l information, du savoir et des connaissances pour améliorer la résilience du secteur de l’aménagement urbain et territorial et du secteur littoral aux effets du changement climatique et des catastrophes naturelles PRT 4 (littoral) : Développer et intégrer des procédés, méthodes et outils innovants qui intègrent le changement climatique et les risques de catastrophes naturels dans la planification dans le secteur du littoral PRT 5 (littoral) : Développer un programme pour l aménagement, la protection et la réhabilitation des paysages et écosystèmes côtiers et marin 2.2.1.5 Résilience économique Face aux changements climatiques, l’objectif pour la Tunisie sera de dynamiser les filières économiques afin de s’assurer que les acteurs économiques anticipent les risques identifiés et déploient les moyens nécessaires (financiers, humains, infrastructures, .etc.)', '5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens de la résilience territoriale avec les secteurs/domaines Objectifs de la résilience territoriale à l’horizon 2030 Réduire les disparités territoriales en faveur d’un développement résilient plus justeLiens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience territoriale (PRT) PRT 1 : \x07 Mettre en place un cadre national d’adaptation au changement climatique avec une prise en compte de l’aménagement du territoire PRT 2 : Intégrer dans les plans de développement local et les plans de planification urbaine les risques liés au changement climatique et les besoins d adaptation PRT 3 (littoral) : Produire et partager de l information, du savoir et des connaissances pour améliorer la résilience du secteur de l’aménagement urbain et territorial et du secteur littoral aux effets du changement climatique et des catastrophes naturelles PRT 4 (littoral) : Développer et intégrer des procédés, méthodes et outils innovants qui intègrent le changement climatique et les risques de catastrophes naturels dans la planification dans le secteur du littoral PRT 5 (littoral) : Développer un programme pour l aménagement, la protection et la réhabilitation des paysages et écosystèmes côtiers et marin 2.2.1.5 Résilience économique Face aux changements climatiques, l’objectif pour la Tunisie sera de dynamiser les filières économiques afin de s’assurer que les acteurs économiques anticipent les risques identifiés et déploient les moyens nécessaires (financiers, humains, infrastructures, .etc.) pour réduire leur vulnérabilité économique et les conséquences sur les emplois.', 'pour réduire leur vulnérabilité économique et les conséquences sur les emplois. Dans cette optique Les pouvoirs publics soutiendront notamment des travaux prospectifs permettant de sensibiliser et mobiliser les acteurs économiques pour une plus grande intégration des risques climatiques dans les stratégies de développement et d’investissement sur le plan sectoriel et national. Les vulnérabilités et les coûts de l’inaction et de l’adaptation pour un certain nombre de filières prioritaires (tourisme, bois, agriculture, élevage, agro- alimentaire, industrie, transport, énergie, bâtiments/construction, numérique, banques et finance, etc.) seront évalués et les mesures d’accompagnement seront identifiées.', 'seront évalués et les mesures d’accompagnement seront identifiées. Des outils et des critères d’évaluation des risques et une communication sur les bonnes pratiques seront proposés afin d’aider les acteurs économiques à prendre en compte l’évolution du climat et ses effets sur la rentabilité des projets et les décisions d’investissement. Compte- tenu de son poids dans l’économie nationale et des impacts du changement climatique (érosion des plages, stress hydrique menaçant l’alimentation en eau potable, inconfort dû aux vagues de chaleur, etc.', 'Compte- tenu de son poids dans l’économie nationale et des impacts du changement climatique (érosion des plages, stress hydrique menaçant l’alimentation en eau potable, inconfort dû aux vagues de chaleur, etc. ), le tourisme constitue l’un des principaux enjeux et un domaine pilote pour l’adaptation des filières économiques tunisiennes.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Objectifs de la résilience économique à l’horizon 2030 Limiter les impacts du changement climatique sur les filières économiques et accompagner leur transformation progressive vers des modèles plus résilients permettant d’assurer une croissance durable et créatrice d’emplois.', '), le tourisme constitue l’un des principaux enjeux et un domaine pilote pour l’adaptation des filières économiques tunisiennes.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Objectifs de la résilience économique à l’horizon 2030 Limiter les impacts du changement climatique sur les filières économiques et accompagner leur transformation progressive vers des modèles plus résilients permettant d’assurer une croissance durable et créatrice d’emplois. Liens de la résilience économique avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience économique (PRE) PRE 1 : \x07 Moderniser la gestion de l information, faciliter l accès et le partage des connaissances et prévoir les risques en lien avec le changement climatique PRE 2 : \x07 Augmenter la résilience des secteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses sous-secteurs, de leurs acteurs et rationnaliser l usage des ressources PRE 3 : \x07 Améliorer l’attractivité des territoires et diversifier l offre touristique par une valorisation des territoires 2.2.1.6 Résilience sanitaire Objectifs de la résilience sanitaire à l’horizon 2030 Maitriser les risques sanitaires liés aux changements climatiques et intégrer leur prise en charge à travers un système de santé plus résilient Liens de la résilience sanitaire avec les secteurs/domainesObjectifs de la résilience écologique à l’horizon 2030 Développer une biodiversité résiliente aux changements climatiques, à l’abri des menaces, conservée et gérée de manière à contribuer durablement au développement socio-économique du pays.', 'Liens de la résilience économique avec les secteurs/domaines 2- Agriculture 5- Santé 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Priorités de la résilience économique (PRE) PRE 1 : \x07 Moderniser la gestion de l information, faciliter l accès et le partage des connaissances et prévoir les risques en lien avec le changement climatique PRE 2 : \x07 Augmenter la résilience des secteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses sous-secteurs, de leurs acteurs et rationnaliser l usage des ressources PRE 3 : \x07 Améliorer l’attractivité des territoires et diversifier l offre touristique par une valorisation des territoires 2.2.1.6 Résilience sanitaire Objectifs de la résilience sanitaire à l’horizon 2030 Maitriser les risques sanitaires liés aux changements climatiques et intégrer leur prise en charge à travers un système de santé plus résilient Liens de la résilience sanitaire avec les secteurs/domainesObjectifs de la résilience écologique à l’horizon 2030 Développer une biodiversité résiliente aux changements climatiques, à l’abri des menaces, conservée et gérée de manière à contribuer durablement au développement socio-économique du pays. Priorités de la résilience sanitaire (PRS) PRS 1 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités du secteur de la santé publique pour une meilleure intégration du climat et la mise en place d’une infrastructure sanitaire résilientes au changement climatique.', 'Priorités de la résilience sanitaire (PRS) PRS 1 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités du secteur de la santé publique pour une meilleure intégration du climat et la mise en place d’une infrastructure sanitaire résilientes au changement climatique. PRS 2 : \x07 Renforcer la surveillance des maladies climato-sensibles et développer la capacité de détection précoce et d’alerte rapide des phénomènes à potentiel épidémique : PRS 3 : \x07 Renforcer le rôle de la santé en matière de leadership et de collaboration intersectorielle en matière climatique et promouvoir la recherche appliquée Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable 2.2.1.7 Résilience écologique La Tunisie se donne un nouvel objectif de résilience écologique qui, outre la résilience des écosystèmes productifs, aborde à la fois les défis de la lutte contre les changements climatiques et la perte de la diversité biologique en tenant compte de l’interdépendance entre ces sujets (approche « nexus » climat biodiversité), pour tendre vers une résilience écologique et écosystémique en Tunisie.', 'PRS 2 : \x07 Renforcer la surveillance des maladies climato-sensibles et développer la capacité de détection précoce et d’alerte rapide des phénomènes à potentiel épidémique : PRS 3 : \x07 Renforcer le rôle de la santé en matière de leadership et de collaboration intersectorielle en matière climatique et promouvoir la recherche appliquée Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable 2.2.1.7 Résilience écologique La Tunisie se donne un nouvel objectif de résilience écologique qui, outre la résilience des écosystèmes productifs, aborde à la fois les défis de la lutte contre les changements climatiques et la perte de la diversité biologique en tenant compte de l’interdépendance entre ces sujets (approche « nexus » climat biodiversité), pour tendre vers une résilience écologique et écosystémique en Tunisie. Cet objectif de résilience se base notamment sur les objectifs, axes et priorités nationales de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établi par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB), dans le but d’avoir une biodiversité résiliente aux changements climatiques à l horizon 2030, à l’abri des menaces, conservée et gérée de manière à contribuer durablement au développement socio-économique du pays.', 'Cet objectif de résilience se base notamment sur les objectifs, axes et priorités nationales de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établi par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB), dans le but d’avoir une biodiversité résiliente aux changements climatiques à l horizon 2030, à l’abri des menaces, conservée et gérée de manière à contribuer durablement au développement socio-économique du pays. Cet objectif répond à la priorité n° 2 de la SPANB 2018 – 2030 qui prévoit d’intégrer les valeurs de la diversité biologique dans l’ensemble des politiques nationales et de la société.', 'Cet objectif répond à la priorité n° 2 de la SPANB 2018 – 2030 qui prévoit d’intégrer les valeurs de la diversité biologique dans l’ensemble des politiques nationales et de la société. Cet objectif doit contribuer à la réduction du rythme de l’appauvrissement des éléments constitutifs de la biodiversité avec ses trois niveaux hiérarchiques (écosystèmes, espèces et diversité génétique) et l’utilisation durable de la diversité biologique par un renforcement des services écosystémiques, en réduisant les pressions qui résultent des impacts négatifs des changements climatiques mais également des risques de catastrophes naturelles qui sont exacerbées par ces impacts.', 'Cet objectif doit contribuer à la réduction du rythme de l’appauvrissement des éléments constitutifs de la biodiversité avec ses trois niveaux hiérarchiques (écosystèmes, espèces et diversité génétique) et l’utilisation durable de la diversité biologique par un renforcement des services écosystémiques, en réduisant les pressions qui résultent des impacts négatifs des changements climatiques mais également des risques de catastrophes naturelles qui sont exacerbées par ces impacts. A cette fin, la Tunisie souhaite s’engager dans l’utilisation des Solutions d’Adaptation fondées sur la Nature (SAfN) pour mettre en œuvre cet objectif de résilience de la CDN actualisée, tout particulièrement pour la restauration des aires protégées et la régénération des zones humides.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Liens de la résilience écologique avec les secteurs/domaines 8- Aménagement du territoire Priorités de la résilience écologique (PRE) PRE 1 : \x07 (écosystèmes productifs) : surveiller, protéger, réhabiliter et rationnaliser l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, atteindre la neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres et assurer la durabilité des biens et services rendus par les écosystèmes naturels.', 'A cette fin, la Tunisie souhaite s’engager dans l’utilisation des Solutions d’Adaptation fondées sur la Nature (SAfN) pour mettre en œuvre cet objectif de résilience de la CDN actualisée, tout particulièrement pour la restauration des aires protégées et la régénération des zones humides.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement Durable Liens de la résilience écologique avec les secteurs/domaines 8- Aménagement du territoire Priorités de la résilience écologique (PRE) PRE 1 : \x07 (écosystèmes productifs) : surveiller, protéger, réhabiliter et rationnaliser l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, atteindre la neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres et assurer la durabilité des biens et services rendus par les écosystèmes naturels. PRE 2 : \x07 (protection et conservation de la biodiversité) : mesures sélectionnées à partir de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établis par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB).', 'PRE 2 : \x07 (protection et conservation de la biodiversité) : mesures sélectionnées à partir de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établis par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB). 2.2.1.8 Résilience aux catastrophes naturelles liées au climat Objectifs de la RCC-GRC à l’horizon 2030 Ériger la RRC-GRC comme une approche transversale et multi-niveaux de la prévention et de la gestion des risques de catastrophes naturelles liées au climat. L’objectif est de garantir la sécurité des personnes et des biens, protéger les écosystèmes et promouvoir la paix et la cohésion sociale.', 'L’objectif est de garantir la sécurité des personnes et des biens, protéger les écosystèmes et promouvoir la paix et la cohésion sociale. Cet objectif doit être articulé avec les autres objectifs transversaux et les mesures sectorielles lors de leur mise en œuvre à tous les niveaux, en tenant compte de la décentralisation, et il doit être clairement visé dans les plans locaux et schémas d’aménagement du territoire.', 'Cet objectif doit être articulé avec les autres objectifs transversaux et les mesures sectorielles lors de leur mise en œuvre à tous les niveaux, en tenant compte de la décentralisation, et il doit être clairement visé dans les plans locaux et schémas d’aménagement du territoire. Liens de la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles avec les secteurs/domaines 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement DurablePriorités de la RCC RCC1 : Développer une gouvernance intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC-GRC RCC2 : Mettre en œuvre les Systèmes d’alerte précoce (SAP) RCC3 : Renforcer, sensibiliser et partager les connaissances sur les risques RCC4 : Renforcer la recherche scientifique (système intégré de surveillance et de modélisation) 2.2.2.', 'Liens de la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles avec les secteurs/domaines 8- Aménagement du territoire Liens avec les Objectifs du Développement DurablePriorités de la RCC RCC1 : Développer une gouvernance intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC-GRC RCC2 : Mettre en œuvre les Systèmes d’alerte précoce (SAP) RCC3 : Renforcer, sensibiliser et partager les connaissances sur les risques RCC4 : Renforcer la recherche scientifique (système intégré de surveillance et de modélisation) 2.2.2. Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation Le bilan des réalisations de la 1er CDN révèle que les financements de l adaptation engagés durant la période 2015-2019 sont insuffisants par rapport aux besoins.', 'Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation Le bilan des réalisations de la 1er CDN révèle que les financements de l adaptation engagés durant la période 2015-2019 sont insuffisants par rapport aux besoins. Les besoins de la CDN révisée sont estimés suivant deux méthodes : l’approche bottom-up qui repose sur la somme des coûts des mesures prioritaires d’adaptation estimées par les secteurs et l’approche top-down qui estime les besoins d’adaptation à 1 % du PIB. Besoins estimés par les secteurs À la suite des consultations sectorielles menées durant le premier semestre 2021 (approche bottom -up), les besoins en financement estimés pour la période 2021-2030 s’élèvent à plus de 2.852 millions USD. Sur une base annuelle, comparée à la 1ère CDN, les besoins doublent (285 millions USD/ an versus 127 millions USD).', 'Sur une base annuelle, comparée à la 1ère CDN, les besoins doublent (285 millions USD/ an versus 127 millions USD). Bien que cet accroissement des besoins soit important, il n’en est pas moins largement sous-estimé étant donné que tous les besoins n’ont pas pu être comptabilisés à la suite des consultations. En particulier les besoins sectoriels liés à la résilience sociale, sanitaire et économique ainsi que l’intégration du besoin de la recherche scientifique et du transfert technologique.', 'En particulier les besoins sectoriels liés à la résilience sociale, sanitaire et économique ainsi que l’intégration du besoin de la recherche scientifique et du transfert technologique. Tableau 6 : récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation estimés par les secteurs (approche bottom up) (en millions USD durant la période 2021-2030) Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation (en millions USD) National International Total Résilience sociale - 1,50 1,50 Total / an 285,21 Pour rappel : besoins de financement de la 1ère CDN Total sur la période 2021-2030 - - 1.916,00 Total / an 127,73CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Besoins estimés à partir d’indicateurs macro-économiques En tenant compte des simulations globales des besoins en adaptation développées par le PNUE (approche top down tirée de l’Adaptation Gap Report), les besoins en financement de la Tunisie pour répondre au niveau élevé de risques climatiques attendus pourraient s’élever à près de 400 millions d’USD dès 2021 (soit près de 2 % du budget de l’Etat ou encore 1% du Produit intérieur brut) pour atteindre le coût annuel de 460 millions d’USD à l’horizon 2030.', 'Tableau 6 : récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation estimés par les secteurs (approche bottom up) (en millions USD durant la période 2021-2030) Besoins de financement des mesures d’adaptation (en millions USD) National International Total Résilience sociale - 1,50 1,50 Total / an 285,21 Pour rappel : besoins de financement de la 1ère CDN Total sur la période 2021-2030 - - 1.916,00 Total / an 127,73CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Besoins estimés à partir d’indicateurs macro-économiques En tenant compte des simulations globales des besoins en adaptation développées par le PNUE (approche top down tirée de l’Adaptation Gap Report), les besoins en financement de la Tunisie pour répondre au niveau élevé de risques climatiques attendus pourraient s’élever à près de 400 millions d’USD dès 2021 (soit près de 2 % du budget de l’Etat ou encore 1% du Produit intérieur brut) pour atteindre le coût annuel de 460 millions d’USD à l’horizon 2030. En se basant sur ces simulations annuelles, les besoins en financement pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 4 223 millions d’USD.', 'En se basant sur ces simulations annuelles, les besoins en financement pour la période 2021-2030 pourraient s’élever à plus de 4 223 millions d’USD. Tableau 7 : récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation (approche top-down)(en millions USD durant la période 2021-2030) Budget national Besoins de financement (Millions USD) % Besoins /Budget National Croissance annuelle (Millions USD) Bien qu’il soit encore difficile d’estimer le surcoût que tout retard de financement engendrerait - y compris le retard dans la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation qui aura un impact sur l’amplitude des mesures d’adaptation - il est unanimement reconnu que plus la Communauté internationale tarde à investir dans sa trajectoire bas carbone et de résilience, plus élevés seront les coûts pour s’adapter aux effets du changement climatique de ce pays.', 'Tableau 7 : récapitulatif des besoins de financement de l’adaptation (approche top-down)(en millions USD durant la période 2021-2030) Budget national Besoins de financement (Millions USD) % Besoins /Budget National Croissance annuelle (Millions USD) Bien qu’il soit encore difficile d’estimer le surcoût que tout retard de financement engendrerait - y compris le retard dans la mise en œuvre des mesures d’atténuation qui aura un impact sur l’amplitude des mesures d’adaptation - il est unanimement reconnu que plus la Communauté internationale tarde à investir dans sa trajectoire bas carbone et de résilience, plus élevés seront les coûts pour s’adapter aux effets du changement climatique de ce pays. En termes macro-économiques, cela pourrait se chiffrer pour la Tunisie par un doublement des besoins en financement de l’adaptation qui passeraient dès 2050 à 3-4% du budget national soit plus de 1 Milliard d’USD / an.', 'En termes macro-économiques, cela pourrait se chiffrer pour la Tunisie par un doublement des besoins en financement de l’adaptation qui passeraient dès 2050 à 3-4% du budget national soit plus de 1 Milliard d’USD / an. Appui international prioritaire requis Sans négliger l’importance des sources de financement nationales et privées, les apports financiers internationaux des PTF devront jouer un rôle très significatif.', 'Appui international prioritaire requis Sans négliger l’importance des sources de financement nationales et privées, les apports financiers internationaux des PTF devront jouer un rôle très significatif. Les apports prioritaires (de l’ordre de 60 % des besoins en financement) devraient s’élever à plus de 230 millions USD / an dès 2021 pour atteindre plus de 276 millions USD / an dès 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ENJEUX TRANSVERSAUX À L’ATTÉNUATION ET À L’ADAPTATION 3.3.1 Amélioration de la gouvernance La Tunisie a pris de nombreuses mesures pour renforcer le cadre institutionnel et améliorer la gouvernance climatique en vue de mettre en œuvre l’Accord de Paris.', 'Les apports prioritaires (de l’ordre de 60 % des besoins en financement) devraient s’élever à plus de 230 millions USD / an dès 2021 pour atteindre plus de 276 millions USD / an dès 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ENJEUX TRANSVERSAUX À L’ATTÉNUATION ET À L’ADAPTATION 3.3.1 Amélioration de la gouvernance La Tunisie a pris de nombreuses mesures pour renforcer le cadre institutionnel et améliorer la gouvernance climatique en vue de mettre en œuvre l’Accord de Paris. Notamment, au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement, où est désigné le point focal national de l’Accord de Paris, a été mise en place une Unité de Gestion par Objectifs (UGPO) créée par le Décret n°2018-263 du 12 mars 2018, dont la mission de coordination de l’action climatique des acteurs publics et privés et des mesures prises pour mettre en œuvre la CDN a été précisée, tout comme son rôle central pour promouvoir l intégration des changements climatiques dans toutes les politiques publiques et renforcer les capacités aux niveaux national et local.', 'Notamment, au sein du ministère en charge de l’environnement, où est désigné le point focal national de l’Accord de Paris, a été mise en place une Unité de Gestion par Objectifs (UGPO) créée par le Décret n°2018-263 du 12 mars 2018, dont la mission de coordination de l’action climatique des acteurs publics et privés et des mesures prises pour mettre en œuvre la CDN a été précisée, tout comme son rôle central pour promouvoir l intégration des changements climatiques dans toutes les politiques publiques et renforcer les capacités aux niveaux national et local. Par ailleurs, deux comités techniques consultatifs, respectivement dans les domaines de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation, ont été mis en place par le Décret n°2018-263 du 12 mars 2018, et installés par la Décision n°69-2020 du 07 février 2020.', 'Par ailleurs, deux comités techniques consultatifs, respectivement dans les domaines de l’adaptation et de l’atténuation, ont été mis en place par le Décret n°2018-263 du 12 mars 2018, et installés par la Décision n°69-2020 du 07 février 2020. Présidés par le ministère en charge de l’environnement, ces comités consultatifs vont contribuer à l’identification des priorités nationales, la préparation des rapports nationaux et de tous les documents s’intégrant dans le cadre de transparence renforcé de l’Accord de Paris, y compris en facilitant la collecte des données relatives aux progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre, ainsi que la coordination avec les organisations internationales et régionales en vue d’une meilleure utilisation des opportunités d’appui, de coopération et de financement des programmes et projets nationaux dans le domaine de l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre.', 'Présidés par le ministère en charge de l’environnement, ces comités consultatifs vont contribuer à l’identification des priorités nationales, la préparation des rapports nationaux et de tous les documents s’intégrant dans le cadre de transparence renforcé de l’Accord de Paris, y compris en facilitant la collecte des données relatives aux progrès réalisés dans la mise en œuvre, ainsi que la coordination avec les organisations internationales et régionales en vue d’une meilleure utilisation des opportunités d’appui, de coopération et de financement des programmes et projets nationaux dans le domaine de l’atténuation des gaz à effet de serre. Amélioration du cadre de transparence La Tunisie a lancé des travaux importants pour avoir un système national complet de transparence conformément au Livre des Règles de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Amélioration du cadre de transparence La Tunisie a lancé des travaux importants pour avoir un système national complet de transparence conformément au Livre des Règles de l’Accord de Paris. Ce système national de transparence s’appuiera sur un système national d’inventaire des émissions de gaz à effet (SNIEGES) et un cadre organisationnel, institutionnalisé et encadré sur le plan réglementaire (cadre OIR) pour le suivi et l’évaluation des mesures d’atténuation et les progrès accomplis dans la mise en œuvre de la CDN, ainsi que pour le suivi de l’appui financier nécessaire et reçu. Des travaux spécifiques sont menés en parallèle pour disposer d’un cadre institutionnel, organisationnel et réglementaire (IOR) efficient permettant d’établir les rapports sur les effets des changements climatiques et les résultats de l’action en matière d’adaptation.', 'Des travaux spécifiques sont menés en parallèle pour disposer d’un cadre institutionnel, organisationnel et réglementaire (IOR) efficient permettant d’établir les rapports sur les effets des changements climatiques et les résultats de l’action en matière d’adaptation. Ce système national de transparence sera opérationnel dans le courant de l’année 2022, soit deux ans avant la date limite prescrite par le Livre des Règles de l’Accord de Paris. Besoins en renforcement de capacités, recherche et transfert technologique L’action pour l’autonomisation climatique (ACE) L’atteinte par les pays de leurs objectifs CDN et la pérennisation de l’action climatique sur le long terme nécessiteront la mise en place de six mesures d’accompagnement désignées par le Secrétariat de la CCNUCC et l’UNESCO par ACE.', 'Besoins en renforcement de capacités, recherche et transfert technologique L’action pour l’autonomisation climatique (ACE) L’atteinte par les pays de leurs objectifs CDN et la pérennisation de l’action climatique sur le long terme nécessiteront la mise en place de six mesures d’accompagnement désignées par le Secrétariat de la CCNUCC et l’UNESCO par ACE. Ce vocable désigne les mesures qui devront être prises en application de l’article 6 de la CCNUCC et de l’article 12 de l’Accord de Paris, et est étroitement lié aux objectifs de développement durable (notamment cibles d’ODD 4.7 et 13.3).CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE L’ACE couvre précisément 6 domaines essentiels d’intervention : \x07L’éducation \x07 La formation \x07 La sensibilisation du public \x07 L’accès du public aux informations climatiques \x07 La participation publique \x07 La coopération internationale La Tunisie accompagnera la mise en œuvre de sa CDN par un programme concret et structuré de mesures couvrant les six domaines de l’ACE19.', 'Ce vocable désigne les mesures qui devront être prises en application de l’article 6 de la CCNUCC et de l’article 12 de l’Accord de Paris, et est étroitement lié aux objectifs de développement durable (notamment cibles d’ODD 4.7 et 13.3).CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE L’ACE couvre précisément 6 domaines essentiels d’intervention : \x07L’éducation \x07 La formation \x07 La sensibilisation du public \x07 L’accès du public aux informations climatiques \x07 La participation publique \x07 La coopération internationale La Tunisie accompagnera la mise en œuvre de sa CDN par un programme concret et structuré de mesures couvrant les six domaines de l’ACE19. Ce programme permettra d’instaurer une volonté politique durable, de renforcer l’appropriation sociétale des défis climatiques, de mobiliser sérieusement la jeunesse, la société civile, le secteur privé et toutes les parties prenantes et enfin d’inscrire les préoccupations et défis climatiques dans une politique de développement durable fortement soutenue par l état Tunisien.', 'Ce programme permettra d’instaurer une volonté politique durable, de renforcer l’appropriation sociétale des défis climatiques, de mobiliser sérieusement la jeunesse, la société civile, le secteur privé et toutes les parties prenantes et enfin d’inscrire les préoccupations et défis climatiques dans une politique de développement durable fortement soutenue par l état Tunisien. Renforcement des capacités La Tunisie a fait du renforcement des capacités un levier important de la politique nationale de lutte contre le changement climatique. En matière d’atténuation, les mesures de renforcement de capacités requises pour faciliter la réalisation de l’objectif de la CDN actualisée concernent notamment, la formation des acteurs, le renforcement institutionnel, ainsi que l’assistance technique aux programmes sectoriels d’atténuation.', 'En matière d’atténuation, les mesures de renforcement de capacités requises pour faciliter la réalisation de l’objectif de la CDN actualisée concernent notamment, la formation des acteurs, le renforcement institutionnel, ainsi que l’assistance technique aux programmes sectoriels d’atténuation. Par ailleurs, un Plan national de renforcement de capacités des acteurs tunisiens dans le domaine du changement climatique avait été établi en 2017.', 'Par ailleurs, un Plan national de renforcement de capacités des acteurs tunisiens dans le domaine du changement climatique avait été établi en 2017. Dans le domaine de l’adaptation, ce plan comprend 13 actions autour des thèmes suivants : concepts de base, renforcement du cadre stratégique et législatif, gouvernance institutionnelle, intégration de l’adaptation dans les processus décisionnels, analyse économique des changements climatiques et de l’adaptation, modalités de financement et de développement des services et produits climatiques, organisation et appui à la recherche, outils d’observation et de suivi des effets des changements climatiques et de MRV, gestion de l’information et des connaissances, enseignement et formation continue, outils et technologies de l’adaptation.', 'Dans le domaine de l’adaptation, ce plan comprend 13 actions autour des thèmes suivants : concepts de base, renforcement du cadre stratégique et législatif, gouvernance institutionnelle, intégration de l’adaptation dans les processus décisionnels, analyse économique des changements climatiques et de l’adaptation, modalités de financement et de développement des services et produits climatiques, organisation et appui à la recherche, outils d’observation et de suivi des effets des changements climatiques et de MRV, gestion de l’information et des connaissances, enseignement et formation continue, outils et technologies de l’adaptation. La feuille de route publiée en 2019 pour la mise en œuvre de la première CDN est venue reconfirmer et compléter les actions du Plan national.', 'La feuille de route publiée en 2019 pour la mise en œuvre de la première CDN est venue reconfirmer et compléter les actions du Plan national. Celle-ci a prévu notamment un renforcement des aspects suivants : \x07 Le monitoring et reporting, \x07 Education, sensibilisation aux effets du changement climatique, et bon pratiques d’adaptation, \x07 Intégration du changement climatique dans la planification du développement, \x07 Gestion des ressources génétiques (recueil, conservation, valorisation…), \x07 Négociations sur les changements climatiques, \x07 Rédaction de requêtes de financement climat, 19 .', 'Celle-ci a prévu notamment un renforcement des aspects suivants : \x07 Le monitoring et reporting, \x07 Education, sensibilisation aux effets du changement climatique, et bon pratiques d’adaptation, \x07 Intégration du changement climatique dans la planification du développement, \x07 Gestion des ressources génétiques (recueil, conservation, valorisation…), \x07 Négociations sur les changements climatiques, \x07 Rédaction de requêtes de financement climat, 19 . \x07 Ce programme prendra le relais et consolidera les projets en cours comme le « Programme de l’éducation pour un développement durable », le projet «Lutte contre les Vulnérabilités et les Risques liés aux Changements Climatiques dans les Zones Côtières Vulnérables de la Tunisie » et le projet «La ville intelligente du Climat de Kalaât El Andalous ».\x07 Réhabilitation du savoir-faire local et essaimage, \x07 Suivi et pérennisation des ouvrages, \x07 Gestion de conflits et médiation, \x07 Renforcer les moyens humains et matériels des différents établissements clés.', '\x07 Ce programme prendra le relais et consolidera les projets en cours comme le « Programme de l’éducation pour un développement durable », le projet «Lutte contre les Vulnérabilités et les Risques liés aux Changements Climatiques dans les Zones Côtières Vulnérables de la Tunisie » et le projet «La ville intelligente du Climat de Kalaât El Andalous ».\x07 Réhabilitation du savoir-faire local et essaimage, \x07 Suivi et pérennisation des ouvrages, \x07 Gestion de conflits et médiation, \x07 Renforcer les moyens humains et matériels des différents établissements clés. Recherche et transfert de technologique Recherche : Les priorités nationales de la recherche ont clairement intégré l’adaptation aux changements climatiques ainsi que les secteurs considérés prioritaires au niveau de la CDN, nous citerons : Gestion durable des ressources en eau, Préservation de la biodiversité et changement climatique, agriculture, érosion du littoral et désertification, épidémies et maladies nouvelles, modèles de développement et d’aménagement du territoire.', 'Recherche et transfert de technologique Recherche : Les priorités nationales de la recherche ont clairement intégré l’adaptation aux changements climatiques ainsi que les secteurs considérés prioritaires au niveau de la CDN, nous citerons : Gestion durable des ressources en eau, Préservation de la biodiversité et changement climatique, agriculture, érosion du littoral et désertification, épidémies et maladies nouvelles, modèles de développement et d’aménagement du territoire. Il convient de noter que les priorités spécifiques à la recherche agricole (identifiées par l’IRESA) sont en accord avec les actions prioritaires de l’annexe 2. En plus des programmes nationaux financés dans le cadre des priorités, la recherche tunisienne est très collaborative au niveau international.', 'En plus des programmes nationaux financés dans le cadre des priorités, la recherche tunisienne est très collaborative au niveau international. En effet, la Tunisie est un partenaire associé au programme de recherche de l’UE (Horizon 2020) et a démontré la capacité et l’expertise de ses structures de recherches pour mobiliser le financement nécessaire et participer à un cadre d’excellence scientifique internationale. Le développement de la recherche scientifique dans le domaine de l’adaptation au changement climatique est un pilier essentiel au niveau des différentes étapes du processus d’adaptation. Elle nécessite une approche holistique, multidisciplinaire qui considère les différents nexus et intègre des modèles thématiques globaux et locaux. Le tout dans un cadre de RRI (recherche et innovation responsable) qui implique plusieurs acteurs.', 'Le tout dans un cadre de RRI (recherche et innovation responsable) qui implique plusieurs acteurs. Afin de consolider l’effort national et de considérer le caractère mondial du changement climatique, la Tunisie voudra mobiliser la coopération internationale pour financer: \x07 La co-construction d’un programme national multidisciplinaire, orienté impact (multi- profils) et initiant dans la durabilité un processus d’adaptation transformative et équitable; \x07 Le développement des modèles intégrés pour l’étude de vulnérabilité avec une cartographie dynamique et des trajectoires de vulnérabilité bien tracées et appliqués aux secteurs, territoires ou processus de production (système intégré et adapté de surveillance et de modélisation). L’objectif est de réduire les incertitudes existantes dans l analyse de l impact du changement climatique et pour créer des outils d évaluation quantitative intégrée des risques et de la vulnérabilité.', 'L’objectif est de réduire les incertitudes existantes dans l analyse de l impact du changement climatique et pour créer des outils d évaluation quantitative intégrée des risques et de la vulnérabilité. Ceci permettra de concevoir des instruments de gestion adaptative et de sélectionner des mesures, technologies et pratiques appropriées ; \x07 Le développement de l’innovation digitale dans les domaines de l’adaptation ; \x07 La mise à l’échelle les solutions innovantes à travers des PPP (Scale Up « ClimTECH ») Par ailleurs, la SNRCC (Stratégie nationale de résilience aux changements climatiques) de la Tunisie (en cours) souligne l’importance du développement et de la diffusion de la recherche et de l’innovation en soutien à l’adaptation.', 'Ceci permettra de concevoir des instruments de gestion adaptative et de sélectionner des mesures, technologies et pratiques appropriées ; \x07 Le développement de l’innovation digitale dans les domaines de l’adaptation ; \x07 La mise à l’échelle les solutions innovantes à travers des PPP (Scale Up « ClimTECH ») Par ailleurs, la SNRCC (Stratégie nationale de résilience aux changements climatiques) de la Tunisie (en cours) souligne l’importance du développement et de la diffusion de la recherche et de l’innovation en soutien à l’adaptation. Dans ce cadre, la Tunisie s’engage à 2030 à accélérer la mise en œuvre de programmes de recherche appliquée, de soutenir la recherche digitale et l’intelligence artificielle au service de l’adaptation ou encore à contribuer à la mise en place d’un mécanisme d’accompagnement et de financement des start-up ClimTech afin de répondre aux besoins technologiques des secteurs.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Il est aussi important de souligner que l’ensemble des mesures des actions prioritaires d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 (Annexe 2) intégreront une composante de recherche appliquée/recherche-en-action, un transfert technologique et/ou de renforcement des capacités selon la pertinence pour assurer une assise scientifique, un transfert des résultats de la recherche et de technologies innovantes/adaptées et/ou un transfert de savoir.', 'Dans ce cadre, la Tunisie s’engage à 2030 à accélérer la mise en œuvre de programmes de recherche appliquée, de soutenir la recherche digitale et l’intelligence artificielle au service de l’adaptation ou encore à contribuer à la mise en place d’un mécanisme d’accompagnement et de financement des start-up ClimTech afin de répondre aux besoins technologiques des secteurs.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Il est aussi important de souligner que l’ensemble des mesures des actions prioritaires d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 (Annexe 2) intégreront une composante de recherche appliquée/recherche-en-action, un transfert technologique et/ou de renforcement des capacités selon la pertinence pour assurer une assise scientifique, un transfert des résultats de la recherche et de technologies innovantes/adaptées et/ou un transfert de savoir. Ceci renforcera l’impact recherché de la mesure planifiée et sa durabilité.', 'Ceci renforcera l’impact recherché de la mesure planifiée et sa durabilité. Transfert technologique : Des programmes de transferts de technologies seront nécessaires pour permettre l’accès de la Tunisie aux principaux créneaux d’innovation technologique en lien avec la transition bas-carbone, ainsi qu’au savoir-faire et aux moyens industriels appropriés pour assurer la durabilité de sa contribution. La Conférence des Parties de la Convention doit mobiliser les mécanismes appropriés permettant de faciliter la participation aux recherches internationales et l’accès aux innovations technologiques (cf. détails dans la section 1.3). Par ailleurs, le projet EBT (Evaluation des Besoins Technologiques) avait évalué les besoins pour trois secteurs clés : l’agriculture, les ressources en eau et les zones côtières et marines. A l’issue de cette évaluation, un PAT (Plan d’Action Technologique) avait été élaboré.', 'A l’issue de cette évaluation, un PAT (Plan d’Action Technologique) avait été élaboré. Les technologies prioritaires retenues sont : L’agroécologie et le système de paiement pour services environnementaux pour le secteur agricole ; La mise en place d’un système d’eau intelligent ainsi qu’un système d’alerte précoce pour le secteur de l’eau ; Le renforcement du système d’information et d’aide à la décision (SIAD) et l’aménagement des zones côtières pour le secteur côtier et marin. La question du genre dans les politiques d’atténuation et d’adaptation Le renforcement du rôle de la femme dans la transition bas-carbone permettra indéniablement d’accélérer l’atteinte des objectifs fixés, notamment dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables et de l’économie verte, mais aussi et surtout dans celui de l’AFAT.', 'La question du genre dans les politiques d’atténuation et d’adaptation Le renforcement du rôle de la femme dans la transition bas-carbone permettra indéniablement d’accélérer l’atteinte des objectifs fixés, notamment dans le secteur des énergies renouvelables et de l’économie verte, mais aussi et surtout dans celui de l’AFAT. Dans les secteurs concernés, de nombreuses opportunités existent qui requièrent des talents et des compétences variées et surtout complémentaires auxquels les femmes tunisiennes peuvent répondre, tout en permettant d’avoir une juste distribution des bénéfices.', 'Dans les secteurs concernés, de nombreuses opportunités existent qui requièrent des talents et des compétences variées et surtout complémentaires auxquels les femmes tunisiennes peuvent répondre, tout en permettant d’avoir une juste distribution des bénéfices. La prise en compte de la dimension du genre dans la CDN actualisée reflète l’engagement d’utiliser toutes les compétences disponibles et tous les atouts humains, et valide la volonté de la Tunisie de contribuer à la réalisation des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) d’ici 2030, dont presque tous comportent une dimension liée au genre.', 'La prise en compte de la dimension du genre dans la CDN actualisée reflète l’engagement d’utiliser toutes les compétences disponibles et tous les atouts humains, et valide la volonté de la Tunisie de contribuer à la réalisation des Objectifs de Développement Durable (ODD) d’ici 2030, dont presque tous comportent une dimension liée au genre. Aux efforts déjà amorcés par les pouvoirs publics ces dernières années sur les questions d’équité du genre et d’autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes, il s’agira de généraliser et systématiser la collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives ventilées par sexe, âge et région pour une meilleure analyse et une aide plus efficace à la décision, de poursuivre la promotion de l’égalité et l’équité du genre dans le cadre de programmes de sensibilisation et d’information visant les décideurs et responsables publics mais également le grand public.En matière de formation, il s’agira d’adapter les programmes de formation et de développement des compétences dans les domaines techniques et non techniques de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, aux besoins/contraintes des femmes et de leur en faciliter l’accès afin qu’un entreprenariat féminin s’y développe.', 'Aux efforts déjà amorcés par les pouvoirs publics ces dernières années sur les questions d’équité du genre et d’autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes, il s’agira de généraliser et systématiser la collecte de données quantitatives et qualitatives ventilées par sexe, âge et région pour une meilleure analyse et une aide plus efficace à la décision, de poursuivre la promotion de l’égalité et l’équité du genre dans le cadre de programmes de sensibilisation et d’information visant les décideurs et responsables publics mais également le grand public.En matière de formation, il s’agira d’adapter les programmes de formation et de développement des compétences dans les domaines techniques et non techniques de l’atténuation et de l’adaptation, aux besoins/contraintes des femmes et de leur en faciliter l’accès afin qu’un entreprenariat féminin s’y développe. Les pouvoirs publics entendent également accroître la participation des femmes et des jeunes, en vue d’atteindre la parité, dans toutes les instances de concertation et de gouvernance mises en place en lien avec le climat.', 'Les pouvoirs publics entendent également accroître la participation des femmes et des jeunes, en vue d’atteindre la parité, dans toutes les instances de concertation et de gouvernance mises en place en lien avec le climat. Par ailleurs, davantage d’efforts seront faits en matière de mise en réseau des femmes, des jeunes et des autres groupes vulnérables (personnes âgées, personnes en situation de handicap, personnes fragiles, etc.) afin qu’ils bénéficient des expériences des uns et des autres et renforcent leur pouvoir de négociation et de décision mais aussi leur contribution aux programmes visant à la fois la transition bas-carbone et l’adaptation. Le volet adaptation de la CDN actualisée identifie un ensemble de mesures spécifiques au genre (Cf.', 'Le volet adaptation de la CDN actualisée identifie un ensemble de mesures spécifiques au genre (Cf. Annexe 2) qui illustrent l’importance de la question pour la Tunisie et constituent une feuille de route ambitieuse pour 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ANNEXES 4.Annexe 1 : Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN Valeurs mises à jour consécutivement aux re-calculs effectués dans le cadre de l’élaboration de l’inventaire des GES du secteur de l’énergie pour la période 2010-2020.', 'Annexe 2) qui illustrent l’importance de la question pour la Tunisie et constituent une feuille de route ambitieuse pour 2030.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE ANNEXES 4.Annexe 1 : Informations nécessaires à la clarté, la transparence et la compréhension de la CDN Valeurs mises à jour consécutivement aux re-calculs effectués dans le cadre de l’élaboration de l’inventaire des GES du secteur de l’énergie pour la période 2010-2020. Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence, y compris, ce qu’il convient, une année de référence a) \x07 Année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ b) \x07 Informations quantifiables sur les in- dicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de réfé- rence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’année cible.', 'Informations quantifiables sur le point de référence, y compris, ce qu’il convient, une année de référence a) \x07 Année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de référence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ b) \x07 Informations quantifiables sur les in- dicateurs de référence, leurs valeurs dans la ou les année(s) de référence, année(s) de base, période(s) de réfé- rence ou autre(s) point(s) de départ et, le cas échéant, dans l’année cible. c) \x07 Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, où les politiques et mesures en tant qu’éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le paragraphe 1 (b) ci-dessus n’est pas applicable, les Par- ties doivent fournir d’autres informa- tions pertinentes d) \x07 Cible par rapport à l’indicateur de ré- férence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction.', 'c) \x07 Pour les stratégies, plans et actions visés au paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, où les politiques et mesures en tant qu’éléments de contributions déterminées au niveau national lorsque le paragraphe 1 (b) ci-dessus n’est pas applicable, les Par- ties doivent fournir d’autres informa- tions pertinentes d) \x07 Cible par rapport à l’indicateur de ré- férence, exprimée numériquement, par exemple en pourcentage ou en montant de réduction. e) \x07 Informations sur les sources de don- nées utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence f) \x07 Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles le pays partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indica- teurs de référenc L’indicateur de référence ; exprimé en téCO2/1000 dinars de PIB, est représenté par L’intensité carbone nationale, qui est le rapport entre les émissions nettes de gaz à effet de serre (exprimées en tonnes-équivalent CO2) et le PIB (exprimé dans la présente CDN à prix constants 2010).', 'e) \x07 Informations sur les sources de don- nées utilisées pour quantifier le (s) point (s) de référence f) \x07 Informations sur les circonstances dans lesquelles le pays partie peut mettre à jour les valeurs des indica- teurs de référenc L’indicateur de référence ; exprimé en téCO2/1000 dinars de PIB, est représenté par L’intensité carbone nationale, qui est le rapport entre les émissions nettes de gaz à effet de serre (exprimées en tonnes-équivalent CO2) et le PIB (exprimé dans la présente CDN à prix constants 2010). Pour l’année de référence 2010, l’intensité carbone de la Tunisie était de 0,555 téCO2/1000 DT de PIB NA (Non-Applicable) La contribution de la Tunisie se matérialise par une baisse de 45% de son intensité carbone en 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010 (Figure 1).', 'Pour l’année de référence 2010, l’intensité carbone de la Tunisie était de 0,555 téCO2/1000 DT de PIB NA (Non-Applicable) La contribution de la Tunisie se matérialise par une baisse de 45% de son intensité carbone en 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010 (Figure 1). La contribution inconditionnelle se basant sur les moyens propres de la Tunisie induirait une baisse de l’intensité carbone de 27% en 2030 par rapport à celle de l’année de référence 2010. La contribution conditionnelle, basée sur des soutiens internationaux conséquents, permettrait une baisse supplémentaire de l’intensité carbone de 18% en 2030 par rapport à l’année de référence 2010.', 'La contribution conditionnelle, basée sur des soutiens internationaux conséquents, permettrait une baisse supplémentaire de l’intensité carbone de 18% en 2030 par rapport à l’année de référence 2010. Le calcul de l’intensité carbone de l’année de référence 2010 a été basé sur les données de l’inventaire national des émissions de GES de l’année 2010,20 d’une part, et sur la valeur du PIB de 2010 à prix constants 2010 (don- née de l’Institut national de Statistiques et la Banque Centrale de Tunisie)CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE L’inventaire national complet des GES le plus récent en Tunisie avait visé les années 2010, 2011 et 2012. Tout récemment, le secteur de l’énergie tunisien a bénéficié d’une mise à jour de l’inventaire ciblant toutes les an- nées de 2010 jusqu’en 2020.', 'Tout récemment, le secteur de l’énergie tunisien a bénéficié d’une mise à jour de l’inventaire ciblant toutes les an- nées de 2010 jusqu’en 2020. A cet effet, des recalculs ont eu lieu pour les années 2010, 2011 et 2012 pour le secteur de l’énergie. Les autres secteurs n’ont pas encore fait l’objet d’opé- ration d’inventaire pour les années 2013 à 2020. Celle- ci devrait être lancée très prochainement. Par la même occasion, il se pourrait qu’il y ait des recalculs pour les secteurs procédés, AFAT et déchets, pour les années 2010 à 2012, consécutivement à d’éventuelles amélio- rations méthodologiques ou ajustements de données devenues éventuellement disponibles. Si tel serait le cas, les valeurs des indicateurs de référence pour- raient être mises à jour.', 'Si tel serait le cas, les valeurs des indicateurs de référence pour- raient être mises à jour. Par ailleurs, les opérations d’inventaire en question avaient été réalisées en appliquant les lignes directrices du GIEC de 2006. Il est possible que la Tunisie opte dans le futur pour l’uti- lisation des lignes directrices du GIEC de 2019. Dans ce cas, également, les valeurs des indicateurs de référence pourraient être mises à jour. 2- Calendriers et/ou périodes de mise en œuvre a) \x07 Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre b) Objectif annuel ou pluriannuel ?', '2- Calendriers et/ou périodes de mise en œuvre a) \x07 Calendrier et/ou période de mise en œuvre b) Objectif annuel ou pluriannuel ? Une seule et unique année-objectif : 2030 3- Portée et champ d’application a) \x07 Description générale de l’objectif d’atté- nuation b) \x07 Secteurs, gaz, catégories et réservoirs couverts par la contribution détermi- née au niveau national, y compris, le cas échéant, conformément aux lignes di- rectrices du GIEC. La CDN actualisée de la Tunisie vise une baisse de 45% de son intensité carbone en 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010. La contribution « inconditionnelle » de la Tunisie cor- respond à une baisse de l’intensité carbone de 27% en 2030 par rapport à celle de l’année de référence 2010.', 'La contribution « inconditionnelle » de la Tunisie cor- respond à une baisse de l’intensité carbone de 27% en 2030 par rapport à celle de l’année de référence 2010. La contribution « conditionnelle » prévoit une baisse additionnelle de l’intensité carbone en 2030 de 18% par rapport à l’année de référence 2010. La CDN actualisée couvre l’ensemble du territoire national.', 'La CDN actualisée couvre l’ensemble du territoire national. Elle reflète toutes les émissions et les ab- sorptions anthropogéniques rapportées dans le chapitre inventaire du 2ème rapport biennal et de la troisième communication nationale de la Tunisie.c) \x07 Prise en compte des alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision d) \x07 Retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation résul- tant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique, y compris la descrip- tion des projets, actions et initia- tives ayant trait en particulier aux mesures d’adaptation et / ou aux plans de diversification écono- mique Elle inclut donc : • \x07 Tous les secteurs, tels que définis par les lignes direc- trices 2006 du GIEC: Energie, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP), Agriculture, Foreste- rie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), et Dé- chets (solides et assainissement).', 'Elle reflète toutes les émissions et les ab- sorptions anthropogéniques rapportées dans le chapitre inventaire du 2ème rapport biennal et de la troisième communication nationale de la Tunisie.c) \x07 Prise en compte des alinéas c) et d) du paragraphe 31 de la décision d) \x07 Retombées bénéfiques dans le domaine de l’atténuation résul- tant des mesures d’adaptation et / ou des plans de diversification économique, y compris la descrip- tion des projets, actions et initia- tives ayant trait en particulier aux mesures d’adaptation et / ou aux plans de diversification écono- mique Elle inclut donc : • \x07 Tous les secteurs, tels que définis par les lignes direc- trices 2006 du GIEC: Energie, Procédés Industriels et Utilisation des Produits (PIUP), Agriculture, Foreste- rie et Autres Affectations des Terres (AFAT), et Dé- chets (solides et assainissement). • \x07 A l’intérieur de chaque secteur, toutes les sous-ca- tégories et sources d’émissions, conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC • \x07 Toutes les sources d’absorption de carbone couvertes par le secteur AFAT (sols et biomasse, selon les acti- vités d’utilisation des sols) conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC • \x07 Tous les gaz à effet de serre couverts par les lignes di- rectrices 2006 du GIEC, et plus particulièrement ceux dotés de PRG (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6).', '• \x07 A l’intérieur de chaque secteur, toutes les sous-ca- tégories et sources d’émissions, conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC • \x07 Toutes les sources d’absorption de carbone couvertes par le secteur AFAT (sols et biomasse, selon les acti- vités d’utilisation des sols) conformément aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC • \x07 Tous les gaz à effet de serre couverts par les lignes di- rectrices 2006 du GIEC, et plus particulièrement ceux dotés de PRG (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, SF6). La CDN actualisée de la Tunisie inclut toutes les caté- gories d’émissions et d’absorptions anthropiques cou- vertes par les lignes directrices du GIEC2006. Aucune source d’émissions, aucun puits, aucune activi- té, couverts par la première CDN n’ont été exclus dans la présente CDN actualisée.', 'Aucune source d’émissions, aucun puits, aucune activi- té, couverts par la première CDN n’ont été exclus dans la présente CDN actualisée. Plusieurs mesures d’adaptation devraient compléter certaines mesures d’atténuation et en améliorer les ré- sultats d’atténuation, plus particulièrement dans le sec- teur AFAT. On peut notamment citer : • \x07 PRA (Résilience alimentaire) 1 : moderniser les sys- tèmes de production agro-sylvo-pastoraux, et de l’élevage, par leur digitalisation et améliorer le par- tage des informations, des données et des connais- sances. Tous les programmes d’atténuation du sec- teur AFAT peuvent améliorer leurs performances grâce à la digitalisation et à l’adoption d’applications visant l’agriculture de précision. L’optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais et l’optimisation des régimes alimentaires du cheptel figurent parmi les mesures susceptibles de tirer profit des synergies entre l’adap- tation et l’atténuation.', 'L’optimisation de l’utilisation des engrais et l’optimisation des régimes alimentaires du cheptel figurent parmi les mesures susceptibles de tirer profit des synergies entre l’adap- tation et l’atténuation. • \x07 PRE (Résilience écologique) 1 : atteindre la neutrali- té en matière de dégradation des terres et assurer la durabilité des biens et services rendus par les écosys- tèmes naturels. Ces mesures vont venir soutenir les actions prévues dans la composante atténuation de la CDN, et très probablement en améliorer les résul- tats à travers, notamment, une prise en charge stricte des objectifs de neutralité de dégradation des terres et donc l’accès à des ressources supplémentaires, ainsi que l’application de nouveaux mécanismes de rémunération des services écosystémiques. Autant d’éléments qui viendront bonifier les résultats des ac- tions dédiées plus spécifiquement à l’atténuationCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE 4.', 'Autant d’éléments qui viendront bonifier les résultats des ac- tions dédiées plus spécifiquement à l’atténuationCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE 4. Processus de planification a) \x07 Informations sur les processus de planification que le pays partie a entrepris pour prépa- rer sa CDN et, le cas échéant, sur les plans de mise en œuvre du pays partie, y compris: i) \x07 Arrangements institutionnels nationaux, participation du public et engagement avec les communautés locales et les peuples autochtones, d’une manière sen- sible au genre. La CDN actualisée a été réalisée sur la base de larges concertations avec les principales parties-prenantes concernées par la problématique des changements climatiques en Tunisie, incluant les institutions pu- bliques, le secteur privé, la société civile et les ex- perts opérant dans les différents domaines et sec- teurs de l’atténuation des GES.', 'La CDN actualisée a été réalisée sur la base de larges concertations avec les principales parties-prenantes concernées par la problématique des changements climatiques en Tunisie, incluant les institutions pu- bliques, le secteur privé, la société civile et les ex- perts opérant dans les différents domaines et sec- teurs de l’atténuation des GES. Ces concertations se sont déroulées sous l’égide du point focal changement climatique (MALEn), via l’Unité de Gestion Par Objectifs qui est chargée de la réalisation du programme de suivi et de coordi- nation des activités relatives à la mise en œuvre de "l Accord de Paris"21.', 'Ces concertations se sont déroulées sous l’égide du point focal changement climatique (MALEn), via l’Unité de Gestion Par Objectifs qui est chargée de la réalisation du programme de suivi et de coordi- nation des activités relatives à la mise en œuvre de "l Accord de Paris"21. Dans les concertations inter-ac- teurs, le point focal CC s’appuie lui-même constam- ment sur les points focaux sectoriels (établis au sein des organismes concernés par les émissions de GES et politiques climatiques), mais aussi sur les deux comités nationaux dans les domaines respectifs de l’atténuation des émissions des gaz à effet de serre et de l’adaptation22. Les phases préparatoires de la CDN actualisée avaient démarré en octobre 2020, avec le lancement de concertations, sous forme de réunions et d’ate- liers, associant les principales parties prenantes im- pliquées.', 'Les phases préparatoires de la CDN actualisée avaient démarré en octobre 2020, avec le lancement de concertations, sous forme de réunions et d’ate- liers, associant les principales parties prenantes im- pliquées. Les concertations se sont poursuivies durant tout le premier semestre 2021, visant tout d’abord l’établissement de l’état des lieux des réa- lisations sur la période 2015-2020, puis le dévelop- pement des travaux prospectifs destinés à mettre à jour les trajectoires 2021-2030, en vue d’actualiser les objectifs de la CDN de la Tunisie. Chaque étape de concertations a fait l’objet d’ateliers nationaux de présentation des résultats, ainsi que d’ateliers et réunions sectorielles ad-hoc. Le processus de concertations s’est intensifié jusqu’à la validation de la CDN actualisée.', 'Le processus de concertations s’est intensifié jusqu’à la validation de la CDN actualisée. L’élaboration de la contribution de la Tunisie a été également largement basée sur les stratégies sec- torielles et horizontales existantes, telles que la stratégie nationale sur les changements climatiques élaborée en 2012, la stratégie d’efficacité énergé- tique, ainsi que les stratégies sectorielles AFAT, et déchets, sans oublier les différentes initiatives sous sectorielles (ex. ciment, HFC, Acide nitrique), et éga- lement la première CDN (2015), et les premier et se- cond rapports biennaux. vertu-de-l-accord-de-paris-sur-le-climat 22.Créés en vertu du Décret gouvernemental n°69-2020, en date du 07 Février 2020.ii) Questions contextuelles : (ii)-a. Circonstances nationales Position géographique La Tunisie est située au nord de l’Afrique, sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée et à la jonction entre les bassins oriental et oc- cidental méditerranéens.', 'vertu-de-l-accord-de-paris-sur-le-climat 22.Créés en vertu du Décret gouvernemental n°69-2020, en date du 07 Février 2020.ii) Questions contextuelles : (ii)-a. Circonstances nationales Position géographique La Tunisie est située au nord de l’Afrique, sur la rive sud de la Méditerranée et à la jonction entre les bassins oriental et oc- cidental méditerranéens. La Tunisie n’est séparée de l’Europe que par le détroit sicilo-tunisien large de 140 km. La superficie totale du pays est de 164 000 km2, dont environ la moitié est cultivable. La Tunisie possède 1 300 km de côtes, sur ses deux façades est et nord. La Tunisie est divisée en deux grandes zones géographiques : •\x07 une zone nord occidentale à reliefs tourmentés délimitant une série de hautes plaines •\x07 une zone sud orientale d’allure basse et vallonnée s’éten- dant jusqu’au littoral.', 'La Tunisie est divisée en deux grandes zones géographiques : •\x07 une zone nord occidentale à reliefs tourmentés délimitant une série de hautes plaines •\x07 une zone sud orientale d’allure basse et vallonnée s’éten- dant jusqu’au littoral. Climat La latitude relativement élevée de la Tunisie et son étirement géographique du nord au sud lui confèrent la succession des zones climatiques allant du subhumide à l’extrême nord, au semi-aride au Nord-ouest et au Cap Bon, à l’aride dans la Tuni- sie centrale au enfin au désertique pour tout le Sud. Avec un climat marqué par l’aridité, la Tunisie est considérée parmi les pays méditerranéens les plus exposés au change- ment climatique, avec des risques de forte augmentation de la température.', 'Avec un climat marqué par l’aridité, la Tunisie est considérée parmi les pays méditerranéens les plus exposés au change- ment climatique, avec des risques de forte augmentation de la température. Cette hausse varierait selon les régions, au meilleur des cas (RCP 4.5) entre 1°C et 1,8°C à l’horizon 2050 et entre 2°C et 3°C à la fin du siècle. Dans le cas le plus pessimiste (RCP 8.5), l’augmentation pourrait atteindre 4,1°C à 5,2°C à la fin du siècle. Les projections montrent également une baisse des précipitations (-10% à 30% en 2050), l’élévation du niveau de la mer (30 cm à 50 cm en 2050) et la hausse des phéno- mènes climatiques extrêmes (inondations et sécheresses).', 'Les projections montrent également une baisse des précipitations (-10% à 30% en 2050), l’élévation du niveau de la mer (30 cm à 50 cm en 2050) et la hausse des phéno- mènes climatiques extrêmes (inondations et sécheresses). Ces risques climatiques auraient des effets néfastes sur le plan social, économique et écologique qui se manifesteraient par la raréfaction des ressources en eau, la fragilisation des éco- systèmes terrestres et marins, la baisse des activités agricoles et touristiques et le renforcement de la littoralisation des ac- tivités économiques. L’économie nationale Le 14 janvier 2011, le peuple tunisien s’est révolté contre l’op- pression des libertés et la situation socio-économique difficile marquée par le chômage et le déséquilibre régional.', 'L’économie nationale Le 14 janvier 2011, le peuple tunisien s’est révolté contre l’op- pression des libertés et la situation socio-économique difficile marquée par le chômage et le déséquilibre régional. Depuis, la Tunisie est entrée dans une phase de transition politique dont la démocratisation et le développement socio-économique équitable et durable sont les principales priorités. L’économie tunisienne a été fortement affectée par l’instabi- lité politique et les revendications sociales qui ont accompa- gné ce processus de démocratisation. En effet, la croissance économique moyenne n’a pas dépassé 1,8% sur la période 2010-2019, alors qu’elle se situait à plus de 4% avant 2010. La crise sanitaire a eu un impact très négatif sur l’économie Tuni- sienne qui a connu en 2020, une récession de -8,6%.', 'La crise sanitaire a eu un impact très négatif sur l’économie Tuni- sienne qui a connu en 2020, une récession de -8,6%. Ce niveau de croissance n’a pas permis de créer suffisammentCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE d’emplois pour baisser le taux de chômage qui s’est établi à 17,4% en fin 2020, soit 725 mille chômeurs dont environ 45% de jeunes diplômés. La Tunisie compte fortement sur l’économie verte et particu- lièrement l’investissement dans les énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique comme mesures de sortie des effets de la pandémie du COVID-19 Développement durable La nouvelle Constitution de la Tunisie a considéré le dévelop- pement durable et le droit des générations futures parmi les droits fondamentaux des citoyens et citoyennes tunisiens (Préambule et Art. 12).', 'La Tunisie compte fortement sur l’économie verte et particu- lièrement l’investissement dans les énergies renouvelables et l’efficacité énergétique comme mesures de sortie des effets de la pandémie du COVID-19 Développement durable La nouvelle Constitution de la Tunisie a considéré le dévelop- pement durable et le droit des générations futures parmi les droits fondamentaux des citoyens et citoyennes tunisiens (Préambule et Art. 12). La responsabilité conjointe de l’État et de la société dans la préservation des ressources en eau, la lutte contre le changement climatique et le droit à un envi- ronnement sain pour tous les citoyens a été inscrite comme une priorité dans l’article 45 de la constitution. Par ailleurs, la constitution prévoit la mise en place de cinq instances consti- tutionnelles indépendantes dont une de développement du- rable et des droits des générations futures.', 'Par ailleurs, la constitution prévoit la mise en place de cinq instances consti- tutionnelles indépendantes dont une de développement du- rable et des droits des générations futures. Lutte contre la pauvreté Les travaux de la dernière enquête nationale auprès des mé- nages de 2015 ont abouti à l’estimation d’un taux de pauvreté de 15,2% en 2015 contre 20,5 % en 2010 et 23,1% en 2005. Le taux de pauvreté extrême est établi à 2,9 % en 2015 contre 6% en 2010 et 7,4% en 2005. Malgré les efforts de l’Etat, l’éradication totale de la pauvreté reste encore difficile à réaliser. En effet, les chiffres actuels pourraient se révéler supérieurs si on intégrait les populations non comptabilisées officiellement, et si on tenait compte de l’amplification de la crise économique durant les dernières an- nées.', 'En effet, les chiffres actuels pourraient se révéler supérieurs si on intégrait les populations non comptabilisées officiellement, et si on tenait compte de l’amplification de la crise économique durant les dernières an- nées. • \x07 La préparation de la CDN a permis de réactiver les proces- sus de concertations, et donc de redynamiser l’engagement de tous les acteurs en faveur de la lutte contre les change- ments climatiques • \x07Durant les concertations, l’accent a été largement mis sur la responsabilisation des parties en lien avec la mise en oevre, la mobilisation des ressources financières ainsi qu’au pro- cessus de suivi de la CDN (système de transparence) • \x07 L’élaboration de la CDN a été entreprise en parallèle au pro- cessus d’élaboration de la Stratégie Nationale bas-carbone, ce qui a permis de créer des synergies et surtout de garantir la cohérence des trajectoires à engager durant la période 2021-2030 avec celles proposées pour la période 2031-2050.', '• \x07 La préparation de la CDN a permis de réactiver les proces- sus de concertations, et donc de redynamiser l’engagement de tous les acteurs en faveur de la lutte contre les change- ments climatiques • \x07Durant les concertations, l’accent a été largement mis sur la responsabilisation des parties en lien avec la mise en oevre, la mobilisation des ressources financières ainsi qu’au pro- cessus de suivi de la CDN (système de transparence) • \x07 L’élaboration de la CDN a été entreprise en parallèle au pro- cessus d’élaboration de la Stratégie Nationale bas-carbone, ce qui a permis de créer des synergies et surtout de garantir la cohérence des trajectoires à engager durant la période 2021-2030 avec celles proposées pour la période 2031-2050. De même, la coordination omniprésente des travaux atté- nuation et adaptation a permis de s’assurer de la cohérence entre ces deux piliers de la CDN et de favoriser les synergies.', 'De même, la coordination omniprésente des travaux atté- nuation et adaptation a permis de s’assurer de la cohérence entre ces deux piliers de la CDN et de favoriser les synergies. ii \x07 (b). Meilleures pratiques et expérience tirées de l’élaboration de la CDN ii \x07 (c). Autres aspirations et priorités contextuelles reconnues lors de l’adhésion à l’Accord de Parisi. Façon dont les conséquences écono- miques et sociales des mesures de réponse ont été prises en compte dans le dévelop- pement de la CDN. NA NA Les résultats du bilan mondial ont présenté des tra- jectoires largement en deçà des plafonnements des émissions nécessaires pour l’atteinte des objectifs de l’Accord de Paris.', 'NA NA Les résultats du bilan mondial ont présenté des tra- jectoires largement en deçà des plafonnements des émissions nécessaires pour l’atteinte des objectifs de l’Accord de Paris. Outre le renforcement net de son ambition d’atté- nuation 2030 dans cette CDN, comme réponse aux résultats du bilan mondial, la Tunisie s’est placée, déjà dans sa CDN actualisée qui couvre la période 2021-2030, dans la rampe de lancement des objectifs poursuivis par l’Accord de Paris Par ailleurs, s’alignant sur les recommandations du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris sur le plafonnement des émissions, la trajectoire des émis- sions de la Tunisie en termes absolus marquent l’oc- currence du pic des émissions bien avant 2020. b)\x07 Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionale et leurs États membres, qui sont parvenus à un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, y compris les Parties qui ont accepté d’agir conjointement et les termes de l’accord, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris c) \x07 La façon dont l’élaboration de la CDN a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'Outre le renforcement net de son ambition d’atté- nuation 2030 dans cette CDN, comme réponse aux résultats du bilan mondial, la Tunisie s’est placée, déjà dans sa CDN actualisée qui couvre la période 2021-2030, dans la rampe de lancement des objectifs poursuivis par l’Accord de Paris Par ailleurs, s’alignant sur les recommandations du paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris sur le plafonnement des émissions, la trajectoire des émis- sions de la Tunisie en termes absolus marquent l’oc- currence du pic des émissions bien avant 2020. b)\x07 Informations spécifiques applicables aux Parties, y compris les organisations d’intégration économique régionale et leurs États membres, qui sont parvenus à un accord pour agir conjointement en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, y compris les Parties qui ont accepté d’agir conjointement et les termes de l’accord, conformément aux paragraphes 16 à 18 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris c) \x07 La façon dont l’élaboration de la CDN a été éclairée par les résultats du bilan mondial, conformément au paragraphe 9 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. d)\x07 Chaque Partie ayant une CDN au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui consiste en des me- sures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des co-avantages d’atténuation conformes au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris à soumettre des in- formations sur : ii.', 'd)\x07 Chaque Partie ayant une CDN au titre de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris qui consiste en des me- sures d’adaptation et/ou des plans de diversification économique aboutissant à des co-avantages d’atténuation conformes au paragraphe 7 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris à soumettre des in- formations sur : ii. Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co-bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co-béné- fices d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planifi- cation urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communica- tions, la construction, le tourisme, l’immo- bilier, l’agriculture et la pêche Mesures illustratives mentionnées ci-dessus (pointCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Comptabilisation des émissions et absorptions an- thropiques de gaz à effet de serre : conforme aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'Projets, mesures et activités spécifiques à mettre en œuvre pour contribuer aux co-bénéfices d’atténuation, y compris des informations sur les plans d’adaptation qui produisent également des co-béné- fices d’atténuation, qui peuvent couvrir des secteurs clés, tels que l’énergie, les ressources, l’eau ressources, ressources côtières, établissements humains et planifi- cation urbaine, agriculture et foresterie; et des actions de diversification économique, qui peuvent couvrir, des secteurs tels que la fabrication et l’industrie, l’énergie et les mines, les transports et les communica- tions, la construction, le tourisme, l’immo- bilier, l’agriculture et la pêche Mesures illustratives mentionnées ci-dessus (pointCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Comptabilisation des émissions et absorptions an- thropiques de gaz à effet de serre : conforme aux lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. L approche utilisée par la Tunisie dans la comptabili- sation des émissions/absorptions sera, au plus tard le 31 décembre 2024, strictement conforme aux orientations comptables pour les CDN figurant à l annexe II de la décision 4/CMA.1.', 'L approche utilisée par la Tunisie dans la comptabili- sation des émissions/absorptions sera, au plus tard le 31 décembre 2024, strictement conforme aux orientations comptables pour les CDN figurant à l annexe II de la décision 4/CMA.1. Les émissions du scénario BaC anticipées à l’horizon 2030 découlent de la mise en œuvre de toutes les politiques et mesures. Les mêmes hypothèses et approches que celles de l’inventaire des GES sont utilisées pour la comptabilisation des résultats de la mise en œuvre des politiques/mesures/stratégies dans la CDN. La Tunisie utilise les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre.', 'La Tunisie utilise les Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC pour les inventaires nationaux de gaz à effet de serre. Dans sa comptabilisation des émissions et des ab- sorptions anthropiques correspondant à la CDN, la Tunisie s’est basée sur le paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, lequel se réfère à l’article 13 du même accord, qui met l’accent sur l’intégrité en- vironnementale, la transparence, l’exactitude, l’ex- haustivité, la comparabilité, la cohérence, et à l’évi- tement de tout double comptage.', 'Dans sa comptabilisation des émissions et des ab- sorptions anthropiques correspondant à la CDN, la Tunisie s’est basée sur le paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris, lequel se réfère à l’article 13 du même accord, qui met l’accent sur l’intégrité en- vironnementale, la transparence, l’exactitude, l’ex- haustivité, la comparabilité, la cohérence, et à l’évi- tement de tout double comptage. a) \x07 Hypothèses et approches méthodolo- giques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau na- tional, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/ CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA b) \x07 Hypothèses et approches méthodolo- giques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national.', 'a) \x07 Hypothèses et approches méthodolo- giques utilisées pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre correspondant à la contribution déterminée au niveau na- tional, conformément au paragraphe 31 de la décision 1/ CP.21 et aux orientations comptables adoptées par la CMA b) \x07 Hypothèses et approches méthodolo- giques utilisées pour comptabiliser la mise en œuvre des politiques et mesures ou des stratégies dans la contribution déterminée au niveau national. c)\x07 Informations sur la manière dont le pays tient compte des méthodes et des orien- tations existantes au titre de la Conven- tion pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformé- ment au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris 5.', 'c)\x07 Informations sur la manière dont le pays tient compte des méthodes et des orien- tations existantes au titre de la Conven- tion pour comptabiliser les émissions et absorptions anthropiques, conformé- ment au paragraphe 14 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris 5. Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC.', 'Hypothèses et approches méthodologiques, y compris celles concernant l’estimation et la comptabilisation des émissions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre et, le cas échéant, les absorptions Méthodologies : Lignes directrices 2006 du GIEC. Métriques : Valeurs de Potentiel de réchauffement Global conformément (PRG à 100 ans) utilisées à par- tir du document « IPCC Fourth Assessment Report- AR4 - Climate Change 2007 » : HFCs : \x07 PRG variables selon les substances utilisées en Tunisie ; pouvant aller jusqu’à 14800 d) \x07 Méthodologies et paramètres de me- sure du GIEC pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre.', 'Métriques : Valeurs de Potentiel de réchauffement Global conformément (PRG à 100 ans) utilisées à par- tir du document « IPCC Fourth Assessment Report- AR4 - Climate Change 2007 » : HFCs : \x07 PRG variables selon les substances utilisées en Tunisie ; pouvant aller jusqu’à 14800 d) \x07 Méthodologies et paramètres de me- sure du GIEC pour estimer les émissions et les absorptions anthropiques de gaz à effet de serre. e) \x07 Hypothèses, méthodologies et approches propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une acti- vité, conformes aux lignes directrices du GIEC, selon qu’il convient, y compris, le cas échéant : i. \x07 Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions induites par les perturba- tions naturelles sur les terres gérées NAi.', '\x07 Approche pour traiter les émissions et les absorptions induites par les perturba- tions naturelles sur les terres gérées NAi. La façon dont les indicateurs de référence, le(s) niveau(x) de référence, y compris, le cas échéant, les niveaux de référence propres à un secteur, à une catégorie ou à une activité, sont construits, y compris, par exemple, les principaux paramètres, hypo- thèses, définitions, méthodes, sources de données et modèles utilisés ii. Pour les Parties dont les contributions dé- terminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utili- sées en relation avec ces éléments, selon que de besoin iii.', 'Pour les Parties dont les contributions dé- terminées au niveau national contiennent des éléments autres que les gaz à effet de serre, des informations sur les hypothèses et les approches méthodologiques utili- sées en relation avec ces éléments, selon que de besoin iii. Pour les facteurs de forçage climatique inclus dans les contributions déterminées au niveau national et non visés par les lignes directrices du GIEC, des informations sur la manière dont ces facteurs sont estimés iv. Informations techniques complémen- taires, selon que de besoin g) \x07 L’intention d’utiliser la coopération vo- lontaire au titre de l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, le cas échéant ii. \x07 Démarche suivie pour comptabiliser les émissions et les absorptions des pro- duits ligneux récoltés iii. \x07 Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts.', '\x07 Approche utilisée pour traiter les effets de la structure des classes d’âge dans les forêts. Les approches de calcul des émissions de GES dé- coulent directement des lignes directrices de l’IPCC 2006. L’élaboration du scénario de référence s’est appuyée sur d’importants travaux de modélisation développés pour les différents secteurs. Le calcul des émissions est basé sur la prévision des données d’activité. Les hypothèses sectorielles sont décrites dans la section 1.5 de la présente CDN actualisée. NA NA NA Pour financer sa contribution conditionnée par l’ob- tention d’appuis financiers internationaux, la Tuni- sie compte utiliser pleinement et volontairement les mécanismes coopératifs prévus par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, qu’ils reposent sur le marché (pa- ragraphes 2 et 4 de l’article 6) ou qu’ils soient non fondés sur le marché (paragraphe 8 de l’article 6).', 'NA NA NA Pour financer sa contribution conditionnée par l’ob- tention d’appuis financiers internationaux, la Tuni- sie compte utiliser pleinement et volontairement les mécanismes coopératifs prévus par l’article 6 de l’Accord de Paris, qu’ils reposent sur le marché (pa- ragraphes 2 et 4 de l’article 6) ou qu’ils soient non fondés sur le marché (paragraphe 8 de l’article 6). De manière générale, la Tunisie souhaite s’enga- ger dans ces approches coopératives sur toutes les Les émissions imputables aux produits ligneux ré- coltés informellement sont extrapolées à l’année de référence et aux années subséquentes sur la base de données historiques d’enquêtes. Les absorptions sont estimées sur la base des direc- tives du GIEC 2006.', 'Les absorptions sont estimées sur la base des direc- tives du GIEC 2006. Non pris en compte f)\x07 Autres hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspon- dantes, notamment :CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE sources éligibles aux mécanismes de l’article 6, et plus particulièrement pour développer la production d’élec- tricité à partir de toutes les sources d’énergies renouve- lables, et l’amélioration de son efficacité énergétique, la maîtrise des émissions dans le secteur des procédés, la gestion contrôlée et améliorée sur le plan environne- ment des déchets et des eaux usées, ainsi que les me- sures ciblant l’agriculture et la forêt et utilisations des terres.', 'Non pris en compte f)\x07 Autres hypothèses et démarches méthodologiques utilisées pour comprendre la contribution déterminée au niveau national et, le cas échéant, estimer les émissions et absorptions correspon- dantes, notamment :CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE sources éligibles aux mécanismes de l’article 6, et plus particulièrement pour développer la production d’élec- tricité à partir de toutes les sources d’énergies renouve- lables, et l’amélioration de son efficacité énergétique, la maîtrise des émissions dans le secteur des procédés, la gestion contrôlée et améliorée sur le plan environne- ment des déchets et des eaux usées, ainsi que les me- sures ciblant l’agriculture et la forêt et utilisations des terres. Des éléments supplémentaires sur cet aspect sont dé- crits dans la section 1.3 de la présente CDN actualisée 6.', 'Des éléments supplémentaires sur cet aspect sont dé- crits dans la section 1.3 de la présente CDN actualisée 6. La manière dont la Tunisie considère que sa contribution déterminée au niveau natio- nal est équitable et ambitieuse compte tenu de sa situation nationale La Tunisie considère que sa contribution est juste et ambitieuse, pour trois principales raisons : • \x07 Grâce à sa contribution totale (inconditionnelle et conditionnelle), la Tunisie augmente son ambition, en visant une réduction de son intensité carbone en 2030 de 45% par rapport à celle de 2010. • \x07 L’effort national (contribution inconditionnelle) induit une baisse de 27% de l’intensité carbone à l’horizon 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010, soit près 60% de l’objectif visé La question de l’équité ne se pose pas réellement en Tunisie.', '• \x07 L’effort national (contribution inconditionnelle) induit une baisse de 27% de l’intensité carbone à l’horizon 2030 par rapport à celle de 2010, soit près 60% de l’objectif visé La question de l’équité ne se pose pas réellement en Tunisie. Elle est même en défaveur du pays Historiquement, le pays a toujours été un émetteur insignifiant. Ainsi, malgré son poids insignifiant dans les émissions mondiales (0,07% en 2010), et pour contribuer à l’effort mondial, la Tunisie s’engage à faire baisser son intensité carbone significativement en dessous de celle de l’année 2010. S’élevant à 3,3 teCO2/habitant en 2010, les émissions de la Tunisie par habitant à l’horizon 2030, attein- draient 2,4 teCO2/habitant, alors que la moyenne des émissions par tête en 2010 à l’échelle mondiale atteignaient déjà 7 téCO2/habitant et, selon toute vraisemblance, serait amenée à augmenter d’ici 203023.', 'S’élevant à 3,3 teCO2/habitant en 2010, les émissions de la Tunisie par habitant à l’horizon 2030, attein- draient 2,4 teCO2/habitant, alors que la moyenne des émissions par tête en 2010 à l’échelle mondiale atteignaient déjà 7 téCO2/habitant et, selon toute vraisemblance, serait amenée à augmenter d’ici 203023. La CDN actualisée relève l’ambition de la Tunisie à 45% de baisse de l’intensité carbone, contre 41% visés par la première CDN. Cet objectif correspond au niveau d’ambition le plus élevé possible pour la Tunisie, compte tenu de la courte période qui nous sépare encore de l’année cible (2030).', 'Cet objectif correspond au niveau d’ambition le plus élevé possible pour la Tunisie, compte tenu de la courte période qui nous sépare encore de l’année cible (2030). a) \x07 Comment le pays Partie considère que sa CDN est juste et ambitieuse à la lumière de sa situation nationale b) Considérations sur l’équité c) \x07 Manière dont la Tunisie a pris en compte le paragraphe 3 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris 23. \x07 Compte tenu du caractère improbable de l’occurrence du pic des émissions à l’échelle mondiale d’ici 2030.7.', '\x07 Compte tenu du caractère improbable de l’occurrence du pic des émissions à l’échelle mondiale d’ici 2030.7. Façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réalisation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 La Tunisie considère que sa CDN actualisée est conforme à l’objectif de la CCNUCC, comme le confir- ment les arguments développés dans les points 6a et 6b ci-dessus. La CDN actualisée de la Tunisie contribue aux objec- tifs de l’article 2 de la Convention visant à stabiliser les concentrations de GES dans l’atmosphère à un niveau qui empêcherait toute interférence dange- reuse avec le système climatique. L’Accord de Paris a fixé à 2°C le maximum de hausse admissible de la température.', 'L’Accord de Paris a fixé à 2°C le maximum de hausse admissible de la température. Sur la période 2021- 2030, la Tunisie s’inscrit déjà dans la trajectoire de 2°C. Elle consolidera sa trajectoire baissière après 2030 pour rejoindre celle de 1,5°C. Se référer au point 7a ci-dessus Le plafonnement des émissions est déjà intervenu avant 2020 en Tunisie L’objectif de baisse de l’intensité en 2030 se réfère à une intensité d’une année antérieure (2010). Si les anticipations de PIB se réalisent, l’objectif d’intensi- té de 2030 se traduirait par des émissions inférieures à celles de 2010 en termes absolus.', 'Si les anticipations de PIB se réalisent, l’objectif d’intensi- té de 2030 se traduirait par des émissions inférieures à celles de 2010 en termes absolus. NA a) \x07 Façon dont la contribution déterminée au niveau national concourt à la réali- sation de l’objectif de la Convention tel qu’énoncé à son article 2 b) \x07 Façon dont la CDN actualisée concourt à l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et au paragraphe 1 de l’article 4 de l’Ac- cord de Paris. d) \x07 Manière dont la Tunisie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris.', 'd) \x07 Manière dont la Tunisie a pris en compte le paragraphe 4 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de Paris. e) \x07 Manière dont la Tunisie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de ParisCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Annexe 2 : Récapitulatif des actions prioritaires d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 La CDN actualisée permet, avec son approche transversale en forme d’«Etoile de la résilience » qui vise à répondre aux besoins d’adaptation du pays au bénéfice des populations, d’identifier des mesures prioritaires au niveau sectoriel qui visent à maximiser les co-bénéfices intersectoriels.', 'e) \x07 Manière dont la Tunisie a pris en compte le paragraphe 6 de l’article 4 de l’Accord de ParisCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Annexe 2 : Récapitulatif des actions prioritaires d’adaptation à l’horizon 2030 La CDN actualisée permet, avec son approche transversale en forme d’«Etoile de la résilience » qui vise à répondre aux besoins d’adaptation du pays au bénéfice des populations, d’identifier des mesures prioritaires au niveau sectoriel qui visent à maximiser les co-bénéfices intersectoriels. 1.1 RÉSILIENCE ALIMENTAIRE – RA Priorité 1 : Atteindre la transition numérique des systèmes de production agro-sylvo- pastoraux, de l’élevage, de la pêche et de l’aquaculture, améliorer le partage des informations, données et connaissances pour une meilleure résilience aux effets du changement climatique des territoires et des sociétés.', '1.1 RÉSILIENCE ALIMENTAIRE – RA Priorité 1 : Atteindre la transition numérique des systèmes de production agro-sylvo- pastoraux, de l’élevage, de la pêche et de l’aquaculture, améliorer le partage des informations, données et connaissances pour une meilleure résilience aux effets du changement climatique des territoires et des sociétés. • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer la surveillance des risques climatiques sur les systèmes de production agro-sylvo-pastoraux, de la pêche et de l aquaculture (niveaux national et régional), la modélisation des impacts à moyen et long terme sur les produits stratégiques et vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique et assurer la transparence.', '• \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer la surveillance des risques climatiques sur les systèmes de production agro-sylvo-pastoraux, de la pêche et de l aquaculture (niveaux national et régional), la modélisation des impacts à moyen et long terme sur les produits stratégiques et vulnérables aux effets du changement climatique et assurer la transparence. • Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités, la création et le partage du savoir et savoir-faire et adapter les transferts des acquis de la recherche sur l‘adaptation aux effets du changement climatique aux besoins de la profession (Les cadres du MARHP, AVFA, Enseignement supérieur, formation professionnelle et vulgarisation) • Mesure 3 : \x07 Créer des pôles régionaux de recherche/action et vulgarisation/formation sur les espèces pastorales autochtones et introduites in situ dans des domaines pilotes régionaux : Station EL GRINE (Kairoaun), SAWAF (Zaghouan).', '• Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités, la création et le partage du savoir et savoir-faire et adapter les transferts des acquis de la recherche sur l‘adaptation aux effets du changement climatique aux besoins de la profession (Les cadres du MARHP, AVFA, Enseignement supérieur, formation professionnelle et vulgarisation) • Mesure 3 : \x07 Créer des pôles régionaux de recherche/action et vulgarisation/formation sur les espèces pastorales autochtones et introduites in situ dans des domaines pilotes régionaux : Station EL GRINE (Kairoaun), SAWAF (Zaghouan). Priorité 2 : Anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (produits agricoles, élevages, pêche et aquaculture, territoires et exploitants) • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Finaliser, valider et mettre en œuvre les mesures prioritaires du Plan National d Adaptation de l Agriculture Tunisienne et la Sécurité Alimentaire aux effets du changement climatique (5 projets sont financés) • Mesure 2 : \x07 Amélioration de la conservation et de la valorisation des ressources génétiques autochtones et menacées par le changement climatique • Mesure 3 : \x07 Améliorer l efficience de l eau verte par la promotion d une agriculture pluviale et irriguée résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (pratiques culturales, semences, …) • Mesure 4 : \x07 Création de 5 zones pilotes pour le développement de l agriculture biologique : (Oasis, Hezoua/Tozeur - Pistaches, Mejelbelabbes/Kasserine - Figues, Kesra/Siliana - Piment, Hawaria/ Nabeul et de Sejnane/Bizerte) • Mesure 5 : \x07 Mise à l échelle de l expérience « légumineuses 1 – féverole» et introduction des légumineuses fourragères dans les zones adaptées • Mesure 6 : \x07 Améliorer la valorisation des ressources naturelles pour anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente au stress hydrique et sobre en carbone • Mesure 7 : \x07 Opérer et accompagner la transition agroécologique : intégration animal/végétal, valorisation des déchets de l‘agriculture et recours aux innovations culturales et technologiques adaptées • Mesure 8 : \x07 Renforcer l’autonomie fourragère et création de réserves alimentaires pour mieux gérer les crises (réduction du gaspillage, gestion des stocks, diversification, amélioration de la qualité, variétés adaptées) • Mesure 9 : \x07 Opérer l’intégration des impacts du changement climatique et adopter les approches du GIZC et le recours aux techniques douces et basées sur la nature dans les stratégies,programmes et projets de développement de la pêche et de l aquaculture pour améliorer la résilience des sous-secteurs aux effets du changement climatique • Mesure 10 : \x07 Mieux organiser les campagnes de pêche par une évolution réfléchie de la flottille ainsi qu’une meilleure exploitation des potentialités d’aquaculture • Mesure 11 : \x07 Réorganiser la profession vers une autonomisation accrue des petits pêcheurs, l organisation de la filière et une meilleure valorisation des produits de la pêche pour une amélioration de la résilience socio-économique surtout des groupes vulnérables et des femmes face aux effets du changement climatique • Mesure 12 : \x07 Aménagement rural intégré des bassins et sous‐bassins versants vulnérables au changement climatique, des dépressions (sebkhas) et régulation des inondations • Mesure 13 : \x07 Réhabilitation/Aménagement des parcours et des nappes alfatières dégradées dans les régions Centre et Sud • Mesure 14 : \x07 Lutte contre l’ensablement dans le Sud tunisien et appui à la régionalisation des mises en œuvre (consolidation biologique et mécanique des ouvrages).', 'Priorité 2 : Anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (produits agricoles, élevages, pêche et aquaculture, territoires et exploitants) • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Finaliser, valider et mettre en œuvre les mesures prioritaires du Plan National d Adaptation de l Agriculture Tunisienne et la Sécurité Alimentaire aux effets du changement climatique (5 projets sont financés) • Mesure 2 : \x07 Amélioration de la conservation et de la valorisation des ressources génétiques autochtones et menacées par le changement climatique • Mesure 3 : \x07 Améliorer l efficience de l eau verte par la promotion d une agriculture pluviale et irriguée résiliente aux effets du changement climatique (pratiques culturales, semences, …) • Mesure 4 : \x07 Création de 5 zones pilotes pour le développement de l agriculture biologique : (Oasis, Hezoua/Tozeur - Pistaches, Mejelbelabbes/Kasserine - Figues, Kesra/Siliana - Piment, Hawaria/ Nabeul et de Sejnane/Bizerte) • Mesure 5 : \x07 Mise à l échelle de l expérience « légumineuses 1 – féverole» et introduction des légumineuses fourragères dans les zones adaptées • Mesure 6 : \x07 Améliorer la valorisation des ressources naturelles pour anticiper et accompagner la transition vers une agriculture résiliente au stress hydrique et sobre en carbone • Mesure 7 : \x07 Opérer et accompagner la transition agroécologique : intégration animal/végétal, valorisation des déchets de l‘agriculture et recours aux innovations culturales et technologiques adaptées • Mesure 8 : \x07 Renforcer l’autonomie fourragère et création de réserves alimentaires pour mieux gérer les crises (réduction du gaspillage, gestion des stocks, diversification, amélioration de la qualité, variétés adaptées) • Mesure 9 : \x07 Opérer l’intégration des impacts du changement climatique et adopter les approches du GIZC et le recours aux techniques douces et basées sur la nature dans les stratégies,programmes et projets de développement de la pêche et de l aquaculture pour améliorer la résilience des sous-secteurs aux effets du changement climatique • Mesure 10 : \x07 Mieux organiser les campagnes de pêche par une évolution réfléchie de la flottille ainsi qu’une meilleure exploitation des potentialités d’aquaculture • Mesure 11 : \x07 Réorganiser la profession vers une autonomisation accrue des petits pêcheurs, l organisation de la filière et une meilleure valorisation des produits de la pêche pour une amélioration de la résilience socio-économique surtout des groupes vulnérables et des femmes face aux effets du changement climatique • Mesure 12 : \x07 Aménagement rural intégré des bassins et sous‐bassins versants vulnérables au changement climatique, des dépressions (sebkhas) et régulation des inondations • Mesure 13 : \x07 Réhabilitation/Aménagement des parcours et des nappes alfatières dégradées dans les régions Centre et Sud • Mesure 14 : \x07 Lutte contre l’ensablement dans le Sud tunisien et appui à la régionalisation des mises en œuvre (consolidation biologique et mécanique des ouvrages). 1.2 RÉSILIENCE HYDRIQUE – RH Priorité 1 : Améliorer la gestion quantitative et qualitative des ressources eaux conventionnelles face aux impacts du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Programme de modernisation et réhabilitation des systèmes hydrauliques (infrastructures de stockage, de mobilisation et de transfert et de distribution) • Mesure 2 : \x07 Programme de collecte et transfert des eaux excédentaires du Nord • Mesure 3 : \x07 Programme de mobilisation et de gestion des eaux de surface, de collecte de l’eau pluviale et de recharge artificielle des nappes • Mesure 4 : \x07 Création de nouveaux barrages "melah amont - Barrage Mliz", réhabilitation de barrages existants : barrage Bzirk (Nabeul), El Kebir (Fahs) et rehaussement barrage Siliana.', '1.2 RÉSILIENCE HYDRIQUE – RH Priorité 1 : Améliorer la gestion quantitative et qualitative des ressources eaux conventionnelles face aux impacts du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Programme de modernisation et réhabilitation des systèmes hydrauliques (infrastructures de stockage, de mobilisation et de transfert et de distribution) • Mesure 2 : \x07 Programme de collecte et transfert des eaux excédentaires du Nord • Mesure 3 : \x07 Programme de mobilisation et de gestion des eaux de surface, de collecte de l’eau pluviale et de recharge artificielle des nappes • Mesure 4 : \x07 Création de nouveaux barrages "melah amont - Barrage Mliz", réhabilitation de barrages existants : barrage Bzirk (Nabeul), El Kebir (Fahs) et rehaussement barrage Siliana. • Mesure 5 : \x07 Programme de protection des barrages contre l‘envasement et les inondations • Mesure 6 : \x07 Programme de renforcement et sécurisation de l alimentation en eau potable des zones vulnérables • Mesure 7 : \x07 Programme d économies d eau et d amélioration de l efficience des usages • Mesure 8 : \x07 Programme de préservation et reconquête de la qualité des ressources en eaux face aux impacts du changement climatique et aux différentes formes de pollution • Mesure 9 : \x07 Programme national de mise en place de réseaux intelligents d eau potable • Mesure 10 : \x07 Projet pilote pour l’équipement de 140 SAEP/GDA par de l’énergie solaire soit l’équivalent de 700 Kw (avec co-bénéfices en matière d’atténuation) Priorité 2 : Massifier l’utilisation maîtrisée des eaux non conventionnelles pour faire face la raréfaction de la ressource sous effet du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Projets de réhabilitation et création de périmètres irrigués avec les eaux usées traitées (19) et leur promotion dans les gouvernorats (15) de Mahdia, Nabeul, Gafsa, Kasserine, Gabes, Sidi Bouzid, Tataouine, Tozeur, Ariana, Kébili, Monastir, Sousse, Tunis, Mannouba, Ariana • Mesure 2 : \x07 Plan national de Dessalement par l‘Energie renouvelable (PNDER) • Mesure 3 : \x07 Projets d amélioration de la qualité des eaux épurées pour massifier la réutilisation et de diversifier les usages (espaces verts, industries, écosystèmes, golf, etc.)', '• Mesure 5 : \x07 Programme de protection des barrages contre l‘envasement et les inondations • Mesure 6 : \x07 Programme de renforcement et sécurisation de l alimentation en eau potable des zones vulnérables • Mesure 7 : \x07 Programme d économies d eau et d amélioration de l efficience des usages • Mesure 8 : \x07 Programme de préservation et reconquête de la qualité des ressources en eaux face aux impacts du changement climatique et aux différentes formes de pollution • Mesure 9 : \x07 Programme national de mise en place de réseaux intelligents d eau potable • Mesure 10 : \x07 Projet pilote pour l’équipement de 140 SAEP/GDA par de l’énergie solaire soit l’équivalent de 700 Kw (avec co-bénéfices en matière d’atténuation) Priorité 2 : Massifier l’utilisation maîtrisée des eaux non conventionnelles pour faire face la raréfaction de la ressource sous effet du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Projets de réhabilitation et création de périmètres irrigués avec les eaux usées traitées (19) et leur promotion dans les gouvernorats (15) de Mahdia, Nabeul, Gafsa, Kasserine, Gabes, Sidi Bouzid, Tataouine, Tozeur, Ariana, Kébili, Monastir, Sousse, Tunis, Mannouba, Ariana • Mesure 2 : \x07 Plan national de Dessalement par l‘Energie renouvelable (PNDER) • Mesure 3 : \x07 Projets d amélioration de la qualité des eaux épurées pour massifier la réutilisation et de diversifier les usages (espaces verts, industries, écosystèmes, golf, etc.) • Mesure 4 : \x07 Projet de développement de l assainissement en milieu rural • Mesure 5 : \x07 Programme d adaptation au changement climatique des infrastructures et filières d assainissement et augmentation de leur résilience aux risques extrêmes et catastrophesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • Mesure 6 : \x07 Programme de réutilisation des eaux de drainage • Mesure 7 : Mise en œuvre du plan d action de la Stratégie Eau 2050 • Mesure 8 : \x07 Équipement des stations de pompage des PPI/EUT par l’énergie photovoltaïque à Kasserine, Kairouan, Nabeul, Sfax, Siliana, Gabes et Gafsa Priorité 3 : Renforcer les capacités techniques, scientifiques et institutionnelles des acteurs de l eau à s adapter au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Intégration de l adaptation au changement climatique dans les cursus de l enseignement supérieurs et la formation aux métiers de l Eau • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Mise en place effective des institutions, de la gouvernance et des réformes prévues par le nouveau Code des Eaux • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mise en place de mécanismes de financement et montage des projets d adaptation de la gestion des eaux • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Projets de promotion de l‘approche nexus: eau-agriculture, énergie-écosystème, agriculture-environnement, agriculture-santé dans les études de résilience.', '• Mesure 4 : \x07 Projet de développement de l assainissement en milieu rural • Mesure 5 : \x07 Programme d adaptation au changement climatique des infrastructures et filières d assainissement et augmentation de leur résilience aux risques extrêmes et catastrophesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • Mesure 6 : \x07 Programme de réutilisation des eaux de drainage • Mesure 7 : Mise en œuvre du plan d action de la Stratégie Eau 2050 • Mesure 8 : \x07 Équipement des stations de pompage des PPI/EUT par l’énergie photovoltaïque à Kasserine, Kairouan, Nabeul, Sfax, Siliana, Gabes et Gafsa Priorité 3 : Renforcer les capacités techniques, scientifiques et institutionnelles des acteurs de l eau à s adapter au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Intégration de l adaptation au changement climatique dans les cursus de l enseignement supérieurs et la formation aux métiers de l Eau • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Mise en place effective des institutions, de la gouvernance et des réformes prévues par le nouveau Code des Eaux • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mise en place de mécanismes de financement et montage des projets d adaptation de la gestion des eaux • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Projets de promotion de l‘approche nexus: eau-agriculture, énergie-écosystème, agriculture-environnement, agriculture-santé dans les études de résilience. • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Amélioration du système de comptabilité de la consommation en eau • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Actualisation des règles et des techniques de conception des ouvrages hydrauliques en fonction du changement climatique, • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Opérationnalisation du SINEAU comme système de suivi et d information sur les impacts du changement climatique et les actions d adaptation • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Mise en œuvre du Plan National sécheresse actualisée • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Consolidation et prise en compte du changement climatique dans la politique d’encouragement de l État dans le domaine de l Eau (tous secteurs confondus), • \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Actions préparatoires à l instauration d une tarification "climatique" de l eau sur les prélèvements à partir des nappes • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Élaboration de plans locaux d’aménagement et d’utilisation des eaux résilients aux changements climatiques (PLAUERCC) • \x07 Mesure 12 : \x07 Financement de projets de recherche/actions multidisciplinaires et fédérateurs des compétences scientifiques pour créer et/ou améliorer nos référentiels nationaux dans le domaine (vulnérabilité au changement climatique, capacités d’adaptation, mesures innovantes, technologies et solutions basées sur la nature, etc.).', '• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Amélioration du système de comptabilité de la consommation en eau • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Actualisation des règles et des techniques de conception des ouvrages hydrauliques en fonction du changement climatique, • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Opérationnalisation du SINEAU comme système de suivi et d information sur les impacts du changement climatique et les actions d adaptation • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Mise en œuvre du Plan National sécheresse actualisée • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Consolidation et prise en compte du changement climatique dans la politique d’encouragement de l État dans le domaine de l Eau (tous secteurs confondus), • \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Actions préparatoires à l instauration d une tarification "climatique" de l eau sur les prélèvements à partir des nappes • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Élaboration de plans locaux d’aménagement et d’utilisation des eaux résilients aux changements climatiques (PLAUERCC) • \x07 Mesure 12 : \x07 Financement de projets de recherche/actions multidisciplinaires et fédérateurs des compétences scientifiques pour créer et/ou améliorer nos référentiels nationaux dans le domaine (vulnérabilité au changement climatique, capacités d’adaptation, mesures innovantes, technologies et solutions basées sur la nature, etc.). 1.3 RÉSILIENCE SOCIALE– RS Priorité 1: Entériner la politique nationale en matière de transversalité du genre et de lutte contre le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Inclure dans les politiques publiques depuis leurs phases de conception, des critères d’égalité des genres afin de garantir que les ressources de la société soient équitablement réparties entre les hommes et les femmes afin de corriger les inégalités sociales qui aggravent les effets du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Prendre en compte les relations du genre et le changement climatique en tant que démarche indispensable de la stratégie de développement et ce à un niveau de politique globale, dans la planification et des choix stratégiques pour le développement dans ses différentes étapes – depuis le diagnostic jusqu’à l’évaluation- • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Procéder à l’évaluation des efforts déployés par les pouvoirs publics pour renforcer l’arsenal juridique, législatif, réglementaire et institutionnel national pour la promotion de l’égalité de genre.', '1.3 RÉSILIENCE SOCIALE– RS Priorité 1: Entériner la politique nationale en matière de transversalité du genre et de lutte contre le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Inclure dans les politiques publiques depuis leurs phases de conception, des critères d’égalité des genres afin de garantir que les ressources de la société soient équitablement réparties entre les hommes et les femmes afin de corriger les inégalités sociales qui aggravent les effets du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Prendre en compte les relations du genre et le changement climatique en tant que démarche indispensable de la stratégie de développement et ce à un niveau de politique globale, dans la planification et des choix stratégiques pour le développement dans ses différentes étapes – depuis le diagnostic jusqu’à l’évaluation- • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Procéder à l’évaluation des efforts déployés par les pouvoirs publics pour renforcer l’arsenal juridique, législatif, réglementaire et institutionnel national pour la promotion de l’égalité de genre. • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Réaliser des analyses de l’impact quantitatif de plusieurs scénarii de politique pro- genre sur les inégalités entre les sexes et sur la croissance économique en Tunisie.• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Renforcer le cadre politique sensible au genre : cerner les niveaux actuels de participation des femmes à la prise de décision sur le changement climatique aux niveaux local et national, régional.', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Réaliser des analyses de l’impact quantitatif de plusieurs scénarii de politique pro- genre sur les inégalités entre les sexes et sur la croissance économique en Tunisie.• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Renforcer le cadre politique sensible au genre : cerner les niveaux actuels de participation des femmes à la prise de décision sur le changement climatique aux niveaux local et national, régional. Identifier les barrières empêchant les femmes d être entendues.', 'Identifier les barrières empêchant les femmes d être entendues. \x07 Volet « Renforcer l’autonomisation économique des femmes face aux impacts du changement climatique » • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Renforcer le recrutement des femmes dans la fonction publique et le secteur privé, notamment dans les secteurs du tourisme et TIC et appuyer la protection de la gent féminine du statut quo et de ceux qui défendent la suprématie des hommes et le conservatisme religieux.', '\x07 Volet « Renforcer l’autonomisation économique des femmes face aux impacts du changement climatique » • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Renforcer le recrutement des femmes dans la fonction publique et le secteur privé, notamment dans les secteurs du tourisme et TIC et appuyer la protection de la gent féminine du statut quo et de ceux qui défendent la suprématie des hommes et le conservatisme religieux. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer Les orientations d’employabilité et de création de projets innovants dans les métiers verts, des petites et moyennes entreprises fondées sur les principes de l’économie sociales et solidaires axée sur les domaines de l’environnement et de l’adaptation au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Intégrer la question de l’emploi des jeunes et de l’égalité des femmes et hommes dans les choix économiques qui offrent des opportunités de choix dans les domaines de l’environnement axé sur l’ESS, le tourisme alternatif et l’agro écologie \x07 Volet « Soutenir l’inclusion des questions de genre et de la participation, des femmes chez les leaders politiques et gestionnaires des affaires publiques » • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Initier la constitution d’un comité de parlementaires issus de toutes les régions de la Tunisie dévoués à la cause des femmes notamment celles des zones rurales afin d’appuyer l’institutionnalisation du genre et son intégration dans les politiques publiques via les mesures de changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Appuyer les connaissances et formation des parlements dans les domaines de l’égalité des sexes genre et changements climatiques afin de renforcer, se rapprocher de la parité hommes-femmes et aboutir à représenter la population dans toute sa diversité y inclus toutes les catégories de femmes.', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer Les orientations d’employabilité et de création de projets innovants dans les métiers verts, des petites et moyennes entreprises fondées sur les principes de l’économie sociales et solidaires axée sur les domaines de l’environnement et de l’adaptation au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Intégrer la question de l’emploi des jeunes et de l’égalité des femmes et hommes dans les choix économiques qui offrent des opportunités de choix dans les domaines de l’environnement axé sur l’ESS, le tourisme alternatif et l’agro écologie \x07 Volet « Soutenir l’inclusion des questions de genre et de la participation, des femmes chez les leaders politiques et gestionnaires des affaires publiques » • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Initier la constitution d’un comité de parlementaires issus de toutes les régions de la Tunisie dévoués à la cause des femmes notamment celles des zones rurales afin d’appuyer l’institutionnalisation du genre et son intégration dans les politiques publiques via les mesures de changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Appuyer les connaissances et formation des parlements dans les domaines de l’égalité des sexes genre et changements climatiques afin de renforcer, se rapprocher de la parité hommes-femmes et aboutir à représenter la population dans toute sa diversité y inclus toutes les catégories de femmes. • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer les compétences des parlementaires et des responsables des collectivités locales dans les domaines de la communication égalitaire, l’éthique du genre et l’intersectionnalité du genre et sa transversalité dans les politiques de l’environnement et du climat Priorité 2 : Positionner le genre comme moteur de la politique agricole tunisienne • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Définir une stratégie de genre et changement climatique dans le secteur agricole et émettre un ensemble clairement défini d’indicateurs de performance relatifs au genre et des cibles ventilées par sexe permettant de mesurer les progrès réalisés, d’assurer le suivi et de contrôler les changements et impacts • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Faire reposer les programmes d’adaptation aux échelles nationale, régionale, autant sur les besoins des agricultrices que des agriculteurs sans omettre des travaux de recherche supplémentaires pour permettre une meilleure mobilisation des femmes et développer leurs résiliences et adaptation.', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer les compétences des parlementaires et des responsables des collectivités locales dans les domaines de la communication égalitaire, l’éthique du genre et l’intersectionnalité du genre et sa transversalité dans les politiques de l’environnement et du climat Priorité 2 : Positionner le genre comme moteur de la politique agricole tunisienne • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Définir une stratégie de genre et changement climatique dans le secteur agricole et émettre un ensemble clairement défini d’indicateurs de performance relatifs au genre et des cibles ventilées par sexe permettant de mesurer les progrès réalisés, d’assurer le suivi et de contrôler les changements et impacts • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Faire reposer les programmes d’adaptation aux échelles nationale, régionale, autant sur les besoins des agricultrices que des agriculteurs sans omettre des travaux de recherche supplémentaires pour permettre une meilleure mobilisation des femmes et développer leurs résiliences et adaptation. • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Réformer le paradigme de participation (y inclus les outils de recherche participative en milieu rural) en intégrant le recueil systémique des données et informations sur les liens entre genre et le changement climatique, la sécurité alimentaire et la prévention des risques • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Examiner et prévoir les réponses appropriées face aux impacts de la dégradation des conditions climatiques, lesquelles impactent les rendements des cultures vivrières largement prises en charge par les femmes, et font courir des risques de pénurie alimentaire et de déstabilisation économique et sociale des femmes ; notamment celles des régions défavorisées.', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Réformer le paradigme de participation (y inclus les outils de recherche participative en milieu rural) en intégrant le recueil systémique des données et informations sur les liens entre genre et le changement climatique, la sécurité alimentaire et la prévention des risques • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Examiner et prévoir les réponses appropriées face aux impacts de la dégradation des conditions climatiques, lesquelles impactent les rendements des cultures vivrières largement prises en charge par les femmes, et font courir des risques de pénurie alimentaire et de déstabilisation économique et sociale des femmes ; notamment celles des régions défavorisées. • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Appuyer l’accès des femmes rurales dans les villes aux opportunités économiques fournies par les villesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Capitaliser et procéder à la mise à échelle et réplicabilité des connaissances issues des études et des documents stratégiques et projets qui ont concerné des interventions sur le genre et le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Instituer une stratégie pour assoir l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes dans les OPAs (GDAs, Groupenents hydrauliques …) Priorité 3 : Garantir une politique de la résilience hydrique fondée sur la justice du genre • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Abolir les inégalités entre les sexes à grande échelle en promouvant une planification, une prise de décision et un développement institutionnel transformateurs de genre pour des investissements dans l eau et la sécurité alimentaire • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer de manière significative l’accès des femmes à l’information, le pouvoir de décision quant aux pratiques et gestion • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Établir une étude d’état des lieux des expériences de résilience et d’adaptation dans la gestion de l’eau par les femmes, les organisations féminines (GDA ou / GH) afin d’orienter leur pouvoir d’implication et de décision du genre (considération des femmes un vecteur de communication et de changement de comportement essentiel / gestion et médiation au sein du ménage et de la communauté) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Initier l’utilisation des TiC et du téléphone portable chez les organisations des usagers de l’eau afin de faciliter et d’optimiser la communication sur les aspects météorologique, les pannes des équipements et la gestion d’AEPR et ceux de l’irrigation : • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités des décideurs sectoriels de l’eau dans les domaines de négociation des politiques publiques de l’eau, de gouvernance intégrant les domaines des approches genre et approche participative, GIRE, Nexus, • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Développer la conscientisation des secteurs de la santé, de l’agriculture et gestion des RE et les produits d’assainissements sur le rôle de la femme dans le domaine de l’environnement de changement climatique, de la protection sanitaire et prévention des milieux de vie, en considération notamment la situation post Corvid19 • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Initier les synergies et les communautés de pratiques dans les politiques et secteurs de l’eau intégrant les approches de nexus, GENRE, Gire et ce au sein du ministère de l’agriculture, les services et organisations sous tutelle de l’environnement (ONAS, ANGED) ainsi que les services du secteur de la santé et préservation de l’hygiène.', '• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Appuyer l’accès des femmes rurales dans les villes aux opportunités économiques fournies par les villesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Capitaliser et procéder à la mise à échelle et réplicabilité des connaissances issues des études et des documents stratégiques et projets qui ont concerné des interventions sur le genre et le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Instituer une stratégie pour assoir l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes dans les OPAs (GDAs, Groupenents hydrauliques …) Priorité 3 : Garantir une politique de la résilience hydrique fondée sur la justice du genre • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Abolir les inégalités entre les sexes à grande échelle en promouvant une planification, une prise de décision et un développement institutionnel transformateurs de genre pour des investissements dans l eau et la sécurité alimentaire • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer de manière significative l’accès des femmes à l’information, le pouvoir de décision quant aux pratiques et gestion • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Établir une étude d’état des lieux des expériences de résilience et d’adaptation dans la gestion de l’eau par les femmes, les organisations féminines (GDA ou / GH) afin d’orienter leur pouvoir d’implication et de décision du genre (considération des femmes un vecteur de communication et de changement de comportement essentiel / gestion et médiation au sein du ménage et de la communauté) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Initier l’utilisation des TiC et du téléphone portable chez les organisations des usagers de l’eau afin de faciliter et d’optimiser la communication sur les aspects météorologique, les pannes des équipements et la gestion d’AEPR et ceux de l’irrigation : • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités des décideurs sectoriels de l’eau dans les domaines de négociation des politiques publiques de l’eau, de gouvernance intégrant les domaines des approches genre et approche participative, GIRE, Nexus, • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Développer la conscientisation des secteurs de la santé, de l’agriculture et gestion des RE et les produits d’assainissements sur le rôle de la femme dans le domaine de l’environnement de changement climatique, de la protection sanitaire et prévention des milieux de vie, en considération notamment la situation post Corvid19 • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Initier les synergies et les communautés de pratiques dans les politiques et secteurs de l’eau intégrant les approches de nexus, GENRE, Gire et ce au sein du ministère de l’agriculture, les services et organisations sous tutelle de l’environnement (ONAS, ANGED) ainsi que les services du secteur de la santé et préservation de l’hygiène. Priorité 4 : Rendre opérationnel la pleine participation des femmes dans les politiques et domaines de la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles et réduction de risques liées au climat • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Faciliter l’accès des femmes aux mécanismes et vecteurs officiels d’alerte et de gestion des catastrophes, et à toute information utile à la prévention et à la préparation en cas de catastrophe.', 'Priorité 4 : Rendre opérationnel la pleine participation des femmes dans les politiques et domaines de la résilience aux catastrophes naturelles et réduction de risques liées au climat • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Faciliter l’accès des femmes aux mécanismes et vecteurs officiels d’alerte et de gestion des catastrophes, et à toute information utile à la prévention et à la préparation en cas de catastrophe. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Tenir compte de la participation active et transformatrice des femmes dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des stratégies de préventions des catastrophes naturelles, d’atténuation des dégâts • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Vulgariser et disséminer les discours scientifiques et techniques quant aux aspects de GES, RCC de l’adaptation et le rattacher au quotidien des tunisiennes dans les milieux fragiles et vulnérables • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Renforcer les connaissances et éveiller les femmes usagères des RN dans les GDA, les élus, directrices techniques ou agents de bureau, les femmes au sein des administrations techniques locales et les femmes représentantes des collectivités locales sur les conflits et les situations d’insécurité causées par les catastrophes naturelles (séances radio dans les médias locaux, formations et tables rondes) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Initier la formation dans les domaines de l’expertise spécialisée dans l’examen de résolution des conflits et de médiation intégrant la perspective genre dans tout le processus, approche « Do No Harm » associée à des approches participativesspécifiques axées sur l’intersectionnalité et les effets transformateurs et transversaux du genre Priorité 5 : Reconnaitre et mettre à échelle le rôle joué par les femmes dans la préservation des écosystèmes • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Promouvoir et impliquer davantage la recherche sur la connaissance des services éco systémiques et sur les interactions climat-biodiversité santé humaine et rôle du genre • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Conscientiser les femmes et les organisations communautaires sur la valeur essentielle des écosystèmes préservés et diversifiés comme allié pour lutter contre le changement climatique et la gestion des risques naturels • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Appuyer la pleine participation des femmes en qualité de productrices, consommatrices et propriétaires de petites et moyennes entreprises et décideuses clés pour créer un vecteur clé de changement Priorité 6 : Intégrer une approche inclusive et systémique du genre dans la politique sanitaire • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer les services et prestations de la santé à l’égard des femmes par la prévention, moyennant la promotion éducative, la capacitation des professionnelles impliquées dans l’organisation de campagnes de sensibilisation pour la santé productive et reproductive des femmes, ainsi que pour prévenir et appuyer les femmes contre les violences familiales et sexistes • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Préciser des politiques de ressources humaines adéquates dans le secteur de la santé, à même de réduire les disparités régionales notamment en matière d’accès aux soins de santé, et repenser la programmation des spécialités et l’affectation des spécialises et des programmes de la santé de la mère et de l’enfant dans les régions de l’intérieur du pays.', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Tenir compte de la participation active et transformatrice des femmes dans l’élaboration et la mise en œuvre des stratégies de préventions des catastrophes naturelles, d’atténuation des dégâts • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Vulgariser et disséminer les discours scientifiques et techniques quant aux aspects de GES, RCC de l’adaptation et le rattacher au quotidien des tunisiennes dans les milieux fragiles et vulnérables • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Renforcer les connaissances et éveiller les femmes usagères des RN dans les GDA, les élus, directrices techniques ou agents de bureau, les femmes au sein des administrations techniques locales et les femmes représentantes des collectivités locales sur les conflits et les situations d’insécurité causées par les catastrophes naturelles (séances radio dans les médias locaux, formations et tables rondes) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Initier la formation dans les domaines de l’expertise spécialisée dans l’examen de résolution des conflits et de médiation intégrant la perspective genre dans tout le processus, approche « Do No Harm » associée à des approches participativesspécifiques axées sur l’intersectionnalité et les effets transformateurs et transversaux du genre Priorité 5 : Reconnaitre et mettre à échelle le rôle joué par les femmes dans la préservation des écosystèmes • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Promouvoir et impliquer davantage la recherche sur la connaissance des services éco systémiques et sur les interactions climat-biodiversité santé humaine et rôle du genre • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Conscientiser les femmes et les organisations communautaires sur la valeur essentielle des écosystèmes préservés et diversifiés comme allié pour lutter contre le changement climatique et la gestion des risques naturels • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Appuyer la pleine participation des femmes en qualité de productrices, consommatrices et propriétaires de petites et moyennes entreprises et décideuses clés pour créer un vecteur clé de changement Priorité 6 : Intégrer une approche inclusive et systémique du genre dans la politique sanitaire • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer les services et prestations de la santé à l’égard des femmes par la prévention, moyennant la promotion éducative, la capacitation des professionnelles impliquées dans l’organisation de campagnes de sensibilisation pour la santé productive et reproductive des femmes, ainsi que pour prévenir et appuyer les femmes contre les violences familiales et sexistes • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Préciser des politiques de ressources humaines adéquates dans le secteur de la santé, à même de réduire les disparités régionales notamment en matière d’accès aux soins de santé, et repenser la programmation des spécialités et l’affectation des spécialises et des programmes de la santé de la mère et de l’enfant dans les régions de l’intérieur du pays. Priorité 7 : Positionner les femmes, les jeunes et les groupes d’action locale au centre du développement de l’offre touristique alternative et durable • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Élaborer une stratégie d’intégration du gendre dans le secteur afin d’orienter l’implication de la femme dans les métiers du tourisme, de l artisanat, de la production des produits du terroir, et dans la mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel immatériel • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Consolider la capacité des associations de jeunes et de femmes à créer des synergies territoriales pour une offre de tourisme alternative (tourisme rural, agri tourisme, valorisation de savoir-faire local comme la cuisine et les produits de terroir • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Accompagner l’autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes grâce à un tourisme solidaire, inclusif et alternatif Priorité 8 : Priorités liées à la communication, plaidoyer et renforcement de l’action genre et climat • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Lutter de manière efficace contre les stéréotypes de genre et le sexisme et les idées reconçues qui assignent arbitrairement aux femmes et aux hommes des rôles déterminés et bornés par leur sexe.', 'Priorité 7 : Positionner les femmes, les jeunes et les groupes d’action locale au centre du développement de l’offre touristique alternative et durable • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Élaborer une stratégie d’intégration du gendre dans le secteur afin d’orienter l’implication de la femme dans les métiers du tourisme, de l artisanat, de la production des produits du terroir, et dans la mise en valeur du patrimoine culturel immatériel • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Consolider la capacité des associations de jeunes et de femmes à créer des synergies territoriales pour une offre de tourisme alternative (tourisme rural, agri tourisme, valorisation de savoir-faire local comme la cuisine et les produits de terroir • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Accompagner l’autonomisation des femmes et des jeunes grâce à un tourisme solidaire, inclusif et alternatif Priorité 8 : Priorités liées à la communication, plaidoyer et renforcement de l’action genre et climat • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Lutter de manière efficace contre les stéréotypes de genre et le sexisme et les idées reconçues qui assignent arbitrairement aux femmes et aux hommes des rôles déterminés et bornés par leur sexe. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Stimuler les domaines de la recherche sur l’intégration du genre dans le changement climatique et encourager les études portant sur les domaines du genre et de la gouvernance climatique dans le cursus universitaire et les curriculums de la formation professionnelle • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Développer les capacités des organisations des femmes dans les OPA les associations et les organisations professionnelles dans la communication au sujet de la recherche et de la politique environnementales axée sur le changement climatique afin de les outiller à développer et mettre en place des orientations et programmes d adaptation pertinents et adéquats, qui prennent en compte les contextes locaux tout en donnant la priorité à des démarches démocratiques et participatives qui assurent l implication pérenne des femmes.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Appuyer les connaissances de la société civile dans les questions du genre en lien avec le changement climatique pour renforcer l’action et professionnalisation d’une société civile pluraliste, consciente des priorités en matière de plaidoyer politique • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Encadrer l’appui des associations intervenantes au niveau local pour promouvoir les connaissances sur les questions climatiques auprès des territoires locaux et des communes rurales et renforcer les campagnes d’information et de mobilisation des jeunes et des femmes sur les questions du genre et changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Booster les alliances entre les associations professionnelles et les institutions étatiques en vue de promouvoir et influencer l’intégration du genre et des jeunes en tant que segment crucial pour le développement socio-économique intégrant les questions de droits, de l’environnement et des changements climatiques • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Promouvoir et encourager auprès des décideurs dans les secteurs d’adaptation et de la profession et des syndicats (femme chefs d’entreprise, syndicat, UGTT et SYNAGRI) les connaissances suffisantes sur les questions du genre et les politiques climatiques afin de garantir les droits économiques aux femmes et améliorer l’égalité des chances au travail • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Former les journalistes en intégrant les femmes et jeunes dans l’espace médiatique dans les questions afférentes aux enjeux des changements climatiques, au genre et aux domaines de l’environnement Priorité 9 : Renforcer l’implication du genre dans la résilience du littoral • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Organiser la mise à disposition des données sur les impacts climatiques sur le littoral par des mécanismes de diffusion d’information et de contenu de sensibilisation des filles et des femmes et faciliter leur compréhension de la complexité des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans les contextes littoral et insulaire .', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Stimuler les domaines de la recherche sur l’intégration du genre dans le changement climatique et encourager les études portant sur les domaines du genre et de la gouvernance climatique dans le cursus universitaire et les curriculums de la formation professionnelle • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Développer les capacités des organisations des femmes dans les OPA les associations et les organisations professionnelles dans la communication au sujet de la recherche et de la politique environnementales axée sur le changement climatique afin de les outiller à développer et mettre en place des orientations et programmes d adaptation pertinents et adéquats, qui prennent en compte les contextes locaux tout en donnant la priorité à des démarches démocratiques et participatives qui assurent l implication pérenne des femmes.CDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Appuyer les connaissances de la société civile dans les questions du genre en lien avec le changement climatique pour renforcer l’action et professionnalisation d’une société civile pluraliste, consciente des priorités en matière de plaidoyer politique • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Encadrer l’appui des associations intervenantes au niveau local pour promouvoir les connaissances sur les questions climatiques auprès des territoires locaux et des communes rurales et renforcer les campagnes d’information et de mobilisation des jeunes et des femmes sur les questions du genre et changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Booster les alliances entre les associations professionnelles et les institutions étatiques en vue de promouvoir et influencer l’intégration du genre et des jeunes en tant que segment crucial pour le développement socio-économique intégrant les questions de droits, de l’environnement et des changements climatiques • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Promouvoir et encourager auprès des décideurs dans les secteurs d’adaptation et de la profession et des syndicats (femme chefs d’entreprise, syndicat, UGTT et SYNAGRI) les connaissances suffisantes sur les questions du genre et les politiques climatiques afin de garantir les droits économiques aux femmes et améliorer l’égalité des chances au travail • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Former les journalistes en intégrant les femmes et jeunes dans l’espace médiatique dans les questions afférentes aux enjeux des changements climatiques, au genre et aux domaines de l’environnement Priorité 9 : Renforcer l’implication du genre dans la résilience du littoral • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Organiser la mise à disposition des données sur les impacts climatiques sur le littoral par des mécanismes de diffusion d’information et de contenu de sensibilisation des filles et des femmes et faciliter leur compréhension de la complexité des phénomènes climatiques extrêmes dans les contextes littoral et insulaire . • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Recenser et capitaliser les pratiques et stratégies locales d’adaptation et de gestion de risque en impliquant la population locale et les femmes afin d’orienter davantage l’action d’adaptation et les résiliences (notamment par des solutions ancestrales et de savoir-faire local et non technique).', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Recenser et capitaliser les pratiques et stratégies locales d’adaptation et de gestion de risque en impliquant la population locale et les femmes afin d’orienter davantage l’action d’adaptation et les résiliences (notamment par des solutions ancestrales et de savoir-faire local et non technique). • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Définir des approches globales mais aussi à géométrie variables pour introduire de l’entreprenariat vert selon les espaces et milieux tout en tenant compte des facteurs socio-économiques intégrant les femmes (tout en considérant des effets synergiques et antagonistes potentiels entre les changements locaux et globaux de l’environnement). • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Encadrer les femmes et les jeunes pour exploiter les potentialités du tourisme alternatif dans les villes et localités du milieu littoral.', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Encadrer les femmes et les jeunes pour exploiter les potentialités du tourisme alternatif dans les villes et localités du milieu littoral. Priorité 10 : Renforcer la protection sociale des ménages et des communautés les plus vulnérables (« leave no one behind ») • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Étudier la faisabilité institutionnelle et financière d’un système de Protection Sociale Adaptative (PSA) qui cible les populations les plus vulnérables intégrant les besoins et intérêts des femmes. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Formuler à travers le système retenu des programmes de protection sociale qui augmentent la capacité d adaptation des ménages et des communautés. • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Assurer l’évolution des programmes de protection sociale contre événements climatiques et risques attendus liés au changement climatique.', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Assurer l’évolution des programmes de protection sociale contre événements climatiques et risques attendus liés au changement climatique. 1.4 RÉSILIENCE TERRITORIALE – RT Priorité 1 : Intégrer dans les processus de planification urbaine et territoriale, la vulnérabilité et les risques liés au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Des référentiels juridiques relatifs à l’aménagement du territoire, sensibles au changement climatique, en introduisant notamment de manière explicite la lutte contrele changement climatique comme principe dans le nouveau Code l’aménagement du territoire et de l’urbanisme) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Actualiser la démarche de la planification pour intégrer les changements climatiques (mise en place d’une boite à outils méthodologique qui intègre les changements climatiques et l’aménagement du territoire pour la préparation et l’élaboration des plans quinquennaux) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mettre en place un système de suivi-évaluation des impacts du changement climatique (mettre à profit la création de l’ODT pour en faire une institution de référence pour le S-E des phénomènes liés au changement climatique) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Prise en compte d’un budget risque climatique dans la planification territoriale (définir et introduire de nouvelles dispositions qui tiennent compte de la nouvelle loi organique de budget afin de fournir des orientations sur l intégration des besoins d adaptation dans les budgets des programmes sectoriels et locaux).', '1.4 RÉSILIENCE TERRITORIALE – RT Priorité 1 : Intégrer dans les processus de planification urbaine et territoriale, la vulnérabilité et les risques liés au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Des référentiels juridiques relatifs à l’aménagement du territoire, sensibles au changement climatique, en introduisant notamment de manière explicite la lutte contrele changement climatique comme principe dans le nouveau Code l’aménagement du territoire et de l’urbanisme) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Actualiser la démarche de la planification pour intégrer les changements climatiques (mise en place d’une boite à outils méthodologique qui intègre les changements climatiques et l’aménagement du territoire pour la préparation et l’élaboration des plans quinquennaux) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mettre en place un système de suivi-évaluation des impacts du changement climatique (mettre à profit la création de l’ODT pour en faire une institution de référence pour le S-E des phénomènes liés au changement climatique) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Prise en compte d’un budget risque climatique dans la planification territoriale (définir et introduire de nouvelles dispositions qui tiennent compte de la nouvelle loi organique de budget afin de fournir des orientations sur l intégration des besoins d adaptation dans les budgets des programmes sectoriels et locaux). Priorité 2 : Intégrer dans les plans de développement local et les plans de planification urbaine les risques liés au changement climatique et les besoins d adaptation • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Actualisation des TDR des études relatives à l’élaboration des PAU et intégration des questions relatives au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Adaptation de la démarche de planification locale et participative pour intégrer les aspects liés au changement climatique (actualisation des méthodes, mise à disposition de boite d’outils méthodologiques, formation des fonctionnaires municipaux chargés de la planification et des acteurs concernés par l’aménagement urbain) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mise en place d’outils de référence en matière de changement climatique (généraliser/ systématiser l’élaboration de chartes de développement durable et de Plans Climat (tel que le modèle de SDAZS de l’île de Djerba) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Intégration des citoyens et de la société civile dans les actions ciblant l’adaptation au changement climatique (création d’un « service civil climat » pour impliquer la société civile et les citoyens dans l’adaptation au changement climatique).', 'Priorité 2 : Intégrer dans les plans de développement local et les plans de planification urbaine les risques liés au changement climatique et les besoins d adaptation • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Actualisation des TDR des études relatives à l’élaboration des PAU et intégration des questions relatives au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Adaptation de la démarche de planification locale et participative pour intégrer les aspects liés au changement climatique (actualisation des méthodes, mise à disposition de boite d’outils méthodologiques, formation des fonctionnaires municipaux chargés de la planification et des acteurs concernés par l’aménagement urbain) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Mise en place d’outils de référence en matière de changement climatique (généraliser/ systématiser l’élaboration de chartes de développement durable et de Plans Climat (tel que le modèle de SDAZS de l’île de Djerba) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Intégration des citoyens et de la société civile dans les actions ciblant l’adaptation au changement climatique (création d’un « service civil climat » pour impliquer la société civile et les citoyens dans l’adaptation au changement climatique). • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Aménager de nouveaux espaces d’écoconstruction \x07 Littoral Priorité 1 : Produire et partager de l information, du savoir et des connaissances pour améliorer la résilience du secteur du littoral aux effets du changement climatique et des catastrophes naturelles • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer l efficacité du réseau national d observation du littoral (équiper les stations manquantes, renouveler les équipements, actualiser le Système d Information, intégrer les indicateurs de suivi de l‘adaptation et de l environnement côtier et marin) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer la gestion du Domaine Public Maritime en considérant les effets du changement climatique (planification).', '• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Aménager de nouveaux espaces d’écoconstruction \x07 Littoral Priorité 1 : Produire et partager de l information, du savoir et des connaissances pour améliorer la résilience du secteur du littoral aux effets du changement climatique et des catastrophes naturelles • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer l efficacité du réseau national d observation du littoral (équiper les stations manquantes, renouveler les équipements, actualiser le Système d Information, intégrer les indicateurs de suivi de l‘adaptation et de l environnement côtier et marin) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer la gestion du Domaine Public Maritime en considérant les effets du changement climatique (planification). Priorité 2 : Développer et intégrer des procédés, méthodes et outils innovants qui intègrent le changement climatique et les risques de catastrophes naturelles dans la planification dans le secteur du littoral • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Rendre systématique et obligatoire l utilisation des principes de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) et l intégration du changement climatique dans la planification • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Évaluer le coût du recul stratégique avec différents scénarios de repli (social, économique, et environnemental) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Généraliser les Schémas Directeurs d Aménagement du Littoral aux communes Côtières (avec l Ile de Jerba pour modèle) en y intégrant le genre • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Mettre en place des plans d intervention d urgence dans les zones sensibles et menacéesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Réaménagement et délocalisation des Zones Industrielles.', 'Priorité 2 : Développer et intégrer des procédés, méthodes et outils innovants qui intègrent le changement climatique et les risques de catastrophes naturelles dans la planification dans le secteur du littoral • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Rendre systématique et obligatoire l utilisation des principes de la Gestion Intégrée des Zones Côtières (GIZC) et l intégration du changement climatique dans la planification • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Évaluer le coût du recul stratégique avec différents scénarios de repli (social, économique, et environnemental) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Généraliser les Schémas Directeurs d Aménagement du Littoral aux communes Côtières (avec l Ile de Jerba pour modèle) en y intégrant le genre • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Mettre en place des plans d intervention d urgence dans les zones sensibles et menacéesCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Réaménagement et délocalisation des Zones Industrielles. Priorité 3 : Programme pour l aménagement, la protection et la réhabilitation des paysages et écosystèmes côtiers et marin • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Protéger et préserver les biens et services des écosystèmes côtiers et marins vulnérables à la pollution et autres effets du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Réhabilitation et protection contre l érosion (zone entre Ras Blat et le port de commerce à Bizerte, zone de Chatt Mami, zone entre Sousse Sud et Skanes à Monastir, zone de Aghir à Djerba, zone entre Nabeul et Hammamet, zone entre Gammarth-Carthage,.).', 'Priorité 3 : Programme pour l aménagement, la protection et la réhabilitation des paysages et écosystèmes côtiers et marin • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Protéger et préserver les biens et services des écosystèmes côtiers et marins vulnérables à la pollution et autres effets du changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Réhabilitation et protection contre l érosion (zone entre Ras Blat et le port de commerce à Bizerte, zone de Chatt Mami, zone entre Sousse Sud et Skanes à Monastir, zone de Aghir à Djerba, zone entre Nabeul et Hammamet, zone entre Gammarth-Carthage,.). • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer les mécanismes de financement par des instruments économiques novateurs • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Protection des nappes littorales des risques d intrusion marine • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Extension, réhabilitation et protection des ports de pêche en adéquation avec les résultats du plan directeur des ports et en prenant en considération les impacts du changement climatique 1.5 RÉSILIENCE ÉCONOMIQUE – RECO Priorité 1 : Moderniser la gestion de l information, faciliter l accès et le partage des connaissances et prévoir les risques en lien avec le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Engager, en concertation avec les parties prenantes, des études prospectives sur les vulnérabilités, les coûts de l’inaction et les pistes d’adaptation des principales filières économiques vulnérables (tourisme, bâtiments/constructions, banques et finances, transports, énergie, numérique, etc.)', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer les mécanismes de financement par des instruments économiques novateurs • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Protection des nappes littorales des risques d intrusion marine • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Extension, réhabilitation et protection des ports de pêche en adéquation avec les résultats du plan directeur des ports et en prenant en considération les impacts du changement climatique 1.5 RÉSILIENCE ÉCONOMIQUE – RECO Priorité 1 : Moderniser la gestion de l information, faciliter l accès et le partage des connaissances et prévoir les risques en lien avec le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Engager, en concertation avec les parties prenantes, des études prospectives sur les vulnérabilités, les coûts de l’inaction et les pistes d’adaptation des principales filières économiques vulnérables (tourisme, bâtiments/constructions, banques et finances, transports, énergie, numérique, etc.) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Définir un cadre d’évaluation des impacts du changement climatique sur la rentabilité des projets économiques et des critères d’aide à la décision pour orienter les investissements • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Actualiser la digitalisation des potentialités touristiques littorales et étendre l exercice aux autres potentialités naturelles, sociales, patrimoniales, culturelles, … des territoires de l intérieur du pays.', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Définir un cadre d’évaluation des impacts du changement climatique sur la rentabilité des projets économiques et des critères d’aide à la décision pour orienter les investissements • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Actualiser la digitalisation des potentialités touristiques littorales et étendre l exercice aux autres potentialités naturelles, sociales, patrimoniales, culturelles, … des territoires de l intérieur du pays. • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Renforcer les capacités d’adaptation des acteurs du tourisme par le développement de la connaissance, l’éducation et la formation. • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Développer un programme de communication orienté sur les effets du changement climatique et les bonnes Pratiques/Conduites qui ciblent tous les secteurs particulièrement celui des ressources en eau, et les acteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses clients nationaux et internationaux.', '• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Développer un programme de communication orienté sur les effets du changement climatique et les bonnes Pratiques/Conduites qui ciblent tous les secteurs particulièrement celui des ressources en eau, et les acteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses clients nationaux et internationaux. Priorité 2 : Augmenter la résilience des secteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses sous-secteurs, de leurs acteurs et rationnaliser l usage des ressources • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Maîtriser l usage des ressources en eau conventionnelles et non conventionnelles dans les établissements touristiques, rationnaliser leurs usages dans les composantes de la chaine touristiques : transport, hébergement, restauration, services, et, intégrer les eaux non conventionnelles • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Intégrer les effets du changement climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes dans les processus de planification des zones et structures touristiques futures.', 'Priorité 2 : Augmenter la résilience des secteurs économiques, dont le tourisme et ses sous-secteurs, de leurs acteurs et rationnaliser l usage des ressources • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Maîtriser l usage des ressources en eau conventionnelles et non conventionnelles dans les établissements touristiques, rationnaliser leurs usages dans les composantes de la chaine touristiques : transport, hébergement, restauration, services, et, intégrer les eaux non conventionnelles • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Intégrer les effets du changement climatique et les phénomènes extrêmes dans les processus de planification des zones et structures touristiques futures. • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Améliorer la résilience des petites et moyennes structures hôtelières aux risques du changement climatiques et de catastrophes qui en sont générées, en les associant à un programme de certification écologique appliquée au secteur du tourisme tels que le « Green Globe », « Travelife », clé verte, etc.', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Améliorer la résilience des petites et moyennes structures hôtelières aux risques du changement climatiques et de catastrophes qui en sont générées, en les associant à un programme de certification écologique appliquée au secteur du tourisme tels que le « Green Globe », « Travelife », clé verte, etc. Priorité 3 : Améliorer l’attractivité des territoires et diversifier l offre touristique par une valorisation des territoires • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Augmenter la résilience des infrastructures touristiques littorales face aux effets duchangement climatique (ENAM et phénomènes extrêmes) et valoriser les potentialités régionales pour la diversification de l offre.', 'Priorité 3 : Améliorer l’attractivité des territoires et diversifier l offre touristique par une valorisation des territoires • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Augmenter la résilience des infrastructures touristiques littorales face aux effets duchangement climatique (ENAM et phénomènes extrêmes) et valoriser les potentialités régionales pour la diversification de l offre. 1.6 RÉSILIENCE SANITAIRE – RSN Priorité 1 : Renforcer les capacités du secteur de la santé publique pour une meilleure intégration du climat et la mise en place d’une infrastructure sanitaire résilientes au changement climatique. • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Améliorer la compréhension des effets néfastes du changement climatique sur la population et la prestation de services. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer les compétences d’évaluation de l’efficacité des interventions et systèmes dans différentes conditions climatiques.', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer les compétences d’évaluation de l’efficacité des interventions et systèmes dans différentes conditions climatiques. Priorité 2 : Renforcer la surveillance des maladies climato-sensibles et développer la capacité de détection précoce et d’alerte rapide des phénomènes à potentiel épidémique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Renforcement du système d’information d’épidémio-surveillance, de veille et d’alerte, en vue de générer des alertes sanitaires - Le réseau sentinelle basé sur les urgences (SU), - Le réseau sentinelle basé sur les médecins de libre pratique (MLP), - Le réseau de surveillance basé sur les événements (EBS), - Le réseau du système d’alerte précoce du West Nile (VWN), Développement et mise en oeuvre de l’application E-CRF en rapport avec le registre des hépatites virales en Tunisie • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 développer les capacités de surveillance et de diagnostic des maladies liées à l’environnement (air, eau, denrées) en lien avec les changements climatiques et la mise en place d’une banque de gestion des connaissances en rapport avec les changements climatiques, notamment : - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance de la qualité sanitaire de l’air intérieur et extérieur notamment des particules d’intérêt sanitaire - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance de la toxi-infection alimentaire - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance sanitaire de l’eau (virus de l’hépatite A,microbiologique, métaux lourds…).', 'Priorité 2 : Renforcer la surveillance des maladies climato-sensibles et développer la capacité de détection précoce et d’alerte rapide des phénomènes à potentiel épidémique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Renforcement du système d’information d’épidémio-surveillance, de veille et d’alerte, en vue de générer des alertes sanitaires - Le réseau sentinelle basé sur les urgences (SU), - Le réseau sentinelle basé sur les médecins de libre pratique (MLP), - Le réseau de surveillance basé sur les événements (EBS), - Le réseau du système d’alerte précoce du West Nile (VWN), Développement et mise en oeuvre de l’application E-CRF en rapport avec le registre des hépatites virales en Tunisie • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 développer les capacités de surveillance et de diagnostic des maladies liées à l’environnement (air, eau, denrées) en lien avec les changements climatiques et la mise en place d’une banque de gestion des connaissances en rapport avec les changements climatiques, notamment : - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance de la qualité sanitaire de l’air intérieur et extérieur notamment des particules d’intérêt sanitaire - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance de la toxi-infection alimentaire - \x07 Un réseau de surveillance sanitaire de l’eau (virus de l’hépatite A,microbiologique, métaux lourds…). • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Développer un système d’information géographique (SIG) pour les maladies à potentiel épidémique en particulier celles à transmission vectorielle.', '• \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Développer un système d’information géographique (SIG) pour les maladies à potentiel épidémique en particulier celles à transmission vectorielle. • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Consolider la gestion des risques sanitaires liés aux aliments à travers la mise à niveau et l’automatisation de la procédure de collecte et d’archivage des informations • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Assurer une formation en épidémiologie aux médecins et aux paramédicaux exerçant dans les structures sanitaires Priorité 3 : Développer les capacités du système de santé et l’habiliter pour faire face aux risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Mettre à niveau le système d’information sanitaire au niveau central et régional et l’orienter vers l’alerte et la détection précoce des maladies à potentiel épidémique et des maladies climato-sensibles • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer le système d’alerte sanitaire dans le but de gérer et de prévenir les traumatismes, les maladies et les décès dus à des vagues de chaleur et à des incendies • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Redynamiser et mettre en place tous les éléments de mise en œuvre du plan de riposte aux maladies à potentiel épidémique notamment à travers la formation des intervenants sur les SOPs du plan, la programmation, de manière régulière, des exercices de simulation et d’adaptation aux différentes situations.', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Consolider la gestion des risques sanitaires liés aux aliments à travers la mise à niveau et l’automatisation de la procédure de collecte et d’archivage des informations • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Assurer une formation en épidémiologie aux médecins et aux paramédicaux exerçant dans les structures sanitaires Priorité 3 : Développer les capacités du système de santé et l’habiliter pour faire face aux risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Mettre à niveau le système d’information sanitaire au niveau central et régional et l’orienter vers l’alerte et la détection précoce des maladies à potentiel épidémique et des maladies climato-sensibles • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer le système d’alerte sanitaire dans le but de gérer et de prévenir les traumatismes, les maladies et les décès dus à des vagues de chaleur et à des incendies • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Redynamiser et mettre en place tous les éléments de mise en œuvre du plan de riposte aux maladies à potentiel épidémique notamment à travers la formation des intervenants sur les SOPs du plan, la programmation, de manière régulière, des exercices de simulation et d’adaptation aux différentes situations. • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Mettre en place un Système d’Aide à la Décision (SAD) opérationnel, comprenantCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE notamment des outils de modélisation, de gestion et de prédiction de ces risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique.', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Mettre en place un Système d’Aide à la Décision (SAD) opérationnel, comprenantCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE notamment des outils de modélisation, de gestion et de prédiction de ces risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique. • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme innovant de communication/information/ sensibilisation de la population sur les effets du changement climatique et les mesures de prévention et d’adaptation aux risques sanitaires.', '• \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme innovant de communication/information/ sensibilisation de la population sur les effets du changement climatique et les mesures de prévention et d’adaptation aux risques sanitaires. Priorité4 : Renforcer le rôle de la santé en matière de leadership et de collaboration intersectorielle et promouvoir la recherche appliquée sur les liens climat-santé • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Élaborer une procédure permettant d’intégrer les risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique ainsi que les études d’impact sanitaire dans les projets de développement notamment au niveau des Programmes de Gestions Environnementale et Sociale (PGES).', 'Priorité4 : Renforcer le rôle de la santé en matière de leadership et de collaboration intersectorielle et promouvoir la recherche appliquée sur les liens climat-santé • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Élaborer une procédure permettant d’intégrer les risques sanitaires liés au changement climatique ainsi que les études d’impact sanitaire dans les projets de développement notamment au niveau des Programmes de Gestions Environnementale et Sociale (PGES). • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer et institutionnaliser par des textes réglementaires ainsi que des procédures de travail opérationnelles, l’ensemble des actions multisectorielles existantes : le contrôle de l’eau, celui de la qualité de l’air ainsi que le système d’alerte précoce aux risques climatiques • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Lancer des appels d’offres pour des projets de recherche multidisciplinaires et fédérateurs des compétences scientifiques de différents départements pour répondre aux défis sanitaires induits par les changements climatiques .', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Renforcer et institutionnaliser par des textes réglementaires ainsi que des procédures de travail opérationnelles, l’ensemble des actions multisectorielles existantes : le contrôle de l’eau, celui de la qualité de l’air ainsi que le système d’alerte précoce aux risques climatiques • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Lancer des appels d’offres pour des projets de recherche multidisciplinaires et fédérateurs des compétences scientifiques de différents départements pour répondre aux défis sanitaires induits par les changements climatiques . • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Renforcer la recherche multidisciplinaire sur les maladies émergentes et re- émergentes ainsi que les maladies chroniques et analyser la relation cause à effet avec le changement climatique 1.7 RÉSILIENCE ÉCOLOGIQUE – RECOL Priorité 1 (écosystèmes productifs) : Surveiller, protéger, réhabiliter et rationnaliser l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, atteindre la neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres et assurer la durabilité des biens et services rendus par les écosystèmes naturels.', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Renforcer la recherche multidisciplinaire sur les maladies émergentes et re- émergentes ainsi que les maladies chroniques et analyser la relation cause à effet avec le changement climatique 1.7 RÉSILIENCE ÉCOLOGIQUE – RECOL Priorité 1 (écosystèmes productifs) : Surveiller, protéger, réhabiliter et rationnaliser l’utilisation des ressources naturelles, atteindre la neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres et assurer la durabilité des biens et services rendus par les écosystèmes naturels. • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Mettre en œuvre un système de suivi, traçage et surveillance des modalités d’introduction et des routes de dispersion des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE) et évaluer leurs impacts sur les ressources exploitables et les écosystèmes côtiers • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer de la conservation et la valorisation des ressources génétiques autochtones et menacées par le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer l’autonomie fourragère (réduction du gaspillage, gestion des stocks, diversification, amélioration de la qualité, variétés adaptées, etc.)', '• \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Mettre en œuvre un système de suivi, traçage et surveillance des modalités d’introduction et des routes de dispersion des espèces exotiques envahissantes (EEE) et évaluer leurs impacts sur les ressources exploitables et les écosystèmes côtiers • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Améliorer de la conservation et la valorisation des ressources génétiques autochtones et menacées par le changement climatique • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Renforcer l’autonomie fourragère (réduction du gaspillage, gestion des stocks, diversification, amélioration de la qualité, variétés adaptées, etc.) • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Réhabiliter les pépinières forestières et développement des espèces autochtones, résilientes au changement climatique et à usages multiples (8 pépinières) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Impliquer le secteur privé et la société civile dans l effort de reboisement par les plantations à usages multiples, autochtones et résilientes au changement climatique, • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Améliorer les systèmes de surveillance, d‘alertes et de protection des forêts contre les risques climatiques (incendies, maladies nouvelles, …), • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Mettre en place des aménagements spécifiques anti-feux (ouverture et entretien des piste forestières et des tranchés pare feu et reboisement mixte par des espèces feuillues et résineux…) • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Conserver et Développer dans les milieux urbains et périurbains les espaces forestiers, agricoles et les parcs pour améliorer la résilience des villes : confort thermique, qualité de l‘air, risques d‘inondations, … • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Intégrer les considérations liées au changement climatique dans les aménagements et les plans de gestion des écosystèmes naturels (forêts, parcours, zones humides et aires protégées) et anticiper leurs transformations, et encourager la co-gestion avec les populations locales• \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Anticiper les risques climatiques et assister la transformation des écosystèmes naturels et les migrations des espèces vers les aires favorables (forêts, parcours et steppes), • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Conservation des fonctions écologiques des zones Priorité2 (protection et conservation de la biodiversité): mesures sélectionnées à partir de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établi par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB).', '• \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Réhabiliter les pépinières forestières et développement des espèces autochtones, résilientes au changement climatique et à usages multiples (8 pépinières) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Impliquer le secteur privé et la société civile dans l effort de reboisement par les plantations à usages multiples, autochtones et résilientes au changement climatique, • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Améliorer les systèmes de surveillance, d‘alertes et de protection des forêts contre les risques climatiques (incendies, maladies nouvelles, …), • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Mettre en place des aménagements spécifiques anti-feux (ouverture et entretien des piste forestières et des tranchés pare feu et reboisement mixte par des espèces feuillues et résineux…) • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Conserver et Développer dans les milieux urbains et périurbains les espaces forestiers, agricoles et les parcs pour améliorer la résilience des villes : confort thermique, qualité de l‘air, risques d‘inondations, … • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Intégrer les considérations liées au changement climatique dans les aménagements et les plans de gestion des écosystèmes naturels (forêts, parcours, zones humides et aires protégées) et anticiper leurs transformations, et encourager la co-gestion avec les populations locales• \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Anticiper les risques climatiques et assister la transformation des écosystèmes naturels et les migrations des espèces vers les aires favorables (forêts, parcours et steppes), • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Conservation des fonctions écologiques des zones Priorité2 (protection et conservation de la biodiversité): mesures sélectionnées à partir de la Stratégie et le Plan d’Action National pour la Biodiversité (SPANB) établi par la Tunisie à l’horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la Convention sur la Diversité Biologique (CDB). • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 de valeur (action 19 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en place un programme national et des sous programmes d’amélioration des connaissances de la biodiversité des zones arides et désertiques, des zones humides, des zones marines et des zones côtières (actions 22 a), b) et c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme de prévention et de lutte contre les feux de forêts • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité forestière aux changements climatiques (action 33 a) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité dans les territoires ruraux aux changements climatiques (action 33 b) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité des écosystèmes côtiers (action 33 c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre une stratégie de lutte contre les espèces exotiques envahissantes (action 35 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme d’amélioration du statut de la biodiversité des milieux arides et désertiques (action 38 c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Mettre en œuvre le plan d’action de la stratégie de développement durable des oasis tunisiennes (action 42 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre une stratégie et un plan d’action pour la conservation et la gestion de la biodiversité des zones humides terrestres, marines et côtières (action • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Consolider les actions de protection et de restauration dans le sens de l’amélioration de la résilience des écosystèmes et de leurs services écosystémiques (action 45 SPANB) 1.8 \x07RÉSILIENCE AUX CATASTROPHES NATURELLES LIÉES AU CLIMAT – RCN L’approche intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC procède d’une gestion à la fois prospective et corrective et, le cas échant, compensatoire, des risques.', '• \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 de valeur (action 19 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en place un programme national et des sous programmes d’amélioration des connaissances de la biodiversité des zones arides et désertiques, des zones humides, des zones marines et des zones côtières (actions 22 a), b) et c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme de prévention et de lutte contre les feux de forêts • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité forestière aux changements climatiques (action 33 a) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 5 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité dans les territoires ruraux aux changements climatiques (action 33 b) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 6 : \x07 Adapter la biodiversité des écosystèmes côtiers (action 33 c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 7 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre une stratégie de lutte contre les espèces exotiques envahissantes (action 35 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 8 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre un programme d’amélioration du statut de la biodiversité des milieux arides et désertiques (action 38 c) SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 9 : \x07 Mettre en œuvre le plan d’action de la stratégie de développement durable des oasis tunisiennes (action 42 SPANB) • \x07 Mesure 10 : \x07 Élaborer et mettre en œuvre une stratégie et un plan d’action pour la conservation et la gestion de la biodiversité des zones humides terrestres, marines et côtières (action • \x07 Mesure 11 : \x07 Consolider les actions de protection et de restauration dans le sens de l’amélioration de la résilience des écosystèmes et de leurs services écosystémiques (action 45 SPANB) 1.8 \x07RÉSILIENCE AUX CATASTROPHES NATURELLES LIÉES AU CLIMAT – RCN L’approche intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC procède d’une gestion à la fois prospective et corrective et, le cas échant, compensatoire, des risques. Cette approche requiert un partage clair des responsabilités entre l’État central, les autorités déconcentrées et les collectivités territoriales, et le secteur privé.', 'Cette approche requiert un partage clair des responsabilités entre l’État central, les autorités déconcentrées et les collectivités territoriales, et le secteur privé. Priorité 1 : Développer une gouvernance intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Établissement d’un cadre législatif et institutionnel adapté, permettant d’ériger la RRC comme une priorité nationale, multisectorielle et pluridisciplinaire intégrant la diversité d’acteurs concernés, qui impose de réformer en profondeur la Loi n°91-39 du 8 juin 1991 relative à la lutte contre les calamités, à leur prévention et à l’organisation des secours, et son décret d’application n° 93-942 de 1993.', 'Priorité 1 : Développer une gouvernance intégrée et multi-niveaux de la RRC • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Établissement d’un cadre législatif et institutionnel adapté, permettant d’ériger la RRC comme une priorité nationale, multisectorielle et pluridisciplinaire intégrant la diversité d’acteurs concernés, qui impose de réformer en profondeur la Loi n°91-39 du 8 juin 1991 relative à la lutte contre les calamités, à leur prévention et à l’organisation des secours, et son décret d’application n° 93-942 de 1993. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Intégration de la RRC dans le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA), pour promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire durable et à travers l’aménagement du territoire • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Soutien à l’adoption de stratégies locales concertées de réduction des risques de catastrophes et la mise à disposition de moyens dédiés pour leur application • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Application systématique des outils « Risk Informing Programming/Risk Informed Development », pour informer et influencer les stratégies et prises de décisionsCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Priorité 2 : Mettre en œuvre les Systèmes d’alerte précoce (SAP) • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Déploiement de systèmes d’alerte précoce, notamment pour gérer les crues et inondations ainsi que les feux de forêt, informés par les autorités nationales et relayées par les autorités locales compétentes à travers des canaux d’information et des outils adaptés à tous les publics.', '• \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Intégration de la RRC dans le Plan National d’Adaptation (PNA), pour promouvoir la sécurité alimentaire durable et à travers l’aménagement du territoire • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Soutien à l’adoption de stratégies locales concertées de réduction des risques de catastrophes et la mise à disposition de moyens dédiés pour leur application • \x07 Mesure 4 : \x07 Application systématique des outils « Risk Informing Programming/Risk Informed Development », pour informer et influencer les stratégies et prises de décisionsCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE Priorité 2 : Mettre en œuvre les Systèmes d’alerte précoce (SAP) • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Déploiement de systèmes d’alerte précoce, notamment pour gérer les crues et inondations ainsi que les feux de forêt, informés par les autorités nationales et relayées par les autorités locales compétentes à travers des canaux d’information et des outils adaptés à tous les publics. • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Mise en place de mécanismes de coordination multi-niveaux et intersectorielle des mesures d’intervention avec les systèmes d’alerte précoce Priorité 3 : Renforcer, sensibiliser et partager les connaissances sur les risques • \x07 Mesure 1 : \x07 Sensibilisation des parties prenantes et communautés aux stratégies locales mises en place et à la gestion de crise et pour la réduction des risques de catastrophes • \x07 Mesure 2 : \x07 Promotion du Nexus “Peace, Recovery and Development” dans les décisions relatives à la RRC • \x07 Mesure 3 : \x07 Plaidoyer pour l’alignement au Grand Bargain pour des financements multi-années, intégrés et inclusifs entre les donateurs et les organisations humanitaires afin d améliorer l efficience et l efficacité de l action humanitaireCDN actualisée de la TUNISIE'] | fr-FR |
340 | TUR | Turkey | 1st NDC | 2015-09-30 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/The_INDC_of_TURKEY_v.15.19.30.pdf | null | Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 415.782946 | 91.025975 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/c0d767eb755c72f63d28c770269bedbcd691e689714638489bb9a6fcde379f96.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF TURKEY INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION In accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, the Republic of Turkey hereby presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) towards achieving the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change which is set out in its Article 2 and clarifying information. National Circumstances Turkey achieved 230 per cent increase in GDP between 1990 and 2012. Its population has increased more than 30 per cent since 1990. Turkey’s energy demand increases by 6-7 percent every year. Turkey is an upper-middle income developing country according to the World Bank classification. Turkey remains eligible to official development assistance (ODA). Turkey is listed in Annex I to the UNFCCC.', 'Turkey is listed in Annex I to the UNFCCC. However, Decision 1/CP.16 recognized the special circumstances of Turkey and placed Turkey in a different situation than the other Parties included in Annex I. Turkey aims to contribute to the collective efforts to combat climate change in line with its national circumstances and capabilities. With this perspective, National Strategy on Climate Change and National Climate Change Action Plan were adopted in 2010 and 2011 respectively. National Climate Change Action Plan consists of emission control and adaptation policies and measures which are being implemented in all relevant sectors. The greenhouse gas inventory of the year 2012 revealed that the total emissions in 2012 expressed in CO2 equivalent were 440 million tons in Turkey.', 'The greenhouse gas inventory of the year 2012 revealed that the total emissions in 2012 expressed in CO2 equivalent were 440 million tons in Turkey. The energy sector had the largest share with 70.2 percent. Industrial processes with 14.3 percent, waste sector with 8.2 percent and agriculture with 7.3 percent followed the energy sector. Turkey’s per capita greenhouse gas (GHG) emission for the same year was 5.9 ton CO2 equivalent, which is much lower than the EU and OECD average.Information on INDC INDC Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the Business as Usual (BAU) level by 2030. Period for Implementation or Contribution Scope and Coverage Economy-wide. Energy, industrial processes and products use, agriculture, land use land-use change and forestry, and waste sectors.', 'Energy, industrial processes and products use, agriculture, land use land-use change and forestry, and waste sectors. GHGs All greenhouse gases included in the national inventory: Carbon dioxide (СО2); Methane (СН4); Nitrous oxide (N2O); Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6); Nitrous trifluoride (NF3). Methodological approaches Methodological approaches are based on using the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and IPCC 2013 KP Supplement. Global warming potential on a 100 year timescale in accordance with the IPCC’s 4th Assessment Report. Use of International Market Mechanisms Turkey aims to use carbon credits from international market mechanisms to achieve its 2030 mitigation target in a cost effective manner and in accordance with the relevant rules and standards. Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions Turkey has to continue its sustainable development process.', 'Consideration of fairness and ambition based on national conditions Turkey has to continue its sustainable development process. Rapid industrialization and urbanization have been taking place in Turkey over the last 30 years. Turkey is responsible for only 0.7 percent of the global emissions since the industrial revolution. Energy imports have a significant share in Turkey’s account deficit. Turkey has to use its limited energy resources. Turkey experiences financial and technological constraints in combating climate change. This INDC provides additional policies, plans and measures in many sectors.', 'This INDC provides additional policies, plans and measures in many sectors. How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the BAU level by 2030 will enable Turkey to step on low-carbon development pathways compatible with the long-term objective of limiting the increase in global temperature below 2oC.Planning Process Turkey may revise this INDC in accordance with changing circumstances.', 'How the INDC contributes to achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention Up to 21 percent reduction in GHG emissions from the BAU level by 2030 will enable Turkey to step on low-carbon development pathways compatible with the long-term objective of limiting the increase in global temperature below 2oC.Planning Process Turkey may revise this INDC in accordance with changing circumstances. Turkey supports its INDC through a national climate change policy which includes; - 10th National Development Plan - National Strategy on Climate Change - National Climate Change Action Plan - National Strategy on Industry - Strategy on Energy Efficiency - National Strategy and Action Plan on Recycling - National Legislation on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of GHG emissions - National Smart Transportation Systems Strategy Document (2014- 2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) Turkey’s INDC was prepared in a participatory approach through multiple stakeholder meetings and by analytical studies conducted for 1 year.', 'Turkey supports its INDC through a national climate change policy which includes; - 10th National Development Plan - National Strategy on Climate Change - National Climate Change Action Plan - National Strategy on Industry - Strategy on Energy Efficiency - National Strategy and Action Plan on Recycling - National Legislation on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification of GHG emissions - National Smart Transportation Systems Strategy Document (2014- 2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) Turkey’s INDC was prepared in a participatory approach through multiple stakeholder meetings and by analytical studies conducted for 1 year. Times-MACRO model is used for energy related modeling and other national models and studies are used for non-energy sectors.', 'Times-MACRO model is used for energy related modeling and other national models and studies are used for non-energy sectors. Financial Needs 21/CP.20, in view of successfully implementing this INDC, Turkey will use domestic sources and receive international financial, technological, technical and capacity building support, including finance from the Green Climate Fund.', 'Financial Needs 21/CP.20, in view of successfully implementing this INDC, Turkey will use domestic sources and receive international financial, technological, technical and capacity building support, including finance from the Green Climate Fund. Plans and policies to be implemented for this INDC Energy - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from solar power to 10 GW until 2030 - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from wind power to 16 GW until 2030 - Tapping the full hydroelectric potential - Commissioning of a nuclear power plant until 2030 - Reducing electricity transmission and distribution losses to 15 percent at 2030 - Rehabilitation of public electricity generation power plants - Establishment of micro-generation, co-generation systems and production on site at electricity production Industry - Reducing emission intensity with the implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency - Increasing energy efficiency in industrial installations and providing financial support to energy efficiency projects - Making studies to increase use of waste as an alternative fuel at the appropriate sectorsTransport - Ensuring balanced utilization of transport modes in freight and passenger transport by reducing the share of road transport and increasing the share of maritime and rail transport - Enhancing combined transport - Implementing sustainable transport approaches in urban areas - Promoting alternative fuels and clean vehicles - Reducing fuel consumption and emissions of road transport with National Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy Document (2014-2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) - Realizing high speed railway projects - Increasing urban railway systems - Achieving fuel savings by tunnel projects - Scraping of old vehicles from traffic - Implementing green port and green airport projects to ensure energy efficiency - Implementing special consumption tax exemptions for maritime transport Buildings and Urban Transformation - Constructing new residential buildings and service buildings as energy efficient in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations - Creating Energy Performance Certificates for new and existing buildings so as to control energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce energy consumption per square meter - Reducing the consumption of primary energy sources of new and existing buildings by means of design, technological equipment, building materials, development of channels that promote the use of renewable energy sources (loans, tax reduction, etc.)', 'Plans and policies to be implemented for this INDC Energy - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from solar power to 10 GW until 2030 - Increasing capacity of production of electricity from wind power to 16 GW until 2030 - Tapping the full hydroelectric potential - Commissioning of a nuclear power plant until 2030 - Reducing electricity transmission and distribution losses to 15 percent at 2030 - Rehabilitation of public electricity generation power plants - Establishment of micro-generation, co-generation systems and production on site at electricity production Industry - Reducing emission intensity with the implementation of National Strategy and Action Plan on Energy Efficiency - Increasing energy efficiency in industrial installations and providing financial support to energy efficiency projects - Making studies to increase use of waste as an alternative fuel at the appropriate sectorsTransport - Ensuring balanced utilization of transport modes in freight and passenger transport by reducing the share of road transport and increasing the share of maritime and rail transport - Enhancing combined transport - Implementing sustainable transport approaches in urban areas - Promoting alternative fuels and clean vehicles - Reducing fuel consumption and emissions of road transport with National Intelligent Transport Systems Strategy Document (2014-2023) and its Action Plan (2014-2016) - Realizing high speed railway projects - Increasing urban railway systems - Achieving fuel savings by tunnel projects - Scraping of old vehicles from traffic - Implementing green port and green airport projects to ensure energy efficiency - Implementing special consumption tax exemptions for maritime transport Buildings and Urban Transformation - Constructing new residential buildings and service buildings as energy efficient in accordance with the Energy Performance of Buildings Regulations - Creating Energy Performance Certificates for new and existing buildings so as to control energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and to reduce energy consumption per square meter - Reducing the consumption of primary energy sources of new and existing buildings by means of design, technological equipment, building materials, development of channels that promote the use of renewable energy sources (loans, tax reduction, etc.) - Dissemination of Green Building, passive energy, zero-energy house design in order to minimize the energy demand and to ensure local production of energy Agriculture - Fuel savings by land consolidation in agricultural areas - Rehabilitation of grazing lands - Controlling the use of fertilizers and implementing modern agricultural practices - Supporting the minimum tillage methods Waste - Sending solid wastes to managed landfill sites - Reuse, recycle and use of other processes to recover secondary raw materials, to utilize as energy source or to remove wastes - Recovering energy from waste by using processes such as material recycling of wastes, bio-drying, bio-methanization, composting, advanced thermal processes or incineration - Recovery of methane gas from landfill gas from managed and unmanaged landfill sites - Utilization of industrial wastes as an alternative raw material or alternative fuel in other industrial sectors, through industrial symbiosis approach - Conducting relevant studies to utilize wastes generated from breeding farms and poultry farms - Rehabilitation of unmanaged waste sites and ensuring wastes to be deposited at managed landfill sites.Forestry - Increasing sink areas and preventing land degradation - Implementing Action Plan on Forestry Rehabilitation and National Afforestation Campaign The emission reductions to be achieved by these policies and plans compared to the business- as-usual scenario are presented in the figure below.'] | en-US |
341 | TKM | Turkmenistan | 1st NDC | 2016-10-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC_Turkmenistan.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 90.523466 | 13.602376 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6361a3776b66a8e61394a5d09a7062199aafde1111999ebff8a04b14a1cae36d.pdf | ['Intended nationally determined contribution of Turkmenistan in accordance with decision 1/CP. 20 UNFCCC Turkmenistan presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 UNFCCC "Lima call for action to address climate change", which calls Parties to communicate in advance their INDC to facilitate adoption of the new international agreement on climate change before the 21st Conference of Parties (COP 21), which will take place in Paris in December 2015. INDC is not an obligation, but it reflects the intention of the country to make an appropriate contribution towards reducing or restraining increase of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent increase of global average temperature by more than 2 ° C and thereby prevent global climate change.', 'INDC is not an obligation, but it reflects the intention of the country to make an appropriate contribution towards reducing or restraining increase of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent increase of global average temperature by more than 2 ° C and thereby prevent global climate change. National development objectives and priorities on climate change Acknowledging the dynamic economic development as a primary objective, Turkmenistan pays particular attention to optimizing the structure of energy, protection and restoration of the environment and ecological systems. Turkmenistan actively participates in international efforts and international cooperation to address climate change and implement the provisions of UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Realizing the importance and assuming the responsibility, Turkmenistan intends to make its adequate contribution to international efforts in addressing climate change.', 'Realizing the importance and assuming the responsibility, Turkmenistan intends to make its adequate contribution to international efforts in addressing climate change. Turkmenistan is committed to limiting greenhouse gas emissions and improving the country s capacity to respond to climate change. In designing low-carbon development policy, Turkmenistan takes into account the level of its economic and technological development and social consequences of emission reductions. The country should pass to the "zero-risk" development, that is, contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, which should lead to the country s economic growth and improving of living standards.', 'The country should pass to the "zero-risk" development, that is, contribute to global efforts to mitigate climate change, which should lead to the country s economic growth and improving of living standards. The indicator of growth stabilization or beginning of reducing emissions by 2030 under favorable economic circumstances could be a long-term goal of low-carbon development, providing gradual reduction of GHG emissions in Turkmenistan and compatible with global objective - not exceeding the 2-degree rise in temperature levels. Turkmenistan is taking significant measures to address climate change.', 'Turkmenistan is taking significant measures to address climate change. Primarily, this is carried out in the context of implementation of the National Strategy for socio-economic development up to 2030 and in conjunction with accelerated formation of resource-saving and environmentally friendly society and innovation-oriented economy and the National Strategy of Turkmenistan on Climate Change representing the national doctrine of transition to the low- carbon development. Turkmenistan is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in Central Asia. Since the beginning of the 1950s, the average growth of the temperature in Turkmenistan was about 0.2оС for a decade.', 'Since the beginning of the 1950s, the average growth of the temperature in Turkmenistan was about 0.2оС for a decade. According to the forecast data, under unfavorable climate change the country may experience shortage of water resources, increased desertification and land degradation, drought and increase in number of hazards leading to instability of agricultural production and threatening food security and social well-being of the population. Considering the above, the section "Adaptation" has been included in INDC Turkmenistan coupled with the section "Mitigation".MITIGATION Base year: 2000. The time frame/implementation period: 2020-2030 years.', 'The time frame/implementation period: 2020-2030 years. The scale and coverage: The economy-wide; INDC includes GHG Inventory results in the following sectors: Energy; Industrial processes; Agriculture; Waste Greenhouse gases (GHGs) INDC includes information on the following greenhouse gases: • Carbon dioxide (CO2 ); • Methane (CH4); • Nitrous oxide (N2O); Planning process and forecasts Turkmenistan has adopted the National Strategy on Climate Change. National Plans for Mitigation and Adaptation (NAPA and NAMA) are in the process of development. These documents reflect actions ensuring reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 on national scale and in some sectors corresponding to declared contribution in INDC Turkmenistan. Methodological approaches Methodological approaches are based on using the following techniques: 1. Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. // IPCC Workbook. V.2. 2. Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. // The IPCC Reference 3. Guide to Good Practice and accounting factors of uncertainty in national greenhouse gas inventories. IPCC, 2000 4. Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. IPCC 2003 5. The IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2006 Global warming potentials (GWP) adopted by the UNFCCC will be applied. Key sources Analysis of results of GHG inventory reveals that the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Turkmenistan are the enterprises of oil and gas, energy, agriculture and transport industries, as well as housing and communal services. The largest emissions are generated from fuel combustion, mining, transportation and storage of oil and gas. Increasing of greenhouse gas emissions depend first of all on growth of energy consumption.', 'Increasing of greenhouse gas emissions depend first of all on growth of energy consumption. The intensive economic growth, accompanied by the growth of production and consumption of energy resources will inevitably lead to further increases in greenhouse gas emissions. In order to prevent the climate change Turkmenistan s National Strategy on Climate Change has identified the main directions of thepolicy for consistent transition to the economy with minimal greenhouse gas emissions without prejudice to the socio-economic development. Energy efficiency and conservation, sustainable use of natural gas and petroleum products, increased use of alternative energy sources are the main priorities of the policy for limiting GHG emissions envisaged in the Strategy.', 'Energy efficiency and conservation, sustainable use of natural gas and petroleum products, increased use of alternative energy sources are the main priorities of the policy for limiting GHG emissions envisaged in the Strategy. In order to implement this policy, tools and measures limiting GHG emissions will be used in key sectors of the economy. These are industry, transport, housing and communal services, which are simultaneously able to maintain high rates of economic growth in general. Turkmenistan considering all acceptable development options and submission of INDC and taking into account national interests and capabilities of the country, as well as analyzing developed by countries INDCs choose the contribution Type 3 (GHG goal/target), which uses a target indicator attached to per unit of GDP.', 'Turkmenistan considering all acceptable development options and submission of INDC and taking into account national interests and capabilities of the country, as well as analyzing developed by countries INDCs choose the contribution Type 3 (GHG goal/target), which uses a target indicator attached to per unit of GDP. Specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP are the indicator that can reflect the country s potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Current trends of energy consumption and GHG emissions Dynamic development of economic sectors of Turkmenistan, as well as improving the demographic indicators formed the tendency of growth of production and consumption of energy resources.', 'Current trends of energy consumption and GHG emissions Dynamic development of economic sectors of Turkmenistan, as well as improving the demographic indicators formed the tendency of growth of production and consumption of energy resources. Turkmenistan with its enormous reserves of oil and gas resources fully meets demands of the country for energy, which in 2012 amounted to 76.7 million toe (tone of oil equivalent). Thus, the GDP energy intensity of production was 0.69 toe/US $ at PPP and compared to 2000 it was decreased by 65%. Despite the absolute increase in consumption of energy resources, the indicator of energy intensity of GDP at PPP on consumption was decreased by 57% in 2012 compared to 2000 and amounted to 0.32 toe/US $ at PPP.', 'Despite the absolute increase in consumption of energy resources, the indicator of energy intensity of GDP at PPP on consumption was decreased by 57% in 2012 compared to 2000 and amounted to 0.32 toe/US $ at PPP. This result was based on increased dynamics of growth of GDP at PPP - by 4.2 times. Figure 1 shows the dynamics of actual and anticipated economic indicators and greenhouse gas emissions in Turkmenistan for the period of 2000-2030 in %. The level of 2000 is taken as 100%. The process of growth of energy consumption in the country was accompanied by natural increase in GHG emissions. Thus, due to the high economic growth there was a tendency of decreasing the carbon intensity indicator.', 'Thus, due to the high economic growth there was a tendency of decreasing the carbon intensity indicator. Compared to 2000, the index carbon intensity was 0.47 in 2012 based on actual data, which is for 53% less than the level of 2000. Forecasted assessment of energy consumption and GHG emissions in the long term until Forecast of the volume of energy consumption in Turkmenistan until 2030 is calculated on the basis of the baseline scenario of economic development. The baseline scenario takes into consideration measures envisaged in the National Program for social-economic development of Turkmenistan for the period 2011-2030 in compliance with needs of the economy, its active modernization and transition to industrial-innovative type of development, targeted programs, laws and regulations adopted in 2007 – 2014.', 'The baseline scenario takes into consideration measures envisaged in the National Program for social-economic development of Turkmenistan for the period 2011-2030 in compliance with needs of the economy, its active modernization and transition to industrial-innovative type of development, targeted programs, laws and regulations adopted in 2007 – 2014. Under this scenario, in 2030 the total volume of production of primary and secondary energy resources will reach 288 740.4 thousand toe. The production volume of energy resources will increase at 3.76 times as compared to 2012. In 2030, consumption of primary and secondary energy resources will amount to 81 475.9 thousand toe, which is 2.3 times more than in 2012.', 'In 2030, consumption of primary and secondary energy resources will amount to 81 475.9 thousand toe, which is 2.3 times more than in 2012. According to forecasts, by 2030 greenhouse gas emissions will increase 4 times compared to the level of emissions in 2000, and approximately 2 times compared to 2012 and due to a decrease of growth rate of emissions it will reach in all 135 833 Gg CO2 equivalent. Moreover, the planned large-scale measures on reduction the GHG emissions will lead to further reduction of emissions.', 'Moreover, the planned large-scale measures on reduction the GHG emissions will lead to further reduction of emissions. Also, due to the high growth of the national economy carbonintensity will decline and by the end of the forecast period it’ll amount to 0.0004 tons of CO2 equivalent/thousand US $ GDP in PPP, which is 1.7 times less than the level of 2000. Thus, according to preliminary assessments, a significant increase in the rate of emissions particularly in 2020 are not observed and the faster growth of energy efficiency contributes to lower GHG emissions and improving quality indicators, such as the emission intensity and carbon intensity. Fig.1.', 'Thus, according to preliminary assessments, a significant increase in the rate of emissions particularly in 2020 are not observed and the faster growth of energy efficiency contributes to lower GHG emissions and improving quality indicators, such as the emission intensity and carbon intensity. Fig.1. Dynamics of actual (2000-2012) and forecast (2014-2030) economic indicators and greenhouse gas emissions The baseline scenario of economic development ensures sustainable average annual growth of the economy for the period of 2015 – 2030. During this period, the growth rate of GHG emissions will be far behind on the rate of GDP growth. Thereupon the energy intensity and carbon intensity of the economy, as well as the intensity of the GHG emissions will be reduced.', 'Thereupon the energy intensity and carbon intensity of the economy, as well as the intensity of the GHG emissions will be reduced. So it can be noted that the growth rate of GHG emissions will significantly lag behind the GDP growth. Such a result would be achieved by the country at the expense of its own financial resources and require limited support from the developed countries to carry out preparatory work for developing legislative and regulatory documents and plans, as well as for implementation of actions to improve institutional, administrative and expertise potential on problems for reducing emissions. If financial and technological support is provided by developed countries, Turkmenistan could achieve zero growth in emissions and even reduce them up to 2030.', 'If financial and technological support is provided by developed countries, Turkmenistan could achieve zero growth in emissions and even reduce them up to 2030. Why INDC are fair and ambitious, taking into account the national circumstances? Based on the achievements of the claimed INDC for 2030, there may be a bond breakage (gap of linkage) between the economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions. There will be a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP. At the same time stabilization of emissions by 2030 is not an obstacle for the economic and social development of the country and it is consistent with the overall objectives of economic development, increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy intensity and increasing the share of renewables in the energy balance of Turkmenistan.', 'At the same time stabilization of emissions by 2030 is not an obstacle for the economic and social development of the country and it is consistent with the overall objectives of economic development, increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy intensity and increasing the share of renewables in the energy balance of Turkmenistan. GDP at PPPs Emissions intensity GDP energy intensity in consumption Carbon intensityHow INDC contributes to achieving the objectives of the Convention? Stabilization or beginning of reducing GHG emissions by 2030 will allow Turkmenistan to enter the trajectory of low-carbon development, compatible with long-term global goal - not exceeding the 2-degree rise in temperature levels. Means of implementation of the contribution Means of implementation is primarily the state budget of Turkmenistan.', 'Means of implementation of the contribution Means of implementation is primarily the state budget of Turkmenistan. Project proposals and measures providing the necessary level of reduction of GHG emissions were designed in the framework of preparation of the Third National Communication and National Action Plan to reduce greenhouse gases. The country s economy has the potential to further reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, but in this case, the country will need additional financial resources and technological support. At a certain international support, Turkmenistan could achieve zero growth in emissions and even their decrease until 2030. Monitoring and evaluation The process of monitoring and evaluation of INDC at the international level will be developed taking into account decisions taken at the COP 21.', 'Monitoring and evaluation The process of monitoring and evaluation of INDC at the international level will be developed taking into account decisions taken at the COP 21. At the national level the progress of implementation of the envisaged activities to reduce GHG emissions are controlled by the government and relevant ministries and agencies. Regularly 2 times a year, all ministries, departments prepare reports for higher instances on implementation of the National Strategy on Climate Change of Turkmenistan and the national mitigation plans. ADAPTATION The climate of Turkmenistan is sharply continental and extremely dry desert of moderate type. Daytime temperatures of the summer season often exceed 40 ° C. The absolute maximum of it 50, 1ºC +, and the absolute minimum is -36, 0ºC.', 'Daytime temperatures of the summer season often exceed 40 ° C. The absolute maximum of it 50, 1ºC +, and the absolute minimum is -36, 0ºC. Turkmenistan belongs to the zone of insufficient humidity. Mean annual precipitation varies from 76 to 380 mm. The results of analysis of climatic data for the last 60 years demonstrate an increase of surface air temperature by 1% to 2.5% (an average of 2 degrees), and minor changes in annual precipitation. Modeling of the future climate in Turkmenistan until 2100 also indicates further increase in air temperature. However, the annual precipitation will decrease over time, especially in the second half of the century.', 'However, the annual precipitation will decrease over time, especially in the second half of the century. Climate risks Climate change in Turkmenistan appears in strengthening and acceleration of such phenomena like as droughts, heat waves, strong hot and dry winds, high dustiness, increase in the number of dry years, dust storms, heavy rains and floods, low winter temperatures, prolonged frost and others. The negative effects of the climate change mainly affect such sectors as agriculture, water management, health, soil and land resources, ecosystems (flora and fauna) and forestry. Calculations showed that the projected increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall first of all would adversely affect all available water resources.', 'Calculations showed that the projected increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall first of all would adversely affect all available water resources. The agriculture is the main consumer ofwater in Turkmenistan, and therefore the problem of changing the flow of rivers and hydrography, namely its reduction during the vegetation period may worsen. This problem is even more aggravated because of the necessity of increasing irrigation norms due to rising temperatures and the transpiration. As a whole, the need for additional water resources will be around 5.5 billion m3 by 2030 without taking into account the growth of irrigated area.', 'As a whole, the need for additional water resources will be around 5.5 billion m3 by 2030 without taking into account the growth of irrigated area. Assuming failure of timely adaptation measures, less received volume of production could reach 20% by 2030, and the loss of value of crop production only for the 15-year period (2016-2030 years) will amount to 58 777 billion manat (20.5 billion dollars). The Government of Turkmenistan warning these losses prepared the list of adaptation measures early in advance for preventing damages. According to preliminary estimates, the cost for implementing planned adaptation measures will amount to 10.5 billion dollars. The drought is a significant risk for social and economic welfare of the country, which appears due to high temperatures and water scarcity.', 'The drought is a significant risk for social and economic welfare of the country, which appears due to high temperatures and water scarcity. Currently, there is a noticeable tendency of increase in frequency of low water years in Turkmenistan’s major rivers - the Amu Darya and Murghab. Global warming will be an additional risk factor for the development of hydrological drought and desertification negatively affecting water resources and naturally agriculture. Large destruction and significant economic damage are caused by floods and mudslides. In Turkmenistan mudflows are observed at 229 permanent and temporary watercourses/channels. The most dangerous months are April and May, which account for 54% of all recorded landslides. In winter there were observed ice phenomena, especially in the middle flow of the Amu Darya in Turkmenistan.', 'In winter there were observed ice phenomena, especially in the middle flow of the Amu Darya in Turkmenistan. In certain years as a result of lowering the temperature to -25- 30ºC, Amu Darya is fettered by ice forming a powerful hanging ice dams, resulting in sharply raise of water levels in it and its surrounding areas. The list of adaptation measures has been prepared in all priority sectors in the framework of preparation of TNC and the National Action Plan on Adaptation. Currently, costs for these activities are foreseen within the state budget.', 'Currently, costs for these activities are foreseen within the state budget. National commitments Policy of Turkmenistan to mitigate climate change is reflected in main government programs, especially in the "National Strategy of social and economic transformation of Turkmenistan until 2030" and the "National Strategy of Turkmenistan on Climate Change." Adaptation to climate change is a major focus of the National Strategy of Turkmenistan on Climate Change. The Strategy will be implemented through the National Action Plans for Adaptation and Mitigation, which in future should become an integral part of national programs and plans for socio- economic development.', 'The Strategy will be implemented through the National Action Plans for Adaptation and Mitigation, which in future should become an integral part of national programs and plans for socio- economic development. Report on planned adaptation activities In order to ensure the sustainable development of the country in response to climate change, it is important to prepare a detailed national action plan for adapting to climate change, including the list of specific actions, timelines for their implementation and assessment of implementation costs. In elaboration of the National Action Plan for Adaptation to climate change an important role is given to measures for developing preventive programs to reduce impact of adverse effects of climate change and development of specific recommendations on various aspects of adaptation to extreme changes of weather conditions.', 'In elaboration of the National Action Plan for Adaptation to climate change an important role is given to measures for developing preventive programs to reduce impact of adverse effects of climate change and development of specific recommendations on various aspects of adaptation to extreme changes of weather conditions. National Action Plan on Adaptation will include adaptation measures for sectors of water, agriculture, soil and land resources,ecosystems. Construction of the Turkmen Lake of «Golden Century» occupies a special focus among other activities carried out in Turkmenistan on adaptation to climate change. Among the ongoing adaptation measures in the region this important project is currently unique and beneficial not only for Turkmenistan but for the rest of the Central Asia.', 'Among the ongoing adaptation measures in the region this important project is currently unique and beneficial not only for Turkmenistan but for the rest of the Central Asia. Collection of drainage water into the lake in the Karakum Desert, and their further use after desalination demonstrate large-scale implementation of measures to adapt to climate change in the sector of water resources of the country. Monitoring and evaluation At the national level, the progress of implementation of adaptation measures is under control of the government and relevant ministries and agencies. Regularly 2 times a year all ministries, departments prepare reports for the higher instances on implementation of the National Strategy of Turkmenistan on Climate Change and national adaptation plans.'] | en-US |
342 | TUV | Tuvalu | 1st NDC | 2016-04-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/TUVALU%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1b49930657d4369b48a38e2eb0c36374792bfc1c2d10e7190b8ea60aee90deaa.pdf | ['Government of Tuvalu Intended Nationally Determined Contributions Communicated to the UNFCCC on 27 November 2015 Introduction In accordance with the relevant paragraphs of Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Tuvalu hereby communicates its Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) towards meeting the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC, and provides up-\xad‐front information in tabular format to facilitate the clarity, transparency and understanding of the INDC. Additional accompanying information, relating to mitigation actions and support for implementation, is provided. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) Tuvalu commits to reduction of emissions of green-\xad‐house gases from the electricity generation (power) sector, by 100%, ie almost zero emissions by 2025. Tuvalu’s indicative quantified economy-\xad‐wide target for a reduction in total emissions of GHGs from the entire energy sector to 60% below 2010 levels by 2025.', 'Tuvalu’s indicative quantified economy-\xad‐wide target for a reduction in total emissions of GHGs from the entire energy sector to 60% below 2010 levels by 2025. These emissions will be further reduced from the other key sectors, agriculture and waste, conditional upon the necessary technology and finance.These targets go beyond the targets enunciated in Tuvalu’s National Energy Policy (NEP) and the Majuro Declaration on Climate Leadership (2013). Currently, 50% of electricity is derived from renewables, mainly solar, and this figure will rise to 75% by 2020 and 100% by 2025. This would mean almost zero use of fossil fuel for power generation. This is also in line with our ambition to keep the warming to less than 1.5⁰C, if there is a chance to save atoll nations like Tuvalu.', 'This is also in line with our ambition to keep the warming to less than 1.5⁰C, if there is a chance to save atoll nations like Tuvalu. Tuvalu considers that the focus of INDCs should primarily be mitigation. Notwithstanding the invitation to Parties in Decisions 1/CP.20, par. 12 to “consider communicating their undertakings in adaptation planning or consider including an adaptation component in their INDCs”, Tuvalu’s vulnerability and the adaptation actions continue to be comprehensively articulated in other national documents such as NAPA, National Communications, National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management, National Climate Change Policy. The government plans to develop its National Action Plan in 2016.', 'The government plans to develop its National Action Plan in 2016. Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Parameter Information Period for defining actions Start year: 2020 End year: 2025 Type and level of Commitment Electricity (power) sector and energy sector Reference year or period Base year, 2010, emissions ≅ 20 Gg C02 eq Estimated, quantified emissions impact Reduce GHG emissions by 100% from the electricity sector by 2025 Reduce GHG emissions from energy sector Coverage % National emissions (as Approximately Sectors Energy -\xad‐Electricity generation -\xad‐Transport -\xad‐Other (cooking) Agriculture Waste Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and methane (CH4 ). Others are negligible Geographical Whole of country (includes all outer islands)Parameter Information boundaries Further information, relevant to commitment type, required for the purpose of providing Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Eg.', 'Others are negligible Geographical Whole of country (includes all outer islands)Parameter Information boundaries Further information, relevant to commitment type, required for the purpose of providing Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Eg. Annual estimated reductions, methodologies and assumptions for determining BAU or intensity baseline, peaking year Intention to use market based mechanisms to meet commitments NO Land sector accounting approach N/A Metrics and Methodology Consistent with methodologies used in Tuvalu’s Second National Communications (currently being finalised) using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines for GHG Inventory. Planning Process Tuvalu adopted an all-\xad‐inclusive process of engaging relevant stakeholders through bilateral consultations and workshops. The first workshop involving key Departments and Ministries provided much needed awareness about INDCs and the provision of additional data/information.', 'The first workshop involving key Departments and Ministries provided much needed awareness about INDCs and the provision of additional data/information. It strengthened the whole-\xad‐of-\xad‐government process by providing national ownership of the INDC, as well as helped realise the synergies between other processes, including National Communications, National Energy Policy, National Strategic Action Plan for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management (2012-\xad‐2016), Master Plan for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in Tuvalu (2012-\xad‐2020), National Strategic Plan and externally funded development projects in related areas. The second national consultation was used for the validation of the proposed targets contained in Tuvalu’s INDC, before it was presented for approval by National Advisory Council on Climate Change (NACCC) and endorsement by Cabinet prior to itsParameter Information submission to UNFCCC.', 'The second national consultation was used for the validation of the proposed targets contained in Tuvalu’s INDC, before it was presented for approval by National Advisory Council on Climate Change (NACCC) and endorsement by Cabinet prior to itsParameter Information submission to UNFCCC. Fair and Ambitious Tuvalu’s emissions are less than 0.000005% of global emissions, one of the lowest from any Parties, negligible in the global context. The import of fossil fuels into the country is used as proxy for the GHG emissions. The total fuel imports remained almost constant at around 3500 kL, from 2001 – 2012. It declined by about 14% in 2013, but increased by approximately 23% in 2014 mainly due to the increase in the number of ships servicing the outer atolls.', 'It declined by about 14% in 2013, but increased by approximately 23% in 2014 mainly due to the increase in the number of ships servicing the outer atolls. However, the figures for 2015 are showing significant decline in emissions due to the installation of new solar PV systems. Tuvalu is the world’s second lowest-\xad‐lying country and sea level rise poses a fundamental risk to its very existence. Climate change through rising temperatures and irregular rainfall are already impacting on income from fish and crops. In this context, the target of zero dependence on important fossil fuels for electricity generation by 2025, cannot be more ambitious. Moreover, its targets to reduce emissions from the other energy sectors, mainly transport, are significant given that this is one of the most rapidly growing sources of carbon emissions.', 'Moreover, its targets to reduce emissions from the other energy sectors, mainly transport, are significant given that this is one of the most rapidly growing sources of carbon emissions. Background Information on Tuvalu’s INDC General Tuvalu archipelago comprises nine small islands, six of them being atoll islands (with ponding lagoons) namely Nanumea, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti and Nukulaelae. The remaining three islands, Nanumaga, Niutao, and Niulakita are raised limestone reef islands. All the islands are less than five metres above sea level, with the biggest island,Vaitupu, having a land area of just over 524 hectares. The total area is approximately 26 km2 with an EEZ of 719,174 km2.', 'The total area is approximately 26 km2 with an EEZ of 719,174 km2. Tuvalu is a Least Developing Country with a per capita income of less than USD4000, and is the smallest of any independent state. According to a World Bank (2013) report, Tuvalu’s gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at USD 39.7 million in 2013 and was the smallest of any independent state. GDP growth in the past was volatile and this is expected to continue into the future due to Tuvalu’s dependence on fishing and internet domain licensing fees, remittances, and trust fund returns, all of which are dependent on exogenous factors beyond the government’s control. Due to the small population and lack of land area and resources, the scope for economic diversification, including exports, is minimal.', 'Due to the small population and lack of land area and resources, the scope for economic diversification, including exports, is minimal. Nearly everything, including skilled services, is imported. Fuel and food constitute nearly half of total imports of goods. Mitigation Greenhouse Gas Emissions According to Tuvalu’s draft Second National Communications, the Energy sector is the major contributor to CO2 emissions (100%). The Waste sector is the main contributor of CH4 emissions (74.7%) followed respectively by the Agriculture sector (24.7%). On a mass basis, emissions of CO2 are the most important. This is largely due to the importance of fossil fuel combustion as a source of CO2. Land-\xad‐use change and forestry, is not an important CO2 source in Tuvalu.', 'Land-\xad‐use change and forestry, is not an important CO2 source in Tuvalu. In terms of carbon dioxide equivalent, Tuvalu’s gross aggregated GHG emissions (not including the LUCF sector), across all sectors, totaled 16.95 Gg CO2-\xad‐e in 2002 and the net GHG emissions (including the LUCF sector) were practically the same figure (16.92 Gg CO2-\xad‐e). Within the energy sector, emissions from electricity generation contribute to 41%, transport sector 40% and the remaining 18% from other sectors. One of the many constraints to development is Tuvalu’s high dependency on imported energy resources, primarily petroleum products. Tuvalu has no conventional energy resources and is heavily reliant on imported oil fuels for transport, electricity generation and household use.', 'Tuvalu has no conventional energy resources and is heavily reliant on imported oil fuels for transport, electricity generation and household use. High fuel prices and fluctuations have a destabilizing effect on businesses and households, limiting growth and reducing food security, especially in the most isolated outer islands. Renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, biomass and ocean energy are recognized as potential energy alternatives in the country. In response to the world oil market and to ensure enhanced energy security, the Government of Tuvalu (GOT)committed to get 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020.', 'In response to the world oil market and to ensure enhanced energy security, the Government of Tuvalu (GOT)committed to get 100% of its electricity from renewable energy sources by 2020. The Tuvalu National Energy Policy (TNEP), formulated in 2009, and the Energy Strategic Action Plan defines and directs current and future energy developments so that Tuvalu can achieve the ambitious target of 100% RE for power generation by 2020. Tuvalu’s Master Plan for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (TMPREEE), 2012-\xad‐ 2020, outlines the way forward to generate electricity from renewable energy and to develop an energy efficiency programme. It has two stated goals: 1. To generate electricity with 100% renewable energy by 2020, and 2. To increase energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30%.', 'To increase energy efficiency on Funafuti by 30%. According to TMPREE, Tuvalu must develop 6 MW renewable energy electricity generation capacity in the next eight years. The initial capital cost of solar arrays, wind turbines and batteries to replace the current energy demand is estimated to be A$52 million. By the end of 2012, the output capacity of renewable energy electricity generation using PV technology totaled a mere 146 kW (peak). There has been a steady increase in installations over the last three years and the country is tracking well in terms of meeting most of its target by 2020. The remaining time will be used to make any shortfall due to production efficiencies, weather conditions (that will affect available renewable resources) and other demands from the consumers.', 'The remaining time will be used to make any shortfall due to production efficiencies, weather conditions (that will affect available renewable resources) and other demands from the consumers. Large scale implementation of energy efficiency improvements will also help reduce the electricity demand. Given the steady and continuing increase in the price of diesel oil, the renewable electricity and energy efficiency programme will not only be cost effective but will ensure that affordable electricity is available to the people of Tuvalu. It is estimated that following the completion of the renewable electricity and energy efficiency programme, the use of the diesel generator plant will reduce by up to 95% with a consequent reduction in diesel fuel consumption.', 'It is estimated that following the completion of the renewable electricity and energy efficiency programme, the use of the diesel generator plant will reduce by up to 95% with a consequent reduction in diesel fuel consumption. Savings in diesel fuel over the 30 year life of the overall programme are estimated to be A$152 million (2011 dollars) assuming oil prices continue to increase at the current long term trend. After allowing for battery replacements and other maintenance, which are estimated to cost A$115 million, the net saving over the 30 year programme will be A$37 million.', 'After allowing for battery replacements and other maintenance, which are estimated to cost A$115 million, the net saving over the 30 year programme will be A$37 million. Whilst the focus in renewable energy has largely been the solar through PVs, Tuvalu is ready to embrace other technologies, for example harnessing ocean energy, once these become available and affordable.Planned Mitigation Actions 1. Renewable Energy To meet the above objectives, electricity will be generated using renewable energy in all the nine islands of Tuvalu. The Outer Islands are being developed as a priority because fuel transportation from Funafuti increases the cost of generation and has environmental risks associated with potential fuel spill. Furthermore, the Outer Islands generate 18 hours a day (rather than 24 hours) and the power systems are less reliable.', 'Furthermore, the Outer Islands generate 18 hours a day (rather than 24 hours) and the power systems are less reliable. On Fogafale, the main island of Funafuti atoll, due to the high population density, available land is scarce and ground-\xad‐mounting of the proposed photovoltaic (PV) arrays that will form the major component of the renewable electricity system, is not considered practicable. In order to provide the required area for the PV arrays, in 2011 the Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC) announced the “1000 Solar Roof Programme”. In this programme, about half of the current roof space of the buildings in Funafuti will be occupied by PV arrays.', 'In this programme, about half of the current roof space of the buildings in Funafuti will be occupied by PV arrays. In the case of the Outer Islands where more ground space is available, it is likely that a mix of roof mounted and ground mounted arrays will be adopted. Initially the renewable electricity programme in Funafuti will comprise of the installation of PV arrays with battery storage because this technology is well proven in Tuvalu. In the early stages of the programme, a detailed investigation examined the feasibility of wind turbine generation in Funafuti as wind generation could offer significant technical and economic benefits. Wind measurements in several parts of Funafuti, show good potential for wind energy.', 'Wind measurements in several parts of Funafuti, show good potential for wind energy. Under a World Bank project proposal (described below) wind turbines will be installed from 2016 onwards. A wind-\xad‐solar mix will optimise the level of battery storage required and the level of diesel generation required. The system will require standby diesel generation to provide a back-\xad‐up to the renewable energy when prolonged weather conditions limit renewable energy generation. Conversion or replacement of the existing diesel generators to run on bio-\xad‐diesel fuel was proposed to take place in the last stage of the renewable electricity programme. It is estimated that 5% of the annual electricity production will be supplied from bio-\xad‐diesel generation.', 'It is estimated that 5% of the annual electricity production will be supplied from bio-\xad‐diesel generation. This, however, is incumbent upon the development of a master plan for the coconut industry.The following Tables summarises the status of the various Renewable Energy Installations Table: Summary of Power systems in Tuvalu Stations Diesel Capacity (kW) Solar Capacity (kW) Comments Niutao 144 230 to be online by end 2015 Vaitupu 144 400 to be online by end 2015 Funafuti 1200 735 connected to grid, no storage Proposed World Bank Project 2. Energy Efficiency Energy efficiency improvements will be initially targeted on Funafuti. Funafuti has a higher power demand per capita than the outer islands and also consumes 85% of the electricity generated by the Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC).', 'Funafuti has a higher power demand per capita than the outer islands and also consumes 85% of the electricity generated by the Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC). Meeting the 30% target will allow Tuvalu to maintain current generation levels over the next eight years at 2% annual growth of GDP. The energy efficiency programme will include public education, energy audits and technology improvements. A proposed World Bank project is aimed at providing additional energy generation from solar PV and will include investment in modest wind-\xad‐power capacity. Even if, for various reasons, the role of wind in Tuvalu’s future power mix is likely to be smaller than solar PV, it will serve as an important capacity building in this technology for TEC.', 'Even if, for various reasons, the role of wind in Tuvalu’s future power mix is likely to be smaller than solar PV, it will serve as an important capacity building in this technology for TEC. The solar PV investment will provide sufficient battery storage and a power-\xad‐conditioning system to ensure grid stability, as intermittent RE sources become an increasingly dominant portion of Fogafale’s power mix.In addition, the project will finance strategic EE investments in the largest electricity-\xad‐ consuming sectors. These investments could significantly reduce the need for future investments on the generation side. Moreover, the project will bring a longer-\xad‐term perspective on RE investments from all sources by including battery storage and grid-\xad‐ forming inverters that represent major investments but are critical for long-\xad‐term grid stability.', 'Moreover, the project will bring a longer-\xad‐term perspective on RE investments from all sources by including battery storage and grid-\xad‐ forming inverters that represent major investments but are critical for long-\xad‐term grid stability. Thus, this project will facilitate the planned and other future incremental RE additions without leading to grid instability and other system problems that would seriously set back the country’s plans toward achieving the goal of 100 percent penetration of RE in the future. 3. Plans, Policies and Regulations Under a proposed Energy Efficiency Act, The Government of Tuvalu will introduce legislation to promote energy efficiency, and control the importation, use and sale of inefficient electrical appliances into the country.', 'Plans, Policies and Regulations Under a proposed Energy Efficiency Act, The Government of Tuvalu will introduce legislation to promote energy efficiency, and control the importation, use and sale of inefficient electrical appliances into the country. Under the Energy Efficiency Regulations, 2015, which will come into effect on 1 January 2016, Minimum Energy and Performance Standards and Labelling (MESPL) will determine importation and use of appliances and goods. This is in line with GOT’s objective to promote energy efficiency, energy conservation and the use of renewable sources of energy as part of Tuvalu’s obligations under the UNFCCC and related conventions. Means of Implementation The Government of Tuvalu believes that climate change is real and is the greatest threat to its low lying atolls and people.', 'Means of Implementation The Government of Tuvalu believes that climate change is real and is the greatest threat to its low lying atolls and people. Negative effects are already taking place and these will gravely undermine efforts towards sustainable development and threaten the survival and the sovereignty of the nation and her people. While longer term impacts such as sea level rise could result in the unavoidable out-\xad‐migration of some of her people, they have a right to pursue any and all means to ensure their nation survives and the legacy remains, with future generations living productive lives on these islands. Climate change is a cross-\xad‐cutting development issue as it affects every aspect of the Tuvaluan way of life and livelihoods.', 'Climate change is a cross-\xad‐cutting development issue as it affects every aspect of the Tuvaluan way of life and livelihoods. Climate change impacts exacerbate existing cultural and socio-\xad‐economic vulnerabilities. These impacts threaten the security of the nation. To this end, the people of Tuvalu must collectively build and strengthen the nation’s resilience to combat climate change. However, this cannot be done alone and in isolation; regional and global cooperation is imperative to put Tuvalu on a pathway to climate change resilience and sustainable development.Tuvalu is of the view that the scientific underpinnings of the discussions on climate change are clear in defining impact thresholds. Therefore, international cooperation is required. Any failure to reach an agreement to radically cut emissions would jeopardize Tuvalu’s development and survivability.', 'Any failure to reach an agreement to radically cut emissions would jeopardize Tuvalu’s development and survivability. Tuvalu continues to revise its policies in energy, climate change and the electricity sector in line with its sustainable development as contained in the National Strategic Development Plan. The significant costs of imported fossil fuels are a major factor in Tuvalu’s balance of payments. Whilst Tuvalu continues to take actions to reduce its fossil fuel import bill, thereby reducing its carbon footprint, it will underscore the need for support to assist in its ambition for transforming the energy sector to non-\xad‐carbon sources through greater use of renewables such as solar and wind and use of transformational technology. Tuvalu’s INDC includes unconditional, conditional and aspirational contribution to reducing emissions.', 'Tuvalu’s INDC includes unconditional, conditional and aspirational contribution to reducing emissions. The unconditional contribution includes actions that Tuvalu has already undertaken through renewable energy programmes to reduce, significantly, its reliance on imported fossil fuels for electricity generation. It will continue to push, through other measures such as conservation, education and energy efficiency and other measures, recognizing its extreme vulnerability to the impacts of fossil fuel prices. These comprise approximately a quarter of the total imports, and any reduction in the energy bills would assist in diverting development funds to other priority areas such as poverty reduction. International support is crucial to enable Tuvalu implement further actions enshrined in its Policies and Plans, including at sectorial level.', 'International support is crucial to enable Tuvalu implement further actions enshrined in its Policies and Plans, including at sectorial level. For example, the growing emissions in the transport sector, as evidenced from the increased numbers of vehicles on land and vessel for sea transport, needs to be addressed through technological innovations. The goal to pursue a zero carbon development pathway by 2050 is dependent on availability of finance and technology.'] | en-US |
343 | UGA | Uganda | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ukraine%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 5.339553 | 2.078594 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/39454182df079ff855ef89ec958f7e26331f011123f38d4887be0d19d744e84f.pdf | ['Додаток 2: Переклад ОНВВ України Intended Nationally-Determined Contribution (INDC) of Ukraine to a New Global Climate Agreement Over the years of independence since 1991, Ukraine has contributed greatly, with 10.2 billion t to reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Ukraine amounted to 944.4 Mt CO2 eq in 1990, and 402.7 Mt eq (excluding LULUCF) in 2012, i.e. 42.6% of the 1990 level. GHG emissions including LULUCF amounted to 874.6 Mt CO2 eq in 1990 and 375.4 Mt eq in 2012, i.e. 42.9% of the 1990 level. This reduction resulted mainly from a GDP decrease and a decline in the population and social living standards, which are expected to be recovered and improved to reach the EU level.', 'This reduction resulted mainly from a GDP decrease and a decline in the population and social living standards, which are expected to be recovered and improved to reach the EU level. In 2014-2015, the temporary annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city by the Russian Federation as well as the anti-terrorist operation in some areas of Donetsk and Lugansk oblasts have radically changed Ukraine’s development course. The need has arisen to defend the nation, to build defense fortifications along thousands of kilometers, including those on the border, and to increase the production of weapons, ammunition and other means of defense, which requires upgrowth in output of heavy industry products, metals, cement, etc. Due to the military aggression 20% of the country’s economic potential has been destroyed.', 'Due to the military aggression 20% of the country’s economic potential has been destroyed. After restoration of territorial integrity and state sovereignty over the whole territory of Ukraine, the need will arise to reconstruct ruined industrial facilities and infrastructural networks, including railway infrastructure, gas and oil pipelines, water supply systems, sewerage networks, and to repair and build new residential houses and social facilities. All this will cause increase in the production of metals, non-metal construction items, food products, etc. Ukraine will acutely need multi-billion capitalinvestments. Ukraine’s INDC will be revised after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty as well as after the approval of post-2020 socio-economic development strategies with account of investment mobilization. 2.', 'Ukraine’s INDC will be revised after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty as well as after the approval of post-2020 socio-economic development strategies with account of investment mobilization. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions level Ukraine defines ambitious, but at the same time substantiated and fair target with regard to the level of GHG emissions. It will not exceed 60% of 1990 GHG emissions level in 2030. 5. Scope and coverage: 5.1. Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (СО2 ); methane (СН4 ); nitrous oxide (N2 O); perfluorocarbons (HFCs); hydrofluorocarbons (PFCs); sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ); nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). 5.2. Economic sectors / source categories energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry; waste. 5.3. Percentage of GHG emissions covered 5.4.', '5.3. Percentage of GHG emissions covered 5.4. Land use, land-use- change and forestry An approach to including the land use, land-use and forestry in the climate change mitigation structure will be defined as soon as technical opportunities emerge, but no later than 2020 6.', 'Land use, land-use- change and forestry An approach to including the land use, land-use and forestry in the climate change mitigation structure will be defined as soon as technical opportunities emerge, but no later than 2020 6. Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft).', 'Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft). 7.', 'Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft). 7. Methodological approaches: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approaches to GHG emissions and removals estimation and accounting IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.', 'Methodological approaches: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approaches to GHG emissions and removals estimation and accounting IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. 7.3. International market mechanisms Ukraine will participate actively in the development of existing international market mechanisms and implementation of new ones. The declared GHG emissions level does not account for the participation of Ukraine in international market mechanisms. 8. Substantiation of the INDC fairness and ambition The economy of Ukraine requires significant structural changes, infrastructural development, technological modernization and recovery after military operations in eastern Ukraine. Consideration of climate protection factor in their planning and implementation provides for addressing new policies.', 'Consideration of climate protection factor in their planning and implementation provides for addressing new policies. Ambitiousness of stated target envisages making efforts to substantially prevent increase of GHG emissions under conditions of the significant planned structural changes, restoration and development of infrastructure, post-war reconstruction. All these actions will require development and implementation of efficient and effective policies and imposing of limitations of GHG emissions which are beyond current international obligations of Ukraine; as well as require significant financial investments. Pursuant to Annex B to the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine has allowed greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 equal to 76% of the 1990 level.', 'Pursuant to Annex B to the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine has allowed greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 equal to 76% of the 1990 level. Presented in section 2 ambitious target on the level of greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 in reference to the base year in amount of 60% is much lower than both the allowed GHG emission level for 2020 and the base 1990 year level. 9. Next steps 1. Adoption of relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation. 2.', 'Adoption of relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation. 2. Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3.', 'Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3. Development and implementation of measures aimed at increasing absorption of greenhouse gases.', 'Development and implementation of measures aimed at increasing absorption of greenhouse gases. 10. Adaptation issue Ukraine will support national adaptation processes in the context of the international commitments in this field. For a medium-term outlook, the adaptation activities will be considered with the same priority as mitigation activates.'] | en-US |
344 | UGA | Uganda | Updated NDC | 2021-12-10 00:00:00 | uploaded | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Uganda%20interim%20NDC%20submission_.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 5.339553 | 2.078594 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/c796c66ea07d4a7c112562a12bd22131ce4aa568e457953a4d59bd0dd0a148c3.pdf | ['Submission of Uganda’s Interim Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Ministry of Water and EnvironmentUganda’s interim NDC submission is in response to paragraphs 24 and 25 of decision 1/CP.21 and in particular Uganda’s commitment to update its nationally determined contribution (NDC). In this submission is a table accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of our interim updated NDC in compliance with Decision 4/CMA.1. Uganda formally communicated its (I)NDC under the Paris Agreement on 14 October 2015 which became our NDC upon ratification of the Paris Agreement in November 2016. Since then, Uganda has undertaken steps to implement the NDC and increase its ambition. Most significantly is Uganda’s formulation of the National Climate Change Act 2021 to give the force of law to the Paris Agreement.', 'Most significantly is Uganda’s formulation of the National Climate Change Act 2021 to give the force of law to the Paris Agreement. Unlike Uganda’s initial NDC, the interim NDC aims to further strengthen mitigation actions on one part as well as adaptation actions. Adaptation remains the country’s priority response to climate change. Whereas our NDC submitted in 2016 projected 2030 emissions would be 77.3 MtCO2e, under this update they are projected to almost double. This interim NDC submission shows an improvement upon Uganda’s initial NDC which is presented as sector wide conditional reduction target as represented in the ICTU table below.', 'This interim NDC submission shows an improvement upon Uganda’s initial NDC which is presented as sector wide conditional reduction target as represented in the ICTU table below. To achieve this a multi stakeholder process, and internal approval process is still ongoing, once this is complete Uganda will formally communicate her updated NDC We believe that once the process is completed, the updated NDC shall show a marked improvement both in the process and format by which the 2030 sectoral target was determined and set to be implemented.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the updated NDC of Uganda for the period 2021 - 1.', 'To achieve this a multi stakeholder process, and internal approval process is still ongoing, once this is complete Uganda will formally communicate her updated NDC We believe that once the process is completed, the updated NDC shall show a marked improvement both in the process and format by which the 2030 sectoral target was determined and set to be implemented.Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the updated NDC of Uganda for the period 2021 - 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The updated base year is 2015 reflecting the latest national greenhouse gas inventory.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The updated base year is 2015 reflecting the latest national greenhouse gas inventory. The reference year is 2021 and the reference period is 2021 – 2030 with the Business as usual projection target year as 2030 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year The base year emissions accordingly to the first Biennial Update report was estimated at 90.53 MtCO2 e/year and the projected emissions by 2030 under the Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario is estimated at 143 MtCO2e.', 'The reference year is 2021 and the reference period is 2021 – 2030 with the Business as usual projection target year as 2030 b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year The base year emissions accordingly to the first Biennial Update report was estimated at 90.53 MtCO2 e/year and the projected emissions by 2030 under the Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario is estimated at 143 MtCO2e. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The national economy-wide emission reduction target is under technical review and will be to be adopted by the National Climate Change Advisory Committee (NCCAC)- e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data sources used for baseline projection are: Future emissions were estimated using Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) and excel sheets Industrial Development in Uganda: An Assessment of the Policy Framework.East African Commission (2015).', 'c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The national economy-wide emission reduction target is under technical review and will be to be adopted by the National Climate Change Advisory Committee (NCCAC)- e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data sources used for baseline projection are: Future emissions were estimated using Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) and excel sheets Industrial Development in Uganda: An Assessment of the Policy Framework.East African Commission (2015). The East African Community Vision 2050.', 'The East African Community Vision 2050. Electricity Regulatory Authority (2021) Least Cost Electricity Expansion Plan 2020-2030. PLN/83-120/021/008 Government of Uganda (2007). Climate Change: Uganda National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) submitted to UNFCCC. Government of Uganda (2013b). Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy 2013 – 2022. Ministry of Water and Environment. Government of Uganda (2015a). Annual Statistical Abstract. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). Government of Uganda (2015b). National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment. Government of Uganda (2015d). Second National Development Plan 2015/2016 – 2019/2020. National Planning Authority. Kampala Uganda. Government of Uganda (2016). Strategic programme for climate resilience: Uganda pilot programme for climate resilience (PPCR). Government of Uganda (2017). The Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy 2017/18 -2030/31. Government of Uganda (2020).', 'The Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy 2017/18 -2030/31. Government of Uganda (2020). Third National Development Plan 2020/21 - 2024/25. National Planning Authority. Kampala Uganda. IFPRI (2010). Enterprise Budget Survey: An Analysis of Crop and Livestock Enterprises, International Food Policy Research Institute, Uganda Strategy Support Program (USSP), Working Paper No. 5, June 2010. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (2011). Future Climate Scenarios for Uganda’s Tea Growing Areas. Final report: July, 2011. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). (2015). Kampala city Energy and Climate Profile. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2018). National Adaptation Plan for the Agricultural Sector. MAAIF, Kampala Uganda. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2020a). Situational Analysis of the Agriculture Sector in Uganda. Final Report.', 'Situational Analysis of the Agriculture Sector in Uganda. Final Report. Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2020b). Long term low carbon, climate resilient agricultural development pathways for Uganda actions for meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC COP21). Draft Report. Ministry of Water and Environment (2013). National Forest Plan.Ministry of Water and Environment (2014), Uganda’s Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed from: Ministry of Water and Environment (2015a). Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Ministry of Water and Environment. Ministry of Water and Environment (2015b). Economic Assessment of the impacts of climate change in Uganda. Final Report. Ministry of Water and Environment (2015c).', 'Ministry of Water and Environment (2015c). Uganda Wetlands Atlas: Volume One – Kampala city, Mukono and Wakiso districts Ministry of Water and Environment (2019), Uganda’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed from: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (2013). Biomass Energy Strategy for Uganda (BEST). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development. Accessed from: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (2015) Energy and Mineral Sector Development Plan. Accessed from: National Planning Authority (2010). Uganda Vision 2040. National Planning Authority, Kampala Uganda. Accessed from: Nsubuga, F. W., & Rautenbach, H. (2018). Climate change and variability: A review of what is known and ought to be known for Uganda. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. Rautenbach. H. (2014).', 'International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. Rautenbach. H. (2014). Regional-scale Climate Change Projections of Annual. Seasonal and Monthly Near-Surface Temperatures and Rainfall in Uganda. Report for the Ministry of Water and Environment & Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). Republic of Uganda (2014). Poverty Status Report 2014. Twinomuhangi R. (2018). Uganda national urban climate change profile. UNDP and Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development. Kampala Uganda. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) (2018). Uganda National Household Survey 2016/2017. Kampala, Uganda; Accessed UNDP (2013). Climate Risk Management for Sustainable Crop Production in Uganda: Rakai and Kapchorwa Districts UN FAO (2019). Options for low-emission development in the Uganda dairy sector. Final report.USAID. (2013). Uganda Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment.', 'Uganda Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. USAID, African and Latin American Resilience to Climate Change (ARCC). World Bank Group. (2015). Uganda: Strategic Climate Diagnostics, World Bank Group. WWF (2015). Energy report for Uganda: A 100% renewable energy future by 2050 f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Baseline projections may be updated under following circumstances: Significant changes in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projections Methodological improvements 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target in the year 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a.', 'Single year target in the year 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; The emission reduction target will both conditional and un-conditional thus demonstrating the country’s increased climate ambition. b.', 'General description of the target; The emission reduction target will both conditional and un-conditional thus demonstrating the country’s increased climate ambition. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The following IPCC sectors have been covered: Energy includes Electricity generation and supply, Transport Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use (AFOLU) includes Agriculture and Livestock, Forests, Wetlands Waste includes solid waste and wastewater Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) includes Industries, Mining and Quarrying and Petroleum, Chemical and Non- metallic Mineral ProductsThe following IPCC gases have been covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; To the extent possible, categories of emissions or removals have been included, especially those considered ‘significant source categories’.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The following IPCC sectors have been covered: Energy includes Electricity generation and supply, Transport Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use (AFOLU) includes Agriculture and Livestock, Forests, Wetlands Waste includes solid waste and wastewater Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) includes Industries, Mining and Quarrying and Petroleum, Chemical and Non- metallic Mineral ProductsThe following IPCC gases have been covered: Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; To the extent possible, categories of emissions or removals have been included, especially those considered ‘significant source categories’. However data availability remains a key challenge.', 'However data availability remains a key challenge. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from adaptation actions will be featured 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Uganda established a technical team to support the NDC update process and development of long-term low emissions strategy simultaneously. A series public consultations process was launched once the sectoral teams where established in the beginning of 2019 with the support of development partners.', 'A series public consultations process was launched once the sectoral teams where established in the beginning of 2019 with the support of development partners. These included a series of consultations with the youth, the civil society, the private sector policy makers and the public through regional workshops i.e. Central region, Western region, Eastern region, Northern region and West Nile region. i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and The Ministry of Water and Environment, Climate Change Department is the institution responsible for coordination, supervision, regulation and management of all activities related to climate change. Therefore, the department spearheadedindigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; the update of the NDC and ensured whole of government and whole of society approach.', 'Therefore, the department spearheadedindigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner; the update of the NDC and ensured whole of government and whole of society approach. The regional consultations across the 5 regions provided a platform for local communities and public to participate in the NDC update process. A national validation is envisaged to provide a platform for the public to own the updated NDC ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; It will be contained in the updated NDC (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The NDC Update embraced whole of society approach were various categories of the society fully participated in a bottom-up approach.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; It will be contained in the updated NDC (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The NDC Update embraced whole of society approach were various categories of the society fully participated in a bottom-up approach. Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through regional workshops, youth and civil society consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers during the sectoral consultations which ensured alignment with overarching national planning and budgeting frameworks.', 'Despite the Covid-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through regional workshops, youth and civil society consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers during the sectoral consultations which ensured alignment with overarching national planning and budgeting frameworks. The collaboration with National Planning Authority and Ministry responsible for Finance ensured alignment of the update process with the vision 2040 and development aspirations highlighted in the third National Development Plan (NDP III) of the country. The simultaneous work on mid-term climate action planning (NDC update) and long term (LTS development) promoted efficient strategic planning for climate action. The joint modelling for NDC update and LTS scenarios; systematic data and information sharing and joint progressive planning propelled synergy.', 'The joint modelling for NDC update and LTS scenarios; systematic data and information sharing and joint progressive planning propelled synergy. (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The country envisages to achieve a lower middle income status that comes along with improvements in socioeconomic welfare for all Ugandans. b.', '(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The country envisages to achieve a lower middle income status that comes along with improvements in socioeconomic welfare for all Ugandans. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member Not ApplicableStates, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable since Global stocktake has not be undertaken as yet d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member Not ApplicableStates, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable since Global stocktake has not be undertaken as yet d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and In this NDC update, Uganda continues to prioritize adaptation as the first response to climate change. The updated NDC features information on elements of an Adaptation Communication. However, a comprehensive and detailed Adaptation Communication and National Adaptation Plan will be developed and submitted.forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'However, a comprehensive and detailed Adaptation Communication and National Adaptation Plan will be developed and submitted.forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” was used in compiling the base year GHG inventory as well as the assumptions used in the first Biennial Update Report 2019 b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable since implementation of policies and measures is yet to commence c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenicemissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The NDC update was informed by the use of Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse gases for 100 years which was used for the 2015 national GHG inventory.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” was used in compiling the base year GHG inventory as well as the assumptions used in the first Biennial Update Report 2019 b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable since implementation of policies and measures is yet to commence c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenicemissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The NDC update was informed by the use of Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse gases for 100 years which was used for the 2015 national GHG inventory. Calculation of emissions from some categories was based from the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Calculation of emissions from some categories was based from the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Not Applicable ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not included in the emissions calculations iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicable f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, The emission reduction projections were informed by historical trends taking into account the country s Forest Reference Emission Level (FREL). The BAU scenarios were projected using LEAP and excel based models in accordance with 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not applicable iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Uganda will use voluntary cooperation provided for in Article 6 in accordance with the National Climate Change Act 2021 to demonstrate her mitigation ambition and mobilise support to promote sustainable development and poverty eradication. Non-market approaches such as Adaptation Benefit Mechanism will be explored among others. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Uganda is a Least Developed Country highly vulnerable to climate impacts and characterized with very low emissions but undertaking climate actions with her domestic budget complemented by assistance from development partners. Despite the country’s low human development index of 0.477, the country has set an economy-wide emission reduction target expected to be greater than the target in the first NDC communicated in 2016. The new target includes takes into account specific sector emission targets for Energy, Transport, Waste and Industry.', 'The new target includes takes into account specific sector emission targets for Energy, Transport, Waste and Industry. This is a significant development since the first NDC target focused on only on AFOLU sector.The country intends to feature both a conditional and unconditional component in the new economy-wide emission reduction target. Additionally, the first NDC sectors and sub-sectors of focus have increased from 9 to 14 in the updated NDC i.e. Agriculture; Energy; Health; Forestry; Fisheries; Water & Environment; Urban, Tourism; Transport; Built Environment; Disaster Risk Reduction; Manufacturing and Ecosystems including Biodiversity, Rangelands and Mountains b.', 'Agriculture; Energy; Health; Forestry; Fisheries; Water & Environment; Urban, Tourism; Transport; Built Environment; Disaster Risk Reduction; Manufacturing and Ecosystems including Biodiversity, Rangelands and Mountains b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Uganda is still a Least Development Country with overarching goal of transforming from a predominantly peasant and low income country to a competitive upper middle income country. Uganda intends to transition to low carbon and climate resilient economy in the near future and thus its updated NDC represents her contribution and the fair share of domestic effort to achieve the long-term temperature goal. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC is a progression beyond the first NDC and ambitious despite the new challenges e.g.', 'c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC is a progression beyond the first NDC and ambitious despite the new challenges e.g. Covid-19 pandemic which has contracted the economy of Uganda. The implementation of the updated NDC will depend on the both domestic and external support. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Uganda has developed a set of Clean Development Mechanism Projects and Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as part of the mitigation efforts to implement the first NDC. The updated NDC will feature an economy-wide emission reduction target with mitigation measures across key sectors of the economy. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. The NDC update has been simultaneously done with the country’s long-term low emission development strategy undergoing preparation in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The updated NDC reflects Uganda’s contribution towards achieving the objective of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and defines priority adaptation and mitigation actions. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC defines the country’s contribution highlighted in priority adaptation and mitigation actions towards holding the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C.'] | en-US |
345 | UGA | Uganda | Updated NDC | 2022-09-12 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/Updated%20NDC%20_Uganda_2022%20Final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Africa | 0 | 5.339553 | 2.078594 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/e38ca8bb5975c2a265df54ea85814850b5a00d64ba741eeeeef5aa5f1c5ab9bf.pdf | ['Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTi FORWARD This submission communicates Uganda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in fulfilment of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In the updated NDC, Uganda presents an ambitious economy-wide mitigation target in 2030 of 24.7% reduction below the Business As Usual (BAU), a progression from the 22% reduction target communicated in the first NDC in 2016. The country s number one priority response to climate change is adaptation in the context of addressing key vulnerabilities in sectors, building adaptive capacity at all levels, addressing loss and damage, and increasing the resilience of communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems.', 'The country s number one priority response to climate change is adaptation in the context of addressing key vulnerabilities in sectors, building adaptive capacity at all levels, addressing loss and damage, and increasing the resilience of communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems. The sectoral scope for adaptation has been broadened from agriculture, forestry, water, infrastructure, energy, risk management, and health to also include ecosystems (wetlands, biodiversity, and mountains), water and sanitation, fisheries, transport, manufacturing, industry, and mining, cities and built environment, disaster risk reduction, tourism, and education. Uganda has improved on the methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).', 'Uganda has improved on the methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The implementation of the updated NDC mitigation policies and measures will be across energy, agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), peatland, waste, and industrial processes and product use (IPPU). Unlike the first NDC of 2016, the updated NDC defines sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures and interventions with clearly defined corresponding indicators and targets for 2025 and 2030.', 'Unlike the first NDC of 2016, the updated NDC defines sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures and interventions with clearly defined corresponding indicators and targets for 2025 and 2030. The NDC update process was conducted simultaneously with the formulation of the Long- Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LTS) to ensure the alignment of long-term climate change strategies with short and medium-term climate actions to represent Uganda’s contribution and the fair share of domestic effort to transition to a low-carbon and climate- resilient economy in the near future. The mitigation and adaptation actions outlined in this updated NDC will enable Uganda meet the global commitments stipulated under the Paris Agreement, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG13), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, and post- 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, among others.', 'The mitigation and adaptation actions outlined in this updated NDC will enable Uganda meet the global commitments stipulated under the Paris Agreement, 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDG13), Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030, and post- 2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, among others. At the national level, the adaptation and mitigation actions of the updated NDC will contribute to the implementation of the country s Vision 2040, the National Development Plan III, the National Green Growth Development Strategy, and the 10-year Environment Restoration Plan, among others. The updated NDC actions will be implemented through a whole-of-society approach, involving government ministries, departments, and agencies; the private sector; academia; civil society organizations; youth; and development partners, in accordance with the corresponding indicators and targets for 2025 and 2030.', 'The updated NDC actions will be implemented through a whole-of-society approach, involving government ministries, departments, and agencies; the private sector; academia; civil society organizations; youth; and development partners, in accordance with the corresponding indicators and targets for 2025 and 2030. In order to effectively implement this updated NDC, Uganda will implement unconditional actions with domestic financial resources and conditional actions with assistance from external financial resources. Therefore, I take this opportunity on behalf of the government of Uganda to present our national commitment and ambition to contribute to limiting global temperature increase to 1.5°C and call upon all partners and stakeholders to support the implementation of the identified mitigation and adaptation climate actions presented in this updated NDC. Hon.', 'Therefore, I take this opportunity on behalf of the government of Uganda to present our national commitment and ambition to contribute to limiting global temperature increase to 1.5°C and call upon all partners and stakeholders to support the implementation of the identified mitigation and adaptation climate actions presented in this updated NDC. Hon. Sam Cheptoris MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In April 2019, Uganda launched the updating process of her first NDC in pursuance of paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC under the leadership of the Climate Change Department, Ministry of Water and Environment with financial support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership.', 'Sam Cheptoris MINISTER OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In April 2019, Uganda launched the updating process of her first NDC in pursuance of paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 of the UNFCCC under the leadership of the Climate Change Department, Ministry of Water and Environment with financial support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership. The process was coordinated by a technical team comprised of experts from the Ministry of Water and Environment; Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MoFPED); National Planning Authority (NPA); civil society and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). On behalf of the Ministry of Water and Environment, I wish to take this opportunity to thank all the partners and stakeholders involved in the NDC update process for their technical and financial support.', 'On behalf of the Ministry of Water and Environment, I wish to take this opportunity to thank all the partners and stakeholders involved in the NDC update process for their technical and financial support. These include; the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the NDC Partnership, Unite United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) Africa, NAP Global Network, International Organization for Migration (IOM), World Wide Fund for Nature Uganda Country Office (WWF UCO), Climate Action Network Uganda (CAN-U), ENR CSO Network, Environmental Management for Livelihood Improvement Bwaise Facility (EMLI) and Participatory Ecological Land Use Management (PELUM) Uganda among others.', 'These include; the United Kingdom Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, the NDC Partnership, Unite United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI) Africa, NAP Global Network, International Organization for Migration (IOM), World Wide Fund for Nature Uganda Country Office (WWF UCO), Climate Action Network Uganda (CAN-U), ENR CSO Network, Environmental Management for Livelihood Improvement Bwaise Facility (EMLI) and Participatory Ecological Land Use Management (PELUM) Uganda among others. I am grateful to Hon. Sam Cheptoris, Minister for Water and Environment and the entire top policy of the Ministry for the overall political guidance during the process of NDC Update.', 'Sam Cheptoris, Minister for Water and Environment and the entire top policy of the Ministry for the overall political guidance during the process of NDC Update. I express gratitude to the National Climate Change Advisory Committee (NCCAC), in particular, for their independent technical guidance and the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Climate Change for the political oversight. I invite all partners and stakeholders to fully embrace and participate in the implementation of the updated NDC. Alfred Okot Okidi PERMANENT SECRETARY MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of Uganda signed the Paris Agreement (PA) in October 2015 and ratified it on the 21st of September 2016.', 'Alfred Okot Okidi PERMANENT SECRETARY MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENVIRONMENTiii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Republic of Uganda signed the Paris Agreement (PA) in October 2015 and ratified it on the 21st of September 2016. In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Uganda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015, which later in 2016 became the country’s first NDC following the entry into force of the Paris agreement on 4th November 2016. As required by the Paris Agreement, NDCs are submitted every five years. In reference to that, this report contains Uganda’s updated NDC with a time frame of 2020 to 2030.', 'In reference to that, this report contains Uganda’s updated NDC with a time frame of 2020 to 2030. The updated NDC contains information on national circumstances such as the geography, climate, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions profile; information on social and economic trends (population, urbanization, agriculture, forestry, water, wetlands, and energy); and policy, legal, and institutional framework. The NDC update process was informed by a stocktake report, which highlighted the key performance levels and emerging issues that emanated from the formulation and implementation processes of the first NDC. The updated NDC addresses all the key emerging issues highlighted in the stocktake report.', 'The updated NDC addresses all the key emerging issues highlighted in the stocktake report. The update process involved updating the national information databases for adaptation and mitigation to generate scientific information in accordance with Article 4 Paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement to inform decisions on climate actions for 2020 to 2030. Uganda used the latest global and national information packages generated from the national risk and vulnerability assessment, the mitigation metabolic assessments, and the third national communication.', 'Uganda used the latest global and national information packages generated from the national risk and vulnerability assessment, the mitigation metabolic assessments, and the third national communication. The country gathered information on climate, climate change risk, and vulnerability, and GHG emission trends, sources, and projections up to 2050 using a set of tools for GHG emissions estimations and projections, taking into account the national circumstances and the country’s vision for 2040, which informed the choices of the appropriate mitigation measures and adaptation actions in the updated NDC. Results from the Risk and Vulnerability Assessment conducted indicated that both temperature and rainfall are expected to increase in Uganda. However, there is still a wide range of possible scenarios and uncertainty, particularly for rainfall.', 'However, there is still a wide range of possible scenarios and uncertainty, particularly for rainfall. The assessment revealed further that the priority sectors for adaptation in Uganda remain: ecosystem, water, agriculture, and forestry. These were also identified as priority sectors in the initial NDC. However, there is also significant risk in other sectors, particularly in terms of the general business sector, mining and quarrying, energy, transport, and cities and the built environment. The adaptation component of this updated NDC covers 13 sectors of agriculture, forestry, energy, health, ecosystems (wetlands, biodiversity, and mountains), water and sanitation, fisheries, transport, manufacturing, industry, and mining, cities and built environment, disaster risk reduction, tourism, and education, highlighting 48 priority adaptation actions and 82 indicators with targets for 2025 and 2030.', 'The adaptation component of this updated NDC covers 13 sectors of agriculture, forestry, energy, health, ecosystems (wetlands, biodiversity, and mountains), water and sanitation, fisheries, transport, manufacturing, industry, and mining, cities and built environment, disaster risk reduction, tourism, and education, highlighting 48 priority adaptation actions and 82 indicators with targets for 2025 and 2030. The mitigation component presents Uganda’s emissions profile, which is projected to increase Business-As-Usual (BAU) Scenario. Uganda plans to implement policies and measures in the AFOLU, energy, waste, transport, and IPPU sectors that will result in a 24.7% reduction of national GHG emissions below the BAU trajectory in 2030, to 112.1 MtCO2e.', 'Uganda plans to implement policies and measures in the AFOLU, energy, waste, transport, and IPPU sectors that will result in a 24.7% reduction of national GHG emissions below the BAU trajectory in 2030, to 112.1 MtCO2e. 82.7% of the mitigation impact will come from the AFOLU sector, while 7.56%, 6.36%, 3%, and 0.4% will come from the transport, energy, waste, and IPPU sectors, respectively. The 24.7% reduction bears both conditional and unconditional targets. The 5.9% (unconditional target) BAUiv emission reduction by 2030 will be facilitated by domestic resources, and the 18.8% (conditional target) is subject to the availability of means of implementation from international support such as financial resources, capacity-building, and technology transfer.', 'The 5.9% (unconditional target) BAUiv emission reduction by 2030 will be facilitated by domestic resources, and the 18.8% (conditional target) is subject to the availability of means of implementation from international support such as financial resources, capacity-building, and technology transfer. Gender sensitivity was incorporated in the selection and prioritization of adaptation and mitigation measures and actions of this NDC, and it was further elaborated and mainstreamed in the updated NDC implementation plan. The total cost of implementing adaptation, mitigation, coordination, monitoring, and reporting of this updated NDC is estimated at USD 28.1 billion.', 'The total cost of implementing adaptation, mitigation, coordination, monitoring, and reporting of this updated NDC is estimated at USD 28.1 billion. Uganda commits to mobilize domestic resources to cover the unconditional actions to the tune of USD 4.1 billion equivalent to 15% of the total cost of the updated NDC and will require international support to cover the conditional measures and actions.', 'Uganda commits to mobilize domestic resources to cover the unconditional actions to the tune of USD 4.1 billion equivalent to 15% of the total cost of the updated NDC and will require international support to cover the conditional measures and actions. A number of capacity-building and technology needs have also been identified for implementing the NDC.i TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . iii List of Figures iii List of Tables iv Abbreviations and Acronyms v Introduction and Background 1 Structure of the Updated NDC . 2 1 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES . 3 1.1 Geography, Climate, and GHG emissions profile . 3 1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 11 1.4 The NDC Update Process 12 2 ADAPTATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC . 13 2.2 Priority Adaptation Actions and Targets . 16 3 MITIGATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC 27 3.1 Economy-wide Contribution . 27 3.2 Priority Mitigation Measures and Targets . 30 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sector 30 3.3.1 Priority Mitigation Policies and Measures 30 3.3.3 Additional mitigation actions . 33 3.4 Energy Sector (Stationary) . 34 3.4.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures . 34 3.4.2 Targets for Energy sector . 36 3.4.3 Additional Mitigation actions . 37 3.5 Transport Sector 38 3.5.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures . 38 3.5.2 Targets for Transport sector . 41 3.5.3 Additional Mitigation actions . 42 3.6 Waste Sector . 42 3.6.1 Main mitigation Policies and Measures . 43 3.6.2 Targets for Waste sector 44 3.6.3 Additional mitigation actions . 45 3.7 Industrial Processes and Product Use . 45 3.7.1 Mitigation Policies and Measures 46 3.7.2 Targets for IPPU sector 46 3.8 Co-benefits of NDC implementation for short-lived Climate pollutant and Air pollutant mitigation . 47ii 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 48 4.1 Climate Finance Needs 48 4.2 Capacity Building . 48 Annex 1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Uganda’s updated NDC . 50iii List of Figures Figure 1-1: Average annual temperature (left); annual precipitation (right), 1991–2020 3 Figure 1-2: Future climate change scenarios for Africa – median impacts by 2100 . 4 Figure 1-3: Projected Mean Temperature and Precipitation for Uganda 5 Figure 1-4: Sectoral trends in GHG emissions for Uganda 7 Figure 1-5: Actual and projected population in Uganda (Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020) 8 Figure 1-6: Summary of Water, Sanitation and Health data for Uganda (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2021) .', 'A number of capacity-building and technology needs have also been identified for implementing the NDC.i TABLE OF CONTENTS FORWARD i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . iii List of Figures iii List of Tables iv Abbreviations and Acronyms v Introduction and Background 1 Structure of the Updated NDC . 2 1 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES . 3 1.1 Geography, Climate, and GHG emissions profile . 3 1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 11 1.4 The NDC Update Process 12 2 ADAPTATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC . 13 2.2 Priority Adaptation Actions and Targets . 16 3 MITIGATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC 27 3.1 Economy-wide Contribution . 27 3.2 Priority Mitigation Measures and Targets . 30 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sector 30 3.3.1 Priority Mitigation Policies and Measures 30 3.3.3 Additional mitigation actions . 33 3.4 Energy Sector (Stationary) . 34 3.4.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures . 34 3.4.2 Targets for Energy sector . 36 3.4.3 Additional Mitigation actions . 37 3.5 Transport Sector 38 3.5.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures . 38 3.5.2 Targets for Transport sector . 41 3.5.3 Additional Mitigation actions . 42 3.6 Waste Sector . 42 3.6.1 Main mitigation Policies and Measures . 43 3.6.2 Targets for Waste sector 44 3.6.3 Additional mitigation actions . 45 3.7 Industrial Processes and Product Use . 45 3.7.1 Mitigation Policies and Measures 46 3.7.2 Targets for IPPU sector 46 3.8 Co-benefits of NDC implementation for short-lived Climate pollutant and Air pollutant mitigation . 47ii 4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 48 4.1 Climate Finance Needs 48 4.2 Capacity Building . 48 Annex 1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Uganda’s updated NDC . 50iii List of Figures Figure 1-1: Average annual temperature (left); annual precipitation (right), 1991–2020 3 Figure 1-2: Future climate change scenarios for Africa – median impacts by 2100 . 4 Figure 1-3: Projected Mean Temperature and Precipitation for Uganda 5 Figure 1-4: Sectoral trends in GHG emissions for Uganda 7 Figure 1-5: Actual and projected population in Uganda (Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020) 8 Figure 1-6: Summary of Water, Sanitation and Health data for Uganda (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2021) . 10 Figure 3-1: Uganda s BAU GHG emissions trajectory 27 Figure 3-2: Illustration of Uganda’s economy-wide mitigation contribution 28 Figure 3-3: Comparison of Full Economy Wide and Unconditional NDC Targets 29 Figure 3-4: AFOLU baseline and annual targets under the conditional mitigation scenario 33 Figure 3-5: Energy sector baseline and annual targets under the mitigation scenario 37 Figure 3-6: Transport baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 41 Figure 3-7: Waste sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 44 Figure 3-8: IPPU sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 46iv List of Tables Table 1-1: Temperature and Precipitation Projections up to 2100 . 5 Table 2-1: Results from the vulnerability and risk assessment, by sector 14 Table 2-2: Updated Priority Sectors for Adaptation 15 Table 2-3: Priority Adaptation Actions for Ecosystems Sector . 16 Table 2-4: Priority Adaptation Actions for Water and Sanitation Sector . 17 Table 2-5: Priority Adaptation Actions for Transport Sector . 18 Table 2-6: Priority Adaptation Actions for Energy Sector . 19 Table 2-7: Priority Adaptation Actions for Agriculture Sector 20 Table 2-8: Priority Adaptation Actions for Fisheries Sector 21 Table 2-9: Priority Adaptation Actions for Forestry Sector 21 Table 2-10: Priority Adaptation Actions for Disaster Risk Reduction 22 Table 2-11: Priority Adaptation Actions for Cities and Built Environment . 23 Table 2-12: Priority Adaptation Actions for Health Sector 24 Table 2-13: Priority Adaptation Actions for Manufacturing, Industrial Processing and Mining . 25 Table 2-14: Priority Adaptation Actions for Education Sector . 25 Table 2-15: Priority Adaptation Actions for Tourism Sector 26 Table 3-1: Sectoral coverage of the mitigation component of the NDC . 27 Table 3-2: Uganda s Conditional and Unconditional Mitigation Contribution 28 Table 3-3: Mitigation potential of the priority mitigation policies and measures . 29 Table 3-4: AFOLU Mitigation Policies and Measures . 30 Table 3-5: Shows additional mitigation actions . 33 Table 3-6: Mitigation actions in Energy sub-sector . 34 Table 3-7: Mitigation measures for electricity generation . 35 Table 3-8: Mitigation measure for Charcoal production 35 Table 3-9: Mitigation measure for Industrial Energy use 36 Table 3-10: Mitigation measure for Commercial/Institutional Energy use 36 Table 3-11: Mitigation measures for Residential Energy use . 36 Table 3-12: Additional Mitigation actions 37 Table 3-13: Main mitigation actions to be implemented in the Transport sector in 2030 . 38 Table 3-14: Transport mitigation measures by sub-sectors 39 Table 3-15: Additional mitigation measures 42 Table 3-16: Main mitigation Policies and Measures . 43 Table 3-17: Waste mitigation measures by sub-sectors . 44 Table 3-18: Additional mitigation measures under the Waste sector . 45 Table 3-19: Mitigation measures under IPPU sector 46v Abbreviations and Acronyms BAU Business as usual BUR Biennial Update Report BFP Budget Framework Paper CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CCD Climate Change Department CDM Clean Development Mechanism EAPP East African Power Pool EF Emission Factor FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoU Government of Uganda HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HPP Hydropower plant ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability INDC Intended Nationally Determined Commitments IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LDC Least Developed Country LEAP Low emissions analysis platform LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTS Long-Term Strategy MACC Marginal Attribution Cost Curve MAP Mean Annual Precipitation MCA Multi-criteria Analysis MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MWE Ministry of Water and Environment NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Planvi NBSAPII National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II 2015 - 2025 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative NDP National Development Plan RCP Relative Concentration Pathway REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation SCP-HAT Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants SNAP Supporting National Action & Planning (SNAP) SSPs Shared Socioeconomic Pathways TBD To Be Determined UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Association for International Development USD United States Dollar VA Vulnerability Assessment WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development WRI World Resources InstituteIntroduction and Background In October 2015, Uganda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the UNFCCC and after ratification of the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016, the INDC became Uganda’s first NDC.', '10 Figure 3-1: Uganda s BAU GHG emissions trajectory 27 Figure 3-2: Illustration of Uganda’s economy-wide mitigation contribution 28 Figure 3-3: Comparison of Full Economy Wide and Unconditional NDC Targets 29 Figure 3-4: AFOLU baseline and annual targets under the conditional mitigation scenario 33 Figure 3-5: Energy sector baseline and annual targets under the mitigation scenario 37 Figure 3-6: Transport baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 41 Figure 3-7: Waste sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 44 Figure 3-8: IPPU sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario . 46iv List of Tables Table 1-1: Temperature and Precipitation Projections up to 2100 . 5 Table 2-1: Results from the vulnerability and risk assessment, by sector 14 Table 2-2: Updated Priority Sectors for Adaptation 15 Table 2-3: Priority Adaptation Actions for Ecosystems Sector . 16 Table 2-4: Priority Adaptation Actions for Water and Sanitation Sector . 17 Table 2-5: Priority Adaptation Actions for Transport Sector . 18 Table 2-6: Priority Adaptation Actions for Energy Sector . 19 Table 2-7: Priority Adaptation Actions for Agriculture Sector 20 Table 2-8: Priority Adaptation Actions for Fisheries Sector 21 Table 2-9: Priority Adaptation Actions for Forestry Sector 21 Table 2-10: Priority Adaptation Actions for Disaster Risk Reduction 22 Table 2-11: Priority Adaptation Actions for Cities and Built Environment . 23 Table 2-12: Priority Adaptation Actions for Health Sector 24 Table 2-13: Priority Adaptation Actions for Manufacturing, Industrial Processing and Mining . 25 Table 2-14: Priority Adaptation Actions for Education Sector . 25 Table 2-15: Priority Adaptation Actions for Tourism Sector 26 Table 3-1: Sectoral coverage of the mitigation component of the NDC . 27 Table 3-2: Uganda s Conditional and Unconditional Mitigation Contribution 28 Table 3-3: Mitigation potential of the priority mitigation policies and measures . 29 Table 3-4: AFOLU Mitigation Policies and Measures . 30 Table 3-5: Shows additional mitigation actions . 33 Table 3-6: Mitigation actions in Energy sub-sector . 34 Table 3-7: Mitigation measures for electricity generation . 35 Table 3-8: Mitigation measure for Charcoal production 35 Table 3-9: Mitigation measure for Industrial Energy use 36 Table 3-10: Mitigation measure for Commercial/Institutional Energy use 36 Table 3-11: Mitigation measures for Residential Energy use . 36 Table 3-12: Additional Mitigation actions 37 Table 3-13: Main mitigation actions to be implemented in the Transport sector in 2030 . 38 Table 3-14: Transport mitigation measures by sub-sectors 39 Table 3-15: Additional mitigation measures 42 Table 3-16: Main mitigation Policies and Measures . 43 Table 3-17: Waste mitigation measures by sub-sectors . 44 Table 3-18: Additional mitigation measures under the Waste sector . 45 Table 3-19: Mitigation measures under IPPU sector 46v Abbreviations and Acronyms BAU Business as usual BUR Biennial Update Report BFP Budget Framework Paper CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CCD Climate Change Department CDM Clean Development Mechanism EAPP East African Power Pool EF Emission Factor FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GoU Government of Uganda HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HPP Hydropower plant ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability INDC Intended Nationally Determined Commitments IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LDC Least Developed Country LEAP Low emissions analysis platform LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas LTS Long-Term Strategy MACC Marginal Attribution Cost Curve MAP Mean Annual Precipitation MCA Multi-criteria Analysis MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification MWE Ministry of Water and Environment NAMA Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAP National Adaptation Planvi NBSAPII National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II 2015 - 2025 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ND-GAIN Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative NDP National Development Plan RCP Relative Concentration Pathway REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation SCP-HAT Sustainable Consumption and Production Hotspot Analysis Tool SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLCPs Short-Lived Climate Pollutants SNAP Supporting National Action & Planning (SNAP) SSPs Shared Socioeconomic Pathways TBD To Be Determined UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USAID United States Association for International Development USD United States Dollar VA Vulnerability Assessment WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development WRI World Resources InstituteIntroduction and Background In October 2015, Uganda submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in accordance with decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the UNFCCC and after ratification of the Paris Agreement on 21st September 2016, the INDC became Uganda’s first NDC. The Republic of Uganda signed the Paris Agreement in October 2015 and ratified it on the 21st of September 2016.', 'The Republic of Uganda signed the Paris Agreement in October 2015 and ratified it on the 21st of September 2016. In pursuant to decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 24, Uganda committed to update its first NDC and on 30th April 2019 and a roadmap to update the first NDC was launched. Uganda through the Ministry of Water and Environment (Climate Change Department) with support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership through partners – UNDP, GIZ, UNEP, IRENA, RCCC and ICLEI Africa facilitated the formulation of the updated NDC which embraced the whole -of government and of whole -of -society gender responsive approach where various categories – youth, women groups among others fully participated in a bottom-up approach.', 'Uganda through the Ministry of Water and Environment (Climate Change Department) with support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership through partners – UNDP, GIZ, UNEP, IRENA, RCCC and ICLEI Africa facilitated the formulation of the updated NDC which embraced the whole -of government and of whole -of -society gender responsive approach where various categories – youth, women groups among others fully participated in a bottom-up approach. The updated NDC is aligned with the Vision 2040 and the third National Development Plan (NDP III) 2020/21 – 2024/25.', 'The updated NDC is aligned with the Vision 2040 and the third National Development Plan (NDP III) 2020/21 – 2024/25. The updated NDC has been informed by the National Climate Change Act, 2021, the National Climate Change Policy, 2015, the Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy, 2017/18 – 2030/31, Uganda NDC Partnership Plan 2018 – 2020, the Stock-take report of Uganda’s NDC and other related policies, plans and strategies. The updated NDC has been harmonized with the development of Uganda’s Long-term Climate Strategy 2050. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through regional workshops, youth and civil society consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers during the sectoral consultations which ensured alignment with overarching national planning and budgeting frameworks.', 'Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through regional workshops, youth and civil society consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers during the sectoral consultations which ensured alignment with overarching national planning and budgeting frameworks. Developing gender responsive NDC with measurable targets is essential to improving performance in climate action. Identifying the gender equity in targets NDC aim to achieve - along with the concrete actions needed to achieve the targets and the required indicators to measure progress - are essential steps for addressing challenges related to climate change and gender equality.', 'Identifying the gender equity in targets NDC aim to achieve - along with the concrete actions needed to achieve the targets and the required indicators to measure progress - are essential steps for addressing challenges related to climate change and gender equality. Furthermore, there is considerable evidence and broad international consensus that advancing gender equity helps reduce poverty, supports inclusive growth and other general development outcomes, and enhances the effectiveness and sustainability of development initiatives. However, without explicit targets, and actions to ensure gender equality and equity, the needs of the marginalised and disadvantaged continue to be overlooked.', 'However, without explicit targets, and actions to ensure gender equality and equity, the needs of the marginalised and disadvantaged continue to be overlooked. During the process of developing this NDC, gender sensitivity of the NDC adaptation and mitigation actions and targets has been ensured through the selection and prioritization processes utilized in developing this NDC (see Appendix A), and further gender mainstreaming will be done in the NDC implementation planStructure of the Updated NDC This updated NDC is an articulation of Uganda’s mitigation and adaptation contributions towards the implementation (aspirations) objectives of the Paris Agreement in 2030. The updated NDC sets out targets, measures and actions which prescribe the domestic contributions aimed at achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement.', 'The updated NDC sets out targets, measures and actions which prescribe the domestic contributions aimed at achieving the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC is structured in the following chapters: • Chapter 1: National Circumstances – describes the context of Uganda’s updated NDC, information on the country’s geography; climate; population; an overview on economic situation; an assessment of the impacts and vulnerabilities; and relevant climate change policies, institutions, and regulatory frameworks. • Chapter 2: Adaptation Component of the NDC – highlights adaptation planning, priorities, gaps, and outlines the priority adaptation actions and targets to be implemented.', '• Chapter 2: Adaptation Component of the NDC – highlights adaptation planning, priorities, gaps, and outlines the priority adaptation actions and targets to be implemented. • Chapter 3: Mitigation Component of the NDC – describes baseline emission projection, emissions scenarios, mitigation targets in sectors of AFOLU, Energy, Transport, Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) as well as mitigation actions and measures to be implemented in contribution towards the achieving the set-out economy-wide emission reduction target. • Chapter 4: Means of Implementation – highlights climate financing needs for implementation of the updated NDC, financing mechanism, capacity-building and technology needs.1 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES 1.1 Geography, Climate, and Emissions Profile Geography Uganda is a Least Developed Country located in East Africa. It occupies an area of 241,555 square kilometres, with water bodies.', 'It occupies an area of 241,555 square kilometres, with water bodies. Climate Uganda’s climate is largely tropical with most parts of the country experiencing bi-modal rainy seasons per year expect for northern region and is largely influenced by Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) systems. Rainfall in Uganda is experienced during two distinct periods annually: the ‘short’ rains from October to December and the ‘long’ rains from March to May. For climatological period 1991- 2020, the total annual average precipitation was 1,197 mm, and mean monthly precipitation of the country varies from 39.6 mm in January to 152.7 mm in April (World Bank Group, 2021)1. Figure 1-1 below presents the observed spatial distribution of average annual precipitation and temperature.', 'Figure 1-1 below presents the observed spatial distribution of average annual precipitation and temperature. Climate Change Country Profile for Uganda shows a statistically significant decreasing trend in the annual rainfall. This has particular significance for the large proportion of the population that are dependent on agriculture, but also in terms of impacts on water availability, fluctuating lake levels and could also impact on the production of hydropower among the several potential impacts. The country experiences moderate temperatures ranging from 25°C – 29°C on average. Since 1950, average temperature has increased at a rate of 0.23 °C/decade. The increasing temperatures have resulted in increased trends in the frequency of hot days and nights (UNMA, 2019 State of Climate Report).', 'The increasing temperatures have resulted in increased trends in the frequency of hot days and nights (UNMA, 2019 State of Climate Report). Figure 1-1: Average annual temperature (left); annual precipitation (right), 1991–20202 2 WBG Climate Change Knowledge Portal (CCKP, 2021). Uganda. URL: IPCC 6th assessment report (AR6) has noted that human-induced climate change already affects many weather and climate extremes in every region globally (IPCC, 2021). Warming trends observed in recent decades are projected to continue over the 21st century and over most land regions at a rate higher than the global average. The AR6 report also confirmed that there is a likelihood of increasing climate change risks, particularly for Africa where the increase since the previous studies was the greatest (IPCC, 2021).', 'The AR6 report also confirmed that there is a likelihood of increasing climate change risks, particularly for Africa where the increase since the previous studies was the greatest (IPCC, 2021). Figure 1-2 shows the latest scenarios for annual temperatures, precipitation and rainfall intensity for Africa. Figure 1-2: Future climate change scenarios for Africa – median impacts by 2100 Source: (IPCC, 2021)Figure 1-3: Projected Mean Temperature and Precipitation for Uganda The projections in figure 1-3 show that both temperature and precipitation are expected to increase in Uganda. However, there is still a wide range of possible scenarios and uncertainty, particularly for rainfall. The projections illustrated in Figure 2-3 are consistent with the findings of the AR5 and are based on the CMIP6 emissions scenarios used in the IPCC AR6.', 'The projections illustrated in Figure 2-3 are consistent with the findings of the AR5 and are based on the CMIP6 emissions scenarios used in the IPCC AR6. In comparison to previous AR’s scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), the AR6 used five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) that provide a broader view of scenarios without future climate policy (Business As Usual), with global warming in 2100 ranging from 3.1 °C to 5.1 °C above pre-industrial levels. Since the publication of AR53 (IPCC, 2014), the country has conducted several climate analyses. As part of the LTS formulation and NDC update process, the existing climate scenarios were reviewed and a synthesis of results is presented in Table 1.1 below.', 'As part of the LTS formulation and NDC update process, the existing climate scenarios were reviewed and a synthesis of results is presented in Table 1.1 below. Table 1-1: Temperature and Precipitation Projections up to 2100 Variables Temperature anomaly °C Additionally, under the Third National Communication (TNC-Uganda) climate analysis reveals that Uganda’s mean temperature has been significantly changing at the rate of 0.030C per decade, with a significant level of 99.8% for the period 1951 to 2020, 99.9% for the period 1971 to 2020, and 87.6% for the period 1991 to 2020.', 'Table 1-1: Temperature and Precipitation Projections up to 2100 Variables Temperature anomaly °C Additionally, under the Third National Communication (TNC-Uganda) climate analysis reveals that Uganda’s mean temperature has been significantly changing at the rate of 0.030C per decade, with a significant level of 99.8% for the period 1951 to 2020, 99.9% for the period 1971 to 2020, and 87.6% for the period 1991 to 2020. The minimum temperature has been increasing at a rate of 0.03 0C for the periods of 1951 to 2020 and 1971 to 2020, and 0.020C for the period of 1991 to 2020, while the maximum temperature has increased at a rate of 0.030C for the same periods, with a significance level of above 85%.', 'The minimum temperature has been increasing at a rate of 0.03 0C for the periods of 1951 to 2020 and 1971 to 2020, and 0.020C for the period of 1991 to 2020, while the maximum temperature has increased at a rate of 0.030C for the same periods, with a significance level of above 85%. The annual rainfall totals have been decreasing at the rate of 10.3 mm per decade for the periods 1951 to 2020 and 1971 to 2020 with a significant level of over 95% and decreased by 3.58 mm for the period 1971 to 2020 with no significance. The spatial trend of annual rainfall 3 IPCC. (2014).', 'The spatial trend of annual rainfall 3 IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report Fifth Assessment. . syr.ipcc.ch/topic_summary.php#node145.for the same period reveals that the mean annual rainfall exhibits significant increasing trends at a 95% level of confidence over most parts of the eastern, north-eastern, and patches of the south-western regions of Uganda, with decreasing trends experienced over the north-western, central west, and western parts of the country (UNMA 2020). The mean annual temperature projections indicate an increase from 1 to 1.50C under low, moderate, and high greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration scenarios of RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5 for most parts of the country, while RCP 8.5 projects an increase in temperature of 1.5 to 30C relative to the 1981-2010 average for most parts of the country.', 'The mean annual temperature projections indicate an increase from 1 to 1.50C under low, moderate, and high greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration scenarios of RCP 2.6 and RCP 4.5 for most parts of the country, while RCP 8.5 projects an increase in temperature of 1.5 to 30C relative to the 1981-2010 average for most parts of the country. The mean total annual rainfall, unlike temperature, does not show a similar pattern across the country, whereas in some areas, rainfall is projected to increase and in others rainfall is projected to decrease.', 'The mean total annual rainfall, unlike temperature, does not show a similar pattern across the country, whereas in some areas, rainfall is projected to increase and in others rainfall is projected to decrease. Under RCP 2.6, much of the country s rainfall is not expected to change significantly by mid-century as compared to the 1981–2010 average, apart from the Masindi, Hoima area (mid-western Uganda), and Karamoja (north-eastern) regions, where rainfall is projected to decrease by 5 to 10% relative to the baseline. Under RCP 4.5, no significant changes are also projected across the country, with only the South Western highlands projected to have an increase in rainfall of between 5 and 10% relative to the baseline.', 'Under RCP 4.5, no significant changes are also projected across the country, with only the South Western highlands projected to have an increase in rainfall of between 5 and 10% relative to the baseline. In contrast, Under RCP 8.5 scenario, the mean annual rainfall by mid-century is expected to decrease by 5 to 15% in most parts of central Uganda and increase by 5 to 10% in south- western. Uganda’s GHG Emissions Profile Uganda’s GHG emissions have slowly increased from 53.4 MtCO2e in 2005 to 90.1 MtCO2e in 2015 (Figure 2-4). The Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry category was dominant, accounting for 59.5% (53.6 MtCO2e) of the total emissions. The Land sector was estimated to be a source of emissions instead of a sink.', 'The Land sector was estimated to be a source of emissions instead of a sink. Agriculture is the second largest, contributing 26.9%, followed by energy (10.7%) and waste (2.3%). The Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) sector accounted for the least emissions.Figure 1-4: Sectoral trends in GHG emissions for Uganda 1.2 Socio-economic Trends Population The population of Uganda has grown from 12.6 million people in 1980 to 34.6 million people in 2014. It is projected that the population will reach 57 million and 72 million in 2030 and 2040 respectively (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020)4. The average annual growth rate over the last 10 years has been less than 3%.', 'The average annual growth rate over the last 10 years has been less than 3%. Uganda’s population pyramid has a broad base, indicating a very young population and Uganda had the second highest dependency ratio (ratio of non-working age population to working age population) in the world in 2014 (Hausmann et al., 2014)5, but this has been declining and in 2019 Uganda moved down to the seventh highest in the world. The population is evenly split between males and females. 5 Hausmann, R., Cunningham, B., Matovu, J.M., Osire, R. and Wyett, K., 2014. How should Uganda grow? Paper Series No. RWP14-004.', 'How should Uganda grow? Paper Series No. RWP14-004. Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University.Figure 1-5: Actual and projected population in Uganda (Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020) The total working population was estimated at 15 million in 2016/17 with 51% of workers being female with 39% of the working population involved in subsistence agriculture. The unemployment rate was estimated at 9.2% (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Urbanisation Urbanisation has been occurring steadily in Uganda, at an estimated rate of 19%. The country has one of the highest urban population growth rates in the world (5.4%). Projections anticipate that urbanisation at the current pace would result in an urban population of more than 20 million by 2040, and 32 million by 2050.', 'Projections anticipate that urbanisation at the current pace would result in an urban population of more than 20 million by 2040, and 32 million by 2050. Other secondary urban areas are also beginning to attract rural migrants to the cities. Typically, secondary cities are trading and service centres, with some Agro-processing activities. Urbanisation is an opportunity to improve waste management through the installation of more centralised waste treatment centres. Even though 65% of new jobs being created are in urban centres, urban areas have not been effective at inducing formal wage growth and job creation due to the large informal sector. Uganda has a dual economy with the informal sector contributing a significant share to the GDP (51%).', 'Uganda has a dual economy with the informal sector contributing a significant share to the GDP (51%). The private sector is dominated by micro, small and medium enterprises, which employ about 2.5 million people. The size and strength of the informal economy creates a lot of competition, which constrains the size of the formal enterprises. The inadequate quality transport infrastructure also hinders the connection between cities and external markets. The growing population, urbanisation, industrialisation and technology advancements have contributed to a change in the composition of waste (NPA 2017). The bio-degradable organic waste contribution has been declining, while plastic and paper waste have been increasing. In addition, the new waste profile indicates an increase in electronic waste, chemical waste, oil and gas waste and other hazardous waste.', 'In addition, the new waste profile indicates an increase in electronic waste, chemical waste, oil and gas waste and other hazardous waste. There is high solid waste generation in urban areas of approximately 0.56 kg/person/day. Urban solid waste is mainly organic (green and food waste) and accounts for 72% while plastics and paper waste accounted for 12.4% and 10.2% respectively. Population (million) Actual ProjectedAgriculture Agriculture is an important part of Uganda’s economy and over 71.8% of the land area is under cultivation. Subsistence farming covers the largest portion as compared to commercial cultivation (FAO, 2016).', 'Subsistence farming covers the largest portion as compared to commercial cultivation (FAO, 2016). The country s agricultural productivity trends show a mixed picture, with increasing maize, rice, millet, simsim, cassava, and sweet potato yields and decreasing cotton, coffee, and banana yields, as well as increasing cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry numbers and products, and a gradual decline in fish stocks (Situation Analysis Study for Agriculture Sector 2020). Generally, agricultural productivity is declining due to increasing soil degradation. Forest According to Forest Resources Assessment (FRA), the forest area covers 11.66% of the total land area of Uganda and is declining due to deforestation at an annual rate of 1.44% (FRA, 2020)6. Deforestation has remained the primary cause of the decline in forest cover from 24% in 1990 to 10% in 2017.', 'Deforestation has remained the primary cause of the decline in forest cover from 24% in 1990 to 10% in 2017. Private land forest cover has shrunk from 16% to 4% of the total national land area, while protected forests have shrunk from 8% to 6%. Outside of protected areas (PAs), forest cover declined from 67% in 1990 to 38% in 2017. Water Uganda has a large water resource, both surface and groundwater. However, national access to safe water stood at 67% in 2020, with access in rural areas at 68% and urban areas at 70.5%. About 43% of households have only limited or no access to safe drinking water (Figure 2-6). In rural areas this is over 51%.', 'In rural areas this is over 51%. Due to seasonal and inter annual variability in rainfall, and limited storage capacity, particularly in rural areas the availability of water for productive purposes is also limited and uncertain. For sanitation, only 20% of population have access to basic sanitation services and 45% of the population have no hand washing facilities at home which presents a significant health risk. 6 Report 2020 Uganda Wood & Forest Resources Accounts.indd (ubos.org)Figure 1-6: Summary of Water, Sanitation and Health data for Uganda (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2021) Wetlands Wetlands are a critical part of Uganda’s natural resources since they do not only provide wetland ecosystem services such as water supply, water treatment, flood protection, fuel, and construction materials, but also a source of employment.', '6 Report 2020 Uganda Wood & Forest Resources Accounts.indd (ubos.org)Figure 1-6: Summary of Water, Sanitation and Health data for Uganda (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2021) Wetlands Wetlands are a critical part of Uganda’s natural resources since they do not only provide wetland ecosystem services such as water supply, water treatment, flood protection, fuel, and construction materials, but also a source of employment. Wetlands are declining and degradation is increasing, with the main drivers being population explosion, expansion of land for agriculture, socio-economic pressures, and industrial development. Wetland coverage in 2020 was 8.9%, down from 10.9% in 2014. Energy Uganda is a rich country in terms of energy resources which include hydropower, biomass, solar, geothermal, wind, oil and gas. However, the country’s energy potential has not been fully harnessed.', 'However, the country’s energy potential has not been fully harnessed. To ensure a sustainable electricity supply, the country has created a conducive regulatory environment and incentives aimed at diversifying the country’s energy generation mix. The total installed generation capacity has grown from 60 MW in 1954 to 1,267.2 MW as of 2020 (MEMD, 2020). Biomass continues to play an important part in Uganda s economy, accounting for more than 89% of total primary consumable energy.', 'Biomass continues to play an important part in Uganda s economy, accounting for more than 89% of total primary consumable energy. Water, sanitation and hygiene ladders Drinking water Sanitation Hygiene *No safely managed estimate available National Rural Urban National* Rural Urban* National Rural Urban Safely managed 17 8 43 - 16 - - - - Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP (2021) Uganda Drinking water Sanitation Hygiene No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data National Rural Urban Population (%) Safely managed Basic service Limited service Unimproved Surface water National Rural Urban Population (%) Basic service Limited service No service National* Rural Urban* Population (%) Safely managed Basic service Limited service Unimproved Open defecation1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework As part of the country’s commitment under the UNFCCC, Uganda has continued to develop a number of policies, strategies and plans to address climate change and its impacts as well as strengthening its legal and institutional framework.', 'Water, sanitation and hygiene ladders Drinking water Sanitation Hygiene *No safely managed estimate available National Rural Urban National* Rural Urban* National Rural Urban Safely managed 17 8 43 - 16 - - - - Source: WHO/UNICEF JMP (2021) Uganda Drinking water Sanitation Hygiene No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data No data National Rural Urban Population (%) Safely managed Basic service Limited service Unimproved Surface water National Rural Urban Population (%) Basic service Limited service No service National* Rural Urban* Population (%) Safely managed Basic service Limited service Unimproved Open defecation1.3 Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework As part of the country’s commitment under the UNFCCC, Uganda has continued to develop a number of policies, strategies and plans to address climate change and its impacts as well as strengthening its legal and institutional framework. Policy Framework Uganda Vision 2040 is the country s ambitious long-term development blueprint.', 'Policy Framework Uganda Vision 2040 is the country s ambitious long-term development blueprint. The vision recognises that climate change affects all sectors of the economy. As such, the vision provides for the integration of climate change governance into development planning. It aims to transform Uganda from a predominantly low-income country to a competitive upper middle- income country. The country has so far developed 3 consecutive National Development Plans (NDP) to implement vision 2040. The NDP III s Program 9: Natural resources, environment, climate change, land and water management recognizes the importance of addressing climate-related disasters by promoting inclusive, climate-resilient, and low-emissions development at all levels. Uganda developed the National Climate Change Policy in 2015 to guide efforts towards achieving Vision 2040 and moving towards low-carbon development.', 'Uganda developed the National Climate Change Policy in 2015 to guide efforts towards achieving Vision 2040 and moving towards low-carbon development. The policy aims to ensure that stakeholders address climate change impacts and causes through appropriate measures while promoting sustainable development and a green economy. The policy emphasizes climate change adaptation as the top priority for Uganda, given that the country’s greenhouse gas emissions are still relatively very low and yet the country is experiencing climate change risks, impacts, and vulnerabilities.', 'The policy emphasizes climate change adaptation as the top priority for Uganda, given that the country’s greenhouse gas emissions are still relatively very low and yet the country is experiencing climate change risks, impacts, and vulnerabilities. Additionally, the country has developed other policies, plans and strategies that are relevant to addressing climate change challenge such as; National Disaster Preparedness and Management Policy, 2010; National Agricultural Policy, 2013; Renewable Energy Policy, 2007; National Forestry Policy, 2001; National Irrigation Policy, 2017, National Health Policy, 2010; National Land Policy, 2013; and Uganda non- motorised transport policy, 2013 among others.', 'Additionally, the country has developed other policies, plans and strategies that are relevant to addressing climate change challenge such as; National Disaster Preparedness and Management Policy, 2010; National Agricultural Policy, 2013; Renewable Energy Policy, 2007; National Forestry Policy, 2001; National Irrigation Policy, 2017, National Health Policy, 2010; National Land Policy, 2013; and Uganda non- motorised transport policy, 2013 among others. The country has also developed the following strategies: Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy 2017/18-2030/31; Uganda National Climate Change Communication Strategy 2017-2021; the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, 2017; the National REDD+ Strategy, and Action Plan, 2017; National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II 2015 -2025; Uganda Sustainable Land Management Strategic Investment Framework (2010-2020); the Climate Smart Agriculture. Program (2015 – 2025).', 'The country has also developed the following strategies: Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy 2017/18-2030/31; Uganda National Climate Change Communication Strategy 2017-2021; the Strategic Program for Climate Resilience, 2017; the National REDD+ Strategy, and Action Plan, 2017; National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II 2015 -2025; Uganda Sustainable Land Management Strategic Investment Framework (2010-2020); the Climate Smart Agriculture. Program (2015 – 2025). Among the plans, Uganda developed the Forest Investment Plan, 2017 and the National Adaptation Plan for Agriculture, 2018; and Uganda NDC Partnership Plan, 2018 among others. National Climate Change Act, 2021 Uganda developed and enacted the National Climate Change Act 2021 to give force of law to the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement.', 'National Climate Change Act, 2021 Uganda developed and enacted the National Climate Change Act 2021 to give force of law to the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement. The Act provides for climate change mechanisms, including compliance, emissions trading mechanisms, as well as measurement of greenhouse gas emissions reductions and removal. The Act provides for thenational reference level, which includes the national base year and targets for the reduction of GHG emissions to be prescribed by the Minister responsible for climate change in consultation with the policy committee. The Act also provides for climate change financing as well as incentives for those involved in implementing response measures for climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'The Act also provides for climate change financing as well as incentives for those involved in implementing response measures for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Institutional Framework Uganda has put in place institutional arrangements for coordination, supervision, regulation, and management of all activities related to climate change. The Ministry of Water and Environment, Climate Change Department is the mandated institution for coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of national programs and actions on climate change and ensures that the country meets its obligations and realizes benefits under the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement.', 'The Ministry of Water and Environment, Climate Change Department is the mandated institution for coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of national programs and actions on climate change and ensures that the country meets its obligations and realizes benefits under the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. The National Climate Change Act, 2021 provides for other institutions, which include: The Policy Committee on Environment, mandated with the role of advising the department and lead agencies on implementation of the Act and the National Climate Change Policy; the National Climate Change Advisory Committee, mandated with the responsibility of providing independent technical advice to the policy committee on environment and the minister.', 'The National Climate Change Act, 2021 provides for other institutions, which include: The Policy Committee on Environment, mandated with the role of advising the department and lead agencies on implementation of the Act and the National Climate Change Policy; the National Climate Change Advisory Committee, mandated with the responsibility of providing independent technical advice to the policy committee on environment and the minister. The Act also stipulates the responsibilities of the Lead Agencies, the District Natural Resources Department, and District Committees responsible for climate change, as well as lower local government committees responsible for climate change. 1.4 The NDC Update Process Uganda undertook the process of updating its first NDC in pursuance of paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 to update the NDC by 2020.', '1.4 The NDC Update Process Uganda undertook the process of updating its first NDC in pursuance of paragraph 24 of Decision 1/CP.21 to update the NDC by 2020. In April 2019, Uganda launched the update process under the leadership of the Ministry of Water and Environment/Climate Change Department with support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership implemented by partners: UNDP; GIZ; IRENA; UNEP; Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, IUCN and ICLEI Africa. The update process was informed by a stocktake of NDC implementation that highlighted the performance of the first NDC and emerging issues, which included unclear methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for GHG emissions and lack of adaptation and mitigation sectoral targets, among others.', 'The update process was informed by a stocktake of NDC implementation that highlighted the performance of the first NDC and emerging issues, which included unclear methodological approaches for estimating and accounting for GHG emissions and lack of adaptation and mitigation sectoral targets, among others. The NDC update process involved: broadening the scope of sectors of the first NDC; defining adaptation targets, vulnerability index, and resilience indicators; updating quantified mitigation targets in the context of progression and ambition; development of sectoral emission targets; and improving methods, data, and information quality.', 'The NDC update process involved: broadening the scope of sectors of the first NDC; defining adaptation targets, vulnerability index, and resilience indicators; updating quantified mitigation targets in the context of progression and ambition; development of sectoral emission targets; and improving methods, data, and information quality. Uganda used a set of tools to project its GHG emission trajectory, taking into account the country’s vision 2040, which included the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP), Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) and Excel models based on methodological assumptions and data in the FBUR for Uganda. The NDC update process undertook a whole -of -government engagement and whole of society approach involving youth, women, the private sector, and civil society.', 'The NDC update process undertook a whole -of -government engagement and whole of society approach involving youth, women, the private sector, and civil society. Updating was conducted simultaneously with the development of the Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LTS), benefitting from joint modelling, assessments, progressive reviews, and stakeholder consultation for proper alignment. The updated NDC actions and measures were subjected to a multi-criteria analysis and a detailed gender analysis.2 ADAPTATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC Climate risks pose serious threats to Uganda s key economic sectors, such as agriculture, water resources, fisheries, tourism, and health, which are dependent and sensitive to climate variability and change. Climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on the ecosystems, livelihoods, and economic development in Uganda.', 'Climate change has severe direct and indirect impacts on the ecosystems, livelihoods, and economic development in Uganda. The National Risk and Vulnerability Atlas of Uganda identifies droughts, floods, landslides, windstorms, hailstorms, lightning, as the major climate-induced hazards. Adaptation Planning in Uganda Uganda is gradually improving adaptation readiness and actions to address the impacts of climate change. In 2007, a National Adaptation Program of Actions (NAPA) was developed and submitted to the UNFCCC, which identified the urgent and immediate actions to respond to climate change.', 'In 2007, a National Adaptation Program of Actions (NAPA) was developed and submitted to the UNFCCC, which identified the urgent and immediate actions to respond to climate change. As part of the adaptation planning processes, in 2016, Uganda communicated her first NDC with an adaptation component; in 2017, Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR) was developed; in 2018, formulated a National Adaptation Plan for the Agriculture Sector (NAP Ag) and in 2021, initiated a process for the preparation of an Adaptation Communication. Uganda is moving towards medium-to-long-term planning for adaptation. Since 2021, the country has initiated the formulation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to strengthen adaptation planning, governance, and coordination; develop tools for adaptation planning; and secure finance for adaptation.', 'Since 2021, the country has initiated the formulation of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) to strengthen adaptation planning, governance, and coordination; develop tools for adaptation planning; and secure finance for adaptation. The country has established a National Adaptation Technical Working Group to guide and support the NAP process and overall adaptation planning. However, Uganda s adaptation effort faces several challenges, including but not limited to inadequate local level climate adaptation financing, inadequate individual and institutional capacity, limited access to international climate finance, and support for technology and capacity-building. Overview of Climate Risks and Vulnerability As part of the NDC update process, Uganda conducted a comprehensive climate change risk and vulnerability assessment.', 'Overview of Climate Risks and Vulnerability As part of the NDC update process, Uganda conducted a comprehensive climate change risk and vulnerability assessment. Uganda s climate is highly variable and changing, according to the assessment, and the country is rated highly vulnerable, with a high degree of exposure, sensitivity, and low adaptive capacity. The vulnerability and risk assessment ratings are presented in the table 2-1.Table 2-1: Results from the vulnerability and risk assessment, by sector Sector Vulnerability Rating Risk Rating Agriculture (crop and livestock) 4.07 4.18 Energy (Excluding transport) 3.40 3.40 Mining and Quarrying 3.00 4.00 The vulnerability and risk scores were provided as 1= (least vulnerable, less risk) to 5= (most vulnerable, high risk).', 'The vulnerability and risk assessment ratings are presented in the table 2-1.Table 2-1: Results from the vulnerability and risk assessment, by sector Sector Vulnerability Rating Risk Rating Agriculture (crop and livestock) 4.07 4.18 Energy (Excluding transport) 3.40 3.40 Mining and Quarrying 3.00 4.00 The vulnerability and risk scores were provided as 1= (least vulnerable, less risk) to 5= (most vulnerable, high risk). Climate change is impacting and is projected to impact physical infrastructure, food security, water resources, agriculture, energy, health, and ecosystems. An assessment of the economic impacts of climate change in Uganda indicated that adaptation inaction could result in annual costs rising in the range of USD 3.2–5.9 billion within a decade.', 'An assessment of the economic impacts of climate change in Uganda indicated that adaptation inaction could result in annual costs rising in the range of USD 3.2–5.9 billion within a decade. Even if there were no further increases in climate impacts, the cost of inaction would rise over time because of other factors such as increase in population. Priority Sectors for Adaptation. The vulnerability and risk assessment indicated that the priority sectors for adaptation in Uganda remain ecosystems, water, agriculture, and forestry. These were also identified as priority sectors in the initial NDC. However, there is significant risk in other sectors, particularly the Fisheries sub-sector, Manufacturing and Mining, the Cities and Built environment, Transport, and Health.', 'However, there is significant risk in other sectors, particularly the Fisheries sub-sector, Manufacturing and Mining, the Cities and Built environment, Transport, and Health. With a high dependency on hydropower, the Energy sector is also at risk due to climate variability and change in rainfall and water availability. For all sectors, a significant cross-cutting issue remains the disaster risk sector, which has also been identified as a priority area for adaptation globally.', 'For all sectors, a significant cross-cutting issue remains the disaster risk sector, which has also been identified as a priority area for adaptation globally. Table 2-2 Compares the priority sectors for adaptation in the initial NDC to the priority sectors for adaptation in the updated NDC.Table 2-2: Updated Priority Sectors for Adaptation Priority Adaptation Sectors in the initial NDC Priority Adaptation Sectors in the Updated NDC Agriculture Environment and Ecosystems Forestry Water and Sanitation Water Agriculture Infrastructure Forestry Energy Fisheries Health Energy Risk Management Transport Manufacturing, Industrial Processes and Mining Cities and the Built Environment Tourism Education Health Disaster Risk Reduction As part of the LTS formulation and NDC update process, thirteen (13) pillars were identified to transform Uganda into a climate- resilient and low-carbon society by 2050 that is prosperous and inclusive”. The strategic pillars include: 1.', 'Table 2-2 Compares the priority sectors for adaptation in the initial NDC to the priority sectors for adaptation in the updated NDC.Table 2-2: Updated Priority Sectors for Adaptation Priority Adaptation Sectors in the initial NDC Priority Adaptation Sectors in the Updated NDC Agriculture Environment and Ecosystems Forestry Water and Sanitation Water Agriculture Infrastructure Forestry Energy Fisheries Health Energy Risk Management Transport Manufacturing, Industrial Processes and Mining Cities and the Built Environment Tourism Education Health Disaster Risk Reduction As part of the LTS formulation and NDC update process, thirteen (13) pillars were identified to transform Uganda into a climate- resilient and low-carbon society by 2050 that is prosperous and inclusive”. The strategic pillars include: 1. Promote climate-resilient and low-carbon agricultural development 2. Promote and apply land management practices that support sustainable and productive use 3. Promote climate-resilient water supply systems, increase water supply capacity and use efficiency.', 'Promote climate-resilient water supply systems, increase water supply capacity and use efficiency. 4. Promote sustainable management of ecosystems and the use of nature-based solutions, including through community engagement 5. Strengthen climate information services through improved data collection and sharing infrastructure 6. Develop and promote a clean and resilient energy system 7. Promote climate resilient and low-carbon urban planning and development 8. Increase availability and promote access to finance for climate-resilience, low-carbon investments and climate impacts recovery 9. Promote education and training on climate change science, and sharing of indigenous knowledge 10. Mainstream and institutionalize climate change responses in policies, plans, programmes and budgets at all levels of governance 11. Promote a multimodal shift to low carbon mobility and create climate-resilient transport infrastructure to support economic growth 12. Promote a resource-efficient circular economy 13.', 'Promote a resource-efficient circular economy 13. Further develop a resilient and “fit for future” health systems2.2 Priority Adaptation Actions and Targets In this updated NDC, Uganda maintains adaptation as the priority response measure to addressing climate change. In this context, the country will continue to address adaptation in key vulnerable sectors and build adaptive capacity at all levels, address loss and damage, and increase resilience at the grassroots level.', 'In this context, the country will continue to address adaptation in key vulnerable sectors and build adaptive capacity at all levels, address loss and damage, and increase resilience at the grassroots level. Additionally, while in the initial NDC, priority adaptation actions lacked specific targets, in this updated NDC, adaptation interventions and actions have been assigned sectoral indicators and targets drawn from NDP III and other relevant policies and strategies, for example, energy, transport, cities, lands, water, and environmental sectors, as well as other related plans, such as the national adaptation plan for agriculture, the budget framework paper for the financial year 2022/23 to 2026/27 and alignment to the Long Term Climate Strategy (LTS).', 'Additionally, while in the initial NDC, priority adaptation actions lacked specific targets, in this updated NDC, adaptation interventions and actions have been assigned sectoral indicators and targets drawn from NDP III and other relevant policies and strategies, for example, energy, transport, cities, lands, water, and environmental sectors, as well as other related plans, such as the national adaptation plan for agriculture, the budget framework paper for the financial year 2022/23 to 2026/27 and alignment to the Long Term Climate Strategy (LTS). Table 2-3: Priority Adaptation Actions for Ecosystems Sector Sector: Ecosystems Outcome: Enhanced ecosystems resilience Sub-sector Priority actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Wetlands, peatlands riverbanks and lakeshores Enhance wetlands management and restore peatlands, riverbanks and lake shores Wetlands coverage Area of wetlands restored (ha) CCLWM PIAP,GCF Wetlands Project KM of wetland boundaries demarcated CCLWM PIAP Area of Peatlands restored (ha) TBD TBD TBD Area degraded riverbanks and lakeshores restored and maintained (ha) Mountain ecosystems Protect and restore mountain ecosystem Area of degraded hilly and mountainous areas restored (ha) CCLWM PIAP, Sustainable Mountain Development Strategy for Rangelands Protect manage and restore rangeland Level of implementation (%) of the Rangeland Management and Pastoralist Policy 0% TBD TBD SLM Strategic Investment FrameworkBiodiversity Enhance biodiversity conservation and management Level of implementation of climate actions in National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II & III TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II Share of biodiversity contribution to national wealth TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II No.', 'Table 2-3: Priority Adaptation Actions for Ecosystems Sector Sector: Ecosystems Outcome: Enhanced ecosystems resilience Sub-sector Priority actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Wetlands, peatlands riverbanks and lakeshores Enhance wetlands management and restore peatlands, riverbanks and lake shores Wetlands coverage Area of wetlands restored (ha) CCLWM PIAP,GCF Wetlands Project KM of wetland boundaries demarcated CCLWM PIAP Area of Peatlands restored (ha) TBD TBD TBD Area degraded riverbanks and lakeshores restored and maintained (ha) Mountain ecosystems Protect and restore mountain ecosystem Area of degraded hilly and mountainous areas restored (ha) CCLWM PIAP, Sustainable Mountain Development Strategy for Rangelands Protect manage and restore rangeland Level of implementation (%) of the Rangeland Management and Pastoralist Policy 0% TBD TBD SLM Strategic Investment FrameworkBiodiversity Enhance biodiversity conservation and management Level of implementation of climate actions in National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan II & III TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II Share of biodiversity contribution to national wealth TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II No. of people benefiting from Ecosystem- Based Adaptation (EbA) interventions/ projects. TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II Table 2-4: Priority Adaptation Actions for Water and Sanitation Sector Sector: Water and Sanitation Outcome: A climate-resilient water and sanitation sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation Actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Ensure resilient access to water supply for domestic and productive purposes.', 'TBD TBD TBD NBSAP II Table 2-4: Priority Adaptation Actions for Water and Sanitation Sector Sector: Water and Sanitation Outcome: A climate-resilient water and sanitation sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation Actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Ensure resilient access to water supply for domestic and productive purposes. National (rural) water supply WESIP National (urban) water supply WESIP No of Solar/wind powered water supply systems constructed NDPIII Gender and Equity Commitment for NRECCLWM Promote sustainable water harvesting and storage Water for Production storage capacity 42 MCM 62 MCM TBD Rain Water harvesting tanks TBD TBD TBD Technology Actions Plan for Adaptation (TAP) Increase to sanitation and wastewater treatment Population with access to basic sanitation Population with handwashing facilities NDPIIIinfrastructure and services Sewer service coverage Annual NWSC Scale-up Integrated Water Resources Management approach and use efficiency Compliance with national water standards SPR and WESIP Water permit compliance Abstraction (surface) Abstraction (ground Catchment management plans developed and implemented NDPIII_PIAP, report Level of compliance of Catchment Management Plans (CMPs) to climate change adaptation Table 2-5: Priority Adaptation Actions for Transport Sector Sector: Transport Outcome: A climate-resilient transport sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Build climate- resilient roads, bridges, water, and Rail transport infrastructure systems. Paved National Roads (Kms) Paved urban roads (Kms) BFP Permanent way /railway road (Kms) BFP Revise design codes, regulations and guidelines to climate proof strategic transport infrastructure Proportional of national road reserves with green infrastructure and vegetative reinforcement Estimated, Annual Report UNRA No.', 'Paved National Roads (Kms) Paved urban roads (Kms) BFP Permanent way /railway road (Kms) BFP Revise design codes, regulations and guidelines to climate proof strategic transport infrastructure Proportional of national road reserves with green infrastructure and vegetative reinforcement Estimated, Annual Report UNRA No. of revised transport regulations, guidelines and design codes integrating climate risks TBD TBD TBDTable 2-6: Priority Adaptation Actions for Energy Sector Sector: Energy Outcome: A climate-resilient energy sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Improve access and utilization of electricity from sustainable sources. Proportion of the population with access to electricity Per capita electricity consumption kWh kWh NDPIII Transmission capacity (in km of high voltage 7 transmission lines) km NDPIII Promote use of renewable energy sources and energy efficient technologies Electricity generation capacity MW MW MW NDP III, Increase access to clean energy cooking technologies Increased share of clean energy for cooking NDPIII Share of biomass energy used for cooking NDP III Proportion of households and institutions using efficient cooking technologies Rehabilitate and climate proof electricity transmission infrastructure Access to electricity 28% 60% 75% BFP, NDP III High voltage transmission lines km TBD NDP III Renewable off-grid energy solutions of (medium voltage networks) of (low voltage network) TBD TBD BFPTable 2-7: Priority Adaptation Actions for Agriculture Sector Sector : Agriculture Outcome: A climate resilient and sustainable agricultural sector. Sub-sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Crop. Outcome: climate resilient cropping systems and value chains Scaling up climate smart agriculture including agro- ecology Proportion of farmers practicing sustainable land management practices (%) (Est.)', 'Outcome: climate resilient cropping systems and value chains Scaling up climate smart agriculture including agro- ecology Proportion of farmers practicing sustainable land management practices (%) (Est.) NAP, Budget Framework Paper Strengthen water harvesting and irrigation farming Area under irrigation (ha) (Est.) NAP Promote development of climate resilient crop varieties (crop- diversification) TBD NAP Expand post- harvest handling, storage, value addition and marketing Share of post-harvest losses (%) NAP, Budget Framework paper Livestock Outcome: climate resilient livestock production systems and value chains strengthened Promote highly adaptive and productive livestock breeds TBD TBD TBD NAP Promote agricultural (livestock) diversification TBD TBD TBD NAPTable 2-8: Priority Adaptation Actions for Fisheries Sector Sector: Fisheries Outcome: Increased- resilient Fisheries sector Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Fisheries Promote climate resilient capture fisheries Volume of fish stock (tonnes/yr) Promote ecosystem approach to aquaculture management TBD TBD TBD TBD Table 2-9: Priority Adaptation Actions for Forestry Sector Sector: Forestry Outcome: Increased Forest Cover Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Promote afforestation and reforestation to reduce vulnerability of people and ecosystems Area under planted forests National Budget Framework paper FIP Encourage agroforestry to enhance nutrient cycling and integrated pest management Area under agroforestr y landscape (ha) TBD TBD 1.3 million Aichi Biodiversity Encourage sustainable forest management to enhance forest ecosystem function Forest landscape restored (ha) TBD 200,000 2.5 million Bonn challenge Promote use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to diversify livelihoods and improve resilience of communities No.', 'NAP Promote development of climate resilient crop varieties (crop- diversification) TBD NAP Expand post- harvest handling, storage, value addition and marketing Share of post-harvest losses (%) NAP, Budget Framework paper Livestock Outcome: climate resilient livestock production systems and value chains strengthened Promote highly adaptive and productive livestock breeds TBD TBD TBD NAP Promote agricultural (livestock) diversification TBD TBD TBD NAPTable 2-8: Priority Adaptation Actions for Fisheries Sector Sector: Fisheries Outcome: Increased- resilient Fisheries sector Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Fisheries Promote climate resilient capture fisheries Volume of fish stock (tonnes/yr) Promote ecosystem approach to aquaculture management TBD TBD TBD TBD Table 2-9: Priority Adaptation Actions for Forestry Sector Sector: Forestry Outcome: Increased Forest Cover Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Promote afforestation and reforestation to reduce vulnerability of people and ecosystems Area under planted forests National Budget Framework paper FIP Encourage agroforestry to enhance nutrient cycling and integrated pest management Area under agroforestr y landscape (ha) TBD TBD 1.3 million Aichi Biodiversity Encourage sustainable forest management to enhance forest ecosystem function Forest landscape restored (ha) TBD 200,000 2.5 million Bonn challenge Promote use of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to diversify livelihoods and improve resilience of communities No. of people using NTFP TBD TBD TBD Forestry policy ofTable 2-10: Priority Adaptation Actions for Disaster Risk Reduction Sector: Disaster Risk Reduction Outcome: Reduced disaster risk and losses Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Incorporate climate and disaster risk reduction in planning, budgeting and reporting Proportion of LGs with climate action National Budget Framework paper Expand climate information Accuracy of meteorological information (%) Budget Framework paper Build effective early warning systems Automation of Weather and Climate Network (%) Budget Framework paper Promote local, indigenous and traditional knowledge (ITK) and practices in disaster risk reduction Application of ITK in DRR (%) TBD TBD TBD Strengthen policy linkage and actions on climate change, migration and disaster risk reduction Policy coherence and synergies on disaster risk management policy, national climate policy and migration policyTable 2-11: Priority Adaptation Actions for Cities and Built Environment Sector: Cities and Built Environment Outcome: Climate resilient cities and urban areas Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Promote sustainable urbanization and housing.', 'of people using NTFP TBD TBD TBD Forestry policy ofTable 2-10: Priority Adaptation Actions for Disaster Risk Reduction Sector: Disaster Risk Reduction Outcome: Reduced disaster risk and losses Sub- sector Priority adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Incorporate climate and disaster risk reduction in planning, budgeting and reporting Proportion of LGs with climate action National Budget Framework paper Expand climate information Accuracy of meteorological information (%) Budget Framework paper Build effective early warning systems Automation of Weather and Climate Network (%) Budget Framework paper Promote local, indigenous and traditional knowledge (ITK) and practices in disaster risk reduction Application of ITK in DRR (%) TBD TBD TBD Strengthen policy linkage and actions on climate change, migration and disaster risk reduction Policy coherence and synergies on disaster risk management policy, national climate policy and migration policyTable 2-11: Priority Adaptation Actions for Cities and Built Environment Sector: Cities and Built Environment Outcome: Climate resilient cities and urban areas Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Promote sustainable urbanization and housing. Proportion of urban dwellers living in slums and informal settlements NDP III Decreased urban unemployment rate ( percent) NDP III Length of drainage channels constructed/improved in GKMA KCCA Climate Change Strategy and Kampala Drainage Master Plan No.', 'Proportion of urban dwellers living in slums and informal settlements NDP III Decreased urban unemployment rate ( percent) NDP III Length of drainage channels constructed/improved in GKMA KCCA Climate Change Strategy and Kampala Drainage Master Plan No. of people benefiting from social safe net TBD TBD TBD Level of compliance to building codes and standard for climate resilience TBD TBD TBD Expand and maintain cities with greenbelts Proportion of preserved areas/parks in relation to total urban land area Promote efficient mobility in cities Increased urban paved roads Km TBD NDP III KM of NMT (cycle/Pedestrian) lane length constructed (GKMA) 1.95 km 25 km TBD KCCA Climate Change Strategy Improve solid waste management No. of municipalities/ cities with sustainable waste management facilities Efficiency of solid waste collection 70% NDP IIITable 2-12: Priority Adaptation Actions for Health Sector Sector: Health Outcome: Sustainable resilient health sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Integrate climate considerations into national health plans and strategies No. of climate risk and vulnerability assessments conducted for health sector No of district climate health profiles developed Health National Adaptation Plan (NAP) developed Improve early warning, surveillance and response system for climate sensitive health hazards Level of linkage between the emergency medical call system with the National Disaster response call system Strengthen climate resilience of health infrastructure and system No. of transformed National and Regional Referral Hospitals (Climate smart hospitals) Implement integrated health related climate interventions considering policies on water and sanitation, education, social protection and reproductive health care.', 'of transformed National and Regional Referral Hospitals (Climate smart hospitals) Implement integrated health related climate interventions considering policies on water and sanitation, education, social protection and reproductive health care. Level of implementation of Health NAPTable 2-13: Priority Adaptation Actions for Manufacturing, Industrial Processing and Mining Sector: Manufacturing, Industrial Processes and Mining Outcome: A Climate resilient Manufacturing, Industry and Mining sector Sub- sector Priority Adaptation actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Scale-up adoption of resource- efficient technologies Level of implementation of Technology Action Plan for Adaptation TBD TBD TBD TNA report 2021. Industrial Build capacity in research and Innovation No. of incubators established and operationalized Promote circular economy No. of micro-, small and medium-sized enterprises that have adopted the 6 Rs: Renew, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover TBD TBD TBD Green Manufacturing Strategy Table 2-14: Priority Adaptation Actions for Education Sector Sector: Education Outcome: Informed citizens to address climate change Sub- sector Priority actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Integrate climate change education into the national curriculum (primary, secondary and higher institutions of learning) Level of integration of climate change in the national curriculum Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy and Action Plan Improve education and awareness raising on climate change No. of people trained on climate change disaggregated by gender female) female) female) Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy and Action Plan Develop Knowledge systems for scaling up adaptation No.', 'of people trained on climate change disaggregated by gender female) female) female) Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy and Action Plan Develop Knowledge systems for scaling up adaptation No. of knowledge systems integrating local, indigenous and traditional knowledge and practicesTable 2-15: Priority Adaptation Actions for Tourism Sector Sector: Tourism Outcome: A transformed green and resilient Tourism sector Sub- sector Priority actions Indicator Baseline Target Target Target alignment Integrate climate considerations into national tourism sector plans and strategies No. of climate risk and vulnerability assessments conducted for tourism sector Promote natural and cultural/heritage conservation. Proportion of cultural/heritage sites accorded protected areas TBD TBD TBD Uganda National Commission for UNESCO Strategic Plan Share of national budget allocated for protection and conservation of natural and heritage sites TBD TBD TBD Uganda National Commission for UNESCO Strategic Plan Establish and protect existing wildlife corridors to strengthen the resilience of wildlife against climate risks and hazards. Km of wildlife corridor rehabilitated TBD TBD TBD UWA Strategic Plan No. of water harvesting and storage facilities constructed for drought adaptation in critical conservation areas. TBD TBD TBD UWA Strategic Plan3 MITIGATION COMPONENT OF THE UPDATED NDC 3.1 Economy-wide Contribution Uganda’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to increase from 90.1 MtCO2 e in e by 2050 under the BAU Scenario. This is illustrated in figure 3-1 below.', 'This is illustrated in figure 3-1 below. Figure 3-1: Uganda s BAU GHG emissions trajectory To mitigate these GHG emissions, Uganda intends to implement a suite of circular economy mitigation actions in the sectors and sub-sectors presented in the table 3-1 below. Table 3-1: Sectoral coverage of the mitigation component of the NDC Sector Sub-Sector Updated NDC Initial NDC Energy Electricity generation Yes Yes Transport Yes No (included as additional actions) Other energy Yes No AFOLU Agriculture Yes Yes Forestry Yes Yes Land Use Yes Yes Wetlands and Peatlands Yes Yes (except peatlands) Waste Solid waste Yes No Wastewater Yes No IPPU Mineral industry Yes No Product use Yes No 1. Energy (Excl. Transport) 3. Industrial Processes & Product Use 5.', 'Industrial Processes & Product Use 5. Forestry and other land useAs shown in the table 3-1, two new sectors (Waste and IPPU) and six new sub-sectors (transport, other energy, Solid waste, Wastewater, mineral industry and product use) have been included to contribute to Uganda’s NDC target in this updated NDC. This is a result of sector prioritization that was done through a metabolic assessment. Based on the availability of financial, capacity building and technology support, Uganda will contribute conditionally and unconditionally to the global mitigation target as indicated in table 3-2 below.', 'Based on the availability of financial, capacity building and technology support, Uganda will contribute conditionally and unconditionally to the global mitigation target as indicated in table 3-2 below. Table 3-2: Uganda s Conditional and Unconditional Mitigation Contribution Description Unconditional Conditional Full Economy wide Emissions reduction in % Contribution / reduction in 2030 5.9% of BAU 18.8% of BAU 24.7% of BAU When all the planned and intended mitigation policies and measures have been implemented (both unconditional and conditional), it is envisaged that Uganda’s net emissions will be reduced by 24.7% below the BAU level of 148.80 MtCO2 e in 2030 totalling an absolute e in that year (See figure 3-2).', 'Table 3-2: Uganda s Conditional and Unconditional Mitigation Contribution Description Unconditional Conditional Full Economy wide Emissions reduction in % Contribution / reduction in 2030 5.9% of BAU 18.8% of BAU 24.7% of BAU When all the planned and intended mitigation policies and measures have been implemented (both unconditional and conditional), it is envisaged that Uganda’s net emissions will be reduced by 24.7% below the BAU level of 148.80 MtCO2 e in 2030 totalling an absolute e in that year (See figure 3-2). Figure 3-2: Illustration of Uganda’s economy-wide mitigation contribution - Energy (Stationary) - mitigation Transport mitigation IPPU mitigation AFOLU mitigation Waste mitigation Business-as-usual reduction below BAUIn consistency with the 2015 NDC, which highlighted the 22% reduction below BAU largely from AFOLU, in the updated NDC, AFOLU accounts for 20.43% reduction and the energy sector 1.57% reduction, while the newly added sub-sectors will contribute an additional 2.7% reduction from BAU (1.87% from transport, 0.74% from waste, and 0.09% from IPPU).', 'Figure 3-2: Illustration of Uganda’s economy-wide mitigation contribution - Energy (Stationary) - mitigation Transport mitigation IPPU mitigation AFOLU mitigation Waste mitigation Business-as-usual reduction below BAUIn consistency with the 2015 NDC, which highlighted the 22% reduction below BAU largely from AFOLU, in the updated NDC, AFOLU accounts for 20.43% reduction and the energy sector 1.57% reduction, while the newly added sub-sectors will contribute an additional 2.7% reduction from BAU (1.87% from transport, 0.74% from waste, and 0.09% from IPPU). Table 3-3 below presents the absolute mitigation contribution of each sector towards the full economy wide target. Table 3-3: Mitigation potential of the priority mitigation policies and measures Priority Mitigation Sector 2030 Mitigation Contribution (MtCO2 e) Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Sector 30.4 MtCO2e Energy Sector (Excl.', 'Table 3-3: Mitigation potential of the priority mitigation policies and measures Priority Mitigation Sector 2030 Mitigation Contribution (MtCO2 e) Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use Sector 30.4 MtCO2e Energy Sector (Excl. Transport) 2.34 MtCO2e Industrial Processes and Product Use Sector 0.14 MtCO2e e If, as a result of inadequate financial, capacity-building and technology transfer support, it is envisaged that Uganda’s unconditional efforts will result into net emissions reductions of 5.9% below the BAU trajectory in 2030. Figure 3-3 below presents and compares the net GHG emission targets for Uganda’s unconditional and full economy wide NDC targets.', 'Figure 3-3 below presents and compares the net GHG emission targets for Uganda’s unconditional and full economy wide NDC targets. Figure 3-3: Comparison of Full Economy Wide and Unconditional NDC Targets - Business-as-usual UNCONDITIONAL NDC Target Trajectory FULL ECONOMYWIDE NDC Target Trajectory (24.7% below BAU BAU in 2030)3.2 Priority Mitigation Measures and Targets In this updated NDC, Uganda intends to implement a number of prioritised mitigation policies and measures across electricity generation, transport, energy, agriculture, forestry and other land uses, wetlands and peatlands, solid waste, wastewater, mineral, and industrial processes and product use. 3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sector AFOLU sector is the greatest contributor to Uganda’s GHG emissions, especially due to deforestation for various reasons including energy use, agriculture and logging.', '3.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Sector AFOLU sector is the greatest contributor to Uganda’s GHG emissions, especially due to deforestation for various reasons including energy use, agriculture and logging. In 2020 national deforestation rates stand were estimated at 1.44%. Uganda has committed to halt and reverse forest loss and land degradation by 2030 and to increase forest cover from an estimated 12.5% in 2020 to 15% in 2025 and 21% in 2030. In addition, the country launched a 40 million tree campaign on 2 March 2021, focussing on forest restoration using indigenous trees.', 'In addition, the country launched a 40 million tree campaign on 2 March 2021, focussing on forest restoration using indigenous trees. 3.3.1 Priority Mitigation Policies and Measures In the AFOLU sector, the priority mitigation policies and measures are from REDD+ activities, based on the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan published in 2017 (MWE, 2017). These policies and measures are outlined in the table below. Table 3-4: AFOLU Mitigation Policies and Measures Sub- sectors Mitigation action Description and impact 1. Climate Smart Agriculture 1.1 Sustainable Land Use Management and Agroforestry The measure will entail land use management practices, the 40 million-tree campaign and REDD+ strategic interventions the will contribute to approximately 1.2 MtCO2e reduction by 2030.', 'Climate Smart Agriculture 1.1 Sustainable Land Use Management and Agroforestry The measure will entail land use management practices, the 40 million-tree campaign and REDD+ strategic interventions the will contribute to approximately 1.2 MtCO2e reduction by 2030. 1.2 Rainwater harvesting and irrigation This measure will contribute to the achievement of the National Irrigation Policy (2017), which underscores 50% of irrigation potential by 2040. Investments will be in micro, medium and large-scale irrigation systems to mitigate water shortages resulting from drought hazards. It is expected that the irrigation practice will reduce new farmland expansion and deforestation and promote solar-powered irrigation systems, contributing to about 1.6 MtCO2e reduction by 2030.', 'It is expected that the irrigation practice will reduce new farmland expansion and deforestation and promote solar-powered irrigation systems, contributing to about 1.6 MtCO2e reduction by 2030. 1.3 Green house cultivation of Vegetables This measure is expected to reduce GHG emissions by about 0.3 MtCO2e by 2030 in rural and semi-urban households through soil carbon build-up and reduce deforestation resulting from the need for agricultural land expansion.Sub- sectors Mitigation action Description and impact 2. Sustainable fuelwood and commercial charcoal production 2.1 Commercial small-holder and community bioenergy woodlots The measure will support sustainable production of wood fuel in tree-based bioenergy woodlots all over Uganda. Full implementation of this measure will potentially reduce emissions to approximately 2.9 MtCO2e by 2030. 2.2.', 'Full implementation of this measure will potentially reduce emissions to approximately 2.9 MtCO2e by 2030. 2.2. Commercial small-holder and community poles & timber plantations (with coffee agroforestry) The measure is expected to contribute to a reduction of GHG emissions of about 0.37 MtCO2e by 2030 through woodlots, and/or farm forestry practices. 2.3. Improved charcoal kilns linked to bioenergy woodlots This measure aims to increase the uptake of efficient charcoal production technologies whilst contributing to the objective of the biomass energy strategy for Uganda, which aims at balancing the supply and demand for biomass energy. Traditional charcoal kilns have a wood conversation efficiency of 12%. Implementing more efficient technologies could boost wood conversation efficiency from 12% in 2020 to 75% by 2030. Full implementation of the measure will contribute to a GHG emission reduction of approximately 3.37 MtCO2e by 2030. 3.', 'Full implementation of the measure will contribute to a GHG emission reduction of approximately 3.37 MtCO2e by 2030. 3. Large scale commercial timber plantations 3.1 Commercial transmission pole and timber plantations The measure intends to reduce wood demand from natural forests by providing wood from tree plantations for poles and timber that will account for abatement potential of approximately 5 MtCO2e by 2030. 3.2. Commercial pole and sawlog plantations The measure will enhance production of wood products, especially small poles, fuelwood, and charcoal, and has a carbon emission abatement potential of approximately 5 MtCO2e by 2030. 4. Restoration of natural forests in the landscape 4.1. Natural forest regeneration The measure aims to rehabilitate 100,000 hectares of forest areas through collaborative forest management approaches and has a carbon emission abatement potential of about 0.3 MtCO2e by 2030.Sub- sectors Mitigation action Description and impact 4.2.', 'Natural forest regeneration The measure aims to rehabilitate 100,000 hectares of forest areas through collaborative forest management approaches and has a carbon emission abatement potential of about 0.3 MtCO2e by 2030.Sub- sectors Mitigation action Description and impact 4.2. Restoration of degraded protected natural forest This measure intends to restore natural forests in forest reserves and protected areas that have already lost their forest cover through enrichment planting with indigenous tree species. It is envisaged that over 100,000 hectares of these lands will be restored. The measure will account for approximately 0.3 MtCO2e by 2030. 5. Energy Efficiency Energy Efficient fuelwood and charcoal stoves The measure aims to promote clean cooking solutions and biomass energy use efficiency technologies for fuel wood and charcoal stoves among households and institutions (education, hospitals, prisons, and industries, among others). The measure will reduce emissions by approximately 6.89 MtCO2e by 2030. 6.', 'The measure will reduce emissions by approximately 6.89 MtCO2e by 2030. 6. Livestock Management Livestock management in the cattle corridor The measure aims to; promote improved cattle breeds and feeds, improve water availability for livestock through constructing water dams and valley tanks, and establish fodder agroforestry plantations for zero grazing and stall-feeding. The measure will reduce emissions by approximately 2.9 MtCO2e by 2030. 7. Wetlands and Peatlands Wetland and Peatland management The measure aims to increase wetland coverage from 8.9% in 2020, to 9.57% in through the implementation of wetland management practices such as demarcation, gazettement, and restoration of degraded wetlands.', 'Wetlands and Peatlands Wetland and Peatland management The measure aims to increase wetland coverage from 8.9% in 2020, to 9.57% in through the implementation of wetland management practices such as demarcation, gazettement, and restoration of degraded wetlands. The mitigation reduction potential for this measure is expected to account for 0.4 MtCO2e by 2030.3.3.2 Targets for AFOLU Sector Under BAU conditions it is projected that AFOLU net emissions will reach 122.2 MtCO2 e in 2030, while with the implementation of all the main mitigation measures envisaged above, it is projected that the net emissions in this sector will be reduced by 24.9% to 91.8 MtCO2 e in 2030. This is illustrated in figure 10.3. The figure also presents the annual mitigation targets for the AFOLU sector.', 'The figure also presents the annual mitigation targets for the AFOLU sector. Figure 3-4: AFOLU baseline and annual targets under the conditional mitigation scenario 3.3.3 Additional Mitigation Actions Table 3-5: Shows additional mitigation actions Sub-sectors Mitigation Measure Description 1. Land use and land use change Forest smart mining landscape management Peatland Restoration. The measure will promote conservation, sustainable management, restoration and rewetting of peatlands to increase carbon storage capacity. In the Nile basin part of Uganda. NAMA for Livestock improved feed quality, supplement, and manure management The NAMA seeks to contribute to GHG mitigation of 0.5 MtCO2e by 2030. Climate-Smart Dairy Livestock Value Chains in Uganda The NAMA seeks to; sustainably increase agricultural milk productivity and incomes; adapt and build resilience to climate change along the milk production value chain; and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Promote cultivation of high yielding upland rice.', 'Promote cultivation of high yielding upland rice. The NAMA seeks to increase rice production in Uganda by promoting cultivation of high yielding upland rice as opposed to low land paddy rice in parts of Uganda where rice is a major crop, to address methane emissions from rice cultivations.3.4 Energy Sector (Stationary) The Energy sector in Uganda consists of four sub-sectors; Industrial, Residential, Commercial/ Institutional, Agricultural and Fisheries. Residential subsector is the main consumer of energy in the country and it is followed by industries, commercial/institutional, agricultural and fisheries. Biomass is the primary source of energy in the country. Majority of the Ugandan population is rural-based and has limited access to the electricity grid. As a result, they depend on biomass for basic household energy needs.', 'As a result, they depend on biomass for basic household energy needs. In 2005, direct combustion of fuel for energy use in the residential sector was approximately 369,000 TJ (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2019), of which the vast majority (almost 99.5%) was from biomass sources. The remainder (0.5%) was from liquid fuels (e.g., kerosene). In addition to energy from direct combustion, the residential sector also consumed 2,177 TJ of electricity. In 2015, direct combustion of fuel for energy in the industry sector was around 116,000 TJ, of which the vast majority (89%) was from biomass sources (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2019). The remainder (10%) was from liquid fuels (e.g., gas/diesel oil) and solid fuels (1%).', 'The remainder (10%) was from liquid fuels (e.g., gas/diesel oil) and solid fuels (1%). In addition to energy from direct combustion, the industry sector also consumed approximately 5,700 TJ of electricity (data from 2015 energy balance). Similarly, direct combustion of fuel for energy in the commercial sector was around 19,000 TJ, of which the vast majority (almost 91.5%) was from biomass sources. The remainder (8.5%) was from liquid fuels. Production systems in the agriculture/forestry/fisheries subsector are the lowest consumers of energy in Uganda. 3.4.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures There are several mitigation measures envisaged to be put in place in the Energy sector in 2030. Mitigation actions that are identified from different national policies are listed for each sub-sector.', 'Mitigation actions that are identified from different national policies are listed for each sub-sector. Table 3-6: Mitigation actions in Energy sub-sector Sub-sectors Mitigation action Description and impact Energy generation Renewable energy generation The measure aims to increase energy generation in the country by promoting renewable energy resources. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.0003 MtCO2e by 2030. Reduction in transmission and distribution losses The measure intends to reduce energy losses during transmission and distribution. This will improve available energy in the country. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.00001 MtCO2e by 2030. Improved efficiency of charcoal production The measure is aimed at improving efficiency of charcoal production which will have an impact of reducing deforestation in the forestry sector. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.48 MtCO2e by 2030.', 'This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.48 MtCO2e by 2030. Energy use Industrial Energy efficiency The objective of this measure is to improve energy efficiency in the industrial sector and reduce electricity consumption. Key consumers that are targeted are process heating and process cooling, motors and refrigeration. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.26 MtCO2e by 2030.Industrial Fuel switching This measure is aimed at switching energy consumption in the industrial sector from biomass to renewable electricity. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.23 MtCO2e by 2030. Increased electricity access for households This measure aims to increase electricity access of the households so that the household’s dependence on biomass can be reduced. This will reduce deforestation. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.02 MtCO2e by 2030.', 'This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.02 MtCO2e by 2030. Lighting energy efficiency in households The measure intends to introduce more energy efficient lighting technologies (CFLs, LEDs etc) and to replace lighting fuels (kerosene) with cleaner energy sources. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 0.003 MtCO2e by 2030. Cooking mitigation measures, incl. energy efficiency and fuel switch This measure aims to improve energy efficiency during cooking by adoption of efficient charcoal and fuelwood stoves and to change from using biomass as main source energy for cooking to the use of cleaner energy resources. This can lead emission reductions of approximately 1.09 MtCO2e by 2030.', 'This can lead emission reductions of approximately 1.09 MtCO2e by 2030. 3.4.1.1 Electricity Generation Table 3-7: Mitigation measures for electricity generation 3.4.1.2 Charcoal Production Table 3-8: Mitigation measure for Charcoal production Measure BAU Mitigation Measure Details Improved efficiency of charcoal production Remains constant from base year (90% in normal kilns with efficiency of 20%, 10% in improved with efficiency of 60%) 100% of charcoal to be made in improved efficiency kilns in 2030 Measure Mitigation Measure Details 1. Renewable energy generation Increased grid capacity and increased renewable energy generation.', 'Renewable energy generation Increased grid capacity and increased renewable energy generation. This consists of the following power generation capacity to come online between 2015 and 2030: • 756.8 MW of Hydro power (Nyamagasani 1 HPP, Nyamagasani 2 HPP, Muyembe HPP, Achwa 2 HPP, Karuma HPP, Kikagati HPP, Kakaka HPP, Atari HPP, Kabeywa 1 HPP, Kabeywa 2 HPP, Nyabuhaka HPP, Simu HPP, Sisi HPP, Hoimo HPP, Igassa HPP, Kabasanja HPP, Tokwe HPP, Nsongya HPP, Katooke HPP, Nchwera HPP, Warugo HPP, Nyagak III HPP, Nyamwamba II HPP, Nyamabuye HPP, Sironko HPP, Kigwabaya HPP) • 25 MW of Baggase power (SCOUL Bagasse Plant) • 20 MW of Solar power (Xsabo Nkoge Solar), and • 20 MW of Wind power (Rupa Wind Power) 2.', 'This consists of the following power generation capacity to come online between 2015 and 2030: • 756.8 MW of Hydro power (Nyamagasani 1 HPP, Nyamagasani 2 HPP, Muyembe HPP, Achwa 2 HPP, Karuma HPP, Kikagati HPP, Kakaka HPP, Atari HPP, Kabeywa 1 HPP, Kabeywa 2 HPP, Nyabuhaka HPP, Simu HPP, Sisi HPP, Hoimo HPP, Igassa HPP, Kabasanja HPP, Tokwe HPP, Nsongya HPP, Katooke HPP, Nchwera HPP, Warugo HPP, Nyagak III HPP, Nyamwamba II HPP, Nyamabuye HPP, Sironko HPP, Kigwabaya HPP) • 25 MW of Baggase power (SCOUL Bagasse Plant) • 20 MW of Solar power (Xsabo Nkoge Solar), and • 20 MW of Wind power (Rupa Wind Power) 2. Reduction in transmission and distribution losses Transmission and distribution loss projections to 2040 are considered (based on ERA Least Cost Generation Plan 2020-2030)3.4.1.3 Industrial Energy Use Table 3-9: Mitigation measure for Industrial Energy use Measures Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Energy efficiency Static efficiency 10% reduction from BAU by 2025 Fuel switching Same fuel mix as 2015, but with 8% of energy needs met by LPG 25% of energy met by biomass from sustainable sources in 2030, rising 3.4.1.4 Commercial/Institutional Energy Use Table 3-10: Mitigation measure for Commercial/Institutional Energy use Measures Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Improved cook stove efficiency Same efficiencies as 2015 50% of schools/institutions to be using improved charcoal cookstoves in 2030 Switching to cleaner fuels Same fuel mix as 2015, but with 15% of energy needs met by LPG 15% LPG stoves and 35% electric stoves in 2030 3.4.1.5 Residential Energy Use Table 3-11: Mitigation measures for Residential Energy use Mitigation Measure Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Increased electricity access Improved cook stove efficiency 65,000 improved cook stoves disseminated per year, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections Electric stove penetration (see 3 below) Cooking fuel switch to electricity Same fuel mix as 2015, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections Electricity to reach 50% of cooking fuel share by 2025 Reduced energy use for lighting Same fuel mix as 2015, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections 75% reduction from BAU in energy use for lighting in 2030 3.4.2 Targets for Energy sector The emissions under the Business-As-Usual scenario in the Energy sector (stationary) will e in 2030.', 'Reduction in transmission and distribution losses Transmission and distribution loss projections to 2040 are considered (based on ERA Least Cost Generation Plan 2020-2030)3.4.1.3 Industrial Energy Use Table 3-9: Mitigation measure for Industrial Energy use Measures Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Energy efficiency Static efficiency 10% reduction from BAU by 2025 Fuel switching Same fuel mix as 2015, but with 8% of energy needs met by LPG 25% of energy met by biomass from sustainable sources in 2030, rising 3.4.1.4 Commercial/Institutional Energy Use Table 3-10: Mitigation measure for Commercial/Institutional Energy use Measures Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Improved cook stove efficiency Same efficiencies as 2015 50% of schools/institutions to be using improved charcoal cookstoves in 2030 Switching to cleaner fuels Same fuel mix as 2015, but with 15% of energy needs met by LPG 15% LPG stoves and 35% electric stoves in 2030 3.4.1.5 Residential Energy Use Table 3-11: Mitigation measures for Residential Energy use Mitigation Measure Business as Usual NDC Scenario Details Increased electricity access Improved cook stove efficiency 65,000 improved cook stoves disseminated per year, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections Electric stove penetration (see 3 below) Cooking fuel switch to electricity Same fuel mix as 2015, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections Electricity to reach 50% of cooking fuel share by 2025 Reduced energy use for lighting Same fuel mix as 2015, growth in energy use driven by UBOS household projections 75% reduction from BAU in energy use for lighting in 2030 3.4.2 Targets for Energy sector The emissions under the Business-As-Usual scenario in the Energy sector (stationary) will e in 2030. The main mitigation actions above have a potential to reduce GHG emissions in this sector by 18.8% to 10.1 MtCO2 e in 2030 as shown in figure 3-5.', 'The main mitigation actions above have a potential to reduce GHG emissions in this sector by 18.8% to 10.1 MtCO2 e in 2030 as shown in figure 3-5. The Figure also presents the sector’s annual mitigation targets.Figure 3-5: Energy sector baseline and annual targets under the mitigation scenario 3.4.3 Additional Mitigation Measures Table 3-12: Additional Mitigation actions Mitigation Measure Description Make the exploitation of mineral resources climate-compatible • Strengthen enforcement of the mining Act, 2003 and the National Environment Act, 2019 and all the relevant regulations, one of the pillars of which is respect for the environment and compliance with the Acts (and its implementing provisions); • Evaluate the feasibility of establishing and operating a financial mechanism for the mining sector to fund the contribution to the fight against climate change; • Boost the sector s energy efficiency by conducting awareness campaigns to sensitize mining companies on sustainable energy utilization • Supply this sector with electricity from renewable sources as far as possible.', 'The Figure also presents the sector’s annual mitigation targets.Figure 3-5: Energy sector baseline and annual targets under the mitigation scenario 3.4.3 Additional Mitigation Measures Table 3-12: Additional Mitigation actions Mitigation Measure Description Make the exploitation of mineral resources climate-compatible • Strengthen enforcement of the mining Act, 2003 and the National Environment Act, 2019 and all the relevant regulations, one of the pillars of which is respect for the environment and compliance with the Acts (and its implementing provisions); • Evaluate the feasibility of establishing and operating a financial mechanism for the mining sector to fund the contribution to the fight against climate change; • Boost the sector s energy efficiency by conducting awareness campaigns to sensitize mining companies on sustainable energy utilization • Supply this sector with electricity from renewable sources as far as possible. Predicted future power demand from the mining sector alone, could absorb more than 30% of the hydroelectric potential identified to date.', 'Predicted future power demand from the mining sector alone, could absorb more than 30% of the hydroelectric potential identified to date. Promote establishment of energy service companies (ESCOs) Promoting establishment of ESCOs enhances preparation and management of large energy efficiency projects for implementation for high energy consuming industries. Energy Management Standards Implementing this standard in industries requires industries to put in place systems and policies for continued energy improvement in their operations. Energy Efficiency in Buildings Regulating energy utilization in buildings for cooling, heating, ventilation and hot water is in alignment with health, comfort, well-being and sustainability, including improving energy productivity and reducing CO2 emissions3.5 Transport Sector Uganda’s transport system can be divided into five sectors: (1) road transport; (2) rail transport; (3) air transport, (4) inland water transport; and (5) other modes (LEDS, 2018)7.', 'Energy Efficiency in Buildings Regulating energy utilization in buildings for cooling, heating, ventilation and hot water is in alignment with health, comfort, well-being and sustainability, including improving energy productivity and reducing CO2 emissions3.5 Transport Sector Uganda’s transport system can be divided into five sectors: (1) road transport; (2) rail transport; (3) air transport, (4) inland water transport; and (5) other modes (LEDS, 2018)7. Road transport is the dominant mode, carrying over 95% of total traffic (LEDS, 2018). The public road network, including both classified and unclassified roads, comprises more than 140,000 km. In 2018/2019, about 96 percent of freight cargo and passenger traffic was delivered by road (National Planning Authority, 2020)8.', 'In 2018/2019, about 96 percent of freight cargo and passenger traffic was delivered by road (National Planning Authority, 2020)8. The city of Kampala in particular accounts for over 50% of the vehicles in Uganda (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2015)9. Majority of vehicles in Uganda originate from Japan, imported as reconditioned units, usually more than 5 years old. The current motorised vehicle fleet is approximately 1,355,090 vehicles, up from 739,036 in 2012, with the average age of vehicles being more than 15 years old. Public passenger transport in Uganda is a mix between cars, motorcycles, minibuses and buses (Ministry of Works and Transport)10. Civil aviation transport has also expanded rapidly in recent years.', 'Civil aviation transport has also expanded rapidly in recent years. International passenger numbers per annum increased during the last 8 years from 781,428 to 1,303,484 in 2016. International traffic dominates flights at Entebbe, up to 97% for passengers and 99% for cargo. Entebbe International Airport is currently undergoing expansion in order to cater for the increasing passenger traffic and cargo freight (Ministry of Works and Transport). Rail and waterway services are generally in a run-down state (National Transport Master Plan, 2015)11. The current market shares of railways declined from 12% to 5% within the last 8 years (Ministry of Works and Transport).', 'The current market shares of railways declined from 12% to 5% within the last 8 years (Ministry of Works and Transport). Railway Transport sector has been operating below its capacity due to the dilapidation of the railway line (only 26% of the railway line is operational), poor state of locomotives, unavailability of boat ferries to supplement the network, poor state of real estate property and theft of track materials (Ministry of Works and Transport). Road transport is responsible for 84% of transport energy. It is followed by domestic aviation with 11%, and rail and water transport that consume 3% of the total each.', 'It is followed by domestic aviation with 11%, and rail and water transport that consume 3% of the total each. 3.5.1 Main Mitigation Policies and Measures Table 3-13: Main mitigation actions to be implemented in the Transport sector in 2030 Sub-sectors Mitigation Measure Description and impact Mobile energy consumption. Transport sector. Road transport fuel efficiency This measure aims to improve national fleet database, frameworks, and fuel standards so that regulation of the sub-sector can be enhanced, including regulations of imported vehicles. This measure can reduce the emissions by approximately 1.86 MtCO2e by 2030. Alternative fuel switch This measure intends to improve fuel standards and efficiency in the country. Cleaner fuels will be promoted. This measure has potential to reduce emissions by approximately 0.54 MtCO2e by 2030. 10 Mitigation assessment of transport sector. MoWT.', '10 Mitigation assessment of transport sector. MoWT. Unpublished.Development of Non- Motorized Transport (NMT) infrastructure This measure aims to use the planned NMT corridors in the GKMA as well as in other urban areas across Uganda as its basis. The measure has a potential to reduce the emissions by approximately 0.66 MtCO2e by 2030. MGR – Meter Gauge Railway rehabilitation for freight transit This measure intends to implement 61 km of passenger rail by 2030 and to achieve 22% of fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives. This measure has a potential to reduce the emissions by approximately 0.0005 MtCO2e by 2030. Efficient operation of public transportation Measures Aggregated – “Modal shift of passengers to mass transit and NMT” Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development BRT – Bus Rapid Transit GKMA Passenger service Metro rail Not implemented within time-period.', 'Efficient operation of public transportation Measures Aggregated – “Modal shift of passengers to mass transit and NMT” Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development BRT – Bus Rapid Transit GKMA Passenger service Metro rail Not implemented within time-period. LRT – Light Rail Transit SGR – Standard Gauge Railway 3.5.1.1 Transport Mitigation by Sub-sectors Table 3-14: Transport mitigation measures by sub-sectors Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Road transport fuel efficiency Global Fuel Economy Initiative improvement of fuel economy with 20-year time-lag: Global Fuel Economy Initiative (GFEI) 50 by 50 targets, improvement of fuel economy with 10- year time-lag: Alternative fuel switch Road: No switching to alternative fuels (LNG, ethanol or LNG). All traditional fuels (petrol/gasoline and diesel). 1% per year increase in alternative fuel use for all road vehicles - 60% of the increase comes from natural gas. - 20% from ethanol (E10). - 20% from biodiesel.', '- 20% from ethanol (E10). - 20% from biodiesel. Introduction of at least 200 e-buses in GKMA in Development of Non- Motorized Transport (NMT) infrastructure Road: Walking accounts for 2015 passenger KM (PKM) Motorised: 66,715 million Non-motorised: 78,318 million 100 km of complete streets or dedicated NMT corridors, constructed in greater Kampala area in 2030 leading to 10% shift in PKM by mode from other passenger modes. Construct 100 km of NMT facilities in secondary cities in 2030. 13 Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative (TUMI) E-bus Mission. 14 Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). (2018). Multi-Modal Urban Transport Master Plan for Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA): Final Report. Section 2.3.Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Total road PKM: 145,033 million Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling.', 'Section 2.3.Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Total road PKM: 145,033 million Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. Efficient operation of public transportation Standard growth rate of PKM of 7% to 2025 and 6% to 2050. No change in load factor. Work with the taxi industry to achieve service quality improvements and operator consolidation. Introduce 1,000 high-quality city buses in GKMA15 together with bus shelters, terminals, and depots.16 Introduce ITS systems, automatic fare collection, and control centre for public transport in GKMA 5% reduction in VKM and 5% increase in load factor from improved organisation of urban public transport. Residential trip avoidance through town planning and transport orientated development Standard growth rate of PKM of 7% to 2025 and 6% to 2050. No change in load factor.', 'No change in load factor. Develop land use and transport master plans incorporating transit-oriented land use and measures to incentivise well-located affordable housing along planned mass rapid transit lines. Adopt TOD friendly building control rules by 2025. TOD reduces motorised travel demand by 5% in 2050. BRT – Bus Rapid Transit Road: Standard growth rate of PKM of 7% to 2025 and 6% to 2050. No change in load factor. Minimal policies to encourage mass transit uptake over private vehicles. Implement 101 km of BRT in GKMA in 2030.18 Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. GKMA Passenger service Rail: Historical growth rate continues across period. 12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015.', '12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Minimal policies to encourage mass transit uptake over private vehicles. Implement 61 km of passenger MGR rail in 2030. 22% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. Metro rail Rail: Historical growth rate continues across period. 12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Implement 75 km of fully electrified passenger metro rail by 2040. Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion 15 Bus system planned by KCCA in collaboration with Metu Zhongtong. 16 Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA).', '16 Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). (2018). Multi-Modal Urban Transport Master Plan for Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA): Final Report. Section C-3. 17 Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). (2018). Multi-Modal Urban Transport Master Plan for Greater Kampala Metropolitan Area (GKMA): Final Report. Section C-5. 18 Four corridors identified in the MMUTMP. Section 10.5.Mitigation Measure BAU NDC Scenario Details Minimal policies to encourage mass transit uptake over private vehicles. and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. LRT – Light Rail Transit Rail: Historical growth rate continues across period. 12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Minimal policies to encourage mass transit uptake over private vehicles. Implement 100 km of fully electrified passenger LRT rail by 2040.', 'Implement 100 km of fully electrified passenger LRT rail by 2040. Policies introduced to manage the use of personal motor vehicles to reduce congestion and encourage a shift to public transport, walking, and cycling. Including parking management and secure cycle parking. MGR – Meter Gauge Railway rehabilitation for freight transit Rail: Historical growth rate continues across period. 12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Rehabilitation of 634 km of meter gauge railway by 2026 to facilitate modal shift of freight from road to rail. 22% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. SGR – Standard Gauge Railway Rail: Historical growth rate continues across period. 12% fuel economy improvement of diesel locomotives achieved in 2030 relative to 2015. Implement 1,412 km of fully electrified standard gauge rail by 2050.', 'Implement 1,412 km of fully electrified standard gauge rail by 2050. 3.5.2 Targets for Transport Sector Transport sector GHG emissions under Business-As-Usual conditions will more than double e in 2030. If all the main mitigation measures under the NDC scenario are implemented fully, they have the potential to limit the growth of the e in 2030 as illustrated in the figure 3-6. The figure also presents annual targets under the transport sector mitigation scenario.', 'The figure also presents annual targets under the transport sector mitigation scenario. Figure 3-6: Transport baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario3.5.3 Additional Mitigation Measures Table 3-15: Additional mitigation measures Mitigation Measure Description Road improvement projects Improvement of road infrastructure, including roads, bridges, etc Electric road vehicles Electric boda-boda or buses Electrification of rail Plans for electric traction of passenger rail Oil pipeline Pipeline to transfer oil internally in Uganda, replacing road freight Utilisation of water transport Increased water-borne transport E-commuting Increased use of remote working 3.6 Waste Sector This sector covers solid waste and wastewater. Waste composition is changing rapidly in Uganda particularly in urban areas. Waste generation rate in tonnes per day, is increasing annually in the cities because of growing urbanization.', 'Waste generation rate in tonnes per day, is increasing annually in the cities because of growing urbanization. The country generates waste in the form of domestic and industrial wastewater as well as solid waste. Despite challenges of poor data collection systems, it is estimated that the content of biodegradable material in the country decreased from 88.5% in 1990 to 77% in 2014. Content of plastics in the waste increased from 1.6% to 12.4% during the period. It is estimated that over 755 kilo tons of solid waste was generated in Uganda in 2017. The city of Kampala is responsible for half of the waste generated in the country. Volumes of wastewater are also increasing in the country especially in the cities.', 'Volumes of wastewater are also increasing in the country especially in the cities. However, there are limited sewage systems with many households constructing their own septic tanks. The fraction of households that are connected to the municipal sewage system in the cities is estimated to be only 1%19 with a projected growth to 30% in the next decade. In the absence of wastewater collection and treatment services, households often rely on onsite sanitation systems, such as pit latrines. In this case, GHG emissions depend on the individual use of the system, e.g. poor flush latrines vs. dry latrines, the quality and efficiency of faecal sludge management and the type of faecal sludge treatment.', 'poor flush latrines vs. dry latrines, the quality and efficiency of faecal sludge management and the type of faecal sludge treatment. Baseline assumptions: The population with access to waste management services was assumed to grow in line with national population growth, while consumption, waste generation and solid waste management practices are assumed to remain the same over the projected period.', 'Baseline assumptions: The population with access to waste management services was assumed to grow in line with national population growth, while consumption, waste generation and solid waste management practices are assumed to remain the same over the projected period. The following assumptions were made for solid waste disposal: • Waste management technologies remain constant from 2015 (40% unmanaged shallow and 60 percent managed anaerobic); • Degradable organic carbon fraction remains constant for all waste types; • Waste per capita remains constant at average 2002 - 2015 value (237 kg/capita/yr); • Percent of waste sent to managed sites remains constant at 2015 value (60%); • Waste categorization remains constant at 2015 values (38.7% food; 34.4% garden; 19 Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs.', 'The following assumptions were made for solid waste disposal: • Waste management technologies remain constant from 2015 (40% unmanaged shallow and 60 percent managed anaerobic); • Degradable organic carbon fraction remains constant for all waste types; • Waste per capita remains constant at average 2002 - 2015 value (237 kg/capita/yr); • Percent of waste sent to managed sites remains constant at 2015 value (60%); • Waste categorization remains constant at 2015 values (38.7% food; 34.4% garden; 19 Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021.', 'Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO• Sludge sent to managed sites remains constant at 2015 value (0%); and, • Amount of methane recovered remains constant at 2015 value (zero kg). For wastewater treatment and discharge, it was assumed that consumption, wastewater generation and treatment practices remain the same over the projected period, while wastewater generation grows in line with national population growth.', 'For wastewater treatment and discharge, it was assumed that consumption, wastewater generation and treatment practices remain the same over the projected period, while wastewater generation grows in line with national population growth. The following specific assumptions for wastewater treatment and discharge were made: • Degradable organic component remains at default value; • Types of treatment and discharge remain constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine; the remainder, lagoon; • Fraction of population using different treatments remains constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine; the remainder, lagoon; • Degree of technology use remains constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine, the remainder lagoon; and, • Per capita protein consumption remains constant as of 2015 (17.888 kg/person/year).', 'The following specific assumptions for wastewater treatment and discharge were made: • Degradable organic component remains at default value; • Types of treatment and discharge remain constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine; the remainder, lagoon; • Fraction of population using different treatments remains constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine; the remainder, lagoon; • Degree of technology use remains constant from 2015 to 2025 (mostly anaerobic deep lagoon; the remainder, latrine); from 2025, mostly septic tank and latrine, the remainder lagoon; and, • Per capita protein consumption remains constant as of 2015 (17.888 kg/person/year). For industrial wastewater treatment and discharge, future activity was assumed to increase in line with the historical increase for the period 2005 - 2015.', 'For industrial wastewater treatment and discharge, future activity was assumed to increase in line with the historical increase for the period 2005 - 2015. 3.6.1 Main mitigation Policies and Measures Table 3-16: Main mitigation Policies and Measures Sub-sectors Mitigation Measure Description and Impact Waste sector Planned Green Cities Waste management This measure will target green development in the large municipal areas. It will look into improving infrastructure in the cities. This measure has potential to reduce emissions by approximately 1.1 MtCO2e by 2030. NAMA - Schools bio- latrines This measure is aimed at introducing biogas digesters in schools. Biogas digesters will be fed by waste from bio latrines and used for cooking. The measure has potential to reduce the emissions by 0.0006 MtCO2e by 2030.', 'The measure has potential to reduce the emissions by 0.0006 MtCO2e by 2030. 3.6.1.1 Waste Mitigation by Sub-Sectors The waste sector produces relatively smaller amounts of greenhouse gas emissions as compared to other sectors. Two main mitigation measures in the waste sector are planned; i. Green cities waste management ii. School bio latrines – Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Table 3-17 gives a description of the proposed mitigation measures for the waste sector.Table 3-17: Waste mitigation measures by sub-sectors Sub-sector Mitigation measure Description Solid Waste and Waste water Efficient Solid Waste and wastewater management in Planned Green cities Support comprehensive physical planning and efficient waste management (solid and wastewater) for five cities and 15 municipalities.', 'School bio latrines – Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action Table 3-17 gives a description of the proposed mitigation measures for the waste sector.Table 3-17: Waste mitigation measures by sub-sectors Sub-sector Mitigation measure Description Solid Waste and Waste water Efficient Solid Waste and wastewater management in Planned Green cities Support comprehensive physical planning and efficient waste management (solid and wastewater) for five cities and 15 municipalities. This will entail proper implementation of the waste hierarchy and relevant regulations, including reduction, recycling and reuse of solid waste, and wastewater treatment in the cities of Greater Kampala Metropolitan City (GKMC), Gulu, Mbarara, Hoima and Mbale, as well as 15 municipalities. It includes acquisition of land for infrastructure and service facilities for sanitation, solid waste management and drainage services. Wastewater NAMA - Schools bio latrines Improving cooking and sanitation conditions of schools through use of bio latrines (biogas digesters).', 'Wastewater NAMA - Schools bio latrines Improving cooking and sanitation conditions of schools through use of bio latrines (biogas digesters). 3.6.2 Targets for Waste sector Under the BAU scenario, the waste sector emissions are projected to grow from 2.08 MtCO2 e in the base year to 3.19 MtCO2 e in 2030. If fully implemented, the main mitigation measures and policies are projected to reduce the 2030 emissions by 34.8% to 2.09 MtCO2 e. This is illustrated in figure 3-7. . Figure 3-7: Waste sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario The figure also presents the annual mitigation targets for the AFOLU sector.', 'Figure 3-7: Waste sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario The figure also presents the annual mitigation targets for the AFOLU sector. Planned green cities waste management has high mitigation potential over the schools’ bio latrines and can account for nearly all the current potential abatements in the NDC scenario.3.6.3 Additional Mitigation Measures Table 3-18: Additional mitigation measures under the Waste sector Sub-sectors Mitigation Measure Description Waste Sugarcane waste management Waste from sugarcane is increasing in the country. There is potential to generate energy from this waste. Energy generation potential from this waste needs to be investigated. Wastewater NAMA - Iintegrated Wastewater Treatment for Agro-process Water in Uganda The NAMA seeks to increase efficiency and value addition prospects for wastewater treatment of agro-processing firms by establishing an integrated wastewater treatment process using both an anaerobic and aerobic digester with sequencing batch reactor.', 'Wastewater NAMA - Iintegrated Wastewater Treatment for Agro-process Water in Uganda The NAMA seeks to increase efficiency and value addition prospects for wastewater treatment of agro-processing firms by establishing an integrated wastewater treatment process using both an anaerobic and aerobic digester with sequencing batch reactor. Methane will be captured as biogas. The NAMA will address methane emissions from agro-process wastewater treatment, which were estimated at 14,358 tCO2e/year for effluent from 11 fish factories and three abattoirs in Kampala City Wastewater and sanitation Wastewater treatment Enhancing wastewater collection and treatment, including decentralized sanitation solutions Wastewater and sanitation Energy recovery Achieving energy neutrality in wastewater treatment plants with implementation of energy recovery Water and Wastewater Energy efficiency Implement measures to improve the energy balance of water and wastewater treatment and transportation, including technological upgrades of aeration and compressors; sludge management; pipes maintenance; digitalization and variable speed drive control; sensors; process controls etc.', 'The NAMA will address methane emissions from agro-process wastewater treatment, which were estimated at 14,358 tCO2e/year for effluent from 11 fish factories and three abattoirs in Kampala City Wastewater and sanitation Wastewater treatment Enhancing wastewater collection and treatment, including decentralized sanitation solutions Wastewater and sanitation Energy recovery Achieving energy neutrality in wastewater treatment plants with implementation of energy recovery Water and Wastewater Energy efficiency Implement measures to improve the energy balance of water and wastewater treatment and transportation, including technological upgrades of aeration and compressors; sludge management; pipes maintenance; digitalization and variable speed drive control; sensors; process controls etc. ; as well as addressing water losses or unnecessary water consumption. Water and Wastewater Renewable energy Replacement of fossil energy sources with renewable energy in water and wastewater management.', 'Water and Wastewater Renewable energy Replacement of fossil energy sources with renewable energy in water and wastewater management. 3.7 Industrial Processes and Product Use Uganda’s industrial sector continues to grow having been prioritised as a key programme in her NDP III. The sector has a high potential for enhanced economies of scale for factor productivity and deeper, more dynamic and stronger forward and backward linkages with other sectors. Emissions in this sector are from cement production, lime production, iron and steel production, lubricant use, refrigeration and air conditioning. Cement production accounts for the highest share of emissions within the sector. Two types of cement are produced in the country: Portland cement and Pozzolana Portland Cement.', 'Two types of cement are produced in the country: Portland cement and Pozzolana Portland Cement. The clicker fractions in the Portland cement and Pozzolana Portland Cement are 95% and 72% respectively (Ministry of Water and Environment, 2019).3.7.1 Mitigation Policies and Measures 3.7.1.1 IPPU Mitigation by Sub-Sectors Because cement production is responsible for the majority of emissions in the IPPU sector, targeting it is therefore the best course of action for reducing emissions in the sector. Clinker is a component of cement and is essentially a mix of limestone and minerals that have been heated and transformed in a kiln. The table 3-19 presents the main and additional mitigation measures for this sector. Table 3-19: Mitigation measures under IPPU sector Sub-sector Description Main Mitigation Measure Cement sector Clinker substitution in cement production.', 'Table 3-19: Mitigation measures under IPPU sector Sub-sector Description Main Mitigation Measure Cement sector Clinker substitution in cement production. This measure aims to substitute clinker in cement production with less carbon intensive constituents like pozzolana, fly-ash or slag. This measure has a potential to reduce the emissions by approximately 0.10 MtCO2e by 2030. Other constituents (i.e., pozzolana, fly-ash or slag) are used to replace clinker in cement, thereby lowering emissions and energy use. Additional Mitigation Measure Refrigerant use Circular economy management of refrigerants 3.7.2 Targets for IPPU Sector Under Business-as-Usual scenario, the industrial processes and product use sector emissions are projected to grow from 0.57 MtCO2 e in 2030. Implementation of the main mitigation measure has the potential to reduce the emissions in this sector by 14% to e in 2030 as shown in the figure 3-8.', 'Implementation of the main mitigation measure has the potential to reduce the emissions in this sector by 14% to e in 2030 as shown in the figure 3-8. The figure also presents the annual mitigation targets for the IPPU sector. Figure 3-8: IPPU sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario3.8 Co-benefits of NDC implementation for short-lived Climate pollutant and Air pollutant mitigation Uganda joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2021, and is committed to undertaking integrated action that simultaneously improves air quality and mitigate climate change.', 'Figure 3-8: IPPU sector baseline and annual targets under the NDC scenario3.8 Co-benefits of NDC implementation for short-lived Climate pollutant and Air pollutant mitigation Uganda joined the Climate and Clean Air Coalition in 2021, and is committed to undertaking integrated action that simultaneously improves air quality and mitigate climate change. Under the Climate and Clean Air 3 Coalition s Supporting National Action & Planning (SNAP) initiative, Uganda is enhancing institutional capacity to address climate change and air pollution through the development of national ambient air quality regulations and standards and by integrating climate change and clean air strategies.', 'Under the Climate and Clean Air 3 Coalition s Supporting National Action & Planning (SNAP) initiative, Uganda is enhancing institutional capacity to address climate change and air pollution through the development of national ambient air quality regulations and standards and by integrating climate change and clean air strategies. Uganda intends to improve her national planning process to mitigate short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) by developing a national emission inventory of SLCPs and air pollutants for instance black carbon, methane and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). This will complement Uganda’s efforts towards the implementation of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone layer.', 'This will complement Uganda’s efforts towards the implementation of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the Ozone layer. Additionally, national appropriate policies and measures to reduce SLCPs will be identified and integrated in the next round of NDCs.4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION This section highlights the financial support required for implementing the updated NDC actions and measures across all sectors up to 2030 including capacity building and technology development and transfer requirements, and gender equity and transformative actions for ensuring resilience building and low carbon development.', 'Additionally, national appropriate policies and measures to reduce SLCPs will be identified and integrated in the next round of NDCs.4 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION This section highlights the financial support required for implementing the updated NDC actions and measures across all sectors up to 2030 including capacity building and technology development and transfer requirements, and gender equity and transformative actions for ensuring resilience building and low carbon development. 4.1 Climate Finance Needs Uganda requires USD 28.1 billion to implement both unconditional and conditional adaptation and mitigation actions and targets of the updated NDC and its cross-cutting issues of technology development and transfer, gender, and capacity building across all sectors up to 2030. The financial support is expected to be mobilized from domestic and international sources.', 'The financial support is expected to be mobilized from domestic and international sources. The estimated cost of the adaptation up to 2030 across all sectors is USD 17.7 billion of which USD 2.5 billion equivalent to 14% of the total adaptation cost is unconditional and USD 15.2 billion equivalent to 86% is conditional on international support. The estimated cost of the mitigation policies and measures up to 2030 across all sectors is USD 10.3 billion of which USD 1.6 billion equivalent to 15% of the total mitigation cost is unconditional and USD 8.7 billion equivalent to 85% is conditional on international support. The estimated cost of crosscutting activities including coordination support is USD 0.1 billion.', 'The estimated cost of crosscutting activities including coordination support is USD 0.1 billion. 4.2 Capacity Building Capacity building and technology development and transfer are critical for both implementing the interventions in this updated NDC and achieving the Paris Agreement s goals. Recognising the importance of supporting climate change education, training, public awareness, public participation and access to information is crucial to the implementation of the updated NDC. Uganda will apply a whole- of -society approach to promote knowledge, awareness raising and information sharing. The following are some of the capacity building needs to drive implementation of the updated NDC; • Reviewing and implementing the Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy. • Building long-term strategic multi stakeholder partnerships.', '• Building long-term strategic multi stakeholder partnerships. • Strengthening coordination and institutional arrangement to enhance collaboration and promote knowledge sharing. • Establishing climate change knowledge and learning centres. • Expanding access to tools and support for capacity building and awareness raising. • Strengthening monitoring, reporting and verification of the implementation and achievement of the updated NDC. • Technology Development and Transfer.Uganda has conducted a systematic process for identifying and selecting climate technologies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. A technology action plan for adaptation and for mitigation has been developed but yet to be implemented. For effective implementation of this updated NDC, the following investments are required to accelerate the development and transfer of climate technologies; • Implementing the technology action plans for adaptation and mitigation.', 'For effective implementation of this updated NDC, the following investments are required to accelerate the development and transfer of climate technologies; • Implementing the technology action plans for adaptation and mitigation. • Establishing national and regional demonstration centres of excellence to foster update of climate technologies. • Building community ownership and capacity to operate and management climate technologies. • Building partnership with private sector, research institutions and non-governmental organization to expand co-investment in technology transfer and diffusion. • Creating an enabling environment to address barriers for the development and transfer of climate technologies.', '• Creating an enabling environment to address barriers for the development and transfer of climate technologies. 4.3 Gender Mainstreaming In this updated NDC, a gender analysis was carried out to highlight the different roles of women and men, the challenges they face in light of climate change, and priorities for climate action, particularly in improving resilience and adaptation. Women and girls, particularly those living in poverty, were found to be at greater risk and burden of climate change. This was partly attributed to unequal opportunities on land rights and the exclusion of women from decision- making and thus not benefiting from technologies and practices which enable them better adapt to changing climate conditions.', 'This was partly attributed to unequal opportunities on land rights and the exclusion of women from decision- making and thus not benefiting from technologies and practices which enable them better adapt to changing climate conditions. Under the NDC support program, Uganda has made significant progress on gender and NDC, which includes a draft report for gender analysis for agriculture, energy, and waste; establishing a climate action innovation challenge grant for women and youth-led enterprises; and designating gender focal points for key NDC sectors to support gender integration in their respective institutions’ planning cycles. This updated NDC comprises adaptation and mitigation actions that take gender into consideration.', 'This updated NDC comprises adaptation and mitigation actions that take gender into consideration. To ensure gender-responsive NDC implementation, the following actions should be put in place: a) Enhance women participation in decision making processes across all levels to enable their contribution in the assessment of needs and prioritization of climate actions. b) Designate gender and climate change specialists across Ministries, Agencies and Local Governments to strengthen gender and climate change mainstreaming in the formulation, implementation and monitoring of NDC actions. c) Expand the mainstreaming of gender and climate change in all budget framework papers and local government plans.', 'c) Expand the mainstreaming of gender and climate change in all budget framework papers and local government plans. d) Develop gender disaggregated data for the updated NDC implementation plan e) Develop skills and capacity on gender and climate change.Annex 1: Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of Uganda’s updated NDC 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The updated base year is 2015 reflecting the latest national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The updated base year is 2015 reflecting the latest national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory. The reference year is 2021 and the reference period is 2021 – 2030. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year In the base year, the emissions were 90.1 MtCO2e. Under Business-as-usual (BAU) conditions (baseline scenario) the country’s GHG emissions are projected to increase to 148.8 MtCO2e by 2030. Sectoral BAU baselines for each of the key mitigation sectors have been computed.', 'Sectoral BAU baselines for each of the key mitigation sectors have been computed. c. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Economy wide emissions reduction of 24.7% in 2030 below the BAU conditions. Of which, Uganda’s unconditional efforts will result into reduction of 5.9% in 2030 below the BAU conditions.', 'Of which, Uganda’s unconditional efforts will result into reduction of 5.9% in 2030 below the BAU conditions. d. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Instead of responding to Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, Uganda has responded to Article 4, paragraph 19 thereby developing the country’s first Long Term Climate Strategy (LTS) which highlights pathways to a resilient, inclusive and low carbon economy by the year 2050. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data sources used for baseline projection are: • Uganda’s 2015 GHG inventory report • East African Commission (2015).', 'd. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Instead of responding to Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, Uganda has responded to Article 4, paragraph 19 thereby developing the country’s first Long Term Climate Strategy (LTS) which highlights pathways to a resilient, inclusive and low carbon economy by the year 2050. e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data sources used for baseline projection are: • Uganda’s 2015 GHG inventory report • East African Commission (2015). The East African Community Vision 2050.', 'The East African Community Vision 2050. • Electricity Regulatory Authority (2021) Least Cost Electricity Expansion Plan 2020-2030. • Government of Uganda (2007). Climate Change: Uganda National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) submitted to UNFCCC. • Government of Uganda (2019) Uganda State of the Environment Report. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). • Government of Uganda (2013). Uganda National Climate Change Learning Strategy 2013 – 2022. Ministry of Water and Environment. • Government of Uganda (2015a). Annual Statistical Abstract. Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS). • Government of Uganda (2015b). National Climate Change Policy. Ministry of Water and Environment. • Government of Uganda (2015d). Second National Development Plan 2015/2016 – 2019/2020. National Planning Authority. Kampala Uganda.• Government of Uganda (2017).', 'Kampala Uganda.• Government of Uganda (2017). Strategic programme for climate resilience: Uganda Pilot Programme for Climate Resilience (PPCR). • Government of Uganda (2017). The Uganda Green Growth Development Strategy 2017/18 - 2030/31. • Government of Uganda (2020). Third National Development Plan 2020/21 - 2024/25. National Planning Authority. Kampala Uganda. • IFPRI (2010). Enterprise Budget Survey: An Analysis of Crop and Livestock Enterprises, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Uganda Strategy Support Program (USSP), Working Paper No. 5, June 2010. • CIAT (2011). Future Climate Scenarios for Uganda’s Tea Growing Areas. International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Final report: July, 2011. • Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA). (2015). Kampala city Energy and Climate Profile. • Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2018).', '• Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2018). National Adaptation Plan for the Agricultural Sector. MAAIF, Kampala Uganda. • Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2020a). Situational Analysis of the Agriculture Sector in Uganda. Final Report. • Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (2020b). Long term low carbon, climate resilient agricultural development pathways for Uganda actions for meeting the goals of the Paris Agreement (UNFCCC COP21). Draft Report. • Ministry of Water and Environment (2013). National Forest Plan. • Ministry of Water and Environment (2014), Uganda’s Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed from: • Ministry of Water and Environment (2015a). Uganda’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Ministry of Water and Environment.', 'Ministry of Water and Environment. • Ministry of Water and Environment (2015b). Economic Assessment of the impacts of climate change in Uganda. Final Report. • Ministry of Water and Environment (2015c). Uganda Wetlands Atlas: Volume One – Kampala city, Mukono and Wakiso districts • Ministry of Water and Environment (2019), Uganda’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Accessed from:• Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (2013). Biomass Energy Strategy for Uganda (BEST). Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development. Accessed from: • Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (2015) Energy and Mineral Sector Development Plan. Accessed from: Development-plan-Final.pdf • National Planning Authority (2010). Uganda Vision 2040. National Planning Authority, Kampala Uganda. Accessed from: • Nsubuga, F. W., & Rautenbach, H. (2018).', 'Accessed from: • Nsubuga, F. W., & Rautenbach, H. (2018). Climate change and variability: A review of what is known and ought to be known for Uganda. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. • Rautenbach. H. (2014). Regional-scale Climate Change Projections of Annual. Seasonal and Monthly Near-Surface Temperatures and Rainfall in Uganda. Report for the Ministry of Water and Environment & Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). • Republic of Uganda (2014). Poverty Status Report 2014. • UNDP. (2018). Uganda national urban climate change profile. UNDP and Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development. Kampala Uganda. • Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) (2018). Uganda National Household Survey 2016/2017. Kampala, Uganda; Accessed from: • UNDP (2013).', 'Kampala, Uganda; Accessed from: • UNDP (2013). Climate Risk Management for Sustainable Crop Production in Uganda: Rakai and Kapchorwa Districts • UN FAO (2019). Options for low-emission development in the Uganda dairy sector. Final report. • USAID. (2013). Uganda Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment. USAID, African and Latin American Resilience to Climate Change (ARCC). • World Bank Group. (2015). Uganda: Strategic Climate Diagnostics, World Bank Group. • WWF (2015).', 'Uganda: Strategic Climate Diagnostics, World Bank Group. • WWF (2015). Energy report for Uganda: A 100% renewable energy future by 2050 f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Baseline projections may be updated under following circumstances: • Significant difference between the actual and projected economic growth (GDP) • Significant difference between the actual and the projected livestock population • Significant difference between the actual and projected population consumption and waste patterns. • Methodological improvements2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; The Implementation period is 2021 to 2030. A mid-term review may be conducted in 2025. b.', 'A mid-term review may be conducted in 2025. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single year target in 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; Uganda has committed to reduce her economy-wide Greenhouse gas emissions by 24.7% in 2030 below the BAU baseline. 82.7% of the mitigation action will come from the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use AFOLU sector. Uganda will use domestic sources of support to reduce emissions by 5.9% below the BAU trajectory in 2030 (un conditional contribution). International support in form of financial, capacity-building and technology transfer, will enable the country to reduce emissions by 18.8% in 2030 below the BAU (conditional contribution). b.', 'International support in form of financial, capacity-building and technology transfer, will enable the country to reduce emissions by 18.8% in 2030 below the BAU (conditional contribution). b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The following IPCC gases have been covered in Uganda’s NDC: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; To the extent possible, categories of emissions or removals have been included, especially those considered ‘significant source categories’ To address the challenge of data availability, a GHG improvement plan has been developed to guide future GHG inventories.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The following IPCC gases have been covered in Uganda’s NDC: • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Methane (CH4) • Nitrous oxide (N2O) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; To the extent possible, categories of emissions or removals have been included, especially those considered ‘significant source categories’ To address the challenge of data availability, a GHG improvement plan has been developed to guide future GHG inventories. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. These have been specified under the Adaptation Component of the NDC.4. Planning process a.', 'These have been specified under the Adaptation Component of the NDC.4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Uganda has put in place institutional arrangements for coordination, supervision, regulation, and Management of all activities related to climate change. In particular, the Climate Change Department of the Ministry of Water and Environment is the mandated institution for coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of national programs and actions on climate change, ensuring that the country meets its obligations and realises its benefits under the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement.', 'In particular, the Climate Change Department of the Ministry of Water and Environment is the mandated institution for coordination, monitoring, and evaluation of national programs and actions on climate change, ensuring that the country meets its obligations and realises its benefits under the Convention, the Kyoto Protocol, and the Paris Agreement. Uganda launched the NDC update process under the leadership of the Ministry of Water and Environment/Climate Change Department with support from the Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) of the NDC Partnership implemented by partners: UNDP; GIZ; IRENA; UNEP; Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, IUCN and ICLEI Africa. The NDC Update Process applied a whole- of- government engagement through a sector-wide approach that ensured key Ministries, Departments, Agencies and Local Governments fully participated in the consultations.', 'The NDC Update Process applied a whole- of- government engagement through a sector-wide approach that ensured key Ministries, Departments, Agencies and Local Governments fully participated in the consultations. A whole -of -society involvement was also followed through a flexible and phased approach to ensure systematic engagement, public awareness and effective participation. As such, five multi-stakeholder regional workshops organised in a hybrid format were conducted in accordance with COVID 19 Standard Operating Procedures of the government in the regions of Central, Western, Eastern, Northern and West Nile. Special consultations were conducted for the youth and civil society with the private sector. Sectoral specific consultations were structured into four groups: AFOLU and Wetlands; Energy and Transport, Waste and IPPU; and Water, Health, Cities and DRR.', 'Sectoral specific consultations were structured into four groups: AFOLU and Wetlands; Energy and Transport, Waste and IPPU; and Water, Health, Cities and DRR. Representatives of women groups and indigenous peoples were also consulted. The NDC update process was conducted simultaneously with the Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LTS), benefitting from joint modelling, assessments, progressive reviews, and stakeholder consultation for proper alignment. ii.', 'The NDC update process was conducted simultaneously with the Long-Term Low Emissions Development Strategy (LTS), benefitting from joint modelling, assessments, progressive reviews, and stakeholder consultation for proper alignment. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Uganda is located in East Africa and occupies an area of 241,555 square kilometres, with water bodies and wetlands covering about a third of it, and standing astride the equator.Uganda’s climate is largely tropical with the rest of the country experiencing bi-modal rainy seasons per year except for northern region. The economy and people are highly dependent on the country’s rich natural resource base including agricultural land, forests, water bodies, wetlands and soils.', 'The economy and people are highly dependent on the country’s rich natural resource base including agricultural land, forests, water bodies, wetlands and soils. The percentage of the population in poverty reduced from 21.4% in 2016/17 to 20.3% in 2019/20(Uganda National House Hold Survey 2019/2020). (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The NDC Update embraced whole -of- society approach where various categories of the society fully participated in a bottom-up approach. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through national and regional consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers to ensure alignment with sectoral priorities.', 'Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the hybrid mode of participation through national and regional consultations enabled the identification of various climate actions which were discussed and prioritised by policy makers to ensure alignment with sectoral priorities. The collaboration with National Planning Authority and the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development ensured alignment of the update process with the Vision 2040 and development aspirations highlighted in the third National Development Plan (NDP III) of the country. The simultaneous work on mid-term climate action planning (NDC update) and long term (LTS development) promoted efficient strategic planning for climate action. The joint modelling for NDC update and LTS scenarios; systematic data and information sharing and joint progressive planning and pooling of partners support propelled synergy.', 'The joint modelling for NDC update and LTS scenarios; systematic data and information sharing and joint progressive planning and pooling of partners support propelled synergy. (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The country envisages to achieve a middle-income status that comes along with improvements in socioeconomic welfare for all Ugandans. The updated NDC will support Uganda’s ambition of transitioning from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country by 2040. b.', 'The updated NDC will support Uganda’s ambition of transitioning from a peasant to a modern and prosperous country by 2040. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not Applicablec.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not Applicablec. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i.', 'How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Not Applicable ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Projects, measures and activities have been identified and are contained in the updated NDC Implementation Plan. 5.', 'Projects, measures and activities have been identified and are contained in the updated NDC Implementation Plan. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” was used in compiling the 2015 base year GHG inventory as well as the assumptions used in the first Biennial Update Report b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable since implementation of policies and measures is yet to commence c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and See belowremovals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The NDC update was informed by the use of Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse gases for 100 years which was used for the 2015 national GHG inventory highlighted in the first Biennial Update Report 2019.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The “2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories” was used in compiling the 2015 base year GHG inventory as well as the assumptions used in the first Biennial Update Report b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable since implementation of policies and measures is yet to commence c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and See belowremovals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; The NDC update was informed by the use of Global Warming Potential (GWP) of Greenhouse gases for 100 years which was used for the 2015 national GHG inventory highlighted in the first Biennial Update Report 2019. Calculation of emissions from some categories was based from the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Calculation of emissions from some categories was based from the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and removals were approached in accordance with the Good Practice Guidance for Land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not included in the emissions calculations iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not Applicable f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not Applicable f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The baseline projections were modelled using a variety of tools in accordance with 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, including the Low Emissions Analysis Platform. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii.', 'For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; The revised NDC has not considered any climate forcer which has not been covered in IPCC iv. Further technical information, as necessary; None g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Uganda will use voluntary cooperation provided for in Article 6 in accordance with the National Climate Change Act 2021 to demonstrate her mitigation and adaptation ambition and mobilise support to promote sustainable development.6.', 'Uganda will use voluntary cooperation provided for in Article 6 in accordance with the National Climate Change Act 2021 to demonstrate her mitigation and adaptation ambition and mobilise support to promote sustainable development.6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Uganda remains highly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts with a low human development index of 0.477 and per capita emissions estimated at 0.1 tCO2eq.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Uganda remains highly vulnerable to climate change and its impacts with a low human development index of 0.477 and per capita emissions estimated at 0.1 tCO2eq. Despite Uganda’s very low contribution to historical and current global emissions, the country has set new economy-wide emission reduction target of 24.7% under the Business as usual constructed in 2021, greater than the target in the first NDC communicated in 2016 of 22% under the Business as usual constructed in 2015. Uganda will mobilize domestic resources equivalent to 15% of the total cost of the updated NDC to cover the unconditional actions.', 'Uganda will mobilize domestic resources equivalent to 15% of the total cost of the updated NDC to cover the unconditional actions. Additionally, the country has communicated its first unconditional mitigation contribution of 5.9% reduction below the BAU trajectory in 2030 and broadened the adaptation sectors from 7 to 13. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Uganda is still a Least Development Country with overarching goal of transforming from a predominantly peasant and low-income country to a competitive upper middle-income country. Uganda ‘s updated NDC represents her contribution and the fair share of domestic effort towards achievement of the long-term temperature goal.', 'Uganda ‘s updated NDC represents her contribution and the fair share of domestic effort towards achievement of the long-term temperature goal. c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; The updated NDC highlights a huge progression from 22% to 24.7% reduction in 2030. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; Uganda continues to set economy-wide emission reduction target despite challenging times of Covid- 19 pandemic and contracting economy. In this updated NDC, the economy-wide emission reduction target of 24.7% reduction is inclusive of new sectors: Transport, Waste and Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU). e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. The NDC has been updated simultaneously with the development of the first Long Term Climate Strategy (LTS)in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; The updated NDC reflects Uganda’s contribution as highlighted above, towards achievement of the objective of stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and defines priority adaptation and mitigation actions. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. The updated NDC defines the country’s contribution highlighted in form of priority adaptation and mitigation actions towards limiting increase to 1.5°C See 6. (a)'] | en-US |
346 | UKR | Ukraine | 1st NDC | 2016-09-19 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ukraine%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Annex I | Middle-income | Europe | 0 | 196.401039 | 24.108611 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/39454182df079ff855ef89ec958f7e26331f011123f38d4887be0d19d744e84f.pdf | ['Додаток 2: Переклад ОНВВ України Intended Nationally-Determined Contribution (INDC) of Ukraine to a New Global Climate Agreement Over the years of independence since 1991, Ukraine has contributed greatly, with 10.2 billion t to reduction of global greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Ukraine amounted to 944.4 Mt CO2 eq in 1990, and 402.7 Mt eq (excluding LULUCF) in 2012, i.e. 42.6% of the 1990 level. GHG emissions including LULUCF amounted to 874.6 Mt CO2 eq in 1990 and 375.4 Mt eq in 2012, i.e. 42.9% of the 1990 level. This reduction resulted mainly from a GDP decrease and a decline in the population and social living standards, which are expected to be recovered and improved to reach the EU level.', 'This reduction resulted mainly from a GDP decrease and a decline in the population and social living standards, which are expected to be recovered and improved to reach the EU level. In 2014-2015, the temporary annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city by the Russian Federation as well as the anti-terrorist operation in some areas of Donetsk and Lugansk oblasts have radically changed Ukraine’s development course. The need has arisen to defend the nation, to build defense fortifications along thousands of kilometers, including those on the border, and to increase the production of weapons, ammunition and other means of defense, which requires upgrowth in output of heavy industry products, metals, cement, etc. Due to the military aggression 20% of the country’s economic potential has been destroyed.', 'Due to the military aggression 20% of the country’s economic potential has been destroyed. After restoration of territorial integrity and state sovereignty over the whole territory of Ukraine, the need will arise to reconstruct ruined industrial facilities and infrastructural networks, including railway infrastructure, gas and oil pipelines, water supply systems, sewerage networks, and to repair and build new residential houses and social facilities. All this will cause increase in the production of metals, non-metal construction items, food products, etc. Ukraine will acutely need multi-billion capitalinvestments. Ukraine’s INDC will be revised after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty as well as after the approval of post-2020 socio-economic development strategies with account of investment mobilization. 2.', 'Ukraine’s INDC will be revised after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty as well as after the approval of post-2020 socio-economic development strategies with account of investment mobilization. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions level Ukraine defines ambitious, but at the same time substantiated and fair target with regard to the level of GHG emissions. It will not exceed 60% of 1990 GHG emissions level in 2030. 5. Scope and coverage: 5.1. Greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (СО2 ); methane (СН4 ); nitrous oxide (N2 O); perfluorocarbons (HFCs); hydrofluorocarbons (PFCs); sulphur hexafluoride (SF6 ); nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). 5.2. Economic sectors / source categories energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry; waste. 5.3. Percentage of GHG emissions covered 5.4.', '5.3. Percentage of GHG emissions covered 5.4. Land use, land-use- change and forestry An approach to including the land use, land-use and forestry in the climate change mitigation structure will be defined as soon as technical opportunities emerge, but no later than 2020 6.', 'Land use, land-use- change and forestry An approach to including the land use, land-use and forestry in the climate change mitigation structure will be defined as soon as technical opportunities emerge, but no later than 2020 6. Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft).', 'Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft). 7.', 'Planning processes: National legislation Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 29.10.1996 № 435/96-ВР; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” dated 04.02.2004 № 1430 - IV; Law of Ukraine “On the Ratification of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community andtheir member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part” dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ; Law of Ukraine “On the Basic Principles (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Decree of the President of Ukraine “On the “Ukraine-2020” Sustainable Development Strategy The Energy Strategy of Ukraine through 2035 (draft); Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the State-wide Target Economic Programme for Development of Industry Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Transport Strategy of Ukraine Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the Concept of the Development Strategy for the Agricultural Sector through 2020” Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the State Target Programme of Energy Efficiency and the Development of Energy Carriers Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Alternative Fuels for 2010-2015” dated Decree of the Cabinet of Ministries of Ukraine “On approval of the National Action Plan on Renewable Energy through 2020” dated 01.10.2014 The National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency through 2020 (draft). 7. Methodological approaches: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approaches to GHG emissions and removals estimation and accounting IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement.', 'Methodological approaches: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approaches to GHG emissions and removals estimation and accounting IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and IPCC 2013 Wetlands Supplement. 7.3. International market mechanisms Ukraine will participate actively in the development of existing international market mechanisms and implementation of new ones. The declared GHG emissions level does not account for the participation of Ukraine in international market mechanisms. 8. Substantiation of the INDC fairness and ambition The economy of Ukraine requires significant structural changes, infrastructural development, technological modernization and recovery after military operations in eastern Ukraine. Consideration of climate protection factor in their planning and implementation provides for addressing new policies.', 'Consideration of climate protection factor in their planning and implementation provides for addressing new policies. Ambitiousness of stated target envisages making efforts to substantially prevent increase of GHG emissions under conditions of the significant planned structural changes, restoration and development of infrastructure, post-war reconstruction. All these actions will require development and implementation of efficient and effective policies and imposing of limitations of GHG emissions which are beyond current international obligations of Ukraine; as well as require significant financial investments. Pursuant to Annex B to the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine has allowed greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 equal to 76% of the 1990 level.', 'Pursuant to Annex B to the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, Ukraine has allowed greenhouse gas emissions for 2020 equal to 76% of the 1990 level. Presented in section 2 ambitious target on the level of greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 in reference to the base year in amount of 60% is much lower than both the allowed GHG emission level for 2020 and the base 1990 year level. 9. Next steps 1. Adoption of relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation. 2.', 'Adoption of relevant legislative acts for the INDC implementation. 2. Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3.', 'Implementation of the Association Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, ratified by the Law of Ukraine dated 16.09.2014 № 1678 – VІІ: Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive Regulation 842/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases; Implementation by Ukraine of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, considering all compliance criteria for full implementation of the Kyoto mechanisms; Development of a long-term action plan for climate change mitigation and adaptation; Designing and implementation of long-term actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. 3. Development and implementation of measures aimed at increasing absorption of greenhouse gases.', 'Development and implementation of measures aimed at increasing absorption of greenhouse gases. 10. Adaptation issue Ukraine will support national adaptation processes in the context of the international commitments in this field. For a medium-term outlook, the adaptation activities will be considered with the same priority as mitigation activates.'] | en-US |
347 | UKR | Ukraine | LTS | 2018-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Ukraine_LEDS_en.pdf | null | Annex I | Middle-income | Europe | 0 | 196.401039 | 24.108611 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/090ab468b92d704ac43cfb15aec16df7ea2d32c10ae636142b589887b074ab83.pdf | ['LOW EMISSION DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY KYIV, November 2017CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 4 1. Strategic vision of low carbon future for Ukraine 14 1.1. Problems and challenges of Ukraine s sustainable development 15 1.2. Goals and objectives of Ukraine s low emission development strategy 15 2. PRECONDITIONS OF TRANSITION TOWARDS LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT 17 2.1. Climate change combatting advantages 18 2.2. Greenhouse gas emissions 19 2.3. Vulnerability to climate change 22 3. LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 25 4. DE-CARBONIZATION OF UKRAINE S ENERGY SECTOR 33 4.1. Energy de-carbonization policy and measures 36 4.1.3. Modernization and innovation 44 4.1.4. Transformation of market and insitutions 48 4.2. Model assessments of social and economic outcomes 53 5. REDUCING NON CO2 EMISSIONS 5.1. Reducing leaks in fossil fuel extraction, processing transportation and storage 56 5.2. Improvement of waste treatment 57 6.', 'Improvement of waste treatment 57 6. CARBON SINK BY LAND USE, LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY SECTOR 61 6.1. Land use and forestry sector and its contrinution to GHG balance господарства України і його внесок у баланс ПГ 62 6.2. Low carbon policies and measures in land use and forestry розвитку землекористування і лісового господарства 64 6.3.', 'Low carbon policies and measures in land use and forestry розвитку землекористування і лісового господарства 64 6.3. Projections of GHG absorption dynamics under different scenarios of Ukraine s foresttry sector development 66 REFERENCESLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS nuclear power plant GDP gross domestic product RES renewable energy sources LULUCF land use, land use changes and forestry Catalogue Catalogue of directions and policies and LEDS measures IAC inter- agency commission on implementation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IEA International energy agency OR oil refinery OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development GHG Greenhouse Gases VAT Value Added Tax PPP Purchasing Power Parity UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategy CPP co-generation power plant DSW domestic solid wastes FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization NPPSUMMARY Low emission development strategy (hereafter – LEDS) determines national stakeholders agreed vision on decoupling further economic and social growth of the State and its social development from the growth in greenhouse gases emissions (hereafter – GHG).', 'Projections of GHG absorption dynamics under different scenarios of Ukraine s foresttry sector development 66 REFERENCESLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS nuclear power plant GDP gross domestic product RES renewable energy sources LULUCF land use, land use changes and forestry Catalogue Catalogue of directions and policies and LEDS measures IAC inter- agency commission on implementation of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IEA International energy agency OR oil refinery OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development GHG Greenhouse Gases VAT Value Added Tax PPP Purchasing Power Parity UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategy CPP co-generation power plant DSW domestic solid wastes FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization NPPSUMMARY Low emission development strategy (hereafter – LEDS) determines national stakeholders agreed vision on decoupling further economic and social growth of the State and its social development from the growth in greenhouse gases emissions (hereafter – GHG). LEDS development has become Ukraine s first experience in synergy approach application, as climate change problem solution requires significant advances in the key sectors of economy and main components to human livelihood.', 'LEDS development has become Ukraine s first experience in synergy approach application, as climate change problem solution requires significant advances in the key sectors of economy and main components to human livelihood. On the one hand, LEDS is based upon the national priorities for sustainable development and current sectoral strategies, while, on the other, it determines a potential pathway for economic development with due account of the goals for the state policy on emission reduction and GHG absorption.', 'On the one hand, LEDS is based upon the national priorities for sustainable development and current sectoral strategies, while, on the other, it determines a potential pathway for economic development with due account of the goals for the state policy on emission reduction and GHG absorption. At the national level, the LEDS is an instrument for public administration and shaping of climate responsible behavior of both businesses and citizens, while at the international level, it supports a global target on stabilization of GHG concentration in accordance to the scenario of global average temperature increase confinement to well below 2°С of pre- industrial level.', 'At the national level, the LEDS is an instrument for public administration and shaping of climate responsible behavior of both businesses and citizens, while at the international level, it supports a global target on stabilization of GHG concentration in accordance to the scenario of global average temperature increase confinement to well below 2°С of pre- industrial level. Existence of LEDS is the basis for development and implementation of economic instruments used to support Ukraine s transition to low emission development, attraction of innovation technologies and international financial resources. LEDS is made of six sections.FIRST SECTION «Strategic vision of low emission future for Ukraine» briefly describes the problems in Ukraine s economic development and approaches to solve them, as well as the LEDS s goal and objectives.', 'LEDS is made of six sections.FIRST SECTION «Strategic vision of low emission future for Ukraine» briefly describes the problems in Ukraine s economic development and approaches to solve them, as well as the LEDS s goal and objectives. The LEDS goal is to determine strategic directions for Ukraine s economy sustainable develop- ment based on national priorities accordant transition to low emission growth trajectory. Strategy objectives: Objective I.', 'The LEDS goal is to determine strategic directions for Ukraine s economy sustainable develop- ment based on national priorities accordant transition to low emission growth trajectory. Strategy objectives: Objective I. Transition to energy system which envisions the use of energy sources with low carbon content, development of the sources of clean electricity and heat energy, increase in energy efficiency and energy saving in all sectors of economy and housing and utilities infrastructure facilities, stimulation of the use of alternative to oil motor fuels and transition of cargo and passenger carrying operations to more environmentally clean types of transport. Objective IІ. Increase in the volumes of carbon absorption and uptake with the help of best climate change mitigation practices in agriculture and forestry. Objective IІІ.', 'Increase in the volumes of carbon absorption and uptake with the help of best climate change mitigation practices in agriculture and forestry. Objective IІІ. Reduction in GHG emissions such as methane gas and nitrogen oxide predomi- nantly associated with fossil fuel production, agriculture and waste. LEDS focuses on policies and measures which will be gradually implemented up to the mid of the current century СНВР, and envisions their periodical review and adjustment. SECOND SECTION «Prerequisites to low carbon development» includes information on: Conclusions of IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereafter IPCC), which justify the need in GHG reduction in order to maintain such status of climate system which will preclude growing in the risks for health and wellbeing of people and environment.', 'SECOND SECTION «Prerequisites to low carbon development» includes information on: Conclusions of IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereafter IPCC), which justify the need in GHG reduction in order to maintain such status of climate system which will preclude growing in the risks for health and wellbeing of people and environment. Main goals of Paris Agreement, which aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, and the expected outcomes for Ukraine from this Agreement implementation. Dynamics in Ukraine s GHG emission for the period 1990 – 2015, including explanations of the specific features in their observed trajectory, as well as the main factors underpinning them.', 'Dynamics in Ukraine s GHG emission for the period 1990 – 2015, including explanations of the specific features in their observed trajectory, as well as the main factors underpinning them. In particular, the GHG emissions in 2015 amounted to 323.36 million tons of CO - equivalent, with the exception of sector «land use, changes in land use and forestry » (hereafter - LULUCF), which is by 66.4% lower than in the base 1990 year. If the LULUCF is included, the emissions in 2015 amounted to 308.64 million tons of CO2-equivalent, which is by 66.1% less compared to base year.', 'If the LULUCF is included, the emissions in 2015 amounted to 308.64 million tons of CO2-equivalent, which is by 66.1% less compared to base year. Dynamics in Ukraine s average annual temperature deviations from climate normal over the period from 1961 – 2015, list of climate change impacts and substantial consequences.Ukraine s international cooperation and participation in climate change mitigation effort. THIRD SECTION «Legislative and institutional foundations, » describes legislative framework supporting low emission development, specifically: Fundamental legislative acts on sustainable development, Ukraine EU Association, ratification of Paris Agreement, Concept for the State Environmental Policy Implementation. Acts issued by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine pertaining to the State policy on climate change. Energy Laws and Acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine.', 'Energy Laws and Acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Renewable energy and Energy Saving Laws and Acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. Laws and Acts of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, draft strategies for development of different climate related industries in Ukraine s economy. Central Executive Body authorized to form and implement the State policy on climate Change is the Ministry for Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine. Inter-agency Commission on implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter UNFCCC) is an advisory body for coordination of activities on different climate change related aspects.', 'Inter-agency Commission on implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter UNFCCC) is an advisory body for coordination of activities on different climate change related aspects. FOURTH SECTION «Decarbonization of Energy in Ukraine» makes the key section of LEDS as the energy sector s share in total emissions of GHG amounts to 65%, and if taken together with GHG generated by the “Industrial processes sector,” the share totals at 82%. According to 2015 data, carbon intensity of Ukraine s GDP is 1.9 times higher than the global figure, 2.4 times higher than that of the OECD countries and 3.3 higher than that of 28 EU member states.', 'According to 2015 data, carbon intensity of Ukraine s GDP is 1.9 times higher than the global figure, 2.4 times higher than that of the OECD countries and 3.3 higher than that of 28 EU member states. Over 1990-2015 the GDP s carbon intensity was going down, yet, under the current economic policy the pace of such reduction is not sufficient.', 'Over 1990-2015 the GDP s carbon intensity was going down, yet, under the current economic policy the pace of such reduction is not sufficient. According to Baseline (business as usual) scenario, which envisions that the characteristics for most of technologies that households apply in their use and consumption of energy resources and those applied throughout all the stages of goods and services production remain unchanged up to 2050, projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» are the following: * data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases by absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015.', 'According to Baseline (business as usual) scenario, which envisions that the characteristics for most of technologies that households apply in their use and consumption of energy resources and those applied throughout all the stages of goods and services production remain unchanged up to 2050, projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» are the following: * data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases by absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015. Emissions, million tons of СО -equivalent Share of 1990 level, %In order to measure reduction in GHG emissions, identified and factored in were the policies and measures on de-carbonization of Ukraine s energy sector grouped by functional and sector principle. Of which, single out were those aiming at the energy sector de- carbonization. I.', 'Of which, single out were those aiming at the energy sector de- carbonization. I. Energy efficiency Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under «Energy efficiency» scenario. Group of policies and measures in energy efficiency includes the following: Increase of energy efficiency in the buildings; Promotion of private and public financing of measures aiming at increase in energy efficiency; Specific measures aimed at increase in energy efficiency in the use of electricity and heat energy and/or types of fuel in all sectors of Ukraine s economy; Incentives to use energy efficient technologies in agroindustry; Incentives to use energy efficient measures in the industry. II. Renewable energy Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under «Energy efficiency and renewable energy» scenario.', 'Renewable energy Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under «Energy efficiency and renewable energy» scenario. Group of policies and measures in renewable energy includes the following: Increase in output and consumption of electricity produced from renewable sources; Environmentally sustainable production and extension in the use of biomass (biofuel); Production of biogas and extension in its use for heat energy and electricity production; Development of Ukraine s sectors international integration in the sphere of renewable energy. Million. tons of -equivalent Scenario «Energy efficiency» Scenario % level Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy» Scenario % level Million. tons of -equivalent UnitIII. Modernization and innovation Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation» scenario. The highest reduction in GHG emissions level will be attained by 2035, after that, the GHG emissions may show insignificant growth.', 'The highest reduction in GHG emissions level will be attained by 2035, after that, the GHG emissions may show insignificant growth. Under this scenario, the share of GHG emissions shall amount to 34% of 1990 level, which is by one percentage point higher compared to the above presented scenario. Under the «Energy efficiency, renewable energy scenario» which does not include modernization and innovations, higher share of renewable energy sources was needed in the structure of energy resources production and consumption in the sphere of traditional generation, in particular.', 'Under the «Energy efficiency, renewable energy scenario» which does not include modernization and innovations, higher share of renewable energy sources was needed in the structure of energy resources production and consumption in the sphere of traditional generation, in particular. Group of policies and measures in the sphere of modernization and innovation includes the following: Increase in power plant operations; Nuclear energy development; Modernization and intellectualization of power grids; Modernization of transport sector; Development of highly efficient cogeneration at local and regional level; Support to energy accumulation technologies implementation; Development of hydrogen generation. Scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation» Scenario Million. tons of -equivalent % level UnitIV.', 'Scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation» Scenario Million. tons of -equivalent % level UnitIV. Transformation of market and institutions Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation, transformation of market and institutions» Group of policies and measures in the sphere of transformation of market and institutions includes: Introduction of market mechanisms enabling reduction in GHG emissions; Support to research and development and design and engineering works; Promotion of more active engagement of communities into climate related policies and measures; Disclosure of information on GHG emissions and absorption at the enterprise level; Application of energy efficiency criteria in the state procurement process; Training and upgrading the skills of professionals; Enhancement of the program for public awareness of climate change consequences, climate change prevention and adaptation to climate change; Enhancement of requirements to ecodesign and labelling of energy related products; Improvement of the organization of labor relations to stimulate, where possible, the use of remote working arrangements.', 'Transformation of market and institutions Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors under scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation, transformation of market and institutions» Group of policies and measures in the sphere of transformation of market and institutions includes: Introduction of market mechanisms enabling reduction in GHG emissions; Support to research and development and design and engineering works; Promotion of more active engagement of communities into climate related policies and measures; Disclosure of information on GHG emissions and absorption at the enterprise level; Application of energy efficiency criteria in the state procurement process; Training and upgrading the skills of professionals; Enhancement of the program for public awareness of climate change consequences, climate change prevention and adaptation to climate change; Enhancement of requirements to ecodesign and labelling of energy related products; Improvement of the organization of labor relations to stimulate, where possible, the use of remote working arrangements. Modelling results show that in 2050 the GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors (according to IPCC classification) may be reduced to the level of 31-34% of 1990, or to 260-285 million t of СО2-equivalent, given that a wide set of low carbon policies and measures for low emission development of Ukraine are implemented,, which, in its turn, will lead to posi- tive social and economic outcomes, in particular, additional growth in GDP and real households income.', 'Modelling results show that in 2050 the GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» sectors (according to IPCC classification) may be reduced to the level of 31-34% of 1990, or to 260-285 million t of СО2-equivalent, given that a wide set of low carbon policies and measures for low emission development of Ukraine are implemented,, which, in its turn, will lead to posi- tive social and economic outcomes, in particular, additional growth in GDP and real households income. FIFTH SECTION «Reduction of GHG other than CO2» describes policies and measures in three areas of activities, aimed at reduction of methane and nitrogen emissions, specifi- cally: I.', 'FIFTH SECTION «Reduction of GHG other than CO2» describes policies and measures in three areas of activities, aimed at reduction of methane and nitrogen emissions, specifi- cally: I. Reduction in the leaks in the process of extraction, processing, transportation and storage of fossil fuels includes the following policies and measures: Reduction of leaks in gas sector; Reduction in leaks in the process of oil extraction, transportation and processing; Removal, use and recycling of coalmine methane from underground coalmines. Scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation, transformation of market and institutions» Scenario Unit Million. tons of -equivalent % levelII.', 'Scenario «Energy efficiency, renewable energy, modernization and innovation, transformation of market and institutions» Scenario Unit Million. tons of -equivalent % levelII. Improvement of waste treatment includes the following policies and measures: Reduction in the amounts of waste and prevention of waste generation; Conducting social advertising campaign aimed at reduction of domestic waste generation; Improvement of methods applied to waste treatment, promotion the repeated use and secondary recycling of waste; Improvement of wastewater treatment. III. Activities in agriculture include the following policies and measures: Improvement of the treatment process of animal origin byproducts; Optimization of agricultural crops fertilization systems. SIXTH SECTION «Absorption of carbon and reduction in GHG emissions in the land use sector, change in the land use and forestry» describes the sector and its contribution to the balance of GHG emissions and absorption.', 'SIXTH SECTION «Absorption of carbon and reduction in GHG emissions in the land use sector, change in the land use and forestry» describes the sector and its contribution to the balance of GHG emissions and absorption. List of policies and measures in the LULUCF includes the following: Optimization of land use structure, extension of space covered with forests, wood lines and green planting under enhanced interagency coordination; Betterment of business practices in the sector using the climate smart methods in agriculture and forestry; Development and implementation of national program for forestry development using the best international experience in this field; Fostering replacement of energy intense produce (such items made of metal, concrete, plastic etc.) with produce made of wood, grown under sustained (balanced) yield forest management.', 'with produce made of wood, grown under sustained (balanced) yield forest management. Projections of GHG absorption by Ukrainian forests under different scenarios: Unit Million. tons of -equivalent % level Million. tons of -equivalent % level Million. tons of -equivalent % level «Business as usual» (no change scenario) Scenario «Forward looking» Scenario «Forward looking with optimum forest cover» ScenarioDue to specific features in the age structure of Ukraine s forests, it is expected that moving forward their absorption capacity will gradually decrease because of a declining growth in phytomass attributable to forest stands natural aging processes. Yet, if Ukraine s forest cover increase up to 19.4 % and progressive management solutions are implemented, in 2050 the volumes of GHG absorption by the forests will amount to 85% of 1990 level.', 'Yet, if Ukraine s forest cover increase up to 19.4 % and progressive management solutions are implemented, in 2050 the volumes of GHG absorption by the forests will amount to 85% of 1990 level. Given appropriate implementation of other policies and measures in the LULUCF sector, the GHG emissions and absorption balance will reach 1990 level. Being committed to achieving Paris Agreement goals and being guided by national priorities, Ukraine will ensure doing its best to achieve the indicative GHG emissions target of 31-34% by 2050, compare to 1990 level. This target is ambitious and fair in the context of Ukraine’s participation in the global response to the climate change threat. Long term strategic planning is an iterative process; hence, this document should not be treated as final.', 'Long term strategic planning is an iterative process; hence, this document should not be treated as final. Ukraine is planning to review its strategy at least every five years in order to measure its progress, and to increase the level of its ambitions in accordance to national circumstances. iSTRATEGIC VISION OF LOW CARBON FUTURE FOR UKRAINE1.1. Problems and challenges of Ukraine s sustainable development Transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon trajectory is an important component to Government policy aimed to ensure its sustainable development, specifically, in the context of 2030 Global sustainable development goals.', 'Problems and challenges of Ukraine s sustainable development Transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon trajectory is an important component to Government policy aimed to ensure its sustainable development, specifically, in the context of 2030 Global sustainable development goals. Following the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine as one Party, and European Union, European Atomic Energy Community, and their member states, as the other Party (hereafter - EU Association Agreement) enhancement of competitiveness has been the main challenge for Ukraine s economic development. Main directions to resolve this problem include establishment of more favorable investment climate, stimulation of innovations, mod- ernization of fixed production assets, and creation of high technology jobs, raising the labor and production efficiency, and implementation of structural and institutional reforms.', 'Main directions to resolve this problem include establishment of more favorable investment climate, stimulation of innovations, mod- ernization of fixed production assets, and creation of high technology jobs, raising the labor and production efficiency, and implementation of structural and institutional reforms. Innovation-investment development model should become the foundation for extended social restoration, where the increase in the volumes of output produced and increase in its competi- tiveness are achieved not by means of additional use of resources, but mainly through intensive production factors, active use of new knowledge and materialized outcome of such knowledge.', 'Innovation-investment development model should become the foundation for extended social restoration, where the increase in the volumes of output produced and increase in its competi- tiveness are achieved not by means of additional use of resources, but mainly through intensive production factors, active use of new knowledge and materialized outcome of such knowledge. Added to this is the fact that negative trends that are observed in production sphere and include aging of fixed assets, technological equipment, and loss of the most skilled staff etc, make it more difficult for Ukraine s economy to get out of systemic crises. Therefore, resolute transition to innovation development model is the only solution to the crisis.', 'Therefore, resolute transition to innovation development model is the only solution to the crisis. Ukraine needs high pace of GDP growth to overcome poverty and impoverishment of citizens, yet, it should be underscored, that a new development model should be – «green» restoration, «green» growth, «green» development, which is based on the inflow of investments into renewable sources of energy, environmentally safe production, and «green» technologies. 1.2. Goals and objectives of Ukraine s low emission development strategy. The LEDS goal is to determine strategic directions for Ukraine s economy sustainable develop- ment based on the national priorities accordant transition to low emission growth trajectory. Strategic vision of low carbon future is reflected in the LEDS objectives: Objective I.', 'Strategic vision of low carbon future is reflected in the LEDS objectives: Objective I. Transition to energy system which envisions the use of energy sources with low carbon content, development of the sources of clean electricity and heat energy, increase in energy efficiency and energy saving in all sectors of economy and at housing and utilities infrastructure facilities, stimulation the use of alternative to oil motor fuels and transition of cargo and passenger carrying operations to more environmentally clean types of transport. De-carbonization of energy system shall bring about structural changes in the economy, primarily through reduced demand for fossil fuels, which will bolster investment opportunities for machine and equipment building, and facilitate expansion of markets for new technology and incentives to further innovations.Objective IІ.', 'De-carbonization of energy system shall bring about structural changes in the economy, primarily through reduced demand for fossil fuels, which will bolster investment opportunities for machine and equipment building, and facilitate expansion of markets for new technology and incentives to further innovations.Objective IІ. Increase in the volumes of carbon absorption and uptake with the help of best climate change mitigation practices in agriculture and forestry. Policy of climate change prevention and mitigation in the sectors of land use and forestry requires strengthening of institutional and improvement of regulatory framework, specifically, with respect to retention and enhancement of climate protection function of forests and soils. Application of climate smart methods in agriculture and forestry will result in the increased volumes of carbon absorption and uptake. Objective IІІ.', 'Application of climate smart methods in agriculture and forestry will result in the increased volumes of carbon absorption and uptake. Objective IІІ. Reduction in GHG emissions such as methane gas and nitrogen oxide predomi- nantly associated with fossil fuel production, agriculture and waste. In addition to reduction in GHG emissions, development and implementation of innovation technologies and production management methods in the above mentioned spheres, will contribute to improvement in human health and reduce the level of environmental degradation. In the process of Ukraine 2050 LEDS development the best global practices were taken into account, and the policies and measures were widely discussed by sectoral work groups, which included decision makers, representatives of aca- demic and expert communities and public.', 'In the process of Ukraine 2050 LEDS development the best global practices were taken into account, and the policies and measures were widely discussed by sectoral work groups, which included decision makers, representatives of aca- demic and expert communities and public. LEDS is focused on the policies and measures which will be gradually imple- mented up to the mid of the current century, and envisions their periodic review and adjustment. !PRECONDITIONS OF TRANSITION TOWARDS LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT2.1. Climate change combatting advantages According to IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, research on detection and establishment of the causes behind climate change have demonstrated that anthropogenic influence on global climate system is the main reason of its undeniable warming, which has been observed since 1950.', 'Climate change combatting advantages According to IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, research on detection and establishment of the causes behind climate change have demonstrated that anthropogenic influence on global climate system is the main reason of its undeniable warming, which has been observed since 1950. Human influence has also resulted in substantial increase of regional temperatures at the continent and subcontinent levels. It is expected that the change in temperature distribution towards warmer regimes will also result in higher repeatability and intensity of extremely high temperature periods. It is highly likely that from 2000 to 2100 increase in average global temperature of the air will amount from two до 5 °C, and raising of sea level - from 0.6 to 1.2 meters with a possibility for significantly higher growth.', 'It is highly likely that from 2000 to 2100 increase in average global temperature of the air will amount from two до 5 °C, and raising of sea level - from 0.6 to 1.2 meters with a possibility for significantly higher growth. Climate change can make long-term economic growth impossible and will increase the risks for human livelihood security at global level. As its consequences, the climate change will include more frequent waves of heat, drought and other extreme weather phenomena, change in precipitation regime and exhaustion of ecosystems, which will substan- tially increase the risks to health and wellbeing of people and environment.', 'As its consequences, the climate change will include more frequent waves of heat, drought and other extreme weather phenomena, change in precipitation regime and exhaustion of ecosystems, which will substan- tially increase the risks to health and wellbeing of people and environment. Paris Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the UNFCCC, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: «Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and; Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development».', 'Paris Agreement, in enhancing the implementation of the UNFCCC, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by: «Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre- industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre- industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and; Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development». In Ukraine, achievement of optimum interrelationship (synergy) of Paris Agreement goals with Ukraine s national priorities will make it possible to: Enhance the role of energy efficiency and general technological modernization of economy on the basis sustainable development; Implement the renewable energy sources on broader and more sound basis; Ensure interlink ages of the State policy in the climate change sphere with the strategies, policies, plans and programs in other spheres of economic and social development of the State; Implement new economic instruments to ensure optimum way for Ukraine to make its national determined contribution into Paris Agreement; Establish grounds to attract climate investments into Ukraine s economy; Strengthen Ukraine s role in international climate change combatting efforts.2.2.', 'In Ukraine, achievement of optimum interrelationship (synergy) of Paris Agreement goals with Ukraine s national priorities will make it possible to: Enhance the role of energy efficiency and general technological modernization of economy on the basis sustainable development; Implement the renewable energy sources on broader and more sound basis; Ensure interlink ages of the State policy in the climate change sphere with the strategies, policies, plans and programs in other spheres of economic and social development of the State; Implement new economic instruments to ensure optimum way for Ukraine to make its national determined contribution into Paris Agreement; Establish grounds to attract climate investments into Ukraine s economy; Strengthen Ukraine s role in international climate change combatting efforts.2.2. Greenhouse gas emissions In Ukraine GHG emission in 2015 amounted to 323.36 million tons of CO2-equivalent, the excep- tion is the sector of LULUCF, with its emissions by 66.4% lower than in the base 1990 year, and by 12.3% less than in 2014.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions In Ukraine GHG emission in 2015 amounted to 323.36 million tons of CO2-equivalent, the excep- tion is the sector of LULUCF, with its emissions by 66.4% lower than in the base 1990 year, and by 12.3% less than in 2014. Inclusive of LULUCF sector, emissions in 2015 totaled at 308.64 million tons of CO2-equivalent, which is by 66.1% less compared to base year, and by 13.2% less com- pared to 2014. Such a reduction is mainly attributed to decrease in the use of energy resources due to decline in GDP, decrease in Ukraine s population number and lowering of social standards of life (figure 2.1).', 'Such a reduction is mainly attributed to decrease in the use of energy resources due to decline in GDP, decrease in Ukraine s population number and lowering of social standards of life (figure 2.1). Total (without net absorption by LULUCF) LULUCF (net absorption ) Share of GHG emissions (total) in relatio to1990 (right scale) GDP share to 1990 (right scale) Share of TPES to 1990 (right scale) Share of GHG emissions (Energy + Industrial processes) to 1990 (right scale) GHG emissions, mln t of СО2-equv-t Share of 1990 . Figure 2.1.', 'Total (without net absorption by LULUCF) LULUCF (net absorption ) Share of GHG emissions (total) in relatio to1990 (right scale) GDP share to 1990 (right scale) Share of TPES to 1990 (right scale) Share of GHG emissions (Energy + Industrial processes) to 1990 (right scale) GHG emissions, mln t of СО2-equv-t Share of 1990 . Figure 2.1. Ukraine s economic, energy and climate performance over 1990-2015.General trend of GHG emissions may be broken down into the following periods: Sharp drop in GHG emissions over 1990-1999, which is attributed to collapse of the Soviet Union and adjustment of Ukraine s economy to new environment. In addition to that, a significant decline in GDP was also taking place; Stabilization and restoration of economic growth over 1999-2008.', 'In addition to that, a significant decline in GDP was also taking place; Stabilization and restoration of economic growth over 1999-2008. This period is char- acterized by a relatively stable economic development and GDP growth. The trend of GHG emissions dynamics does not capture GDP growth, because taking place over this period are structural shifts in economy which increased the role of trade, services and finances in compari- son to industrial output growth rate; Decline and gradual restoration of GHG emissions over the 2008-2012. This period reflects severe effect of global financial and economic crises.', 'This period reflects severe effect of global financial and economic crises. Particularly affected were export oriented industries such as – iron and steel industry, chemical industry, machine building, and also industries related to them – such as electric grid industry and mining industry; 2013-2015 – Ukrainian production sector, which generates 21-23% of GDP, demon- strated negative dynamics. Almost all industries reduced their volumes of output. Pharmaceutical was the only industry which demonstrated positive growth dynamics in its output; Starting with 2016, owing to a number of structural reforms, Ukrainian economy has started its gradual growth.', 'Pharmaceutical was the only industry which demonstrated positive growth dynamics in its output; Starting with 2016, owing to a number of structural reforms, Ukrainian economy has started its gradual growth. Given below are the factors producing adverse effects on the structure and dynamics in Ukraine s economy development: Temporary annexation of the AR of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation ; Military actions of Russian Federation in some areas of Donets k and Luhans k oblasts, which result in reduction of output in the region, worsening of conditions for attraction of external financing and increase in the State Budget expenditures to fund the needs of defense sector and national security and rehabilitation of the ruined infrastructure.', 'Given below are the factors producing adverse effects on the structure and dynamics in Ukraine s economy development: Temporary annexation of the AR of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation ; Military actions of Russian Federation in some areas of Donets k and Luhans k oblasts, which result in reduction of output in the region, worsening of conditions for attraction of external financing and increase in the State Budget expenditures to fund the needs of defense sector and national security and rehabilitation of the ruined infrastructure. According to findings of experts from the National Institute of Strategic Studies, secondary effects from internal political and economic shakeups, annexation of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and some areas in Donets k and Luhans k regions permeated most sectors of Ukraine s economy.', 'According to findings of experts from the National Institute of Strategic Studies, secondary effects from internal political and economic shakeups, annexation of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol and some areas in Donets k and Luhans k regions permeated most sectors of Ukraine s economy. In consequence, to that, current GDP misbalances are growing, volumes of industrial output, construction works, foreign trade and the amount of attracted and disbursed capital investments are decreasing.СО2 is the heaviest GHG, its share over 1990-2015 amounted to 65-75%. The share of methane stays in the range of 21-33%, and that of N2O – 6-8% (figure 2.2 and figure 2.3). Figure 2.3 Structure of GHG emissions by sector in 2015 (without LULUCF) Figure 2.2 GHG emissions over 1990-2015, million tons processes Energy Industrial processes Agricuture Waste2.3.', 'Figure 2.3 Structure of GHG emissions by sector in 2015 (without LULUCF) Figure 2.2 GHG emissions over 1990-2015, million tons processes Energy Industrial processes Agricuture Waste2.3. Vulnerability to climate change Over the course of recent decades climate conditions throughout Ukraine s territory have been changing substantially, bringing about increase in the risks to human health and livelihoods, natural ecosystems and economy sectors. Since the beginning of ХХІ, century intense increase in surface air temperature is observed in Ukraine (figure 2.1).', 'Since the beginning of ХХІ, century intense increase in surface air temperature is observed in Ukraine (figure 2.1). Figure 2.4 Anomalies of annual average air temperature in Ukraine in relation to climate norm (base period 1961-1990) Warming brings about: Sudden changes in weather; Increased frequency and intensity of dangerous and natural hydro meteorological events during the warm season of the year (showers, thunders, rain squall, hail, long periods of heat - heat waves), and in cold season (heavy snowfalls, glazed frost, complex slush buildup); Increased frequency and intensity of droughts, and territories covered by them;Reduction in river flows in the South and South East of Ukraine, increase in the intensity of river floods in the Western part of Ukraine (Subcarpathia and Transcarpathia), in particular, the Dniester basin, change in the intra-river structure of river flows in Ukraine; Raise in the level of Black and Azov seas, which strengthens the processes of erosion, and stream bank erosion, which results in flooding, saturation and soil salting in the coastal area.', 'Figure 2.4 Anomalies of annual average air temperature in Ukraine in relation to climate norm (base period 1961-1990) Warming brings about: Sudden changes in weather; Increased frequency and intensity of dangerous and natural hydro meteorological events during the warm season of the year (showers, thunders, rain squall, hail, long periods of heat - heat waves), and in cold season (heavy snowfalls, glazed frost, complex slush buildup); Increased frequency and intensity of droughts, and territories covered by them;Reduction in river flows in the South and South East of Ukraine, increase in the intensity of river floods in the Western part of Ukraine (Subcarpathia and Transcarpathia), in particular, the Dniester basin, change in the intra-river structure of river flows in Ukraine; Raise in the level of Black and Azov seas, which strengthens the processes of erosion, and stream bank erosion, which results in flooding, saturation and soil salting in the coastal area. Substantial consequences of climate change include increased risks in relation to: Human health, stemming from practically all manifestations of climate change; Significant reduction in yields of major agricultural crops in consequence of dry weather phenomena and emergence of unseen earlier pests and pathogenic diseases of agricultural crops, and also due to other extreme weather phenomena; Exacerbation of problems with water supply in southern and south east regions which suffer from drought in summer, and where the residents are least provided with drinking water of appropriate quality; Intensified degradation of lands and desertification due to high paced climate change; Decrease in productivity, viability and resilience of forests under significant water stress, which increases the likelihood of fires and outburst of mass epidemics of pests; Accelerated degradation of ecosystems; Accidents and unstable operation of electricity grids and district heating systems, other infrastructure facilities.', 'Substantial consequences of climate change include increased risks in relation to: Human health, stemming from practically all manifestations of climate change; Significant reduction in yields of major agricultural crops in consequence of dry weather phenomena and emergence of unseen earlier pests and pathogenic diseases of agricultural crops, and also due to other extreme weather phenomena; Exacerbation of problems with water supply in southern and south east regions which suffer from drought in summer, and where the residents are least provided with drinking water of appropriate quality; Intensified degradation of lands and desertification due to high paced climate change; Decrease in productivity, viability and resilience of forests under significant water stress, which increases the likelihood of fires and outburst of mass epidemics of pests; Accelerated degradation of ecosystems; Accidents and unstable operation of electricity grids and district heating systems, other infrastructure facilities. In the long-term perspective, adaptation to climate change in Ukraine shall be treated with the same degree of priority as climate change prevention, and will include such aspects of policy planning and improvement as expansion of knowledge base, scientifically justified identification of needs and expenses, implementation of innovation approaches and establishment of condi- tions favorable for attraction of external investments.', 'In the long-term perspective, adaptation to climate change in Ukraine shall be treated with the same degree of priority as climate change prevention, and will include such aspects of policy planning and improvement as expansion of knowledge base, scientifically justified identification of needs and expenses, implementation of innovation approaches and establishment of condi- tions favorable for attraction of external investments. 2.4. International cooperation Combatting the climate change is a global challenge, which requires broad international coop- eration, global consensus to which was reflected in the whole number of successively concluded international Agreements including UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement.', '2.4. International cooperation Combatting the climate change is a global challenge, which requires broad international coop- eration, global consensus to which was reflected in the whole number of successively concluded international Agreements including UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, and Paris Agreement. Since the tools envisioned in the first two Agreements have not helped to achieve substantial reduction in GHG emissions, 195 countries, including the most powerful economies, have concluded Paris Agreement, which came into effect on November 4, 2016.According to the objective of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the Parties to Paris Agreement must balance the sources of GHG emission and absorption in the second half of the current century, or to reach actually net zero global GHG emissions by 2100.', 'Since the tools envisioned in the first two Agreements have not helped to achieve substantial reduction in GHG emissions, 195 countries, including the most powerful economies, have concluded Paris Agreement, which came into effect on November 4, 2016.According to the objective of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, the Parties to Paris Agreement must balance the sources of GHG emission and absorption in the second half of the current century, or to reach actually net zero global GHG emissions by 2100. LEDS objectives for Ukraine comply with global objectives of Paris Agreement and joint interna- tional actions will have critical importance to their achievement.', 'LEDS objectives for Ukraine comply with global objectives of Paris Agreement and joint interna- tional actions will have critical importance to their achievement. In parallel to reducing the risks and climate change consequences international cooperation will contribute to significant decrease in de-carbonization expenses, and will provide economic opportunities for both individuals and enterprises.', 'In parallel to reducing the risks and climate change consequences international cooperation will contribute to significant decrease in de-carbonization expenses, and will provide economic opportunities for both individuals and enterprises. Brief description of Ukraine s participation history in the climate combatting processes is the following: Party to Annex I to UNFCCC since 1997; Party to Annex В to Kyoto Protocol since 2004; First country in the world in joint projects implementation (250 projects), 47 million assigned amount units were issued under the green investment scheme over 2008-2012 in the frame- work of Kyoto Protocol; Active participant to negotiation process taking place in the framework of UNFCCC; Climate related obligations were determined in accordance to EU-Ukraine Association Party to Paris Agreement (2016).LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK«Sustainable development strategy «Ukraine – 2020» is the main political document declaring comprehensive strategic guidelines of Ukraine s prospective development.', 'Brief description of Ukraine s participation history in the climate combatting processes is the following: Party to Annex I to UNFCCC since 1997; Party to Annex В to Kyoto Protocol since 2004; First country in the world in joint projects implementation (250 projects), 47 million assigned amount units were issued under the green investment scheme over 2008-2012 in the frame- work of Kyoto Protocol; Active participant to negotiation process taking place in the framework of UNFCCC; Climate related obligations were determined in accordance to EU-Ukraine Association Party to Paris Agreement (2016).LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK«Sustainable development strategy «Ukraine – 2020» is the main political document declaring comprehensive strategic guidelines of Ukraine s prospective development. The Document was approved by Presidential Decree dated 12 January 2015 № 5/2015.', 'The Document was approved by Presidential Decree dated 12 January 2015 № 5/2015. This Strategy envisions reforms in energy sector, agriculture, housing and utilities sector, land reform and implementa- tion of programs for energy independence, increase in energy efficiency, and environmental protection. Association Agreement with EU, which became the part of National Legislation on September 16, 2014 after its ratification by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, envisioned gradual approxima- tion of Ukraine s legislation to EU Laws and policies in energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy products taxation, waste treatment, and climate change, including implementation of GHG allowances trading scheme in accordance to Directive 2003/87/EU on establishment of greenhouse gas emission allowances trading scheme (ETS) within the Community.', 'Association Agreement with EU, which became the part of National Legislation on September 16, 2014 after its ratification by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, envisioned gradual approxima- tion of Ukraine s legislation to EU Laws and policies in energy efficiency, renewable energy, energy products taxation, waste treatment, and climate change, including implementation of GHG allowances trading scheme in accordance to Directive 2003/87/EU on establishment of greenhouse gas emission allowances trading scheme (ETS) within the Community. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine ratified Paris Agreement on July 14, 2016 (Law of Ukraine № 1469-VIII). Even before this the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine by its Instruction dated 16 September 2015 № 980 approved the expected nationally determined contribution to this Agreement.', 'Even before this the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine by its Instruction dated 16 September 2015 № 980 approved the expected nationally determined contribution to this Agreement. It was declared that in 2030 the GHG emissions might not exceed 60% of 1990 emissions level. Further review of ambitiousness level of this contribution is envisioned to factor in Ukraine s social and economic development indicators. In addition to that, to improve the current climate policy the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in its instruction dated 7 December 2016 № 932-р approved the Concept for Implementation of the State policy on Climate change up to 2030.', 'In addition to that, to improve the current climate policy the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in its instruction dated 7 December 2016 № 932-р approved the Concept for Implementation of the State policy on Climate change up to 2030. The Concept determines the tasks in the following areas: strengthening the institutional capacity for development and implementation of state policy on climate change; prevention of climate change through reduction of anthropogenic emissions and increased greenhouse gas absorption to ensure gradual transition to low-carbon development of the country; Adapting to climate change, increasing the resilience and reducing the climate change related risks. Action plan was developed to implement the Concept for implementation of the State policy on climate change up to 2030.', 'Action plan was developed to implement the Concept for implementation of the State policy on climate change up to 2030. Tax on carbon dioxide from fixed sources, which was introduced in 2011, is the current fiscal instrument to reduce GHG emissions (Article 243 Section VIІІ of the Tax Code of Ukraine). Concept for implementation of the State policy on climate change up to 2030 envisions review- ing its rate and administration procedure. Ukraine s 2035 Energy Strategy: «Security, Energy efficiency, Competitiveness» approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction dated 18 August 2017 № 605-r constitutes a fundamentalelement of gradual transition to low carbon development policy.', 'Ukraine s 2035 Energy Strategy: «Security, Energy efficiency, Competitiveness» approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction dated 18 August 2017 № 605-r constitutes a fundamentalelement of gradual transition to low carbon development policy. Because of completing the tasks envisioned by Ukraine s 2015 Energy strategy, it is planned to: achieve more than twofold reduction in GDP energy intensity ; Increase the use of renewable energy sources up to 25% of the total scope of primary energy supply.', 'Because of completing the tasks envisioned by Ukraine s 2015 Energy strategy, it is planned to: achieve more than twofold reduction in GDP energy intensity ; Increase the use of renewable energy sources up to 25% of the total scope of primary energy supply. Components to current climate change prevention policy include the following effective national plans: National Renewable Energy Action plan through 2020, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction dated 1 October 2014 № 902-р, envisions that by 2020 the share of energy pro- duced from renewables shall amount to 11% of energy consumption mix; National 2020 energy efficiency action plan, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction of 25 November 2015 № 1228, which envisions to reach in 2020 the indicative energy saving target of 9% of the average final domestic energy consumption.', 'Components to current climate change prevention policy include the following effective national plans: National Renewable Energy Action plan through 2020, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction dated 1 October 2014 № 902-р, envisions that by 2020 the share of energy pro- duced from renewables shall amount to 11% of energy consumption mix; National 2020 energy efficiency action plan, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Instruction of 25 November 2015 № 1228, which envisions to reach in 2020 the indicative energy saving target of 9% of the average final domestic energy consumption. Action plan to implement the EU Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers instruction of 3 September, 2014 № 791-r, is geared to harmonization of Ukrainian and European legislation on the renewable energy sources (hereafter - RES).', 'Action plan to implement the EU Parliament and Council Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers instruction of 3 September, 2014 № 791-r, is geared to harmonization of Ukrainian and European legislation on the renewable energy sources (hereafter - RES). It is envisioned that sustainability criteria shall be developed for liquid and gaseous fuel, which is produced from biomass and used by transport vehicles, and for liquid fuel, which is produced from biomass and designated for energy use other than transport vehicles. Technical specifications to production and use of bio fuels and bio liquids are planned to be developed.', 'Technical specifications to production and use of bio fuels and bio liquids are planned to be developed. According to the Law of Ukraine «On Amending Some Laws of Ukraine on "Green Tariff” Establishment» (of 25 September 2008 № 601), effective in Ukraine is the «green" tariff which is applicable to purchase electricity produced by the facilities using alternative energy sources (except blast furnace gas and coke gas, and in case of hydroenergy - only electricity which was generated by small hydropower plants).', 'According to the Law of Ukraine «On Amending Some Laws of Ukraine on "Green Tariff” Establishment» (of 25 September 2008 № 601), effective in Ukraine is the «green" tariff which is applicable to purchase electricity produced by the facilities using alternative energy sources (except blast furnace gas and coke gas, and in case of hydroenergy - only electricity which was generated by small hydropower plants). To legally regulate the energy service related services the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine passed the Law of Ukraine «On Introduction of New Investment Opportunities, Guarantee to the Rights and Lawful Interests of Business Entities to Ensure Performance of a Full Scale Energy Modernization » (of 9 April 2015 № 327-VIII, including amendments made in accordance to the Laws № 922-VIII of 25.12.2015; № 1980-VIII of 23.03.2017).', 'To legally regulate the energy service related services the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine passed the Law of Ukraine «On Introduction of New Investment Opportunities, Guarantee to the Rights and Lawful Interests of Business Entities to Ensure Performance of a Full Scale Energy Modernization » (of 9 April 2015 № 327-VIII, including amendments made in accordance to the Laws № 922-VIII of 25.12.2015; № 1980-VIII of 23.03.2017). In addition to that, respective changes were made into the Budget Code of Ukraine with regard to introduction of new invest- ment opportunities, guarantee to the rights and lawful interests of business entities to ensure performance of a full-scale energy modernization, specifically, in the part that relates to defini- tion of energy service contract as a long-term credit liability.State construction codes SCN В.2.6-31:2016 «Heat insulation of buildings» were approved to ensure rational use of energy resources for the purposes of heating and cooling, and to meet the required sanitary parameters of indoor climate as well as to ensure long life of envelope struc- tures in the course of their use.', 'In addition to that, respective changes were made into the Budget Code of Ukraine with regard to introduction of new invest- ment opportunities, guarantee to the rights and lawful interests of business entities to ensure performance of a full-scale energy modernization, specifically, in the part that relates to defini- tion of energy service contract as a long-term credit liability.State construction codes SCN В.2.6-31:2016 «Heat insulation of buildings» were approved to ensure rational use of energy resources for the purposes of heating and cooling, and to meet the required sanitary parameters of indoor climate as well as to ensure long life of envelope struc- tures in the course of their use. The said codes include requirements to energy efficiency and thermo technical characteristics of thermal insulation envelope for buildings and structures and their calculation procedure.', 'The said codes include requirements to energy efficiency and thermo technical characteristics of thermal insulation envelope for buildings and structures and their calculation procedure. SCN В.2.6-31:2016 are designated to be applied in doing design for the buildings and structures with heat, conditioning and cooling, in doing Greenfield projects, modernization, thermal insulation and capital repairs. On June 22, 2017 the Verkhovna Rada passed the Law of Ukraine № 2118-VIII «On Energy Efficiency in the Buildings» which aims to establish conditions enabling reduced energy con- sumption in the buildings in accordance to Directive 2010/331/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council “On the energy performance of building” as a part to implementation of ratified Treaty Establishing the Energy Community.', 'On June 22, 2017 the Verkhovna Rada passed the Law of Ukraine № 2118-VIII «On Energy Efficiency in the Buildings» which aims to establish conditions enabling reduced energy con- sumption in the buildings in accordance to Directive 2010/331/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council “On the energy performance of building” as a part to implementation of ratified Treaty Establishing the Energy Community. The Law regulates establishment of mini- mum requirements to energy efficiency in the buildings, envisions introduction of certification of energy efficiency and survey of engineering systems in the buildings. The Law also intends to regulate professional activity in the sphere of energy efficiency in the buildings.', 'The Law also intends to regulate professional activity in the sphere of energy efficiency in the buildings. The Law of Ukraine passed on 8 June 2017 envisioned establishment of Energy efficiency Fund, which is an important instrument to support energy efficiency initiatives. The said Fund complies with requirements of Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as a part to implementation of ratified Treaty Establishing the Energy Community, and іs designated to stimulate and support measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and energy saving mainly in residential sector buildings with due incorporation of respective national plans and for reduction in GHG emissions.', 'The said Fund complies with requirements of Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council as a part to implementation of ratified Treaty Establishing the Energy Community, and іs designated to stimulate and support measures aimed at increasing energy efficiency and energy saving mainly in residential sector buildings with due incorporation of respective national plans and for reduction in GHG emissions. Already passed or modified Laws of Ukraine support measures, instituting low emissions development in different spheres, specifically: Law of Ukraine «On Natural Gas Market» (of 9 April 2015 № 329-VIII, with amendments introduced in accordance to the Law № 1541-VIII of 22.09.2016), which defines environmental protection, including energy efficiency, increased share of energy from alternative sources and reduction in GHG emissions as general public interest in the process of natural gas market operations.', 'Already passed or modified Laws of Ukraine support measures, instituting low emissions development in different spheres, specifically: Law of Ukraine «On Natural Gas Market» (of 9 April 2015 № 329-VIII, with amendments introduced in accordance to the Law № 1541-VIII of 22.09.2016), which defines environmental protection, including energy efficiency, increased share of energy from alternative sources and reduction in GHG emissions as general public interest in the process of natural gas market operations. Law of Ukraine «On Electricity Market» (of 13 April 2017 № 2019-VIII), which envisions assignment by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of special obligations on market participants with regard to environmental protection, energy efficiency, increase in the share of energy produced from alternative energy sources and reduction in GHG emissions.', 'Law of Ukraine «On Electricity Market» (of 13 April 2017 № 2019-VIII), which envisions assignment by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of special obligations on market participants with regard to environmental protection, energy efficiency, increase in the share of energy produced from alternative energy sources and reduction in GHG emissions. Law of Ukraine «On Alternative Energy Sources» (of 20 February 2003 № 555-IV, in the ver- sion of 11.06.2017), which determines legal, economic, environmental and organizational basis for the use of alternative energy sources and fosters their more extensive use in the fuel and energy sector.Law of Ukraine «On Alternative Types of Fuel» (of 14 January 2000 № 1391-XIV, in the ver- sion of 24.11.2016), which envisions incentives to increase the share of alternative types fuels use up to 20% of the total scope of fuel consumption by 2020.', 'Law of Ukraine «On Alternative Energy Sources» (of 20 February 2003 № 555-IV, in the ver- sion of 11.06.2017), which determines legal, economic, environmental and organizational basis for the use of alternative energy sources and fosters their more extensive use in the fuel and energy sector.Law of Ukraine «On Alternative Types of Fuel» (of 14 January 2000 № 1391-XIV, in the ver- sion of 24.11.2016), which envisions incentives to increase the share of alternative types fuels use up to 20% of the total scope of fuel consumption by 2020. Law of Ukraine «On coalfield gas (methane)» (of 21 May 2009 № 1392-VI, in the version of 22.09.2016), which determines legal, economic, environmental and organizational principles for activities in the sphere of geological study of coal field gas (methane), its extraction and removal in the course of degassing and further use as material and/or energy resource.', 'Law of Ukraine «On coalfield gas (methane)» (of 21 May 2009 № 1392-VI, in the version of 22.09.2016), which determines legal, economic, environmental and organizational principles for activities in the sphere of geological study of coal field gas (methane), its extraction and removal in the course of degassing and further use as material and/or energy resource. Since the time of Paris Agreement ratification legal framework for the related industries polices is gradually changing, as climate change prevention and adaptation hereto have bearings on practically all sectors of economy and human livelihood.', 'Since the time of Paris Agreement ratification legal framework for the related industries polices is gradually changing, as climate change prevention and adaptation hereto have bearings on practically all sectors of economy and human livelihood. A number of below listed Laws and other regulations, already passed or drafted, envision to incorporate certain climate change related policy provisions into sectoral strategies: Law of Ukraine «On Amending the Law of Ukraine «On Drinking Water and Drinking Water Supply» (of 18 May 2017 № 2047-VIII), which provisions aim to improve legal regulation of relations associated with waste water collection and to increase efficiency in the management of drinking water suppliers and water drainage entities.', 'A number of below listed Laws and other regulations, already passed or drafted, envision to incorporate certain climate change related policy provisions into sectoral strategies: Law of Ukraine «On Amending the Law of Ukraine «On Drinking Water and Drinking Water Supply» (of 18 May 2017 № 2047-VIII), which provisions aim to improve legal regulation of relations associated with waste water collection and to increase efficiency in the management of drinking water suppliers and water drainage entities. Draft of the National 2030 Strategy on Waste Management in Ukraine, which was developed with due regard to the Framework Directive № 2008/98/EU on wastes, Directive № 1999/31/EU on waste burial, Directive № 2006/21/EU on management of extractive industries.', 'Draft of the National 2030 Strategy on Waste Management in Ukraine, which was developed with due regard to the Framework Directive № 2008/98/EU on wastes, Directive № 1999/31/EU on waste burial, Directive № 2006/21/EU on management of extractive industries. The goal of this strategy is to create efficient waste management system based on innovation principles, which in the end should facilitate waste recycling of natural resources and recycling of wastes. Draft of Ukraine s National 2030 transport strategy, which aims to comprehensively incorpo- rate global priorities in transport policy, specifically, it envisions to reduce GHG from mobile sources by 60% compared to 1990, increase in the share of electric transport and electro cars vehicles usage, and to increase alternative fuels use share.', 'Draft of Ukraine s National 2030 transport strategy, which aims to comprehensively incorpo- rate global priorities in transport policy, specifically, it envisions to reduce GHG from mobile sources by 60% compared to 1990, increase in the share of electric transport and electro cars vehicles usage, and to increase alternative fuels use share. Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amending the Law of Ukraine «On the Main Foundations (strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine through 2020», which extends the strategy up to 2030,and envisions, among other things, to broaden the Government tasks with respect to prevention of increase in agricultural lands and territorial expansion of buildup territories and infrastructure; increase in the forest covered space in Ukraine; establishment of conditions facilitating broad implementation of environmentally friendly and organic farming technolo- gies.', 'Draft Law of Ukraine «On Amending the Law of Ukraine «On the Main Foundations (strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine through 2020», which extends the strategy up to 2030,and envisions, among other things, to broaden the Government tasks with respect to prevention of increase in agricultural lands and territorial expansion of buildup territories and infrastructure; increase in the forest covered space in Ukraine; establishment of conditions facilitating broad implementation of environmentally friendly and organic farming technolo- gies. Draft Strategy 2022 for sustainable development and institutional reformation of Ukraine s forestry and hunting sector, which envisions, among other things, integration and intensification of forestry and hunting sector contribution to climate change prevention and facilitation of environmental sustainability of Ukraine.Concept for the State heat supply policy implementation, which was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Resolution of 18 August 2017 № 569-р, and aims to develop and determine the methods facilitating effective implementation of the state policy focused to ensure reliable provision of heat supply services, Ukraine s energy independence and security; reduce adverse effects on environment, improve financial and economic situation of enterprises, to introduce transparent efficient system of payments between consumer and service suppliers, and to establish conditions and incentives geared to attract investment in heat supply sector.', 'Draft Strategy 2022 for sustainable development and institutional reformation of Ukraine s forestry and hunting sector, which envisions, among other things, integration and intensification of forestry and hunting sector contribution to climate change prevention and facilitation of environmental sustainability of Ukraine.Concept for the State heat supply policy implementation, which was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers Resolution of 18 August 2017 № 569-р, and aims to develop and determine the methods facilitating effective implementation of the state policy focused to ensure reliable provision of heat supply services, Ukraine s energy independence and security; reduce adverse effects on environment, improve financial and economic situation of enterprises, to introduce transparent efficient system of payments between consumer and service suppliers, and to establish conditions and incentives geared to attract investment in heat supply sector. Ministry for Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine is the Central executive body authorized to form and implement the State climate change policy.', 'Ministry for Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine is the Central executive body authorized to form and implement the State climate change policy. Operating as Advisory Coordination body is the Interagency Commission on UNFCCC imple- mentation (IAC), which was created by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine in 1999. IAC member- ship includes officials at the level of Deputy Ministers of key ministries and other executive bodies, plus, subject to, Ukrainian parliament members, representatives of R&D institutions and NGOs.', 'IAC member- ship includes officials at the level of Deputy Ministers of key ministries and other executive bodies, plus, subject to, Ukrainian parliament members, representatives of R&D institutions and NGOs. In addition, Ukraine has established a practice for broad engagement of representatives from academic and expert community, public and business community into the Task forces drafting legislation as well as other strategic climate change related documents.DECARBONIZATION OF UKRAINE S ENERGY SECTOREnergy intensity of Ukraine s GDP remains extremely high in comparison to advanced countries.', 'In addition, Ukraine has established a practice for broad engagement of representatives from academic and expert community, public and business community into the Task forces drafting legislation as well as other strategic climate change related documents.DECARBONIZATION OF UKRAINE S ENERGY SECTOREnergy intensity of Ukraine s GDP remains extremely high in comparison to advanced countries. In 2015 energy intensity of Ukraine s GDP (according to purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2010 prices) was by 2.2 times higher of the respective global ratio, by 2.6 times higher than that of the OECD countries and by 3.2 times higher of 28 EU member states figure ( Fig. 4.1). Figure 4.1. Energy intensity of Ukraine s GDP according to PPP in 2010 prices.', 'Energy intensity of Ukraine s GDP according to PPP in 2010 prices. Ukraine OECD countries Global EU-28 Ukraine OECD countries Global EU-28 Similar situation is observed in the GDP carbon intensity level (figure 4.2), which, according to 2015 data, exceeds global ratio by 1.9 times, is 2.4 times higher than that of the OECD countries, and 3.3 times higher of 28 EU member states. GDP carbon intensity calculations included only СО2 emissions, and, of them, only those resulted from fossil fuels combustion. Figure 4.2.', 'GDP carbon intensity calculations included only СО2 emissions, and, of them, only those resulted from fossil fuels combustion. Figure 4.2. Carbon intensity of Ukraine s GDP according to PPP in 2010 prices * includes only СО2 emissions and only from combustion of energy resources Figure 4.3 shows dynamics in energy and carbon intensity (it includes all GHG emissions and their absorption) of Ukraine s GDP over 1990-2015 (according to IEA data)Figure 4.3. Ukraine s GDP carbon and energy intensity over 1990-2015. Carbon Capacity, t CO2-eq. /$ 1000 2010 GDP (PPP) Primary energy intensity, t n.e./$ 1000 2010 GDP (PPP) De-carbonization process of Ukraine s energy sector is taking place, yet, under current economic and environmental policy, its pace is not sufficient.', '/$ 1000 2010 GDP (PPP) Primary energy intensity, t n.e./$ 1000 2010 GDP (PPP) De-carbonization process of Ukraine s energy sector is taking place, yet, under current economic and environmental policy, its pace is not sufficient. For example, according to model generated estimates, in the absence of effective policy and de-carbonization measures in Ukraine s energy sector, the GHG emissions will continue to show constant growth and in 2050 may reach 70% of 1990 level, whereas in 2012 and 2015 they amounted to 44% and 31%, respectively. Underpinning such estimates is also the fact that over 1990-2015 the dynamics of total GHG emissions was be corresponding to the dynamics of GHG emissions in such sectors as «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to IPCC terminology (Figure 2.1).', 'Underpinning such estimates is also the fact that over 1990-2015 the dynamics of total GHG emissions was be corresponding to the dynamics of GHG emissions in such sectors as «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to IPCC terminology (Figure 2.1). Table 4.1 presents current level of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes», and their projections according to Baseline (Business as Usual) scenario. This scenario is treated as hypothetic scenario, where the characteristics for most of the technologies in energy resources usage and household consumption, and also at any stage of goods or services production, stay unchanged by 2050, i.e. stay as they were as of 2012. It should be underscored, that technologies are replaced only when useful life of current capacities expires.', 'It should be underscored, that technologies are replaced only when useful life of current capacities expires. The cost and efficiency of technologies replacing the outdated ones are compliant with modern level: with the time the cost is decreasing, while efficiency is growing. Calculation of GHG emissions according to such business as usual scenario is useful, as it enables to perform calculations under alterna- tive scenarios, i.e. the effectiveness of measures and policies, which stimulate technological change in economy and result in its de-carbonization.', 'the effectiveness of measures and policies, which stimulate technological change in economy and result in its de-carbonization. Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» in accordance to baseline (business as usual) scenario Emissions, million tons of СО -equivalent Share of 1990 level, % * data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015.In accordance to baseline scenario, under almost unchanged technical parameters of energy technologies, increase in GHG is taking place as growth in economy is assumed to take place primarily in consequence to restoration and growth in the industrial output. The model includes assumption that average annual GDP growth rates over 2016-2050 will amount to 4%, which means that by 2050 GDP will show a fourfold increase.', 'The model includes assumption that average annual GDP growth rates over 2016-2050 will amount to 4%, which means that by 2050 GDP will show a fourfold increase. Ukrainian population will shrink from 45.2 millions of people in 2014, to 38.9 million in 2050. Over 2014-2050 oil and gas prices will grow by 35% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Baseline scenario conditions do not envision enhanced environmental constraints. Quantitative model calculations of GHG emissions reduction under Baseline scenario are performed with the help of economic-mathematical optimization model of energy flows of Ukraine (model TIMES-Ukraine). This very model is also used to calculate reduction in GHG emissions when policies and measures on energy de-carbonization, included into Catalogue of policies and measures of low emissions development (hereafter Catalogue) are implemented.', 'This very model is also used to calculate reduction in GHG emissions when policies and measures on energy de-carbonization, included into Catalogue of policies and measures of low emissions development (hereafter Catalogue) are implemented. The Catalogue is based on best global practices and current legal framework, and was put together through broad consultations with representatives of Government authorities, business Ukrainian and international experts, scientists and public. Dynamic General Equilibrium Model with extended energy block was used to estimate the social and economic outcomes of Ukraine s energy decarbonization policies and measures implementation. Unification of the said two models was performed through application of the same assumptions with regard to economic growth rate, in particular, aggregated GDP growth rate. 4.1.', 'Unification of the said two models was performed through application of the same assumptions with regard to economic growth rate, in particular, aggregated GDP growth rate. 4.1. Energy de-carbonization policies and measures In the Catalogue policies and measures were grouped by function and sector, of which targeting de-carbonization are the following trends: Energy efficiency – includes policies and measures which aim to increase efficiency in the use of energy resources and energy saving accompanied with enhanced quality in energy services and energy resources supply; Renewable energy – includes policies and measures which aim to support and stimu- late the renewable energy development in Ukraine; Modernization and innovation – includes policies and measures which aim to mod- ernize the fixed assets used in traditional energy (energy resources generation, transition and consumption) and implementation of innovation technologies (such as smart networks, indus- trial production and use of hydrogen etc.', 'Energy de-carbonization policies and measures In the Catalogue policies and measures were grouped by function and sector, of which targeting de-carbonization are the following trends: Energy efficiency – includes policies and measures which aim to increase efficiency in the use of energy resources and energy saving accompanied with enhanced quality in energy services and energy resources supply; Renewable energy – includes policies and measures which aim to support and stimu- late the renewable energy development in Ukraine; Modernization and innovation – includes policies and measures which aim to mod- ernize the fixed assets used in traditional energy (energy resources generation, transition and consumption) and implementation of innovation technologies (such as smart networks, indus- trial production and use of hydrogen etc. ); Market transformation and institutions – includes business measures, which directly or indirectly affect structural shifts in economy and in goods and services markets; regulatory and management practices at the national and sector level; standards and codes; public awareness measures; policy on education, science and technology development.', '); Market transformation and institutions – includes business measures, which directly or indirectly affect structural shifts in economy and in goods and services markets; regulatory and management practices at the national and sector level; standards and codes; public awareness measures; policy on education, science and technology development. For each of the above given group developed are the GHG reduction scenarios based on full imple- mentation of respective policies and LEDS measures. 4.1.1. Energy efficiency Implementation of policies and measures which aim to increase efficiency in the use of energy resources and energy saving accompanied with enhanced quality in energy services and energy resources supply will enable to cumulatively reduce GHG emissions over 2012-2050 by 3 677 million tons of СО2-еequivalent compared to Baseline scenario.', 'Energy efficiency Implementation of policies and measures which aim to increase efficiency in the use of energy resources and energy saving accompanied with enhanced quality in energy services and energy resources supply will enable to cumulatively reduce GHG emissions over 2012-2050 by 3 677 million tons of СО2-еequivalent compared to Baseline scenario. The growth pace in GHG emis- sions will show substantial reduction compared to Baseline scenario. According to «Energy efficiency scenario, » in 2050 the share of GHG emissions will amount to 53% of 1990 level (table 4.2).', 'According to «Energy efficiency scenario, » in 2050 the share of GHG emissions will amount to 53% of 1990 level (table 4.2). GHG emission projections in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baseline and Alternative scenario Scenario Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % level * Data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015.LEDS policies and measures in energy efficiency Raising energy efficiency in the buildings № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Planning and implementation of thermal insulation of housing stock Promotion of energy efficiency in design and construction of residential and public buildings Monitoring energy performance of residential and public buildings Creating enabling conditions for increase in the number of buildings with close to zero energy consumption Introduction of National system for technical regulation of «green construction» To adopt "Government sets example approach " To prepare and implement plans for thermal insulation of buildings with due account for climate and local specificities with proper compliance to energy efficiency requirements and thermal technological characteristics of envelope structures.', 'GHG emission projections in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baseline and Alternative scenario Scenario Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % level * Data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015.LEDS policies and measures in energy efficiency Raising energy efficiency in the buildings № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Planning and implementation of thermal insulation of housing stock Promotion of energy efficiency in design and construction of residential and public buildings Monitoring energy performance of residential and public buildings Creating enabling conditions for increase in the number of buildings with close to zero energy consumption Introduction of National system for technical regulation of «green construction» To adopt "Government sets example approach " To prepare and implement plans for thermal insulation of buildings with due account for climate and local specificities with proper compliance to energy efficiency requirements and thermal technological characteristics of envelope structures. To adopt and ensure compliance with stricter building standards in order to raise energy efficiency in doing new construction projects, modernization, thermal insulation of residential and public buildings.', 'To adopt and ensure compliance with stricter building standards in order to raise energy efficiency in doing new construction projects, modernization, thermal insulation of residential and public buildings. To prepare energy passports including assessment of energy performance in order to measure how much fuel and energy resources was used on heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water supply and lightning in residential and public buildings To set standard requirements to reaching close to zero energy consumption in construction of new and modernization and technical re-equipment of the already existing building To set standard requirements to buildings and settlements design to meet the environmental criteria Budget funded institutions, and public authorities of national, regional and local level must set an example in energy efficiency by their compliance with requirements on carbon neutrality and publicity about their energy consumptionPromotion of private and government funding on energy efficiency measures Increase in energy efficiency in the use of electricity and heat energy and/or fuels in all sectors of economy № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Expansion of public - private partnership in financing of energy efficiency measures To create the prerequisites required to facilitate the use of innovation mechanisms in financing of measures aiming to improve energy performance of buildings (for example, credit guarantees to private capital, credit guarantees to stimulate energy efficiency agreements, transfers, subsidized loans and targeted credit lines, systems of multilateral funding), which reduce energy efficiency projects risks.', 'To prepare energy passports including assessment of energy performance in order to measure how much fuel and energy resources was used on heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water supply and lightning in residential and public buildings To set standard requirements to reaching close to zero energy consumption in construction of new and modernization and technical re-equipment of the already existing building To set standard requirements to buildings and settlements design to meet the environmental criteria Budget funded institutions, and public authorities of national, regional and local level must set an example in energy efficiency by their compliance with requirements on carbon neutrality and publicity about their energy consumptionPromotion of private and government funding on energy efficiency measures Increase in energy efficiency in the use of electricity and heat energy and/or fuels in all sectors of economy № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Expansion of public - private partnership in financing of energy efficiency measures To create the prerequisites required to facilitate the use of innovation mechanisms in financing of measures aiming to improve energy performance of buildings (for example, credit guarantees to private capital, credit guarantees to stimulate energy efficiency agreements, transfers, subsidized loans and targeted credit lines, systems of multilateral funding), which reduce energy efficiency projects risks. Support to ESCO mechanism and it use to raise energy efficiency To create the prerequisites required to facilitate high scale mobilization of private investments for energy efficiency purposes, substantial reduction in energy expenses in public and communal sectors of Ukraine s economy, and also to mobilize private investments to increase energy efficiency at the state and communal facilities such as schools, universities and colleges hospitals etc., including establishment of legal grounds to develop energy service contracts mechanisms for budget funded institutions, comprising an option of entering into long-term sales contracts to budget funded institutions of heat energy produced from alternative energy sources.', 'Support to ESCO mechanism and it use to raise energy efficiency To create the prerequisites required to facilitate high scale mobilization of private investments for energy efficiency purposes, substantial reduction in energy expenses in public and communal sectors of Ukraine s economy, and also to mobilize private investments to increase energy efficiency at the state and communal facilities such as schools, universities and colleges hospitals etc., including establishment of legal grounds to develop energy service contracts mechanisms for budget funded institutions, comprising an option of entering into long-term sales contracts to budget funded institutions of heat energy produced from alternative energy sources. № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of cogeneration installations at the new and already operational energy generation entities.', '№ Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of cogeneration installations at the new and already operational energy generation entities. To establish conditions required for equipment of the new and already operational energy generating entities with highly efficient cogeneration installations in order to use the waste heat, resultant from electricity generation and supply it to consumers Introduction of market mechanism enabling consumer access to energy suppliers To establish competitive environment allowing consumers to freely choose suppliers of different types of energy or fuels in order to save energy resources and\\or financial resources Facilitation the increase in efficient use of natural gas at the heat generation sources in communal energy sector To introduce incentives for communally owned enterprises to increase efficiency in their use of natural gas at the already existing and /or modernized boiler plants.Promotion of energy efficient technologies in agriculture № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of farming technologies which aim to reduce fossil fuel consumption To stimulate modernization of the already existing and introduction of new modern equipment at agricultural enterprises, for example, to convert diesel using agricultural machinery to biofuel or hybrid technology; to introduce automatic operating width technology used by the farm machinery with the help of GPS Promotion of increase in energy efficiency in agricultural produce and foods production process To establish conditions enabling the implementation of energy efficient technologies for deep processing of agricultural produce in food and processing industry Promotion of energy efficient measures in production sector № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Increase in resource efficiency of production sector output To stimulate the production sector enterprises to reduce their specific utilization of the raw and energy resources in the course of industrial output production Lowering the share of carbon intense energy resources use by production sector To stimulate the production sector enterprises to reduce their specific utilization of carbon intense energy resources 4.1.2.', 'To establish conditions required for equipment of the new and already operational energy generating entities with highly efficient cogeneration installations in order to use the waste heat, resultant from electricity generation and supply it to consumers Introduction of market mechanism enabling consumer access to energy suppliers To establish competitive environment allowing consumers to freely choose suppliers of different types of energy or fuels in order to save energy resources and\\or financial resources Facilitation the increase in efficient use of natural gas at the heat generation sources in communal energy sector To introduce incentives for communally owned enterprises to increase efficiency in their use of natural gas at the already existing and /or modernized boiler plants.Promotion of energy efficient technologies in agriculture № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of farming technologies which aim to reduce fossil fuel consumption To stimulate modernization of the already existing and introduction of new modern equipment at agricultural enterprises, for example, to convert diesel using agricultural machinery to biofuel or hybrid technology; to introduce automatic operating width technology used by the farm machinery with the help of GPS Promotion of increase in energy efficiency in agricultural produce and foods production process To establish conditions enabling the implementation of energy efficient technologies for deep processing of agricultural produce in food and processing industry Promotion of energy efficient measures in production sector № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Increase in resource efficiency of production sector output To stimulate the production sector enterprises to reduce their specific utilization of the raw and energy resources in the course of industrial output production Lowering the share of carbon intense energy resources use by production sector To stimulate the production sector enterprises to reduce their specific utilization of carbon intense energy resources 4.1.2. Renewable energy Substantial intensification of renewable energy sources will make a significant contribution to energy efficiency measures, which aim to de-carbonize the energy sector.', 'Renewable energy Substantial intensification of renewable energy sources will make a significant contribution to energy efficiency measures, which aim to de-carbonize the energy sector. In particular, modeling results show, additional - in contrast to “Energy efficiency” scenario - reduction of GHG emis- sions by 2430 million tons of СО2-equivalent could be achieved cumulatively over the 2012- 2050 period, compared to Baseline scenario. Thus, the share of GHG emissions will amount to 33% of the 1990 level, which will not significantly exceed the 2015 level (table 4.3).Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baselines (Business as usual) and alternative scenario * Data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015.', 'Thus, the share of GHG emissions will amount to 33% of the 1990 level, which will not significantly exceed the 2015 level (table 4.3).Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baselines (Business as usual) and alternative scenario * Data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers in Ukraine over 1990-2015. Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in renewable energy Increase in generation and consumption of energy from renewable sources № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of standard for RES portfolio or ecological portfolio RES standard will require electricity generating companies to supply a certain fixed percentage of electricity from renewable source (sources) Overcoming the barriers on the way to renewable energy development Existing institutional and market barriers include price distortions, market s inability to appreciate social good of renewable sources and social costs of fossil fuel technologies, insufficient information, institutional barriers when connecting to the grid, high operational costs for small projects, and high financing costs Pre-investment preparation of industrial platforms for renewable energy facilities in the framework of PPP The measure shall follow the following algorithm: government funded contracts are concluded on competitive basis with design bureaus for them to perform initial project preparations and platform search, pre-construction preparation of platforms, and infrastructure construction.', 'Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in renewable energy Increase in generation and consumption of energy from renewable sources № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Introduction of standard for RES portfolio or ecological portfolio RES standard will require electricity generating companies to supply a certain fixed percentage of electricity from renewable source (sources) Overcoming the barriers on the way to renewable energy development Existing institutional and market barriers include price distortions, market s inability to appreciate social good of renewable sources and social costs of fossil fuel technologies, insufficient information, institutional barriers when connecting to the grid, high operational costs for small projects, and high financing costs Pre-investment preparation of industrial platforms for renewable energy facilities in the framework of PPP The measure shall follow the following algorithm: government funded contracts are concluded on competitive basis with design bureaus for them to perform initial project preparations and platform search, pre-construction preparation of platforms, and infrastructure construction. After that, investment projects with the pre-set parameters are implemented.', 'After that, investment projects with the pre-set parameters are implemented. The investor refunds the money spent on initial project preparations.', 'The investor refunds the money spent on initial project preparations. Promotion the consumer purchase of environmentally clean energy To introduce green certificates system in order to stimulate clean energy generation and supply Promotion of generation and energy consumption from RES by entities of all forms of ownership (incorporation) in agriculture and forestry It is envisioned to encourage introduction of practices and use of equipment contributing to reduction in GHG emissions in production of agricultural produce and foods owing to increased output and use of RES, including, installation of solar or wind energy devises; use of hydroelectricity generators for irrigation purposes, in particular; increased use by enterprises of biomass of their own production and biofuel; extending the energy audit programs Joint combustion of biofuel and fossil fuel at the new and already operating power plants It is envisioned to encourage joint combustion of biomass at the new and already operating power plants, using fossil fuel, in order to reduce the GHG emissions and use of fossil fuel in general.Sustainable production and expansion in the use of biomass (biofuel) № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Increase in sustainable production of biomass for energy supply purposes To increase in the scope of biomass coming from agriculture and forestry (wood substance, wood wastes, wastes coming from agricultural crops and agricultural produce processing; energy crops) to be used in heat and electricity generation and as fossil fuels replacement.', 'Promotion the consumer purchase of environmentally clean energy To introduce green certificates system in order to stimulate clean energy generation and supply Promotion of generation and energy consumption from RES by entities of all forms of ownership (incorporation) in agriculture and forestry It is envisioned to encourage introduction of practices and use of equipment contributing to reduction in GHG emissions in production of agricultural produce and foods owing to increased output and use of RES, including, installation of solar or wind energy devises; use of hydroelectricity generators for irrigation purposes, in particular; increased use by enterprises of biomass of their own production and biofuel; extending the energy audit programs Joint combustion of biofuel and fossil fuel at the new and already operating power plants It is envisioned to encourage joint combustion of biomass at the new and already operating power plants, using fossil fuel, in order to reduce the GHG emissions and use of fossil fuel in general.Sustainable production and expansion in the use of biomass (biofuel) № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Increase in sustainable production of biomass for energy supply purposes To increase in the scope of biomass coming from agriculture and forestry (wood substance, wood wastes, wastes coming from agricultural crops and agricultural produce processing; energy crops) to be used in heat and electricity generation and as fossil fuels replacement. Development and implementation of biomass conversion technologies To increase the pace for development of new biomass conversion technologies as well as the market for such technologies in order to receive biofuel of the first and second generation Expansion in the use of solid household wastes as biomass, and also biomass of park and garden waste for the purposes of heat and electricity generation To increase the scope of biomass coming from solid household wastes and garden and park wastes, which is suitable for heat and electricity generation, first, to meet the needs of small towns and territorial communities.', 'Development and implementation of biomass conversion technologies To increase the pace for development of new biomass conversion technologies as well as the market for such technologies in order to receive biofuel of the first and second generation Expansion in the use of solid household wastes as biomass, and also biomass of park and garden waste for the purposes of heat and electricity generation To increase the scope of biomass coming from solid household wastes and garden and park wastes, which is suitable for heat and electricity generation, first, to meet the needs of small towns and territorial communities. Production of liquid and gaseous fuel from the raw materials coming from agriculture and forestry To increase the output of bioethanol, biodiesel and/or other types of liquid or gaseous biofuel from the raw material coming from agriculture and forestry in order to replace fixed and mobile use of fossil fuel Production of liquid and gaseous fuel from solid household wastes To stimulate the use of SHW biomass for production of liquid or gaseous biofuel (gasification, pyrolysis) and its fixed and mobile use.Biogas production and expansion of its use for heat and electricity production purposes 4.1.3.', 'Production of liquid and gaseous fuel from the raw materials coming from agriculture and forestry To increase the output of bioethanol, biodiesel and/or other types of liquid or gaseous biofuel from the raw material coming from agriculture and forestry in order to replace fixed and mobile use of fossil fuel Production of liquid and gaseous fuel from solid household wastes To stimulate the use of SHW biomass for production of liquid or gaseous biofuel (gasification, pyrolysis) and its fixed and mobile use.Biogas production and expansion of its use for heat and electricity production purposes 4.1.3. Transformation of market and institutions Ukraine s international cooperation in renewable energy № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Biogas production from animal origin by- products and other by- products coming from agro industrial complex To promote the development of agricultural activities which aim to reduce the methane emissions from animal wastes by way of installation of reactor for manure fermentation, and also emissions from primary and secondary agricultural products Generation of energy from biogas coming from SHW landfills Stimulation the collection and use of landfill gas for the purposes of energy generation and incentivizing the use of anaerobic fermentation reactors to produce biogas from organic components of SHW Generation of energy from biogas coming from waste water Stimulation the installment of methane tanks and turbines at the already operating and new waste treatment facilities № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure European integration Harmonization of legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine with EU Legislation on promotion the use of energy generated from renewable energy sources International cooperation Facilitation of further development of Ukraine s cooperation with international (global, regional and national) institutions in the spheres directly or indirectly related to renewable energy development.', 'Transformation of market and institutions Ukraine s international cooperation in renewable energy № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Biogas production from animal origin by- products and other by- products coming from agro industrial complex To promote the development of agricultural activities which aim to reduce the methane emissions from animal wastes by way of installation of reactor for manure fermentation, and also emissions from primary and secondary agricultural products Generation of energy from biogas coming from SHW landfills Stimulation the collection and use of landfill gas for the purposes of energy generation and incentivizing the use of anaerobic fermentation reactors to produce biogas from organic components of SHW Generation of energy from biogas coming from waste water Stimulation the installment of methane tanks and turbines at the already operating and new waste treatment facilities № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure European integration Harmonization of legislative and regulatory acts of Ukraine with EU Legislation on promotion the use of energy generated from renewable energy sources International cooperation Facilitation of further development of Ukraine s cooperation with international (global, regional and national) institutions in the spheres directly or indirectly related to renewable energy development. Cooperation with International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) enabled Ukraine to get access to best global RES related practices.', 'Cooperation with International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) enabled Ukraine to get access to best global RES related practices. Transformation of market and institutions indirectly promote transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon pathway. Policies and measures in this area include business measures, regulatory and management practices at the national and sectoral level, standards and codes, public outreach measures, development of education, science and production of proprietary technolo- gies.Transformation of market and institutions indirectly promote transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon pathway. Policies and measures in this area include business measures, regulatory and management practices at the national and sectoral level, standards and codes, public outreach measures, development of education, science and production of proprietary technolo- gies.', 'Policies and measures in this area include business measures, regulatory and management practices at the national and sectoral level, standards and codes, public outreach measures, development of education, science and production of proprietary technolo- gies. Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baselines (Business as usual) and alternative scenario * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 Scenario Unit Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in modernization and innovation Increase in the power plants efficiency Nuclear energy development № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to modernization of power plants already in operation To ensure modernization of power plants already in operation to facilitate their full or partial transition to fuels with lower or zero GHG emissions level, introduction of incentives /removal of barriers Increase in decommissioning pace of inefficient TPPs To quicken decommissioning pace of inefficient energy blocks at TPP Introduction of incentives, provision of support or establishment of requirements to fossil fuel based advanced technologies To promote the development of new technologies, which will include enforcement and/or incentives for the use of advance technologies by TPP using non-renewable energy sources (coal to start with).', 'Projections of GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» according to Baselines (Business as usual) and alternative scenario * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 Scenario Unit Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in modernization and innovation Increase in the power plants efficiency Nuclear energy development № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to modernization of power plants already in operation To ensure modernization of power plants already in operation to facilitate their full or partial transition to fuels with lower or zero GHG emissions level, introduction of incentives /removal of barriers Increase in decommissioning pace of inefficient TPPs To quicken decommissioning pace of inefficient energy blocks at TPP Introduction of incentives, provision of support or establishment of requirements to fossil fuel based advanced technologies To promote the development of new technologies, which will include enforcement and/or incentives for the use of advance technologies by TPP using non-renewable energy sources (coal to start with). Enforcement envisions to ensure that all or a certain part of coal using power plants would apply certain technology, such as IGCC¹, CCSR².', 'Enforcement envisions to ensure that all or a certain part of coal using power plants would apply certain technology, such as IGCC¹, CCSR². Incentives would include direct subsidies and/or assistance with mobilizing of funding for new technologies implementation , and/or long term purchase agreements on TPP products or services № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Retention of an important role of the nuclear energy as a low carbon energy source. To perform repeated licensing/improvement of characteristics/ enhancement in the efficiency of the already operational NPP under conditions of strict compliance with safety ratios, and also creation of effective mechanism for accumulation by nuclear plant operating organization (operator) of resources required to finance the works on nuclear blocks decommissioning.', 'To perform repeated licensing/improvement of characteristics/ enhancement in the efficiency of the already operational NPP under conditions of strict compliance with safety ratios, and also creation of effective mechanism for accumulation by nuclear plant operating organization (operator) of resources required to finance the works on nuclear blocks decommissioning. To stimulate development of new technologies, such as small module reactors, to facilitate optimum replacement of NPP capacities which will be decommissioned after 2030. ¹IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle or in Ukrainian Integrated combined gasification cycle (ICGC) – is a steam and gas plant with gasification of coal which is used to convert coal into syngas.', '¹IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle or in Ukrainian Integrated combined gasification cycle (ICGC) – is a steam and gas plant with gasification of coal which is used to convert coal into syngas. ²CCSR – (Carbon Capture and Storage Ready) – technology for carbon catching, storage and recycling .Modernization and intellectualization of electricity grids № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Modernization and intellectualization of electricity transmission system and distribution networks to reduce losses at electricity transmission lines To stimulate and support implementation of programs which will aim to achieve higher efficiency in the transmission and distribution systems.', '²CCSR – (Carbon Capture and Storage Ready) – technology for carbon catching, storage and recycling .Modernization and intellectualization of electricity grids № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Modernization and intellectualization of electricity transmission system and distribution networks to reduce losses at electricity transmission lines To stimulate and support implementation of programs which will aim to achieve higher efficiency in the transmission and distribution systems. Modernization of transport industry № Policy /measure Promotion the use of transport vehicle which may use different types of motor fuels (for example, petrol and gas or use biofuel and bio component additives), electric, hydrogen cars, cars using fuel cells, as well as public electric transport development Promotion or introduction of requirements to producers of transport vehicles using combustion engines to increase efficiency and environmental friendliness of traditional transport vehicles Incentivizing Ukrainians to reduce the share of their use of outdated cars.', 'Modernization of transport industry № Policy /measure Promotion the use of transport vehicle which may use different types of motor fuels (for example, petrol and gas or use biofuel and bio component additives), electric, hydrogen cars, cars using fuel cells, as well as public electric transport development Promotion or introduction of requirements to producers of transport vehicles using combustion engines to increase efficiency and environmental friendliness of traditional transport vehicles Incentivizing Ukrainians to reduce the share of their use of outdated cars. To create advantages for old cars scrappage. For example, provision of rewards, introduction of car vouchers etc.', 'For example, provision of rewards, introduction of car vouchers etc. Increase the number of high-speed trains used to carry the same as before number of passenger by railways, it should be underscored, that due to optimized routes and less time required to reach destinations point the park of such trains will be smaller compared to conventional trains More efficient planning of public transport network and routes, which among other things, include better logistics, minimized number of traffic jams in the cities etc…. Improvement of transport system management technologies, including smart system implementation. Introduction of inter -mode load carrying transport technologies.', 'Introduction of inter -mode load carrying transport technologies. Policy which aims to improve railway infrastructure and infrastructure of inland water ways to promote wider use of railways and water transport Stimulation of modernization the water and river ports in order to incentivize implementation of more energy efficient technologies, and take energy saving measures throughout the entire technological chain Development of highly efficient cogeneration at local and regional level № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Development of highly efficient cogeneration Increase in general fuel usage efficiency and reduction in GHG emissions under combined generation of heat and electricity by TPP at local and regional levelSupport to energy accumulation technologies implementation № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to energy accumulation technologies implementation To support development and implementation of energy accumulation technologies by way of subsidies, tariff compensation and other financial incentives Development of hydrogen production technologies № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Development of hydrogen production technologies Provision of incentives on development and implementation of hydrogen production technologies and efficient technologies for storage of electricity in the form of hydrogen 4.1.4.', 'Policy which aims to improve railway infrastructure and infrastructure of inland water ways to promote wider use of railways and water transport Stimulation of modernization the water and river ports in order to incentivize implementation of more energy efficient technologies, and take energy saving measures throughout the entire technological chain Development of highly efficient cogeneration at local and regional level № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Development of highly efficient cogeneration Increase in general fuel usage efficiency and reduction in GHG emissions under combined generation of heat and electricity by TPP at local and regional levelSupport to energy accumulation technologies implementation № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to energy accumulation technologies implementation To support development and implementation of energy accumulation technologies by way of subsidies, tariff compensation and other financial incentives Development of hydrogen production technologies № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Development of hydrogen production technologies Provision of incentives on development and implementation of hydrogen production technologies and efficient technologies for storage of electricity in the form of hydrogen 4.1.4. Transformation of market and institutions Transformation of market and institutions indirectly promote transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon pathway.', 'Transformation of market and institutions Transformation of market and institutions indirectly promote transition of Ukraine s economy to low carbon pathway. Policies and measures in this area include business measures, regulatory and management practices at the national and sectoral level, standards and codes, public outreach measures, development of education, science and production of proprietary technolo- gies. Implementation of these policies and measures will enable additional reduction in GHG emis- sions by 267 million tons of СО2-equivalen. On the whole, compared to Baseline scenario, the scope of GHG emissions reduction will amount to 7438 million tons of СО2-equivalent (cumula- tively for 2012-2050 period), which will enable to stabilize GHG emissions at the 2015 level or at 31% of the 1990 level (table 4.5).', 'On the whole, compared to Baseline scenario, the scope of GHG emissions reduction will amount to 7438 million tons of СО2-equivalent (cumula- tively for 2012-2050 period), which will enable to stabilize GHG emissions at the 2015 level or at 31% of the 1990 level (table 4.5). Projections of GHG emissions for «Energy » and «Industrial processes» in accordance to Baseline and Alternative Scenario * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 Scenario Unit Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation, Market transformation and institutions» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in modernization and innovation № Implementation of market mechanisms allowing for reduction in GHG emissions Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Implementation of emission trading system Policy on implementation of market mechanism allowing for reduction in GHG emissions at its first stage envisions to implement the system for monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG emissions at installation level, and to establish emission trading system at the second stage Improvement of GHG emissions taxation system and targeted use of the revenues obtained To develop and implement the new fiscal instruments applied to GHG emissions reduction, and to update taxation system for carbon emissions or fossil fuel energy consumption 2 Supporting research and development and project design works № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to research and development, R&D products, demonstration projects and promotion of advance technologies implementation To create prerequisites required for implementation of advanced technologies in fossil fuel use, including, integrated gasification in combined cycle (IGCC), carbon capture, storage and recycling (CCSR); advance technology on coal dust, technology of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) Support and expansion of innovative research and development and project design works To increase funding on R&D and project design works which aim to: develop the next generation technologies and to support the “green” energy companies; prepare and implement the measures, which contribute to increased absorption and uptake of carbon by terrestrial absorbents in forestry and agriculture№ Promotion of more active use of communities in the LEDS related policies and measures Policy /measure Establish conditions required for development and passage by local executive authorities and local self-governance bodies of comprehensive and sustainable action plans on energy efficiency including clear cut goals, engagement of citizens into the process of such plans development and implementation, and providing proper information to general public about the contents of such plans and their expected results Disclosure of information on GHG emissions and GHG absorption at enterprise level № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Public reporting on GHG emissions and absorption thereof at enterprise level Regular publication of information from emission sources and absorption thereof № Application of energy efficiency criteria in the public procurement process Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Application of energy efficiency criteria in the public procurement process Establishment of conditions allowing for procurement by government authorities of goods and services with high level of energy efficiency and due account for cost efficiency, economic feasibility, technical specification and competition compliance № 6 Training and skill upgrade for professionals Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Educational and skill training for energy management professional Development the training and skill upgrade system for energy management system professionals through government certification program, industry associations and educational institutions Provision of education and skill training for cus- tomers, designers and contractors who imple- ment modern technolo- gies in energy efficiency, RES and alternative fuels Establishment of preconditions as to provision of the appropriate number of designers, and construction specialists with the level of skill allowing them to install and integrate required technologies in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.Extension of awareness raising program on climate change outcomes, climate change prevention and adaptation thereto № Policy /measure To carry out awareness raising campaign to promote broad understanding by Ukrainian citizens of climate change problem, climate change prevention actions and adaptation thereto (including such co benefits as clean air and citizens health).Improvement of requirements to eco design labelling of energy related products № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Implementation of Eco design for products To give priority to products with the highest energy saving potential.', 'Projections of GHG emissions for «Energy » and «Industrial processes» in accordance to Baseline and Alternative Scenario * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 Scenario Unit Baseline scenario Scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation, Market transformation and institutions» Million tons -equivalent % level Million tons -equivalent % levelLEDS policies and measures in modernization and innovation № Implementation of market mechanisms allowing for reduction in GHG emissions Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Implementation of emission trading system Policy on implementation of market mechanism allowing for reduction in GHG emissions at its first stage envisions to implement the system for monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG emissions at installation level, and to establish emission trading system at the second stage Improvement of GHG emissions taxation system and targeted use of the revenues obtained To develop and implement the new fiscal instruments applied to GHG emissions reduction, and to update taxation system for carbon emissions or fossil fuel energy consumption 2 Supporting research and development and project design works № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Support to research and development, R&D products, demonstration projects and promotion of advance technologies implementation To create prerequisites required for implementation of advanced technologies in fossil fuel use, including, integrated gasification in combined cycle (IGCC), carbon capture, storage and recycling (CCSR); advance technology on coal dust, technology of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) Support and expansion of innovative research and development and project design works To increase funding on R&D and project design works which aim to: develop the next generation technologies and to support the “green” energy companies; prepare and implement the measures, which contribute to increased absorption and uptake of carbon by terrestrial absorbents in forestry and agriculture№ Promotion of more active use of communities in the LEDS related policies and measures Policy /measure Establish conditions required for development and passage by local executive authorities and local self-governance bodies of comprehensive and sustainable action plans on energy efficiency including clear cut goals, engagement of citizens into the process of such plans development and implementation, and providing proper information to general public about the contents of such plans and their expected results Disclosure of information on GHG emissions and GHG absorption at enterprise level № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Public reporting on GHG emissions and absorption thereof at enterprise level Regular publication of information from emission sources and absorption thereof № Application of energy efficiency criteria in the public procurement process Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Application of energy efficiency criteria in the public procurement process Establishment of conditions allowing for procurement by government authorities of goods and services with high level of energy efficiency and due account for cost efficiency, economic feasibility, technical specification and competition compliance № 6 Training and skill upgrade for professionals Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Educational and skill training for energy management professional Development the training and skill upgrade system for energy management system professionals through government certification program, industry associations and educational institutions Provision of education and skill training for cus- tomers, designers and contractors who imple- ment modern technolo- gies in energy efficiency, RES and alternative fuels Establishment of preconditions as to provision of the appropriate number of designers, and construction specialists with the level of skill allowing them to install and integrate required technologies in the sphere of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources.Extension of awareness raising program on climate change outcomes, climate change prevention and adaptation thereto № Policy /measure To carry out awareness raising campaign to promote broad understanding by Ukrainian citizens of climate change problem, climate change prevention actions and adaptation thereto (including such co benefits as clean air and citizens health).Improvement of requirements to eco design labelling of energy related products № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Implementation of Eco design for products To give priority to products with the highest energy saving potential. Eco design establishes minimum requirements, while energy labelling informs buyers on energy and environmental characteristics Improvement the organization of labor relations to encourage, where possible, the use of remote work.', 'Eco design establishes minimum requirements, while energy labelling informs buyers on energy and environmental characteristics Improvement the organization of labor relations to encourage, where possible, the use of remote work. № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Improvement the organization of labor relations To create conditions favorable to improvement the organization of labor relations at the national and local level in order to reduce the need for employees travel by transport vehicles БАЗ ЕЕ ЕЕ+ВЕ ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ+ТРІ Signe and symbols: БАЗ– Baseline scenario; ЕЕ – «Energy efficiency» scenario; ЕЕ+ВЕ – «Energy efficiency and renewable energy»; ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ+ТРІ – scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation, market transformation and institutions».', '№ Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Improvement the organization of labor relations To create conditions favorable to improvement the organization of labor relations at the national and local level in order to reduce the need for employees travel by transport vehicles БАЗ ЕЕ ЕЕ+ВЕ ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ+ТРІ Signe and symbols: БАЗ– Baseline scenario; ЕЕ – «Energy efficiency» scenario; ЕЕ+ВЕ – «Energy efficiency and renewable energy»; ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ+ТРІ – scenario «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation, market transformation and institutions». Figure 4.4 shows projected dynamics in GHG emissions for «Energy» and «Industrial processes» in comparison to 1990 (1990=100%) in accordance to Baseline and Alternative scenarios * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ – «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation»; Figure 4.4.', 'Figure 4.4 shows projected dynamics in GHG emissions for «Energy» and «Industrial processes» in comparison to 1990 (1990=100%) in accordance to Baseline and Alternative scenarios * Data of National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from the sources and absorption by absorbents of GHG in Ukraine over 1990-2015 ЕЕ+ВЕ+МІ – «Energy efficiency and renewable energy, modernization and innovation»; Figure 4.4. Share of GHG emissions in «Energy » and «Industrial processes» compared to 1990Output Household incomes GDP Figure 4.5. Macroeconomic assessments of energy de-carbonization (percentage of Baseline scenario) 4.2. Model assessment of social and economic outcomes Assessments of economic outcomes of low carbon policies and measures show that their imple- mentation is characterized with generally positive macroeconomic effects (Figure 4.5).', 'Model assessment of social and economic outcomes Assessments of economic outcomes of low carbon policies and measures show that their imple- mentation is characterized with generally positive macroeconomic effects (Figure 4.5). Boosted investment processes is the main factor that triggers quality changes, which in turn, result in the raised efficiency in production owing to lower specific consumption of energy resources. Increased efficiency in technology and production processes contribute to additional cumula- tive growth in the goods and services output (6%) and GDP (13%) by 2050. Enhanced productivity and increased output have positive affect on real income of households.', 'Enhanced productivity and increased output have positive affect on real income of households. It is expected that by 2035 additional increase in household consumption can amount to 8%, and will reach 13% by 2050.At the industry level, the start of low carbon development policies and measures implementa- tion will bring about moderate structural shifts, which will be manifested in the increased share of services, and, construction - as the main suppliers of investment products - and also in the shares of some processing industries, notably, chemical and metal industry (Figure 4.6.) Slowdown in goods, and services output growth rate should characterize the industries related to fossil fuels extraction and processing. Distribution of gas Coal m ining O il products H ydrocarbon extraction Coke production Agriculture Electric pow er sector Construction Transport M etallurgy W ood processing Trade N on-energy m inerals Chem ical industry Public adm inistration Food industry H ealthcare Education Figure 4.6.', 'Distribution of gas Coal m ining O il products H ydrocarbon extraction Coke production Agriculture Electric pow er sector Construction Transport M etallurgy W ood processing Trade N on-energy m inerals Chem ical industry Public adm inistration Food industry H ealthcare Education Figure 4.6. Changes in the goods and services output by the industry (percentage baseline scenario) Overall, de-carbonization of Ukraine s energy sector will result in positive social and economic outcomes. Specifically, it is expected that GDP and real income of household will show additional growth. Under increase in total goods and services output, the share of economic activities with high gross value added will be growing at the industry level. Reduced scope of fossil fuels con- sumption will contribute to increased level of national energy security and lowered import dependency.', 'Reduced scope of fossil fuels con- sumption will contribute to increased level of national energy security and lowered import dependency. In 2050, given the policies and measures of Ukraine s energy sector de-carbonization are imple- mented, GHG emissions in «Energy» and «Industrial processes» will be expected to stay within 31-34% of 1990 level or 260-285 million tons of СО2-equivalent.REDUCING NON CO EMISSIONS5.1. Reducing leaks in the fossil fuel extraction, processing, transportation and storage In 2015 methane emissions in Ukraine amounted to 62.7 million tons of СО2- equivalent, which is by 67.1% lower than in 1990. The largest sources of СН4 (61%) emissions are coal mines, as well as the processes of oil and natural gas extraction, transportation, storage and consumption. In agriculture emissions amount to 21%, in wastes treatment sector to 18%.', 'In agriculture emissions amount to 21%, in wastes treatment sector to 18%. Nitrogen oxide emissions in 2015 totaled at 37.21 million tons of СО2- equivalent, which is by 43.3% lower compared to 1990. Producing over 85% nitrogen oxide emission agriculture is a prevailing source of such emissions in Ukraine.', 'Producing over 85% nitrogen oxide emission agriculture is a prevailing source of such emissions in Ukraine. i Reducing leaks in gas sector № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reduction of leaks in gas extraction with the help of new methane capture technologies To implement new methane capture technologies at different technological stages of extraction process can reduce methane emissions by 2.5% Reduction of leaks in natural gas transportation process through modernization of Ukraine s gas pipelines system To introduce innovations and technologies to reduce technical and process design related losses at Ukraine s gas pipeline system, and, in consequence, to that, to reduce GHG emissions in the process of natural gas transportation in the main and distribution gas pipelines.', 'i Reducing leaks in gas sector № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reduction of leaks in gas extraction with the help of new methane capture technologies To implement new methane capture technologies at different technological stages of extraction process can reduce methane emissions by 2.5% Reduction of leaks in natural gas transportation process through modernization of Ukraine s gas pipelines system To introduce innovations and technologies to reduce technical and process design related losses at Ukraine s gas pipeline system, and, in consequence, to that, to reduce GHG emissions in the process of natural gas transportation in the main and distribution gas pipelines. Reducing leaks in oil extraction transportation and processing № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reducing leaks in oil extraction transportation and processing To prevent oil evaporation losses in oil and oil products production, storage and transportation, and also at oil refineries through implementation of respective innovations and technologies Removal, usage and recycling the coalmine methane from underground coal mines № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Removal, usage and recycling the coalmine methane from underground coal mines To promote geology study, extraction and use of coal fields methane, degassation and recycling of methane, in particular, installation of cogeneration plantsUkraine s oil processing industry is characterized by exacerbated manifestation of crises in the market due to reduced production of oil, decrease in import of essential raw materials and low depth of raw materials processing (only at the level 55%) due to outdated equipment and substantial worn out of production facilities.', 'Reducing leaks in oil extraction transportation and processing № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reducing leaks in oil extraction transportation and processing To prevent oil evaporation losses in oil and oil products production, storage and transportation, and also at oil refineries through implementation of respective innovations and technologies Removal, usage and recycling the coalmine methane from underground coal mines № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Removal, usage and recycling the coalmine methane from underground coal mines To promote geology study, extraction and use of coal fields methane, degassation and recycling of methane, in particular, installation of cogeneration plantsUkraine s oil processing industry is characterized by exacerbated manifestation of crises in the market due to reduced production of oil, decrease in import of essential raw materials and low depth of raw materials processing (only at the level 55%) due to outdated equipment and substantial worn out of production facilities. Ukraine needs to update its technological support in oil refineries to 93% level of oil processing. !', 'Ukraine needs to update its technological support in oil refineries to 93% level of oil processing. ! 5.2. Improvement of waste treatment In this sphere, the policy aims to create preconditions, which will enable to increase the share of SHW utilization, to maximize their re-introduction in economy as secondary resources. Through waste generation reduction programs, this policy will facilitate reduction in the scope of waste from residential, commercial and administrative sectors. Decreasing generation of waste imme- diately at the source of its original generation helps to reduce the GHG emissions from both waste burial, and from upstream production processes along manufacturing chain. In addition, GHG emissions associated with SHW transportation will be reduced.', 'In addition, GHG emissions associated with SHW transportation will be reduced. Reducing the scope of waste and prevention of waste generation № Policy /measure Drafting regulations introducing extended responsibility of producers of goods with expiration date (packaging, medicine, electric home appliances, tires, cars, etc.) Development and implementation by local executive authorities and local self- governance bodies of solid household wastes treatment Implementation of financial and economic mechanism to develop the SHW treatment infrastructure and services, namely, VAT exemption, and customs duties privileges enabling to bring into Ukraine the sort of equipment, which is not produced in Ukraine.', 'Development and implementation by local executive authorities and local self- governance bodies of solid household wastes treatment Implementation of financial and economic mechanism to develop the SHW treatment infrastructure and services, namely, VAT exemption, and customs duties privileges enabling to bring into Ukraine the sort of equipment, which is not produced in Ukraine. Social advertising campaigns which aim to reduce SHW generation Improvement the SHW treatment methods, promotion of recycling and utilizationImprovement of waste water treatment № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reduction in waste water generation To introduce new water consumption and waste water reduction technologies, carry out public awareness campaign to reduce water consumption Improvement of waste water and waste water sludge treatment To apply new technologies and management methods to improve waste water and sludge treatment Expansion of district waste water treatment capacities to enable them to provide services to the areas which are not yet covered with such services To establish prerequisites required to expand district wastewater treatment infrastructure (pipeline system, pumping stations, and purification facilities) to the areas, which currently are not yet covered by such systems.', 'Social advertising campaigns which aim to reduce SHW generation Improvement the SHW treatment methods, promotion of recycling and utilizationImprovement of waste water treatment № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Reduction in waste water generation To introduce new water consumption and waste water reduction technologies, carry out public awareness campaign to reduce water consumption Improvement of waste water and waste water sludge treatment To apply new technologies and management methods to improve waste water and sludge treatment Expansion of district waste water treatment capacities to enable them to provide services to the areas which are not yet covered with such services To establish prerequisites required to expand district wastewater treatment infrastructure (pipeline system, pumping stations, and purification facilities) to the areas, which currently are not yet covered by such systems. Spreading out or expansion the regenerated water usage To establish prerequisites required to expand district waste water treatment infrastructure (pipeline system, pumping stations, purification facilities) up to “regener- ated water” safety level and delivery, in order to use such water for watering of lawns, sport fields, and agri- cultural lands or to meet other not drinking water needs.', 'Spreading out or expansion the regenerated water usage To establish prerequisites required to expand district waste water treatment infrastructure (pipeline system, pumping stations, purification facilities) up to “regener- ated water” safety level and delivery, in order to use such water for watering of lawns, sport fields, and agri- cultural lands or to meet other not drinking water needs. Methane and nitrogen oxide are main GHG emissions produced by Ukraine s agriculture. Their sources include digestive fermentation by grazing animals - CH4; cleaning, collection and usage of manure - CH4 and N2O, agriculture used land – N2O , which comes from application of nitrogen containing fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer, manure, plant residues).', 'Their sources include digestive fermentation by grazing animals - CH4; cleaning, collection and usage of manure - CH4 and N2O, agriculture used land – N2O , which comes from application of nitrogen containing fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer, manure, plant residues). Energy efficiency and renewable energy polices and measures for agriculture are presented inLEDS policies and measures in agriculture Improvement of animal origin co-products treatment process components № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Drafting nationally acceptable recommendations on animal feeding practice improvement To draft and implement recommendations on energy value increase in feeding staff which will result in smaller amount of feed staff conversion into methane.', 'Energy efficiency and renewable energy polices and measures for agriculture are presented inLEDS policies and measures in agriculture Improvement of animal origin co-products treatment process components № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Drafting nationally acceptable recommendations on animal feeding practice improvement To draft and implement recommendations on energy value increase in feeding staff which will result in smaller amount of feed staff conversion into methane. Usage of specific natural or synthetic additives will also contribute to higher digestibility of feeding staff and will inhibit methane output Promotion the implementation by agricultural enterprises of all ownership (incorporation) forms of the improved technologies for manure disposal, storage and use Incentives will be provided mostly to small and mid-size agribusinesses for them to introduce advanced manure treatment technologies such as fermentation, avoidance of contact with air in storage process, blending to reduce the loss of nutrition substances, application of advanced methods of field manuring which preclude manure dusting or spreading on the surface, and, hence, reduce N2O, emissions) Optimization the system of agricultural crops fertilization № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Enhancement efficiency in the use of fertilizers To implement scientifically justified technologies in application of fertilizers and other chemical substances, which will help to reduce N2O emissions, because nitrogen surplus that was fixated by plants may either go to subterranean waters and/or emitted into air.', 'Usage of specific natural or synthetic additives will also contribute to higher digestibility of feeding staff and will inhibit methane output Promotion the implementation by agricultural enterprises of all ownership (incorporation) forms of the improved technologies for manure disposal, storage and use Incentives will be provided mostly to small and mid-size agribusinesses for them to introduce advanced manure treatment technologies such as fermentation, avoidance of contact with air in storage process, blending to reduce the loss of nutrition substances, application of advanced methods of field manuring which preclude manure dusting or spreading on the surface, and, hence, reduce N2O, emissions) Optimization the system of agricultural crops fertilization № Policy /measure Description of policy /measure Enhancement efficiency in the use of fertilizers To implement scientifically justified technologies in application of fertilizers and other chemical substances, which will help to reduce N2O emissions, because nitrogen surplus that was fixated by plants may either go to subterranean waters and/or emitted into air. Rational water use in agricultural lands Incentivizing more efficient use of water by implementing best practices in prevention of washing out of nitrogen from the surface and subsequent N2O emissions into air.CARBON SINK BY LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY SECTOR6.1.', 'Rational water use in agricultural lands Incentivizing more efficient use of water by implementing best practices in prevention of washing out of nitrogen from the surface and subsequent N2O emissions into air.CARBON SINK BY LAND USE LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY SECTOR6.1. Land use and forestry sector and its contribution to GHG balance Ukraine occupies the territory of 60354. 9 thousand hectares or 0.4% of the Earth surface, of which the land amounts to 57928. 5 thousand hectares. Ukraine owns 8.7% of the world stock of black soil, 2.3% of cropland (8th in the world) and 2.2% of basal area under cereal crops. Agricultural use lands take almost 70% of Ukraine s territory, forests and other lands, covered in woods and bushes vegetation - 17.6%, and settlement land constitute 4.2%. Fig.', 'Agricultural use lands take almost 70% of Ukraine s territory, forests and other lands, covered in woods and bushes vegetation - 17.6%, and settlement land constitute 4.2%. Fig. 6.1 shows the structure of Ukraine s land resources. Agricultural lands Forests and other forest covered areas Settlements Open wetlands Open lands without plant cover Waters (areas covered with surface waters ) Fig. 6.1 structure of Ukraine s land resources (percentage) in 2015 (according to the data of Geocadastre of Ukraine) Forests is the main sink of GHG emissions in LULUCF sector. According to the State register of Ukraine s forests, the total territory of forest resource is 10.8 million hectares including reclamative afforestation. Prevailing in Ukraine is the State form of forest ownership; about 87% of forests are managed by State entities and organizations.', 'Prevailing in Ukraine is the State form of forest ownership; about 87% of forests are managed by State entities and organizations. The sector s specific feature includes imbalanced land usage structure, excessive ploughness of territory, and low level of forest cover of the territory (average forest cover in Ukraine amounts to 15.9%, while that in European coun- tries is 37%). LULUCF sector contribution to total emission/absorption balance is positive. According to National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers over 2015 in Ukraine the sector absorbed about 5% of the total GHG emissions.', 'According to National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers over 2015 in Ukraine the sector absorbed about 5% of the total GHG emissions. In absolute terms, for the period 2010 - 2015 the level of absorption in the sector stayed within the range of 13-30 million t СО2 equivalent per annum.Forestlands are net GHG absorbers - on average for the period 2010-2015 the scope of GHG absorption by forests amounted to 65.5 million t of СО2 equivalent per annum. GHG emissions in the sector were mostly coming from croplands, pastures, wetlands, settlements and other lands. The scope of GHG emissions from croplands on average totaled at 38.8 million t СО2 equivalent per annum (Fig. 6.2). Fig. 6.2.', 'The scope of GHG emissions from croplands on average totaled at 38.8 million t СО2 equivalent per annum (Fig. 6.2). Fig. 6.2. Dynamics in C02 emissions and absorption (million tons) in LULUCF sector over 1990-2015 (source: NIR-2017) * 1990-2015 data of the National Cadaster of anthropogenic emissions from sources and absorption of greenhouse gases absorbers Together Arable Wetlands Other lands Forest lands Pastures Constructed land Harvested wood products6.2 Low carbon policies and measures in land development and forestry Forest cultivation, sustainable forestry and reduction in the loss of forest cover are the most appropriate activities to increase GHG emissions absorption in LULUCF sector. Of agricultural practices, the optimum include non-exhaustive farming, cattle grazing and organic soil restora- tion.', 'Of agricultural practices, the optimum include non-exhaustive farming, cattle grazing and organic soil restora- tion. Ukraine s specific feature include imbalanced land usage structure, excessive ploughness of territory, and also low level of forest cover of the territory (average forest cover in Ukraine amounts to 15.9%, while that in European countries is 37%). Within the territories of cities and other inhabited localities, the total area of green planting of all types as of 01.01.2015 amounted to 652, 1 thousand hectares. Ukraine belongs to the group of countries with the highest share of agricultural lands in its total area of – 70.8% as of 01.01.2015, including agricultural arable lands – 68.8%, pastures and hey fields– 13.0%.', 'Ukraine belongs to the group of countries with the highest share of agricultural lands in its total area of – 70.8% as of 01.01.2015, including agricultural arable lands – 68.8%, pastures and hey fields– 13.0%. LEDS policies and measures in LULUCF sector Policies and measures aim to: reduce cropland in the land use structure; increase the area of lands covered with forest vegetation, to create new forests (afforestation) and to timely restore the forests (reforestation); Rationally place forests and declarative afforestation, which constitute ecological carcass in the landscape, and restore field protection strips and other types of declarative afforestation; to take stock of green vegetation in the inhabited localities, assess their status and carbon sequestration; to green the inhabited localities, which implies to incentivize measures of support and improvement the status of trees and plants in residential areas of inhabited localities, to increase plants density in urban environment via creating of public and curtilage gardens, green roofs, and to plant different types of vegetation to enable sequestration and uptake of accumulated carbon; to enhance interagency coordination, in particular, among forestry, agriculture etc.', 'LEDS policies and measures in LULUCF sector Policies and measures aim to: reduce cropland in the land use structure; increase the area of lands covered with forest vegetation, to create new forests (afforestation) and to timely restore the forests (reforestation); Rationally place forests and declarative afforestation, which constitute ecological carcass in the landscape, and restore field protection strips and other types of declarative afforestation; to take stock of green vegetation in the inhabited localities, assess their status and carbon sequestration; to green the inhabited localities, which implies to incentivize measures of support and improvement the status of trees and plants in residential areas of inhabited localities, to increase plants density in urban environment via creating of public and curtilage gardens, green roofs, and to plant different types of vegetation to enable sequestration and uptake of accumulated carbon; to enhance interagency coordination, in particular, among forestry, agriculture etc. Improvement the practices of economic activities in LULUCF sector based on climate friendly methods of farming and forest management - Climate Smart Agriculture, Climate Smart Forestry Optimizing the land use structure, increase in the forest area, wood lines and green plants, enhancement of interagency coordinationPolicy and measures aim to: implement and support best practices of farming and forest management, which take due account of climate change and aim to prevent carbon take out from soils in agrocoenosis, increase the level of forest productivity and resilience, to preserve and accumulate carbon in forest phytomass and soil; to improve conservation and protection of forests and conservation areas, green vegetation in the inhabited localities, conservation of field protection forest strips and other reclamative afforestation to store the accumulated (sequestered) carbon; to introduce economic incentives of land user (owner) to rationally use and protect agricul- tural lands; to combat degradation of agricultural lands and desertization, including via conservation of low productive and technologically polluted lands; to improve methods of agro technical regulation of carbon content in soil, which means promotion implementation of innovative agri-technologies, geared towards preservation and improvement of fertility, non-alkalic cultivation and rotation of crops; to lower mechanical impact on the soil; to support measures which aim to transform low productive agricultural lands into lands with permanent plantation cover, such as meadow/pasture, garden or forest where the carbon content in the soil and/or biomass will increase; to reduce the rate of agricultural lands transformation into build-up lands, as this will help to uptake carbon in the soil of such land and also keep their carbon sequestration potential.', 'Improvement the practices of economic activities in LULUCF sector based on climate friendly methods of farming and forest management - Climate Smart Agriculture, Climate Smart Forestry Optimizing the land use structure, increase in the forest area, wood lines and green plants, enhancement of interagency coordinationPolicy and measures aim to: implement and support best practices of farming and forest management, which take due account of climate change and aim to prevent carbon take out from soils in agrocoenosis, increase the level of forest productivity and resilience, to preserve and accumulate carbon in forest phytomass and soil; to improve conservation and protection of forests and conservation areas, green vegetation in the inhabited localities, conservation of field protection forest strips and other reclamative afforestation to store the accumulated (sequestered) carbon; to introduce economic incentives of land user (owner) to rationally use and protect agricul- tural lands; to combat degradation of agricultural lands and desertization, including via conservation of low productive and technologically polluted lands; to improve methods of agro technical regulation of carbon content in soil, which means promotion implementation of innovative agri-technologies, geared towards preservation and improvement of fertility, non-alkalic cultivation and rotation of crops; to lower mechanical impact on the soil; to support measures which aim to transform low productive agricultural lands into lands with permanent plantation cover, such as meadow/pasture, garden or forest where the carbon content in the soil and/or biomass will increase; to reduce the rate of agricultural lands transformation into build-up lands, as this will help to uptake carbon in the soil of such land and also keep their carbon sequestration potential. Development and implementation of national forestry development program with the engagement of the best international experience National Forestry development program will include the following components: policy and strategy (set of the national and regional forest policy, goals and ways to achieve them, assign- ment of responsibilities, connectivity with other sector policies in the sphere of land use and climate change); legislation (laws which will enable policy implementation, regulatory frame- work); institutions (organizations for decision making preparation and implementation – forest administrations, civic organizations, professional association and NGO, R&D institutions, educa- tional institutions and media); information, communication and research (stock taking and monitoring of forests, forest information system, collection, exchange and dissemination of information on forests, including information on climate change and vulnerability; research of biophysical, social and political aspects related to forest problems and climate change; reports to national and international organizations; communication and awareness raising work for interested groups and general public); competence (knowledge and experience, which make it possible to efficiently respond to climate change produced challenges in forestry and ability toefficiently resolve the tasks related to planning, management and economic activities); financial mechanisms (mechanisms which are used to finance forestry, mechanisms for attraction, management and allocation of financial resources; and control mechanisms).', 'Development and implementation of national forestry development program with the engagement of the best international experience National Forestry development program will include the following components: policy and strategy (set of the national and regional forest policy, goals and ways to achieve them, assign- ment of responsibilities, connectivity with other sector policies in the sphere of land use and climate change); legislation (laws which will enable policy implementation, regulatory frame- work); institutions (organizations for decision making preparation and implementation – forest administrations, civic organizations, professional association and NGO, R&D institutions, educa- tional institutions and media); information, communication and research (stock taking and monitoring of forests, forest information system, collection, exchange and dissemination of information on forests, including information on climate change and vulnerability; research of biophysical, social and political aspects related to forest problems and climate change; reports to national and international organizations; communication and awareness raising work for interested groups and general public); competence (knowledge and experience, which make it possible to efficiently respond to climate change produced challenges in forestry and ability toefficiently resolve the tasks related to planning, management and economic activities); financial mechanisms (mechanisms which are used to finance forestry, mechanisms for attraction, management and allocation of financial resources; and control mechanisms). Promotion of replacement of energy intense products made of metal, concrete, plastic etc.', 'Promotion of replacement of energy intense products made of metal, concrete, plastic etc. With products made of wood grown under sustainable (balanced forestry). Implementation of such policy promotes the use of wood in which the absorbed carbon is conserved for such wood usage period. In addition to that, the policy will also contribute to reduction of GHG emissions in other sectors inconsequence to energy intense products being replaced with products made of metal, concrete, plastic with wooden products. To efficiently implement forestry potential as regards lows carbon development applied shall forestry methods which factor in the climate change in accordance to Climate Smart Forestry.', 'To efficiently implement forestry potential as regards lows carbon development applied shall forestry methods which factor in the climate change in accordance to Climate Smart Forestry. Key elements to this concept of forestry include the following: application of «triune» approach - absorption (sink ), sequestration (deposing) and replace- ment; establishment of new political incentives; due account of regional (local) specific features of forests in the process of climate preven- tion measures implementation and adaptation thereto; interaction in solving the climate change problems and other challenges (such as develop- ment of bio economics, food safety, rural areas, recreation, tourism, biodiversity ); synergy in climate change prevention and adaptation thereto.', 'Key elements to this concept of forestry include the following: application of «triune» approach - absorption (sink ), sequestration (deposing) and replace- ment; establishment of new political incentives; due account of regional (local) specific features of forests in the process of climate preven- tion measures implementation and adaptation thereto; interaction in solving the climate change problems and other challenges (such as develop- ment of bio economics, food safety, rural areas, recreation, tourism, biodiversity ); synergy in climate change prevention and adaptation thereto. 6.3 Projections of GHG emissions absorption dynamics under different scenarios of Ukraine s forestry sector development Projections of GHG emissions absorption dynamics under different scenario of Ukraine s forestry sector development are based on the outcomes of international project SCEFORMA «Scenario analysis of forestry management in Check Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine».', '6.3 Projections of GHG emissions absorption dynamics under different scenarios of Ukraine s forestry sector development Projections of GHG emissions absorption dynamics under different scenario of Ukraine s forestry sector development are based on the outcomes of international project SCEFORMA «Scenario analysis of forestry management in Check Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine». Analysis of Ukraine s forestry sector development scenarios was performed with the help of the model of European Forest Institute EFISCEN based on processing information for each forest plot, which is included in the database of the State Forest Agency of Ukraine «Forest Fund of Ukraine».', 'Analysis of Ukraine s forestry sector development scenarios was performed with the help of the model of European Forest Institute EFISCEN based on processing information for each forest plot, which is included in the database of the State Forest Agency of Ukraine «Forest Fund of Ukraine». General modelling scheme included assessments of the following: Natural growth in forest stand;Natural growth in forest stand; Scope of wood substance, harvested in course of cutting (main use, care felling and forest sanitation felling); Losses of wood substance due to adverse factors such (fires, pests, diseases etc…); Forest regeneration ( forest restoration and afforestation); The scope of GHG absorption in the forests is projected based on two main scenarios of Ukraine s midcentury forestry development - «business as usual, » scenario developed on the basis of expert modification of previous and modern trends in economic and social development, and «forward looking scenario,» which envisions achievement of forestry and natures protection activities targets in accordance to government strategies defined priorities and programs.', 'General modelling scheme included assessments of the following: Natural growth in forest stand;Natural growth in forest stand; Scope of wood substance, harvested in course of cutting (main use, care felling and forest sanitation felling); Losses of wood substance due to adverse factors such (fires, pests, diseases etc…); Forest regeneration ( forest restoration and afforestation); The scope of GHG absorption in the forests is projected based on two main scenarios of Ukraine s midcentury forestry development - «business as usual, » scenario developed on the basis of expert modification of previous and modern trends in economic and social development, and «forward looking scenario,» which envisions achievement of forestry and natures protection activities targets in accordance to government strategies defined priorities and programs. The third, additional scenario, made it possible to estimate the scope of GHG absorption in the process of forest cultivation (afforestation) in the area of million 1.4 hectare, which, given the “forward looking” scenario implementation shall by 2050 ensure increase in Ukraine s forest cover up to 19.4% and approximate it to optimum level.', 'The third, additional scenario, made it possible to estimate the scope of GHG absorption in the process of forest cultivation (afforestation) in the area of million 1.4 hectare, which, given the “forward looking” scenario implementation shall by 2050 ensure increase in Ukraine s forest cover up to 19.4% and approximate it to optimum level. The State Forest Service of Ukraine set up the above presented scope of forest cultivation and forest cover targets in the course of drafting «Ukraine forests 2010-2015 State program. » «Forward looking scenario, » envisioned support to protection, environment protection and recreations functions of forests, introduction of improved forest management regime (imple- mentation of close to nature forestry, changes in the ages of final felling operations, roll out of target forest calculation etc.).', '» «Forward looking scenario, » envisioned support to protection, environment protection and recreations functions of forests, introduction of improved forest management regime (imple- mentation of close to nature forestry, changes in the ages of final felling operations, roll out of target forest calculation etc.). According to «forward looking» scenario, the forest areas intended for nature protection, recreation and safeguard purposes is increased, yet they are not fully excluded from wood usage. Final felling operations (or forest restoration fellings) shall be restricted by higher felling age, conservation methods and technologies and reduced cutting areas. It should be underscored, that the felling areas increase gradually. Such a strategy is justified given additional benefits provided by protection, recreational and environmental functions of forests.', 'Such a strategy is justified given additional benefits provided by protection, recreational and environmental functions of forests. If «forward looking» scenario is implemented, because of forest cultivation (afforestation) it is expected that the area of forest covered lands will gradually increase from 15.9% to 17%. Dynamics in the GHG absorption scope in Ukrainian forests was calculated in accordance to above-mentioned scenarios. Calculations includes determination of carbon sequestration in forest phytomass, dead wood substance forest litter vegetation ( without including carbon in forest soil, as it is assumed that under unchanged land use, the lands which are permanently covered with forest vegetation retain stable stock of carbon.)', 'Calculations includes determination of carbon sequestration in forest phytomass, dead wood substance forest litter vegetation ( without including carbon in forest soil, as it is assumed that under unchanged land use, the lands which are permanently covered with forest vegetation retain stable stock of carbon.) According to «business as usual» scenario, by 2050 a gradual decrease in phytomass growth in the forests is expected mostly due to the age change in forest structure, which will bring about a gradual decrease in the GHG absorption level.', 'According to «business as usual» scenario, by 2050 a gradual decrease in phytomass growth in the forests is expected mostly due to the age change in forest structure, which will bring about a gradual decrease in the GHG absorption level. It is expected that by 2050 the annual GHG absorption level will decrease by 26% compared to 2012, and will amount to about 44.4 million t СО2 per year (Table 6.1).GHG absorption projections in Ukrainian forests according to «business as usual» scenario Scenario Unit «Business as usual» scenario Million tons -equivalent % level Implementation of «forward looking» scenario will contribute to improvement in the forest age structure on account of new forests creation and optimization of forestry system (differentiation of felling ages, reduction in the area of clear felling operations and increase in the area of selec- tive and gradual felling in final felling, improvement in forests security and protection from pests, diseases and fires).', 'It is expected that by 2050 the annual GHG absorption level will decrease by 26% compared to 2012, and will amount to about 44.4 million t СО2 per year (Table 6.1).GHG absorption projections in Ukrainian forests according to «business as usual» scenario Scenario Unit «Business as usual» scenario Million tons -equivalent % level Implementation of «forward looking» scenario will contribute to improvement in the forest age structure on account of new forests creation and optimization of forestry system (differentiation of felling ages, reduction in the area of clear felling operations and increase in the area of selec- tive and gradual felling in final felling, improvement in forests security and protection from pests, diseases and fires). According to «forward looking» scenario forest cultivation will be performed at the area covering around 690 thousand hectare, which will enable to increase Ukraine s forest cover up to 17%, as per the Law of Ukraine dated 21 December 2010, № 2818-VI «On Foundations (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the Period through Implementation of «forward looking» scenario will enable to gradually by 2030 adjust forest age structure even though it may take about 50 more years to reach the optimum age structure.', 'According to «forward looking» scenario forest cultivation will be performed at the area covering around 690 thousand hectare, which will enable to increase Ukraine s forest cover up to 17%, as per the Law of Ukraine dated 21 December 2010, № 2818-VI «On Foundations (Strategy) of the State Environmental Policy of Ukraine for the Period through Implementation of «forward looking» scenario will enable to gradually by 2030 adjust forest age structure even though it may take about 50 more years to reach the optimum age structure. According to this scenario biomass growth, as is the case of «business as usual» scenario, will also decrease due to objective reasons related to dynamics in the age structure of forests, yet the decrease will not be substantial.', 'According to this scenario biomass growth, as is the case of «business as usual» scenario, will also decrease due to objective reasons related to dynamics in the age structure of forests, yet the decrease will not be substantial. Decreased growth in phytomass will result in reduced annual GHG absorption levels in forest phytomass by 16% compared to 2012. In 2050, СО2 absorption is projected to reach 50.4 million t per annum (Table 6.2).', 'In 2050, СО2 absorption is projected to reach 50.4 million t per annum (Table 6.2). GHG absorption projections in Ukrainian forests according to «business as usual» scenario Scenario Unit «Forward looking» scenario Million tons -equivalent % levelAdditional estimates for GHG absorption level were made under the following assumptions: Achievement of 19.4% of forest cover in Ukraine; Implementation of «forward looking» scenario (forest cultivation at the area of 690 thousand hectare) with parallel afforestation in the area of 1.45 million hectares, as per Forest Cultivation Strategy in Ukraine, drafted in 2015 as a part to FAO Project «Consolidation of Ukraine s Forest Policy.» Additional forest cultivation will enable to increase GHG absorption level by 3.5 million t of СО2- equivalent, and further on the absorption level at forest cultivation lands will increase owing to phytomass growth in the newly created forests.', 'GHG absorption projections in Ukrainian forests according to «business as usual» scenario Scenario Unit «Forward looking» scenario Million tons -equivalent % levelAdditional estimates for GHG absorption level were made under the following assumptions: Achievement of 19.4% of forest cover in Ukraine; Implementation of «forward looking» scenario (forest cultivation at the area of 690 thousand hectare) with parallel afforestation in the area of 1.45 million hectares, as per Forest Cultivation Strategy in Ukraine, drafted in 2015 as a part to FAO Project «Consolidation of Ukraine s Forest Policy.» Additional forest cultivation will enable to increase GHG absorption level by 3.5 million t of СО2- equivalent, and further on the absorption level at forest cultivation lands will increase owing to phytomass growth in the newly created forests. Given that «forward looking scenario with optimum forest cover, » is implemented, the scope of GHG absorption will stabilize after 2035 at the level of 85% of 1990 (Table 6.3).', 'Given that «forward looking scenario with optimum forest cover, » is implemented, the scope of GHG absorption will stabilize after 2035 at the level of 85% of 1990 (Table 6.3). Given proper implementation of other policies and measures in LULUCF sector, with quantitative assessment of their impacts on GHG emissions dynamics being complicated due to uncertainty of input parameters, GHG emissions absorption balance will correspond 1990 level.', 'Given proper implementation of other policies and measures in LULUCF sector, with quantitative assessment of their impacts on GHG emissions dynamics being complicated due to uncertainty of input parameters, GHG emissions absorption balance will correspond 1990 level. GHG absorption projections in Ukrainian forests according to «forward looking» scenario with approximation to optimum forest cover scenario in forest cultivation (afforestation) in Ukraine Scenario Unit «Forward looking» scenario with optimum forest cover Million tons -equivalent % levelАдаменко Т. І. Агрокліматичне зонування території України з врахуванням зміни клімату [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Видобування сланцевого газу та зміна клімату [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Махортих Д. О. Щодо тенденцій розвитку економіки України у 2014–2015 рр. Аналітична записка [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: www.niss.gov.ua ДБН В.2.6-31:2016 «Теплова ізоляція будівель» [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про альтернативні види палива» від 14 січня 2000 р.', 'Аналітична записка [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: www.niss.gov.ua ДБН В.2.6-31:2016 «Теплова ізоляція будівель» [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про альтернативні види палива» від 14 січня 2000 р. № 1391-XIV [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про альтернативні джерела енергії» від 20 лютого 2003 р. № 555-IV [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про внесення змін до деяких законів України щодо встановлення "зеленого" тарифу» від 25 вересня 2008 р. № 601 [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про внесення змін до Закону України «Про питну воду та питне водопо- стачання» від 18 травня 2017 р. № 2047-VIII [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про газ (метан) вугільних родовищ» від 21 травня 2009 р.', '№ 2047-VIII [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про газ (метан) вугільних родовищ» від 21 травня 2009 р. № 1392-VI (у ре- дакції від 22.09.2016) [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про енергетичну ефективність будівель» від 22 червня 2017 р. № 2118-VIII [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про Основні засади (стратегію) державної екологічної політики України на період до 2020 р.» від 21 грудня 2010 р. № 2818-VI [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: REFERENCESЗакон України «Про ратифікацію Кіотського протоколу до Рамкової конвенції Організації Об єднаних Націй про зміну клімату» від 4 лютого 2004 р. № 1430-IV [Електронний ре- сурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про ратифікацію Паризької угоди» від 14 липня 2016 р. № 1469-VIII [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про ратифікацію Рамкової конвенції ООН про зміну клімату» від 29 жовтня 1996 р.', '№ 1469-VIII [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про ратифікацію Рамкової конвенції ООН про зміну клімату» від 29 жовтня 1996 р. № 435/96-ВР [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про ринок електричної енергії» від 13 квітня 2017 р. № 2019-VIII [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про ринок природного газу» від 9 квітня 2015 р. № 329-VIII [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про Фонд енергоефективності» від 8 червня 2017 р. № 2095-VIII [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Закон України «Про Основні засади (стратегію) державної екологічної політики України на період до 2020 року»від 21 грудня 2010 р. № 2818-VI [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдо Земельний фонд України станом на 1 січня 2016 р. та динаміка його змін порівняно з да- ними на 1 січня 2015 р. [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Індикатори.', '№ 2818-VI [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдо Земельний фонд України станом на 1 січня 2016 р. та динаміка його змін порівняно з да- ними на 1 січня 2015 р. [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Індикатори. Статистика [Електронний ресурс] / Міжнародне енергетичне агентство – Режимдоступу: - Індикатори. Статистика [Електронний ресурс] / Міжнародне енергетичне агентство – Режимдоступу: - Лісове господарство України. Держлісагентство України. – 2017. – 48 с.Національний кадастр антропогенних викидів із джерел та абсорбції поглиначами парни- кових газів в Україні за 1990–2015 рр. [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: План заходів з імплементації Директиви Європейського парламенту та Ради 2009/28/ЄС від 23 квітня 2009 р. про заохочення до використання енергії, виробленої з відновлюваних джерел енергії, якою вносяться, а в подальшому скасовуються зміни до Директиви 2001/77/ЄС та 2003/30/ЄС, затверджений Розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 3 вересня 2014 р.', '[Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу: План заходів з імплементації Директиви Європейського парламенту та Ради 2009/28/ЄС від 23 квітня 2009 р. про заохочення до використання енергії, виробленої з відновлюваних джерел енергії, якою вносяться, а в подальшому скасовуються зміни до Директиви 2001/77/ЄС та 2003/30/ЄС, затверджений Розпорядженням Кабінету Міністрів України від 3 вересня 2014 р. № 791-р [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Податковий кодекс України [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Подолець Р. З., Дячук О. А. Стратегічне планування у паливно-енергетичному комплексі на базі моделі «TIMES-Україна»: наук. доп. [Електронний ресурс] / НАН України; Ін-т екон. та прогнозув. – К., 2011. – 150 с. – Режимдоступу:', 'Потери нефти и нефтепродуктов при эксплуатации резервуарных парков. [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про затвердження плану заходів щодо вико- нання Концепції реалізації державної політики у сфері зміни клімату на період до 2030 р.» від 6 грудня 2017 р. № 878-р [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Національний план дій з відновлюваної енергетики на період до 2020 р.» від 1 жовтня 2014 р. № 902-р [Електронний ресурс] – Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про Національний план дій з енергоефектив- ності на період до 2020 р.» від 25 листопада 2015 р. № 1228 [Електронний ресурс] – Режим Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Енергетичної стратегії України на період до 2035 р. “Безпека, енергоефективність, конкурентоспроможність” від 18 серпня 2017 р.', '“Безпека, енергоефективність, конкурентоспроможність” від 18 серпня 2017 р. № 605-р [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу:Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Концепції реалізації державної політики у сфері зміни клімату на період до 2030 р.» від 7 грудня 2016 р. № 932-р [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Концепції реалізації дер- жавної політики у сфері теплопостачання» від 18 серпня 2017 р. № 569-р [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Національної стратегії управ- ління відходами в Україні до 2030 р.» від 8 листопада 2017 р. № 820-р [Електронний ре- сурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Очікуваного національно ви- значеного внеску України до проекту нової глобальної кліматичної угоди» від 16 вересня 2015 р.', '№ 820-р [Електронний ре- сурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Очікуваного національно ви- значеного внеску України до проекту нової глобальної кліматичної угоди» від 16 вересня 2015 р. № 980 [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України «Про схвалення Стратегії розвитку аграр- ного сектора економіки на період до 2020 р.» від 17 жовтня 2013 р. № 806-р [Елек- тронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Стратегія лісорозведення в Україні, розроблена в рамках проекту ФАО «Консоліда- ція лісової політики в Україні» 2015 р. [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Угода про асоціацію між Україною з однієї сторони та Європейським союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами з іншої сторони [Електрон- ний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Указ Президента України «Про Стратегію сталого розвитку “Україна-2020”» від 12 січня 2015 р.', '[Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Угода про асоціацію між Україною з однієї сторони та Європейським союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами з іншої сторони [Електрон- ний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Указ Президента України «Про Стратегію сталого розвитку “Україна-2020”» від 12 січня 2015 р. № 5/2015 [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Чепелєв М. Г. Моделювання та оцінка економічних наслідків субсидіювання побутових спо-живачів енергетичних ресурсів: дис. канд. екон. наук: 08.00.2011 / Чепелєв Максим Григо- рович. – Київ, 2015. – 266 с. – Бібліогр. : с. 195–230. Швиденко A. З. Вуглець, клімат та землеуправління в Україні: лісовий сектор: Монографія / A. Швиденко, П. Лакида, Д. Щепащенко, Р. Василишин, Ю. Марчук. – Корсунь-Шевчен- ківський: ФОП Гавришенко В. М., 2014. – 283 с. Шосте національне повідомлення України з питань зміни клімату.', '– 283 с. Шосте національне повідомлення України з питань зміни клімату. [Електронний ре- сурс] – Режимдоступу: Climate-smart agriculture [Електронний ресурс] – Режимдоступу: Gert-Jan Nabuurs, Philippe Delacote, David Ellison, Marc Hanewinkel, Marcus Lindner, Martin Nesbit, Markku Ollikainen and Annalisa Savaresi. 2015. A new role for forests and the forest sec- tor in the EU post-2020 climate targets. From Science to Policy 2. European Forest Institute. IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.', 'Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter- governmental Panel on Climate Change [Field, C.B., V.R. Barros, D.J. Dokken, K.J. Mach, M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1132 pp. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional As- pects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B.', 'Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R., C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L.White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cam- bridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 688. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)].', 'Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writ- ing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. Mart-Jan Schelhaas, Martin Cerny, Igor Buksha et. all., 2004. Scenarios on Forest Management in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine.', 'Scenarios on Forest Management in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. European Forest Institute Research Re- ports 17. BRILL. – 107 p.'] | en-US |
348 | UKR | Ukraine | Updated NDC | 2021-07-31 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Ukraine%20NDC_July%2031.pdf | null | Annex I | Middle-income | Europe | 0 | 196.401039 | 24.108611 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/330af9062b6b0dcf04725210d1ff4d54e5d4d91e7d6a1fef03599d01046e1d9c.pdf | ['Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement Introduction Ukraine as a Party of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate (hereinafter – UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, recognizing the need for an effective and progressive response to the urgent threat of climate change and in accordance with decision 1/CP.19, prepared its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (hereinafter - INDC) that was approved by the Governmental Decree dated September 16, 2015 # 980 and submitted it to the Secretariat of UNFCCC on September 19, 2016. Ukraine defined its target not to exceed 60 % of the 1990 greenhouse gas emissions (hereinafter - GHG) level in 2030. Ukraine made a significant contribution to reducing global GHG emissions.', 'Ukraine made a significant contribution to reducing global GHG emissions. As of 2019, GHG emissions in Ukraine decreased by 62.4% from the level of 1990 (including the sector «Land use, land-use change and forestry» (hereinafter - LULUCF) and by 64.8% from the level of 1990 (excluding the sector LULUCF). Following the decision 1/CP.21, that requests those Parties whose INDC pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement, Ukraine is introducing its Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (hereinafter - NDC).', 'Following the decision 1/CP.21, that requests those Parties whose INDC pursuant to decision 1/CP.20 contains a time frame up to 2030 to communicate or update by 2020 these contributions and to do so every five years thereafter pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement, Ukraine is introducing its Updated Nationally Determined Contribution (hereinafter - NDC). Despite the ongoing military aggression of the Russian Federation and temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the economic crisis of 2014-2015 and the COVID-19 pandemic, Ukraine has taken many steps to significantly reduce energy consumption, development of energy efficiency and renewable energy.', 'Despite the ongoing military aggression of the Russian Federation and temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, the economic crisis of 2014-2015 and the COVID-19 pandemic, Ukraine has taken many steps to significantly reduce energy consumption, development of energy efficiency and renewable energy. The share of renewable energy in electricity production increased from a total 7.9 % in 2015 to 11.3 % in 2020. During 2012-2019, there was also a significant reduction in the energy intensity of GDP. Among the important reforms the state program on energy efficiency and local co-financing programs should also be noted, which involved more than 860,000 families during 2014-2020.', 'Among the important reforms the state program on energy efficiency and local co-financing programs should also be noted, which involved more than 860,000 families during 2014-2020. Moreover, the Energy Efficiency Fund was able to raise funds for energy efficiency and saved around 50 % on household bills. In 2020 it was also extended to budgetary institutions, such as schools, hospitals and others. Since 2016, Ukraine has operated an energy service mechanism for the implementation of energy efficiency measures at municipal and state-owned facilities (budget institutions, such as schools, kindergartens).', 'Since 2016, Ukraine has operated an energy service mechanism for the implementation of energy efficiency measures at municipal and state-owned facilities (budget institutions, such as schools, kindergartens). In total, from 2016 to 2020, more than 550 ESCO contracts were concluded, which contributed to energy savings of 35 %.Based on geographical, economic and social circumstances, Ukraine has committed itself to achieving the target of reducing GHG emissions of 65% by 2030, compared to 1990 (including LULUCF), reaching carbon neutrality until 2060 as foreseen in the National Economic Strategy until 2030, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of March 3, 2021 # 179.', 'In total, from 2016 to 2020, more than 550 ESCO contracts were concluded, which contributed to energy savings of 35 %.Based on geographical, economic and social circumstances, Ukraine has committed itself to achieving the target of reducing GHG emissions of 65% by 2030, compared to 1990 (including LULUCF), reaching carbon neutrality until 2060 as foreseen in the National Economic Strategy until 2030, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of March 3, 2021 # 179. The Ukrainian NDC includes GHG emissions and targets for its uncontrolled and occupied territories, however the detailed information on the economic activities and GHG emissions on those territories is missing. This fact complicates, and sometimes makes impossible to collect and report data needed for the annual National GHG Inventory.', 'This fact complicates, and sometimes makes impossible to collect and report data needed for the annual National GHG Inventory. Thus, for emission and reduction estimations on the temporarily occupied territory of Ukraine an expert estimation was performed. After the reestablishment of Ukraine’s control over occupied and uncontrolled territories, the Ukrainian NDC should be adjusted according to the updated and verified data. Submission of the Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement In line with Article 4, paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement according to which “all Parties shall provide the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding” in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. 1.', 'Submission of the Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Ukraine to the Paris Agreement In line with Article 4, paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement according to which “all Parties shall provide the information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding” in accordance with decision 1/CP.21 and any relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement. 1. Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s)Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) for other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year According to National Inventory Report 1990-2018, Ukraine GHG emissions, including LULUCF, amounted to 882.9 Mt CO2 equivalent in 1990.', 'Quantified information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s)Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) for other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year According to National Inventory Report 1990-2018, Ukraine GHG emissions, including LULUCF, amounted to 882.9 Mt CO2 equivalent in 1990. Quantification of the reference indicator will be based on the annual National GHG Inventory. The value may be updated to reflect GHG inventory recalculations, resulting from methodological improvements in IPCC Guidelines. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable (hereinafter - N/A).', 'For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable (hereinafter - N/A). Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction Economy-wide net domestic reduction of 65 % in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) National Inventory Report 1990-2018, Ukraine. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Values of reference indicators may be updated due to methodological approach improvements to the GHG inventory. After the reestablishment of Ukraine’s control over temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories, the Ukrainian NDC should be adjusted according to the updated and verified data. 2.', 'After the reestablishment of Ukraine’s control over temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories, the Ukrainian NDC should be adjusted according to the updated and verified data. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted 01 January 2021 – 31 December 2030.by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single year target, 2030. 3. Scope and coverage General description of the target Ukrainian NDC target corresponds to an economy- wide absolute GHG reduction of 65 % by 2030, compared to 1990 GHG emissions level.', 'Scope and coverage General description of the target Ukrainian NDC target corresponds to an economy- wide absolute GHG reduction of 65 % by 2030, compared to 1990 GHG emissions level. By 2030 Ukraine plans to create a baseline for adaptation to climate change in order to increase resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change, as foresee in Article 7 of the Paris Agreement. The geographic scope: as shown by the country’s geopolitical boundaries. Ukraine’s NDC will be adjusted after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty.', 'Ukraine’s NDC will be adjusted after the restoration of its territorial integrity and state sovereignty. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines Gases covered: all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol – Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane ), Nitrous Oxide (N2 O), Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulphur ), Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3); Economic sectors covered: energy; industrial processes and product use; agriculture, land use, land-use change and forestry; waste; Percentage of GHG emissions covered: 100 %. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of Ukraine has included all categories of anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the IPCC, thus taking into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21.', 'How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of Ukraine has included all categories of anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals in accordance with methodologies and common metrics assessed by the IPCC, thus taking into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans N/A 4.', 'Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans N/A 4. Planning process Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner The NDC review process started in 2018 under the leadership of the National Government of Ukraine and in cooperation with a team of national and international experts, provided through the technical support of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development project "Support to the Government of Ukraine on Updating its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)", which was funded by the Government of Sweden.', 'Planning process Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner The NDC review process started in 2018 under the leadership of the National Government of Ukraine and in cooperation with a team of national and international experts, provided through the technical support of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development project "Support to the Government of Ukraine on Updating its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)", which was funded by the Government of Sweden. Public participation and transparency of the process was assured through setting up a large Working Group under the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, which included representatives from all relevant Ministries, Parliament Committees, scientific institutions, business associations and non-governmental organizations.', 'Public participation and transparency of the process was assured through setting up a large Working Group under the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine, which included representatives from all relevant Ministries, Parliament Committees, scientific institutions, business associations and non-governmental organizations. The Working Group was gathered 5 times (February November 2020) at every stage of the process to present and collect comments on the input data,methodologies selected, preliminary modelling results and final documents. All the reports were also published at the website of the Ministry with open public access.', 'All the reports were also published at the website of the Ministry with open public access. In the frame of preparing NDC gender analysis was also conducted and recommendations were made to analyse the status of different groups of women and men in the areas involved in climate change mitigation, analysis of women s access to climate policy decision-making, as well as the impact of gender on readiness to accept and promote change in various sectors of economy, impact of climate change on gender and analysis for gender equality in Ukraine. In order to analyse modelled scenarios and discuss possibilities to achieve GHG emission reduction targets and attract necessary investments, more than 20 additional meetings were organized with the main sectoral stakeholders.', 'In order to analyse modelled scenarios and discuss possibilities to achieve GHG emission reduction targets and attract necessary investments, more than 20 additional meetings were organized with the main sectoral stakeholders. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication Ukraine is located in the eastern Europe and is one of the largest countries in terms of territory (603,628 km2) and population (42 million people). The forest in Ukraine covers around 15,9 % of the total territory of the country. 6 % of the country’s territory is protected. Agricultural lands in Ukraine cover 68 % of the territory. GDP per capita in 2020 was USD 3726.94. Total GDP in 2020 accounted for USD 155.6 billion (in current prices).', 'Total GDP in 2020 accounted for USD 155.6 billion (in current prices). In 2020 GDP per capita in Ukraine was 5.2 times lower than the average in Central Europe. Ukraine ranks 56th in the world by the size of nominal GDP in absolute terms, and 119th by size of GDP per capita. After the economic crisis Ukraine will reach the level of the nominal GDP of 2013 only in 2021.Despite progress in the fight against poverty, the number of people whose daily spending is lower than the established purchasing power parity (USD 5.05) the number of people whose total expenses were lower than the actual living wage increased more than twice (from 28.6% to 58.3%).', 'After the economic crisis Ukraine will reach the level of the nominal GDP of 2013 only in 2021.Despite progress in the fight against poverty, the number of people whose daily spending is lower than the established purchasing power parity (USD 5.05) the number of people whose total expenses were lower than the actual living wage increased more than twice (from 28.6% to 58.3%). One of the main obstacles on the way to achieving GHG emissions reduction is the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (approximately 7 percent of the territory of Ukraine), which requires significant political, financial and human resources for protection of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine.', 'One of the main obstacles on the way to achieving GHG emissions reduction is the armed aggression of the Russian Federation and temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (approximately 7 percent of the territory of Ukraine), which requires significant political, financial and human resources for protection of the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine. The ongoing military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has a strong negative impact on the overall economic situation in Ukraine and has led to a reduction in industrial production. All of the above-mentioned factors together with low incomes of the population lead to energy poverty.', 'All of the above-mentioned factors together with low incomes of the population lead to energy poverty. According to the results of the survey, the majority of the population of the country considers payment for utilities to be quite problematic. In 2019, 65 % of the population applied for state subsidies to pay for utilities. Ukraine has substantially reduced GHG emissions since 1990 due to transformations that did not lead to steady economic growth. The total amount of GHG emissions in Ukraine in 2019 amounted to 332.2 Mt equivalent (including LULUCF) that is 37.6 % of the 1990 level.', 'The total amount of GHG emissions in Ukraine in 2019 amounted to 332.2 Mt equivalent (including LULUCF) that is 37.6 % of the 1990 level. Ukraine ranks first among the 45 Parties of the Annex I to the UNFCCC in achieving GHG emissions reduction (excluding the LULUCF sector) and fourth in achieving GHG emissions reduction including the LULUCF sector as compared to 1990. Thus, Ukraine s GHG emissions reduced on 62.4% from the 1990 level (including LULUCF) and on64.8% from the 1990 level (excluding LULUCF). Further GHG emissions reduction in Ukraine is possible through the implementation of structural sectoral reforms and transformations, that will also ensure sustainable economic growth. In particular, this means completing the structural changes of the energy markets.', 'In particular, this means completing the structural changes of the energy markets. Liberalization of the gas and electricity markets contributes towards the implementation of policies on energy efficiency and investments in renewable energy. Today 63 % of electricity generated in Ukraine is low-carbon in terms of GHG emissions. This is achieved both through the high share of nuclear and hydro generation and by increasing the share of renewable energy. Further decarbonisation of energy sector depends on the efficiency of energy markets and their full integration into the EU markets within the framework of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, and within the framework of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Energy Community with Ukraine.', 'Further decarbonisation of energy sector depends on the efficiency of energy markets and their full integration into the EU markets within the framework of the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, of the one part, and Ukraine, of the other part, and within the framework of the Agreement on the Establishment of the Energy Community with Ukraine. GHG emissions reduction has also a significant social aspect associated with just transition of coal regions as well as thermal energy generation. Ukrainian economy is export-dependent. 48% of GDP is generated from the export of goods and services. For the modernization of the industrial sector it is important to preserve and increase access of Ukrainian goods to foreign markets, including the markets of the EU countries.', 'For the modernization of the industrial sector it is important to preserve and increase access of Ukrainian goods to foreign markets, including the markets of the EU countries. Taking into account the great deterioration of the main assets of large enterprises, modernization of the economy and ensuring sustainable economic development depends on the inflow of investments from both private sources and international financial institutions. According to estimations, the amount ofcapital investments until 2030, necessary for the implementation of the NDC is 102 billion euro. Access to investments mainly depends on the macrofinancial stability of Ukraine. After the dramatic crisis of 2014-2015, Ukraine was able to restore its macrofinancial stability, but still depends on the support of the International Monetary Fund (IMF).', 'After the dramatic crisis of 2014-2015, Ukraine was able to restore its macrofinancial stability, but still depends on the support of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In spite of the national circumstances, Ukraine aims to continue reducing GHG emissions, energy intensity of GDP and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Over the past few years, Ukraine has started to actively implement energy efficiency and environmental protection policies and promote economic modernization.', 'Over the past few years, Ukraine has started to actively implement energy efficiency and environmental protection policies and promote economic modernization. In particular, such key legislative and regulatory acts were adopted: - Concept and Action plan for state climate change policy implementation until 2030; - Low emission development strategy of Ukraine till 2050; - Law of Ukraine “On basics of monitoring, reporting and verification of GHG emissions”; - Law of Ukraine “On ozone depleting substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases”; - Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035; - National Transport Strategy of Ukraine until - National Waste Management Strategy of Ukraine until 2030; - National Economic Strategy until 2030. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; It is worth noting the positive experience of conducting a detailed modelling of the country s economy system.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; It is worth noting the positive experience of conducting a detailed modelling of the country s economy system. The modelling covered all economic sectors and made it possible to analyse different scenarios of economic development, the impact of existing climate and energy plans and strategies, as well as additional necessary policies and measures. The process of NDC preparation is characterized byinclusiveness and openness for discussion and comments with the involvement of stakeholders and the public at all stages. The central executive bodies were also involved in the working group at all stages of the process of NDC preparation, which positively influenced the further negotiation of the document.', 'The central executive bodies were also involved in the working group at all stages of the process of NDC preparation, which positively influenced the further negotiation of the document. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N/A Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with N/AArticle 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC N/A Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries N/A 5.', 'Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement N/A Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement N/A How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; N/A Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with N/AArticle 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC N/A Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries N/A 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s In accordance with paragraph 31 and of decision 1/CP.21, Ukraine reports on GHG emissions and removals using the methodology developed by the IPCC and adopted by the Conference of the Parties.NDC, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC N/A If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Ukraine uses methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 to prepare National GHG Inventory in order to promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting, in accordance with guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement according to paragraph 14, Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s In accordance with paragraph 31 and of decision 1/CP.21, Ukraine reports on GHG emissions and removals using the methodology developed by the IPCC and adopted by the Conference of the Parties.NDC, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the NDC N/A If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate Ukraine uses methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 to prepare National GHG Inventory in order to promote environmental integrity, transparency, accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and ensure the avoidance of double counting, in accordance with guidance adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Agreement according to paragraph 14, Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Ukraine uses methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 to prepare National GHG Inventory.', 'IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals Ukraine uses methodology IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 to prepare National GHG Inventory. Where it would be appropriate, Ukraine also used the appropriate national methodologies, agreed with methodologies and refinements of the 2019. Global warming potential (GWP) values relative to values from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report are used. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: Ukraine considers general guidance on reporting required under UNFCCC, established by Decision 4/CP.5 applicable for reporting of National Communications. i. Approach to addressing emissions All emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands are included intoand subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; accounting based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19. ii.', 'Approach to addressing emissions All emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands are included intoand subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; accounting based on IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products are included according to IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Age-class structure was considered in the development of NDC. The methodological approach is in line with methodological principles of IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7.', 'The methodological approach is in line with methodological principles of IPCC 2006 Guidelines as per UNFCCC decision 24/CP.19 and IPCC 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol as per UNFCCC decisions 2/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.7. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the NDC and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used Modelling the level of GHG emissions in Ukraine included three main scenarios of economic development that vary depending on the level of climate ambition. Despite the fact that the GHG reduction target is set for 2030, the necessary policies and measures until 2050 have also been taken into account in order to include the long-term decarbonisation target.', 'Despite the fact that the GHG reduction target is set for 2030, the necessary policies and measures until 2050 have also been taken into account in order to include the long-term decarbonisation target. The proposed methodology and approaches to assessing the level of GHG emissions consist of several mathematical models such as the TIMES- Ukraine relevant for the Energy and Industrial Processes sectors (according to the IPCC categories), mass balance model for Waste sector and specific simulation tools for the Agriculture and LULUCF. All the investigated decarbonisation pathways werebased on the successive macroeconomic scenario provided by the Dynamic Ukrainian General Equilibrium model (UGEM).', 'All the investigated decarbonisation pathways werebased on the successive macroeconomic scenario provided by the Dynamic Ukrainian General Equilibrium model (UGEM). For the purpose of wide communication with all stakeholders, the Analytical Review of the NDC was prepared, which includes information on the modelling process, sectoral goals on GHG emission reduction, adaptation to climate change, gender issues, as well as the necessary amount of investment for the implementation of the climate goals and achieving the long-term goal on climate neutrality, which is available by the link: eport_%20Project_EN.PDF. Due to the current financial situation Ukraine needs to mobilize a significant amount of climate finance both public and private, which will contribute to this economic growth.', 'Due to the current financial situation Ukraine needs to mobilize a significant amount of climate finance both public and private, which will contribute to this economic growth. Both public and private finances should be invested in the decarbonisation of various sectors: energy, industry, transport, residential sector, agriculture, waste and LULUCF. For the implementation of current and planned policies and the necessary transformations, Ukraine will need access to international climate finance.', 'For the implementation of current and planned policies and the necessary transformations, Ukraine will need access to international climate finance. (ii) For Parties with NDCs that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable N/A (iii) For climate forcers included in NDCs not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; N/A(iv) Further technical information, as necessary All technical reports, including the modelling and a detailed list of policies and measures used to inform the preparation and consultations of the NDC throughout its process, are available on the official website of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of Ukraine: voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Ukrainian target of 65 % net reductions by 2030 compared to 1990 is to be achieved at the national level and requires active international cooperation in accordance with Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, access to financial resources and technology transfer. Ukraine has joined the Climate Market Club, which is supported by the UNFCCC Secretariat and is chaired by the Working Group of International Financial Institutions (MDBs) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to work to comply with and implement the principles of environmental sustainability. 6.', 'Ukraine has joined the Climate Market Club, which is supported by the UNFCCC Secretariat and is chaired by the Working Group of International Financial Institutions (MDBs) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement in order to work to comply with and implement the principles of environmental sustainability. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Ukraine has made a significant contribution to the reduction of global GHG emissions and ranks first among the 45 Parties to the UNFCCC Annex I for the achieved GHG emissions reduction excluding the LULUCF sector and fourth for the level of GHG emissions reduction including the LULUCF.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances Ukraine has made a significant contribution to the reduction of global GHG emissions and ranks first among the 45 Parties to the UNFCCC Annex I for the achieved GHG emissions reduction excluding the LULUCF sector and fourth for the level of GHG emissions reduction including the LULUCF. During the 11 years of Ukraine s obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (from 2008 to 2018), Ukraine has totally reduced its GHG emissions by nearly 4.4 billion tons of CO2 equivalent compared to the permitted levels of emissions during this period, which is close to 10% of the current annual global emissions.', 'During the 11 years of Ukraine s obligations under the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC (from 2008 to 2018), Ukraine has totally reduced its GHG emissions by nearly 4.4 billion tons of CO2 equivalent compared to the permitted levels of emissions during this period, which is close to 10% of the current annual global emissions. At the same time, Ukraine s overall economic and social development since 1990 has been marked by a decline in population wellbeing, de-industrialization and deterioration of public finances. At the same time, the low level of income leads tothe use and purchase of used consumer goods and equipment, comparing to more climate friendly and expensive goods and technologies. The implementation of the NDC goals by 2030 is consistent with the completion of structural reforms in many spheres of economy and social life.', 'The implementation of the NDC goals by 2030 is consistent with the completion of structural reforms in many spheres of economy and social life. Ukraine’s NDC provides for further reduction of GHG emissions, taking into account the previous significant reductions, in the conditions of ensuring economic development, and is ambitious and relevant, allowing implementation of climate policy in the context of all the Sustainable Development Goals. The military aggression of the Russian Federation and its temporarily occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions require the involvement of significant political, financial and human resources to protect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine and have a significant negative impact on the economic situation in Ukraine.', 'The military aggression of the Russian Federation and its temporarily occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, as well as certain areas of Donetsk and Luhansk regions require the involvement of significant political, financial and human resources to protect the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Ukraine and have a significant negative impact on the economic situation in Ukraine. The foundation for achieving the NDC is linked to the transformation of the energy sector, the success of which depends on support provided to the Government of Ukraine on: - implementation of the National plan on reduction of emissions from large combustion plants; - integration of the unified energy system of Ukraine into the energy system of continental Europe (ENTSO-E); - construction of up to 2 GW of peak and semi-peak shunting heat generation and 0.5 GW of frequency control support systems; - generation of nuclear energy in the amount of not less than 50% of the primary energy supply, taking into account the need to build new power units; - maintaining the transit of natural gas through the territory of Ukraine in the amount of 40-55 billion m3per year and preventing the completion of the Nord Stream 2 project as such, which poses a threat to the energy security of Ukraine and the EU; - overcoming energy poverty of consumers; - significant increase in the share of electricity and heat production from renewable sources; - full-scale implementation of the program on just transition of coal regions.', 'The foundation for achieving the NDC is linked to the transformation of the energy sector, the success of which depends on support provided to the Government of Ukraine on: - implementation of the National plan on reduction of emissions from large combustion plants; - integration of the unified energy system of Ukraine into the energy system of continental Europe (ENTSO-E); - construction of up to 2 GW of peak and semi-peak shunting heat generation and 0.5 GW of frequency control support systems; - generation of nuclear energy in the amount of not less than 50% of the primary energy supply, taking into account the need to build new power units; - maintaining the transit of natural gas through the territory of Ukraine in the amount of 40-55 billion m3per year and preventing the completion of the Nord Stream 2 project as such, which poses a threat to the energy security of Ukraine and the EU; - overcoming energy poverty of consumers; - significant increase in the share of electricity and heat production from renewable sources; - full-scale implementation of the program on just transition of coal regions. Such support should complement declared program of support to Ukraine in the Joint Statement of the United States and Germany on “Support for Ukraine, European Energy Security, and our Climate Goals”.', 'Such support should complement declared program of support to Ukraine in the Joint Statement of the United States and Germany on “Support for Ukraine, European Energy Security, and our Climate Goals”. Modelling results indicate that under the scenario "Business as usual" GHG emissions are projected to increase by 19% in 2030 as compared with the current level. As Ukraine is suffering from various economic and security crises from 2014, the continued underinvestment can potentially lead to increase of GHG emissions within the timeframe (10 years) up to 37-42% of GHG emissions compared to 1990. In contrast, the NDC predicts a 6.6% reduction of GHG emissions in 2030 compared to the current level (2019).', 'In contrast, the NDC predicts a 6.6% reduction of GHG emissions in 2030 compared to the current level (2019). The NDC target of 65% emissions reduction economy-wide, compared to 1990 level, is achievable for all sectors of the economy under the following conditions: - preserving access to foreign markets of key trade partners, - stable and predictable trade policy and the absence of restrictions and barriers from the Annex I Parties to UNFCCC and other countries, which might introduce similar restrictions and barriers, - access to financing for climate modernization projects from the developed countries, private sector, international financial institutions and other donors. The amount of additional investment necessary to deviate from the "Business as usual" scenario andachieve the NDC’s target is 102 billion euro.', 'The amount of additional investment necessary to deviate from the "Business as usual" scenario andachieve the NDC’s target is 102 billion euro. Access to finance also depends on the strengthening of macrofinancial stability of Ukraine, which is currently implementing the program of cooperation with the International Monetary Fund. By implementing such an ambitious NDC in the period up to 2030, Ukraine will be able to solve the significantly larger investments needed to achieve a climate-neutral economy in 2060.', 'By implementing such an ambitious NDC in the period up to 2030, Ukraine will be able to solve the significantly larger investments needed to achieve a climate-neutral economy in 2060. Taking into account limited access of Ukraine to international climate financing (in particular to Green Climate Fund), Ukraine expects to receive additional climate financing in the form of grants from developed countries and other donors, soft loans and other financial instruments for the purpose of creation of a separate climate fund and increase funding for the decarbonisation of the economy through commercial banks and the private sector. The lack of necessary international support puts on the risk of achieving the goal of the NDC.', 'The lack of necessary international support puts on the risk of achieving the goal of the NDC. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity Ukraine’s NDC is consistent with global mitigation efforts to limit global warming to well-below 2°C and Ukraine considers it to be a fair contribution to reach this goal. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement Ukraine’s NDC represents a progression of the previously communicated INDC of GHG emission levels not exceeding 60% of 1990 emissions in 2030. This holds, especially taking into account the importance of economic recovery from the military aggression and the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'This holds, especially taking into account the importance of economic recovery from the military aggression and the COVID-19 pandemic. With this ambitious target Ukraine recognizes the importance of climate change mitigation and its role to contribute its fair share to limit global warming to well below 2°C, taking into account Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Ukraine complies with this provision by having an economy-wide absolute target.How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement N/A 7.', 'How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Ukraine complies with this provision by having an economy-wide absolute target.How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement N/A 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Ukraine commits to reduce emissions by 65% of 1990 GHG emissions level in 2030 (including LULUCF) and hereby contributes to hold the increase in global average temperature at well below 2°C. The commitment shows progress in emissions reduction comparing to the previous INDC. Moreover, it ensures a low greenhouse gas development that does not threaten Ukraine’s food production and that the Ukrainian economy can develop in a sustainable manner.', 'Moreover, it ensures a low greenhouse gas development that does not threaten Ukraine’s food production and that the Ukrainian economy can develop in a sustainable manner. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Ukraine’s NDC is consistent with a trajectory to achieve net zero GHG emissions not later than 2060.'] | en-US |
349 | ARE | United Arab Emirates | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/UAE%20INDC%20-%2022%20October.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 222.612416 | 39.064268 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/7609fb61d9ecb36ba6e9aa6d9915d6f3f614921464af888333d391d61f024499.pdf | ['SUBMISSION BY THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates Accompanying information General Approach The Government of the United Arab Emirates is fully committed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiating process, with a view of finalising a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties by the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21), in line with achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in Article 2.', 'SUBMISSION BY THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates Accompanying information General Approach The Government of the United Arab Emirates is fully committed to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change negotiating process, with a view of finalising a protocol, another legal instrument or an agreed outcome with legal force under the Convention applicable to all Parties by the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21), in line with achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in Article 2. The UAE welcomes the inclusive structure of the INDC model, which is consistent with a recognition of the special circumstances of developing countries with high dependence on fossil fuel production – an issue which was recognized by the COP in Decision 24/CP.18 on economic diversification.', 'The UAE welcomes the inclusive structure of the INDC model, which is consistent with a recognition of the special circumstances of developing countries with high dependence on fossil fuel production – an issue which was recognized by the COP in Decision 24/CP.18 on economic diversification. The UAE s actions are based on a strategy for economic diversification that will yield co-benefits in terms of both mitigation and adaptation. The proposed approach shall not modify the objectives of the Convention, or the mobilization of climate finance, technology transfer and capacity building, which support action by developing countries on adaptation and mitigation. National Circumstances, and Implementing Policies and Frameworks The UAE was established in 1971. In the 44 years since, the country has undergone significant societal and economic transformation.', 'In the 44 years since, the country has undergone significant societal and economic transformation. Hydrocarbon production has made a significant contribution to the country’s social and economic prosperity. However, government strategy has focused on the diversification of the national economy and increased investment in other sectors, including clean energy, advanced manufacturing industries, tourism, information technology, transportation, ports, freight, aviation and space technology. The UAE has set a series of goals for national development in its Vision 2021. In line with Vision 2021, the government has set forth the ‘Green Growth Strategy’, which is a roadmap for economic growth and social development rooted in sustainable initiatives.', 'In line with Vision 2021, the government has set forth the ‘Green Growth Strategy’, which is a roadmap for economic growth and social development rooted in sustainable initiatives. In the post-2020 period the United Arab Emirates will continue to expand its ambitious actions to limit emissions and improve resilience through economic diversification, in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. The UAE’s actions are based on a strategy of economic diversification that will yield mitigation and adaptation co- benefits, consistent with the approach adopted under Decision 24/CP.18.', 'The UAE’s actions are based on a strategy of economic diversification that will yield mitigation and adaptation co- benefits, consistent with the approach adopted under Decision 24/CP.18. To this end, the UAE will pursue a portfolio of actions, including an increase of clean energy to 24% of the total energy mix by 2021.Vision 2021 is also complemented by the National Innovation Strategy, which aims to place innovation, science and technology at the center of a knowledge-based, highly productive and competitive economy. Abu Dhabi’s Economic Vision 2030, as well as Dubai’s Plan 2021 and the Dubai Integrated Energy Strategy 2030 (including the Demand Side Management Strategy), lead the drive towards economic diversification and sustainable development in their respective emirates.', 'Abu Dhabi’s Economic Vision 2030, as well as Dubai’s Plan 2021 and the Dubai Integrated Energy Strategy 2030 (including the Demand Side Management Strategy), lead the drive towards economic diversification and sustainable development in their respective emirates. Economic Diversification with Mitigation Co-benefits The UAE’s population has more than tripled since 1995, and will continue to grow, putting increased pressure on the supply of energy and water. The UAE has therefore made the strategic decision to diversify its energy mix, increase efficiency, and continue to use world-class performance standards and the best available technologies in its energy intensive industries and its oil and gas sectors. Clean Energy Target The UAE set the region’s first renewable energy targets, at a time when there was widespread doubt about renewable energy’s viability and value.', 'Clean Energy Target The UAE set the region’s first renewable energy targets, at a time when there was widespread doubt about renewable energy’s viability and value. Since then, the country’s deployment of renewable energy has had a significant normalizing effect for the technology in the region. This is now joined by a compelling financial case, with recent results in the UAE recording the lowest cost for solar globally. The UAE has set a target of increasing clean energy contribution to the total energy mix from 0.2% in 2014, to 24% by 2021. This will be achieved through renewable and nuclear energy, and is underpinned by detailed emirate level targets and policies.', 'This will be achieved through renewable and nuclear energy, and is underpinned by detailed emirate level targets and policies. Improvements in Energy Intensive Industries and the Oil and Gas Sector The UAE’s energy intensive industries and oil and gas sectors will continue to use innovative technologies to improve efficiency and reduce emissions. The UAE’s oil companies are among the most efficient globally. The UAE’s national oil company was the first in the region to promote the reduction of gas flaring, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In energy intensive industries, overall performance indicators will be improved through carbon abatement measures and increased resource efficiency. The UAE is also developing the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, usage and storage.', 'The UAE is also developing the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, usage and storage. The project notably captures and compresses emissions at a steel manufacturing facility, which will be compressed and transported to oil fields, where it will be used to enhance oil recovery and ultimately be stored underground providing one of the first viable mechanisms to decarbonize essential energy intensive industries. Energy and Water Efficiency In addition to supply side targets, the UAE is undertaking comprehensive policies to reduce energy and water demand and promote the prudent use of resources, through the following actions: • Tariff reform: The UAE recognizes the value of energy and water tariff reform in reducing inefficiencies and promoting low-carbon development, as well as addressing energy security concerns.', 'Energy and Water Efficiency In addition to supply side targets, the UAE is undertaking comprehensive policies to reduce energy and water demand and promote the prudent use of resources, through the following actions: • Tariff reform: The UAE recognizes the value of energy and water tariff reform in reducing inefficiencies and promoting low-carbon development, as well as addressing energy security concerns. To this end, utility authorities inthe UAE have introduced a number of initiatives and policies, and revised the country’s tariffs over the years and gradually adjust the tariffs for commercial and industrial customers, so as to reflect the cost of generation by 2021.', 'To this end, utility authorities inthe UAE have introduced a number of initiatives and policies, and revised the country’s tariffs over the years and gradually adjust the tariffs for commercial and industrial customers, so as to reflect the cost of generation by 2021. • Building and efficiency standards: the UAE is comprehensively targeting emissions from its building sector, which account for a significant percentage of the country’s electricity and water consumption, through green building regulations, efficiency standards, retrofit programs and support structures for energy service companies across the UAE. • Demand side management: the UAE has launched a number of initiatives based on consumer awareness and demand management, including new formats for water and electricity bills, which give residents detailed consumption and subsidy information.', '• Demand side management: the UAE has launched a number of initiatives based on consumer awareness and demand management, including new formats for water and electricity bills, which give residents detailed consumption and subsidy information. • District cooling: air-conditioning accounts for a significant share of energy consumption, given the UAE’s harsh climate. Comprehensive infrastructure investments are being undertaken to move towards district cooling and improve efficiency as compared to decentralized cooling. • Appliance efficiency standards: the UAE introduced the region’s first efficiency standards for air-conditioning units, eliminating the lowest- performing 20% of units on the market, and is introducing efficiency standards for refrigeration and other appliances. The UAE has also established an indoor lighting standard that introduces energy efficient lighting products and phases-out inefficient lighting products in the UAE market.', 'The UAE has also established an indoor lighting standard that introduces energy efficient lighting products and phases-out inefficient lighting products in the UAE market. Transport and Infrastructure Infrastructure development is critical to the UAE’s plans for economic diversification and the country has made infrastructure development a key priority area. The government is investing heavily in world-class traffic and transport systems. For example, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has adopted a comprehensive urban structure framework plan, to optimize the city’s development up to 2030. The UAE is undertaking the following investments and initiatives, which will have significant mitigation co-benefits in addressing the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions, including: • the introduction of a new fuel pricing policy, which will put the UAE in line with global prices.', 'The UAE is undertaking the following investments and initiatives, which will have significant mitigation co-benefits in addressing the transport sector’s greenhouse gas emissions, including: • the introduction of a new fuel pricing policy, which will put the UAE in line with global prices. This reform aims to support the national economy, lower fuel consumption, and protect the environment; • a federal freight rail network crossing the country and eventually integrated into the GCC network; • the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has also set targets to shift 25% of government vehicle fleets to compressed natural gas; and • the Emirate of Dubai has invested in a multi-billion dollar light-rail and metro system, which will continue to add new lines.', 'This reform aims to support the national economy, lower fuel consumption, and protect the environment; • a federal freight rail network crossing the country and eventually integrated into the GCC network; • the Emirate of Abu Dhabi has also set targets to shift 25% of government vehicle fleets to compressed natural gas; and • the Emirate of Dubai has invested in a multi-billion dollar light-rail and metro system, which will continue to add new lines. The UAE continues to improve the emission standards for new motor vehicles, in accordance with European emission standards, as well as through the introduction of standard labels. These initiatives target both improvements in fuel economy and reduction in local air pollution.', 'These initiatives target both improvements in fuel economy and reduction in local air pollution. The UAE will also introduce comprehensive regulations for electric vehicles, so as to facilitate their uptake domestically.Waste Sector The UAE will increase the amount of treated waste, and waste diverted from landfill, through a number of key initiatives, including: • developing a federal law to regulate and oversee waste management; • defining a federal roadmap for integrated waste; and, • developing a federal database to gather and collect information regarding waste. Adaptation Actions with Mitigation Co-benefits The UAE, along with other countries in the region, will be affected severely by a changing climate. For these reasons, the UAE sees adaptation as equally important as mitigation.', 'For these reasons, the UAE sees adaptation as equally important as mitigation. The UAE aims to mainstream climate change adaptation in its environment management activities through initiatives such as the National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan, as well as through developing a national policy on climate change adaptation. Water Management Possibly the most threatening impact of climate change to the UAE will be stress on water resources. Even small long-term variations in temperature and precipitation are expected to have adverse effects, due to the fragile nature of the country’s natural resources. In the absence of fresh water supply, desalination and waste water reclamation are some of the critical means to ensure water availability in the UAE.', 'In the absence of fresh water supply, desalination and waste water reclamation are some of the critical means to ensure water availability in the UAE. The UAE is undertaking the following key initiatives in relation to water management: • Water Conservation: the UAE is in the process of establishing a strategic federal framework for the sustainable management of all water resources in the country. The strategy is based on an integrated approach that aims to meet future water demand through a mix of new water infrastructure and improving the efficiency of existing water supplies.', 'The strategy is based on an integrated approach that aims to meet future water demand through a mix of new water infrastructure and improving the efficiency of existing water supplies. • Desalination: the UAE is moving towards more efficient forms of desalination, and is investing in research and development of new technologies, including renewable energy to power desalination plants Wetlands, Coastal and Marine Environment Conservation (Blue Carbon) The coastal and marine environments of the UAE are diverse and include mangrove forests, saltmarshes, sabkha, intertidal mudflats with cyanobacterial mats and extensive sub-tidal sea grass meadows. The UAE has developed and implemented a number of strategies and plans, which aim to improve understanding of wetlands, including coastal carbon systems, and will also assist in minimizing anthropogenic impacts.', 'The UAE has developed and implemented a number of strategies and plans, which aim to improve understanding of wetlands, including coastal carbon systems, and will also assist in minimizing anthropogenic impacts. The UAE is also undergoing significant restoration and plantation efforts of both mangroves and sea-grass, supporting ecosystem-based adaptation as well. In 2013, the UAE initiated the Blue Carbon Demonstration Project, which provided decision-makers with a stronger understanding of the carbon sequestration potential in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In 2014, the project’s scope was expanded to cover the entire country, and is known as the UAE’s National Blue Carbon Project.Food Security The UAE imports more than 90 per cent of its food.', 'In 2014, the project’s scope was expanded to cover the entire country, and is known as the UAE’s National Blue Carbon Project.Food Security The UAE imports more than 90 per cent of its food. With continuing population growth, and an environment with scarce renewable-water and agriculture potential, the UAE’s food imports are expected to more than double by 2030. This reliance represents a major challenge for the UAE. In an effort to improve food security, the UAE has been diversifying its sources of food and investing in agriculture projects and technologies. The UAE has also developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as well as the UAE Sustainable Fisheries Programme, which aims to rebuild fish stocks.', 'The UAE has also developed a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, as well as the UAE Sustainable Fisheries Programme, which aims to rebuild fish stocks. The UAE welcomes and encourages food security research and development, such as modeling to assess the impact of climate change on the agricultural productivity of the major food exporting countries on which the UAE currently relies, and incentivizes technology to increase productivity and resilience. Innovation and Research & Development The UAE has invested heavily in world-class graduate education for sustainable energy development, establishing Masdar Institute for Science and Technology in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Dubai Centre of Excellence for Innovative Energy and Water Solutions and the Solar Innovation Center under Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai.', 'Innovation and Research & Development The UAE has invested heavily in world-class graduate education for sustainable energy development, establishing Masdar Institute for Science and Technology in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Dubai Centre of Excellence for Innovative Energy and Water Solutions and the Solar Innovation Center under Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum Solar Park in Dubai. Moreover, the UAE has established the Local, National, Regional Climate Change Assessment Programme, which contributes to addressing the data challenges across the wider region, as relating to climate change adaptation and vulnerability issues. The Zayed Future Energy Prize further supports innovation, and is one of the most prestigious recognitions in the field of clean energy development.', 'The Zayed Future Energy Prize further supports innovation, and is one of the most prestigious recognitions in the field of clean energy development. Education, Training and Public Awareness The UAE has developed and implemented a National Environmental Education & Awareness Strategy, which sets six strategic objectives that aim to strengthen education, empowerment and engagement of stakeholders and major groups. The UAE has also begun reforming school curriculums to improve science and training, including around climate change. Outside of academics, UAE government entities have launched public awareness campaigns, including “Waterwise” and “Powerwise”, “Heroes of the UAE”, the “Sustainable Schools” and “Sustainable Campus” initiatives as well as the “Ecological Footprint Initiative”.', 'Outside of academics, UAE government entities have launched public awareness campaigns, including “Waterwise” and “Powerwise”, “Heroes of the UAE”, the “Sustainable Schools” and “Sustainable Campus” initiatives as well as the “Ecological Footprint Initiative”. Monitoring, reporting and verification Monitoring, reporting and verification will proceed as per the arrangements agreed at COP 16 in Cancun and COP 17 in Durban. The UAE has launched a process to develop a full national inventory of greenhouse gas emissions. The UAE is also undertaking a process to improve its air quality measuring and reporting, in terms of pollution and the negative effects it may have on human health.', 'The UAE is also undertaking a process to improve its air quality measuring and reporting, in terms of pollution and the negative effects it may have on human health. The domestic actions communication in this INDC are voluntary and will be implemented in accordance with the principles and provisions of the Convention, in particular Article 4 and Article 12 paragraph 4.'] | en-US |
350 | ARE | United Arab Emirates | 2nd NDC | 2022-09-14 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 2.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/UpdateNDC-EN-2022.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 222.612416 | 39.064268 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d9316dc4a4554c4bd13d35ff9bd87e17738e233a85a3546c0f97409571828862.pdf | ['Updated Second Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate AmbitionA Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Updated Second Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates DISCLAIMER: The Glasgow Climate Pact requests that all Parties revisit and strengthen their NDC targets by the end of 2022. The UAE is answering that call with this updated second NDC, which the country views as a bridge to greater climate ambition. In that context, the UAE will be launching its net zero pathway by COP27 – a process that will inform and enable more ambitious economy-wide emission reduction targets ahead.', 'In that context, the UAE will be launching its net zero pathway by COP27 – a process that will inform and enable more ambitious economy-wide emission reduction targets ahead. As a result, the UAE plans to release its LTS and an enhanced NDC ahead of COP28, which will be underpinned by an absolute emission reduction target relative to a 2019 baseline.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Table of Contents 2. Executive Summary 3. Delivering net zero in the uae’s national circumstances 4. Development of the uae’s net zero strategy 5. Economic diversification initiatives with mitigation co-benefits 6. Adaptation to climate risks 7. Adaptation actions with mitigation co-benefits 8. Domestic enablers 9. Means of implementation 10. Consideration of ambition and fairness 11.', 'Consideration of ambition and fairness 11. Measurement and reporting of progress on ndc implementationwww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The Paris Agreement calls for stepping up climate ambition in order to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5°C. The Agreement set up a clear mechanism to enhance ambition over time by requesting the parties to share Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every five years to reflect their highest possible ambitions. The NDCs are therefore an essential component of the Paris Agreement and the main climate change policy framework for parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'The NDCs are therefore an essential component of the Paris Agreement and the main climate change policy framework for parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Hence, this submission communicates the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE’s) updated second NDC to the UNFCCC in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In this updated NDC, the UAE is raising its 2030 target with greater ambition – 31% compared to business as usual (BAU) for the year 2030. The country has also announced its intention to achieve net- zero emissions by 2050.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding: In line with Article 4, Paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 4/CMA.1, the UAE submits the following ICTU.', 'The country has also announced its intention to achieve net- zero emissions by 2050.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Information to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding: In line with Article 4, Paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 4/CMA.1, the UAE submits the following ICTU. Information necessary to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding (ICTU) guidance Quantified information on the reference point Reduction of 31% in GHG emissions, measured in CO2eq, relative to BAU in 2030. BAU scenario emissions in 2030 are projected to be about 301.2 million tons, assuming a moderate annual linear sector specific growth rate in line with projected economic growth, national circumstance and historical trends. The BAU scenario includes all mitigation measures implemented prior to and during 2016.', 'The BAU scenario includes all mitigation measures implemented prior to and during 2016. Type Economy-wide emission reduction target relative to BAU. Scope and coverage, consistent with IPCC guidelines 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The sectors being covered include energy (including electricity generation, transport, oil and gas), industrial processes, agriculture, and waste. The GHG emission inventory also includes land use, land use changes, and forestry. Greenhouse gases covered include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Emissions of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) have not been covered under the reporting framework due to limited data. Moreover, it is estimated that these emissions are insignificant1. Timeframe and period of implementation Commencing from 2017 to the end of 2030.', 'Timeframe and period of implementation Commencing from 2017 to the end of 2030. Assumptions and methodological approaches The GHG emission reduction is estimated by forecasting the country’s emissions by 2030 using 2016 as the reference point for the BAU scenario, and quantifying the difference in emissions in comparison to the projected 2030 mitigation targets. The forecast assumes a moderate annual economic growth rate based on historical trends. The NDC makes use of the global warming potentials (GWP) in line with the IPCC 4th Assessment, an update from the use of the 2nd Assessment values in the previous version of the NDCs. For mangrove plantation initiatives, the growth cycle of the mangroves has been updated to a 12-year timeframe, which has shifted the sequestration potential for the mangroves to take effect post-2030.', 'For mangrove plantation initiatives, the growth cycle of the mangroves has been updated to a 12-year timeframe, which has shifted the sequestration potential for the mangroves to take effect post-2030. The assessment is implemented using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP), an emission-modeling tool built on an energy-based modeling framework and expanded to support the analysis of emission reductions in all sectors. Planning process Three-tier planning and endorsement governance structure following international best practice has been used to develop the NDC. This includes: 1. An interministerial national climate change council that aims to strengthen climate ambition and foster sustainable measures (policies, actions, etc.) across all sectors with a focus on climate change. The council includes representatives of the UAE federal government and local emirates, as well as an advisory private sector working group. 2.', 'The council includes representatives of the UAE federal government and local emirates, as well as an advisory private sector working group. 2. A robust consultation process with relevant stakeholders. This involves obtaining data on GHG inventory, consolidation, and mitigation and adaptation measures. It further includes a multi-stakeholder engagement and refinement process to ensure accuracy and validity of data. 3. An endorsement by the UAE cabinet. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances The UAE’s NDC significantly strengthens the country’s previous contribution towards GHG emission reduction, raising the target from 23.5% to 31% by 2030 relative to BAU, ensuring an acceleration of the transition to green economy while maintaining sustainable balanced economic growth.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances The UAE’s NDC significantly strengthens the country’s previous contribution towards GHG emission reduction, raising the target from 23.5% to 31% by 2030 relative to BAU, ensuring an acceleration of the transition to green economy while maintaining sustainable balanced economic growth. The UAE plans to diversify its economy and adopt a knowledge-based approach to catalyze meeting its development targets. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The UAE’s NDC represents a step forward towards achieving the UAE Net Zero by 2050 Strategic Initiative.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 The UAE’s NDC represents a step forward towards achieving the UAE Net Zero by 2050 Strategic Initiative. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable While the UAE intends to primarily rely on domestic efforts to achieve its NDC objectives, it may consider using voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to partially fulfil these commitments.', 'The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable While the UAE intends to primarily rely on domestic efforts to achieve its NDC objectives, it may consider using voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to partially fulfil these commitments. 1 Although the UAE has the flexibility (as a non-Annex I country) to report emissions of the F gases including HFCs and SF6 as closed / controlled systems are adapted nationally, the ongoing national MRV system will incorporate the reporting requirementswww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The United Arab Emirates (UAE) submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015 and its second NDC in 2020.', '1 Although the UAE has the flexibility (as a non-Annex I country) to report emissions of the F gases including HFCs and SF6 as closed / controlled systems are adapted nationally, the ongoing national MRV system will incorporate the reporting requirementswww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The United Arab Emirates (UAE) submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015 and its second NDC in 2020. This submission, which follows an inclusive and consultative process, is an update to the country’s second NDC that reflects an enhanced ambition in line with the international call for a review of NDCs that demonstrates higher ambition.', 'This submission, which follows an inclusive and consultative process, is an update to the country’s second NDC that reflects an enhanced ambition in line with the international call for a review of NDCs that demonstrates higher ambition. The UAE stands firm in its commitment to the Paris Agreement, and is determined to pursue climate mitigation and adaptation objectives in line with its national circumstances and capabilities. The country continues to engage youth in its climate action and reaffirms its commitment to gender equality in climate-decision making. The UAE is submitting this update to its second NDC in response to the invitation from COP26 to parties to revisit and strengthen 2030 targets. This update focuses on stepping up mitigation action, setting a target of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 31% by 2030 in comparison with the 2030 business as usual (BAU) scenario.', 'This update focuses on stepping up mitigation action, setting a target of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 31% by 2030 in comparison with the 2030 business as usual (BAU) scenario. This represents a strengthening from the target of 23.5%, set by the NDCs submitted in 2020 – an additional 7.5% reduction, which demonstrates renewed progress towards a highest possible ambition in line with the UAE Net Zero by 2050 Strategic Initiative. Importantly, the UAE will seek to continue building its climate ambition 2. Executive Summary towards 2023 and beyond. In this context, the country plans to launch its net zero pathway by COP27, which is set to inform higher economy- wide emission reduction targets and enhanced adaptation and resiliency efforts.', 'In this context, the country plans to launch its net zero pathway by COP27, which is set to inform higher economy- wide emission reduction targets and enhanced adaptation and resiliency efforts. These will be included in the third NDC or LTS by the first quarter of 2023, and as a result, the UAE resolves to accelerate its low-carbon growth and help facilitate the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Consistent with the approach adopted under Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE’s climate ambition is underpinned by the country’s steady economic diversification, which is generating added climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. The NDC takes the form of an economy-wide target covering all major sectors contributing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs).', 'The NDC takes the form of an economy-wide target covering all major sectors contributing to emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs). It will limit emissions in 2030 to 208 million metric tons of CO2 eq., a reduction of 93.2 million metric tons of CO2 eq. compared to the BAU reference scenario of 301.2 million metric tons of CO2 eq. With an increasingly decarbonized power sector, the highest contributions to this reduction are projected to come from the electricity generation sector (66.4%). This is followed by industry (16.6%), transport (9.7%), carbon capture, utilization, and storage (5.3%), and waste (2.1%).', 'This is followed by industry (16.6%), transport (9.7%), carbon capture, utilization, and storage (5.3%), and waste (2.1%). The most significant contributions relative to the BAU scenario come from the following sectors: • Electricity Generation: 54% reduction in total emissions of electricity generation activities by 2030 due to the use of clean and alternative energy. • Transport: 14% reduction in total emissions from the transport sector by 2030 primarily due to enhanced vehicle standards in road transport. • Industry (Demand for Energy): 19% reduction in total emissions from industrial energy production by 2030 with the implementation of the National Water and Energy Demand Management Programme and efficiency improvements. • Waste: 26% reduction in emissions by 2030 through a reduction in municipal solid waste generation per capita and initiatives aimed at diverting waste away from landfills.', '• Waste: 26% reduction in emissions by 2030 through a reduction in municipal solid waste generation per capita and initiatives aimed at diverting waste away from landfills. • Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS): 35x increase in CCUS activities by 2030. • Carbon Sequestration: Planting of 100 million mangrove seedlings by 2030. The sequestration activities will begin to take effect post-2030. Some methodological changes, in particular the use of a higher global warming potential for methane in line with the IPCC 4th Assessment Report, have led to projected emissions from methane, especially in the waste and agriculture sectors, being higher than in the previous version of the NDCs when presented in terms of CO2 equivalent. Thus, a revised second NDCs has been prepared in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders.', 'Thus, a revised second NDCs has been prepared in collaboration with the relevant stakeholders. Other components of the second NDCs, submitted in 2020, remain relevant in conjunction with the updates prepared, including adaptation action with mitigation co-benefits and engagement of youth and women in climate action.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition As the UAE drives low-carbon progress towards its midcentury strategic goal of reaching net zero emissions, it continues to build a competitive and innovation- driven economy. While its modern and technologically sophisticated oil and gas sector continues to play a key role in its socio-economic growth, the country is steadily pursuing its agenda of economic diversification with a focus on green, low- carbon development.', 'While its modern and technologically sophisticated oil and gas sector continues to play a key role in its socio-economic growth, the country is steadily pursuing its agenda of economic diversification with a focus on green, low- carbon development. In recent years, the UAE has taken decisive action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its imminent impacts, setting a long-term climate and energy policy pathway. Building on the ambition reflected in its second NDC, and notwithstanding the uncertainties of trends in global trade and finance, the country announced the launch of the UAE Net Zero by 2050 Strategic Initiative in 2021, embarking on a path towards net-zero emissions by 2050. The Initiative aligns with the Paris Agreement, which calls on countries to implement long-term emission reduction strategies with the aim of achieving global net-zero GHG emissions in the second half of this century.', 'The Initiative aligns with the Paris Agreement, which calls on countries to implement long-term emission reduction strategies with the aim of achieving global net-zero GHG emissions in the second half of this century. Earlier, in 2017, the UAE adopted the National Climate Change Plan 2017- 2050, laying down a framework for management of GHG emissions, climate change adaptation, and private sector- driven innovative economic diversification. The country’s harsh, arid environment makes it particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, and the UAE therefore launched the National Climate Change Adaptation 3. DELIVERING NET ZERO IN THE UAE’S NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Program that identifies sectoral risks and defines action plans for strengthening climate resilience.', 'DELIVERING NET ZERO IN THE UAE’S NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Program that identifies sectoral risks and defines action plans for strengthening climate resilience. Climate and energy security considerations have also led to the adoption of the National Energy Strategy 2050, which targets an increase in the share of clean energy, including renewables and nuclear, to 50% of the installed power capacity mix by 2050, and a reduction of final energy demand by 40% by 2050 relative to BAU in 2050. These targets are underpinned by the UAE Green Agenda 2015-2030 that enables the public and private sectors to translate a shared vision of a competitive and sustainable economy into reality. Currently, the UAE is home to the world’s largest single-site solar plant (1.2GW) and has secured the world’s lowest solar tariff.', 'Currently, the UAE is home to the world’s largest single-site solar plant (1.2GW) and has secured the world’s lowest solar tariff. The UAE is also home to the Arab World’s first civilian nuclear energy plant (5.6GW) that is the largest single source of clean electricity in the UAE and Arab World, and will generate 25% of the UAE’s total electricity demand by 2025 with zero carbon emissions to rapidly decarbonize the UAE power sector. As a federation of seven emirates, the UAE develops and implements its climate and energy policies with the engagement of a range of actors in line with the legal and executive jurisdictions and roles laid down in its Constitution. The UAE Council on Climate Change and Environment, an interministerial, inter-emirate governance body, ensures alignment across federal and emirate-level policies and interventions.', 'The UAE Council on Climate Change and Environment, an interministerial, inter-emirate governance body, ensures alignment across federal and emirate-level policies and interventions. At the federal level, the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment (MOCCAE) and the UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure (MOEI) are the two key entities engaged in the execution of climate and sustainable energy plans. Concerted efforts are being made by the individual emirates to enhance quality of life and protect the environment. As a young, progressive nation, the UAE actively engages its youth in climate action and integrates gender in its climate-related planning, policy, and measures.', 'As a young, progressive nation, the UAE actively engages its youth in climate action and integrates gender in its climate-related planning, policy, and measures. The country is invested in placing climate mitigation and adaptation efforts into both its near-term and long- term plans – a commitment evidenced by the UAE Centennial 2071 that prioritizes sustainable development and fosters scientific innovation.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The development of the UAE Net Zero by 2050 Strategy is a national strategic initiative to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. The Strategy covers the entire UAE economy and brings into focus five sectors: 1. power and water 2. industry (including oil and gas) 5. waste, agriculture, forestry, & land use The process will comprise two steps.', 'The Strategy covers the entire UAE economy and brings into focus five sectors: 1. power and water 2. industry (including oil and gas) 5. waste, agriculture, forestry, & land use The process will comprise two steps. First, an emission baseline for each sector will be modelled considering existing firm and published targets in the UAE. Second, pathways to reach net-zero emissions in 2050 will be modelled considering techno- economic measures. These pathways will be assessed for cost effectiveness 4. DEVELOPMENT OF THE UAE’S NET ZERO STRATEGY and socio-economic adequacy. The analysis will use specialized modeling tools and the most recent available data to ensure a robust and consistent outcome. Furthermore, relevant industry and emirate representatives will be involved through a regular stakeholder engagement process, i.e., through sector- specific National Dialogues for Climate Ambition (NDCA), hosted by MOCCAE.', 'Furthermore, relevant industry and emirate representatives will be involved through a regular stakeholder engagement process, i.e., through sector- specific National Dialogues for Climate Ambition (NDCA), hosted by MOCCAE. The initiative will result in a clear technology and investment roadmap from today to 2050 with interim emission reduction targets per sector updated every five years, allowing for increasing ambition in the UAE’s climate action. It will be accompanied by a full set of enablers, including policy framework and investment requirements.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The UAE’s interventions with regard to economic diversification and climate change mitigation span the breadth of sectors that characterize the country’s economy and emission profile, with due consideration for sectoral activities of greater economic significance and those with the highest emissions.', 'It will be accompanied by a full set of enablers, including policy framework and investment requirements.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The UAE’s interventions with regard to economic diversification and climate change mitigation span the breadth of sectors that characterize the country’s economy and emission profile, with due consideration for sectoral activities of greater economic significance and those with the highest emissions. These measures often also contribute to reduction in pollutant emissions, thus improving air quality and public health. Power – Supply At the center of the UAE’s climate action is the ongoing energy transition, which is ensuring a sustainable, affordable and reliable supply of energy. This includes a decarbonization of the UAE’s power sector.', 'This includes a decarbonization of the UAE’s power sector. With heavy reliance on natural gas for power generation, the UAE has built an electricity supply profile with a relatively low carbon footprint. This decarbonization is poised to continue, with clean energy infrastructure assets and services rapidly growing, enhancing the country’s energy supply security and decreasing the environmental impact of the energy sector. Building on the 2021 clean energy target of 24% (installed capacity), the National Energy Strategy 2050 sets a longer-term pathway for the power sector. The Strategy envisages a 50% share of clean energy (renewables and nuclear) in the installed power capacity mix by 2050. 5. ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INITIATIVES WITH MITIGATION CO- BENEFITS Driving innovation and low-cost technology solutions remain core to the UAE’s mitigation efforts in electricity production.', 'ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INITIATIVES WITH MITIGATION CO- BENEFITS Driving innovation and low-cost technology solutions remain core to the UAE’s mitigation efforts in electricity production. For example, the abundance of sunlight in the UAE, coupled with a conducive regulatory framework and innovative business models, has led to the development of photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) projects with record-breaking low electricity prices. The UAE is also investing in nuclear energy with the construction of the four-reactors Barakah Nuclear Energy Plant. With nuclear energy’s unique combination of producing dispatchable, baseload power 24/7 with zero carbon emissions, the Barakah plant is rapidly decarbonizing the UAE power sector. Moreover, it is providing a strong foundation to balance intermittency of renewables. This reinforces a domestic energy supply characterized by sustainability, affordability, and security during a global energy crisis.', 'This reinforces a domestic energy supply characterized by sustainability, affordability, and security during a global energy crisis. The Barakah plant, which at present is generating 2.8GW of baseload electricity, will generate 5.6GW of electricity by 2025, preventing the release of 22.4 million tons of carbon emissions annually throughout its minimum 60 years of operations and will contribute to 25% of the UAE’s committed emissions reductions by 2030. There remain significant opportunities to use nuclear energy in the UAE for hydrogen generation, and to add further capacity through additional large-scale units and/or Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), subject to government direction. Action in these areas can spur additional decarbonization in hard-to-abate sectors such as heavy industry.', 'Action in these areas can spur additional decarbonization in hard-to-abate sectors such as heavy industry. Installed clean power capacity, including solar and nuclear, is on track to reach 14 GW by 2030, from just above 100 MW in 2015 and 2.4 GW in 2020. To date, the country has invested upwards of US$40 billion in clean energy. Solar power is also poised to increase to over 9 GW in installed capacity by 2030, yielding a large shift from reliance on fossil-derived fuels in conjunction with the added nuclear capacity. One waste-to-energy plant has also been launched, with three others in the works. These plants will provide a combined capacity of 300 MW, in addition to reducing the impact of waste on the environment and human health.', 'These plants will provide a combined capacity of 300 MW, in addition to reducing the impact of waste on the environment and human health. The UAE is developing clean energy solutions following a phased approach, with a gradual rise in the use of solar PV power, CSP, nuclear energy, and clean hydrogen. The planned share in the total installed capacity by 2030 is set to 30%, with a 50% transition to clean energy by 2050. In addition to grid-based clean power, the emirate of Dubai is promoting distributed electricity generation, in particular rooftop solar PV, through the adoption of a net-metering program. More than 1,350 PV installations with a total capacity of 125 MW have been connected to the grid across residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. Innovation advances are also taking place with growing energy storage assets in the country.', 'Innovation advances are also taking place with growing energy storage assets in the country. In order to facilitate grid connection of diverse sources of supply and enhance grid stability, UAE utilities have also been making advances in the deployment of energy storage technologies. The emirate of Abu Dhabi is home to the world’s largest virtual battery plant with a capacity of 108 MW. The batteries are distributed across 10 sites but can be controlled as a single plant, securing supply for emergencies and allowing for peak shaving. A 250 MW pumped- storage hydropower (PSH) project is also being developed in the Hatta mountains in Dubai, wherein water will be pumped to an upper reservoir when surplus solar power is available; the stored water will then be used to generate electricity to meet demand during evening peak hours or when needed.', 'A 250 MW pumped- storage hydropower (PSH) project is also being developed in the Hatta mountains in Dubai, wherein water will be pumped to an upper reservoir when surplus solar power is available; the stored water will then be used to generate electricity to meet demand during evening peak hours or when needed. Moreover, EGA, TAQA, Dubai Holding and EWEC announced a major initiative earlier this year that would unlock significant further development of solar power generation capacity in Abu Dhabi, progress power asset and generation optimization, and decarbonize EGA’s aluminum production. The power generated from the EGA assets would be supplied to the grid under a long- term power purchase agreement with dispatch of the assets through EWEC’s load dispatch center.', 'The power generated from the EGA assets would be supplied to the grid under a long- term power purchase agreement with dispatch of the assets through EWEC’s load dispatch center. TAQA’s operating company, TRANSCO, would connect the power assets to the grid, as well as investing in developing the interconnections to upgrade the network to include new substations and strengthening connectivity in the UAE. The new steady power demand from EGA increases the predictability of the overall power system, and advances EWEC’s development of new solar energy projects. The scale of the expansion as a direct result of this initiative is expected towww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Resources Generators (DRRG), a national initiative utilizing solar rooftop and solar water heating systems.', 'The scale of the expansion as a direct result of this initiative is expected towww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Resources Generators (DRRG), a national initiative utilizing solar rooftop and solar water heating systems. Periodic tariff reforms for residential, commercial, and industrial power consumption are being introduced across the UAE to promote cost- reflective pricing and encourage energy conservation. Utilities and regulatory bodies are driving a further shift in energy consumption behavior through education and awareness programs. Standards and labels being a proven enabler of demand management and informed consumer choices, the UAE has an established Energy Efficiency Standardization and Labeling Program, which covers a range of household goods and appliances, including washing machines and dryers, refrigerators, water heaters, lighting fixtures, and air conditioners.', 'Standards and labels being a proven enabler of demand management and informed consumer choices, the UAE has an established Energy Efficiency Standardization and Labeling Program, which covers a range of household goods and appliances, including washing machines and dryers, refrigerators, water heaters, lighting fixtures, and air conditioners. Given that district cooling is significantly more efficient than conventional cooling technologies, it is being deployed in high- density areas. Oil and Gas As a responsible provider of reliable, affordable and low carbon energy to meet global demand, the UAE’s oil and gas industry has been at the forefront of adopting efficient and climate-friendly industry practices. In 2020, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), the country’s largest oil and gas producer, announced a target to decrease its GHG emission intensity by 25% by 2030.', 'In 2020, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), the country’s largest oil and gas producer, announced a target to decrease its GHG emission intensity by 25% by 2030. This target is supported by a set of comprehensive sustainability goals, be greater than the current total installed solar generation capacity in the United Arab Emirates. EGA would utilize this additional solar power once it is developed, which would enable EGA to vastly increase the proportion of its production that is solar aluminum. EGA would also have access to clean power from existing solar power generation assets, and the Barakah nuclear power plant for other low carbon aluminum products. In line with its commitment to clean energy generation, the UAE announced in 2022 that the Hassyan Power Complex, originally designed to operate on coal, would now run on natural gas.', 'In line with its commitment to clean energy generation, the UAE announced in 2022 that the Hassyan Power Complex, originally designed to operate on coal, would now run on natural gas. The plant specifications also require the facility to be constructed carbon capture-ready, meaning that the installation of carbon capture equipment in the future should not require any modification to the plant or hinder the facility’s use. This adaptability in favor of sustainable technologies and practices aligns with the overarching goal of carbon neutrality. Power – Demand The UAE is taking steps to increase the efficiency of energy consumption through regulatory measures, pricing signals, as well as technology deployment. The country has set a federal target to reduce energy consumption by 40% by 2050.', 'The country has set a federal target to reduce energy consumption by 40% by 2050. In support of achieving this target, the UAE has developed ambitious plans for reducing energy consumption, and energy efficiency initiatives are being implemented across demand sectors. The National Water and Energy Demand Side Management Programme has been launched to boost the efficiency of the four main water and energy-consuming sectors in the country: industry, built environment, transport and agriculture. Locally relevant green building regulations and rating schemes for new buildings have been adopted across the UAE’s emirates. These regulations have helped create a local market for sustainable building materials and technologies while raising awareness about green building features among industry professionals. In addition, a federal-level program has been implemented to retrofit existing government buildings with target of 2000 buildings by 2050.', 'In addition, a federal-level program has been implemented to retrofit existing government buildings with target of 2000 buildings by 2050. Similarly, Abu Dhabi’s Building Retrofit Programme targets retrofitting of government buildings and will be rolled out in due course to non- government buildings. Abu Dhabi Energy Services (ADES) is planning to retrofit more than 30 buildings to reduce energy and water consumption by 20-30%. The measures will cover controlling the efficient operations of buildings through motion and room temperature sensors, enhancing capital equipment through upgrading chillers with new compressors, and replacing a range of fixtures, e.g., with LED lighting. The costs will be repaid through reduced utility bills, which represents a progressive approach to financing retrofits. Dubai has set a target to retrofit 30,000 buildings in the emirate by 2030. Ras Al Khaimah’s Building Retrofits Program aims to retrofit 3,000 buildings by 2040.', 'Ras Al Khaimah’s Building Retrofits Program aims to retrofit 3,000 buildings by 2040. Further, greater support for renewable energy in the built environment is being made available through driving the penetration of Distributed Renewable including renewed ambition on resource efficiency, zero routine flaring policy, and Carbon Capture Utilization and Storage (CCUS), in addition to new investments in clean renewable energy. Low Carbon Oil and Gas UAE’s Murban crude oil is less than half of the global industry average carbon- intensity. As the world transitions to a low-carbon energy system, natural gas is playing an important role. Natural gas burns with far less carbon emissions than other fossil fuels, and it helps to enable more use of renewable energy sources by mitigating their intermittency and reliability challenges.', 'Natural gas burns with far less carbon emissions than other fossil fuels, and it helps to enable more use of renewable energy sources by mitigating their intermittency and reliability challenges. ADNOC is growing its natural gas position to meet global energy demand and displace higher carbon alternatives, while still achieving our emission intensity reduction target. ADNOC’s new LNG production facilities will be designed to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions, with features including electric drives for the liquefaction compressors. Commitment to decrease GHG emissions intensity The UAE has developed the region’s first commercial-scale CCUS network. Inaugurated in 2016, the Al Reyadah project captures CO2 at an Emirates Steel facility, and compresses, dehydrates, and transports it through a pipeline for injection into oil wells. The project’s current installed capacity to capture, transport, and inject CO2 is 800,000 tons per year.', 'The project’s current installed capacity to capture, transport, and inject CO2 is 800,000 tons per year. With expansion plans put in place by ADNOC, carbon capture capacity in the country will increase by six-fold by 2030 with up to 5 million tons of CO2 per year.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition Having adopted a zero routine flaring policy in their operations, the UAE’s oil and gas companies are regional leaders in flaring avoidance design and operation. ADNOC has designed its facilities to utilize the recovered gas in normal operations through recovery compressors or by adding value to its downstream chain. To accomplish this, ADNOC operates one of the largest gas-processing plants in the world and has established the first LNG production company in the region.', 'To accomplish this, ADNOC operates one of the largest gas-processing plants in the world and has established the first LNG production company in the region. This has resulted in 89% reduction in flaring since the company’s inception. ADNOC further plans to shift towards electrification of offshore oil and gas production, to be powered by the grid. ADNOC is the first major oil and gas company to decarbonize its imported power at scale. This was facilitated by the Clean Energy Agreement, replacing existing and future industrial load power across ADNOC (imported power) with power from clean sources, such as nuclear and solar. In addition, the use of state-of-the art techniques, like optical imagery, infrared capabilities, and leak detection and repair (LDAR), has allowed to monitor and manage fugitive emissions across the value chain, and the sector continues to build on these achievements.', 'In addition, the use of state-of-the art techniques, like optical imagery, infrared capabilities, and leak detection and repair (LDAR), has allowed to monitor and manage fugitive emissions across the value chain, and the sector continues to build on these achievements. Most recently ADNOC has piloted technologies such as satellite monitoring and deployment of drone-mounted sensors to enhance monitoring of methane emissions. In 2020, ADNOC signed up to the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership 2.0 (OGMP 2.0) to collaborate with industry peers on improving industry standards for reporting methane emissions and ultimately development of effective policies and interventions to tackle methane emissions. Investments in Renewables and Blue Hydrogen ADNOC is expanding its partnership and co-investments to establish mutually beneficial, pioneering partnerships in new energies and low-carbon technologies that support its sustainability ambitions.', 'Investments in Renewables and Blue Hydrogen ADNOC is expanding its partnership and co-investments to establish mutually beneficial, pioneering partnerships in new energies and low-carbon technologies that support its sustainability ambitions. In 2021 ADNOC joined with two partners, Taqa and Mubadala, to combine their renewables and green hydrogen operations into the Abu Dhabi Future Energy Co. (Masdar), with plans to boost solar capacity from 23 GW to more than 50 GW by 2030. ADNOC is also investing in the development of blue and green hydrogen value chains to accelerate its leadership in emerging low-carbon fuel value chains and delivery of the UAE’s Hydrogen Leadership Roadmap, positioning the country as a competitive exporter of clean hydrogen. The company plans to build a world-scale blue ammonia project with an annual capacity of 1 million tonnes per year.', 'The company plans to build a world-scale blue ammonia project with an annual capacity of 1 million tonnes per year. In August 2021, the company has sold its first demonstration cargo of blue ammonia to customers in Japan. Non-Energy Emission-Intensive Industries The UAE’s key heavy industries include aluminum, iron and steel, cement, and chemicals, with each pursuing relevant green industry initiatives. The aluminum sector, reliant on natural gas for the generation of electricity for manufacturing needs, has set emission intensity targets that cover the complete range of industrial processes: power production, smelting, and casting. The use of state-of-the- art gas turbine technology, improved maintenance of plants and equipment, and operational efficiency are yielding emission savings for the sector. A key player in the UAE’s aluminum industry is Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), one of the country’s largest companies and one of the world’s largest aluminum producers.', 'A key player in the UAE’s aluminum industry is Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), one of the country’s largest companies and one of the world’s largest aluminum producers. In 2019, EGA’s carbon intensity associated with smelting was 38% lower than the global industry average, while its PFC emissions were more than 91% below the global industry average. EGA has a strong track record of in-house research and development. The company has been using homegrown technology in smelter expansion and retrofitting of older production lines, minimizing energy consumption and GHG emissions per ton of aluminum produced. EGA’s energy consumption reduction efforts transcend technology optimization. With respect to process emissions, the company has committed to design and material improvements for smelting pot lining, baking trays, and the firing system for anode baking trays.', 'With respect to process emissions, the company has committed to design and material improvements for smelting pot lining, baking trays, and the firing system for anode baking trays. The cement sector, where the most emissions come from clinker production, is shifting to alternative fuels, including refuse-derived fuel (RDF), for powering furnaces and generators. In the steel industry, technology interventions are being made to increase efficiency of energy use in reheating of steel billets, heating of metal scrap in electric arc furnaces, as well as casting. In addition, Emirates Steel has begun the implementation of a two-phase green hydrogen project, with Phase 1 scheduled for completion by 2026. This is a monumental step towards decarbonization of industry and highlights the UAE’s leading role in the global shift to green solutions.', 'This is a monumental step towards decarbonization of industry and highlights the UAE’s leading role in the global shift to green solutions. Notably, the UAE’s Operation 300Bn strategy, launched in 2021, focuses on creating a conducive environment for industries of the future, including hydrogen. The strategy seeks to develop the country’s industrial sector, raising its contribution to the GDP to AED300 billion (US$81.69 billion) by 2031. It aligns with national goals and international commitments related to advancing sustainable economic growth, deploying clean energy solutions, driving industrial innovation, and promoting responsible consumption and production. As an enabler of Operation 300Bn, Emirates Development Bank (EDB) has allocated a portfolio of AED30 billion (US$8.17 billion) to support priority industrial sectors over a period of five years. The diverse set of priority sectors includes renewable energy equipment and technology, energy infrastructure, water desalination, and agriculture.', 'The diverse set of priority sectors includes renewable energy equipment and technology, energy infrastructure, water desalination, and agriculture. Transport With the aim of supporting the economy and encouraging smart mobility choices, in 2015, the UAE initiated a far-reaching fuel pricing reform, linking gasoline and diesel prices to international market prices. Since then, the country has madewww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition further progress in supporting sustainable transport, and providing clean transport infrastructure and services. During the next decade, the UAE looks to capitalize on the opportunities being presented by advances in electrification and automation of mobility. According to the UAE’s fuel quality standards, diesel consumed in the country must comply with 10 ppm sulfur content and Euro 5 standards.', 'According to the UAE’s fuel quality standards, diesel consumed in the country must comply with 10 ppm sulfur content and Euro 5 standards. In terms of technology standards, new motor vehicles in the UAE are compliant with Euro 4 emission performance standards, and a gradual move to Euro 5/6 is planned. Standards for electric, hydrogen, and autonomous vehicles are under development. With the application of vehicle standards, the country intends to gradually boost overall fleet efficiency and prevent less efficient vehicles from entering the country. This further extends to the introduction of a labeling scheme and awareness campaigns to promote total cost of ownership (TCO) approach to capitalize on the benefits of improved fuel efficiency. The UAE is also working to incorporate a regulation that encourages the import of hydrogen vehicles, poised to stimulate the use of clean modes of transport.', 'The UAE is also working to incorporate a regulation that encourages the import of hydrogen vehicles, poised to stimulate the use of clean modes of transport. As part of its shift to cleaner vehicle technologies, the country has taken up wide-scale conversion of conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to compressed natural gas (CNG) with a particular focus on taxis, buses, government vehicles, and commercial vehicles. In addition, regulations and incentive schemes have been put in place to power a larger share of road transport with electricity. The Dubai Green Mobility Strategy 2030 targets a 30% share of electric and hybrid cars among Dubai’s government- procured vehicles by the same year. In 2016, the UAE set a 10% penetration target for electric and hybrid cars in the government fleet by 2021.', 'In 2016, the UAE set a 10% penetration target for electric and hybrid cars in the government fleet by 2021. To support this target, the government introduced 10% annual purchase/lease of hybrids and EVs in its fleet to drive the market shift. In line with the transition to EV technologies, the country has seen a rapid expansion of charging infrastructure, and plans to further increase the number of vehicle charging stations nationwide. Under the National DSM – transport, green mobility initiative works in developing the EV charger’s roadmap followed by building a national network of EV chargers to support the owners of EV. While making road transport smarter, the UAE is steadfast in its commitment to building a railway network to provide faster and cleaner mobility options.', 'While making road transport smarter, the UAE is steadfast in its commitment to building a railway network to provide faster and cleaner mobility options. The 1,200 km-long Etihad Rail is being built in stages, with the 264 km Stage One route operational for freight movement since January 2016. A single train trip on this line removes approximately 300 trips of fleet of vehicles from the road, leading to reduction by 70-80% of CO2eq emissions. Stage Two of Etihad Rail is slated to begin operations in 2023 and will extend over 605 km. On completion, the network will link all major industrial ports and trading hubs in the country. This will also help boost youth empowerment, expanding transportation access and facilitating access to jobs, livelihoods, and educational opportunities.', 'This will also help boost youth empowerment, expanding transportation access and facilitating access to jobs, livelihoods, and educational opportunities. Further, the UAE has a world-class rapid transit rail system in Dubai Metro, which is complemented by a short-range tram network, providing sustainable transport options to residents and tourists alike. Further expansion of the metro network is underway. Complemented by bus service enhancements, this will raise the share of public transport in passenger journeys both inter- and intra-emirate. Waste Management The UAE has been taking proactive steps to increase waste management and treatment through regulation, technology, and consumer awareness. Circular economy initiatives are being rolled out to transform waste from an environmental burden into an asset with economic value. Accordingly, in January 2021 the UAE became the first country in the region to launch their Circular Economy Policy 2031.', 'Accordingly, in January 2021 the UAE became the first country in the region to launch their Circular Economy Policy 2031. The policy sets out the UAE’s ambition to transform its economy from a linear into circular economy. By becoming a Circular Economy, the UAE aims to optimize its use of resources, “design out” waste and pollution and preserve and enhance nature. To spearhead the transformation to a Circular Economy, the UAE policy identified four priority sectors for transformation: Manufacturing, Infrastructure, Transportation and Food. In order to support the adoption and the successful implementation of the circular economy policy, the UAE Circular Economy Council was established in 2021. The council shall oversee the implementation of the initiatives and policies to transit to a circular economy.', 'The council shall oversee the implementation of the initiatives and policies to transit to a circular economy. The UAE Circular Economy Council consists of 17 representatives from the federal and local governmental entities, the private sector and the international organizations. Recently, the council has approved 22 policies to accelerate and consolidate the national efforts in the circular economy agenda. The policies will contribute to addressing most of the challenges raised by the private sector to optimize their operation and adopt circularity as means to sustaining their businesses and further improving them. The policies will focus on turning waste into feeding stocks for sustainable industries and reducing pollution, holistic assessment of the lifecycle of the used material, and regenerating more functionalities for the different materials used in the production process.', 'The policies will focus on turning waste into feeding stocks for sustainable industries and reducing pollution, holistic assessment of the lifecycle of the used material, and regenerating more functionalities for the different materials used in the production process. Moreover, the Coalition of Innovation in Recycling towards a Closed-Loop Economy (Coalition CIRCLE), a public- private partnership established in 2019, is working to develop a circular economy model to combat the issue of plastic and packaging waste pollution in the country. The UAE was also amongst the first signatories to the Scale360˚ initiative of the World Economic Forum (WEF) that is focused on fast-tracking the implementation of a circular economy through nationally led innovation challenges. Regulations and incentive programs have been introduced across the country to minimize waste, and promote reuse and recycling; waste segregation, transfer, and tracking; and recovery, treatment, and disposal.', 'Regulations and incentive programs have been introduced across the country to minimize waste, and promote reuse and recycling; waste segregation, transfer, and tracking; and recovery, treatment, and disposal. This is supported by a targeted reduction in waste generation from 2 kg per capita/day to 1.2 kg per capita/day. Inwww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition 2020, Abu Dhabi adopted the Single-Use Plastic Policy with the aim of making the emirate free of single-use plastic bags. Diversion of waste away from landfills is a key waste management objective, and relevant federal and emirate-level targets have been put in place. In keeping with the approach of reducing waste sent to landfills and deriving value from municipal solid waste, waste-to-energy projects are in the works across the UAE. In May 2022, the Sharjah Waste-to-Energy plant was inaugurated.', 'In May 2022, the Sharjah Waste-to-Energy plant was inaugurated. The facility diverts 300,000 tons per year of non-recyclable waste away from landfill and produces 30 MW of low-carbon energy: enough to supply electricity to about 28,000 homes in the country, and provide 45 million cubic meters of natural gas each year. Moreover, the under-development Dubai Waste Management Centre (DWMC) with the capacity to process 1.9 million tons of municipal solid waste and an installed power capacity of 200 MW, is expected to be operational by 2024. Water Resources Management Given the scarcity of fresh water in the UAE and the country’s reliance on producing water through energy-intensive desalination processes, the management of water resources is of particular policy importance. The UAE is following an integrated water management approach that is geared towards prudent use of water, and minimization of environmental and social risks.', 'The UAE is following an integrated water management approach that is geared towards prudent use of water, and minimization of environmental and social risks. The UAE’s first NDC referenced its efforts to develop a federal framework for sustainable management of water. The country has adopted the UAE Water Security Strategy 2036 that aims to ensure continued and sustainable access to water, and covers all components of the water supply chain: supply, demand, and emergency preparedness. The strategy’s objectives are to reduce potable water consumption by 20% and increase reuse of treated water to 95% by 2036. With limited freshwater resources, desalination is the largest source of potable water in the UAE. The country has traditionally relied on power and water co-generation plants for the production of desalinated water.', 'The country has traditionally relied on power and water co-generation plants for the production of desalinated water. Between 2010 and 2019, the GDP grew faster than water consumption supplied by utilities, and consequently, the productivity of water, measured as the value of GDP created per cubic meter of water supplied by utilities, rose by 31% from US$186 (in constant 2010 prices) to US$243 (2010 prices). In line with Abu Dhabi National Energy Company, PJSC (TAQA) 2030 strategic plan, aims to expand highly efficient reverse osmosis technologies to make up two-thirds of its desalination capacity by 2030; where the projects totaling 200 MIGD are already under construction. Moreover, the decoupling of water consumption from economic and population growth in the UAE suggests that water use in the country has become more circular, particularly since 2015.', 'Moreover, the decoupling of water consumption from economic and population growth in the UAE suggests that water use in the country has become more circular, particularly since 2015. While the productivity/efficiency of water use in the industrial sector of the the productivity/efficiency of water use in the agricultural sector and municipal sector showed an increase (46% and 4% respectively). In order to reduce the environmental impact of desalination, and to address inefficiencies in co-generation due to operational attributes and seasonal variation in demand for power and water, the UAE is developing and scaling up independent water projects based on reverse osmosis (RO) technology and expanding the share of renewable energy in desalination. The country targets a rise in the share of RO-based desalinated water to over 50% of the potable water supply mix by 2036.', 'The country targets a rise in the share of RO-based desalinated water to over 50% of the potable water supply mix by 2036. The Al Taweelah RO- based desalination plant in Abu Dhabi, expected to be operational by 2022 with a maximum production capacity of 909,200 cubic meters of water per day, seeks to utilize the lowest amount of energy per volume unit of desalinated water produced. Amongst Dubai’s RO plants, the Hassyan Sea Water RO Plant, based on the Independent Water Producer (IWP) model, is a notable addition with a planned capacity of over 1 million cubic meters of water per day by 2030. Moreover, efforts are being made to reduce water losses and lower the consumption of water.', 'Moreover, efforts are being made to reduce water losses and lower the consumption of water. Along with promulgation of green building and product standards, building retrofit initiatives, and introduction of a water tariff reform, government authorities have been implementing awareness campaigns to push for behavioral change amongst residential as well as commercial consumers. Furthermore, the wastewater treatment and sanitation sector in the UAE has witnessed significant advances over the last few years with the expansion of wastewater treatment capacity. For instance, In July 2021 TAQA awarded AED 900 million in projects to further expand their recycled water distribution program to include commercial and agricultural operations, with the goal to achieve 85 MIGD of recycled water distribution capacity. In partnership with Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD) , TAQA are developing a network in the Liwa region to supply recycled water to more than 4,000 farms.', 'In partnership with Environment Agency Abu Dhabi (EAD) , TAQA are developing a network in the Liwa region to supply recycled water to more than 4,000 farms. As well as in January 2020, TAQA completed the extension of their recycled water network to include Saadiyat island in Abu Dhabi to supply the island with 4.4 MIGD of recycled water for landscaping irrigation, further reducing the reliance on desalinated water. Tourism and Mega-Events The UAE receives a large number of business and leisure travelers every year. The country also hosts a range of international events, including sporting events, exhibitions, and conferences. As tourism opportunities grow, mitigation of emissions, building of resilience to climate impacts, and promotion of sustainable tourism practices are central to the sector’s development.', 'As tourism opportunities grow, mitigation of emissions, building of resilience to climate impacts, and promotion of sustainable tourism practices are central to the sector’s development. Through standards, technical guidelines, and capacity-building programs, hotels in the UAE are being encouraged to reduce their operations’ impact on the environment. Dubai’s Department of Economy and Tourism (DET) has laid down a set of sustainability guidelines that hotels are required to comply with, along with monthly reporting of their carbon emissions.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition In addition, the UAE government is working with relevant stakeholders to design ecotourism experiences that are centered around conserving nature as well as deriving value from it. A multi- phase national ecotourism program, ‘The UAE’s Natural Wonders,’ was launched in 2018 to raise awareness about the country’s nature reserves and protected areas.', 'A multi- phase national ecotourism program, ‘The UAE’s Natural Wonders,’ was launched in 2018 to raise awareness about the country’s nature reserves and protected areas. To cater to international events, the UAE has built world-class exhibition centers and arenas with due consideration for sustainable design and operation. In 2019, Abu Dhabi provided the venue for the Special Olympics World Games. In addition to offsetting the event’s emissions, efforts were made to power the Games with clean energy sources and to provide sustainable transport options. The UAE also hosted Expo 2020 Dubai in 2021-2022. Its organization was geared towards delivering a sustainable mega-event. Particular attention was paid to sourcing of clean energy, water conservation, effective waste management, and use of sustainable building materials in accordance with green design. In line with Expo’s theme, ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’, its Sustainability Pavilion showcased innovative environmental solutions.', 'In line with Expo’s theme, ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’, its Sustainability Pavilion showcased innovative environmental solutions. It is notable that the Expo site has been built as a smart development that will translate into sustainable legacy infrastructure for residential and commercial purposes. The site after the event closure will transform into Expo City Dubai, a smart and sustainable city serving as an integrated mixed-use community. It will fulfil Expo’s founding vision to be an innovation-driven business ecosystem to connect, create, and embrace technology and digital innovation to support growth. Expo City Dubai will repurpose 80% of Expo’s built environment.', 'Expo City Dubai will repurpose 80% of Expo’s built environment. The UAE intends to leverage this vast experience as it prepares hosts COP28 in 2023, placing sustainability leadership and inclusivity at the center of the event and its Presidency.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition In line with Article 7 of the Paris Agreement and the Global Goal on Adaptation, the UAE is taking decisive action to enhance its resilience, given the Arabian Gulf region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. In keeping with the ambition articulated in its first NDC and the goals set by the National Climate Change Plan of the UAE 2017-2050, the country has developed the National Climate Change Adaptation Program.', 'In keeping with the ambition articulated in its first NDC and the goals set by the National Climate Change Plan of the UAE 2017-2050, the country has developed the National Climate Change Adaptation Program. The program is geared towards increasing climate resilience by minimizing risks and improving adaptive capacity, particularly among vulnerable groups, such as women, the elderly, persons living with disabilities, and young people who will inherit the increasing impacts of climate change. The Program entails the following: • risk and vulnerability assessment, and adoption of immediate low-cost measures; • mainstreaming of adaptation planning in development policies; and • monitoring and evaluation to ensure implementation of evidence-based adaptation measures. The UAE acknowledges the importance of integrating its adaptation plans and activities with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, thus reducing disaster risk and associated loss of life, health, livelihoods, and assets.', 'The UAE acknowledges the importance of integrating its adaptation plans and activities with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, thus reducing disaster risk and associated loss of life, health, livelihoods, and assets. The country has conducted a systematic and participatory climate risk assessment as a basis for planning adaptation measures in four priority sectors: energy, infrastructure, health, and the environment. The climate risk assessment 6. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE RISKS framework followed identifies potential sectoral impacts of climate change, evaluates impacts for their expected magnitude and likelihood, assesses and prioritizes risks, and accordingly identifies adaptation measures. For each sector, in addition to measures being currently implemented, actionable adaptation plans in line with the national adaptation plan (NAP) requirements, are being developed to respond to identified high- priority risks.', 'For each sector, in addition to measures being currently implemented, actionable adaptation plans in line with the national adaptation plan (NAP) requirements, are being developed to respond to identified high- priority risks. Measures being adopted and planned include physical safeguards, such as engineered structures, technology systems, and ecosystem-based assets; risk management initiatives, covering regulations, financial mechanisms, and early warning systems; knowledge development, including data collection, research, and capacity-building; and enablers, such as broader policies that may not directly target adaptation but provide enabling conditions for strengthening resilience. The UAE government is also enhancing national capacities in climate risk insurance, working closely with the private sector. As such TAQA is contributing to UAE demand side management and Energy rationalization strategy 2030 through ADES, our wholly owned Super ESCO and subsidiary of the Group, and our distribution companies ADDC and AADC.', 'As such TAQA is contributing to UAE demand side management and Energy rationalization strategy 2030 through ADES, our wholly owned Super ESCO and subsidiary of the Group, and our distribution companies ADDC and AADC. Multiple initiatives on energy and water efficiency, building retrofits and cooling efficiency have been launched with a portfolio of planned initiatives also developed. By 2030, ADES aims to save 2.7 terawatt hours of electricity and nine million cubic meters of water. Energy While the UAE’s energy sector is the single largest GHG emitter, it is itself significantly impacted by climate change. The sector’s assets and activities face threats from supply and consumption changes as well as extreme weather events.', 'The sector’s assets and activities face threats from supply and consumption changes as well as extreme weather events. Some impacts that pose a high level of risk given their magnitude and likelihood include energy efficiency losses in power plants when temperatures exceed standard design criteria, reduced power output due to warmer cooling water in plants, and deterioration of power facilities leading to reduced reliability and increased maintenance costs. It is also expected that higher temperatures will result in a higher energy demand for cooling. In addition, the energy sector is vulnerable to direct climate impacts, such as damage to coastal power infrastructure due to sea level rise and extreme salinity episodes. To build the sector’s resilience, the UAE’s energy regulators and utilities are factoring in climate-related impacts in their current operations and future strategies.', 'To build the sector’s resilience, the UAE’s energy regulators and utilities are factoring in climate-related impacts in their current operations and future strategies. Dubai Electricity and Water Authority (DEWA) has developed a climate impact assessment model to evaluate the physical and financial impact of climate change on its assets and operations, and has built a climate resilience plan. In order to address potential rise in power demand due to extreme temperatures, the country is expanding clean energy-based installed capacity and implementing energy efficiency measures. Particular attention is being paid to increasing the efficiency of cooling appliances and deploying district cooling where feasible. Green building standards, appliance labels and standards, and awareness programs promote energy conservation in the residential and commercial sectors. Modernization of existing plants and substations is being undertaken.', 'Modernization of existing plants and substations is being undertaken. The UAE is focusing on the development of smart infrastructure – power plants, grids, and meters – and the upgrade and modernization of existing infrastructure assets to accelerate response in the face of uncertainty. Power system integration and automation is being pursued to boost efficiency and institute smart controls. Utilities are working to leverage artificial intelligence and data analytics to enhance power system performance. Infrastructure The UAE’s infrastructure, comprising buildings, transport links, water supply, sanitation and waste management facilities, and coastal and offshore infrastructure, is an essential enabler of economic development. Considering infrastructure’s long service lifespan, significant economic value, and importance for community life, the country is preparing for the unavoidable impacts of climate change on the infrastructure life cycle – design, location, construction, operation, and maintenance – in order to build long-term socio-economic resilience.', 'Considering infrastructure’s long service lifespan, significant economic value, and importance for community life, the country is preparing for the unavoidable impacts of climate change on the infrastructure life cycle – design, location, construction, operation, and maintenance – in order to build long-term socio-economic resilience. About 85% of the UAE’s population and more than 90% of its infrastructure are located in low-lying coastal areas. Damagewww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition to coastal and offshore infrastructure due to rising temperatures and changes in seawater acidity and salinity is, therefore, of particular policy and planning relevance for the country. Other critical impacts include but are not limited to increased infrastructure maintenance costs, loss of business opportunities due to transport disruptions, and reduced reliability of buildings and transport infrastructure.', 'Other critical impacts include but are not limited to increased infrastructure maintenance costs, loss of business opportunities due to transport disruptions, and reduced reliability of buildings and transport infrastructure. Supplemented by coastal zoning and monitoring, urban masterplans that lay guidelines for the operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure, and the design and construction of planned infrastructure serve as a foundation for effective adaptation plans for the UAE infrastructure sector. Across the country, green building design and construction is being promoted, existing buildings and facilities are being refurbished, and flood monitoring and management systems are being enhanced. Public infrastructure is being continuously upgraded to harness the benefits of new technologies and practices. Fog detection and warning systems are in use, and efforts are being made to incorporate climate-induced hazards in road safety plans.', 'Fog detection and warning systems are in use, and efforts are being made to incorporate climate-induced hazards in road safety plans. Even while the UAE climate-proofs its infrastructure and communities, relevant contingency and disaster response plans are being put in place to ensure preparedness for emergencies and to maintain continued access to infrastructure services. Response plans are designed in conjunction with women, youth, and at-risk groups, and reflect the needs of all individuals. Health The impacts of climate change on human health vary in scale and complexity – either with direct exposure to extreme weather events or indirectly through the impacts of climate change on air quality and water supply.', 'Health The impacts of climate change on human health vary in scale and complexity – either with direct exposure to extreme weather events or indirectly through the impacts of climate change on air quality and water supply. According to the national climate risk assessment undertaken by the UAE, reduced productivity of outdoor workers due to heat stress is a high-magnitude, highly likely impact that the country will face, with morbidity and/or mortality from heat stroke following closely behind. Given the temperatures and humidity levels that characterize the UAE’s desert climate, heat stress is a concern that public health authorities are already grappling with. The country is preparing to deal with climate-related health challenges, and making significant progress in taking preventive measures and providing high- quality healthcare. A midday break has been stipulated for all outdoor laborers during peak summer.', 'A midday break has been stipulated for all outdoor laborers during peak summer. The measure has been introduced to reduce heat exhaustion, heat stress, heat stroke, and related illnesses. The Abu Dhabi government has also rolled out a ‘Safety in Heat’ program that aims to limit heat exposure in the workplace; concomitantly, a Thermal Work Limit (TWL) heat stress index is being used to gauge the suitability of working conditions. In July 2019, the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the UAE National Framework for Action on Climate Change and Health 2019-2021 that sets out the country’s strategic response to public health challenges posed by climate change.', 'In July 2019, the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the UAE National Framework for Action on Climate Change and Health 2019-2021 that sets out the country’s strategic response to public health challenges posed by climate change. It considers high-priority risks that emerged from the risk assessment exercise undertaken as part of the National Climate Change Adaptation Program while laying the ground for continued assessments and capacity- building amongst relevant stakeholders. Under the Framework, the UAE National Committee on Climate Change and Health has been founded to coordinate the development of a nationwide policy and action plan on health and climate change, and to steer the design and implementation of the country’s public health response to climate change.', 'Under the Framework, the UAE National Committee on Climate Change and Health has been founded to coordinate the development of a nationwide policy and action plan on health and climate change, and to steer the design and implementation of the country’s public health response to climate change. Modalities are also being established for effective coordination between public health and climate stakeholders, and to train health personnel to deal with risks posed by climate change, particularly as it relates to vulnerable groups, such as the elderly, pregnant women, and those highly exposed. In addition, the UAE is proactively enhancing regulations and policies concerned with key environmental health services and determinants, including water and air quality, food systems, and waste management, to protect public health while fighting climate change.', 'In addition, the UAE is proactively enhancing regulations and policies concerned with key environmental health services and determinants, including water and air quality, food systems, and waste management, to protect public health while fighting climate change. The country will strengthen surveillance of infectious diseases and their link to climate- and environment-related factors amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Environment The UAE has been working to protect its natural heritage through the promulgation of relevant environmental regulations, development of protected areas, and promotion of sustainable best practices in economic activities reliant on the environment (such as fishing and farming). As climate pressures mount, the country is invested in enhancing its understanding of how climate change is affecting the availability of natural resources, such as freshwater, and threatening species and their habitats, while addressing these risks with the engagement of relevant stakeholders.', 'As climate pressures mount, the country is invested in enhancing its understanding of how climate change is affecting the availability of natural resources, such as freshwater, and threatening species and their habitats, while addressing these risks with the engagement of relevant stakeholders. Conserving and sustainably utilizing groundwater resources and aquifers is a key policy objective of the UAE. As an enabler of this objective, the UAE Hydrological Map initiative assesses the suitability of the country’s surface water and groundwater resources for the construction of dams and water facilities. Rainwater harvesting in dams, along with artificial injection technology, is being used to boost available water resources. Increased frequency of coral bleaching events, and loss of coastal and terrestrial wetlands as well as associated biodiversity and ecosystem services have been identified as high-risk climate impacts on the UAE’s environment.', 'Increased frequency of coral bleaching events, and loss of coastal and terrestrial wetlands as well as associated biodiversity and ecosystem services have been identified as high-risk climate impacts on the UAE’s environment. Given the vulnerability of coral reefs to climate impacts, the country has taken significant steps to protect and restore them. Monitoring of coral reefs, deployment of artificial reefs, and rehabilitation and cultivation of reefs is being undertaken at various locations. More than 3,000 coral fragments have been transplanted, and it is expected that over 10,000 more will be transplanted in the next 10 years. The Fujairah Cultured Coral Reef Gardens project was initiated in 2019 and targetswww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition the cultivation of 1.5 million coral reef colonies over five years.', 'The Fujairah Cultured Coral Reef Gardens project was initiated in 2019 and targetswww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition the cultivation of 1.5 million coral reef colonies over five years. The UAE has deployed 4,500 artificial reefs across its marine and coastal zones, and these are being monitored for improved marine life and fish stocks. Additionally, natural rock barriers are being installed in coastal areas across the country in order to recreate natural habitats and breeding grounds for marine species. Taken together, the UAE’s efforts to protect and restore coral reefs has the potential to provide jobs and reinforce livelihoods to young people, while helping ensure access to this innovative and emerging sector.', 'Taken together, the UAE’s efforts to protect and restore coral reefs has the potential to provide jobs and reinforce livelihoods to young people, while helping ensure access to this innovative and emerging sector. The National Biodiversity Strategy and the National Strategy for Coastal and Marine Environment, along with the UAE’s international commitments on environment, have been guiding the country’s initiatives in environmental conservation and nature-based climate solutions. The National Biodiversity Strategy lays down the framework for establishing a network of protected and effectively managed ecosystems, taking into account the linking of important areas of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This has entailed biodiversity surveys; issuance of relevant legislation and guidelines; programs to plant and protect native trees; initiatives to protect terrestrial, marine, and freshwater fauna; and designation of new protected areas. Currently, the UAE’s 49 protected areas occupy 15.5% of its total territory.', 'Currently, the UAE’s 49 protected areas occupy 15.5% of its total territory. The country is developing the UAE Smart Map of Natural Capital to identify biologically rich ecosystems as well as the services they provide.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition While mitigation of emissions and adaptation to impacts remain an integral part of climate action, interventions in some sectors are yielding results for both objectives. The UAE’s efforts to boost its adaptive capacity through coastal ecosystems management, and food and agriculture policies are leading to mitigation benefits as well. These dual benefits only underscore the importance of the country’s initiatives in these areas of socio-economic and environmental significance. Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystems The UAE’s coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds, provide a range of ecosystem services.', 'Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystems The UAE’s coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass beds, provide a range of ecosystem services. In the context of climate change, these ecosystems serve both adaptation and mitigation needs. Owing to a range of restoration and conservation efforts implemented since the 1970s, the UAE is amongst the few countries that have proactively expanded their mangrove forest cover. Following the success of the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project that has significantly contributed to the understanding of blue carbon stocks in the UAE, the value of these stocks has been incorporated into federal and emirate-level policies. The UAE government is undertaking further field research to determine mangrove soil carbon sequestration rates using 7. ADAPTATION ACTIONS WITH MITIGA- TION CO-BENEFITS radiometric dating techniques. The findings will aid the development of emission inventories and inform coastal management.', 'The findings will aid the development of emission inventories and inform coastal management. To enhance its natural carbon sinks, the UAE has taken an active role in restoring the ecosystems through planting native trees, such as mangroves, which sequester 1,073,696 metric tons of CO2 in the country annually. During the 26th UN Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow, the UAE announced its ambition to plant 100 million mangrove seedlings by 2030, significantly increasing the target of 30 million seedlings set in 2020. Further, as part of its efforts to improve in- situ conservation and to build a network of protected areas between 2021 and 2025, the emirate of Abu Dhabi targets the inclusion of a minimum of 20% marine blue carbon habitats within protected areas.', 'Further, as part of its efforts to improve in- situ conservation and to build a network of protected areas between 2021 and 2025, the emirate of Abu Dhabi targets the inclusion of a minimum of 20% marine blue carbon habitats within protected areas. On a global level, the UAE is working on the Mangrove Alliance for Climate (MAC) that seeks to leverage a vast collective of expertise and resources to scale up and accelerate mangrove conservation, restoration, and resilience. Specifically, the members commit to plant, rehabilitate, and restore mangroves within their countries and to support other members in doing the same. Agriculture and Food Security In order to tackle the challenges climate change poses for food production, the UAE is adopting sustainable and controlled-environment agricultural systems, reducing food waste, and diversifying sources of food imports.', 'Agriculture and Food Security In order to tackle the challenges climate change poses for food production, the UAE is adopting sustainable and controlled-environment agricultural systems, reducing food waste, and diversifying sources of food imports. The country’s National Food Security Strategy 2051, launched in 2018, was determined based on (3) main criteria: consumption rate, production capacity, and nutritional values of the main nutrients, including specialized foods. The basket included (24) main foods within the plant, livestock and grain food groups. The strategy aims to ensure access to safe and sufficient food all year round, prioritizing sustainable agricultural and consumption practices, and thus promoting resilience, productivity, soil and water conservation, food diversification, and food waste reduction.', 'The strategy aims to ensure access to safe and sufficient food all year round, prioritizing sustainable agricultural and consumption practices, and thus promoting resilience, productivity, soil and water conservation, food diversification, and food waste reduction. Therefore, to achieve those objectives the UAE Cabinet approved an effective food security governance model by establishment of the Emirates Food Security Council which is playing a major role to ensures the implementation of the National Food Security Strategy 2051 and proposes regulations, legislation and policies to enhance food security in the UAE. The role of innovation in climate-smart agriculture and food systems has become paramount in the country.', 'The role of innovation in climate-smart agriculture and food systems has become paramount in the country. For example, to address the water-energy- food nexus that characterizes the desert environment of the Arabian Gulf region, the UAE government is working closely with research institutes and farmers to drive the adoption of modern farming solutions and technologies, such as optimized greenhouse design, hydroponics, and vertical agriculture. For example, the Agriculture 4.0 initiative, being implemented from 2020 to 2022, seeks to upgrade traditional farms with technology-enabled operating models that optimize production while abiding by the water budget set by the UAE Water Strategy 2036. Through public-private partnerships, the UAE has invested in several vertical farming projects.', 'Through public-private partnerships, the UAE has invested in several vertical farming projects. One prominent example is the world’s largest vertical farming facility being built by Emirates Flight Catering and Crop One, which will cover 12,077 sq m and produce output equivalent to 3.6 million sq m of farmland using 99% less water than regular outdoor fields. The UAE has also committed to financing climate action in agriculture and food security efforts. As part of its leadership of the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM for Climate) – a global initiative led by the UAE and the US with the support of over 140 government and non-government partners – the UAE has joined in a collective pledge to target USD 8 billion in investments in climate-smart agriculture and food systems by COP27.', 'As part of its leadership of the Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM for Climate) – a global initiative led by the UAE and the US with the support of over 140 government and non-government partners – the UAE has joined in a collective pledge to target USD 8 billion in investments in climate-smart agriculture and food systems by COP27. Furthermore, In May 2020, His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces (at the time), outlined his vision for enhancing food security and promoting a culture of rationalization and sustainable practices in food production and consumption. This vision sowed thewww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition seeds for the National Food Loss and Waste Initiative (Ne’ma).', 'This vision sowed thewww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition seeds for the National Food Loss and Waste Initiative (Ne’ma). Ne’ma, the National Food Loss and Waste Initiative, is a collaboration between the Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, Emirates Foundation and the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Court, represents a major milestone in the UAE’s commitment to tackle food loss and waste, and to develop a strategic system aimed at intensifying efforts to achieve the goals of the UAE National Food Security Strategy in reducing food loss and waste by 50% by 2030, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #12.3.The Ne’ma initiative will align and gather the efforts of government entities, the private sector, NGOs and communities across the nation under a shared umbrella, to collectively address food loss and waste in the UAE, whether at farms, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, restaurants or households In conjunction with technology-based enhancement in domestic agriculture, the country has taken a comprehensive approach to combating food waste by engaging local residents, government organizations, and businesses in initiatives to reduce and encourage treatment of food waste.', 'Ne’ma, the National Food Loss and Waste Initiative, is a collaboration between the Ministry of Climate Change and Environment, Emirates Foundation and the Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Court, represents a major milestone in the UAE’s commitment to tackle food loss and waste, and to develop a strategic system aimed at intensifying efforts to achieve the goals of the UAE National Food Security Strategy in reducing food loss and waste by 50% by 2030, in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal #12.3.The Ne’ma initiative will align and gather the efforts of government entities, the private sector, NGOs and communities across the nation under a shared umbrella, to collectively address food loss and waste in the UAE, whether at farms, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, restaurants or households In conjunction with technology-based enhancement in domestic agriculture, the country has taken a comprehensive approach to combating food waste by engaging local residents, government organizations, and businesses in initiatives to reduce and encourage treatment of food waste. The nationwide Food Waste Pledge, launched in 2018, encourages the UAE’s hospitality sector to adopt efficient food management practices.', 'The nationwide Food Waste Pledge, launched in 2018, encourages the UAE’s hospitality sector to adopt efficient food management practices. The country aspires to cut food waste by half by 2030.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The UAE’s climate engagements are guided and supported by cross-cutting enablers, including finance, technology innovation as well as public awareness and youth engagement. The UAE Green Agenda 2015-2030 sets a sustainable growth pathway for the country to become a global hub for the low-carbon green economy, and serves as an overarching framework that promotes green industries and jobs as well as green finance. Capacity-building across public and private sector entities is a key component of climate and green development initiatives in the UAE.', 'Capacity-building across public and private sector entities is a key component of climate and green development initiatives in the UAE. Sustainable Finance The UAE’s efforts to build a competitive green economy have placed sustainable finance at the forefront with the aim of effectively channeling investment. At the federal level, the UAE Sustainable Finance Framework 2021-2031 was launched in 2021 to guide stakeholders towards mobilizing and scaling up private capital for sustainable investments. The Framework was developed through strong stakeholder collaboration, with insights gathered from leading financial institutions and relevant public sector entities to inform on the areas of intervention which require the most attention. Also, in the same year, the country witnessed the issuance of the High-Level Statement on Sustainable Finance, detailing the commitment of the UAE Sustainable Finance Working Group to achieving the country’s sustainability 8. DOMESTIC ENABLERS objectives and the recently announced net-zero emissions goal.', 'DOMESTIC ENABLERS objectives and the recently announced net-zero emissions goal. The statement outlines three key deliverables: a targeted study aimed at encouraging consistent environmental, social, and governance (ESG) corporate disclosure standards across the UAE, examining how to strengthen good corporate governance by the country’s companies, and, crucially, developing a UAE taxonomy of sustainable activities, which constitutes a major milestone in defining the path for economic transition to sustainable development. The Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) Sustainable Finance Agenda was published in January 2019, setting a roadmap for establishing a sustainable finance hub in the UAE. This was followed by the launch of the UAE Guiding Principles on Sustainable Finance, a voluntary framework to encourage the country’s financial firms to incorporate ESG considerations in their business.', 'This was followed by the launch of the UAE Guiding Principles on Sustainable Finance, a voluntary framework to encourage the country’s financial firms to incorporate ESG considerations in their business. With the objective of building a dynamic sustainable finance sector in the UAE and supporting the country’s transition towards a green economy, more than 70 government and private sector entities have adopted the Abu Dhabi and Dubai Sustainable Finance Declarations. The UAE is seeing a range of green finance instruments and initiatives being developed and implemented. For example, Dubai Green Fund (DGF), established in 2016, provides loans to companies in the clean energy sector at reduced rates. Green bonds/sukuk issued by leading UAE corporations have emerged as instruments for financing sustainability projects.', 'Green bonds/sukuk issued by leading UAE corporations have emerged as instruments for financing sustainability projects. In 2020, the emirate of Abu Dhabi introduced the Green Bond Programme, a joint initiative by the Abu Dhabi Department of Energy (DoE), ADGM, and Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange (ADX) that seeks to develop a transparent framework for green bonds to ensure impact and boost investor confidence. Earlier in 2022, TAQA announced the successful pricing of green senior secured bonds for an aggregate principal amount of US$700.8 million (AED 2.6 billion) by Sweihan PV Power Company PJSC (SPPC). Technology Development & Innovation The UAE has established scientific research centers and programs targeting climate and energy innovation, and continues to test and adopt new sustainable technologies and practices.', 'Technology Development & Innovation The UAE has established scientific research centers and programs targeting climate and energy innovation, and continues to test and adopt new sustainable technologies and practices. These initiatives are envisioned as a tool for youth empowerment, supporting employment opportunities and facilitating access to new and innovative low-carbon technologies and sectors. The country has pioneered low-cost solar power in the region, and has developed knowledge and solutions which can be deployed in other countries. DEWA has founded a world-class research and development center that focuses on solar testing and certification, energy efficiency, and smart grids. In line with its commitment to international cooperation, the UAE is a member of Mission Innovation, an intergovernmental initiative announced at COP21 in Paris in 2015, wherein participating countries committed to doubling clean energy research and development by 2021.', 'In line with its commitment to international cooperation, the UAE is a member of Mission Innovation, an intergovernmental initiative announced at COP21 in Paris in 2015, wherein participating countries committed to doubling clean energy research and development by 2021. With heightened interest in hydrogen as a fuel of the future, a public-private solar- powered electrolysis facility has been built in Dubai to test and demonstrate an integrated plant that produces and stores green hydrogen, and then deploys it for re- electrification, mobility, or other industrial uses. In May 2021, the US$14-million green hydrogen plant was inaugurated at Dubai’s Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park. Daylight solar power from the Park enables the pilot project to produce about 20.5 kg/h of hydrogen at 1.25 MWe of peak power.', 'Daylight solar power from the Park enables the pilot project to produce about 20.5 kg/h of hydrogen at 1.25 MWe of peak power. In order to advance hydrogen production and use, a number of initiatives have been announced by the UAE government. The Abu Dhabi Hydrogen Alliance, established in 2021, is working to consolidate the country’s reputation as a reliable global exporter of clean hydrogen. The Alliance members include Mubadala Investment Company, ADNOC, ADQ, DOE and the UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure. In the same year, the UAE announced the launch of the UAE Hydrogen Leadership Roadmap, a comprehensive national blueprint to support domestic low-carbon industries, contribute to the net-zero emissions ambition, and position the country as a competitive exporter of clean hydrogen. The country is also leveraging artificial intelligence across vital industries to spur innovation.', 'The country is also leveraging artificial intelligence across vital industries to spur innovation. The UAE National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence 2031, adopted in 2017, aims to boost productivity and performance in key economic sectors, including clean energy, water resourcewww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition management, and the environment. In 2018, the UAE government set up the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in collaboration with Khalifa University and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The laboratory uses artificial intelligence to optimize the use of renewables in the UAE by mapping prime solar power locations across the country, in addition to tracking air pollutants and monitoring water quality. In keeping with the aviation industry’s commitment to advancing sustainable technologies and practices, the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium (SBRC) was founded in 2011.', 'In keeping with the aviation industry’s commitment to advancing sustainable technologies and practices, the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium (SBRC) was founded in 2011. The flagship project of the Consortium, the Seawater Energy and Agriculture System (SEAS), is a first- of-its-kind research facility to produce both food (fish and shrimp) and fuel (salt- tolerant halophyte plants) using desert land irrigated by seawater. In 2019, biofuel from this facility was combined with traditional jet fuel to power the first commercial flight using locally produced halophyte-based fuel. Overarching strategies that advance research and innovation have been put in place. The vision of the UAE’s Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Strategy is to position the country as a leading global hub and an open lab for 4IR applications.', 'The vision of the UAE’s Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) Strategy is to position the country as a leading global hub and an open lab for 4IR applications. Amongst the six strategic pillars of the Strategy is ‘The Experience of the Future’, which aspires to establish the UAE as a global hub for smart cities with improved environmental sustainability and enhanced quality of life. One of the pillar’s strategic areas is NextGen Mobility that reflects the country’s ambition to become the world’s testing ground for autonomous and sustainable mobility with the aim of leading innovation in transportation. Further, the UAE is implementing the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and the National Strategy for Advanced Innovation that seek to build the country’s credentials as a knowledge and innovation powerhouse.', 'Further, the UAE is implementing the Science, Technology and Innovation Policy and the National Strategy for Advanced Innovation that seek to build the country’s credentials as a knowledge and innovation powerhouse. To enable the development of innovative solutions that drive the UAE’s green transition, the country has launched several programs that support local and international entrepreneurs and innovators. These include the Mohammed Bin Rashid Innovation Fund (MBRIF), focused on technology and business innovation; the Climate Innovations Exchange (CLIX) for sourcing and funding of climate solutions and technologies; and the Solar Decathlon Middle East (SDME) that targets innovation in the field of sustainable solar homes. Youth and Women in Climate Action Inclusivity and empowerment are woven throughout the entirety of the UAE’s approach to climate change and sustainable energy, with a particular focus on strengthening the participation of women and young people.', 'Youth and Women in Climate Action Inclusivity and empowerment are woven throughout the entirety of the UAE’s approach to climate change and sustainable energy, with a particular focus on strengthening the participation of women and young people. The country has continued to invest heavily in youth development and engagement on climate issues. The government introduced the Emirates Youth Climate Strategy in 2018 to build youth capacities to meet the challenges of climate change and promote youth participation in climate action and domestic decision-making. Several youth councils have been established to consult with youth on policies and legislation, including the UAE National Climate Change Plan and Nationally Determined Contributions. The Youth Circles initiative, governed by the Emirates Youth Council, inspires youth-centric dialogue and holds events across a variety of areas, including sustainable development and climate change, enabling young people to share innovative solutions.', 'The Youth Circles initiative, governed by the Emirates Youth Council, inspires youth-centric dialogue and holds events across a variety of areas, including sustainable development and climate change, enabling young people to share innovative solutions. Furthermore, in 2016, the UAE appointed its first Minister of State for Youth Affairs, who was the youngest member of the cabinet and the youngest minister in the world. Masdar’s Youth 4 Sustainability (Y4S) platform, launched in 2020, supports the country’s transition to a knowledge economy by enabling young people to become active environmental leaders through mentorship and engagement opportunities. Additionally, more than 180 young citizens have graduated from DEWA’s ongoing Carbon Ambassadors Programme since its inception in 2014. The program focuses on educating youth on climate, sustainable energy, and natural resource management.', 'The program focuses on educating youth on climate, sustainable energy, and natural resource management. Under the guidance of the UAE leadership, the Arab Youth Center (AYC) was established to harness and invest in youth’s energy as a valuable resource and asset. In 2021, the Center founded the Arab Youth Council for Climate Change (AYCCC) as a dedicated platform to enable Arab youth climate advocates to contribute to the global fight against climate change. The Council aspires to bridge the gap between young people and policy-making bodies by ensuring youth representation at regional and global engagements and events. The Council also seeks to equip young Arabs with the necessary tools and skills required to face the challenges posed by the climate crisis.', 'The Council also seeks to equip young Arabs with the necessary tools and skills required to face the challenges posed by the climate crisis. Established in 2008, the Zayed Sustainability Prize are an annual series of global awards with a prize pool of $3 million, which recognizes and rewards the achievements of those who are driving impactful, innovative and inspiring sustainability solutions across five distinct categories: Health, Food, Energy, Water and Global High Schools. Gender equality is firmly embedded in the UAE’s response to climate change. The country maintains its commitment to female education, which is evidenced by the fact that over 50% of the UAE’s university graduates are women, including in climate-related fields.', 'The country maintains its commitment to female education, which is evidenced by the fact that over 50% of the UAE’s university graduates are women, including in climate-related fields. Similarly, efforts have been made to engage women in climate decision-making and governance, and women now enjoy strong representation in the UAE climate and energy community, including in the leadership teams of the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment and the UAE Office of the Special Envoy for Climate Change There also exists a 50- 50 quota in the Federal National Council, with 1/3 women in the cabinet. Moreover, the UAE has a board representation quota in place to advance gender equality in businesses.', 'Moreover, the UAE has a board representation quota in place to advance gender equality in businesses. Amongst initiatives aimed at promoting women’s involvement in climate action, Mubadala’s Women in Sustainability, Environment and Renewable Energy (WiSER) brings together female professionals in climate, energy, and sustainability to support their growthwww.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition through training and networking opportunities. Concerning its foreign aid, the UAE also utilizes a gender market for its climate aid, as well as all international aid more broadly. Looking ahead, the UAE will continue to seek ways to strengthen its commitment to engaging women in the country’s efforts on climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'Looking ahead, the UAE will continue to seek ways to strengthen its commitment to engaging women in the country’s efforts on climate change mitigation and adaptation. This may include performing gender impact analyses for climate policies, gender responsive climate finance, sex-disaggregation of climate-related data (e.g., on public climate spending and access to finance), or maintaining quotas for UNFCCC delegations.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The Paris Agreement lays down provisions to facilitate capacity-building and technology transfer as well as access to climate finance at national, regional, and global levels. The UAE acknowledges the challenges of climate change within its own boundaries as well as the challenges being faced by fellow developing nations, some of which are already experiencing extreme climatic conditions and events.', 'The UAE acknowledges the challenges of climate change within its own boundaries as well as the challenges being faced by fellow developing nations, some of which are already experiencing extreme climatic conditions and events. The UAE therefore welcomes technical assistance made available to developing country parties under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UAE actively participates in the international community’s endeavors to transfer and widely deploy advanced technologies crucial to reduce GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity in developing countries. In order to promote a shared international effort guided by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and related modalities, the UAE supports the development and operationalization of market mechanisms aimed at emission reductions.', 'In order to promote a shared international effort guided by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and related modalities, the UAE supports the development and operationalization of market mechanisms aimed at emission reductions. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been a driver of sustainability projects in the UAE, with the country having engaged in the implementation of 15 CDM projects. As the UAE’s engagements with the global carbon market multiply, the country has also announced the establishment of a fully regulated carbon trading exchange and clearing house. ADGM, the international financial center in Abu Dhabi, is working in partnership with AirCarbon Exchange (ACX) to launch the trading platform in 2022. 9. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The UAE welcomes international cooperation in renewable energy, cleaner hydrocarbons, hydrogen fuel, industrial energy efficiency, green mobility, waste management, and sustainable agriculture.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The UAE welcomes international cooperation in renewable energy, cleaner hydrocarbons, hydrogen fuel, industrial energy efficiency, green mobility, waste management, and sustainable agriculture. In advancing bilateral and multilateral collaboration in technology development and deployment, the country has championed infrastructure and energy projects worldwide. These efforts have been pursued through formal channels, including but not limited to the UAE-Pacific Partnership Fund (PPF), the UAE-Caribbean Renewable Energy Fund (CREF), and the IRENA/Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) Project Facility that supports renewable energy projects in developing countries. In addition, the UAE’s private sector has been investing in international renewables ventures. The UAE has supported renewable energy projects with a total value of over US$16.8 billion across 70 countries.', 'The UAE has supported renewable energy projects with a total value of over US$16.8 billion across 70 countries. Further, in 2021, the UAE and IRENA set up the Energy Transition Accelerator Financing (ETAF) platform, a global climate finance facility to advance and accelerate the transition to renewable energy in developing countries. Contributing towards the platform’s goal of securing a minimum of US$1 billion in funding, the UAE has committed US$400 million. In addition to international engagements on clean energy, the UAE is spearheading international investment in climate- resilient and sustainable agriculture. The Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM for Climate), the joint UAE-US initiative launched at COP26 in Glasgow, is supported by over 200 government and non-government partners.', 'The Agriculture Innovation Mission for Climate (AIM for Climate), the joint UAE-US initiative launched at COP26 in Glasgow, is supported by over 200 government and non-government partners. AIM for Climate has mobilized US$4 billion of increased investment in climate-resilient and smart agriculture, including a US$1 billion contribution from the UAE.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition The UAE is determined to contribute to reducing global emissions as well as building climate resilience. The country’s climate initiatives are informed by its development and economic diversification agenda as well as its commitment to the pursuit of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the goals of the Paris Agreement. This update to the UAE’s second NDC includes an absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target, reflecting progressively higher ambition than the second NDC submission of 2020.', 'This update to the UAE’s second NDC includes an absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target, reflecting progressively higher ambition than the second NDC submission of 2020. It highlights the country’s plans up to 2030, with 2016 designated as the base year given the completeness of source and sink datasets available for the year. For further clarity and transparency, the NDC includes the total BAU scenario emissions expected in the year 2030. The UAE’s ambition is evidenced in its commitment to a pathway that aims to deliver significant emission reductions vis-à-vis BAU over the next decade. Consideration of fairness and ambition of the country’s NDC must be informed by the definition of its BAU emissions scenario, which includes measures implemented up to 2016, thus setting a high benchmark for future action.', 'Consideration of fairness and ambition of the country’s NDC must be informed by the definition of its BAU emissions scenario, which includes measures implemented up to 2016, thus setting a high benchmark for future action. The UAE’s 2030 target is based on a progressive, cross-sectoral clean development effort that is geared towards achieving net-zero emissions in 2050. The UAE’s status as an economy that is developing and diversifying its sources 10. CONSIDERATION OF AMBITION AND FAIRNESS of revenue presents unique opportunities and challenges. The country’s plans seek to harness a wide range of technologies to support its goals. This will call for increased investments in technology development and deployment, regulatory changes, and capacity-building across sectors. It is notable that despite the far- reaching socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, the UAE is committing itself to an ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation pathway.', 'It is notable that despite the far- reaching socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, the UAE is committing itself to an ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation pathway. Moreover, the UAE’s desert climate, marked by high temperatures and humidity, poses distinct constraints for both mitigation and adaptation. Energy consumption for cooling remains a significant contributor to emissions, and high temperatures place people, ecosystems, and infrastructure close to heat thresholds. Despite challenges, the country is resolutely implementing climate mitigation and adaptation measures. The UAE’s commitments are in line with the requirements stipulated in Articles 4.3 and 4.4 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. To the extent relevant, this submission takes into account guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1.', 'To the extent relevant, this submission takes into account guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1. In keeping with Article 2 of the UNFCCC and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, the country will continue to explore pathways to further enhance its emission reduction objectives in line with climate science and global ambition. The UAE maintains and periodically updates its GHG Emissions Inventory, accounting for emission sources and sinks. It tracks domestic sectoral mitigation efforts and their impacts in accordance with defined monitoring and evaluation requirements. Periodic reviews are being undertaken to ensure initiatives’ alignment with national development priorities and global climate goals. The UAE acknowledges the significance of establishing a monitoring, reporting, 11. MEASUREMENT AND REPORTING OF PROGRESS ON NDC IMPLEMENTATION and verification (MRV) framework that tracks the mitigation outcomes of policies and initiatives reflected in this NDC.', 'MEASUREMENT AND REPORTING OF PROGRESS ON NDC IMPLEMENTATION and verification (MRV) framework that tracks the mitigation outcomes of policies and initiatives reflected in this NDC. The country has set up a comprehensive MRV system covering all relevant air pollutant emissions. This system supports the tracking and achievement of domestic emission targets, in addition to providing crucial information for the UAE to meet its reporting obligations under the Enhanced Transparency Framework of the Paris Agreement.www.moccae.gov.ae A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition A Bridge to Greater Climate Ambition© UAE MOCCAE 2022 For further information or feedback: Ministry of Climate Change & Environment PO Box 1509, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Email: info@moccae.gov.ae'] | en-US |
351 | ARE | United Arab Emirates | 2nd NDC | 2020-12-29 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 2.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/UAE%20Second%20NDC%20-%20UNFCCC%20Submission%20-%20English%20-%20FINAL.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Asia | 0 | 222.612416 | 39.064268 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/57a830eefe5410b55c1a27bea3a3de265e2bc12c5593337b3361d229d66b9570.pdf | ['Second Nationally Determined Contribution of the United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates (UAE) submitted its first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in 2015, in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20. With this submission, the UAE is submitting a new NDC that reflects enhanced ambition with the inclusion of an economy-wide emission reduction target, in response to guidance set forth in Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. The UAE intends to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the year 2030 by 23.5%, relative to the Business- As-Usual (BAU) scenario. Consistent with the approach adopted under Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE’s climate ambition is underpinned by the country’s steady economic diversification which is yielding co-benefits for both climate mitigation and adaptation.', 'Consistent with the approach adopted under Article 4.7 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE’s climate ambition is underpinned by the country’s steady economic diversification which is yielding co-benefits for both climate mitigation and adaptation. The UAE stands firm in its commitment to the Paris Agreement, and is determined to pursue climate mitigation and adaptation objectives in line with its national circumstances and capabilities. Emission reduction Reduction of 23.5% in GHG emissions for the year 2030, relative to BAU. BAU scenario emissions in 2030 stand at about 310 million tonnes, assuming a moderate annual economic growth rate based on historical growth trends.', 'BAU scenario emissions in 2030 stand at about 310 million tonnes, assuming a moderate annual economic growth rate based on historical growth trends. Type Absolute, economy-wide emission reduction target relative to BAU Scope and coverage, consistent with IPCC guidelines Key sectors covered: Energy, Industry Processes and Product Use, Waste, Agriculture, Land Use Change & Forestry Greenhouse gases covered: Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous Oxide O), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Timeframe and period of implementation From the start of 2021 to the end of 2030 BAU and NDC Target scenarios BAU scenario starts in year 2016 and takes into account mitigation measures implemented by the UAE by the end of 2016. NDC Target scenario represents a deviation from the BAU, accounting for implemented and planned mitigation measures for the period 2017-2030.1.', 'NDC Target scenario represents a deviation from the BAU, accounting for implemented and planned mitigation measures for the period 2017-2030.1. UAE’s NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES AND RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Since the submission of its first NDC in 2015, the UAE has continued building a competitive and innovation-driven economy. While the UAE’s modern and technologically-sophisticated oil and gas sector continues to play a key role in its socio-economic growth, the UAE is steadily pursuing its agenda of economic diversification, with a focus on green, low-carbon development. During the last few years, the UAE has taken decisive action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its imminent impacts, setting a long-term climate and energy policy pathway for the country.', 'During the last few years, the UAE has taken decisive action to mitigate climate change and adapt to its imminent impacts, setting a long-term climate and energy policy pathway for the country. In 2017, the UAE adopted the National Climate Change Plan 2017-2050 which sets a framework for management of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, climate change adaptation, and private sector-driven innovative economic diversification. The harsh, arid environment of the UAE makes it particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, and therefore, the country is implementing a National Adaptation Program that identifies sectoral risks and defines action plans for enhancing climate resilience.', 'The harsh, arid environment of the UAE makes it particularly vulnerable to climate impacts, and therefore, the country is implementing a National Adaptation Program that identifies sectoral risks and defines action plans for enhancing climate resilience. Climate and energy security considerations have also led to the adoption of UAE’s National Energy Strategy 2050 which targets to increase the share of clean energy, including renewables and nuclear, to 50% of the installed power capacity mix by 2050, and reduce final energy demand by 40% by 2050. These targets are underpinned by the UAE Green Agenda 2030 that is enabling the public and private sectors to implement a shared vision of a competitive and sustainable economy.', 'These targets are underpinned by the UAE Green Agenda 2030 that is enabling the public and private sectors to implement a shared vision of a competitive and sustainable economy. As a federation of seven Emirates, the UAE develops and implements its climate and energy policies with the engagement of a range of actors, in line with the legal and executive jurisdictions and roles laid down in the UAE’s Constitution. The UAE Council on Climate Change and Environment, an inter-ministerial, inter-Emirate governance body ensures alignment across federal and Emirate-level policies and interventions. At the federal level, the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment and the UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure are two key entities engaged in the implementation of climate and sustainable energy plans.', 'At the federal level, the UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment and the UAE Ministry of Energy and Infrastructure are two key entities engaged in the implementation of climate and sustainable energy plans. Concerted efforts are being made at the level of the UAE’s seven Emirates to enhance quality of life and protect the environment. The COVID-19 pandemic has precipitated a set of unprecedented socio-economic challenges for all countries of the world. As the UAE addresses the public health crisis and sets the economy on a path of recovery, uncertainty on the fallout of the crisis remains. It is notable that the pandemic’s potential implications for economic growth and investment, and therefore emission trajectories, are not fully known and thus unaccounted for in this submission.', 'It is notable that the pandemic’s potential implications for economic growth and investment, and therefore emission trajectories, are not fully known and thus unaccounted for in this submission. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable While the UAE intends to primarily rely on domestic efforts to fulfill its NDC objectives, it may consider using voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to partially fulfill these objectives.As a young, progressive nation, the UAE is invested in building climate action into both its near-term and long-term plans.', 'The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable While the UAE intends to primarily rely on domestic efforts to fulfill its NDC objectives, it may consider using voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to partially fulfill these objectives.As a young, progressive nation, the UAE is invested in building climate action into both its near-term and long-term plans. This commitment is evidenced in UAE Vision 2021 which coincides with the country’s 50th anniversary and includes ‘Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure’ as one of its six pillars, and in UAE’s Centennial Plan 2071 which underscores sustainable development and fosters scientific innovation. 2.', 'This commitment is evidenced in UAE Vision 2021 which coincides with the country’s 50th anniversary and includes ‘Sustainable Environment and Infrastructure’ as one of its six pillars, and in UAE’s Centennial Plan 2071 which underscores sustainable development and fosters scientific innovation. 2. ECONOMIC DIVERSIFICATION INITIATIVES WITH MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS UAE’s interventions with regard to economic diversification and climate change mitigation span the breadth of sectors that characterize the UAE’s economy and emissions profile, with due consideration to sectoral activities of greater economic significance and those with the highest emissions. These measures often also contribute to reduction in pollutant emissions thus improving air quality and public health. 2.1.', 'These measures often also contribute to reduction in pollutant emissions thus improving air quality and public health. 2.1. Power – Supply With heavy reliance on natural gas for production of power, the UAE has built an electricity supply profile with a relatively low carbon footprint vis-à-vis supply systems dependent on other fossil fuel sources. At the same time, clean energy infrastructure assets and services are rapidly growing in the UAE, enhancing the country’s energy supply security and decreasing the environmental impact of the energy sector. Building on the 2021 clean energy target of 24% included in the UAE’s first NDC, the National Energy Strategy 2050 sets a longer-term pathway for the power sector.', 'Building on the 2021 clean energy target of 24% included in the UAE’s first NDC, the National Energy Strategy 2050 sets a longer-term pathway for the power sector. The Strategy envisages a 50% share of clean energy (renewables and nuclear) in the installed power capacity mix by 2050. The abundance of solar radiation in the UAE coupled with a conducive regulatory framework and innovative business models has led to the development of both photovoltaic and concentrated solar power projects with record-breaking low electricity prices. The UAE is also investing in nuclear energy with the development of the four-reactor Barakah nuclear power plant.', 'The UAE is also investing in nuclear energy with the development of the four-reactor Barakah nuclear power plant. Installed clean power capacity, including solar and nuclear, is on track to reach 14 gigawatts (GW) by 2030, from just above a 100 megawatts (MW) in 2015 and 2.4 GW in 2020. To date, upwards of US$40 billion has been invested in the development of clean energy power in the UAE. In addition to grid-based clean power, distributed electricity generation, rooftop solar photovoltaic in particular, is being promoted in the Emirate of Dubai through the adoption of a net-metering program. More than 1,350 photovoltaic installations, amounting to a total capacity of 125 MW have been connected to the grid across residential, commercial and industrial buildings.', 'More than 1,350 photovoltaic installations, amounting to a total capacity of 125 MW have been connected to the grid across residential, commercial and industrial buildings. In order to facilitate grid connection of diverse sources of supply and enhance grid stability, UAE utilities have also been making advances in deployment of energy storage technologies. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi is home to the world’s largest virtual battery plant with a capacity of 108 MW. The batteries are distributed across 10 sites but can be controlled as a single plant, securing supply for emergencies and allowing for peak shaving.', 'The batteries are distributed across 10 sites but can be controlled as a single plant, securing supply for emergencies and allowing for peak shaving. A 250 MW pumped storage hydropower project is also being developed in the Hatta mountains in Dubai wherein water will be pumped to an upper reservoir when surplus solar power is available; the stored water will then be used to generate electricity to meet demand during evening peak hours or when needed.2.2. Power – Demand The UAE is taking steps to increase the efficiency of energy consumption through regulatory measures, pricing signals as well as technology deployment. The country has set a federal target to reduce energy consumption by 40% for the year 2050.', 'The country has set a federal target to reduce energy consumption by 40% for the year 2050. In support of achieving this target, the Emirates have set ambitious plans for reducing energy consumption and energy efficiency initiatives are being implemented across demand sectors. Locally-relevant green building regulations and rating schemes for new buildings have been adopted across UAE’s Emirates. These regulations have helped create a local market for sustainable building materials and technologies while increasing awareness of green building features among industry professionals. In addition, to target existing buildings, a federal-level program has been implemented to retrofit government buildings. Abu Dhabi’s Building Retrofit program, similarly, targets retrofitting of government buildings and will be rolled out in due course to non- government buildings.', 'Abu Dhabi’s Building Retrofit program, similarly, targets retrofitting of government buildings and will be rolled out in due course to non- government buildings. Dubai has set a target to retrofit 30,000 buildings in the Emirate by 2030. Ras Al Khaimah’s Retrofit Program aims to retrofit 3,000 buildings by 2040. Periodic tariff reforms for residential, commercial and industrial power consumption are being introduced across Emirates to advance cost-reflective pricing and encourage energy conservation. Utilities and regulatory bodies are driving a further shift in energy consumption behavior through education and awareness programs.', 'Utilities and regulatory bodies are driving a further shift in energy consumption behavior through education and awareness programs. Standards and labels being a proven enabler of demand management and informed consumer choices, UAE has an established Energy Efficiency Standardization and Labeling Program which covers a range of household goods and appliances including washing machines and dryers, household refrigerators, water heaters, lighting appliances and air conditioners. Given that district cooling is significantly more efficient than conventional cooling technologies, the former is being deployed in high-density areas. 2.3. Oil & Gas In its effort to harness its rich hydrocarbon resources while capitalizing on strategic opportunities offered by technology, UAE’s oil and gas industry has been at the forefront of adopting efficient and climate-friendly industry practices.', 'Oil & Gas In its effort to harness its rich hydrocarbon resources while capitalizing on strategic opportunities offered by technology, UAE’s oil and gas industry has been at the forefront of adopting efficient and climate-friendly industry practices. In 2020, the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), UAE’s largest oil and gas producer, announced a target to decrease its GHG emissions intensity by 25% by 2030. This target is supported by a set of comprehensive sustainability goals including renewed ambition on resource efficiency, zero-flaring policy, and carbon capture, utilization and storage. The UAE has developed the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, use and storage.', 'The UAE has developed the region’s first commercial-scale network for carbon capture, use and storage. Inaugurated in 2016, the Al Reyadah project, captures CO2 at an Emirates Steel facility, and compresses, dehydrates and transports it through a pipeline for injection into oil wells for enhanced oil recovery applications. The project’s current installed capacity to capture, transport and inject CO2 is up to 800,000 tonnes per year. Building on the success of Al Reyadah, plans are underway to expand carbon capture capacity in the country. Having adopted a zero routine flaring policy in its operations, the country’s oil and gas companies are regional leaders in flaring avoidance design and operation.', 'Having adopted a zero routine flaring policy in its operations, the country’s oil and gas companies are regional leaders in flaring avoidance design and operation. ADNOC has designed and operated its facilities to utilize the recovered gas in normal operations through recovery compressors or by adding value to its downstream chain. This is accomplishedby operating one of the largest gas processing plants in the world and establishing the first LNG production company in the region. In addition, the use of state-of-the art techniques like optical imagery, infra-red capabilities and Leak Detection and Repairs (LDAR) has allowed the UAE oil and gas sector to monitor and manage fugitive emissions across the value chain, and the sector continues to build on these successes.', 'In addition, the use of state-of-the art techniques like optical imagery, infra-red capabilities and Leak Detection and Repairs (LDAR) has allowed the UAE oil and gas sector to monitor and manage fugitive emissions across the value chain, and the sector continues to build on these successes. The UAE’s oil and gas sector is also undertaking initiatives to power production facilities with cleaner energy, increase the efficiency of energy and water use, conserve freshwater resources, and recycle and re-use water. 2.4. Non-Energy Emission-Intensive Industries UAE’s key heavy industries include aluminium, iron and steel, cement and chemicals, with each pursuing relevant green industry initiatives.', 'Non-Energy Emission-Intensive Industries UAE’s key heavy industries include aluminium, iron and steel, cement and chemicals, with each pursuing relevant green industry initiatives. The aluminium industry, reliant on natural gas for the generation of electricity for manufacturing needs, has set emissions intensity targets that cover the complete range of industrial processes: power production, smelting and casting. The use of state-of-art gas turbine technology, better maintenance of plants and equipment, and operational efficiency, are yielding emission savings for the sector. A key player in the UAE’s aluminium industry is Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), one of UAE’s largest companies and amongst the world’s largest aluminium producers.', 'A key player in the UAE’s aluminium industry is Emirates Global Aluminium (EGA), one of UAE’s largest companies and amongst the world’s largest aluminium producers. In 2019, EGA’s carbon intensity associated with smelting was 38% lower than the global industry average while its PFC emissions were more than 91% below the global industry average. EGA has a strong track-record of in-house research and development: the company has been using home-grown technology in smelter expansion and retrofitting of older production lines, enabling minimization of energy consumption and GHG emissions per tonne of aluminium produced. The cement sector, where the largest emissions come from clinker production, is shifting to alternative fuels, including refuse derived fuel, for powering furnaces and generators.', 'The cement sector, where the largest emissions come from clinker production, is shifting to alternative fuels, including refuse derived fuel, for powering furnaces and generators. In the steel industry, technology interventions are being made to increase efficiency of energy use in reheating of steel billets, heating of metal scrap in electric arc furnaces as well as casting. Further, Emirates Steel is engaged in capture and utilization of CO2 generated during the iron reduction process, as part of the Al Reyadah project with ADNOC. Aimed at supporting the economy and encouraging smart mobility choices, in 2015, the UAE introduced far-reaching fuel pricing reform, linking gasoline and diesel prices to international market prices.', 'Aimed at supporting the economy and encouraging smart mobility choices, in 2015, the UAE introduced far-reaching fuel pricing reform, linking gasoline and diesel prices to international market prices. Since then, the UAE has made further advances in supporting sustainable transport, and providing clean transport infrastructure and services. During the next decade, the UAE looks to capitalize on the opportunities being opened up by advances in electrification and automation of mobility. According to fuel quality standards being currently implemented in the UAE, diesel consumed in the country must comply with 10 ppm sulphur content and Euro 5 standards. In terms of technology standards, new motor vehicles in the UAE are compliant with Euro 4 emission performance standards and a gradual move to Euro 5/6 is planned.', 'In terms of technology standards, new motor vehicles in the UAE are compliant with Euro 4 emission performance standards and a gradual move to Euro 5/6 is planned. Standards for electric, hydrogen and autonomous vehicles are under development.As part of its shift to cleaner vehicle technologies, the UAE has taken up wide-scale conversion of conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles to Compressed Natural Gas, with a particular focus on taxis, buses, government vehicles and commercial vehicles. In addition, regulations and incentive schemes, have been put in place to power a larger share of road transport with electricity.', 'In addition, regulations and incentive schemes, have been put in place to power a larger share of road transport with electricity. The Dubai Green Mobility Strategy targets a 2% share of electric and hybrid cars in Dubai’s road fleet by 2030, and a 30% share in Dubai’s government-procured vehicles by the same year. The country has seen a rapid expansion of charging infrastructure, and plans are afoot to further increase the number of vehicle charging stations across Emirates. While making road transport smarter, the UAE is steadfast in its commitment to build a railway network in the country to provide faster and cleaner mobility options.', 'While making road transport smarter, the UAE is steadfast in its commitment to build a railway network in the country to provide faster and cleaner mobility options. The 1,200 km-long Etihad Rail network is being built in stages, with the 264 km Stage One route operational for freight movement since January 2016. A single train journey on this line removes approximately 300 trucks from the road, reducing CO2 emissions by 70-80%. Stage Two of Etihad Rail is slated to begin operations in 2023 and will extend over 605 km. On completion, the network will link all major UAE industrial ports and trading centers. Further, in the Dubai Metro network, the UAE has a world-class rapid transit rail system.', 'Further, in the Dubai Metro network, the UAE has a world-class rapid transit rail system. The Dubai Metro is now complemented by a short-range tram network, providing sustainable transport options to residents and tourists alike. Further expansion of the metro network is underway. Complemented by bus service enhancements, this will increase the share of public transport in passenger journeys. 2.6. Waste Management The UAE has been taking proactive steps for increased waste management and treatment through regulation, technology and consumer awareness. Circular economy initiatives are being implemented to transform waste from an environmental burden to an asset with economic value.', 'Circular economy initiatives are being implemented to transform waste from an environmental burden to an asset with economic value. A federal public-private partnership, the Circle Coalition, established in 2019 is working to develop a circular economy model to combat the issue of plastic and packaging waste pollution in the country. The UAE was also amongst the first signatories to the ‘Scale 360’ initiative of the World Economic Forum, a partnership that is focused on fast-tracking the circular economy through nationally-led innovation challenges. Regulations and incentive programs have been put in place across Emirates for minimization of waste, and increased reuse and recycling; waste segregation, transfer and tracking; and recovery, treatment and disposal.', 'Regulations and incentive programs have been put in place across Emirates for minimization of waste, and increased reuse and recycling; waste segregation, transfer and tracking; and recovery, treatment and disposal. The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has adopted the Single Use Plastic Policy 2020 that aims to make Abu Dhabi free of single-use plastic bags by end of 2021. Diversion of waste away from landfills is a key waste management objective and related federal and Emirate-level targets have been put in place. For instance, the Emirate of Sharjah has set an ambitious target to reduce waste to landfill to zero by 2021, and processing and recycling is being prioritized to enable the achievement of the target.', 'For instance, the Emirate of Sharjah has set an ambitious target to reduce waste to landfill to zero by 2021, and processing and recycling is being prioritized to enable the achievement of the target. In keeping with the approach of reducing waste diverted to landfills and deriving value from municipal solid waste, waste-to-energy projects are being developed across the UAE. The under-development Dubai Center for Waste Processing, with the capacity to process 1.9 million tonnes of municipal solid waste and an installed power capacity of 200 MW, is expected to be operational by 2024.2.7. Water Resources Management The UAE is following an integrated water management approach that is geared towards prudent use of water, and minimization of environmental and social risks.', 'Water Resources Management The UAE is following an integrated water management approach that is geared towards prudent use of water, and minimization of environmental and social risks. The country’s first NDC referenced UAE’s efforts towards developing a federal framework for sustainable management of water and the country has now successfully adopted the UAE Water Security Strategy 2036. The Strategy aims to ensure continued and sustainable access to water, and addresses all components of the water supply chain: supply, demand and emergency preparedness. The strategy’s objectives are to reduce potable water consumption by 20% and increase reuse of treated water to 95% by 2036. With limited freshwater resources, desalination is the largest source of potable water in the UAE.', 'With limited freshwater resources, desalination is the largest source of potable water in the UAE. The UAE has traditionally relied on power and water co-generation plants for the production of desalinated water. In order to reduce the environmental impact of desalination, and to address inefficiencies in co-generation due to operational attributes and seasonal variation in demand for power and water, the UAE is developing and scaling up independent water projects based on reverse osmosis (RO) technology and making efforts to expand the share of renewable energy in desalination. The country targets to increase the share of RO-based desalinated water to over 50% of the potable water supply mix by 2036.', 'The country targets to increase the share of RO-based desalinated water to over 50% of the potable water supply mix by 2036. The Taweelah RO-based desalination plant in Abu Dhabi, expected to be operational by 2022 with a maximum production capacity of 909,200 cubic meters of water per day, targets to utilize the lowest amount of energy per volume unit of desalinated water produced. Amongst Dubai’s RO plants, the Hassyan Sea Water RO Plant based on the Independent Water Producer model is a notable addition, with a planned capacity of over 1 million cubic meters of water per day by 2030. Initiatives are also being implemented to reduce water losses and lower the consumption of water.', 'Initiatives are also being implemented to reduce water losses and lower the consumption of water. Along with promulgation of green building and product standards, building retrofit initiatives, and introduction of water tariff reform, government authorities have been implementing awareness campaigns to push for behavioral change amongst both residential and commercial consumers. Further, the wastewater treatment and sanitation sector in UAE has witnessed significant advances over the last few years with the expansion of wastewater treatment capacity. The use of treated water, for purposes such as irrigation and district cooling, is also steadily increasing. 2.8. Tourism & Mega-Events The UAE receives a large number of business and leisure travelers every year. The country also hosts a range of international events, including sporting events, exhibitions and conferences.', 'The country also hosts a range of international events, including sporting events, exhibitions and conferences. As tourism opportunities grow, mitigation of emissions, building of resilience to climate impacts and promotion of sustainable tourism practices are central to the sector’s development in the UAE. Through standards, technical guidelines and capacity building programs, hotels in the UAE are being encouraged to reduce their operations’ impact on the environment.', 'Through standards, technical guidelines and capacity building programs, hotels in the UAE are being encouraged to reduce their operations’ impact on the environment. Dubai’s Department of Tourism and Commerce Marketing has laid down a set of sustainability guidelines that hotels are required to comply with, along with monthly reporting of their carbon emissions; these requirements will be mandated starting July 2021.In addition, the UAE government is working with relevant stakeholders to design eco-tourism opportunities that are centered on both conservation of nature as well as deriving value from it. A multi-phase national eco-tourism program, ‘The UAE’s Natural Wonders,’ was launched in 2018 to raise awareness about the country’s nature reserves and protected areas.', 'A multi-phase national eco-tourism program, ‘The UAE’s Natural Wonders,’ was launched in 2018 to raise awareness about the country’s nature reserves and protected areas. To cater to a range of international events, the UAE has built world-class exhibition centers and arenas with due consideration to sustainable design and operation. In 2019, the UAE hosted the Special Olympics World Games in Abu Dhabi. In addition to offsetting the event’s emissions, there were efforts made to power the Games with clean energy sources and to provide sustainable transport options. With the UAE set to host the next World Expo in 2021, the Expo 2020 Dubai is slated to be a sustainable mega-event.', 'With the UAE set to host the next World Expo in 2021, the Expo 2020 Dubai is slated to be a sustainable mega-event. Particular attention is being paid to sourcing of clean energy, water conservation, effective waste management, and use of sustainable building materials in accordance with green design. In line with the Expo’s theme, ‘Connecting Minds, Creating the Future’, the Sustainability Pavilion of the Expo will showcase innovative environmental solutions. It is notable that the Expo site is being built as a smart development that will translate into sustainable legacy infrastructure for residential and commercial purposes. 3. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE RISKS The UAE is taking decisive action to enhance resilience given the Arabian Gulf region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts.', 'ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE RISKS The UAE is taking decisive action to enhance resilience given the Arabian Gulf region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. In keeping with the ambition articulated in the first NDC and the goals set by the National Climate Change Plan, the UAE has developed a Climate Adaptation Program which is geared towards increasing climate resilience by minimizing risks and improving adaptive capacity. The Program entails the following: risk and vulnerability assessment, and adoption of immediate, low-cost measures; mainstreaming of adaptation planning in development policy; and monitoring and evaluation to ensure implementation of evidence-based adaptation measures.', 'The Program entails the following: risk and vulnerability assessment, and adoption of immediate, low-cost measures; mainstreaming of adaptation planning in development policy; and monitoring and evaluation to ensure implementation of evidence-based adaptation measures. The UAE acknowledges the importance of integrating its adaptation plans and activities with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction thus reducing disaster risk and associated loss of life, health, livelihoods and assets. The UAE has conducted a systematic and participatory climate risk assessment as a basis for planning adaptation measures in four priority sectors: energy, infrastructure, health and environment. The climate risk assessment framework followed identifies potential sectoral impacts of climate change, evaluates impacts for their expected magnitude and likelihood, assesses and prioritizes risks, and accordingly identifies adaptation measures.', 'The climate risk assessment framework followed identifies potential sectoral impacts of climate change, evaluates impacts for their expected magnitude and likelihood, assesses and prioritizes risks, and accordingly identifies adaptation measures. For each sector, in addition to measures being currently implemented, actionable adaptation plans are being developed to respond to identified high-priority risks. Measures being implemented and planned include physical safeguards such as engineered structures, technology systems and ecosystem based assets; risk management initiatives covering regulations, financial mechanisms and early warning systems; knowledge development including data collection, research and capacity-building; and enablers including broader policies that may not directly target adaptation but provide enabling conditions for enhanced resilience.', 'Measures being implemented and planned include physical safeguards such as engineered structures, technology systems and ecosystem based assets; risk management initiatives covering regulations, financial mechanisms and early warning systems; knowledge development including data collection, research and capacity-building; and enablers including broader policies that may not directly target adaptation but provide enabling conditions for enhanced resilience. The UAE government is also enhancing national capacity on climate risk insurance, working closely with the private sector.While UAE’s energy sector is the single largest GHG emitter, the sector is itself significantly impacted by climate change. The sector’s assets and activities face threats from supply and consumption changes as well as extreme weather events.', 'The sector’s assets and activities face threats from supply and consumption changes as well as extreme weather events. Some impacts that pose a high level of risk given their magnitude and likelihood include energy efficiency losses in power plants when temperatures exceed standard design criteria, reduced power output due to warmer cooling water in plants, and deterioration of power facilities leading to reduced reliability and increased maintenance costs. It is also expected that with higher temperatures, there will be an increase in energy demand for cooling. The energy sector is also vulnerable to direct climate impacts such as damage to coastal power infrastructure due to sea level rise and extreme salinity episodes.', 'The energy sector is also vulnerable to direct climate impacts such as damage to coastal power infrastructure due to sea level rise and extreme salinity episodes. To build the energy sector’s resilience in the face of climate impacts, UAE’s energy regulators and utilities are factoring in climate-related impacts in their current operations and future strategies. The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority has developed a climate impact assessment model to assess the physical and financial impact of climate change on its assets and operations and has built a climate resilience plan. In order to address potential increase in power demand due to extreme temperatures, the UAE is expanding clean energy based installed capacity and implementing energy efficiency measures.', 'In order to address potential increase in power demand due to extreme temperatures, the UAE is expanding clean energy based installed capacity and implementing energy efficiency measures. Particular attention is being paid to increasing efficiency of cooling appliances and deploying district cooling where feasible. Green building standards, appliance labels and standards, and awareness programs, are enabling energy conservation in the residential and commercial sectors. Modernization of existing plants and sub-stations is being undertaken. The country is focusing on the development of smart infrastructure – power plants, grids and meters; and the upgrade and modernization of existing infrastructure assets, to enhance speed of response in the face of uncertainty. Power system integration and automation is being pursued to both increase efficiency and institute smart controls.', 'Power system integration and automation is being pursued to both increase efficiency and institute smart controls. Utilities are working to utilize artificial intelligence and data analytics to enhance power system performance. The UAE’s infrastructure, comprising of buildings, transport links, water supply, sanitation and waste management, and coastal and offshore infrastructure, is an essential enabler of economic development. Considering infrastructure’s long service life-span, significant economic value and importance for community life, the UAE is preparing for the unavoidable impacts of climate change on the infrastructure cycle — design, location, construction, operation and maintenance, in order to build long-term socio-economic resilience. About 85% of the country’s population and more than 90% of its infrastructure is located in low-lying coastal areas.', 'About 85% of the country’s population and more than 90% of its infrastructure is located in low-lying coastal areas. Damage to coastal and offshore infrastructure due to rising temperatures and changes in seawater acidity and salinity is, therefore, of particular policy and planning relevance for the UAE. Other critical impacts include, but are not limited to, increased infrastructure maintenance costs, loss of business opportunities due to transport disruptions, and reduced reliability of buildings and transport infrastructure. Supplemented by coastal zoning and monitoring, urban masterplans that lay guidelines for operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure, and design and construction of planned infrastructure, are serving as a foundation for effective adaptation plans for the UAE infrastructure sector.', 'Supplemented by coastal zoning and monitoring, urban masterplans that lay guidelines for operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure, and design and construction of planned infrastructure, are serving as a foundation for effective adaptation plans for the UAE infrastructure sector. Across the UAE, green building design andconstruction is being promoted, minimum requirements for protection of new coastal developments from sea level rise are being set, existing buildings and facilities are being refurbished, and flood monitoring and management systems are being enhanced. Public infrastructure is being continuously upgraded and enhanced to harness benefits of new technologies and practices. Fog detection and warning systems are in use, and efforts are being made to incorporate climate-induced hazards in road safety plans.', 'Fog detection and warning systems are in use, and efforts are being made to incorporate climate-induced hazards in road safety plans. Even while the UAE climate proofs its infrastructure and communities, relevant contingency and disaster response plans are being put in place to ensure preparedness for emergencies and to maintain continued access to infrastructure services. 3.3. Public Health The effects of climate change on human health occur in varying degrees of scale and complexity – either with direct exposure to extreme weather events or indirectly through climate change’s impact on air quality and water supply.', 'Public Health The effects of climate change on human health occur in varying degrees of scale and complexity – either with direct exposure to extreme weather events or indirectly through climate change’s impact on air quality and water supply. According to the national climate risk assessment undertaken by the UAE, reduced productivity of outdoor workers due to heat stress is a high-magnitude, highly likely impact that the UAE will face, with morbidity and/or mortality from heat stroke following close behind. Given the temperatures and humidity levels that characterize the desert climate of the country, heat stress is a concern that public health authorities are already grappling with.', 'Given the temperatures and humidity levels that characterize the desert climate of the country, heat stress is a concern that public health authorities are already grappling with. The UAE is preparing to deal with climate-related health challenges, and making significant progress in taking preventive measures and providing high-quality healthcare. A mid-day break has been stipulated for all outdoor laborers during peak summer. The measure has been introduced to reduce heat exhaustion, heat stress, heat stroke and related illnesses. The Abu Dhabi government has also introduced a ‘Safety in Heat’ program that is aimed at reducing heat exposure at the workplace; concomitantly, a Thermal Work Limit heat stress index is being used to gauge suitability of working conditions.', 'The Abu Dhabi government has also introduced a ‘Safety in Heat’ program that is aimed at reducing heat exposure at the workplace; concomitantly, a Thermal Work Limit heat stress index is being used to gauge suitability of working conditions. In July 2019, the UAE National Framework for Action on Climate Change and Health 2019-2021 was launched by the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention in partnership with the World Health Organization. The Framework sets out UAE’s strategic response to public health challenges posed by climate change. It considers high-priority risks that emerged from the risk assessment exercise undertaken as part of the National Adaptation Program while laying the ground for continued assessments and capacity building amongst relevant stakeholders.', 'It considers high-priority risks that emerged from the risk assessment exercise undertaken as part of the National Adaptation Program while laying the ground for continued assessments and capacity building amongst relevant stakeholders. Under the Framework, a National Committee on Climate Change and Health has been established to coordinate the development of a UAE policy and action plan on health and climate change, and to steer the design and implementation of the country’s public health response to climate change. Modalities are also being established for effective coordination between public health and climate stakeholders, and to train health personnel to deal with risks posed by climate change.', 'Modalities are also being established for effective coordination between public health and climate stakeholders, and to train health personnel to deal with risks posed by climate change. The UAE is also proactively enhancing regulations and policies on key environmental health services and determinants including water and air quality, food systems and waste management, to protect public health while addressing climate change. The country will strengthen surveillance of infectious diseases and their link to climate and environment-related factors amid the COVID-19 pandemic.The UAE has been working to conserve and protect its natural heritage through the promulgation of relevant environmental regulations, development of protected areas, and promotion of sustainable best practices in economic activities reliant on the environment (such as fishing and farming).', 'The country will strengthen surveillance of infectious diseases and their link to climate and environment-related factors amid the COVID-19 pandemic.The UAE has been working to conserve and protect its natural heritage through the promulgation of relevant environmental regulations, development of protected areas, and promotion of sustainable best practices in economic activities reliant on the environment (such as fishing and farming). As climate pressures mount, the country is invested in enhancing its understanding of how climate change is affecting availability of natural resources such as freshwater, and threatening species and their habitats, while addressing these risks with the engagement of relevant stakeholders.', 'As climate pressures mount, the country is invested in enhancing its understanding of how climate change is affecting availability of natural resources such as freshwater, and threatening species and their habitats, while addressing these risks with the engagement of relevant stakeholders. Conserving and sustainably utilizing groundwater resources and aquifers is a key policy objective of the UAE, and the UAE Hydrological Map Initiative is an enabler for this objective. The Initiative assesses available surface water and groundwater resources for the construction of dams and water facilities. Rainwater harvesting in dams along with artificial injection technology is being used to enhance available water resources.', 'Rainwater harvesting in dams along with artificial injection technology is being used to enhance available water resources. Increased frequency of coral bleaching events, and loss of coastal and terrestrial wetlands as well as associated biodiversity and ecosystem services, have been identified as high-risk climate impacts on the UAE’s environment. Given the vulnerability of coral reefs to climate impacts, the UAE has taken significant steps to protect and rehabilitate reefs. Monitoring of coral reefs, deployment of artificial reefs, and rehabilitation and cultivation of reefs is being undertaken at various locations. Over 3000 coral fragments have been transplanted, and it is expected that over 10,000 more will be transplanted in the next 10 years.', 'Over 3000 coral fragments have been transplanted, and it is expected that over 10,000 more will be transplanted in the next 10 years. The Fujairah Cultured Coral Reef Gardens project was initiated in 2019 and targets the cultivation of 1.5 million coral reef colonies over five years. The UAE has deployed 4500 artificial reefs across marine and coastal zones, and these are being monitored for improved marine life and fish stocks. Additionally, natural rock barriers are being installed in coastal areas across the UAE in order to recreate natural habitats and breeding grounds for marine creatures.', 'Additionally, natural rock barriers are being installed in coastal areas across the UAE in order to recreate natural habitats and breeding grounds for marine creatures. The National Biodiversity Strategy and the National Strategy for Coastal and Marine Environment, along with the UAE’s international commitments on environment, have been guiding the UAE’s initiatives on environment conservation and nature-based climate solutions. The National Biodiversity Strategy lays down the framework for the development of a network of protected and effectively managed ecosystems, taking into account the linking of important areas of biodiversity and ecosystem services. This has entailed biodiversity surveys; issuance of relevant legislations and guidelines; programs to plant and protect native trees; initiatives to protect terrestrial, marine and freshwater fauna; and designation of new protected areas.', 'This has entailed biodiversity surveys; issuance of relevant legislations and guidelines; programs to plant and protect native trees; initiatives to protect terrestrial, marine and freshwater fauna; and designation of new protected areas. Currently, UAE’s 49 protected areas occupy 15.5% of its total territory. The country is currently developing a smart map of UAE’s natural capital and identifying biologically rich ecosystems as well as the services they provide. 4. ADAPTATION ACTIONS WITH MITIGATION CO-BENEFITS While mitigation of emissions and adaptation to risks both remain an integral part of climate action, interventions in some sectors are yielding results for both objectives. The UAE’s efforts to enhance adaptive capacity through coastal ecosystems management, and food and agriculture policies, are leading to mitigation benefits as well.', 'The UAE’s efforts to enhance adaptive capacity through coastal ecosystems management, and food and agriculture policies, are leading to mitigation benefits as well. These dual benefits only underscore the importance of the country’s initiatives in these areas of socio-economic and environmental significance.4.1. Conservation of Blue Carbon Ecosystems UAE’s coastal ecosystems, such as mangroves, salt marshes and seagrass beds, provide a range of ecosystem services. In the context of climate change, these ecosystems serve both adaptation and mitigation needs. The UAE is recognized amongst the few countries that have, through a range of restoration and conservation efforts implemented since the 1970s, proactively expanded its mangrove forest cover.', 'The UAE is recognized amongst the few countries that have, through a range of restoration and conservation efforts implemented since the 1970s, proactively expanded its mangrove forest cover. Following the success of the Abu Dhabi Blue Carbon Demonstration Project that made significant contribution to the understanding of blue carbon stocks in the UAE, the value of these stocks has been incorporated into federal and Emirate level policies. The UAE government is undertaking further field research to determine mangrove soil carbon sequestration rates using radiometric dating techniques. The findings will aid development of emission inventories and inform coastal management. Annually, mangroves sequester 1,073,696 tonnes of CO2 in the UAE. To enhance natural carbon sinks, the UAE intends to plant 30 million mangrove seedlings by 2030.', 'To enhance natural carbon sinks, the UAE intends to plant 30 million mangrove seedlings by 2030. Further, as part of its efforts to improve implementation of in-situ conservation and to build a network of protected areas between 2021 and 2025, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi targets the inclusion of a minimum of 20% of marine Blue Carbon habitats within Protected Areas. 4.2. Agriculture & Food Security In order to address the challenges climate change poses for food production, the UAE is adopting sustainable and climate-smart agriculture methods, reducing food waste and diversifying sources of food imports.', 'Agriculture & Food Security In order to address the challenges climate change poses for food production, the UAE is adopting sustainable and climate-smart agriculture methods, reducing food waste and diversifying sources of food imports. UAE’s National Food Security Strategy 2051, adopted in 2018, aims to ensure access to safe and sufficient food all year round, prioritizing sustainable agricultural and consumption practices and thus promoting resilience, productivity, soil and water conservation, food diversification and food waste reduction. Responding to the water-energy-food nexus that characterizes the desert environment of the Arabian Gulf region, the UAE government is working closely with research institutes and farmers to promote adoption of modern farming solutions and technologies, such as optimized greenhouse design, hydroponics and vertical agriculture.', 'Responding to the water-energy-food nexus that characterizes the desert environment of the Arabian Gulf region, the UAE government is working closely with research institutes and farmers to promote adoption of modern farming solutions and technologies, such as optimized greenhouse design, hydroponics and vertical agriculture. The Agriculture 4.0 initiative, set for implementation from 2020 to 2022, for example, aims to upgrade traditional farms with technology-enabled operating models that optimize production while abiding by the water budget set by the UAE Water Strategy 2036. Through public-private partnerships, the UAE has invested in several vertical farming projects.', 'Through public-private partnerships, the UAE has invested in several vertical farming projects. One prominent example is the world’s largest vertical farming facility being built by Emirates Flight Catering and Crop One which will cover 12,077 square meters and produce output equivalent to 3.6 million square meters of farmland, using 99% less water than regular outdoor fields. In conjunction with technology-based enhancement in domestic agriculture, the UAE has taken a comprehensive approach to reducing food waste by engaging local residents, government organizations and businesses in initiatives to reduce, and encourage treatment of, food waste. The nationwide Food Waste Pledge launched in 2018 encourages the UAE’s hospitality sector to adopt efficient food production practices. The UAE aims to cut food waste by half by 2030.5.', 'The UAE aims to cut food waste by half by 2030.5. DOMESTIC ENABLERS The UAE’s climate engagements are guided and supported by cross-cutting enablers including finance, markets, technology innovation as well as public awareness and youth engagement. The UAE Green Agenda 2030 sets a sustainable growth pathway for the country to become a global hub for the low-carbon green economy, and serves as an overarching framework that promotes green industries and jobs as well as green finance. Capacity-building across public and private entities is a key component of climate and green development initiatives in the country. 5.1. Sustainable Finance The UAE’s efforts to build a competitive, green economy have placed sustainable finance at the forefront, with the aim to effectively channel investment.', 'Sustainable Finance The UAE’s efforts to build a competitive, green economy have placed sustainable finance at the forefront, with the aim to effectively channel investment. At the federal level, a Sustainable Finance Framework is being developed to guide stakeholders towards mobilizing and scaling up private capital for sustainable investments. The Abu Dhabi Global Market Sustainable Finance Agenda was published in January 2019, setting a roadmap to develop a sustainable finance hub in the UAE. This was followed by the adoption of United Arab Emirates Guiding Principles in Sustainable Finance, a voluntary framework to encourage UAE’s financial firms to incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations in their business.', 'This was followed by the adoption of United Arab Emirates Guiding Principles in Sustainable Finance, a voluntary framework to encourage UAE’s financial firms to incorporate environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations in their business. With the objective of instituting a dynamic sustainable finance sector in the UAE and supporting UAE’s transition towards a green economy, more than 70 government and private entities have adopted the Abu Dhabi and Dubai Finance Declarations. The country is seeing a range of green finance instruments and initiatives being developed and adopted. For example, the Dubai Green Fund established in 2016 provides loans to companies in the clean energy sector at reduced rates. Green bonds have emerged as an instrument to power sustainability projects with leading UAE corporations issuing green bonds/sukuks.', 'Green bonds have emerged as an instrument to power sustainability projects with leading UAE corporations issuing green bonds/sukuks. In 2020, the Emirate of Abu Dhabi launched a Green Bond Program – a joint initiative by the Department of Energy – Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Global Market and Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange, that aims to develop a transparent framework for green bonds to ensure impact and promote investor confidence. 5.2. Technology Development & Innovation The UAE has established scientific research centers and programs focused on climate and energy innovations, and continues to test and adopt new sustainable technologies and practices. The country has pioneered low-cost solar power in the region, and has developed knowledge and solutions which can be deployed in other countries.', 'The country has pioneered low-cost solar power in the region, and has developed knowledge and solutions which can be deployed in other countries. The Dubai Electricity and Water Authority has developed a world-class research and development center that focuses on solar testing and certification, energy efficiency and smart grids. With heightened interest in hydrogen as a fuel of the future, a public-private solar-powered electrolysis facility is being built in Dubai to test and demonstrate an integrated plant that will produce and store green hydrogen, and then deploy it for re-electrification, mobility or other industrial uses.', 'With heightened interest in hydrogen as a fuel of the future, a public-private solar-powered electrolysis facility is being built in Dubai to test and demonstrate an integrated plant that will produce and store green hydrogen, and then deploy it for re-electrification, mobility or other industrial uses. In line with its commitment to international cooperation, the UAE is a member of Mission Innovation, an inter-governmental initiative announced at the Paris COP in 2015, wherein participating countries committed to doubling clean energy research and development by 2021.The UAE is also leveraging artificial intelligence across vital industries to spur innovation. The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2031, adopted in 2017, aims to enhance productivity and performance in key economic sectors, including clean energy, water resource management and environment.', 'The National Artificial Intelligence Strategy 2031, adopted in 2017, aims to enhance productivity and performance in key economic sectors, including clean energy, water resource management and environment. In 2018, the UAE government launched the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in collaboration with Khalifa University of Science and Technology and the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). The laboratory uses artificial intelligence to optimize the use of renewables in the UAE by mapping optimal solar power locations across the country – in addition to tracking air pollutants and monitoring water quality. In keeping with the aviation industry’s commitment to advance sustainable technologies and practices, the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium was established in 2011.', 'In keeping with the aviation industry’s commitment to advance sustainable technologies and practices, the Sustainable Bioenergy Research Consortium was established in 2011. The flagship project of the Consortium, the Seawater Energy and Agriculture System, is a first-of-its-kind research facility to grow both food (fish and shrimp) and fuel (salt-tolerant halophyte plants) using desert land irrigated by sea water. In 2019, biofuel from this facility was combined with traditional jet fuel to power the first commercial flight using locally produced halophyte-based fuel. To enable the development of innovative solutions that support UAE’s green transition, the country has launched several programs that encourage local and international entrepreneurs and innovators.', 'To enable the development of innovative solutions that support UAE’s green transition, the country has launched several programs that encourage local and international entrepreneurs and innovators. These programs include the Mohammed Bin Rashid Innovation Fund focused on technology and business innovations; the Climate Innovations Exchange for sourcing and funding of climate solutions and technologies; and the Solar Decathlon Middle East that focuses on innovations in sustainable solar homes. 5.3. Youth & Women in Climate Action The UAE is continuing to invest heavily in youth development and their engagement on climate issues. The government launched the Emirates Youth Climate Strategy in 2018 to develop youth capacity to meet the challenges of climate change, and promote youth participation in climate action.', 'The government launched the Emirates Youth Climate Strategy in 2018 to develop youth capacity to meet the challenges of climate change, and promote youth participation in climate action. Youth Circle events on climate and sustainability, and eco-tourism camps, are being organized periodically. The Masdar Youth for Sustainability Platform, launched in 2020, supports the UAE’s knowledge-economy transformation by enabling young people to become active environmental leaders through mentorship and engagement opportunities. Additionally, more than 180 young citizens have graduated from Dubai Electricity and Water Authority’s ongoing Carbon Ambassadors Program since its inception in 2014. The Program focuses on building youth capacity on climate, sustainable energy and natural resource management.', 'The Program focuses on building youth capacity on climate, sustainable energy and natural resource management. Similarly, efforts have been made to engage women in climate decision-making and governance, and women now find high representation in the UAE climate and energy community. Amongst initiatives targeted at promoting women’s participation in climate action, Mubadala’s Women in Sustainability, Environment and Renewable Energy (WiSER) is building on its success in bringing together women professionals in climate, energy and sustainability, by facilitating growth for women professionals through training and networking opportunities.6. MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The Paris Agreement lays down provisions to facilitate capacity building and technology transfer as well as access to climate finance at national, regional and international levels.', 'MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION The Paris Agreement lays down provisions to facilitate capacity building and technology transfer as well as access to climate finance at national, regional and international levels. The UAE acknowledges the challenges of climate change within its own boundaries as well as the challenges being faced by fellow developing countries, some of whom are already experiencing extreme climatic conditions and events. The country, therefore, welcomes technical assistance made available to developing country parties under the Convention. The UAE supports the international community’s endeavor to transfer and widely deploy advanced technologies crucial to reduce GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity in developing countries.', 'The UAE supports the international community’s endeavor to transfer and widely deploy advanced technologies crucial to reduce GHG emissions and increase adaptive capacity in developing countries. In order to promote a shared international effort guided by Article 6 of the Paris Agreement and related modalities, the UAE supports the development and operationalization of market mechanisms aimed at emission reductions. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has been a driver of sustainability projects in the UAE, with the country currently host to 15 CDM projects. The UAE welcomes international cooperation in renewable energy advancement, cleaner hydrocarbons, hydrogen fuel, industrial energy efficiency, green mobility, waste management and sustainable agriculture. In furthering bilateral and multilateral collaboration on technology development and deployment, the UAE has championed infrastructure and energy projects.', 'In furthering bilateral and multilateral collaboration on technology development and deployment, the UAE has championed infrastructure and energy projects. These efforts have been pursued through formal channels including, but not limited to, the UAE-Pacific Partnership Facility for Pacific island countries, the UAE-Caribbean Renewable Energy Fund, and the joint project facility by IRENA and Abu Dhabi Fund for Development that supports renewable energy projects in developing countries. Alongside, the UAE private sector has been investing in international renewable energy ventures. The UAE has invested in renewable energy projects with a total value of over US$16.8 billion across 70 countries. 7. CONSIDERATION OF AMBITION & FAIRNESS The UAE is determined to both contribute to reducing global emissions and building climate resilience.', 'CONSIDERATION OF AMBITION & FAIRNESS The UAE is determined to both contribute to reducing global emissions and building climate resilience. The UAE’s climate initiatives are informed by its development and economic diversification agenda as well as its commitment to the pursuit of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the goals of the Paris Agreement. The UAE’s Second NDC includes an absolute, economy-wide emissions reduction target, building upon the clean energy target included in the earlier submission. It highlights the country’s plans up to 2030, with the year 2016 designated the base year given the completeness of source and sink datasets available for the year. To further clarity and transparency, the NDC includes the total BAU scenario emissions expected in the year 2030.', 'To further clarity and transparency, the NDC includes the total BAU scenario emissions expected in the year 2030. The country’s ambition is evidenced in its commitment to an emissions pathway that aims to deliver significant emission reductions vis-à-vis BAU, over the next decade. Consideration of fairness and ambition of UAE’s NDC must be informed by the definition of UAE’s BAU emissions scenario which includes measures implemented up to the year2016 thus setting a high benchmark for future action. The country’s 2030 target is based on a progressive, cross- sectoral clean development effort. The UAE’s status as an economy that is developing and diversifying its sources of revenue presents unique opportunities and challenges.', 'The UAE’s status as an economy that is developing and diversifying its sources of revenue presents unique opportunities and challenges. The country’s plans aim to harness a wide range of technologies to support the achievement of its goals. This will call for increased investments in technology development and deployment, regulatory changes and capacity building across sectors. It is notable that despite the far-reaching socio-economic impacts of the COVID-19 crisis, the UAE is committing itself to an ambitious climate mitigation and adaptation pathway. The pace of economic recovery will inform UAE’s ongoing review of its climate and energy goals. Moreover, UAE’s desert climate, marked by high temperatures and humidity, poses distinct constraints for both mitigation and adaptation.', 'Moreover, UAE’s desert climate, marked by high temperatures and humidity, poses distinct constraints for both mitigation and adaptation. Energy consumption for cooling remains a significant contributor to emissions, and high temperatures place people, ecosystems and infrastructure close to heat thresholds. Despite these challenges, the country is resolutely implementing measures for climate mitigation and adaptation. The UAE’s commitments are in line with the requirements set forth in Articles 4.3 and 4.4 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21. To the extent relevant, this submission takes into account guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1.', 'To the extent relevant, this submission takes into account guidance set forth in Decision 4/CMA.1. In keeping with Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Article 4.1 of the Paris Agreement, the UAE will continue to explore pathways to further enhance its emission reduction objectives in line with climate science and global ambition. 8. MEASUREMENT & REPORTING OF PROGRESS ON NDC IMPLEMENTATION The UAE maintains and periodically updates its GHG Emissions Inventory, accounting for emission sources and sinks. It domestically tracks sectoral mitigation efforts and their impacts in accordance with defined monitoring and evaluation requirements.', 'It domestically tracks sectoral mitigation efforts and their impacts in accordance with defined monitoring and evaluation requirements. The UAE acknowledges the significance of developing a framework for Monitoring, Reporting and Verification that tracks the mitigation outcomes of policies and initiatives reflected in this NDC. Periodic reviews will be undertaken to ensure initiatives’ alignment with national development priorities and global climate goals.'] | en-US |
352 | GBR | United Kingdom | Archived LTS | 2018-04-17 00:00:00 | null | null | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/clean-growth-strategy-amended-april-2018.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 364.906495 | 116.215703 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6f883b9f25f3dc85dcf2d7cc43b94e191c2958b628c50743beb74312b0c20545.pdf | ['The Clean Growth Strategy Leading the way to a low carbon future2 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyPresented to Parliament pursuant to Sections 12 and 14 of the Climate Change Act 2008 Amended March 2018 from the version laid before Parliament in October 2017 The Clean Growth Strategy can be found on the BEIS section of GOV.UK: publications/clean-growth-strategy © Crown copyright 2017 You may re-use this information (not including logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence. To view this licence, visit www.nationalarchives. gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/ or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at CleanGrowthStrategy@beis.gov.uk.', 'Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at CleanGrowthStrategy@beis.gov.uk. The Clean Growth Strategy Leading the way to a low carbon future4 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Amendments to the version laid before Parliament in October 2017 The following corrections have been made: p122, p142: The unit label for the metric “Biodegradable waste sent to landfill” has been corrected to read “Million Tonnes”.', 'The Clean Growth Strategy Leading the way to a low carbon future4 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Amendments to the version laid before Parliament in October 2017 The following corrections have been made: p122, p142: The unit label for the metric “Biodegradable waste sent to landfill” has been corrected to read “Million Tonnes”. p156: The text “(in real 2016 prices)” has been removed p156: Three values in table 11 have been corrected A few other minor typographic errors have also been corrected.The Clean Growth Strategy Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Policies and Proposals in the Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1: UK Leadership and Progress.', 'p156: The text “(in real 2016 prices)” has been removed p156: Three values in table 11 have been corrected A few other minor typographic errors have also been corrected.The Clean Growth Strategy Contents Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Key Policies and Proposals in the Strategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 1: UK Leadership and Progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2: The Opportunities and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3: Our Clean Growth Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4: Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 2: The Opportunities and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 3: Our Clean Growth Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 4: Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth.', 'Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Our Homes.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Improving Our Homes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport.', 'Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhancing the Benefits and Value of Our Natural Resources.', 'Enhancing the Benefits and Value of Our Natural Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leading in the Public Sector.', 'Leading in the Public Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5: Next Steps.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chapter 5: Next Steps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Foreword from the Prime Minister This Government is determined to leave our natural environment in a better condition than we found it.', '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Annexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Foreword from the Prime Minister This Government is determined to leave our natural environment in a better condition than we found it. Clean growth is not an option, but a duty we owe to the next generation, and economic growth has to go hand-in-hand with greater protection for our forests and beaches, clean air and places of outstanding natural beauty.', 'Clean growth is not an option, but a duty we owe to the next generation, and economic growth has to go hand-in-hand with greater protection for our forests and beaches, clean air and places of outstanding natural beauty. There is no conflict between this aspiration and our plan to create an economy that works for everyone. But to do this we need a clear strategy that brings Government, business and society together. This Strategy sets out the action we will take to cut emissions, increase efficiency, and help lower the amount consumers and businesses spend on energy across the country. The United Kingdom has a proud record in this field. Britain was one of the first countries to recognise the challenge posed by climate change and we have led the world in taking action to reduce carbon emissions.', 'Britain was one of the first countries to recognise the challenge posed by climate change and we have led the world in taking action to reduce carbon emissions. Our investment in green energy has seen Britain produce record amounts of renewably- generated electricity. On the world stage, we were instrumental in driving through the landmark Paris Agreement. Protecting our environment for the next generation also benefits our wider economic prosperity. The UK has helped new green industries to develop which have brought jobs and growth, even as we have taken decisive action to protect the world around us. In this document, we set out the actions we are taking to put clean growth at the centre of our modern Industrial Strategy: changing the way we heat our homes, power our cars, and run our electricity grid.', 'In this document, we set out the actions we are taking to put clean growth at the centre of our modern Industrial Strategy: changing the way we heat our homes, power our cars, and run our electricity grid. But we cannot achieve this through Government action alone. We must harness the ingenuity and determination of all our people and businesses across the country if we are to build a better, greener Britain. The Government will help British businesses and entrepreneurs to seize the opportunities which the global low carbon economy presents, from electric vehicles to offshore wind. Success in this mission will improve our quality of life and increase our economic prosperity.', 'Success in this mission will improve our quality of life and increase our economic prosperity. It will mean cleaner air, lower energy bills, greater economic security and a natural environment protected and enhanced for the future.The Clean Growth Strategy Seizing the clean growth opportunity The move to cleaner economic growth is one of the greatest industrial opportunities of our time. This Strategy will ensure Britain is ready to seize that opportunity. Our modern Industrial Strategy is about increasing the earning power of people in every part of the country. We need to do that while not just protecting, but improving the environment on which our economic success depends. In short, we need higher growth with lower carbon emissions. This approach is at the heart of our Strategy for clean growth. The opportunity for people and business across the country is huge.', 'The opportunity for people and business across the country is huge. The low carbon economy could grow 11 per cent per year between 2015 and 2030, four times faster than the projected growth of the economy as a whole. This is spread across a large number of sectors: from low cost, low carbon power generators to more efficient farms; from innovators creating better batteries to the factories putting them in less polluting cars; from builders improving our homes so they are cheaper to run to helping businesses become more productive. This growth will not just be seen in the UK. Following the success of the Paris Agreement, where Britain played such an important role in securing the landmark deal, the transition to a global low carbon economy is gathering momentum.', 'Following the success of the Paris Agreement, where Britain played such an important role in securing the landmark deal, the transition to a global low carbon economy is gathering momentum. We want the UK to capture every economic opportunity it can from this global shift in technologies and services. Our approach to clean growth is an important element of our modern Industrial Strategy: building on the UK’s strengths; improving productivity across the country; and ensuring we are the best place for innovators and new businesses to start up and grow. A good example of this is offshore wind, where costs have halved in just a few years.', 'A good example of this is offshore wind, where costs have halved in just a few years. A combination of sustained commitment – across different Governments – and targeted public sector innovation support, harnessing the expertise of UK engineers working in offshore conditions and private sector ingenuity, has created the conditions for a new industry to flourish, while cutting emissions. We need to replicate this success in sectors across our economy. This Strategy delivers on the challenge that Britain embraced when Parliament passed the Climate Change Act. If we get it right, we will not just deliver reduced emissions, but also cleaner air, lower energy bills for households and businesses, an enhanced natural environment, good jobs and industrial opportunity. It is an opportunity we will seize.', 'It is an opportunity we will seize. Greg Clark Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy4 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyExecutive Summary The Clean Growth Strategy Clean growth means growing our national income while cutting greenhouse gas emissions1. Achieving clean growth, while ensuring an affordable energy supply for businesses and consumers, is at the heart of the UK’s Industrial Strategy. It will increase our productivity, create good jobs, boost earning power for people right across the country, and help protect the climate and environment upon which we and future generations depend. UK Leadership and Progress Our Strategy for clean growth starts from a position of strength. The UK was one of the first countries to recognise and act on the economic and security threats of climate change.', 'The UK was one of the first countries to recognise and act on the economic and security threats of climate change. The Climate Change Act, passed in 2008, committed the UK to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050 when compared to 1990 levels, through a process of setting five year caps on greenhouse gas emissions termed ‘Carbon Budgets’. This approach has now been used as a model for action across the world, and is mirrored by the United Nations’ Paris Agreement. We have been among the most successful countries in the developed world in growing our economy while reducing emissions. Since 1990, we have cut emissions by 42 per cent2 while our economy has grown by two thirds3.', 'Since 1990, we have cut emissions by 42 per cent2 while our economy has grown by two thirds3. This means that we have reduced emissions faster than any other G7 nation, while leading the G7 group of countries in growth in national income over this period4. This progress has meant that we have outperformed the target emissions reductions of our first carbon budget (2008 to 2012) by one per cent5 and we project that we will outperform against our second and third budgets, covering the years 2013 to 2022, by almost five per cent and four per cent respectively6. Our economy is expected to grow by 12 per cent over that time7. This will be a significant achievement. We have made progress across every sector of our economy.', 'We have made progress across every sector of our economy. 1 There are several greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to climate change, the most abundant of which is carbon dioxide. Because of this, we measure emissions of GHGs in terms of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (Mt). One tonne of carbon dioxide fills roughly the same space as a small house. 2 BEIS (2017) BEIS provisional UK emissions statistics 1990-2016 3 ONS (2016) Quarterly National Accounts Statistical bulletins (Series ABMI. Seasonally adjusted chained volume measures) grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/abmi 4 Figures on per capita basis.', 'Seasonally adjusted chained volume measures) grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/abmi 4 Figures on per capita basis. OECD (retrieved September 2017) World Resources Institute (2017) CAIT Climate Data Explorer 7 OBR (March 2017) Economic and Fiscal Outlook OBR (January 2017) Fiscal Sustainability Report 1: UK and G7 economic growth and emissions reductions8 UK GDP +67% Source: UNFCCC; World Bank; BEIS UK emissions -42% 6 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • In 2016, 47 per cent of our electricity came from low carbon sources, around double the level in 20109, and we now have the largest installed offshore wind capacity in the world.', 'OECD (retrieved September 2017) World Resources Institute (2017) CAIT Climate Data Explorer 7 OBR (March 2017) Economic and Fiscal Outlook OBR (January 2017) Fiscal Sustainability Report 1: UK and G7 economic growth and emissions reductions8 UK GDP +67% Source: UNFCCC; World Bank; BEIS UK emissions -42% 6 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • In 2016, 47 per cent of our electricity came from low carbon sources, around double the level in 20109, and we now have the largest installed offshore wind capacity in the world. Our homes and commercial buildings have become more efficient in the way they use energy which helps to reduce emissions and also cut energy bills, for example average household energy consumption has fallen by 17 per cent since 199010.', 'Our homes and commercial buildings have become more efficient in the way they use energy which helps to reduce emissions and also cut energy bills, for example average household energy consumption has fallen by 17 per cent since 199010. Automotive engine technology has helped drive down emissions per kilometre driven by up to 16 per cent and driving a new car bought in 2015 will save car owners up to £200 on their annual fuel bill, compared to a car bought new in 200011. England also recycles nearly four times more than it did in 200012.', 'England also recycles nearly four times more than it did in 200012. 8 UNFCCC Data Interface (retrieved September 2017) World Bank, World Development Indicators (retrieved September 2017) 9 BEIS (2017): Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2017 10 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK Change in average consumption per 11 Annual average household saving from driving a car purchased new in 2015 (the latest year for which data is available) compared to driving a car purchased new in 2000. Fuel savings valued using 2015 prices.', 'Fuel savings valued using 2015 prices. DfT (2017) National Travel Survey; DfT (2017) Vehicles Statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road; BEIS (2016) Green Book supplementary appraisal guidance 12 Defra (2016) ENV18 - Local authority collected waste: annual results tables: Clean Growth Strategy • This progress has been aided by the falling costs of many low carbon technologies: renewable power sources like solar and wind are comparable in cost to coal and gas in many countries13; energy efficient light bulbs are over 80 per cent cheaper today than in 201014; and the cost of electric vehicle battery packs has tumbled by over 70 per cent in this time15. • As a result of this technological innovation, new high value jobs, industries and companies have been created.', '• As a result of this technological innovation, new high value jobs, industries and companies have been created. And this is driving a new, technologically innovative, high growth and high value “low carbon” sector of the UK economy. Not only are we rapidly decarbonising parts of the domestic economy, but thanks to our world leading expertise in technologies such as offshore wind, power electronics for low carbon vehicles and electric motors, and global leadership in green finance, we are successfully exporting goods and services around the world – for example, one in every five electric vehicles driven in Europe is made in the UK16. This progress now means there are more than 430,000 jobs in low carbon businesses and their supply chains, employing people in locations right across the country17.', 'This progress now means there are more than 430,000 jobs in low carbon businesses and their supply chains, employing people in locations right across the country17. This progress has altered the way that we see many of the trade-offs between investing in low carbon technologies that help secure our future but that might incur costs today. It is clear that actions to cut our emissions can be a win- win: cutting consumer bills, driving economic growth, creating high value jobs and helping to improve our quality of life. Of course, greenhouse gas emissions are a global problem and action is needed from all countries. The UK has played a key role in demonstrating international leadership on tackling climate change through its domestic action, climate diplomacy and financial support.', 'The UK has played a key role in demonstrating international leadership on tackling climate change through its domestic action, climate diplomacy and financial support. The UK was among the first to recognise climate change as an economic and political issue as opposed to solely an environmental one and has used its world leading economic, science and technical skills to shape the global debate around climate change, for instance making the economic case for climate action in the landmark Stern Report in 200618. The UK has also used its influence and resources to help developing countries with their own clean growth – and our actions to date are expected to save almost 500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide over the lifetime of the projects19, more than the entire annual emissions of France20.', 'The UK has also used its influence and resources to help developing countries with their own clean growth – and our actions to date are expected to save almost 500 million tonnes of carbon dioxide over the lifetime of the projects19, more than the entire annual emissions of France20. While we do not count these results against our domestic targets, we can be proud of the impact of the UK’s commitment to global climate action.', 'While we do not count these results against our domestic targets, we can be proud of the impact of the UK’s commitment to global climate action. 13 New Climate Economy (2014) Better Growth, Better Climate 14 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 15 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) 2016 lithium-ion battery price survey 16 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2017) Top 5 selling BEV analysis: 17 ONS (2016) UK Environmental Accounts: Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, Final estimates: 2015 18 HM Treasury (2006) Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change Results.pdf 20 UNFCCC 2015 data (retrieved September 2017) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The Opportunities and Challenges The UK played a central role in securing the 2015 Paris Agreement in which, for the first time, 195 countries (representing over 90 per cent of global economic activity21) agreed stretching national targets to keep the global temperature rise below two degrees.', '13 New Climate Economy (2014) Better Growth, Better Climate 14 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 15 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) 2016 lithium-ion battery price survey 16 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2017) Top 5 selling BEV analysis: 17 ONS (2016) UK Environmental Accounts: Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, Final estimates: 2015 18 HM Treasury (2006) Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change Results.pdf 20 UNFCCC 2015 data (retrieved September 2017) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The Opportunities and Challenges The UK played a central role in securing the 2015 Paris Agreement in which, for the first time, 195 countries (representing over 90 per cent of global economic activity21) agreed stretching national targets to keep the global temperature rise below two degrees. The actions and investments that will be needed to meet the Paris commitments will ensure the shift to clean growth will be at the forefront of policy and economic decisions made by governments and businesses in the coming decades.', 'The actions and investments that will be needed to meet the Paris commitments will ensure the shift to clean growth will be at the forefront of policy and economic decisions made by governments and businesses in the coming decades. This creates enormous potential economic opportunity –– an estimated $13.5 trillion of public and private investment in the global energy sector alone will be required between 2015 and 2030 if the signatories to the Paris Agreement are to meet their national targets22. The decision by the US to withdraw from the Paris Agreement served to bring together and bolster action internationally on climate change with many countries underlining their commitment to the Paris Agreement in the days and weeks that followed. The UK is well placed to take advantage of this economic opportunity.', 'The UK is well placed to take advantage of this economic opportunity. Our early action on clean growth means that we have nurtured a broad range of low carbon industries, including some sectors in which we have world leading positions. This success is built upon wider strengths – our scientific research base23, expertise in high-value service and financial industries24, and a regulatory framework that provides long-term direction and support for innovation and excellence in the design and manufacturing of leading edge technology. Capturing part of the global opportunity while continuing to drive down carbon emissions from our own activities could provide a real national economic boost.', 'Capturing part of the global opportunity while continuing to drive down carbon emissions from our own activities could provide a real national economic boost. The UK low carbon economy could grow by an estimated 11 per cent per year between 2015 and 2030 – four times faster than the rest of the economy25 – and could deliver between £60 billion and £170 billion of export sales of goods and services by 203026. This means that clean growth can play a central part in our Industrial Strategy – building on our strengths to drive economic growth and boost earning power across the country. Action to deliver clean growth can also have wider benefits. For example, the co-benefit of cutting transport emissions is cleaner air, which has an important effect on public health, the economy, and the environment.', 'For example, the co-benefit of cutting transport emissions is cleaner air, which has an important effect on public health, the economy, and the environment. But hitting our carbon budgets and expanding the low carbon economy will not be easy. We have achieved significant results in the power and waste sectors and now need to replicate this success across the economy, particularly in the transport, business and industrial sectors. We also need to reduce the emissions created by heating our homes and businesses, which account for almost a third of UK emissions.', 'We also need to reduce the emissions created by heating our homes and businesses, which account for almost a third of UK emissions. If done in the right way, cutting emissions in these areas can benefit us all through reduced energy bills, which will help improve the UK’s productivity, and improved air quality, while the innovation and investment required to drive these emissions down can create more jobs and more export opportunities. 21 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) 22 International Energy Agency (2015) Climate pledges for COP21 slow energy sector emissions growth dramatically 23 BIS (2013) International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013 24 GreenAlliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world?', '21 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) 22 International Energy Agency (2015) Climate pledges for COP21 slow energy sector emissions growth dramatically 23 BIS (2013) International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013 24 GreenAlliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world? 25 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low carbon economy', '25 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low carbon economy 26 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low-carbon economy (supporting data tables)The Clean Growth Strategy In order to meet the fourth and fifth carbon budgets (covering the periods 2023-2027 and 2028-2032) we will need to drive a significant acceleration in the pace of decarbonisation and in this Strategy we have set out stretching domestic policies that keep us on track to meet our carbon budgets.', '26 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low-carbon economy (supporting data tables)The Clean Growth Strategy In order to meet the fourth and fifth carbon budgets (covering the periods 2023-2027 and 2028-2032) we will need to drive a significant acceleration in the pace of decarbonisation and in this Strategy we have set out stretching domestic policies that keep us on track to meet our carbon budgets. However, we are prepared to use the flexibilities available to us to meet carbon budgets, subject to the requirements set out in the Climate Change Act, if this presents better value for UK taxpayers, businesses and domestic consumers.', 'However, we are prepared to use the flexibilities available to us to meet carbon budgets, subject to the requirements set out in the Climate Change Act, if this presents better value for UK taxpayers, businesses and domestic consumers. 27 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) statistics; BEIS analysis Source: BEIS Business and Industry Public Sector Transport Power Homes Natural Resources Figure 2: UK emissions by sector, 201527 Heating in buildings and industry creates around 32% of total UK emissions10 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Every action that we take to cut emissions must be done while ensuring our economy remains competitive. As we set out in our Industrial Strategy Green Paper, we attach great importance to making sure our energy is affordable28. This is why the Government has commissioned an independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE.', 'This is why the Government has commissioned an independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE. This review will recommend ways to deliver the Government’s carbon targets and ensure security of supply at minimum cost to both industry and domestic consumers. Once Ministers have had the opportunity to consider the review’s proposals, the Government will incorporate its recommendations into the further development of the Clean Growth Strategy as appropriate. Another imminent challenge is to manage any impact of leaving the European Union as the Government fulfils its commitment to the British people. Leaving the EU will not affect our statutory commitments under our own domestic Climate Change Act and indeed our domestic binding emissions reduction targets are more ambitious than those set by EU legislation.', 'Leaving the EU will not affect our statutory commitments under our own domestic Climate Change Act and indeed our domestic binding emissions reduction targets are more ambitious than those set by EU legislation. The exact nature of the UK’s future relationship with the EU and the long-term shape of our involvement in areas like the EU Emissions Trading System are still to be determined. There are also emerging opportunities to drive more action – for example by putting emission reductions and land stewardship at the heart of a post EU agricultural support policy. We will therefore carefully examine each area of common interest with our EU partners and work to deliver policies and programmes that are at least as beneficial as the current arrangements.', 'We will therefore carefully examine each area of common interest with our EU partners and work to deliver policies and programmes that are at least as beneficial as the current arrangements. Our Clean Growth Strategy This Strategy sets out a comprehensive set of policies and proposals that aim to accelerate the pace of “clean growth”, i.e. deliver increased economic growth and decreased emissions. Our Approach In the context of the UK’s legal requirements under the Climate Change Act, the UK’s approach to reducing emissions has two guiding objectives: 1. To meet our domestic commitments at the lowest possible net cost to UK taxpayers, consumers and businesses; and, 2. To maximise the social and economic benefits for the UK from this transition.', 'To maximise the social and economic benefits for the UK from this transition. In order to meet these objectives, the UK will need to nurture low carbon technologies, processes and systems that are as cheap as possible. We need to do this for several reasons. First, we need to protect our businesses and households from high energy costs. Second, if we can develop low cost, low carbon technologies in the UK, we can secure the most industrial and economic advantage from the global transition to a low carbon economy. Third, if we want to see other countries, particularly developing countries, follow our example, we need low carbon technologies to be cheaper and to offer more value than high carbon ones. We cannot predict every technological breakthrough that will help us meet our targets.', 'We cannot predict every technological breakthrough that will help us meet our targets. Instead, we must create the best possible 28 BEIS (2017) Building our Industrial Strategy Clean Growth Strategy environment for the private sector to innovate and invest. Our approach will maintain that of our Industrial Strategy: building on the UK’s strengths, improving productivity across the UK and ensuring we are the best place for innovators and new business to start-up and grow. We are clear about the need to design competitive markets and smart regulation to support entrepreneurs and investors who will develop the new technologies at the scale we need. This will help our wider aim of improving the UK’s earning power.', 'This will help our wider aim of improving the UK’s earning power. It is only through innovation – nurturing better products, processes and systems – that we will see the cost of clean technologies come down. That is why this Strategy sets out for the first time how over £2.5 billion will be invested by the Government to support low carbon innovation from 2015 to 2021. More broadly, the National Productivity Investment Fund will provide an additional £4.7 billion, with an extra £2 billion a year by 2020-21, representing the largest increase in public spending on UK science, research and innovation since 197929. The UK is also working collaboratively as a core member of “Mission Innovation”30, a group of leading countries which aims to drive forward clean energy innovation on a global scale.', 'The UK is also working collaboratively as a core member of “Mission Innovation”30, a group of leading countries which aims to drive forward clean energy innovation on a global scale. In addition to supporting innovation, we are focused on policies that deliver social and economic benefits beyond the imperative to reduce emissions. Higher quality, more energy efficient buildings are healthier places to live and work. Reducing the amount of heat we waste will reduce bills. Accelerating the rollout of low emission vehicles contains a triple win for the UK in terms of industrial opportunity, cleaner air and lower greenhouse gas emissions. And crucially, many of the actions in the Clean Growth Strategy will enhance the UK’s energy security by delivering a more diverse and reliable energy mix.', 'And crucially, many of the actions in the Clean Growth Strategy will enhance the UK’s energy security by delivering a more diverse and reliable energy mix. Actions taken by the Government on clean growth will be consistent with broader Government priorities, such as delivering clean air. All parts of the UK have a major role to play in delivering our ambitions on clean growth, and the Devolved Administrations have a range of plans and policies in place to deliver emission reductions. We will work closely with them, and with local leaders across the UK, as we develop the policies and proposals set out in this Strategy. The changes to our infrastructure and the pace of innovation will require significant investment from the private sector.', 'The changes to our infrastructure and the pace of innovation will require significant investment from the private sector. The first steps to support the growth of the green finance sector in the UK are set out in this Strategy. We are building on a position of global leadership in finance and investment. These steps will be followed by ambitious policy proposals to further accelerate investments to deliver our Clean Growth Strategy. To help develop this longer-term work, the Government has set up a new Green Finance Taskforce, comprising senior representatives from the finance industry and Government. Key Policies and Proposals The key actions that this Government will take as part of our Strategy are set out below.', 'Key Policies and Proposals The key actions that this Government will take as part of our Strategy are set out below. While these policies and proposals will drive emissions down throughout the next decade, our focus is on the areas where we need to do more to achieve the fifth carbon budget through domestic action in the UK. Through preparing this Strategy, we have identified areas where we will need to see the greatest progress, both through technological breakthroughs and large-scale deployment, if we are to meet the fifth carbon budget through domestic action. 30 Mission Innovation Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Key Policies and Proposals in the Strategy Accelerating Clean Growth 1.', '30 Mission Innovation Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Key Policies and Proposals in the Strategy Accelerating Clean Growth 1. Develop world leading Green Finance capabilities, including by: • Setting up a Green Finance Taskforce to provide recommendations for delivery of the public and private investment we need to meet our carbon budgets and maximise the UK’s share of the global green finance market • Working with the British Standards Institution to develop a set of voluntary green and sustainable finance management standards • Providing up to £20 million to support a new clean technology early stage investment fund • Working with mortgage lenders to develop green mortgage products that take account of the lower lending risk and enhanced repayment associated with more energy efficient properties Improving Business and Industry Efficiency – 25% of UK Emissions 2.', 'Develop world leading Green Finance capabilities, including by: • Setting up a Green Finance Taskforce to provide recommendations for delivery of the public and private investment we need to meet our carbon budgets and maximise the UK’s share of the global green finance market • Working with the British Standards Institution to develop a set of voluntary green and sustainable finance management standards • Providing up to £20 million to support a new clean technology early stage investment fund • Working with mortgage lenders to develop green mortgage products that take account of the lower lending risk and enhanced repayment associated with more energy efficient properties Improving Business and Industry Efficiency – 25% of UK Emissions 2. Develop a package of measures to support businesses to improve their energy productivity, by at least 20 per cent by 2030, including by: • Following the outcome of the independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, and subject to its conclusions, we intend to consult on improving the energy efficiency of new and existing commercial buildings • Consulting on raising minimum standards of energy efficiency for rented commercial buildings • Exploring how voluntary building standards can support improvements in the energy efficiency performance of business buildings, and how we can improve the provision of information and advice on energy efficiency to SMEs • Simplifying the requirements for businesses to measure and report on energy use, to help them identify where they can cut bills 3.', 'Develop a package of measures to support businesses to improve their energy productivity, by at least 20 per cent by 2030, including by: • Following the outcome of the independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, and subject to its conclusions, we intend to consult on improving the energy efficiency of new and existing commercial buildings • Consulting on raising minimum standards of energy efficiency for rented commercial buildings • Exploring how voluntary building standards can support improvements in the energy efficiency performance of business buildings, and how we can improve the provision of information and advice on energy efficiency to SMEs • Simplifying the requirements for businesses to measure and report on energy use, to help them identify where they can cut bills 3. Establish an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme to help large companies install measures to cut their energy use and bills 4.', 'Establish an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme to help large companies install measures to cut their energy use and bills 4. Publish joint industrial decarbonisation and energy efficiency action plans with seven of the most energy intensive industrial sectors 5. Demonstrate international leadership in carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS), by collaborating with our global partners and investing up to £100 million in leading edge CCUS and industrial innovation to drive down costs 6. Work in partnership with industry, through a new CCUS Council, to put us on a path to meet our ambition of having the option of deploying CCUS at scale in the UK, and to maximise its industrial opportunityThe Clean Growth Strategy 7.', 'Work in partnership with industry, through a new CCUS Council, to put us on a path to meet our ambition of having the option of deploying CCUS at scale in the UK, and to maximise its industrial opportunityThe Clean Growth Strategy 7. Develop our strategic approach to greenhouse gas removal technologies, building on the Government’s programme of research and development and addressing the barriers to their long term deployment 8. Phase out the installation of high carbon forms of fossil fuel heating in new and existing businesses off the gas grid during the 2020s, starting with new build 9.', 'Phase out the installation of high carbon forms of fossil fuel heating in new and existing businesses off the gas grid during the 2020s, starting with new build 9. Support the recycling of heat produced in industrial processes, to reduce business energy bills and benefit local communities • Invest around £162 million of public funds in research and innovation in Energy, Resource and Process efficiency, including up to £20 million to encourage switching to lower carbon fuels • Support innovative energy technologies and processes with £14 million of further investment through the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund Improving Our Homes – 13% of UK Emissions Improving the energy efficiency of our homes 11.', 'Support the recycling of heat produced in industrial processes, to reduce business energy bills and benefit local communities • Invest around £162 million of public funds in research and innovation in Energy, Resource and Process efficiency, including up to £20 million to encourage switching to lower carbon fuels • Support innovative energy technologies and processes with £14 million of further investment through the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund Improving Our Homes – 13% of UK Emissions Improving the energy efficiency of our homes 11. Support around £3.6 billion of investment to upgrade around a million homes through the Energy Company Obligation (ECO), and extend support for home energy efficiency improvements until 2028 at the current level of ECO funding 12.', 'Support around £3.6 billion of investment to upgrade around a million homes through the Energy Company Obligation (ECO), and extend support for home energy efficiency improvements until 2028 at the current level of ECO funding 12. We want all fuel poor homes to be upgraded to Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) Band C by 2030 and our aspiration is for as many homes as possible to be EPC Band C by 2035 where practical, cost-effective and affordable 13. Develop a long term trajectory to improve the energy performance standards of privately- rented homes, with the aim of upgrading as many as possible to EPC Band C by 2030 where practical, cost-effective and affordable 14. Consult on how social housing can meet similar standards over this period 15.', 'Consult on how social housing can meet similar standards over this period 15. Following the outcome of the independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, and subject to its conclusions, we intend to consult on strengthening energy performance standards for new and existing homes under Building Regulations, including futureproofing new homes for low carbon heating systems 16. Offer all households the opportunity to have a smart meter to help them save energy by the end of 2020 Rolling out low carbon heating 17. Build and extend heat networks across the country, underpinned with public funding (allocated in the Spending Review 2015) out to 2021 18.', 'Build and extend heat networks across the country, underpinned with public funding (allocated in the Spending Review 2015) out to 2021 18. Phase out the installation of high carbon fossil fuel heating in new and existing homes currently off the gas grid during the 2020s, starting with new homes14 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Rolling out low carbon heating (continued) 19. Improve standards on the 1.2 million new boilers installed every year in England and require installations of control devices to help people save energy 20. Invest in low carbon heating by reforming the Renewable Heat Incentive, spending £4.5 billion to support innovative low carbon heat technologies in homes and businesses between 21.', 'Invest in low carbon heating by reforming the Renewable Heat Incentive, spending £4.5 billion to support innovative low carbon heat technologies in homes and businesses between 21. Innovation: Invest around £184 million of public funds, including two new £10 million innovation programmes to develop new energy efficiency and heating technologies to enable lower cost low carbon homes Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport – 24% of UK Emissions 22. End the sale of new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2040 23. Spend £1 billion supporting the take-up of ultra low emission vehicles (ULEV), including helping consumers to overcome the upfront cost of an electric car 24.', 'Spend £1 billion supporting the take-up of ultra low emission vehicles (ULEV), including helping consumers to overcome the upfront cost of an electric car 24. Develop one of the best electric vehicle charging networks in the world by: • Investing an additional £80 million, alongside £15 million from Highways England, to support charging infrastructure deployment • Taking new powers under the Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill, allowing the Government to set requirements for the provision of charging points 25.', 'Develop one of the best electric vehicle charging networks in the world by: • Investing an additional £80 million, alongside £15 million from Highways England, to support charging infrastructure deployment • Taking new powers under the Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill, allowing the Government to set requirements for the provision of charging points 25. Accelerate the uptake of low emission taxis and buses by: • Providing £50 million for the Plug-in Taxi programme, which gives taxi drivers up to £7,500 off the purchase price of a new ULEV taxi, alongside £14 million to support 10 local areas to deliver dedicated charge points for taxis • Providing £100 million for a national programme of support for retrofitting and new low emission buses in England and Wales 26.', 'Accelerate the uptake of low emission taxis and buses by: • Providing £50 million for the Plug-in Taxi programme, which gives taxi drivers up to £7,500 off the purchase price of a new ULEV taxi, alongside £14 million to support 10 local areas to deliver dedicated charge points for taxis • Providing £100 million for a national programme of support for retrofitting and new low emission buses in England and Wales 26. Work with industry as they develop an Automotive Sector Deal to accelerate the transition to zero emission vehicles 27. Announce plans for the public sector to lead the way in transitioning to zero emissions vehicles 28. Invest £1.2 billion to make cycling and walking the natural choice for shorter journeys 29.', 'Invest £1.2 billion to make cycling and walking the natural choice for shorter journeys 29. Work to enable cost-effective options for shifting more freight from road to rail, including using low emission rail freight for deliveries into urban areas, with zero emission last mile deliveries 30. Position the UK at the forefront of research, development and demonstration of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle technologies, including through the establishment of the Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles and investment of over £250 million, matched by industryThe Clean Growth Strategy 31.', 'Position the UK at the forefront of research, development and demonstration of Connected and Autonomous Vehicle technologies, including through the establishment of the Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles and investment of over £250 million, matched by industryThe Clean Growth Strategy 31. Innovation: Invest around £841 million of public funds in innovation in low carbon transport technology and fuels including: • Ensuring the UK builds on its strengths and leads the world in the design, development and manufacture of electric batteries through investment of up to £246 million in the Faraday Challenge • Delivering trials of Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) platoons, which could deliver significant fuel and emissions savings Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power – 21% of UK Emissions 32.', 'Innovation: Invest around £841 million of public funds in innovation in low carbon transport technology and fuels including: • Ensuring the UK builds on its strengths and leads the world in the design, development and manufacture of electric batteries through investment of up to £246 million in the Faraday Challenge • Delivering trials of Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) platoons, which could deliver significant fuel and emissions savings Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power – 21% of UK Emissions 32. Reduce power costs for households and businesses by: • Implementing the smart systems plan, which will help consumers to use energy more flexibly and could unlock savings of up to £40 billion to 2050 • Working with Ofgem and National Grid to create a more independent system operator to keep bills low through greater competition, coordination and innovation across the system • Responding to the forthcoming independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE • Publishing a draft bill to require Ofgem to impose a cap on standard variable and default tariffs across the whole market 33.', 'Reduce power costs for households and businesses by: • Implementing the smart systems plan, which will help consumers to use energy more flexibly and could unlock savings of up to £40 billion to 2050 • Working with Ofgem and National Grid to create a more independent system operator to keep bills low through greater competition, coordination and innovation across the system • Responding to the forthcoming independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE • Publishing a draft bill to require Ofgem to impose a cap on standard variable and default tariffs across the whole market 33. Phase out the use of unabated coal to produce electricity by 2025 34.', 'Phase out the use of unabated coal to produce electricity by 2025 34. Deliver new nuclear power through Hinkley Point C and progress discussions with developers to secure a competitive price for future projects in the pipeline 35. Improve the route to market for renewable technologies such as offshore wind through: • Up to £557 million for further Pot 2 Contract for Difference auctions, with the next one planned for spring 2019 • Working with industry as they develop an ambitious Sector Deal for offshore wind, which could result in 10 gigawatts of new capacity, with the opportunity for additional deployment if this is cost effective, built in the 2020s 36.', 'Improve the route to market for renewable technologies such as offshore wind through: • Up to £557 million for further Pot 2 Contract for Difference auctions, with the next one planned for spring 2019 • Working with industry as they develop an ambitious Sector Deal for offshore wind, which could result in 10 gigawatts of new capacity, with the opportunity for additional deployment if this is cost effective, built in the 2020s 36. Target a total carbon price in the power sector which will give businesses greater clarity on the total price they will pay for each tonne of emissions. Further details on carbon prices for the 2020s will be set out in the Autumn 2017 Budget 37.', 'Further details on carbon prices for the 2020s will be set out in the Autumn 2017 Budget 37. Innovation: Invest around £900 million of public funds, including around: • £265 million in smart systems to reduce the cost of electricity storage, advance innovative demand response technologies and develop new ways of balancing the grid • £460 million in nuclear to support work in areas including future nuclear fuels, new nuclear manufacturing techniques, recycling and reprocessing, and advanced reactor design • £177 million to further reduce the cost of renewables, including innovation in offshore wind turbine blade technology and foundations16 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Enhancing the Benefits and Value of Our Natural Resources – 15% of UK Emissions 38.', 'Innovation: Invest around £900 million of public funds, including around: • £265 million in smart systems to reduce the cost of electricity storage, advance innovative demand response technologies and develop new ways of balancing the grid • £460 million in nuclear to support work in areas including future nuclear fuels, new nuclear manufacturing techniques, recycling and reprocessing, and advanced reactor design • £177 million to further reduce the cost of renewables, including innovation in offshore wind turbine blade technology and foundations16 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Enhancing the Benefits and Value of Our Natural Resources – 15% of UK Emissions 38. As we leave the EU, design a new system of future agricultural support to focus on delivering better environmental outcomes, including addressing climate change more directly 39.', 'As we leave the EU, design a new system of future agricultural support to focus on delivering better environmental outcomes, including addressing climate change more directly 39. Establish a new network of forests in England including new woodland on farmland, and fund larger-scale woodland and forest creation, in support of our commitment to plant 11 million trees, and increase the amount of UK timber used in construction 40. Work towards our ambition for zero avoidable waste by 2050, maximising the value we extract from our resources, and minimising the negative environmental and carbon impacts associated with their extraction, use and disposal 41. Publish a new Resources and Waste Strategy to make the UK a world leader in terms of competitiveness, resource productivity and resource efficiency 42.', 'Publish a new Resources and Waste Strategy to make the UK a world leader in terms of competitiveness, resource productivity and resource efficiency 42. Explore new and innovative ways to manage emissions from landfill 43. Support peatland through a £10 million capital grant scheme for peat restoration 44. Innovation: Invest £99 million in innovative technology and research for agri-tech, land use, greenhouse gas removal technologies, waste and resource efficiency Leading in the Public Sector – 2% of UK Emissions 45. Agree tighter targets for 2020 for central government and actions to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions beyond this date 46. Introduce a voluntary public sector target of a 30 per cent reduction in carbon emissions by 2020-21 for the wider public sector 47.', 'Introduce a voluntary public sector target of a 30 per cent reduction in carbon emissions by 2020-21 for the wider public sector 47. Provide £255 million of funding for energy efficiency improvements in England and help public bodies access sources of funding Government Leadership in Driving Clean Growth 48. Work with businesses and civil society to introduce a “Green Great Britain” week to promote clean growth 49. Reinstate a regular Clean Growth Inter-Ministerial Group responsible for monitoring the implementation of this Strategy and driving ambitious clean growth policies 50.', 'Reinstate a regular Clean Growth Inter-Ministerial Group responsible for monitoring the implementation of this Strategy and driving ambitious clean growth policies 50. Report annually on our performance in delivering GDP growth and reduced emissions through an “Emissions Intensity Ratio”The Clean Growth Strategy Private investment leveraged Projects supported INVESTMENT IN INNOVATION FOR CLEAN GROWTH To achieve the clean growth we want, the UK will need to nurture low carbon technologies, processes and systems that are as cheap as possible. It is only through innovation that we will see new technologies developed and the cost of clean technologies come down.', 'It is only through innovation that we will see new technologies developed and the cost of clean technologies come down. Investment will be made at all stages of technology development: from basic research to pre-commercial trials Innovation creates jobs and helps companies grow The Energy Entrepreneurs Fund is a competitive funding scheme to support the development and demonstration of state of the art technologies, products and processes. The impact of Phases 1-5 is: Government has significantly increased its investment in low carbon innovation This strategy sets out, for the first time, where Government funding is targeted Patents applied for Products launched Jobs supported Basic & applied research Technology demonstration Technology development allocated billion billion Smart Systems 10% Business & Industry 6% Land Use & Waste 4%18 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Tracking Our Progress We want to deliver increased economic growth and reduced emissions.', 'The impact of Phases 1-5 is: Government has significantly increased its investment in low carbon innovation This strategy sets out, for the first time, where Government funding is targeted Patents applied for Products launched Jobs supported Basic & applied research Technology demonstration Technology development allocated billion billion Smart Systems 10% Business & Industry 6% Land Use & Waste 4%18 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Tracking Our Progress We want to deliver increased economic growth and reduced emissions. We have developed an Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR) to measure our clean growth performance which we will publish each year so we can track progress. To reach our 2032 targets we will need to drive the emissions intensity of the economy down by an average of five per cent per year to 2032, an acceleration in the four per cent annual fall since 199031.', 'To reach our 2032 targets we will need to drive the emissions intensity of the economy down by an average of five per cent per year to 2032, an acceleration in the four per cent annual fall since 199031. The Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR) This measures the amount of greenhouse gases (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) produced for each unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) created. Currently the EIR is 270 tonnes/£ million and it was 720 tonnes/£ million in 1990. By 2032, we expect the EIR will need to be nearly as low as 100 tonnes/£ million to meet our ambitions. Next Steps This Strategy is not the end of the process.', 'Next Steps This Strategy is not the end of the process. While this is an important milestone in our work to decarbonise the UK while growing our economy, our approach will develop and adapt to changing circumstances. We will update key elements of the Strategy in line with our annual statutory responses to the Committee on Climate Change’s reports on progress, ahead of setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021.', 'We will update key elements of the Strategy in line with our annual statutory responses to the Committee on Climate Change’s reports on progress, ahead of setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021. We will also launch the following Government consultations during 2017 and 2018 on: • The design of a new industrial heat recovery programme • Making the private rented sector energy efficiency regulations more effective, and setting longer term energy performance standards across both the domestic private and social rented sectors • A streamlined and more effective energy and carbon reporting framework for UK businesses to help them identify where they can cut bills • A package of measures to support businesses to improve how productively they use energy • Our strategic approach to the aviation sector in a series of consultations over the next 18 months.', 'We will also launch the following Government consultations during 2017 and 2018 on: • The design of a new industrial heat recovery programme • Making the private rented sector energy efficiency regulations more effective, and setting longer term energy performance standards across both the domestic private and social rented sectors • A streamlined and more effective energy and carbon reporting framework for UK businesses to help them identify where they can cut bills • A package of measures to support businesses to improve how productively they use energy • Our strategic approach to the aviation sector in a series of consultations over the next 18 months. A full list of the actions and milestones arising from this Strategy is set out at Annex B.', 'A full list of the actions and milestones arising from this Strategy is set out at Annex B. Many of the future actions the Government will be taking, expanding on the proposals above, will be set out in the 25 Year Environment Plan, which will be designed to be a sister document to this Strategy, and in a long term strategy for the UK’s transition to zero road vehicle emissions. Taken together, these set out the Government’s approach to fulfilling its commitment to leave the environment in a better state than it inherited. Along with the Industrial Strategy White Paper, to be published later in 2017, these will form a critical part of our future progress.', 'Along with the Industrial Strategy White Paper, to be published later in 2017, these will form a critical part of our future progress. 31 BEIS analysis; ONS (2016) Quarterly National Accounts; BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015); OBR (March 2017) Economic and Fiscal Outlook; OBR (January 2017) Fiscal Sustainability ReportThe Clean Growth Strategy The Government cannot achieve the changes needed to our economy by itself. Outside action on public sector emissions, the Government’s key role is to set the framework for action across the economy. Beyond that, clean growth has to be a shared endeavour between Government, business, civil society and the British people. Creating this supportive environment will help attract the domestic and international investment the UK wants.', 'Creating this supportive environment will help attract the domestic and international investment the UK wants. Therefore from 2018 we will work with private partners and NGOs to introduce a Green Great Britain Week. We welcome views and comments on our approach and these should be sent to CleanGrowthStrategy@beis.gov.uk by 31 December 2017. Views received in response to both this Strategy and the detailed policy proposals which will follow it, will be considered as we update key elements of our Strategy before setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021.', 'Views received in response to both this Strategy and the detailed policy proposals which will follow it, will be considered as we update key elements of our Strategy before setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021. Green Great Britain Week An annual event to: • \x07 Focus on climate and air quality issues across the UK • \x07 Demonstrate our progress and successes on climate action • \x07 Share the latest climate science • \x07Highlight and promote economic opportunities arising from clean growth especially to international investors.UK Leadership and ProgressSource: UK legislation; BEIS carbon budget Second carbon budget Third carbon budget Fourth carbon budget Fifth carbon budget Base Year 3,018 Mt reduction Figure 3: UK carbon budgets and 2050 target35 What the Climate Change Act Requires The Climate Change Act requires the UK to reduce its emissions by at least 80 per cent by 205035.', 'Green Great Britain Week An annual event to: • \x07 Focus on climate and air quality issues across the UK • \x07 Demonstrate our progress and successes on climate action • \x07 Share the latest climate science • \x07Highlight and promote economic opportunities arising from clean growth especially to international investors.UK Leadership and ProgressSource: UK legislation; BEIS carbon budget Second carbon budget Third carbon budget Fourth carbon budget Fifth carbon budget Base Year 3,018 Mt reduction Figure 3: UK carbon budgets and 2050 target35 What the Climate Change Act Requires The Climate Change Act requires the UK to reduce its emissions by at least 80 per cent by 205035. This means greenhouse gas emissions falling from around 14 tonnes per person in 1990 to around 2 tonnes per person in 2050. To ensure steady progress towards our 2050 goal, the Climate Change Act requires the Government to set intermediate targets – ‘carbon budgets’.', 'To ensure steady progress towards our 2050 goal, the Climate Change Act requires the Government to set intermediate targets – ‘carbon budgets’. These are caps on the greenhouse gas emissions that can be emitted across the UK during a five-year period. Five carbon budgets have been set to date, putting in place caps on greenhouse gas emissions from 2008 out to 2032. In July 2016, we set the fifth carbon budget, which requires a 57 per cent average reduction in emissions over 2028-32 across the UK compared to a 1990 baseline. The Clean Growth Strategy Our strategy for clean growth starts from a position of strength. The UK was one of the first countries to recognise and act on the threat of climate change and continues to play an important leadership role today.', 'The UK was one of the first countries to recognise and act on the threat of climate change and continues to play an important leadership role today. In 2008, we became the first country to set a legally binding emissions reduction target through the Climate Change Act. This has driven significant progress in cutting emissions. In 2016 alone UK emissions fell by six per cent compared to the year before32. Overall, between 1990 and 2016, the UK reduced emissions by 42 per cent33. Today, the Climate Action Network ranks the UK third in the world for action on climate change34.', 'Today, the Climate Action Network ranks the UK third in the world for action on climate change34. 33 BEIS (2017) Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 2016 34 Climate Action Network (2017) Climate Change Performance Index Results 2017 36 1990 base year emissions 803 Mt, equivalent to 4,013 Mt over a 5-year period, BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) government/collections/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statisticsUK GDP +67% Source: UNFCCC; World Bank; BEIS UK emissions -42% Figure 4: UK and G7 economic growth and emissions reductions41 22 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy This progress has not come at the expense of the economic growth we need to support our public services and invest in our future.', '33 BEIS (2017) Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 2016 34 Climate Action Network (2017) Climate Change Performance Index Results 2017 36 1990 base year emissions 803 Mt, equivalent to 4,013 Mt over a 5-year period, BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) government/collections/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statisticsUK GDP +67% Source: UNFCCC; World Bank; BEIS UK emissions -42% Figure 4: UK and G7 economic growth and emissions reductions41 22 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy This progress has not come at the expense of the economic growth we need to support our public services and invest in our future. Between 1990 and 2016, while the UK reduced its emissions by 42 per cent37 the economy grew by 67 per cent38.', 'Between 1990 and 2016, while the UK reduced its emissions by 42 per cent37 the economy grew by 67 per cent38. The UK has reduced emissions per person faster than any other G7 nation (and indeed more than any other G20 nation39) while at the same time leading the G7 in GDP growth per capita since 199040. PwC’s Low Carbon Economy Index shows that the UK was the fastest of any country in the G20 to decarbonise in 201641. Progress Has Been Made Across the UK Economy Some of the largest falls in emissions since 1990 have been seen in the power sector, where emissions have fallen by almost half43 as the UK has switched away from coal and increased the share of renewables and gas in electricity generation.', 'Progress Has Been Made Across the UK Economy Some of the largest falls in emissions since 1990 have been seen in the power sector, where emissions have fallen by almost half43 as the UK has switched away from coal and increased the share of renewables and gas in electricity generation. In 2016 nearly one quarter of the UK’s electricity generation was provided by renewables44 and on 7 June this year renewable energy sources supplied over 50 per cent of UK electricity for the first time in history45. 37 BEIS (2017) Provisional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Statistics 2016 38 ONS (2016) Quarterly National Accounts Statistical bulletins (Series ABMI.', '37 BEIS (2017) Provisional Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Statistics 2016 38 ONS (2016) Quarterly National Accounts Statistical bulletins (Series ABMI. Seasonally adjusted chained volume measures) grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/abmi 39 World Resources Institute (retrieved September 2017) CAIT Climate Data Explorer Data to 2013 40 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) World Development Indicators, International Comparison Program database MKTP.PP.KD.', 'Seasonally adjusted chained volume measures) grossdomesticproductgdp/timeseries/abmi 39 World Resources Institute (retrieved September 2017) CAIT Climate Data Explorer Data to 2013 40 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) World Development Indicators, International Comparison Program database MKTP.PP.KD. Data to 2015 41 PwC (2017) Low Carbon Economy Index 42 UNFCCC Data Interface, World Bank, World Development Indicators, BEIS (2017) Final GHG Emissions Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) 43 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) 45 BBC (2017) Renewables provide more than half UK electricity for first time (Mt) Percentage change Source: BEIS The Clean Growth Strategy There have also been significant falls in emissions from waste and industry – driven partly by a change in the UK’s economic structure from manufacturing to services but also by a large reduction in waste being sent to landfill.', 'Data to 2015 41 PwC (2017) Low Carbon Economy Index 42 UNFCCC Data Interface, World Bank, World Development Indicators, BEIS (2017) Final GHG Emissions Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) 43 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) 45 BBC (2017) Renewables provide more than half UK electricity for first time (Mt) Percentage change Source: BEIS The Clean Growth Strategy There have also been significant falls in emissions from waste and industry – driven partly by a change in the UK’s economic structure from manufacturing to services but also by a large reduction in waste being sent to landfill. This has been driven by initiatives like the Landfill Tax which helped reduce the amount of taxable waste sent to landfill by 76 per cent between 1997 and 201649.', 'This has been driven by initiatives like the Landfill Tax which helped reduce the amount of taxable waste sent to landfill by 76 per cent between 1997 and 201649. We have made progress in other sectors, including transport, where tighter regulations have helped drive down the average car’s carbon emissions per kilometre by up to 16 per cent since 200050 while hybrid and ultra low emission vehicles (ULEVs), such as electric and hydrogen fuel cell cars, accounted for a record 5.5 per cent of sales in July 201751. In our homes, average household energy consumption has fallen by over 17 per cent since 1990, in part due to tighter standards and obligations on energy suppliers to improve energy efficiency52.', 'In our homes, average household energy consumption has fallen by over 17 per cent since 1990, in part due to tighter standards and obligations on energy suppliers to improve energy efficiency52. Falling Costs and Rapid Technology Uptake This progress has been aided by the falling costs of many low carbon technologies globally, coupled with accelerating momentum in the deployment of the technologies we need to reduce emissions, as a result of early policy action by the UK, other governments and substantial public and private sector investment. 46 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Provisional Statistics (1990-2016) 47 In line with the Climate Change Act the base year is comprised of 1990 for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, and 1995 for fluorinated compounds 48 Provisional 2016 estimate: -42 change 1990-2016.', '46 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Provisional Statistics (1990-2016) 47 In line with the Climate Change Act the base year is comprised of 1990 for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, and 1995 for fluorinated compounds 48 Provisional 2016 estimate: -42 change 1990-2016. BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics 49 HMRC Landfill Tax bulletin 50 Fuel efficiencies are from DfT modelling using DfT (2017) Vehicle statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road: A 2015 update 51 SMMT (2017) EV & AFV Registrations, July 2017 and Year-to-Date 52 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK Change in average consumption per Table 1: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector, 1990-201546Onshore wind Offshore wind Solar PV Gas (2016 range) Price per MWh ($) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Figure 5: Change in global renewable energy costs57 24 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy For example, the power sector has seen dramatic falls in the price of renewable energy due to government policies, with global investment estimated at $2.8 trillion since 200753.', 'BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics 49 HMRC Landfill Tax bulletin 50 Fuel efficiencies are from DfT modelling using DfT (2017) Vehicle statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road: A 2015 update 51 SMMT (2017) EV & AFV Registrations, July 2017 and Year-to-Date 52 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK Change in average consumption per Table 1: Greenhouse gas emissions by sector, 1990-201546Onshore wind Offshore wind Solar PV Gas (2016 range) Price per MWh ($) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Figure 5: Change in global renewable energy costs57 24 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy For example, the power sector has seen dramatic falls in the price of renewable energy due to government policies, with global investment estimated at $2.8 trillion since 200753. This has driven down the cost of solar cells by 80 per cent since 200854, meaning we are now beginning to see solar deploying in the UK without government support, and onshore wind power by 50 per cent since 200955.', 'This has driven down the cost of solar cells by 80 per cent since 200854, meaning we are now beginning to see solar deploying in the UK without government support, and onshore wind power by 50 per cent since 200955. The cost of offshore wind is falling even faster; in the UK, government investment has helped to deliver a 50 per cent drop in costs over just the last two years56. This means that wind and solar energy are increasingly cost competitive with coal and gas in many countries57.', 'This means that wind and solar energy are increasingly cost competitive with coal and gas in many countries57. 53 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Clean Energy Investment Trends 2Q 2017 54 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) Summit keynote presentation 56 Gov.uk (2017) New clean energy projects set to power 36 million homes 57 New Climate Economy (2014) Better Growth, Better Climate 58 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016), H2 2016 Global Levelised Cost of Electricity Update Clean Growth Strategy Global investment in energy efficiency is also growing, having already reached $221 billion in 2015, an increase of six per cent on the year before59.', '53 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Clean Energy Investment Trends 2Q 2017 54 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) Summit keynote presentation 56 Gov.uk (2017) New clean energy projects set to power 36 million homes 57 New Climate Economy (2014) Better Growth, Better Climate 58 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016), H2 2016 Global Levelised Cost of Electricity Update Clean Growth Strategy Global investment in energy efficiency is also growing, having already reached $221 billion in 2015, an increase of six per cent on the year before59. This included $12 billion of investment in improving the efficiency of appliances and has led to an improvement in the average efficiency of major appliance categories60 of more than 16 per cent between 2005 and 201561.', 'This included $12 billion of investment in improving the efficiency of appliances and has led to an improvement in the average efficiency of major appliance categories60 of more than 16 per cent between 2005 and 201561. The transport sector is seeing the beginnings of a rapid shift to clean technology. Between 2011 and 2016, the number of electric vehicles on the road globally increased thirtyfold62. This has been aided by the falling costs of the battery packs that power electric vehicles, which have come down by nearly 80 per cent since 201063. In the future, the cost of electric vehicles is now forecast to fall below that of conventional vehicles in the early to mid-2020s64.', 'In the future, the cost of electric vehicles is now forecast to fall below that of conventional vehicles in the early to mid-2020s64. A High Growth Low Carbon Economy As a result of this technological innovation and investment, new high value jobs, industries and companies have been created. The UK low carbon economy – encompassing activities such as the design and building of low carbon power and heat projects, the manufacture of electric vehicles, the development of energy efficient products and systems for buildings, and green finance – already supports over 430,000 jobs directly and through supply chains65. We have developed world leading expertise in technologies such as offshore wind and power electronics for low carbon vehicles and electric motors, and we are a global leader in green finance.', 'We have developed world leading expertise in technologies such as offshore wind and power electronics for low carbon vehicles and electric motors, and we are a global leader in green finance. This progress has altered the way that we see many of the trade-offs between investing in low carbon technologies that help secure our future but that might incur costs today. Actions to cut our emissions can be a win-win: cutting consumer bills, driving economic growth, creating high value jobs and helping to improve our quality of life. 59 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 60 Refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, dishwashers, heating equipment, cooling equipment, water heating equipment and lighting (luminaires and lamps) and controls.', '59 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 60 Refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, dishwashers, heating equipment, cooling equipment, water heating equipment and lighting (luminaires and lamps) and controls. 61 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 62 International Energy Agency (2016) Global EV Outlook 2017 63 McKinsey & Co (2017) Electrifying insights: How automakers can drive electrified vehicle sales and profitability automotive-and-assembly/our-insights/electrifying-insights-how-automakers-can-drive-electrified-vehicle-sales-and-profitability 64 OLEV analysis. This is based on the whole-life cost of electric vehicles. The up-front cost of these vehicles is expected to fall below that of conventional vehicles in the second half of the 2020s.', 'The up-front cost of these vehicles is expected to fall below that of conventional vehicles in the second half of the 2020s. 65 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The UK’s Low Carbon Economy: Driving Regional Growth The growth in the UK’s low carbon economy has taken place across the country, with centres of excellence in many parts of the UK.', '65 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The UK’s Low Carbon Economy: Driving Regional Growth The growth in the UK’s low carbon economy has taken place across the country, with centres of excellence in many parts of the UK. Scotland: Turnover of the low carbon economy was £5.5 billion in 2015, supporting 31,000 jobs and 20,000 businesses Northern Ireland: Turnover was almost £1 billion, supporting businesses North: Low carbon investment has encouraged innovation and generation of clean energy, and developed local supply chains, all of which has helped drive regeneration North East: The Siemens offshore wind blade factory at Alexandra Dock in Hull directly supports 1,000 jobs with £310 million investment Midlands: Leading region for the design and manufacture of low carbon vehicles, with more than £1.5 billion (more than 60 per cent) of UK automotive R&D carried out in the region Wales: Turnover was £1.7 billion in 2015 with 11,000 jobs and 4,500 businesses South West: The low carbon sector in Bristol employs over 9,000 people and over 19,000 in the whole of the West of England, generating South East: The low carbon economy in Oxfordshire has a turnover of £1.15 billion supporting 8,800 jobs, and is 7 per cent of the local economy Sources: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland: ONS (2016): Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey.', 'Scotland: Turnover of the low carbon economy was £5.5 billion in 2015, supporting 31,000 jobs and 20,000 businesses Northern Ireland: Turnover was almost £1 billion, supporting businesses North: Low carbon investment has encouraged innovation and generation of clean energy, and developed local supply chains, all of which has helped drive regeneration North East: The Siemens offshore wind blade factory at Alexandra Dock in Hull directly supports 1,000 jobs with £310 million investment Midlands: Leading region for the design and manufacture of low carbon vehicles, with more than £1.5 billion (more than 60 per cent) of UK automotive R&D carried out in the region Wales: Turnover was £1.7 billion in 2015 with 11,000 jobs and 4,500 businesses South West: The low carbon sector in Bristol employs over 9,000 people and over 19,000 in the whole of the West of England, generating South East: The low carbon economy in Oxfordshire has a turnover of £1.15 billion supporting 8,800 jobs, and is 7 per cent of the local economy Sources: Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland: ONS (2016): Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey. Direct activity only - excludes supply chains.', 'Direct activity only - excludes supply chains. North East: DECC published news story (2014) Siemens to build major offshore wind manufacturing site in the UK South East: Low Carbon Oxford and the Environmental Change Institute at the University of Oxford (2014) Joining the crowd: Growing a new economy for Oxfordshire South West: Bristol City Council (2015) State of Bristol - Key Facts Midlands: DIT (2017) North: Aldersgate Group Report (2016) Setting the Pace: Northern England’s Low Carbon EconomyThe Clean Growth Strategy The UK’s International Leadership and Actions to Reduce Emissions Overseas Climate change is a global challenge requiring action from all countries. The UK has played a key role in demonstrating international leadership on reducing emissions and supporting other countries to do the same.', 'The UK has played a key role in demonstrating international leadership on reducing emissions and supporting other countries to do the same. The UK was the first country in the world to introduce legally binding emissions reduction targets under the Climate Change Act, which has been used as a model around the world, including in France, Denmark, Sweden and Mexico. The UK was among the first to recognize that climate change is an economic and political issue not just an environmental one, and to put serious climate expertise in our embassies to influence and help countries to act.', 'The UK was among the first to recognize that climate change is an economic and political issue not just an environmental one, and to put serious climate expertise in our embassies to influence and help countries to act. We have used our world leading economic, science and technical skills to shape the debate around climate change and have been at the forefront of the debate through our world leading scientists at the Met Office, the landmark 2006 Stern Report66 and the more recent New Climate Economy project67, having one of the first Foreign Secretary Special Representatives on climate and arranging the first discussion of climate change in the UN Security Council.', 'We have used our world leading economic, science and technical skills to shape the debate around climate change and have been at the forefront of the debate through our world leading scientists at the Met Office, the landmark 2006 Stern Report66 and the more recent New Climate Economy project67, having one of the first Foreign Secretary Special Representatives on climate and arranging the first discussion of climate change in the UN Security Council. We also played a critical role in securing the 2015 Paris Agreement, the first ever international climate change agreement where 195 countries (representing over 90 per cent of global economic activity68) made a commitment to reduce emissions with the long-term goal of limiting global temperature increases to “well below 2 degrees”, and to review progress every five years, mirroring the UK’s ground-breaking processes.', 'We also played a critical role in securing the 2015 Paris Agreement, the first ever international climate change agreement where 195 countries (representing over 90 per cent of global economic activity68) made a commitment to reduce emissions with the long-term goal of limiting global temperature increases to “well below 2 degrees”, and to review progress every five years, mirroring the UK’s ground-breaking processes. The Agreement puts pressure on all countries to bring forward long-term emissions reduction strategies by 2020. The Clean Growth Strategy, as the UK’s long-term emissions reduction strategy, shows the UK is leading the world in response to this important step.', 'The Clean Growth Strategy, as the UK’s long-term emissions reduction strategy, shows the UK is leading the world in response to this important step. The UK also led the way in pledging to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79 per cent by 2030, and following this lead 197 countries agreed a global phase down of HFCs – delivering an 85 per cent phase down by 2036 - under the United Nations Montreal Protocol in October 2016.', 'The UK also led the way in pledging to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79 per cent by 2030, and following this lead 197 countries agreed a global phase down of HFCs – delivering an 85 per cent phase down by 2036 - under the United Nations Montreal Protocol in October 2016. 66 HM Treasury (2006) Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 67 New Climate Economy (2014) 68 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The UK’s International Leadership and Actions to Reduce Emissions Overseas (continued) The UK is among the largest contributors of climate finance, committing to provide at least £5.8 billion from 2016 to 2020, to help developing countries mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, reduce deforestation and support cleaner economic growth.', '66 HM Treasury (2006) Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change 67 New Climate Economy (2014) 68 World Bank (retrieved September 2017) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The UK’s International Leadership and Actions to Reduce Emissions Overseas (continued) The UK is among the largest contributors of climate finance, committing to provide at least £5.8 billion from 2016 to 2020, to help developing countries mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change, reduce deforestation and support cleaner economic growth. From 2011 we have used our International Climate Finance to install more than 400 megawatts of clean energy capacity, mobilised £2.7 billion of additional public and private finance, supported more than 34 million people in adapting to the impacts of climate change and helped resilient economic development in over 70 countries69.', 'From 2011 we have used our International Climate Finance to install more than 400 megawatts of clean energy capacity, mobilised £2.7 billion of additional public and private finance, supported more than 34 million people in adapting to the impacts of climate change and helped resilient economic development in over 70 countries69. This support takes many forms, for instance investment in the Climate Investment Funds, through which the UK has helped support renewable energy, climate resilience and forestry projects in 72 countries70. The UK has also been at the forefront of global action to halt deforestation – helping negotiate international frameworks and mobilising partnerships to deliver on them – to meet shared goals such as ending forest loss by 2030, and eliminating deforestation from the production of key agricultural commodities by 2020.', 'The UK has also been at the forefront of global action to halt deforestation – helping negotiate international frameworks and mobilising partnerships to deliver on them – to meet shared goals such as ending forest loss by 2030, and eliminating deforestation from the production of key agricultural commodities by 2020. Together with Germany and Norway, we have collectively pledged $5 billion between 2015 and 2020 to incentivise ambitious governments, companies and communities to protect our largest natural global carbon sinks. This includes supporting a 30 per cent reduction in deforestation in Colombia’s Amazon, improving livelihoods in conflict- affected areas71. Our actions to date are expected to save nearly 500 Mt over the lifetime of the projects72, more than the entire annual emissions of France73.', 'Our actions to date are expected to save nearly 500 Mt over the lifetime of the projects72, more than the entire annual emissions of France73. And while we do not count these results against our domestic budgets, we can be proud of the impact of the UK’s commitment to global climate action. Results.pdf 70 The Climate Invest Funds (CIFs) 71 BEIS assessment Results.pdfThe Clean Growth Strategy The Renewable Energy Performance Platform supports small to medium-sized renewable energy projects throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In West Kenya, two mini-hydro power plants will provide electrification to local rural communities, helping to stimulate rural economic growth.', 'In West Kenya, two mini-hydro power plants will provide electrification to local rural communities, helping to stimulate rural economic growth. Importantly, after 20 years of operation the project will be fully transferred to the local community.The Opportunities and ChallengesThe Clean Growth Strategy The Size of the Clean Growth Opportunity The commitments made in the Paris Agreement – shifting to cleaner, low carbon technologies in power, transport, heating and cooling, industrial processes and agriculture – will require enormous investment of public and private capital. An estimated $13.5 trillion of public and private investment will be required in the energy sector alone74.', 'An estimated $13.5 trillion of public and private investment will be required in the energy sector alone74. We have a high degree of confidence that these investments will be made given the scale of political support and the transformational impact of investment to date – indeed decarbonisation is cited as one of the ‘megatrends’ that will reshape the global economy over the years to come75. We are determined to ensure that this trend works to the advantage of the UK economy and that we embed it at the core of our Industrial Strategy. Looking across sectors, to assess the size of the opportunity, highlights several key areas.', 'Looking across sectors, to assess the size of the opportunity, highlights several key areas. The power sector has seen some of the most significant early action on climate change, given its status as the largest source of emissions in most countries. Annual new global investment in renewable electricity grew more than threefold since 2005, reaching over $240 billion in 201676. This trend is happening everywhere. In Europe, over 80 per cent of new power generating capacity built in 2016 was from renewables77. Globally, clean energy technologies are estimated to account for over 85 per cent of the $10.2 trillion investment in power generation projected between now and 204078.', 'Globally, clean energy technologies are estimated to account for over 85 per cent of the $10.2 trillion investment in power generation projected between now and 204078. 74 IEA (2015) Climate pledges for COP21 slow energy sector emissions growth dramatically 75 World Economic Forum, OECD, World Bank, PwC, Ernst & Young 76 FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre (2017) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 78 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) New Energy Outlook 2017 79 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) New Energy Outlook 2017 Low carbon Fossil fuel $billion (real 2016) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Figure 6: Estimated global investment in power generation7932 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The transport sector is also seeing the acceleration of a rapid shift to clean technology supported by government leadership and global investment.', '74 IEA (2015) Climate pledges for COP21 slow energy sector emissions growth dramatically 75 World Economic Forum, OECD, World Bank, PwC, Ernst & Young 76 FS-UNEP Collaborating Centre (2017) Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017 78 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) New Energy Outlook 2017 79 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) New Energy Outlook 2017 Low carbon Fossil fuel $billion (real 2016) Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Figure 6: Estimated global investment in power generation7932 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The transport sector is also seeing the acceleration of a rapid shift to clean technology supported by government leadership and global investment. Between 2011 and 2016, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road globally increased thirtyfold91 and governments are announcing increasingly ambitious targets that are driving even more rapid changes.', 'Between 2011 and 2016, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road globally increased thirtyfold91 and governments are announcing increasingly ambitious targets that are driving even more rapid changes. The Government has announced an end to the sale of all new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 204092. France has also announced the end of petrol and diesel car sales by 204093, Norway is aiming for 100 per cent ultra low emissions vehicle sales by 202594, and China has recently announced a requirement for at least 10 per cent of auto manufacturers’ output in the country to be either low or zero emission from 2019, rising to 12 per cent in 202095.', 'France has also announced the end of petrol and diesel car sales by 204093, Norway is aiming for 100 per cent ultra low emissions vehicle sales by 202594, and China has recently announced a requirement for at least 10 per cent of auto manufacturers’ output in the country to be either low or zero emission from 2019, rising to 12 per cent in 202095. Meanwhile auto manufacturers are rapidly expanding their plans for new ultra low emission vehicle models, from just ten in 2010 to more than 200 in 202096.', 'Meanwhile auto manufacturers are rapidly expanding their plans for new ultra low emission vehicle models, from just ten in 2010 to more than 200 in 202096. 80 LSE Grantham Institute (2015) China’s “new normal”: structural change, better growth, and peak emissions chinas-new-normal-structural-change-better-growth-and-peak-emissions/ 81 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 82 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) LCOE Comparison and Visualisation database 83 LSE Grantham Institute (2016) China’s 13th Five-Year Plan 84 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 85 LSE Grantham Institute (2016) China’s 13th Five-Year Plan 86 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 87 Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2016) Draft National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy: 88 Reuters (2017) China to plow $361 billion into renewable fuel by 2020 89 International Energy Agency (2017) Global EV Outlook 2017 90 Financial Times (2017) India power minister promotes renewables and ‘cleaner’ coal 91 International Energy Agency (2017) Global EV Outlook 2017 92 Defra, DfT (2017) Air quality plan for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in UK (2017) 93 Financial Times (2017) France plans to end sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2040 94 Norsk Elbilforening (2017) Norwegian EV Policy 96 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Global EV and charging policy support database Clean Growth in China and India Both China and India are driving the global transition to the low carbon economy, supported by political will80,81, falling technology costs82 and a desire to seize the economic opportunity83,84.', '80 LSE Grantham Institute (2015) China’s “new normal”: structural change, better growth, and peak emissions chinas-new-normal-structural-change-better-growth-and-peak-emissions/ 81 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 82 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) LCOE Comparison and Visualisation database 83 LSE Grantham Institute (2016) China’s 13th Five-Year Plan 84 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 85 LSE Grantham Institute (2016) China’s 13th Five-Year Plan 86 Government of India (2017) Draft National Energy Policy 87 Government of India Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (2016) Draft National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy: 88 Reuters (2017) China to plow $361 billion into renewable fuel by 2020 89 International Energy Agency (2017) Global EV Outlook 2017 90 Financial Times (2017) India power minister promotes renewables and ‘cleaner’ coal 91 International Energy Agency (2017) Global EV Outlook 2017 92 Defra, DfT (2017) Air quality plan for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in UK (2017) 93 Financial Times (2017) France plans to end sale of petrol and diesel cars by 2040 94 Norsk Elbilforening (2017) Norwegian EV Policy 96 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Global EV and charging policy support database Clean Growth in China and India Both China and India are driving the global transition to the low carbon economy, supported by political will80,81, falling technology costs82 and a desire to seize the economic opportunity83,84. China has put ‘Green Development’ at the heart of its current five year economic strategy85 and committed to reduce its level of carbon emissions per unit of economic activity by 60 per cent to 65 per cent by 2030 compared to 2005.', 'China has put ‘Green Development’ at the heart of its current five year economic strategy85 and committed to reduce its level of carbon emissions per unit of economic activity by 60 per cent to 65 per cent by 2030 compared to 2005. India’s targets commit to reducing emissions by 33 to 35 per cent over the same period, and Prime Minister Modi has plans to make India a leader in solar and renewable energy86. These ambitions have translated into impressive plans. India plans to increase its renewable power fivefold to 175 gigawatts by 202287, including 60 gigawatts of wind and 100 gigawatts of solar; and China has committed to invest $360 billion in low carbon power by 202088, increasing its renewable energy capacity by around 40 per cent. This ambition extends to the transport sector.', 'This ambition extends to the transport sector. China currently has an electric car market share close to 1.5 per cent89 and is aiming for ten per cent of its manufacturing output in the country to be either low or zero emission from 2019, rising to 12 per cent in 2020. India has stated an aspiration for all new cars sold to be electric by 203090.The Clean Growth Strategy 97 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Comparison of Long-Term EV Adoption Forecasts 98 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Annual long-term forecast of the world’s electric vehicle market.', 'India has stated an aspiration for all new cars sold to be electric by 203090.The Clean Growth Strategy 97 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Comparison of Long-Term EV Adoption Forecasts 98 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Annual long-term forecast of the world’s electric vehicle market. 99 IBISWorld (2017) Global Car & Automobile Manufacturing: Market Research Report manufacturing/car-automobile-manufacturing.html 100 International Finance Corporation (2016) Climate Investment Opportunities in Emerging Markets 101 Climate Bonds Initiative Globally, sales of EVs are expected to be five times higher in 2020 compared to 201598 and to take a rapidly increasing share of the market in an industry whose revenue in 2016 was more than $2 trillion99. The global construction sector will also be boosted by investment in sustainable infrastructure to meet decarbonisation goals.', 'The global construction sector will also be boosted by investment in sustainable infrastructure to meet decarbonisation goals. Global markets for energy efficient buildings, and for low carbon heating and cooling, are already growing and the market for investment in buildings that reduce emissions and are resilient to climate change in just six key emerging economies in Asia has been estimated at more than $15 trillion up to 2030100. There is also a significant expansion in the use of innovative green finance to support the investment needed to realise these opportunities with the global markets for green bonds growing rapidly from $7.2 billion in 2012 to over $80 billion in 2016 and expected to break these records in 2017101.', 'There is also a significant expansion in the use of innovative green finance to support the investment needed to realise these opportunities with the global markets for green bonds growing rapidly from $7.2 billion in 2012 to over $80 billion in 2016 and expected to break these records in 2017101. Million vehicles Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance projections Figure 7: Global deployment forecasts for electric vehicles have been improving over time9734 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Opportunities for the UK Just as the UK has led the world diplomatically in addressing climate change, we are also well- placed to take advantage of the global shift to a clean energy economy as we benefit from significant economic competitive advantages, including: • The most productive science base102 of the G7 countries – a critical asset, given the extensive innovation required for decarbonisation in many sectors; • World leading expertise in high-value services103, with strengths in areas such as finance, law, consultancy, software and data services – all important to enabling the low carbon transition; • Excellence in the design and manufacture of products based on advanced technologies as in the automotive and aerospace • A policy and regulatory environment that provides long-term direction and supports innovation, with some of the most liberalised gas and electricity markets; a long-term policy framework set by the Climate Change Act and carbon budgets; and an energy regulator which is pioneering in its approach to encouraging companies to innovate105 with programmes like the ‘regulatory sandbox’106.', 'Million vehicles Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance projections Figure 7: Global deployment forecasts for electric vehicles have been improving over time9734 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Opportunities for the UK Just as the UK has led the world diplomatically in addressing climate change, we are also well- placed to take advantage of the global shift to a clean energy economy as we benefit from significant economic competitive advantages, including: • The most productive science base102 of the G7 countries – a critical asset, given the extensive innovation required for decarbonisation in many sectors; • World leading expertise in high-value services103, with strengths in areas such as finance, law, consultancy, software and data services – all important to enabling the low carbon transition; • Excellence in the design and manufacture of products based on advanced technologies as in the automotive and aerospace • A policy and regulatory environment that provides long-term direction and supports innovation, with some of the most liberalised gas and electricity markets; a long-term policy framework set by the Climate Change Act and carbon budgets; and an energy regulator which is pioneering in its approach to encouraging companies to innovate105 with programmes like the ‘regulatory sandbox’106. We have already capitalised on these strengths to take a leadership position in some important emerging low carbon sectors: • Power: The UK has the most offshore wind generation built anywhere in the world, with around 40 per cent of the global installed capacity107.', 'We have already capitalised on these strengths to take a leadership position in some important emerging low carbon sectors: • Power: The UK has the most offshore wind generation built anywhere in the world, with around 40 per cent of the global installed capacity107. British companies are now benefiting from exports in areas such as cable installation, repairing equipment, construction work and consulting108. • Electric vehicles: In 2016, one in five battery electric cars driven in Europe was built in the UK109 and low emission vehicle exports were estimated to be worth nearly £2.5 billion in 2015110. 102 BIS (2013) International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013 103 Green Alliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world?', '102 BIS (2013) International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base – 2013 103 Green Alliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world? citing : World Trade Organisation (2015) World trade report 2015 (Data table, ‘Leading exporters and importers of commercial services, 2014’, p28); ONS (2016) International trade in services 2014 (‘Total trade in services, all industries (excluding travel, transport, and banking) analysed by product 104 BEIS (2017) Building our Industrial Strategy 105 OECD (2002) Reviews of Regulatory Reform, Regulatory Reform in the United Kingdom, Regulatory Reform in Gas and Electricity and the Professions', '(2015) World trade report 2015 (Data table, ‘Leading exporters and importers of commercial services, 2014’, p28); ONS (2016) International trade in services 2014 (‘Total trade in services, all industries (excluding travel, transport, and banking) analysed by product 104 BEIS (2017) Building our Industrial Strategy 105 OECD (2002) Reviews of Regulatory Reform, Regulatory Reform in the United Kingdom, Regulatory Reform in Gas and Electricity and the Professions 106 Ofgem (2017) Innovation Link – Open Letter: 107 IRENA (retrieved September 2017) 108 Energy UK (2017) Response to Industrial Strategy consultation industrial-strategy-consultation.html 109 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2017) Top 5 selling BEV analysis 110 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 Clean Growth Strategy • Low carbon financial and professional services: London is emerging as a leader in low carbon finance, the centre of global carbon trading, and with 50 green bonds listed on the London Stock Exchange, raising a combined $14.8 billion111 across seven currencies.', '106 Ofgem (2017) Innovation Link – Open Letter: 107 IRENA (retrieved September 2017) 108 Energy UK (2017) Response to Industrial Strategy consultation industrial-strategy-consultation.html 109 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2017) Top 5 selling BEV analysis 110 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 Clean Growth Strategy • Low carbon financial and professional services: London is emerging as a leader in low carbon finance, the centre of global carbon trading, and with 50 green bonds listed on the London Stock Exchange, raising a combined $14.8 billion111 across seven currencies. It has been estimated that UK legal and finance advice was behind a third of new clean energy projects globally between 2007 and 2012112.', 'It has been estimated that UK legal and finance advice was behind a third of new clean energy projects globally between 2007 and 2012112. The UK is home to the largest speciality insurance market in the world113, and is a leading provider of insurance cover for climate- related risks and for large-scale low carbon infrastructure projects. 111 London Stock Exchange 2017 112 Green Alliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world?', '111 London Stock Exchange 2017 112 Green Alliance (2016) Will the UK economy succeed in a low carbon world? Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2017) Clean energy and energy smart technologies league tables, 2007-2012 113 Boston Consulting Group (2017) London Matters: The competitive position of the London Insurance market 114 IRENA (retrieved September 2017) Total installed capacity 2016 (MW) Source: International Renewable Energy Agency U K G erm any C hina Denm ark N etherlands Belgium Sw eden Japan S Korea Finland U S Ireland Spain N orw ay Figure 8: Offshore wind installed capacity by country11436 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Analysis for the Committee on Climate Change has suggested that if we continue to develop and build on our strengths we can capture significant economic benefits from these decarbonising trends.', 'New Energy Finance (2017) Clean energy and energy smart technologies league tables, 2007-2012 113 Boston Consulting Group (2017) London Matters: The competitive position of the London Insurance market 114 IRENA (retrieved September 2017) Total installed capacity 2016 (MW) Source: International Renewable Energy Agency U K G erm any C hina Denm ark N etherlands Belgium Sw eden Japan S Korea Finland U S Ireland Spain N orw ay Figure 8: Offshore wind installed capacity by country11436 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Analysis for the Committee on Climate Change has suggested that if we continue to develop and build on our strengths we can capture significant economic benefits from these decarbonising trends. The UK’s low carbon economy could grow at around 11 per cent a year between 2015 and 2030, some four times faster than the average growth rate for the UK economy overall which would mean the low carbon economy would increase from around two per cent of the UK’s total output at present to around eight per cent by 2030114.', 'The UK’s low carbon economy could grow at around 11 per cent a year between 2015 and 2030, some four times faster than the average growth rate for the UK economy overall which would mean the low carbon economy would increase from around two per cent of the UK’s total output at present to around eight per cent by 2030114. The same study estimates that UK exports of low carbon goods and services could be worth between £60 billion and £170 billion by 2030. 115 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low carbon economy', '115 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) UK business opportunities of moving to a low carbon economy 116 Ricardo Energy and Environment for the Committee on Climate Change (2017) supporting-research/; OECD Long-term GDP forecast UK low carbon economy growth opportunity +11% per annum Projected UK GDP growth +2.7% per annum Source: Ricardo-AEA for the CCC; OECD Figure 9: Potential growth in UK low carbon economy116The Clean Growth Strategy Clean Growth and the UK Industrial Strategy As we form our Industrial Strategy, we will aim to maximise the UK industrial advantages from the global shift to a low carbon economy. We will build and link together the strengths we already have, while nurturing new ones, so that our whole economy can seize the opportunities presented by this global economic trend.', 'We will build and link together the strengths we already have, while nurturing new ones, so that our whole economy can seize the opportunities presented by this global economic trend. We have already committed to the largest increase in public spending for investment in science, research and innovation in almost 40 years117. We will ensure that this is invested to catalyse low carbon innovation across multiple sectors of the economy. We have also committed to upgrading our digital, energy, transport, housing, water and flood defence infrastructure, including through investment in the National Productivity Investment Fund, with annual central government infrastructure investment rising each year from around £2 billion in 2016/17 to over £5 billion in 2020/21118. We will ensure that these investments strengthen market demand for the innovative new clean energy technologies and services that our businesses are creating.', 'We will ensure that these investments strengthen market demand for the innovative new clean energy technologies and services that our businesses are creating. We have announced significant reforms to technical education, with the creation of new qualifications (T-levels), high-quality work placements, and Institutes of Technology to deliver higher education in STEM subjects. We will ensure that these reforms help train our innovators of the future and provide businesses with the skilled professionals they need to thrive in the clean energy economy119. We have welcomed early work on sector deals in nuclear, auto manufacturing and industrial digitalisation, all of which are central to productivity in the low carbon economy, and we will challenge businesses in all sectors to increase their competitiveness in relation to the shift to clean energy.', 'We have welcomed early work on sector deals in nuclear, auto manufacturing and industrial digitalisation, all of which are central to productivity in the low carbon economy, and we will challenge businesses in all sectors to increase their competitiveness in relation to the shift to clean energy. In return, and to maximise the domestic and international opportunities for the UK, we will strengthen our support for businesses as part of the transition to the low carbon economy. We have added billions of pounds in potential support for UK exporters, doubling the capacity of UK Export Finance and increasing available cover for individual markets by up to 100 per cent120, and will dedicate resources within the Department for International Trade to promote investment into the UK renewable energy landscape, develop this supply chain further and support UK exports.', 'We have added billions of pounds in potential support for UK exporters, doubling the capacity of UK Export Finance and increasing available cover for individual markets by up to 100 per cent120, and will dedicate resources within the Department for International Trade to promote investment into the UK renewable energy landscape, develop this supply chain further and support UK exports. So far this has helped to secure investments across the country: into a turbine blade manufacturing plant in Hull121, a transition pieces yard in Teesside122 and an MHI Vestas investment into the Isle of Wight123, which collectively support over 1,400 new jobs.', 'So far this has helped to secure investments across the country: into a turbine blade manufacturing plant in Hull121, a transition pieces yard in Teesside122 and an MHI Vestas investment into the Isle of Wight123, which collectively support over 1,400 new jobs. 119 HM Government (2016) Post-16 skills plan and independent report on technical education 121 Siemens 122 4C Offshore (2015) Offshore Structures (Britain) opens its doors 123 MHI Vestas Offshore Wind commences hiring for over 200 jobs on the Isle of Wight, UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy We are committed to making the most of the diverse strengths of all of Britain’s cities and regions, to grasp the opportunities that could drive faster growth and increased earning power in each of them.', '119 HM Government (2016) Post-16 skills plan and independent report on technical education 121 Siemens 122 4C Offshore (2015) Offshore Structures (Britain) opens its doors 123 MHI Vestas Offshore Wind commences hiring for over 200 jobs on the Isle of Wight, UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy We are committed to making the most of the diverse strengths of all of Britain’s cities and regions, to grasp the opportunities that could drive faster growth and increased earning power in each of them. To support this, we have allocated an additional £1.8 billion from the Local Growth Fund for a new set of Growth Deals between Government and Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)124.', 'To support this, we have allocated an additional £1.8 billion from the Local Growth Fund for a new set of Growth Deals between Government and Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs)124. Each region of the UK differs in its local energy resources, its industrial and domestic energy needs, and its expertise. We will ensure that local communities and LEPs are empowered to make the best use of their local skills and resources, so that through the clean energy economy they can drive productivity, job creation and growth.', 'We will ensure that local communities and LEPs are empowered to make the best use of their local skills and resources, so that through the clean energy economy they can drive productivity, job creation and growth. And we will set out our plans to build on this progress in the Industrial Strategy White Paper, to be published later in 2017, positioning the UK as a leader in the low carbon economy, investing in the foundations required for economic success and ensuring our industries succeed in an economic transition that we are helping to shape and lead.The Clean Growth Strategy The Challenges to Delivering Clean Growth We have high aspirations and are committed to delivering clean growth.', 'And we will set out our plans to build on this progress in the Industrial Strategy White Paper, to be published later in 2017, positioning the UK as a leader in the low carbon economy, investing in the foundations required for economic success and ensuring our industries succeed in an economic transition that we are helping to shape and lead.The Clean Growth Strategy The Challenges to Delivering Clean Growth We have high aspirations and are committed to delivering clean growth. But we face three significant challenges that we must overcome if we are to continue progress: ensuring we deliver affordable energy for households and businesses; decarbonising “harder to reach” parts of the UK economy; and establishing a post-EU emissions and environmental framework that is at least as beneficial as current arrangements.', 'But we face three significant challenges that we must overcome if we are to continue progress: ensuring we deliver affordable energy for households and businesses; decarbonising “harder to reach” parts of the UK economy; and establishing a post-EU emissions and environmental framework that is at least as beneficial as current arrangements. Decarbonising Harder to Reach Sectors and the Use of Flexibilities As a result of our actions so far we have already driven emissions per head down by nearly half since 1990. This progress meant that we exceeded the target emissions reductions of our first carbon budget (2008 to 2012) by one per cent125 and we project that we will outperform against our second and third budgets covering the years 2013 to 2022 by almost five per cent and four per cent respectively126. This will be a significant achievement.', 'This will be a significant achievement. Our achievements to date have been substantially driven by significant decarbonisation of the power and waste sectors and we now need to replicate this success across the economy, particularly in the transport, business and industry sectors which account for almost half of current emissions. And we need further action on heating across key sectors, which is responsible for around a third of emissions. These are the “harder to reach” parts of the economy requiring more investment, concerted joined up working between government, industry and consumers, or big technological breakthroughs to drive substantial shifts down in carbon emissions. This Strategy sets out how we plan to address some of these difficulties, including how we will target our innovation investment.', 'This Strategy sets out how we plan to address some of these difficulties, including how we will target our innovation investment. Cutting emissions in these areas can benefit us all through cleaner air and reduced energy bills which will help improve the UK’s productivity. In addition, the innovation and investment required to drive these emissions down can create more jobs and more export opportunities. 125 DECC (2014) Final statement for the first carbon budget period Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Our approach is pragmatic. Given how much uncertainty underlies projections, we need an approach that is flexible in response to shifting evidence, not least about the impact of policies.', 'Given how much uncertainty underlies projections, we need an approach that is flexible in response to shifting evidence, not least about the impact of policies. It is also right, in our economic circumstances, to be rigorous in examining the costs and benefits of action to reduce emissions, and the right pace of change. The Climate Change Act permits us to use “flexibilities”, such as surplus from previous carbon budgets or the purchase of good quality international carbon credits128, to meet carbon budgets. We are prepared to use the flexibilities available to us to meet carbon budgets, subject to the requirements set out in the Climate Change Act, if this presents better value for UK taxpayers, businesses and domestic consumers.', 'We are prepared to use the flexibilities available to us to meet carbon budgets, subject to the requirements set out in the Climate Change Act, if this presents better value for UK taxpayers, businesses and domestic consumers. Our current estimated projection for the fourth and fifth carbon budgets suggests that we could deliver 94 per cent and 93 per cent of our required performance against 1990 levels – for carbon budgets which will end in ten and fifteen years’ time respectively129. While we have the option to use flexibilities to fully meet our carbon budgets, the ambitious policies and proposals set out in this Strategy, and the rapid progress and accelerating pace of changes in low carbon technologies so far, suggest that we may not need to use this option.', 'While we have the option to use flexibilities to fully meet our carbon budgets, the ambitious policies and proposals set out in this Strategy, and the rapid progress and accelerating pace of changes in low carbon technologies so far, suggest that we may not need to use this option. We will decide whether to use flexibilities following consultation with the Devolved Administrations, and having obtained and taken into account advice from the Committee on Climate Change. 127 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) statistics; BEIS analysis 128 A good quality carbon credit is one with its emission reduction and sustainability credentials assured.', '127 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics (1990-2015) statistics; BEIS analysis 128 A good quality carbon credit is one with its emission reduction and sustainability credentials assured. 129 This includes an initial estimate of 30 Mt and 80 Mt of additional savings in the fourth and fifth carbon budgets respectively from the more advanced policies and proposals in the Clean Growth Strategy. As we move forward and develop the full range of policies and proposals, we will publish individual impact assessments as appropriate with updated analysis.', 'As we move forward and develop the full range of policies and proposals, we will publish individual impact assessments as appropriate with updated analysis. Source: BEIS Business and Industry Public Sector Transport Power Homes Natural Resources Figure 10: UK emissions by sector, 2015127 Heating in buildings and industry creates around 32% of total UK emissionsThe Clean Growth Strategy 131 BEIS initial estimates of a subset of new early stage policies and proposals show an additional potential reduction of up to 30 Mt and 80 Mt over the fourth and fifth carbon budget periods respectively; these and other policies will be developed building on the proposals outlined in the Strategy.', 'Source: BEIS Business and Industry Public Sector Transport Power Homes Natural Resources Figure 10: UK emissions by sector, 2015127 Heating in buildings and industry creates around 32% of total UK emissionsThe Clean Growth Strategy 131 BEIS initial estimates of a subset of new early stage policies and proposals show an additional potential reduction of up to 30 Mt and 80 Mt over the fourth and fifth carbon budget periods respectively; these and other policies will be developed building on the proposals outlined in the Strategy. 132 The Act sets out specific requirements to follow before deciding to use a particular flexibility (such as seeking advice from the Committee on Climate Change before banking) or when creating a framework for a decision to be taken within (such as setting a limit on the amount of carbon units which can be used to meet carbon budgets).', '132 The Act sets out specific requirements to follow before deciding to use a particular flexibility (such as seeking advice from the Committee on Climate Change before banking) or when creating a framework for a decision to be taken within (such as setting a limit on the amount of carbon units which can be used to meet carbon budgets). Any use of flexibilities needs to be consistent with keeping the UK on track to meet its long term target in 2050 having regard to domestic action. 133 Government will take a decision on whether to bank any surplus from the second to third carbon budget by May 2019 and from the third to the fourth carbon budgets in May 2024.', '133 Government will take a decision on whether to bank any surplus from the second to third carbon budget by May 2019 and from the third to the fourth carbon budgets in May 2024. The decision will be made after taking into account advice from the Committee on Climate Change and consulting with the Devolved Administrations. Table 2: Performance against carbon budgets130 The Cimate Change Act 2008132 The Act allows Government some flexibility on when and how to reduce UK emissions on route to 2050 but before doing so the Government must obtain and take into account the advice of the Committee on Climate Change and consult the Devolved Administrations. There are three options: 1.', 'Table 2: Performance against carbon budgets130 The Cimate Change Act 2008132 The Act allows Government some flexibility on when and how to reduce UK emissions on route to 2050 but before doing so the Government must obtain and take into account the advice of the Committee on Climate Change and consult the Devolved Administrations. There are three options: 1. Carry forward over-achievement from earlier budgets: The Act allows for Government to carry forward over- achievement from one carbon budget to the next, so that early action to reduce emissions increases the following budget133. 2. Carry back from later carbon budgets: The Act allows for the Government to increase the carbon budget in one period with a corresponding tightening of the next carbon budget. This ‘borrowing’ is limited to one per cent of the later carbon budget. 3.', 'This ‘borrowing’ is limited to one per cent of the later carbon budget. 3. Use international carbon credits: The Act allows for the purchase of good quality international carbon credits to contribute to meeting carbon budgets but with a limit on the use of these credits set 18 months in advance of the relevant carbon budget. Carbon Budget Existing policies Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, Mt actual E E E E Existing and new policies and Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, Mt actual E E E E Result vs. Budget, cumulative emissions, Mt Cumulative surplus (+) or deficit (-), Mt +132 +223 +107 -6042 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Delivering Affordable Energy Actions taken to tackle emissions have helped to reduce average energy bills for households as efficiency savings have more than offset the cost of financial support provided for developing low carbon technologies.', 'Carbon Budget Existing policies Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, Mt actual E E E E Existing and new policies and Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, Mt actual E E E E Result vs. Budget, cumulative emissions, Mt Cumulative surplus (+) or deficit (-), Mt +132 +223 +107 -6042 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Delivering Affordable Energy Actions taken to tackle emissions have helped to reduce average energy bills for households as efficiency savings have more than offset the cost of financial support provided for developing low carbon technologies. The cost of policies delivering cleaner energy, support for vulnerable households and investing in upgrading our buildings accounts for around 12 per cent of an average gas and electricity bill. However, these costs are on average more than offset by savings from improvements to the energy efficiency of people’s homes, delivering a saving of £14 on average in 2016 (see figure 11).', 'However, these costs are on average more than offset by savings from improvements to the energy efficiency of people’s homes, delivering a saving of £14 on average in 2016 (see figure 11). Dual fuel bill £ (real 2016) Source: BEIS Policy costs Policy energy ef ciency savings Policy costs Policy energy ef ciency savings Policy impacts: 2012 Policy impacts: 2016 Figure 11: Average annual household dual fuel bill, 2012 and 2016 Electricity Electricity GasThe Clean Growth Strategy Going forward, our efforts to decarbonise will require increased investment across the energy system. However, our focus on innovation will ensure we minimise the costs of this investment as much as possible and further improvements in energy efficiency will continue to drive down bills.', 'However, our focus on innovation will ensure we minimise the costs of this investment as much as possible and further improvements in energy efficiency will continue to drive down bills. We have already seen the costs of offshore wind projects fall 50 per cent since 2015 and we are now seeing investment in solar without government support. We will also make sure that those least able to pay are protected through our work on fuel poverty, and are publishing a draft bill to require Ofgem to impose a cap on standard variable and default tariffs across the whole market. On industrial energy, there is more to be done. The UK has some of the lowest gas prices in the EU, including for industry. However, our electricity prices are less competitive for large industrial users.', 'However, our electricity prices are less competitive for large industrial users. Every action to cut emissions must be taken while ensuring our economy remains competitive. As we have set out in our Industrial Strategy Green Paper, we attach great importance to making sure our energy is affordable. The Government has already supported UK businesses to help them with energy costs through various programmes. For instance the Government has taken steps to reduce the cumulative impact of energy and climate change policies on industrial electricity prices for key Energy Intensive Industries (EIIs) in sectors such as steel, plastics, cement and chemicals. This includes a package of relief for EIIs worth £260 million in 2016 and over £500 million since 2013134. 134 BEIS analysis.', 'This includes a package of relief for EIIs worth £260 million in 2016 and over £500 million since 2013134. 134 BEIS analysis. Figure includes compensation for indirect costs from EU Emissions Trading System, Carbon Price Support, Renewables Obligation, and Feed in Tariffs 135 BEIS (2017) Quarterly Energy Prices Notes: Large gas consumers are those consuming 27,778 - 277,777 MWh per annum; large electricity consumers are those consuming 20,000 - 69,999 MWh per annum. Source: BEIS Gas prices Electricity prices p/kWh p/kWh Figure 12: Industrial electricity and gas prices for large consumers in the EU15 in 2016, Finland Sweden Austria Germany Portugal Ireland Greece Luxembourg Netherlands Spain Italy Denmark France UK Belgium Italy UK Germany Ireland Portugal Denmark Belgium Spain Greece Austria France Netherlands Finland Sweden Luxembourg44 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy But we want to continue to do everything we can to ensure our energy prices are competitive.', 'Source: BEIS Gas prices Electricity prices p/kWh p/kWh Figure 12: Industrial electricity and gas prices for large consumers in the EU15 in 2016, Finland Sweden Austria Germany Portugal Ireland Greece Luxembourg Netherlands Spain Italy Denmark France UK Belgium Italy UK Germany Ireland Portugal Denmark Belgium Spain Greece Austria France Netherlands Finland Sweden Luxembourg44 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy But we want to continue to do everything we can to ensure our energy prices are competitive. This is why the Government has commissioned an independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE which will recommend ways to deliver the Government’s carbon targets and ensure security of supply at minimum cost to both industry and domestic consumers. The review will report on the full supply chain of electricity generation, transmission, distribution and supply, and consider the opportunities to reduce costs in each part. It will set out options for a long term roadmap for the power sector.', 'It will set out options for a long term roadmap for the power sector. Once Ministers have considered the review’s proposals, the Government will incorporate its recommendations into the further development of the Clean Growth Strategy as appropriate. Leaving the EU The British people have voted to leave the European Union and the Government is working to get the best deal for the UK. Leaving the EU offers a unique opportunity to shape our environment and economy for the benefit of all – to have the freedom to make our own decisions on a whole host of matters. And whatever our future relationship with the EU, the UK’s commitment and leadership role in tackling climate change remains undimmed and working closely with the EU on this global challenge will remain important.', 'And whatever our future relationship with the EU, the UK’s commitment and leadership role in tackling climate change remains undimmed and working closely with the EU on this global challenge will remain important. Leaving the EU will not change any of our statutory commitments to reduce our emissions according to our Climate Change Act – indeed those targets are more ambitious and challenging than those set by EU legislation. There is also no need to change our domestic targets under the Act as a result of leaving the EU, as these targets are rooted in climate science. The UK remains strongly committed to the Paris Agreement and whatever the form of our future partnership with the EU we will satisfy our international obligations under the Agreement.', 'The UK remains strongly committed to the Paris Agreement and whatever the form of our future partnership with the EU we will satisfy our international obligations under the Agreement. But there are extremely important current arrangements between the UK and the EU that bring material benefits for all the countries involved and it is critical that we get the detail of our exit negotiations right. There are four main areas where the UK’s current emissions policies rely on EU mechanisms: • The EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) covering the “traded sector” (power, heavy industry and intra EEA aviation) which collectively account for around 40 per cent of UK emissions under carbon budgets. We remain committed to reducing emissions in these sectors and the UK already has a range of domestic policies in place to support this.', 'We remain committed to reducing emissions in these sectors and the UK already has a range of domestic policies in place to support this. We will seek to ensure that our future approach is at least as ambitious as the existing scheme and provide a smooth transition for the relevant sectors. • For sectors not covered by the EU ETS, two sector policies operate at EU rather than UK level and are particularly important for driving emissions reductions – new car and van CO regulations, and EU fluorinated gas quotas. We remain committed to reducing emissions in these areas and will offer certainty to industry as soon as possible on our future relationship with the EU. We will seek to ensure our future approach is at least as ambitious as the current arrangements.', 'We will seek to ensure our future approach is at least as ambitious as the current arrangements. • EU products policy which sets minimum standards for a range of products such as white goods and lighting, which improve energy efficiency. We continue to support these policy measures, which cut energy bills, increase energy security, reduce emissions and help customers make informed choices, and we will keep step with equivalent standards wherever possible and appropriate, or even exceed them where it is in the UK’s interest to do so.', 'We continue to support these policy measures, which cut energy bills, increase energy security, reduce emissions and help customers make informed choices, and we will keep step with equivalent standards wherever possible and appropriate, or even exceed them where it is in the UK’s interest to do so. This may include products not yet covered by European legislation, such as smart appliances.The Clean Growth Strategy Carbon Pricing and Emissions Trading Pricing emissions provides a cost-effective and technology neutral way of reducing carbon emissions and mobilising the private sector and in the UK pricing policies like Carbon Price Support (CPS), and the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) have already helped to drive a switch from coal to gas generation in the power sector. The UK is a pioneer in developing carbon pricing.', 'The UK is a pioneer in developing carbon pricing. In 2002 the UK launched the UK ETS, which served as a pilot for the EU ETS, giving businesses early experience of emissions trading and establishing London as its global centre. The EU ETS is the largest cap-and-trade system for carbon emissions in the world. Each year, every participant must surrender one allowance for each tonne of carbon dioxide (or equivalent) emitted, and allowances are auctioned or allocated between participants. The cap on allowances is reduced annually in line with the EU’s climate ambition. However, a surplus of allowances in the EU ETS has caused the price to fall and it currently provides little incentive for low carbon investment.', 'However, a surplus of allowances in the EU ETS has caused the price to fall and it currently provides little incentive for low carbon investment. As a result the UK introduced CPS in April 2013 which acts as a top up to the EU ETS price in the power sector. The UK also supports measures to strengthen the EU ETS, with notable success in recent negotiations. We will continue to drive for ambitious reform for the next phase of the system. The Government is considering the UK’s future participation in the EU ETS after our exit from the EU and we remain firmly committed to carbon pricing as an emissions reduction tool whilst ensuring energy and trade intensive businesses are appropriately protected from any detrimental impacts on competitiveness.', 'The Government is considering the UK’s future participation in the EU ETS after our exit from the EU and we remain firmly committed to carbon pricing as an emissions reduction tool whilst ensuring energy and trade intensive businesses are appropriately protected from any detrimental impacts on competitiveness. Specifically in relation to the power sector and CPS, starting in 2021/2022, the Government will target a total carbon price which will give businesses greater clarity on the total price they will pay for each tonne of emissions, and we will set out more detail on carbon prices for the 2020s in the 2017 Autumn Budget. • Non-energy and climate EU frameworks and policies which affect the UK, such as the Common Agricultural Policy.', '• Non-energy and climate EU frameworks and policies which affect the UK, such as the Common Agricultural Policy. For instance, we will take the opportunity of leaving the Common Agricultural Policy to address climate change more directly by designing a new system to support the future of farming and the countryside, with a strong focus on delivering better environmental outcomes, including tackling climate change. Detailed future policies will emerge as we negotiate the exact form of the UK’s exit from the EU but while the UK is a member of the European Union, existing rules still apply and we will continue to engage constructively on new and existing EU legislation.', 'Detailed future policies will emerge as we negotiate the exact form of the UK’s exit from the EU but while the UK is a member of the European Union, existing rules still apply and we will continue to engage constructively on new and existing EU legislation. Our Clean Growth Strategy therefore uses existing policy as the basis for the UK’s emissions projections.Our Clean Growth StrategyThe Clean Growth Strategy Our Approach In the context of the UK’s legal requirements under the Climate Change Act, our approach to reducing emissions has two guiding objectives: 1. To meet our domestic commitments at the lowest possible net cost to UK taxpayers, consumers and businesses. 2. To maximise the social and economic benefits for the UK from this transition.', 'To maximise the social and economic benefits for the UK from this transition. In order to meet these objectives, the UK will need to nurture low carbon technologies, processes and systems that are as cheap as possible. We need to do this for several reasons. First, we need to protect our businesses and households from high energy costs. Second, if we can develop the low cost, low carbon technologies in the UK, we can secure the most industrial and economic advantage from the global transition to a low carbon economy. Third, if we want to see other countries, particularly developing countries, follow our example, we need low carbon technologies to be cheaper and to offer more value than high carbon ones. We cannot predict every technological breakthrough that will help us meet our targets.', 'We cannot predict every technological breakthrough that will help us meet our targets. Instead, we must create the best possible environment for the private sector to innovate and invest. Our approach will mirror that of our Industrial Strategy: building on the UK’s strengths (see Chapter 2 and below on green finance); improving productivity across the UK; and ensuring we are the best place for innovators and new business to start up and grow. We are clear about the need to design competitive markets and smart regulation to support entrepreneurs and investors who will develop the new technologies at the scale we need. It is only through innovation – nurturing better products, processes and systems – that we will see the cost of clean technologies come down.', 'It is only through innovation – nurturing better products, processes and systems – that we will see the cost of clean technologies come down. This Strategy sets out how more than £2.5 billion will be invested by the Government to support low carbon energy innovation from 2015-2021. These actions will help our wider aim of improving the UK’s earning power. In addition to supporting innovation, we are focused on policies that deliver social, environmental and economic benefits beyond the imperative to reduce emissions. Better buildings are healthier places to live and work. Reducing the amount of heat we waste will reduce bills. High ambition on electric cars and other low emission vehicles contains a triple win for the UK in terms of industrial opportunity, cleaner air and lower greenhouse gas emissions.', 'High ambition on electric cars and other low emission vehicles contains a triple win for the UK in terms of industrial opportunity, cleaner air and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Crucially, many of the actions included here will enhance the UK’s energy security. Alongside these actions, we are laying the groundwork for major decisions in the areas where we face greatest uncertainty and challenge: in how we reduce the emissions that result from heating our homes and businesses; how we decarbonise our transport system; and how we work with industry to make carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) a viable future option. This has been shaped by our analysis of plausible pathways out to 2050, reflecting the huge uncertainties.', 'This has been shaped by our analysis of plausible pathways out to 2050, reflecting the huge uncertainties. In every section of the Strategy, we also explore the opportunity to shape new commercial opportunities for the UK that can help improve skills and create good jobs.48 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Building on the UK’s Strengths: Green Finance Private sector investment in low carbon technology and infrastructure will be key to meeting our carbon budgets and realising the economic opportunities from the low carbon transition. Around £180 billion of investment is already in the pipeline to build the power stations needed in the UK to produce clean and secure supplies of electricity and the networks to deliver this to homes and businesses136.', 'Around £180 billion of investment is already in the pipeline to build the power stations needed in the UK to produce clean and secure supplies of electricity and the networks to deliver this to homes and businesses136. To meet our decarbonisation challenge we will need to mobilise more private capital in sustainable projects and develop more innovative risk sharing financial structures for investment in domestic and commercial low carbon technology. This is a major business and export opportunity for the UK and could cement the UK’s position as the leading hub for global low carbon investment. 136 Figure is total for electricity generation, electricity distribution and electricity transmission. Real 2015/16 prices.', '136 Figure is total for electricity generation, electricity distribution and electricity transmission. Real 2015/16 prices. Gov.uk (2016) National Infrastructure and Construction 137 London Stock Exchange 2017 138 UKGBC (2017) Lenders core report UK Leadership in Green Finance We already demonstrate global leadership on green finance around the world through initiatives like the G20 Green Finance Study Group, which we co-chair; the Green Finance Initiative, a partnership between the financial and professional services sector, academics and civil society, which promotes the UK as a leading global centre for green finance; and through participation in senior global multilateral fora such as the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), which recently published its final recommendations.', 'Gov.uk (2016) National Infrastructure and Construction 137 London Stock Exchange 2017 138 UKGBC (2017) Lenders core report UK Leadership in Green Finance We already demonstrate global leadership on green finance around the world through initiatives like the G20 Green Finance Study Group, which we co-chair; the Green Finance Initiative, a partnership between the financial and professional services sector, academics and civil society, which promotes the UK as a leading global centre for green finance; and through participation in senior global multilateral fora such as the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD), which recently published its final recommendations. The first offshore green bond issued by an Indian entity and the first green bond issued by a Chinese bank were listed on the London Stock Exchange and 50 green bonds denominated in seven currencies with a value of $14.8 billion are now listed in the UK137.', 'The first offshore green bond issued by an Indian entity and the first green bond issued by a Chinese bank were listed on the London Stock Exchange and 50 green bonds denominated in seven currencies with a value of $14.8 billion are now listed in the UK137. On 31st July 2017, Anglian Water released the first ever public utility Sterling Green Bond on the London Stock Exchange. Improving the energy performance of homes is vital in decarbonising our economy. Mortgage lenders have a significant financial stake in these properties, their future value, and their customers’ ability to make their repayments. This is why the Government supported the LENDERS138 project with funding from Innovate UK.', 'This is why the Government supported the LENDERS138 project with funding from Innovate UK. We want to see the project recommendations implemented, including improving mortgage affordability assessments on energy bills, and lenders to develop a range of innovative new “green mortgage” products to encourage consumers to purchase more efficient homes, or improve their efficiency.The Clean Growth Strategy To capture and exploit this opportunity we need to go further. This is why we have set out in this Strategy a series of policies and proposals to develop our expertise in, as well as the opportunity from, new green finance solutions. These include: • Setting up a Green Finance Taskforce139, comprising senior representatives from the finance industry and Government, to develop ambitious policy proposals which could further accelerate private sector investments to deliver our Clean Growth Strategy.', 'These include: • Setting up a Green Finance Taskforce139, comprising senior representatives from the finance industry and Government, to develop ambitious policy proposals which could further accelerate private sector investments to deliver our Clean Growth Strategy. • Endorsing the recommendations put forward by the Financial Stability Board’s Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures and encouraging publicly-listed companies to implement these recommendations. • Working with the British Standards Institution (BSI) to develop a set of voluntary green and sustainable finance management standards to promote responsible investment practices globally. The BSI will have completed the necessary standards scoping exercises and have the first standard in production by the first half of 2018. • Providing up to £20 million of new investment to support clean technology early stage funding, alongside creating an online platform to showcase UK businesses which have received innovation support from the Government.', '• Providing up to £20 million of new investment to support clean technology early stage funding, alongside creating an online platform to showcase UK businesses which have received innovation support from the Government. This will make this information easily accessible for early stage investors to help increase the flow of investment into innovative businesses in the UK. • Working with mortgage lenders to develop green mortgage products that take account of the lower lending risk associated with more efficient properties and the reduced outgoings for customers living in more efficient homes. Ensuring the UK is the Best Place for Low Carbon Innovators Our Industrial Strategy Green Paper made clear that, for the UK economy to flourish, it must do things other advanced economies cannot do, or do them in better ways. This is the essence of innovation.', 'This is the essence of innovation. This is a core part of our approach to decarbonising the UK’s economy where investment in innovation will help us to: • Drive down the cost of key technologies, systems and processes and increase the value they deliver to consumers (such as with batteries and electric vehicles); • Lay the groundwork for decisions where the right technology choices are currently less clear (such as how we will heat our homes and businesses in the future); and • Nurture technologies and businesses where the UK is a global leader, leveraging private sector investment and building international partnerships to create export opportunities. Innovation involves incremental improvements, cross-sector knowledge sharing, and “breakthroughs”.', 'Innovation involves incremental improvements, cross-sector knowledge sharing, and “breakthroughs”. It results from competition within the private sector and from collaboration between the private sector and Government, as well as other organisations; each has a role in producing, spreading and adopting novel technologies and approaches. The Government is often more active at earlier stages of innovation, through investment in research, education and skills. Later on, private firms play a bigger role, bringing new technologies to market. However, there is no single, linear route for innovations to progress from concept to commercialisation and often innovation in one area has applications in others.', 'However, there is no single, linear route for innovations to progress from concept to commercialisation and often innovation in one area has applications in others. We want to use the power of Government to support innovation in a low carbon economy using all the tools available to us, including market design, taxation and regulation, as well as investment in our education system, our 139 The list of members can be found at Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy science base and innovative companies. Our aim is to become one of the best places in the world for low carbon innovation. We understand the need for Government funding that is accessible to private, public and community sector organisations with all playing key roles in supporting and harnessing innovation.', 'We understand the need for Government funding that is accessible to private, public and community sector organisations with all playing key roles in supporting and harnessing innovation. Government funding can be key to stimulating private sector investment from the UK and overseas, both through direct leverage and by creating confidence in the potential to attract follow-on investment for particular innovations. Public investment brings in around 30 per cent additional private funding over the short term, with this increasing in the longer term140. The Government has significantly increased its investment in low carbon innovation. Between 2015 and 2021 we expect to invest more than £2.5 billion in research, development and demonstration of low carbon energy, transport, agriculture and waste.', 'Between 2015 and 2021 we expect to invest more than £2.5 billion in research, development and demonstration of low carbon energy, transport, agriculture and waste. This includes: • Up to £505 million from BEIS’s Energy Innovation Programme141, which aims to accelerate the commercialisation of innovative clean energy technologies and processes. • Up to £1.2 billion of funding from the combination of UK Research Councils and Innovate UK – now being brought into one organisation with the creation of UK Research and Innovation. These investments include funding for the Energy Systems Catapult and the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult. • Up to £246 million for the Faraday Challenge, which will ensure the UK builds on its strengths and leads the world in the design, development and manufacture of electric batteries142.', '• Up to £246 million for the Faraday Challenge, which will ensure the UK builds on its strengths and leads the world in the design, development and manufacture of electric batteries142. • Up to £620 million from a range of Departments, including BEIS, DfT, DfID and Defra and additional Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF) support. In addition to this Government funding, Ofgem is making up to £720 million of regulated expenditure available to gas and electricity network companies in Great Britain, to support smarter, more flexible, efficient, and resilient networks. The Government is also stimulating industry-academia collaboration, for example through the Agri-tech catalyst, which will help improve agricultural productivity and contribute to more environmentally sustainable agricultural systems.', 'The Government is also stimulating industry-academia collaboration, for example through the Agri-tech catalyst, which will help improve agricultural productivity and contribute to more environmentally sustainable agricultural systems. 140 BIS (2014) Analysis Paper 04 Estimating the effect of UK direct public support for innovation innovation-effect-of-public-support 141 The £505 million BEIS Energy Innovation Programme will invest around £70 million in smart systems, around £90 million in the built environment (energy efficiency and heating), £100 million in industrial decarbonisation and carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS), around £180 million in nuclear innovation, around £15 million in renewables innovation, and around £50 million in support for energy entrepreneurs and green financing.', '140 BIS (2014) Analysis Paper 04 Estimating the effect of UK direct public support for innovation innovation-effect-of-public-support 141 The £505 million BEIS Energy Innovation Programme will invest around £70 million in smart systems, around £90 million in the built environment (energy efficiency and heating), £100 million in industrial decarbonisation and carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS), around £180 million in nuclear innovation, around £15 million in renewables innovation, and around £50 million in support for energy entrepreneurs and green financing. 142 BEIS press release (2017) industrial-strategy BEIS Energy Innovation Programme New projects announced as part of the BEIS Energy Innovation Programme in the Clean Growth Strategy include: • \x07 Up to £10 million for innovations that provide low carbon heat in domestic and commercial buildings • \x07Up to £10 million for innovations that improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings • \x07 An extra £14 million for the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund, including a new sixth fund • \x07 Up to £20 million in a carbon capture and utilisation demonstration programme • \x07 Up to £20 million to demonstrate the viability of switching to low carbon fuels for industry • \x07 Up to £7 million to develop further the capability of nuclear regulators who support and assess advanced nuclear technologies • \x07Up to £20 million to support clean technology early stage fundingThe Clean Growth Strategy Last November, the Prime Minister announced £4.7 billion of additional research and development funding143 – a bigger increase than in any Parliament since 1979.', '142 BEIS press release (2017) industrial-strategy BEIS Energy Innovation Programme New projects announced as part of the BEIS Energy Innovation Programme in the Clean Growth Strategy include: • \x07 Up to £10 million for innovations that provide low carbon heat in domestic and commercial buildings • \x07Up to £10 million for innovations that improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings • \x07 An extra £14 million for the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund, including a new sixth fund • \x07 Up to £20 million in a carbon capture and utilisation demonstration programme • \x07 Up to £20 million to demonstrate the viability of switching to low carbon fuels for industry • \x07 Up to £7 million to develop further the capability of nuclear regulators who support and assess advanced nuclear technologies • \x07Up to £20 million to support clean technology early stage fundingThe Clean Growth Strategy Last November, the Prime Minister announced £4.7 billion of additional research and development funding143 – a bigger increase than in any Parliament since 1979. This funding aims to kick start the development of disruptive technologies, including low carbon technologies, that have the potential to transform the UK economy144.', 'This funding aims to kick start the development of disruptive technologies, including low carbon technologies, that have the potential to transform the UK economy144. It includes the Faraday Challenge and £93 million for Robotics and Autonomous Systems, and we are exploring the scope to fund further clean growth innovation challenges. Internationally, governments around the world are investing around $15 billion a year in low carbon innovation, and this figure is set to rise significantly145. A key component of our innovation strategy is identifying opportunities for global partnership. In particular, the UK is committed to clean energy innovation as a member of ‘Mission Innovation’. This initiative aims to reinvigorate and accelerate global clean energy innovation and to make clean energy widely affordable.', 'This initiative aims to reinvigorate and accelerate global clean energy innovation and to make clean energy widely affordable. As part of our commitment within Mission Innovation, the UK will invest at least £100 million in 2020-21 on projects that will help to address the clean energy needs of developing countries146. How we spend money is just as important as how much we spend. To ensure a strategic approach, a new Energy Innovation Board was launched in 2016147, to bring together senior representatives from across the Government, Innovate UK, Research Councils, and Ofgem, to align public investments in low carbon innovation. The Board aims to co-ordinate the UK’s domestic and international clean energy and low carbon innovation activities to maximise their impact, and to ensure that those investments leverage increased private sector investment.', 'The Board aims to co-ordinate the UK’s domestic and international clean energy and low carbon innovation activities to maximise their impact, and to ensure that those investments leverage increased private sector investment. Energy Entrepreneurs Fund The Government is also launching a sixth round of the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund, which has been running since 2012, and aims to support, through capital grants, the development and demonstration of innovative energy technologies and processes, with a particular focus on assisting small and medium sized enterprises. This sixth round will offer up to £10 million in funding. Alongside this, a further £4 million has been offered to companies who applied for the fifth funding round, bringing the total to £14 million across the projects supported148.', 'Alongside this, a further £4 million has been offered to companies who applied for the fifth funding round, bringing the total to £14 million across the projects supported148. Over phases one to five of the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund, we have invested £47.2 million in 102 companies, which leveraged a further £35 million from the private sector. For those companies that have completed their projects, over £63 million in follow-on private investment has been secured. For instance Vantage Power in West London retrofit buses to a low carbon standard. This is done at a fraction of the cost of purchasing new hybrid buses, and means that operators can reduce their fuel consumption and emissions.', 'This is done at a fraction of the cost of purchasing new hybrid buses, and means that operators can reduce their fuel consumption and emissions. Vantage Power were beneficiaries of the Energy Entrepreneurs Fund, and the buses they have retrofitted have reported up to 40 per cent lower fuel consumption and 92 per cent lower emissions of nitrogen oxides. 144 BEIS press release (2017) Investment subject to business case approval.', '144 BEIS press release (2017) Investment subject to business case approval. 145 Mission Innovation website, Baseline and Doubling Plans: 146 DECC press release (2015) UK joins international clean energy initiative: 147 Further information on the Energy Innovation Board available here: 148 The Energy Entrepreneurs Fund is funded through the £505 million BEIS Energy Innovation Programme52 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 149 Final spending commitments are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests. Excludes £720 million of regulated expenditure being made available by Ofgem to support innovation in gas and electricity networks.', 'Excludes £720 million of regulated expenditure being made available by Ofgem to support innovation in gas and electricity networks. Forecast Clean Technology Innovation Spend £ million (across Innovate UK, Research Councils, BEIS, DfT, DfID, Defra) Basic & Applied Research Technology Development Technology Demonstration Total Innovation in Smart Systems (including energy storage) Innovation in the Power Sector (including renewables) Innovation in Homes (including heat and energy efficiency) Innovation in the Transport Sector (including electric vehicles and batteries) Innovation for Business and Industry, including carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) Innovation in Natural Resources Cross-sector Clean Tech Innovation (including for entrepreneurs) NB All figures are indicative and are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests. Table 3: Government investments in clean growth technology 2015-2021149The Clean Growth Strategy Clean Growth Innovation Challenges To get the clean growth we want, we need breakthroughs in clean technologies.', 'Table 3: Government investments in clean growth technology 2015-2021149The Clean Growth Strategy Clean Growth Innovation Challenges To get the clean growth we want, we need breakthroughs in clean technologies. Government funding and innovations in universities are crucial, but such breakthroughs also need the creativity and energy of the private sector. We have identified the key challenges we believe need to be overcome if we are to meet future carbon budgets: Hydrogen and bioenergy Clean fuels such as hydrogen and bioenergy could be used for transport, industry, and to heat our homes and businesses. We need to test how they work in the existing gas network, whether they can fire industrial processes, and how they could be used in domestic appliances. These options need to work as well and as cheaply as current technologies.', 'These options need to work as well and as cheaply as current technologies. Homes We need energy efficiency and heat technologies that are less costly and easier to install, and commercial innovation to ensure retrofits are attractive for homeowners. To build lower cost, lower carbon homes, we need to use innovative construction methods including factory production and off-site manufacturing. Batteries To rapidly decarbonise transport, including rail and EVs, we need innovation in batteries: to extend their range and lifetime, bring down their cost, and ensure they can be disposed of sustainably. New methods for charging are needed to make electric vehicles easier to use, including super-fast charge points, wireless charging and dynamic charging. Smart energy system Clean technologies such as electric vehicles, batteries, fuel cells and renewable energy are all falling in cost.', 'Smart energy system Clean technologies such as electric vehicles, batteries, fuel cells and renewable energy are all falling in cost. We need to ensure these technologies can integrate smoothly in the energy system, including finding local solutions, so that consumers benefit from lower energy and transport costs. Power We need to bring down the costs of nuclear power through developing new materials and manufacturing processes, and exploring the opportunities of new fuels and reactor designs. To further reduce the cost of offshore wind, we need to deliver larger turbines, extend existing asset life, optimise performance and reduce operational maintenance. Industry We need to find alternatives to industrial fuels which are energy intensive to produce, without increasing cost or reducing performance. The cost of CCUS technologies will need to fall.', 'The cost of CCUS technologies will need to fall. Waste We need to minimise the impacts of anaerobic digestion, particularly in relation to air quality. This includes developing improved digestion and ammonia and phosphate extraction technologies and reducing methane emissions. Innovative techniques are also needed to reduce the impact of landfills at the end of their use. Land use To support greater productivity of agricultural land, we need to: increase carbon storage through fertilising crops more effectively, develop new animal and plant breeding technologies, use precision farming technologies on smaller scale farms, and develop robotics and new sensor technologies.', 'Land use To support greater productivity of agricultural land, we need to: increase carbon storage through fertilising crops more effectively, develop new animal and plant breeding technologies, use precision farming technologies on smaller scale farms, and develop robotics and new sensor technologies. We also need to reduce plant and tree disease and investigate methods to improve soil health and carbon stocks.54 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Getting to 2032 We cannot predict the exact technological changes that will help us deliver on the fourth and fifth carbon budgets (and beyond). Some technologies will develop faster than expected, making it easier to reduce emissions in particular sectors. Some technologies may develop less quickly than we hope. To explore this uncertainty, we test different potential versions of the future based on current knowledge.', 'To explore this uncertainty, we test different potential versions of the future based on current knowledge. These are not firm predictions of the future and should not be taken as sectoral targets. However, they allow us to identify areas where progress is most needed to meet our future carbon budgets, especially the fifth carbon budget, and where action now is unlikely to be wasted. The policies and proposals set out in this Strategy reflect that understanding. Our Clean Growth Strategy sets out in detail a possible pathway for meeting the fifth carbon budget through domestic action, including many of the policies and proposals set out here.', 'Our Clean Growth Strategy sets out in detail a possible pathway for meeting the fifth carbon budget through domestic action, including many of the policies and proposals set out here. The route we ultimately take to meeting our targets will depend on a range of factors, in particular ensuring we are mindful of any impact on energy costs for households and businesses, and changes in costs as a result of innovation. The approach could involve150: • Emissions from business and the public sector falling by 30 per cent on today’s levels, through significant improvements in energy efficiency, reducing energy use per unit of output as well as reducing the carbon content of industrial energy use by at least 14 per cent through switching to cleaner fuels.', 'The approach could involve150: • Emissions from business and the public sector falling by 30 per cent on today’s levels, through significant improvements in energy efficiency, reducing energy use per unit of output as well as reducing the carbon content of industrial energy use by at least 14 per cent through switching to cleaner fuels. Our proposals will contribute to this, for example improving business energy efficiency and standards for commercial buildings, and agreeing tighter targets to reduce central government emissions. • Emissions from homes falling by 19 per cent from today, with household energy use falling nine per cent, through a combination of switching low- carbon heating and greater energy efficiency which in turn will help to reduce bills. We will also need to bring down the cost of low carbon alternatives to the gas boiler.', 'We will also need to bring down the cost of low carbon alternatives to the gas boiler. This is supported by the proposals set out in this Strategy, including investments in upgrading homes and proposals to improve energy performance standards across the housing sector. • Emissions from transport falling by 29 per cent from today, largely achieved by accelerating the shift to electric and other low emission vehicles. This transition could involve reducing the energy and emissions intensity of road transport151 by 30 per cent and 44 per cent respectively. Our proposals, such as those to encourage uptake of ULEVs, will contribute to this.', 'Our proposals, such as those to encourage uptake of ULEVs, will contribute to this. • Emissions from power falling by 80 per cent on today’s levels, by increasing the share of clean electricity generation to over 80 per cent of demand and moving to a smarter, more flexible system and reducing demand by improving the efficiency of appliances. The proposals set out in this Strategy, for example providing further funding for Contract for Difference auctions for renewable technologies, will help to deliver this. • Emissions from land use and agriculture falling by 26 per cent on today’s levels. This could mean that woodland cover increases by up to 16 per cent and the emissions intensity of agricultural outputs could improve by 27 per cent.', 'This could mean that woodland cover increases by up to 16 per cent and the emissions intensity of agricultural outputs could improve by 27 per cent. Emissions from waste and F-gases fall to around 14 Mt by 2032, 53 per cent lower than today. This could mean that the amount of biodegradable waste sent to landfill in 2032 is around 45 per cent lower than that seen in 2015. This is supported by the proposals in this Strategy, such as those to reduce emissions from waste and to establish a new network of forests. 150 Total sector emissions reductions are compared against estimated 2017 levels. Supplementary metrics, where relevant, compared the 2032 pathway with 2015 official statistics. See Table 4 in Annex D, and Table 6 in the Technical Annex for details.', 'See Table 4 in Annex D, and Table 6 in the Technical Annex for details. 151 Covering cars, van and freightThe Clean Growth Strategy Innovation can deliver dramatic results, as we have seen with the rapid falls in the costs of some clean technologies over the past ten years, and this Strategy sets out ambitious proposals on funding innovation to further reduce costs. We take a cautious approach towards quantifying the contribution of current and future innovation to emissions savings. As we cannot say precisely how our investments today will impact on the UK’s emissions in the future, we have omitted any estimates from this analysis.', 'As we cannot say precisely how our investments today will impact on the UK’s emissions in the future, we have omitted any estimates from this analysis. We estimate the combination of existing policies and new measures in this Strategy that can be quantified could deliver 93 per cent of the required level of emissions savings for the fifth carbon budget, against our 1990 baseline. As well as setting out policies within this Strategy, we identify areas where we will need to drive further progress through future consultations, innovation spend and policy design. This is set out in more detail at Annex A. Beyond the Fifth Carbon Budget, There is even greater uncertainty about which technologies will help us reduce emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050152.', 'Beyond the Fifth Carbon Budget, There is even greater uncertainty about which technologies will help us reduce emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050152. It is even more challenging to predict what the UK economy will look like in 2050 than in 2032. However, exploring the plausible potential pathways to 2050 helps us to identify low-regrets steps we can take in the next few years common to many versions of the future, as well as key technologies and uncertainties. To demonstrate this, we present three illustrative long-term pathways in this Strategy: BBOXX BBOXX was formed by students at Imperial College London in 2010. In addition to $2 million in private funding, since 2013 BBOXX received £1.2 million, including from the EPSRC and DfID, to tackle the challenges and opportunities arising from unreliable electrical supplies in rural Africa.', 'In addition to $2 million in private funding, since 2013 BBOXX received £1.2 million, including from the EPSRC and DfID, to tackle the challenges and opportunities arising from unreliable electrical supplies in rural Africa. By providing households with off-grid electric lighting, children can do their homework and families can run a business without incurring threats to their health from paraffin smoke. Since 2006, BBOXX has created a sustainable non- subsidised business model. Rapidly expanding from three founders to a global staff of 140, BBOXX products have already saved energy worth over $2 million and offset over 40,000 tonnes of CO . BBOXX aims to provide up to 20 million people with electricity by 2020.', 'Rapidly expanding from three founders to a global staff of 140, BBOXX products have already saved energy worth over $2 million and offset over 40,000 tonnes of CO . BBOXX aims to provide up to 20 million people with electricity by 2020. 152 On a 1990 baseline.56 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • Electricity pathway: Under this pathway, electricity is the main source of energy in 2050. There are many more electric vehicles (EVs), we replace our gas boilers with electric heating and industry moves to cleaner fuels. Altogether this means we use around 80 per cent more electricity than today, and virtually all of it comes from clean sources (renewables and nuclear). In this pathway, CCUS is not used in the UK by 2050.', 'In this pathway, CCUS is not used in the UK by 2050. • Hydrogen pathway: Under this pathway, we use hydrogen to heat our homes and buildings, as well as to fuel many of the vehicles we drive in 2050 and power the UK’s industry. We adapt existing gas infrastructure to deliver hydrogen for heating and a national network of hydrogen fuelling stations supports the use of hydrogen vehicles. A large new industry supports hydrogen production using natural gas and capturing the emissions with CCUS. • Emissions removal pathway: Under this pathway, sustainable biomass power stations are used in tandem with CCUS technology. Carbon is removed from the atmosphere by plants (biomass) as they grow and, when the biomass is used to generate electricity, emissions are captured and stored instead of returning to the atmosphere.', 'Carbon is removed from the atmosphere by plants (biomass) as they grow and, when the biomass is used to generate electricity, emissions are captured and stored instead of returning to the atmosphere. There is still a significant clean transition in other sectors but successful innovation in emissions removal allows more time for some of these changes. These illustrative pathways should not be seen as predictions, as we are continuing to build our understanding of the best approach. The ultimate way forward might in fact be some combination of these, or another approach that builds on further innovation. This approach will also be consistent with Government’s commitments on clean air out to 2050.', 'This approach will also be consistent with Government’s commitments on clean air out to 2050. The purpose of these illustrations is to demonstrate a range of practical ways in which emission reduction aims can be delivered with technology known today, and to underline some of the steps common to all. These include: • \x07making our homes and commercial buildings more energy efficient; • \x07 shifting to low carbon sources of heating, such as through more district heating; • \x07 continuing to decarbonise electricity; • \x07 ensuring our electricity system is smart and flexible to respond to changes in demand and decarbonise at least cost; • \x07 increasing the number of ultra low emission vehicles in the UK; and • \x07 working with industry on how to improve efficiency and transition to clean fuels.', 'These include: • \x07making our homes and commercial buildings more energy efficient; • \x07 shifting to low carbon sources of heating, such as through more district heating; • \x07 continuing to decarbonise electricity; • \x07 ensuring our electricity system is smart and flexible to respond to changes in demand and decarbonise at least cost; • \x07 increasing the number of ultra low emission vehicles in the UK; and • \x07 working with industry on how to improve efficiency and transition to clean fuels. Greenhouse Gas Removal Technologies As the UK approaches 2050, its remaining emissions will likely be in the sectors where it is the most difficult to cut them – in industry, agriculture, aviation and shipping.', 'Greenhouse Gas Removal Technologies As the UK approaches 2050, its remaining emissions will likely be in the sectors where it is the most difficult to cut them – in industry, agriculture, aviation and shipping. Under the Paris Agreement, as well as seeking to limit warming to well below 2 degrees, and to pursue 1.5 degrees, the UK is committed to working with other countries to achieve global net zero emissions in the second half of the century153. This will require a step change in action to tackle climate change and has strong links to how the Sustainable Development Goals will be achieved.', 'This will require a step change in action to tackle climate change and has strong links to how the Sustainable Development Goals will be achieved. 153 This means that global GHG emissions will not be greater than the amount of GHGs which are absorbed through natural processes or technology.The Clean Growth Strategy As highlighted by the Committee on Climate Change154, greenhouse gas removal (GGR) technologies are likely to have an important role to play in offsetting difficult-to-cut emissions, by removing greenhouse gases from the air. As we learn more about how GGRs could be developed and deployed, we want the UK’s entrepreneurs, universities and engineering industries to be well placed to exploit the advantages of global demand for these new technologies.', 'As we learn more about how GGRs could be developed and deployed, we want the UK’s entrepreneurs, universities and engineering industries to be well placed to exploit the advantages of global demand for these new technologies. There is a diverse set of GGR technologies with varying potential scale and at varying stages of development. These include afforestation, bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air capture (capturing carbon dioxide from the air and storing it), enhanced weathering (crushing suitable rocks that react with carbon dioxide and spreading over land), and methods for storing carbon in the oceans, such as ocean liming. We are therefore taking active steps to strengthen our understanding of these technologies and, where appropriate, move forward with deployment.', 'We are therefore taking active steps to strengthen our understanding of these technologies and, where appropriate, move forward with deployment. The Government’s strategic approach to GGR has two main elements: • A Government programme of research and development, which aims to improve our understanding of GGR technologies, to help overcome the uncertainties around their costs, deployment potential, and impacts on the environment. We have been working with the Research Councils, who launched a new £8.6 million research programme looking at all GGR technologies in April 2017. We will also develop robust estimates of sustainable biomass resource available to the UK, reporting during 2018, and consider Royal Society scientific views on GGR. • The Government will consider the scope for removing barriers and strengthening incentives to support the deployment of GGR, to position the UK at the leading edge of GGR development.', '• The Government will consider the scope for removing barriers and strengthening incentives to support the deployment of GGR, to position the UK at the leading edge of GGR development. This includes, for example, considering options for developing a carbon offset market and exploring how UK timber could be used in construction. We are also considering how best to take forward CCUS, as set out in ’Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth’. We will conduct a study on how GGR activity can be incentivised, in the UK and in other countries, which will help us develop policy and accounting frameworks fit for the future. And we will also consider how legal, financial and regulatory frameworks could support the rollout of GGR technologies at scale.', 'And we will also consider how legal, financial and regulatory frameworks could support the rollout of GGR technologies at scale. We will develop our strategic approach for GGR technologies, including consideration of whether to reprioritise existing innovation spend, in light of these pieces of work. Global Net Zero Emissions As well as seeking to limit warming to well below 2 degrees, and to pursue 1.5 degrees, the Paris Agreement includes an aim of achieving net zero global greenhouse gas emissions in the second half of the century. Our obligations under the Climate Change Act only take us to 2050, and the Government agrees with the Committee on Climate Change that now is not the right time to set a post-2050 net zero goal.', 'Our obligations under the Climate Change Act only take us to 2050, and the Government agrees with the Committee on Climate Change that now is not the right time to set a post-2050 net zero goal. We need to understand more about the global path to net zero emissions, and believe that our focus should be on meeting our existing targets. However, the Government believes the UK will need to legislate for a net zero emissions target at an appropriate point in the future, to provide legal certainty on where the UK is heading.', 'However, the Government believes the UK will need to legislate for a net zero emissions target at an appropriate point in the future, to provide legal certainty on where the UK is heading. 154 Committee on Climate Change (2016) UK climate action following the Paris agreement: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR) This will measure the amount of greenhouse gases (tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent) produced for each unit of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) created. Currently the EIR is 270 tonnes/£ million and it was 720 tonnes/£ million in 1990. By 2032, we expect the EIR will need to be nearly as low as 100 tonnes/£ million to meet our ambitions.', 'By 2032, we expect the EIR will need to be nearly as low as 100 tonnes/£ million to meet our ambitions. Measuring the Delivery of the Clean Growth Strategy This Strategy sets out a comprehensive set of policies and proposals that will allow us to accelerate the pace of clean growth. We want to continue the UK’s strong economic growth while achieving that growth in a way that sees emissions fall. Between 1990 and 2016 emissions fell by 42 per cent whilst GDP grew by 67 per cent which meant that the “emissions intensity” of our economy – the amount of carbon emitted for each pound of national income generated - fell by four per cent per year on average. We want to build on this success and accelerate clean growth.', 'We want to build on this success and accelerate clean growth. To reach our targets, the emissions intensity will have to fall by an average five per cent per year to 2032. We will therefore introduce a new measure of progress, the Emissions Intensity Ratio (see below) and publish our performance against this intensity ratio on an annual basis. 4% per year Average fall in emissions intensity of the economy 5% per year Our ambition to 2032 Source: BEIS Emissions Intensity Ratio (tonnes per £ million) Figure 13: Historic and projected Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR)The Clean Growth Strategy Government Leadership To maintain cross-Government progress on clean growth, we will reinstate a regular Clean Growth Inter-Ministerial Group, which will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of this Strategy and driving ambitious clean growth policies.', '4% per year Average fall in emissions intensity of the economy 5% per year Our ambition to 2032 Source: BEIS Emissions Intensity Ratio (tonnes per £ million) Figure 13: Historic and projected Emissions Intensity Ratio (EIR)The Clean Growth Strategy Government Leadership To maintain cross-Government progress on clean growth, we will reinstate a regular Clean Growth Inter-Ministerial Group, which will be responsible for monitoring the implementation of this Strategy and driving ambitious clean growth policies. The Government cannot achieve the changes needed to our economy by itself. Outside action on public sector emissions, the Government’s key role is to set the framework for action across the economy. Beyond that, clean growth has to be a shared endeavour between Government, business, civil society and the British people. Creating this supportive environment will help attract the domestic and international investment the UK wants.', 'Creating this supportive environment will help attract the domestic and international investment the UK wants. Therefore, from 2018, we will work with private partners and NGOs to introduce a Green Great Britain Week, to engage as many people as possible in the importance of tackling climate change and improving air quality. A week of high profile activity, this will be an opportunity to both celebrate UK leadership on climate change and look ahead to explore how we can continue to drive ambitious action in the future. This annual event will be an important moment to bring together all parts of society, from business through to the general public, to better understand the different ways the UK can further harness clean growth to boost economic performance, reduce emissions and create a cleaner environment.', 'This annual event will be an important moment to bring together all parts of society, from business through to the general public, to better understand the different ways the UK can further harness clean growth to boost economic performance, reduce emissions and create a cleaner environment. Green Great Britain Week An annual event to: • Focus on climate and air quality issues across the UK, demonstrating how all parts of the country and sectors of the economy are working towards a cleaner future. • Demonstrate our progress and successes by showcasing how taking action on climate change and air quality can provide opportunities for UK businesses and citizens. • Share the latest climate science, providing a platform for the latest research on the impacts of climate change and the importance of taking ambitious action.', '• Share the latest climate science, providing a platform for the latest research on the impacts of climate change and the importance of taking ambitious action. • Promote UK leadership on tackling climate change and air quality across our economy, and how we are driving forward innovation to create economic opportunities from reducing emissions, especially to international investors.SectorsThe Clean Growth Strategy Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth Progress Since 1990, emissions from business and industry have almost halved, mainly due to efficiency gains and a shift in manufacturing to cleaner fuels, as well as changes to the industrial structure of the UK economy. Much of this reduction has taken place in the most energy intensive industries. For instance, each tonne of steel produced in the UK requires 40 per cent less energy to produce than 40 years ago155.', 'For instance, each tonne of steel produced in the UK requires 40 per cent less energy to produce than 40 years ago155. In addition, we have also improved the energy efficiency of non-domestic buildings since 1990 with emissions 18 per cent lower in 2015156. The number of properties registering as having the lowest Energy Performance Certificates (EPC Bands F and G) has dropped from 19 per cent to 13 per cent between 2010 and 2016157. 155 WSP and Parsons Brinckerhoff & DNV GL (2015) Report prepared for DECC & BIS: Industrial Decarbonisation & Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050', '155 WSP and Parsons Brinckerhoff & DNV GL (2015) Report prepared for DECC & BIS: Industrial Decarbonisation & Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050 156 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 157 DCLG (2017) Live tables on Energy Performance of Buildings Certificates live-tables-on-energy-performance-of-buildings-certificates 158 BEIS (2016) Business population estimates 2016 BEIS (2014) Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED) Source: Derived from Business population estimates, Non-Domestic National Energy Ef ciency Data-Framework and Business Energy Ef ciency Survey Energy use (all uses) Energy use (buildings only) Turnover Employment Businesses Figure 14: Distribution of energy use, turnover, and employment by business size (2016)158 Of the 5.5 million businesses in the UK, the majority of energy use comes from large companies62 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Overall, business and industry now account for approximately 25 per cent of the UK’s emissions (excluding fluorinated gases or F-gases)159, with around two thirds of industrial emissions coming from a small number of energy intensive sectors (for example chemicals, iron and steel)160.', '156 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 157 DCLG (2017) Live tables on Energy Performance of Buildings Certificates live-tables-on-energy-performance-of-buildings-certificates 158 BEIS (2016) Business population estimates 2016 BEIS (2014) Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED) Source: Derived from Business population estimates, Non-Domestic National Energy Ef ciency Data-Framework and Business Energy Ef ciency Survey Energy use (all uses) Energy use (buildings only) Turnover Employment Businesses Figure 14: Distribution of energy use, turnover, and employment by business size (2016)158 Of the 5.5 million businesses in the UK, the majority of energy use comes from large companies62 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Overall, business and industry now account for approximately 25 per cent of the UK’s emissions (excluding fluorinated gases or F-gases)159, with around two thirds of industrial emissions coming from a small number of energy intensive sectors (for example chemicals, iron and steel)160. Businesses and industry are also major users of electricity, accounting for over 50 per cent of electricity use161.', 'Businesses and industry are also major users of electricity, accounting for over 50 per cent of electricity use161. We now have a much greater understanding of the potential for cost-effective energy efficiency in the commercial and industrial sector. Our analysis says that up to £6 billion162 could be saved in 2030 through investment in cost-effective energy efficiency technologies. Roughly half of these savings are available through improving the efficiency of buildings and processes, including by fitting better insulation and smarter energy controls. The other half can be realised through eliminating electricity waste in business for example using better lighting and energy management systems.', 'The other half can be realised through eliminating electricity waste in business for example using better lighting and energy management systems. This is consistent with research from EEF, the manufacturers’ trade association, which found that a 14 per cent reduction in electricity consumption could be made across the manufacturing sector, equivalent to over £1 billion a year in savings163. 159 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 160 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 161 BEIS (2017) Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2017 162 Total energy efficiency potential across business and Industry 163 EEF (2016) Upgrading Power: Delivering a flexible electricity system upgrading-power-report 164 Excluding expenditure on energy used for raw material extraction or transformation to other fuels (e.g.', '159 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 160 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 161 BEIS (2017) Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2017 162 Total energy efficiency potential across business and Industry 163 EEF (2016) Upgrading Power: Delivering a flexible electricity system upgrading-power-report 164 Excluding expenditure on energy used for raw material extraction or transformation to other fuels (e.g. oil extraction and refining) and excluding energy used for transportation Buildings – Electricity Buildings – Gas & Other Fuels Industrial processes – Electricity Industrial processes – Gas & Other Fuels Manufacturing Services Source: Energy Consumption in the UK & Building Energy Ef ciency Survey Figure 15: 2015 nal energy expenditure164 on energy by end use and fuel, £ billion, 2016 prices.', 'oil extraction and refining) and excluding energy used for transportation Buildings – Electricity Buildings – Gas & Other Fuels Industrial processes – Electricity Industrial processes – Gas & Other Fuels Manufacturing Services Source: Energy Consumption in the UK & Building Energy Ef ciency Survey Figure 15: 2015 nal energy expenditure164 on energy by end use and fuel, £ billion, 2016 prices. Expenditure of business varies by sector, for some expenditure is driven by process, for others by building useThe Clean Growth Strategy Ambition The Government is determined to help businesses improve their productivity and competitiveness as part of our Industrial Strategy. This includes working together to unlock any potential energy savings to help keep bills as low as possible. Our goal is to enable businesses and industry to improve energy efficiency by at least 20 per cent by 2030.', 'Our goal is to enable businesses and industry to improve energy efficiency by at least 20 per cent by 2030. This will contribute to overall economic growth by reducing the amount of energy required per unit of output. We will take a final decision on the level of this goal and how best to measure progress toward it in 2018, taking into account the recommendations of the independent review into the cost of energy, led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE. CRESS Systems CRESS Systems, based in Darlington, have developed a flywheel to reduce the energy required to drive cranes at shipping ports. They received Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grants of £800,000 to build and test the first system at the Port of Felixstowe.', 'They received Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grants of £800,000 to build and test the first system at the Port of Felixstowe. Since then, they have secured investment from Enterprise Ventures’ Northern Powerhouse Investment Fund and private investors to finalise the product and make first sales into the port market world-wide.64 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The Government will put in place a simpler, more ambitious and long-term policy and regulatory framework. This will: • Make it easier for businesses to identify where they can save energy by simplifying the energy and carbon reporting framework. • Ensure that those who lease premises to businesses, including in the service sector, continue to refurbish and improve the performance of their buildings. In parallel, all new commercial and industrial buildings should be more energy efficient.', 'In parallel, all new commercial and industrial buildings should be more energy efficient. • Help to understand how we can encourage greater investment in energy efficiency measures and technologies, including establishing an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme to help large companies install measures to cut their energy use, and working with the financial sector to identify how such measures can be taken forward. Energy intensive industries will require steps beyond energy efficiency. Out to 2030, this will require industry to make progress in switching from fossil fuel use to low carbon fuels such as sustainable biomass, in line with broader Government priorities on delivering clean air, and clean electricity. Beyond 2030, this switching will need to substantially increase in scale and be coupled with the deployment of new technologies, for example carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS).', 'Beyond 2030, this switching will need to substantially increase in scale and be coupled with the deployment of new technologies, for example carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS). Over the course of this Parliament, we will therefore also develop a framework to support the decarbonisation of heavy industry. Overall, one possible pathway to 2032 could involve emissions from business and industry falling by around 30 per cent on today’s levels to as low as 83 Mt by 2032.', 'Overall, one possible pathway to 2032 could involve emissions from business and industry falling by around 30 per cent on today’s levels to as low as 83 Mt by 2032. Source: BEIS Emissions (Mt) Emissions from the business and industry sectors have decreased by 47% since 1990 By 2032 emissions could be as low as 83 Mt Existing policy 2050 indicative range Emissions from business and industry could need to be as low as 49 Mt by 2050 Figure 16: Actual and projected emissions in business and industry, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy Opportunities The UK energy efficiency sector already turns over £20.3 billion, employs 144,000 people and sells exports worth over £1 billion166.', 'Source: BEIS Emissions (Mt) Emissions from the business and industry sectors have decreased by 47% since 1990 By 2032 emissions could be as low as 83 Mt Existing policy 2050 indicative range Emissions from business and industry could need to be as low as 49 Mt by 2050 Figure 16: Actual and projected emissions in business and industry, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy Opportunities The UK energy efficiency sector already turns over £20.3 billion, employs 144,000 people and sells exports worth over £1 billion166. We know the potential for further energy efficiency in businesses and industry is significant - up to £6 billion could be saved by 2030 through investment in cost-effective energy efficiency technologies in buildings and industrial processes.', 'We know the potential for further energy efficiency in businesses and industry is significant - up to £6 billion could be saved by 2030 through investment in cost-effective energy efficiency technologies in buildings and industrial processes. As well as reducing bills across the UK, building the energy efficiency market would place UK businesses and industry in a prime position to further increase the export of knowledge, skills and products to other countries. It would also involve greater flows of external finance, a sector where the UK is already a market leader. For example, the UK energy services market is estimated to have a potential annual size of €1 billion per year and would require significantly more third party finance than we see currently167.', 'For example, the UK energy services market is estimated to have a potential annual size of €1 billion per year and would require significantly more third party finance than we see currently167. 165 BIS, DECC (2017) Industrial Decarbonisation and Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050 and-energy-efficiency-roadmaps-to-2050 ‘Fuel switching’ includes a small amount of bioenergy used for feedstock 166 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 167 EC (2014) The European ESCO Market Report 2013 Others CCUS Fuel switching Energy ef ciency Source: 2050 Roadmaps Cross-Sector Summary report (2015). This illustrates the technical potential for emissions savings in the report’s ‘MAX TECH’ pathway.', 'This illustrates the technical potential for emissions savings in the report’s ‘MAX TECH’ pathway. Carbon reduction opportunity (Mt) Figure 17: Carbon reduction opportunities across industry (2050)165 Deep decarbonisation of industry will need to go beyond energy ef ciency and deploy more innovative technologies such as CCUS66 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Policies and Proposals Unlocking Business Energy Efficiency 1. The Government will develop a package of measures to support businesses to improve how productively they use energy and will consult on this in 2018, with the aim of improving energy efficiency by at least 20 per cent by 2030. 2. The Government will ensure incentives for investment in energy efficiency are regularly reviewed, for instance the list of products that qualify for enhanced capital allowances tax relief. 3.', 'The Government will ensure incentives for investment in energy efficiency are regularly reviewed, for instance the list of products that qualify for enhanced capital allowances tax relief. 3. We will continue with plans to close the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme following the 2018-19 compliance year. We will drive energy efficiency by implementing the previously announced increase to the main rates of the Climate Change Levy from 2019. 4. We will undertake an evaluation of the Climate Change Agreements to inform any successor scheme from 2023. 5. The Government will build on existing schemes such as the Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS), undertaking a comprehensive assessment of its effectiveness and consider any future reforms. 6. The Government will work with stakeholders to improve the market for energy services, building confidence across commercial and industrial customers. 7.', 'The Government will work with stakeholders to improve the market for energy services, building confidence across commercial and industrial customers. 7. Alongside this Strategy, we are consulting on a new and streamlined energy and carbon reporting framework to replace some existing schemes, such as the reporting element of the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, and align with mandatory annual greenhouse gas reporting by UK quoted companies. This will improve the way in which businesses report their energy use, and provide businesses with the information needed to identify how they can reduce energy bills. 8. The Government will establish an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme to help large companies install measures to cut their energy use and their bills. 9. We are consulting on the design of a new industrial heat recovery programme.', 'We are consulting on the design of a new industrial heat recovery programme. This £18 million fund will encourage investment by manufacturers to recover and reuse heat from industrial processes that would otherwise be wasted. 10. The Government will explore with stakeholders how we can improve the provision of information and advice to SMEs to encourage the uptake of energy efficiency technologies.The Clean Growth Strategy More Energy Efficient Commercial and Industrial Buildings 11. The Government has commissioned an independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, being led by Dame Judith Hackitt. The review will report in spring 2018. Subject to the conclusions of that review, the Government intends to consult on making improvements to Building Regulations requirements for new and existing commercial buildings where there are cost- effective and affordable opportunities, and it is safe and practical to do so.', 'Subject to the conclusions of that review, the Government intends to consult on making improvements to Building Regulations requirements for new and existing commercial buildings where there are cost- effective and affordable opportunities, and it is safe and practical to do so. This will look to promote low carbon and higher energy efficiency heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems in new commercial buildings. 12. 42 per cent of business buildings’ energy use is in the private rented sector168. We will consult in 2018 on how best to improve the energy performance of these buildings through tighter minimum energy standards. 13. The Government will explore how voluntary building standards can support future improvements in business building performance. 14.', 'The Government will explore how voluntary building standards can support future improvements in business building performance. 14. As we work to understand different options for the long term decarbonisation of heat, we will need to tackle the challenge of those business properties off the gas grid, particularly those heated by oil boilers and facing volatile costs. Beyond support through the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), our ambition is to phase out the installation of high carbon fossil fuel heating in new and existing business buildings off the gas grid during the 2020s, starting with new buildings as these lend themselves more readily to other forms of low carbon heating. We will involve businesses and industry in developing our new policy, in line with broader Government priorities on delivering clean air.', 'We will involve businesses and industry in developing our new policy, in line with broader Government priorities on delivering clean air. Anglian Water Anglian Water’s ‘Love Every Drop’ campaign aims to significantly reduce carbon emissions, including in their supply chain, and encourage customers to be more resource efficient and cut down their carbon emissions. Their manifesto, published in 2015, aims to raise awareness about how essential water is to life, to people and the environment, and to a vibrant and growing economy too. This helped to save £2.5 million in energy costs in 2016. They have also issued the first ever public utility green bond this year, raising £250 million to finance a range of sustainable projects and support the company’s vision of sustainability, carbon reduction, water efficiency and environmental stewardship.', 'They have also issued the first ever public utility green bond this year, raising £250 million to finance a range of sustainable projects and support the company’s vision of sustainability, carbon reduction, water efficiency and environmental stewardship. 168 BEIS (2016) Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 169 All figures are indicative and are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests Transforming Manufacturing and Heavy Industry 15. Alongside this Strategy, we have published joint industrial decarbonisation and energy efficiency action plans with seven of the most energy intensive industrial sectors, building on three years of joint industry-Government co-operation.', 'Alongside this Strategy, we have published joint industrial decarbonisation and energy efficiency action plans with seven of the most energy intensive industrial sectors, building on three years of joint industry-Government co-operation. These action plans identify steps by industry and Government that can be taken now to support long term low carbon growth, energy efficiency and emissions reductions on a sector by sector basis. These include the sharing of best practice and innovation opportunities, including through a new online portal, facilitating dialogue to improve access to finance and cross-sector consideration of the best uses of biomass across industry. 16. The Government remains committed to using carbon pricing as an emissions reduction tool and will ensure that a clear price signal continues to incentivise industrial emissions reduction. 17.', 'The Government remains committed to using carbon pricing as an emissions reduction tool and will ensure that a clear price signal continues to incentivise industrial emissions reduction. 17. We will develop a framework to support the long term low carbon development of energy intensive industrial processes, such as CCUS and electrification. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest around £162 million169 of innovation funding out to 2021, in research, development and demonstration of energy, resource and process efficiency alongside better low carbon fuels and CCUS. This includes: • Energy efficiency: We need to drive down the cost of new technologies to integrate them into existing processes and improve performance without affecting reliability. The Government is providing £9.2 million for an Industrial Energy Efficiency Accelerator, to help reduce the emissions from UK industry by increasing the commercially viable options available.', 'The Government is providing £9.2 million for an Industrial Energy Efficiency Accelerator, to help reduce the emissions from UK industry by increasing the commercially viable options available. • Processes, resource and material efficiency: Over time we will need to replace materials which are energy intensive to produce with lower carbon ones at competitive prices, known as “advanced materials”. Government will work through Industrial Strategy sector deals and the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund to stimulate innovation in advanced materials. We will also need to encourage more resource efficient business models, extend product life and reduce waste volumes.', 'We will also need to encourage more resource efficient business models, extend product life and reduce waste volumes. The Industrial Digitalisation Review will investigate how the design, development and deployment of digital technologies can drive increased national productivity.The Clean Growth Strategy 170 CCSA & TUC (2014) The economic benefits of carbon capture and storage in the UK 171 Large-scale CCS facilities Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage There is a broad international consensus that carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) has a vital future role in reducing emissions. This could be across a wide range of activities such as producing lower-emission power, decarbonising industry where fossil fuels are used and/or industrial processes as well as providing a decarbonised production method for hydrogen which can be used in heating and transport.', 'This could be across a wide range of activities such as producing lower-emission power, decarbonising industry where fossil fuels are used and/or industrial processes as well as providing a decarbonised production method for hydrogen which can be used in heating and transport. This makes CCUS a potentially large global economic opportunity for the UK. The International Energy Agency estimates there will be a global CCUS market worth over £100 billion - with even a modest share of this global market, UK GVA could increase to between £5 billion and £9 billion per year by 2030170. However, the current technology is expensive and there are only 21 large-scale plants operating, or in construction, across the world – of which 16 rely on revenue from providing carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery171.', 'However, the current technology is expensive and there are only 21 large-scale plants operating, or in construction, across the world – of which 16 rely on revenue from providing carbon dioxide for enhanced oil recovery171. Our Clean Growth Strategy is underpinned by three commitments: to reduce our emissions in the most cost-effective way: to maximise innovation to develop world leading technologies and to seek the maximum possible benefits from investment for improving the productivity of the UK economy. While we have explored ways to deploy CCUS at scale in the UK since 2007, the lack of a technological breakthrough to reduce the cost of CCUS and the cost structures and risk sharing that potential large-scale projects have demanded has been too high a price for consumers and taxpayers.', 'While we have explored ways to deploy CCUS at scale in the UK since 2007, the lack of a technological breakthrough to reduce the cost of CCUS and the cost structures and risk sharing that potential large-scale projects have demanded has been too high a price for consumers and taxpayers. It is clear from the relative lack of deployment of the technology that other governments have reached a similar conclusion. However, we have continued to invest in innovation and technology development both in the UK and overseas. To date we have invested over £130 million in R&D and innovation support to develop CCUS in the UK, supporting the development of technologies including NET Power’s Allam cycle, Carbon Clean Solutions and C-Capture.', 'To date we have invested over £130 million in R&D and innovation support to develop CCUS in the UK, supporting the development of technologies including NET Power’s Allam cycle, Carbon Clean Solutions and C-Capture. We are also one of the leaders in providing aid support to CCUS internationally through our support to CCUS pilot projects in countries with a fossil fuel-intensive energy sector, such as Mexico, South Africa, and Indonesia. • Fuel Switching: Firing industrial processes with low carbon fuels (such as hydrogen) is currently viewed as prohibitively expensive and disruptive. Innovation can prove the viability of these fuels without impacting operations.', 'Innovation can prove the viability of these fuels without impacting operations. Government will invest up to £20 million in competitions from 2018, initially for research followed by competitions for demonstrator projects across industry.70 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage (continued) Investing in cutting edge technology to achieve global cost reductions in CCUS As a global leader in supporting the development of cutting edge technologies, the Government provided £7.5 million for the early development support to the UK invented Allam cycle technology used by NET Power. This technology has the potential to capture 100 per cent of the carbon dioxide emitted at a cost similar to that of an unabated Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT).', 'This technology has the potential to capture 100 per cent of the carbon dioxide emitted at a cost similar to that of an unabated Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT). This early support from the Government in a cutting edge technology has been critical to developing the technology and for the 8 Rivers NET Power project to reach demonstration scale. In March 2016, construction began on the NET Power pilot project, a 50 MWth first-of-its-kind natural gas-fired power plant located in Texas and the plant is expected to start operations in late 2017. The pilot project also includes significant UK content with two UK companies – Goodwins Steel Castings Ltd and Heatric involved in the project.', 'The pilot project also includes significant UK content with two UK companies – Goodwins Steel Castings Ltd and Heatric involved in the project. We now see a new opportunity for the UK to become the global technology leader for CCUS, working internationally with industry and governments to bring about global cost reductions. We will do this through: Re-affirming our commitment to deploying CCUS in the UK subject to cost reduction: We will build on the success of the Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Taskforce172 and convene a CCUS Cost Challenge Taskforce to deliver a plan to reduce the cost of deploying CCUS. This will then underpin a deployment pathway for CCUS in 2018, setting out the steps needed to meet our ambition of deploying CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently.', 'This will then underpin a deployment pathway for CCUS in 2018, setting out the steps needed to meet our ambition of deploying CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently. This will include looking at the options for permanent storage of carbon dioxide domestically as well as elsewhere via international shipping. Following the advice from the Parliamentary Advisory Group on CCUS the Government will review the delivery and investment models for CCUS in the UK to understand how the barriers to deployment can be reduced, and how the private and public sectors can work together to deliver the Government’s ambition for CCUS. We will work with the ongoing initiatives in Teesside, Merseyside, South Wales and Grangemouth to test the potential for development of CCUS industrial decarbonisation clusters.', 'We will work with the ongoing initiatives in Teesside, Merseyside, South Wales and Grangemouth to test the potential for development of CCUS industrial decarbonisation clusters. We will set up a new Ministerial-led CCUS Council with industry to review our progress and priorities. Through the CCUS Council we will also monitor costs and deployment potential with the option of revising our deployment path accordingly.', 'Through the CCUS Council we will also monitor costs and deployment potential with the option of revising our deployment path accordingly. 172 Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Taskforce Clean Growth Strategy International collaboration: The Government will convene and lead a new international working group to drive down the cost and accelerate deployment of CCUS, including by: • Participating in Mission Innovation and its Carbon Capture Challenge and working closely with private-sector led initiatives such as the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative; • Developing closer collaborative working with countries such as Norway, the United States, Canada and Australia including joint working on innovation and carbon dioxide transport and storage solutions and working multi-laterally through the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum and North Sea Basin Task Force; • Continuing to be a global leader in CCUS investments through the UK’s £60 million international CCS programme which has been running since 2012, by investing a further £10 million in the programme.', '172 Offshore Wind Cost Reduction Taskforce Clean Growth Strategy International collaboration: The Government will convene and lead a new international working group to drive down the cost and accelerate deployment of CCUS, including by: • Participating in Mission Innovation and its Carbon Capture Challenge and working closely with private-sector led initiatives such as the Oil and Gas Climate Initiative; • Developing closer collaborative working with countries such as Norway, the United States, Canada and Australia including joint working on innovation and carbon dioxide transport and storage solutions and working multi-laterally through the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum and North Sea Basin Task Force; • Continuing to be a global leader in CCUS investments through the UK’s £60 million international CCS programme which has been running since 2012, by investing a further £10 million in the programme. This will further strengthen international action on CCUS and draw on UK technical and commercial expertise; and • Organising an international Global Carbon Capture Usage and Storage Conference in 2018 with international partners.', 'This will further strengthen international action on CCUS and draw on UK technical and commercial expertise; and • Organising an international Global Carbon Capture Usage and Storage Conference in 2018 with international partners. Innovation: The Government will spend up to £100 million from the BEIS Energy Innovation Programme to support Industry and CCUS innovation and deployment in the UK including £20 million of funding available for a carbon capture and utilisation demonstration programme to invest in new innovative technologies that capture and utilise carbon dioxide. The programme will also support next generation capture technologies, with an aim to lower the cost of capture compared to the current best performing technologies; and small-scale industrial capture demonstrations to reduce the risks associated with carbon capture on an industrial site.', 'The programme will also support next generation capture technologies, with an aim to lower the cost of capture compared to the current best performing technologies; and small-scale industrial capture demonstrations to reduce the risks associated with carbon capture on an industrial site. We also intend to support the application of CCUS in low carbon hydrogen production; develop our understanding of the role of GGR technologies, including bio-energy with carbon capture and storage; and support innovations that reduce the cost of transporting and storing carbon dioxide. The Government intends to set out further detail in 2018. Investing in supporting new UK CCUS technologies and companies The Government has provided over £4 million to support Carbon Clean Solutions Ltd, a UK headquartered company.', 'Investing in supporting new UK CCUS technologies and companies The Government has provided over £4 million to support Carbon Clean Solutions Ltd, a UK headquartered company. This has supported the research, development and deployment of their novel carbon capture solvent technologies contributing to cost reductions in both the capital and operating costs of the technologies. In early 2017, building on this early support from the UK Government, Carbon Clean Solutions launched an innovative carbon capture and utilisation project in India.', 'In early 2017, building on this early support from the UK Government, Carbon Clean Solutions launched an innovative carbon capture and utilisation project in India. In March 2017 Carbon Clean Solutions signed a partnership agreement with the global resource management company, Veolia, for a large-scale rollout of Carbon Clean Solution’s carbon capture technology in a number of industrial processes.Improving Our Homes 72 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Progress Homes now account for 13 per cent173 of the UK’s emissions (rising to 22 per cent once electricity use is taken into account174). The average household’s energy consumption has fallen by over 17 per cent since 1990175.', 'The average household’s energy consumption has fallen by over 17 per cent since 1990175. This has been driven by a combination of: tighter building and products standards, in particular better boilers; the uptake of insulation and other energy efficiency measures, mainly delivered through obligations on energy suppliers; and greater awareness of potential energy savings. While there are now approximately a quarter more homes than in 1990, the overall total of emissions from the sector has reduced by about a fifth over this period176.', 'While there are now approximately a quarter more homes than in 1990, the overall total of emissions from the sector has reduced by about a fifth over this period176. 173 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions 174 BEIS (2017) Annex 1990 – 2015 Final emissions by end user and fuel type Annex_1990-2015_Final_emissions_by_end_user_and_fuel_type.pdf A minor adjustment for fluorinated gases has been made, which are accounted with the Natural Resources sector 175 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK Change in average consumption per household 1990-2016.', '173 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions 174 BEIS (2017) Annex 1990 – 2015 Final emissions by end user and fuel type Annex_1990-2015_Final_emissions_by_end_user_and_fuel_type.pdf A minor adjustment for fluorinated gases has been made, which are accounted with the Natural Resources sector 175 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK Change in average consumption per household 1990-2016. 176 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source: BEIS Energy Consumption in the UK, 2017 Figure 18: Total energy consumption and emissions of UK homes, 1990-2015 Total nal energy consumption Total emissionsThe Clean Growth Strategy Reducing emissions through the measures listed above not only creates better quality homes but cuts the costs of heating them.', '176 BEIS (2017) UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions Source: BEIS Energy Consumption in the UK, 2017 Figure 18: Total energy consumption and emissions of UK homes, 1990-2015 Total nal energy consumption Total emissionsThe Clean Growth Strategy Reducing emissions through the measures listed above not only creates better quality homes but cuts the costs of heating them. Almost 79 per cent of homes in England in 2015 had an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) rating of Band D or better compared to 39 per cent in 2005177. Upgrading energy efficiency from an EPC Band E to an EPC Band D reduces energy costs by £380 per year on average.', 'Upgrading energy efficiency from an EPC Band E to an EPC Band D reduces energy costs by £380 per year on average. For example, the annual running cost of a Band C rated home are £270 lower than the average Band D rated home and £650 less than the average Band E rated home178. Improved energy efficiency also offers substantial health benefits. There is a clear link between cold homes and ill-health, where existing conditions (such as respiratory illnesses or mental health conditions) are exacerbated. The Building Research Establishment (BRE) has estimated, conservatively, that the cost of cold and damp homes to the NHS is approximately £760 million per year179.', 'The Building Research Establishment (BRE) has estimated, conservatively, that the cost of cold and damp homes to the NHS is approximately £760 million per year179. Increasing resilience to rising temperatures is also a potentially significant climate change challenge and we are undertaking research into whether further measures on overheating are necessary for new homes.', 'Increasing resilience to rising temperatures is also a potentially significant climate change challenge and we are undertaking research into whether further measures on overheating are necessary for new homes. DCLG (2017) English Housing Survey 2015 to 2016 BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Building Research Establishment (2011) The cost of poor housing to the NHS BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Average cost (£) Source: DCLG A /B C D E F G Figure 19: Average annual cost of energy in homes by energy ef ciency rating, 201418074 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Obligations on energy suppliers such as the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) are estimated to have reduced dual fuel customers’ bills by over £800 million across the UK in 2016181.', 'DCLG (2017) English Housing Survey 2015 to 2016 BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Building Research Establishment (2011) The cost of poor housing to the NHS BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Average cost (£) Source: DCLG A /B C D E F G Figure 19: Average annual cost of energy in homes by energy ef ciency rating, 201418074 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Obligations on energy suppliers such as the Energy Company Obligation (ECO) are estimated to have reduced dual fuel customers’ bills by over £800 million across the UK in 2016181. Since 2013, ECO has driven the installation of 2.1 million energy efficiency measures in 1.7 million properties182.', 'Since 2013, ECO has driven the installation of 2.1 million energy efficiency measures in 1.7 million properties182. Separately, the Domestic Renewable Heat Incentive has enabled householders to install over 55,000 low carbon heating technologies such as heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar water heating183. In particular, progress has been made to upgrade the homes of those living in fuel poverty: the number of fuel poor households in England living in homes at energy efficiency rating E or below reduced from 1.8 million in 2010 to 920,000 in 2015184. In parallel, the roll-out of smart meters is helping to give households more control over their energy use, based on near real-time information. As of June 2017, 7.7 million smart and advanced meters were operating in homes and small business sites across the country185.', 'As of June 2017, 7.7 million smart and advanced meters were operating in homes and small business sites across the country185. 181 BEIS analysis 182 BEIS (August 2017) Household Energy Efficiency National Statistics 183 BEIS (July 2017) Renewable Heat Incentive Statistics Existing policy e Emissions from homes have decreased By 2032 emissions could be as low as 58 Mt Emissions from homes could need to be as low as 6 Mt by 2050 Source: BEIS indicative range Figure 20: Actual and projected emissions in homes, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy 187 BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Ambition We want to further reduce emissions from homes while ensuring that everyone has a home that is comfortable, heathy and affordable to run.', '181 BEIS analysis 182 BEIS (August 2017) Household Energy Efficiency National Statistics 183 BEIS (July 2017) Renewable Heat Incentive Statistics Existing policy e Emissions from homes have decreased By 2032 emissions could be as low as 58 Mt Emissions from homes could need to be as low as 6 Mt by 2050 Source: BEIS indicative range Figure 20: Actual and projected emissions in homes, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy 187 BEIS analysis based on English Housing Survey data Ambition We want to further reduce emissions from homes while ensuring that everyone has a home that is comfortable, heathy and affordable to run. Our objective is to ensure our policies will encourage people to improve their homes where it is cost effective and affordable for them to do so.', 'Our objective is to ensure our policies will encourage people to improve their homes where it is cost effective and affordable for them to do so. One possible pathway to 2032 could involve emissions from homes falling by almost one fifth compared to today, to around 58 Mt by 2032. To achieve this 2032 pathway, we will need to ensure existing buildings waste even less energy. This pathway could see a further six to nine million properties insulated, especially focusing on those in fuel poverty where we are aiming to have the 2.5 million fuel poor homes in England improved to energy efficiency rating C or better by 2030186. More broadly, our aspiration is that as many homes as possible are improved to EPC Band C by 2035, where practical, cost-effective and affordable.', 'More broadly, our aspiration is that as many homes as possible are improved to EPC Band C by 2035, where practical, cost-effective and affordable. Reducing demand for energy will not be enough on its own to meet our ambitions for homes. By 2050, we will also likely need to fully decarbonise how we heat our homes. There are a number of low carbon heating technologies with the potential to support the scale of change needed, including heat pumps, using low carbon gases (such as hydrogen) in our existing gas grid and district heat networks. However, at present it is not certain which approaches or combination of them will work best at scale and offers the most cost-effective long-term answer. Decarbonising heat is our most difficult policy and technology challenge to meet our carbon targets.', 'Decarbonising heat is our most difficult policy and technology challenge to meet our carbon targets. We will therefore need to lay the groundwork this Parliament so we are ready to make decisions in the first half of the next decade about the long term future of how we heat our homes, including the future of the gas grid (please see box below on the Future of Heat Decarbonisation). This includes support for innovation to test and bring down the cost of low carbon heating technologies, many of which are currently too expensive. Ahead of these decisions, we can take further action to reduce emissions from heating the 850,000 homes187 currently not connected to the gas grid in England and that use oil for heating.', 'Ahead of these decisions, we can take further action to reduce emissions from heating the 850,000 homes187 currently not connected to the gas grid in England and that use oil for heating. We also need to avoid new homes needing to be retrofitted later and ensure that they can all accommodate low carbon heating. This could involve all new homes off the gas grid from the mid-2020s being heated by a low carbon system, such as a heat pump.76 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Opportunities The energy efficiency industry already contributes substantially to the low carbon economy, supporting 144,000 direct employees187. In 2016, investment in energy efficiency globally grew by nine per cent with substantial levels of global investment in energy efficiency predicted to deliver on the Paris Agreement.', 'In 2016, investment in energy efficiency globally grew by nine per cent with substantial levels of global investment in energy efficiency predicted to deliver on the Paris Agreement. This is coupled with a potentially substantial domestic market of 27 million homes. The UK, therefore, has the opportunity to become a trusted leader in the quality, service and installation of low carbon and energy efficiency products and an exporter of knowledge, skills and products to other countries. These markets can build on the success of the UK gas boiler market – the biggest boiler market in the world, in terms of value and volume (the annual market value for boilers in the UK is around £2.5-£3 billion188) with some of the most experienced manufacturers and installers.', 'These markets can build on the success of the UK gas boiler market – the biggest boiler market in the world, in terms of value and volume (the annual market value for boilers in the UK is around £2.5-£3 billion188) with some of the most experienced manufacturers and installers. 187 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 188 Delta Energy & Environment (2016) Heat Insight Service, August 2016 Briefing note Exeter Road Project Enfield’s award-winning Exeter Road Project combined energy efficiency measures with the installation of a ground source heat pump system to provide a new heating and hot water system to 185 flats. The new heating system is estimated to reduce fuel costs by 80 per cent per flat, saving residents as much as £500 a year.', 'The new heating system is estimated to reduce fuel costs by 80 per cent per flat, saving residents as much as £500 a year. Exeter Road resident Ms Adeleke says: “I am very happy with the heating, it keeps my home warm all of the time. My old heating didn’t work properly all day and wasn’t in every room. It is cheaper to run than the other heating so far this winter.”The Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Improving People’s Homes and Reducing Bills 1. ECO will upgrade around a million homes, supporting £3.6 billion of investment. We have changed the scheme so it is more focused on households with low incomes. We will extend support for home energy efficiency out to 2028 at least at the current level of ECO funding.', 'We will extend support for home energy efficiency out to 2028 at least at the current level of ECO funding. We will review the best form of support beyond 2022 recognising the need to both save carbon and meet the Government’s commitment to upgrade all fuel poor homes to EPC Band C by 2030. 2. For privately rented homes, we have legislated so that from April 2018, landlords of the worst performing properties will need to improve those properties to a minimum of EPC Band E before they can be let, lowering bills for some of the most vulnerable private tenants while ensuring costs of improvements are reasonable and affordable. We will consult shortly on steps to make these regulations more effective. 3.', 'We will consult shortly on steps to make these regulations more effective. 3. The Government will look at a long term trajectory for energy performance standards across the private rented sector, with the aim of as many private rented homes as possible being upgraded to EPC Band C by 2030, where practical, cost-effective and affordable. We will consider options with a view to consulting in 2018. In addition, the Government will also look at how social housing can meet similar standards on the same timetable. When looking at this we will need to take account of the findings of the independent public inquiry into the fire at Grenfell Tower189 and the Government’s separate work looking at wider social housing policy issues190. 4.', 'When looking at this we will need to take account of the findings of the independent public inquiry into the fire at Grenfell Tower189 and the Government’s separate work looking at wider social housing policy issues190. 4. We want all fuel poor homes to be upgraded to EPC Band C by 2030, and our aspiration is that, across the whole housing stock, as many homes as possible reach a similar standard by 2035, where practical, cost- effective and affordable. 5. To build the market for energy efficiency, we need to make it as easy as possible for people to pay for and make home energy efficiency improvements.', 'To build the market for energy efficiency, we need to make it as easy as possible for people to pay for and make home energy efficiency improvements. We are publishing a call for evidence on additional measures to encourage energy performance improvements, including a focus on: • Working with mortgage lenders to incorporate energy efficiency into their lending decisions, alongside developing innovative “green mortgage” products. The Government is now exploring ways that it could support the launch of more products, and further details are included in our call for evidence. • Looking at incentives and other levers that could encourage homeowners to invest in energy efficiency improvements. 189 Grenfell Tower Inquiry (2017) Terms of Reference 190 Prime Minister’s response of 15th August 2017 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 6.', '189 Grenfell Tower Inquiry (2017) Terms of Reference 190 Prime Minister’s response of 15th August 2017 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 6. We will work with industry to implement the independent, industry-led Each Home Counts191 review to improve quality and standards for all retrofit energy efficiency and renewable energy installations. 7. We will replace the existing, telephone- only Energy Saving Advice Service with a digitally-led service by spring 2018, working closely with the Each Home Counts implementation, offering tailored advice on improving the energy performance of people’s homes. 8. Homeowners expect building work that improves the energy efficiency of a property to be high quality, helping them reduce energy bills and making their homes more comfortable. The Government has commissioned an independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, being led by Dame Judith Hackitt.', 'The Government has commissioned an independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, being led by Dame Judith Hackitt. The review will report in spring 2018. Subject to the conclusions of that review, the Government intends to consult on making improvements to Building Regulations requirements, so that any new work (i.e. extensions to a property and other building work) to existing properties meets a high standard of energy efficiency, where the evidence shows there are cost-effective and affordable opportunities and that it is safe and practical to do so. Any improvements would focus on the standards of the work carried out on properties itself, and would not include any wider “consequential” improvements to other parts of the property. 9.', 'Any improvements would focus on the standards of the work carried out on properties itself, and would not include any wider “consequential” improvements to other parts of the property. 9. Following the sale of the Green Deal Finance Company, the Government is publishing a call for evidence on how to reform and streamline the Green Deal framework to make the “Pay as You Save” system more accessible to businesses, while ensuring adequate protection for consumers. 10. It could be possible to extend EPCs to other trigger points and we will issue a Call for Evidence by spring 2018 seeking views in this area, as well as wider views on how EPCs could be further improved, in light of new sources of data and capabilities.', 'It could be possible to extend EPCs to other trigger points and we will issue a Call for Evidence by spring 2018 seeking views in this area, as well as wider views on how EPCs could be further improved, in light of new sources of data and capabilities. As the EPC requirements derive from the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, any future changes will need to be considered in the context of leaving the European Union. 11. Energy performance improvements installed in both new build and existing properties can fall short of expectations. The Government has commissioned an independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, being led by Dame Judith Hackitt192. The review will report in spring 2018.', 'The review will report in spring 2018. Following the outcome of this review and subject to its conclusions we will look at the potential for any further action on compliance and enforcement related to energy performance. We will also continue to explore innovative solutions to this problem, such as measuring actual building performance using data from smart meters, and working with the industry to develop a ‘quality mark’ to drive up standards. 191 DCLG (2016) Each Home Counts: Review of Consumer Advice, Protection, Standards, and Enforcement for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy', '191 DCLG (2016) Each Home Counts: Review of Consumer Advice, Protection, Standards, and Enforcement for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy uk/government/publications/each-home-counts-review-of-consumer-advice-protection-standards-and-enforcement-for-energy-efficiency-and-renewable-energy 192 Grenfell Tower Inquiry (2017) Terms of Reference terms-of-referenceThe Clean Growth Strategy 193 BEIS (2017) Boiler Standards IA 194 BEIS (2016) The Renewable Heat Incentive: A reformed and refocused scheme the-renewable-heat-incentive-a-reformed-and-refocused-scheme 195 Defra (2017) £200 million boost for rural England 12. We will ensure every home is offered a smart meter by the end of 2020 and we expect energy suppliers to make every effort to provide smart meters to all their customers.', 'We will ensure every home is offered a smart meter by the end of 2020 and we expect energy suppliers to make every effort to provide smart meters to all their customers. We will: • Continue to work with suppliers to ensure that people are provided with tailored advice when a smart meter is installed; • Trial the provision of regular information about their energy use to encourage long- term energy savings; and • Explore how the data available through the national smart metering platform can, with customers’ consent, support personalised recommendations for saving energy, more targeted policy interventions and help businesses develop energy saving offers. 13.', 'We will: • Continue to work with suppliers to ensure that people are provided with tailored advice when a smart meter is installed; • Trial the provision of regular information about their energy use to encourage long- term energy savings; and • Explore how the data available through the national smart metering platform can, with customers’ consent, support personalised recommendations for saving energy, more targeted policy interventions and help businesses develop energy saving offers. 13. Alongside this Strategy, the Government has published Boiler Plus, improving standards for the 1.2 million new boilers193 installed in England every year and ensuring control devices are included with every installation so people can more easily control comfort in their own homes for less fuel from April 2018. Encouraging the Take-up of Cleaner Heating Systems 14.', 'Encouraging the Take-up of Cleaner Heating Systems 14. Through the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), we are spending £4.5 billion between 2016 and 2021 to support innovative low carbon heat technologies in homes and businesses, such as heat pumps, biomass boilers and solar water heaters. We are also reforming the RHI to focus the scheme towards long-term decarbonisation through greater uptake of technologies such as heat pumps and bio methane (biogas to grid)194. 15. Beyond the RHI, our ambition is to phase out the installation of high carbon fossil fuel heating in new and existing off gas grid residential buildings (which are mostly in rural areas) during the 2020s, starting with new homes as these lend themselves more readily to other forms of low carbon heating.', 'Beyond the RHI, our ambition is to phase out the installation of high carbon fossil fuel heating in new and existing off gas grid residential buildings (which are mostly in rural areas) during the 2020s, starting with new homes as these lend themselves more readily to other forms of low carbon heating. In line with broader Government priorities on delivering clean air, we are considering a range of policy options to support this, and are investing £10 million in an innovation challenge fund to support low carbon heating systems. We will involve consumers and industry in developing our new policy so that it is straightforward for people to get new technologies installed. The Government will also explore the use of the £200 million package of Growth Programme and Countryside Productivity offers to support renewable energy projects in rural areas195.', 'The Government will also explore the use of the £200 million package of Growth Programme and Countryside Productivity offers to support renewable energy projects in rural areas195. 16. In the Spending Review 2015, we allocated funding out to 2021 to grow the UK heat networks market so it is self-sustaining in the longer term. This could support significant investment of private and other capital by 2021. This will enable the construction of heat networks in areas of high heat demand density such as urban centres, campuses and business parks, including in rural locations.', 'This will enable the construction of heat networks in areas of high heat demand density such as urban centres, campuses and business parks, including in rural locations. Following recommendations from an industry taskforce, we will also examine the measures necessary to create an effective long-term market framework for the sector beyond 2020.80 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 196 All figures are indicative and are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests. 17. The Government has commissioned an independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, being led by Dame Judith Hackitt. The review will report in Spring 2018.', 'The review will report in Spring 2018. Following the outcome of the independent review, and subject to its conclusions, the Government intends to consult on improving requirements for new homes where the evidence suggests that there are cost-effective and affordable opportunities, and it is safe and practical to do so. This will look to ensure that new homes are future- proofed for the installation of lower carbon heating systems where this is cost-effective and affordable. This will help to phase out high carbon fossil fuels in the future, starting with homes off the gas grid. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest £184 million196 out to 2021 in research, development and deployment of innovative energy efficiency and heating technologies, and the gas network.', 'Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest £184 million196 out to 2021 in research, development and deployment of innovative energy efficiency and heating technologies, and the gas network. These will address the key innovation challenges to meet our long-term goals, including: • Developing better energy efficiency and heating technologies. We need innovation in products, supply chain capacity and skills, and new business models to reduce the expense and challenge of retrofit solutions. To deliver this the Research Councils are investing over £70 million in energy efficiency, including £22 million in buildings research. In addition, we will run: • A new £10 million grant fund for the innovation of new insulation materials, installation methods and business models for existing buildings.', 'In addition, we will run: • A new £10 million grant fund for the innovation of new insulation materials, installation methods and business models for existing buildings. • A further £10 million grant fund will focus on making low carbon heating technologies more affordable, better performing, and attractive to the consumer. • We also need to ensure that existing regulation does not impede the development of new low cost energy efficiency technologies. This will be considered as part of our call for evidence on additional measures to encourage energy improvements alongside this Strategy. • Building lower cost, low carbon homes. New methods in construction including factory production and off-site manufacturing may help us build new energy efficient homes more quickly and more cheaply.', 'New methods in construction including factory production and off-site manufacturing may help us build new energy efficient homes more quickly and more cheaply. The Government is currently tendering a £1.4 million three-year research project to address the drivers, barriers, and challenges of new low carbon homes.The Clean Growth Strategy 197 BEIS (July 2017) Funding for innovative approaches to a low carbon built environment funding-for-innovative-approaches-to-using-hydrogen-gas-for-heating • Behaviour change. Innovation can help overcome non-financial barriers, in particular behavioural barriers, to energy efficiency. Research Councils are planning to invest around £19 million to research how people’s energy choices can help them stop wasting as much energy. Government is investing in smart ways of developing heating services, with work led by the Energy Systems Catapult. • Network solutions.', 'Government is investing in smart ways of developing heating services, with work led by the Energy Systems Catapult. • Network solutions. To inform the decisions that will be needed on our long term approach to decarbonising heat (please see box below on the Future of Heat Decarbonisation), we will run a £25 million project on using hydrogen as an alternative to natural gas197, including looking at regulatory standards and the development of appliances. • Supporting innovation through policy instruments. We recognise that the way in which Government policies are designed can have an impact on the rate of deployment of new, innovative low carbon and energy efficient technologies.', 'We recognise that the way in which Government policies are designed can have an impact on the rate of deployment of new, innovative low carbon and energy efficient technologies. As such, we will explore ways in which we could make it easier for innovative approaches or products to be installed under our consumer-facing schemes such as ECO – potentially reducing costs, improving the overall performance of the technologies, and building a stronger evidence base on the savings they deliver. • Ofgem is making available up to £195 million for gas network companies in Great Britain to develop and demonstrate new technologies as well as new operating and commercial arrangements. Econovate Econovate, based in Hemel Hempstead produce construction ‘blocks’ made from recycled waste which might otherwise end up in landfill.', 'Econovate Econovate, based in Hemel Hempstead produce construction ‘blocks’ made from recycled waste which might otherwise end up in landfill. They received an Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grant of £800,000, and their product is now fully certified for use. Econovate have subsequently raised over £645,000 capital funding to grow the manufacturing of their award winning product which has a high level of performance, saving more than 300kg of CO per cubic metre compared to standard concrete, and which is four times stronger than current blocks.82 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The Future of Heat Decarbonisation Heating our homes, businesses and industry accounts for nearly half of all energy use in the UK and a third of our carbon emissions. Nearly 70 per cent of our heat is produced from natural gas.', 'Nearly 70 per cent of our heat is produced from natural gas. Meeting our target of reducing emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050 implies decarbonising nearly all heat in buildings and most industrial processes. Reducing the demand for heat through improved energy efficiency will have an important role to play but will not by itself suffice to meet our 2050 target. We need to lay the groundwork in this Parliament to set up decisions in the first half of the next decade about the long term future of heat. The demands on our energy infrastructure will change as low carbon heating technologies take over from fossil fuels, with a greater dependence on electricity and potentially new infrastructure needed for system balancing and the generation of low carbon gases.', 'The demands on our energy infrastructure will change as low carbon heating technologies take over from fossil fuels, with a greater dependence on electricity and potentially new infrastructure needed for system balancing and the generation of low carbon gases. Supply chains will need time to grow to provide products and services consumers across the country will need. There is a range of low carbon heating technologies with the potential to support the scale of change needed. These include the electrification of heating with households moving away from gas or oil boilers, to electric heat pumps; decarbonising the gas grid by substituting natural gas with low carbon gases like biogas and hydrogen; and heat networks (which are likely to be particularly effective in dense urban areas).', 'These include the electrification of heating with households moving away from gas or oil boilers, to electric heat pumps; decarbonising the gas grid by substituting natural gas with low carbon gases like biogas and hydrogen; and heat networks (which are likely to be particularly effective in dense urban areas). At present, it is not clear which approach will work best at scale and offer the most cost-effective, long term answer. We will work with industry, network operators, manufacturers, and consumers to achieve a clear and shared understanding of the potential as well as the costs and benefits and implications of different pathways for the long term decarbonisation of heat.', 'We will work with industry, network operators, manufacturers, and consumers to achieve a clear and shared understanding of the potential as well as the costs and benefits and implications of different pathways for the long term decarbonisation of heat. This includes modelling the costs and benefits of different approaches, establishing the likely level of change for households and demands on the electricity grid building on the work of others in this field. Government has commissioned research into different heat demand scenarios, the use of hydrogen, what changes might be needed to the electricity grid in response to large scale uptake of heat pumps, the role that bioenergy might play in decarbonising heat and international activity.', 'Government has commissioned research into different heat demand scenarios, the use of hydrogen, what changes might be needed to the electricity grid in response to large scale uptake of heat pumps, the role that bioenergy might play in decarbonising heat and international activity. We plan to publish initial findings from a number of studies later this year, and a full report on our review of the evidence by summer 2018.The Clean Growth Strategy 198 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions statistics 1990-2015 199 Provisional statistics suggest that GHG emissions from transport may show an increase 1990-2016.', 'We plan to publish initial findings from a number of studies later this year, and a full report on our review of the evidence by summer 2018.The Clean Growth Strategy 198 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions statistics 1990-2015 199 Provisional statistics suggest that GHG emissions from transport may show an increase 1990-2016. BEIS (2017) Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions statistics 200 Fuel efficiencies are from DfT modelling using DfT (2017) Vehicle statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road: A 2015 update 201 DfT (2016) Road traffic estimates in Great Britain: 2015 Measured in ‘vehicle miles’ which combines the number of vehicles on the road and how far they drive.', 'Measured in ‘vehicle miles’ which combines the number of vehicles on the road and how far they drive. 202 DfT (2017) Licensed vehicles and new registration tables VEH0102 203 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions statistics 1990-2015 Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport Progress Transport emissions in 2015 were down two per cent compared to 1990198,199. While new cars in the UK are up to 16 per cent more efficient than they were in 2000200, this improvement has been largely offset by a nine per cent increase in road traffic to 2015201, with the number of registered vehicles increasing over the same period from 28.9 million to 36.5 million202. The transport sector now accounts for 24 per cent of the UK’s emissions203.', 'The transport sector now accounts for 24 per cent of the UK’s emissions203. Source: DfT, BEIS Figure 21: Emissions intensity of road transport (cars, vans and HGVs) 1990-2015 Road transport travel (km) Road transport emissions intensity (grams/km)84 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Improvements by manufacturers in the fuel efficiency of vehicles have largely been driven by tighter regulation, mainly set at EU level204. Driving a new car bought in 2015 would have saved car owners up to £200 on their annual fuel bill, compared to a car bought new in the year 2000205. The fuel we use in our cars is also lower carbon, with the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) driving the greater use of biofuels.', 'The fuel we use in our cars is also lower carbon, with the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) driving the greater use of biofuels. Biofuels now account for around three per cent of fuel sales, with around half of that derived from wastes206. Average greenhouse gas savings from biofuels are around 70 per cent compared to petrol and diesel207. The RTFO has stimulated around £1 billion of investment in UK production facilities208 including, for instance, Argent Energy’s £75 million production plant in Cheshire which is using innovative technology to turn sewage waste into biodiesel209. We are now seeing greater innovation from carmakers, beyond the internal combustion engine, as the world accelerates towards mass adoption of zero emission vehicles. The UK now has over 115,000 ULEVs on the road210.', 'The UK now has over 115,000 ULEVs on the road210. ULEV uptake has been driven through a combination of grants, which reduce the upfront costs of ultra low emission cars by up to £4,500211, together with improved charging infrastructure212 and new approaches like the £40 million Go Ultra Low Cities scheme, through which eight local authority areas are trialling local initiatives including city centre charge point hubs, free parking and access to bus lanes for ULEVs213. On public transport, Government has invested £37 billion in the public transport system between 2011 and 2016214. Rail passenger journeys are now at their highest level since the 1920s215.', 'Rail passenger journeys are now at their highest level since the 1920s215. 204 With a target of 95g/km for cars in 2021 (down from 146g/km in 2009) - Reducing CO Emissions from passenger cars, transport/vehicles/cars_en 205 Annual average household saving from driving a car purchased new in 2015 (the latest year for which data is available) compared to driving a car purchased new in 2000. Fuel savings valued using 2015 prices.', 'Fuel savings valued using 2015 prices. DfT (2017) National Travel Survey; DfT (2017) Vehicles Statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road; BEIS (2016) Green Book supplementary appraisal guidance 206 DfT (2017) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation statistics: Period 9 2016/17, report 2 207 DfT (2017) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation statistics: Period 8 2015/16, report 6 208 DfT (2014) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation: Post Implementation Review renewable-transport-fuel-obligation-a-draft-post-implementation-review 209 DfT press release (2016) Transport Minister views plans to boost Port of Liverpool transport-minister-views-plans-to-boost-port-of-liverpool 210 DfT (2017) Vehicles registered for the first time by body type, monthly: Great Britain and United Kingdom 211 Currently up to £4,500 for cars, £1,500 for motorcycles, £8,000 for vans, £7,500 for taxis, and through competitive funding support for low emission buses and taxis.', 'DfT (2017) National Travel Survey; DfT (2017) Vehicles Statistics; ICCT (2015) From Laboratory to Road; BEIS (2016) Green Book supplementary appraisal guidance 206 DfT (2017) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation statistics: Period 9 2016/17, report 2 207 DfT (2017) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation statistics: Period 8 2015/16, report 6 208 DfT (2014) Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation: Post Implementation Review renewable-transport-fuel-obligation-a-draft-post-implementation-review 209 DfT press release (2016) Transport Minister views plans to boost Port of Liverpool transport-minister-views-plans-to-boost-port-of-liverpool 210 DfT (2017) Vehicles registered for the first time by body type, monthly: Great Britain and United Kingdom 211 Currently up to £4,500 for cars, £1,500 for motorcycles, £8,000 for vans, £7,500 for taxis, and through competitive funding support for low emission buses and taxis. 212 Currently up to £500 for home charge-points, up to £300 per socket for workplace charging and up to £7,500 per charge points for local authorities putting charging in residential areas.', '212 Currently up to £500 for home charge-points, up to £300 per socket for workplace charging and up to £7,500 per charge points for local authorities putting charging in residential areas. 213 £40 million to drive green car revolution across UK cities 214 HM Treasury (2016) Country and regional analysis: 2016 Clean Growth Strategy Ambition We want a more modern transport system – one that is clean, affordable and easy to use. That means cutting our carbon dioxide emissions, and improving our air quality – clean air is one of the most basic requirements of a healthy environment for us all to live, work and bring up families. To meet our 2050 target, almost every car and van will need to be zero emission by 2050.', 'To meet our 2050 target, almost every car and van will need to be zero emission by 2050. The Government has announced an end to the sale of all new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2040. Emissions from heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) will also need to reduce significantly to make a meaningful contribution towards meeting the UK’s overall 2050 target. Walking and cycling will be made easier for many shorter journeys. By 2040, we want cycling and walking to be the natural choices for shorter journeys, or as part of a longer journey. We will continue to modernise our aviation and shipping sectors, both through international action, such as standards and offsetting schemes, and domestically, for example through support for sustainable alternative fuels, improved efficiency and new technologies216.', 'We will continue to modernise our aviation and shipping sectors, both through international action, such as standards and offsetting schemes, and domestically, for example through support for sustainable alternative fuels, improved efficiency and new technologies216. One possible pathway to 2032 could involve emissions from transport falling by almost 30 per cent compared to today (to around 83 Mt by 2032). 216 Although emissions from international aviation and shipping are not currently included in the UK’s targets under the Climate Change Act, our carbon budgets put the UK on a trajectory consistent with a 2050 target that includes these emissions. The Government has not reached a final view on the appropriate level of aviation emissions in 2050. For details on modelling assumptions, please see the technical annex.', 'For details on modelling assumptions, please see the technical annex. Source: BEIS, DfT By 2032 emissions could be as low as 83 Mt Emissions from transport could need to be as low as 3 Mt by 2050 Emissions from transport have decreased Existing policy Million tonnes indicative range Figure 22: Actual and projected emissions in transport, taking into account the clean86 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy To achieve this 2032 pathway, we need to further upgrade our transport system: • ULEVs on the market today are already an attractive proposition for a significant proportion of motorists given the significantly lower running costs, but we can do more to accelerate ULEV development and uptake.', 'Source: BEIS, DfT By 2032 emissions could be as low as 83 Mt Emissions from transport could need to be as low as 3 Mt by 2050 Emissions from transport have decreased Existing policy Million tonnes indicative range Figure 22: Actual and projected emissions in transport, taking into account the clean86 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy To achieve this 2032 pathway, we need to further upgrade our transport system: • ULEVs on the market today are already an attractive proposition for a significant proportion of motorists given the significantly lower running costs, but we can do more to accelerate ULEV development and uptake. ULEVs should become progressively more affordable as economies of scale are realised and they could provide savings for consumers compared to equivalent internal combustion engine cars by the mid-2020s or sooner217.', 'ULEVs should become progressively more affordable as economies of scale are realised and they could provide savings for consumers compared to equivalent internal combustion engine cars by the mid-2020s or sooner217. As a result, at least 30 per cent of new car sales are expected to be ULEVs by 2030, and possibly as many as 70 per cent. For new vans, up to 40 per cent of sales could be ULEVs by 2030. • There needs to be significant improvement in the efficiency of HGVs, with new HGVs needing to be up to 15 per cent more efficient by 2030. We also need to take steps to encourage the industry in moving towards low emission technologies. • We need a cleaner public transport system.', '• We need a cleaner public transport system. Low emission buses now represent 13 per cent of all buses in the UK218,219, but we want to go well beyond this to achieve significant uptake of ultra low and zero emission buses. We will seek more use of electric, bi-mode (electric and diesel hybrid) and alternative fuel traction on the railway, and will continue to invest in route electrification where it benefits passengers220. • It will be important to reduce the number of shorter journeys made by car, by supporting people to use alternative forms of transport for these trips such as cycling and walking. • We want to see a near doubling of sustainable bioenergy used in the transport sector.', '• We want to see a near doubling of sustainable bioenergy used in the transport sector. Opportunities The UK already has a thriving automotive sector, producing 1.7 million cars annually, employing over 160,000 people and generating £40 billion in exports221. The sector’s skilled workforce, established manufacturing bases and high productivity ideally place it to be a world leader in the low emission vehicle market. In 2015, low emission vehicle exports were already estimated to be worth £2.5 billion to the UK economy222. With 80 per cent of UK produced vehicles already exported across the world223 and increasing global demand for low emission vehicles the UK industry has real opportunity to further expand. 217 This is based on the whole-life cost of electric vehicles.', '217 This is based on the whole-life cost of electric vehicles. The up-front cost of these vehicles is expected to fall below that of conventional vehicles in the second half of the 2020s. Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2015) Are the economics of EVs competitive with conventional cars? ; Element Energy (2016) Low carbon cars in the 2020s; International Council on Clean Transportation (2016) Evolution of incentives to sustain the transition to a global electric vehicle fleet.', '; Element Energy (2016) Low carbon cars in the 2020s; International Council on Clean Transportation (2016) Evolution of incentives to sustain the transition to a global electric vehicle fleet. 218 Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership (retrieved August 2017): 219 DfT (2016) Vehicle stocks technology and equipment 220 DfT (2017) Written Statement to Parliament: Rail update: bi-mode train technology 221 Automotive Council (2017) The UK Automotive Sector: core briefing, 222 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 223 Automotive Council UK (2017) The UK Automotive Sector: core briefing, Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Accelerating Take up of Ultra Low Emission Vehicles 1.', '218 Low Carbon Vehicle Partnership (retrieved August 2017): 219 DfT (2016) Vehicle stocks technology and equipment 220 DfT (2017) Written Statement to Parliament: Rail update: bi-mode train technology 221 Automotive Council (2017) The UK Automotive Sector: core briefing, 222 ONS (2017) Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy Survey, final estimates: 2015 223 Automotive Council UK (2017) The UK Automotive Sector: core briefing, Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Accelerating Take up of Ultra Low Emission Vehicles 1. The Government has announced an end to the sale of all new conventional petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2040. 2. We are spending £1 billion to drive the uptake of ULEVs.', 'We are spending £1 billion to drive the uptake of ULEVs. If battery prices continue to fall there will be less need for Government subsidies for new vehicles in the future. We will provide support for ULEVs to help the development of a mature and self-sufficient market. 3. We will encourage ULEV uptake through schemes that build on our experience in delivering initiatives - for example the £40 million ‘Go Ultra Low Cities’ scheme. 4. We want to have one of the best electric vehicle (EV) charging networks in the world. We will set out our strategy to achieve this using regulation, funding and private investment.', 'We will set out our strategy to achieve this using regulation, funding and private investment. To support this: • In addition to workplace and residential charging support, the Government has also allocated an additional £80 million to support charging infrastructure deployment, alongside £15 million from Highways England to ensure rapid charge points every 20 miles across 95 per cent of England’s Strategic Road Network225. • New powers under the Automated and Electric Vehicles Bill226 will allow the Government to set specific requirements for the provision of EV charge points or hydrogen refuelling infrastructure at motorway service stations and large fuel retailers, as well as ensuring that charge points are convenient to access and work seamlessly right across the UK. 224 DEFRA (2017) UK plan for tackling roadside nitrogen dioxide concentration: Detailed plan.', '224 DEFRA (2017) UK plan for tackling roadside nitrogen dioxide concentration: Detailed plan. See: 225 UK Parliament (2017) Electric Vehicles: Written question – 59924 226 Cabinet Office (2017) Queen’s Speech Background Briefing Notes 2017 Health Benefits The Government has pledged to be the first generation to leave the environment in a better state than it inherited. As well as significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, wide-scale adoption of ULEVs will improve our health and quality of life by making the air cleaner in our towns and cities.', 'As well as significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions, wide-scale adoption of ULEVs will improve our health and quality of life by making the air cleaner in our towns and cities. While air quality in the UK has been improving in recent decades and will continue to do so due to Government action and investment of over £3 billion in air quality and cleaner transport, there are some parts of the country where there are unacceptable levels of air pollution. Poor air quality remains the largest environmental risk to public health in the UK. The most immediate challenge is the problem of nitrogen dioxide concentrations around some roads, due mainly to conventional road vehicles, and the Government has published a plan to address this224.', 'The most immediate challenge is the problem of nitrogen dioxide concentrations around some roads, due mainly to conventional road vehicles, and the Government has published a plan to address this224. As part of this plan, the Government announced a £255 million Implementation Fund to help local authorities develop and deliver targeted action to improve air quality, and committed to establishing a new Clean Air Fund. In 2018, the Government will also publish a wider Clean Air Strategy, setting out how it will significantly reduce the emissions of five damaging air pollutants by 2020 and 2030.88 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • The Bill will also allow the Government to require all new charge points sold or installed in the UK to be ‘smart’ enabled.', 'In 2018, the Government will also publish a wider Clean Air Strategy, setting out how it will significantly reduce the emissions of five damaging air pollutants by 2020 and 2030.88 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • The Bill will also allow the Government to require all new charge points sold or installed in the UK to be ‘smart’ enabled. This will help shift charging away from peak times of the day, reducing demand on the electricity system and keeping costs lower for everyone. • We will consider the role of regulation to accelerate the UK’s transition to widespread provision of ULEV infrastructure. 5.', '• We will consider the role of regulation to accelerate the UK’s transition to widespread provision of ULEV infrastructure. 5. The Government has provided £4.8 million through the Hydrogen for Transport Advancement Programme to create a network of 12 hydrogen refuelling stations, and £2 million through the Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Fleet Support Scheme to increase uptake of hydrogen fuel cell cars and vans in the public and private sector. A new £23 million fund was recently announced to boost the creation of hydrogen fuel infrastructure and encourage roll-out of hydrogen vehicles227. 6. We will announce plans for the public sector to lead the way in transitioning to zero emission vehicles, with an ambitious uptake requirement for central government and new Buying Standards to encourage procurers to choose the cleanest, low emission vehicle. 7.', 'We will announce plans for the public sector to lead the way in transitioning to zero emission vehicles, with an ambitious uptake requirement for central government and new Buying Standards to encourage procurers to choose the cleanest, low emission vehicle. 7. We will support the uptake of low emission taxis: • The Government will provide £50 million for the Plug-in Taxi programme, which gives taxi drivers up to £7,500 off the purchase price of a new ULEV taxi, alongside £14 million to support ten local areas to deliver dedicated charge points for taxis228. • We will consider whether our revised best practice guidance to local taxi and private hire vehicle (PHV) licensing authorities in England should recommend zero emission capability in urban areas by 2032.', '• We will consider whether our revised best practice guidance to local taxi and private hire vehicle (PHV) licensing authorities in England should recommend zero emission capability in urban areas by 2032. In considering the Law Commission’s recommendation for national taxi and PHV standards in England, we will examine the potential for Government to make this target mandatory. 227 DfT (2017) £23 million boost for hydrogen-powered vehicles and infrastructure 228 BEIS, DfT (2017) 1,000 jobs created at new £325 million factory for electric taxis Electric Cars Sue Bentley from Runcorn, Cheshire: “When I purchased an electric car I was the only one in my neighbourhood at that time. I believe electric vehicles are the way forward, they’re easy to run, reliable and good for the planet.', 'I believe electric vehicles are the way forward, they’re easy to run, reliable and good for the planet. Now seven people in my neighbourhood have one and they love them!”.The Clean Growth Strategy 8. ‘Go Ultra Low’229 brings the Government and leading vehicle manufacturers together to explain the benefits of ULEVs to motorists and businesses, and its success has been internationally recognised. We will continue to work with industry on consumer communications on ULEVs until at least 2020. 9. The Government will set out further detail on a long term strategy for the UK’s transition to zero road vehicle emissions by March 2018. Enabling our Automotive Industry to Become a World Leader in Zero Emission Technologies 10.', 'Enabling our Automotive Industry to Become a World Leader in Zero Emission Technologies 10. The Automotive Council is now developing an Industrial Strategy Sector Deal, building on the £1 billion Advanced Propulsion Centre, which is seeking to establish the UK as a world leader in zero emission vehicle technologies230. The Sector Deal will aim to accelerate the transition to zero emission vehicles, complemented by Automotive Council research to determine UK priorities for the EV supply chain. Developing a More Efficient and Low Carbon Freight System 11. Low emission vans and HGVs between 3.5 and 44 tonnes have been eligible since late 2016 for plug-in grants worth up to £20,000 for the first 200 vehicles bought using the grant231. 12.', 'Low emission vans and HGVs between 3.5 and 44 tonnes have been eligible since late 2016 for plug-in grants worth up to £20,000 for the first 200 vehicles bought using the grant231. 12. We are consulting on proposals to allow category B (car) licence holders to drive slightly heavier vans if they are powered by a low emission technology, effectively offsetting the additional weight of the powertrain232. This will encourage further uptake of cleaner goods vehicles. 13. The Government’s Freight Carbon Review233, published in February 2017, identified a range of measures to help fleet operators reduce their emissions, including through improved fuel efficiency. The Energy Saving Trust is piloting a scheme to advise HGV fleet operators on reducing fuel consumption.', 'The Energy Saving Trust is piloting a scheme to advise HGV fleet operators on reducing fuel consumption. The Government will set out further measures to support the pathway to low emission freight by March 2018, as part of a long term strategy for the UK’s transition to zero vehicle emissions. the potential to reduce emissions by growing rail freight and reducing HGV journeys. We will accelerate our activity to enable cost- effective options for shifting more freight from road to rail, including using low emission rail freight for deliveries into urban areas, with zero emission last mile deliveries.', 'We will accelerate our activity to enable cost- effective options for shifting more freight from road to rail, including using low emission rail freight for deliveries into urban areas, with zero emission last mile deliveries. 229 Go Ultra Low 230 Advanced Propulsion Centre: Background 231 DfT, BEIS (2016) £4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric 232 DfT (2017) Consultation: Regulatory changes to support the take-up of alternatively-fuelled light commercial vehicles category-b-driving-licence-derogation-for-alternatively-fuelled-commercial-vehicles 233 DfT (2017) Freight Carbon Review 2017: Moving Britain Ahead 234 DfT (2016) Rail Freight Strategy: Moving Britain Ahead Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Encouraging Low Carbon Alternatives to Car Journeys 15.', '229 Go Ultra Low 230 Advanced Propulsion Centre: Background 231 DfT, BEIS (2016) £4 million boost to help businesses switch vans and trucks to electric 232 DfT (2017) Consultation: Regulatory changes to support the take-up of alternatively-fuelled light commercial vehicles category-b-driving-licence-derogation-for-alternatively-fuelled-commercial-vehicles 233 DfT (2017) Freight Carbon Review 2017: Moving Britain Ahead 234 DfT (2016) Rail Freight Strategy: Moving Britain Ahead Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Encouraging Low Carbon Alternatives to Car Journeys 15. We will continue to invest in our public transport network, and help people to cycle, walk or travel by bus or train. 16. Our Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy235 identifies £1.2 billion which may be invested in cycling and walking from 2016-21.', 'Our Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy235 identifies £1.2 billion which may be invested in cycling and walking from 2016-21. Under this new strategic approach, Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plans identify improvements required at the local level, and enable a long-term approach to developing local cycling and walking networks, ideally over a ten year period. 17. As announced in the 2016 Autumn Statement, the Government will provide £100 million for a national programme of support for retrofitting and new low emission buses in England and Wales, including hundreds of new low emission buses and retrofitting of thousands of older buses. 18. The Government will seek more use of electric, bi-mode (electric and diesel hybrid) and alternative fuel traction on the railway. We will continue to invest in route electrification where it provides benefits to passengers.', 'We will continue to invest in route electrification where it provides benefits to passengers. The industry is also developing trains powered by alternative fuels, for example using battery and hydrogen power. More Efficient Vehicles and Driving Behaviour 19. As we leave the EU, we want the UK to continue to be a world leader in low carbon transport, and we will look for opportunities to strengthen further the controls on vehicle CO emissions. We will pursue an approach which offers certainty to industry, and is at least as ambitious as current arrangements. 235 DfT (2017) Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy investment-strategy.pdf University of Cambridge – Centre for Sustainable Road Freight The Centre for Sustainable Road Freight at the University of Cambridge has developed a new trailer design for articulated vehicles that makes the vehicle more aerodynamic.', '235 DfT (2017) Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy investment-strategy.pdf University of Cambridge – Centre for Sustainable Road Freight The Centre for Sustainable Road Freight at the University of Cambridge has developed a new trailer design for articulated vehicles that makes the vehicle more aerodynamic. They were awarded £4.4 million in funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and £1.4 million in joint funding from an industrial consortium comprising freight operators such as DHL, John Lewis Partnership, Tesco and Wincanton, as well as vehicle industry partners including Firestone, Goodyear, Haldex and Volvo. Their innovation cuts fuel consumption and pollution by articulated vehicles by around seven per cent. Waitrose has already added 36 of the modified trucks to its fleet and Warburtons will use the new design for all future fleet purchases.The Clean Growth Strategy 20.', 'Waitrose has already added 36 of the modified trucks to its fleet and Warburtons will use the new design for all future fleet purchases.The Clean Growth Strategy 20. We will continue to help promote and support efficient driving behaviours amongst fleets and private drivers, seeking to maximise the potential of new technologies including early adoption in public sector fleets and close working with other programmes to improve driver standards. Lower Carbon Fuels 21. We will promote sustainable alternative fuels, which reduce the carbon emissions from petrol and diesel vehicles, and we will set targets to support development of advanced fuels suitable for HGVs and aviation. 22. We have recently relaunched the Future Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition – a £22 million industry competition to encourage development and deployment of low carbon HGV and aviation fuels.', 'We have recently relaunched the Future Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition – a £22 million industry competition to encourage development and deployment of low carbon HGV and aviation fuels. Modernising the Domestic Aviation and Shipping Sectors 23. We will set out our strategic approach to the aviation sector in a series of consultations over the next 18 months236, including a paper on how to support growth while tackling the environmental impacts of aviation. This will culminate in the publication of a new Aviation Strategy for the UK by the end of 2018. 24. Industry and the Government have made a joint £3.9 billion commitment between 2013 and 2026 to the development of new aircraft technology with the Aerospace Technology Institute237. We have announced that we will extend the RTFO to include incentives to use biofuels in aviation.', 'We have announced that we will extend the RTFO to include incentives to use biofuels in aviation. 25. On domestic shipping, the Government will continue to work with industry to develop improved fuel efficiency technologies, including new propulsion systems, hull design and aerodynamic structures. 26. We will work with ship owners and ports to identify the barriers faced in supplying and using sustainable alternative fuels and cleaner emissions technologies, to explore possible solutions. In addition, we expect operational improvements to play a role, including better use of ship capacity. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest around £841 million out to 2021 in innovation in low carbon transport technology and fuels, primarily through programmes run by DfT, OLEV, the Research Councils, Innovate UK, and BEIS238.', 'Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest around £841 million out to 2021 in innovation in low carbon transport technology and fuels, primarily through programmes run by DfT, OLEV, the Research Councils, Innovate UK, and BEIS238. The Government will build on this investment to make the UK one of the world’s leading innovators in new low carbon technologies. Investments include: • Electric vehicle and battery technology. Government investment will help bring down the cost of EVs and increase their range. Through the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF), we will invest £246 million over four years in the design, development and manufacture of batteries for the electrification of vehicles, as part of the ‘Faraday Challenge’239. The Government has also awarded £10 million to build UK capability in the development and commercialisation of automotive battery packs.', 'The Government has also awarded £10 million to build UK capability in the development and commercialisation of automotive battery packs. 236 HM Government (2017) Beyond the Horizon: The future of UK aviation – a call for evidence on a new strategy consultations/a-new-aviation-strategy-for-the-uk-call-for-evidence 237 Aerospace Technology Institute 238 All figures are indicative and are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests. 239 BEIS (2017) Business Secretary announces Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund investments business-secretary-announces-industrial-strategy-challenge-fund-investments92 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • Charging and grid support. We will provide at least £70 million over the next five years to support innovation in energy storage, demand side response and other smart energy technologies, including up to £20 million for vehicle-to-grid products and services240.', 'We will provide at least £70 million over the next five years to support innovation in energy storage, demand side response and other smart energy technologies, including up to £20 million for vehicle-to-grid products and services240. This is focused on how an expanded fleet of EVs could provide network flexibility and system balancing while potentially offering benefits to bill payers. • Advanced fuels. There are fewer options for reducing emissions in the freight and aviation sectors, and here innovation in fuel technology can play an important role. We are providing £40 million out to 2021, to fund the development of advanced low carbon fuels derived from wastes or industrial and agricultural by-products.', 'We are providing £40 million out to 2021, to fund the development of advanced low carbon fuels derived from wastes or industrial and agricultural by-products. In August 2017 we relaunched the Future Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition - a £22 million industry competition to encourage development and deployment of low carbon HGV and aviation fuels. • Zero emission HGVs. In January 2017, we announced the winners of over £20 million for the Low Emission Freight and Logistics Trial241. Twenty different projects are receiving funding to demonstrate and trial low and zero emission vehicles in UK fleets, for example using hydrogen, electric and biogas technologies. In the longer term, there is an opportunity to take forward projects to support innovative technologies such as ‘dynamic charging’ as a potential solution to decarbonising freight. • HGV platoons.', 'In the longer term, there is an opportunity to take forward projects to support innovative technologies such as ‘dynamic charging’ as a potential solution to decarbonising freight. • HGV platoons. HGV platooning, using advanced vehicle technologies, enables lorries to move in a group and could deliver significant fuel and emissions savings. We will be delivering trials of HGV platoons, with joint funding from Highways England, to assess the feasibility and potential costs and benefits of this technology on UK roads. In August 2017, we announced a trial of HGV platoons, jointly funded with Highways England, which will see up to three HGVs travelling in convoy, with acceleration and braking controlled by the lead vehicle, and with a driver ready to take control at any time in all the HGVs.', 'In August 2017, we announced a trial of HGV platoons, jointly funded with Highways England, which will see up to three HGVs travelling in convoy, with acceleration and braking controlled by the lead vehicle, and with a driver ready to take control at any time in all the HGVs. Platooning trials have been conducted across Europe and the USA, and these trials will assess whether the technology is appropriate and beneficial on UK roads. Government has also established the Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CCAV) and invested over £250 million, matched by industry, to position the UK at the forefront of research, development, and demonstration. These technologies have the potential to smooth traffic flows and increase efficiency of road transport.', 'These technologies have the potential to smooth traffic flows and increase efficiency of road transport. CCAV is also coordinating engagement with the wider research base and industry, identifying and reducing barriers to innovation or business expansion.', 'CCAV is also coordinating engagement with the wider research base and industry, identifying and reducing barriers to innovation or business expansion. 240 BEIS (2017) Funding for innovative smart energy systems 241 DfT (2017) Low emission freight and logistics trial competition winners announced low-emmission-freight-and-logistics-trial-competition-winners-announcedThe Clean Growth Strategy 242 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 243 BEIS (2017): Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2017 244 Financial Times (2017) Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power 245 BEIS (2017) Energy Trends June 2017 Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power Progress Power sector emissions have fallen 49 per cent since 1990 as we have switched from coal to gas and renewable power such as wind and solar, with biomass conversions also playing an important transitional role, alongside improvements in the efficiency of our economy242.', '240 BEIS (2017) Funding for innovative smart energy systems 241 DfT (2017) Low emission freight and logistics trial competition winners announced low-emmission-freight-and-logistics-trial-competition-winners-announcedThe Clean Growth Strategy 242 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 243 BEIS (2017): Digest of UK Energy Statistics 2017 244 Financial Times (2017) Britain passes historic milestone with first days of coal-free power 245 BEIS (2017) Energy Trends June 2017 Delivering Clean, Smart, Flexible Power Progress Power sector emissions have fallen 49 per cent since 1990 as we have switched from coal to gas and renewable power such as wind and solar, with biomass conversions also playing an important transitional role, alongside improvements in the efficiency of our economy242. Last year, 47 per cent of our electricity came from low carbon sources, with the rest mainly coming from coal and gas243.', 'Last year, 47 per cent of our electricity came from low carbon sources, with the rest mainly coming from coal and gas243. Coal use fell to record low levels last year, and on 21 April 2017, for the first time since 1882, we did not use any coal for a 24-hour period244. At the same time, we have ensured a secure supply of electricity. Source: BEIS Electricity generated (TWh) Figure 23: UK electricity generation by fuel type, 2000-2016245 Clean power has grown by 64% per cent over the last 10 years, displacing fossil fuels Fossil fuel power Clean power94 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The costs of low carbon and more efficient technologies have fallen significantly since 2010 through a series of innovations and growth in deployment.', 'Source: BEIS Electricity generated (TWh) Figure 23: UK electricity generation by fuel type, 2000-2016245 Clean power has grown by 64% per cent over the last 10 years, displacing fossil fuels Fossil fuel power Clean power94 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The costs of low carbon and more efficient technologies have fallen significantly since 2010 through a series of innovations and growth in deployment. Solar photovoltaic modules are now almost 80 per cent cheaper246, LED lightbulbs over 80 per cent cheaper247, and batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) over 70 per cent cheaper248. Average household electricity bills in 2016 were around 10 per cent lower than in 2008, when the Climate Change Act was introduced249. While policy costs on bills have increased over this period, this has been more than offset by reduced electricity use, thanks in part to tightening standards on electrical products.', 'While policy costs on bills have increased over this period, this has been more than offset by reduced electricity use, thanks in part to tightening standards on electrical products. 246 IRENA & IEA (2017) Perspectives for the energy transition: Investment needs for a low carbon energy system 247 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 248 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) 2016 lithium-ion battery price survey 249 CCC (2017) Energy prices and bills report 250 BEIS (2017) Energy Trends Coal Renewables Source: BEIS Source: BEIS Renewables Other Nuclear Coal Gas Electricity generated (TWh) Figure 24: UK electricity generation mix, 2016 (left) and UK electricity generation from coal and renewables 2010-16 (right)250 47% of electricity came from clean sources in 2016, and renewables generated more than coalThe Clean Growth Strategy Ambition We want a diverse electricity system that supplies our homes and businesses with secure, affordable and clean power.', '246 IRENA & IEA (2017) Perspectives for the energy transition: Investment needs for a low carbon energy system 247 International Energy Agency (2016) Energy Efficiency Market Report 248 Bloomberg New Energy Finance (2016) 2016 lithium-ion battery price survey 249 CCC (2017) Energy prices and bills report 250 BEIS (2017) Energy Trends Coal Renewables Source: BEIS Source: BEIS Renewables Other Nuclear Coal Gas Electricity generated (TWh) Figure 24: UK electricity generation mix, 2016 (left) and UK electricity generation from coal and renewables 2010-16 (right)250 47% of electricity came from clean sources in 2016, and renewables generated more than coalThe Clean Growth Strategy Ambition We want a diverse electricity system that supplies our homes and businesses with secure, affordable and clean power. That means developing low carbon sources of electricity that are both cheap and clean, taking into account wider system impacts for all sources of generation.', 'That means developing low carbon sources of electricity that are both cheap and clean, taking into account wider system impacts for all sources of generation. It also means upgrading our electricity system so it is smarter (using data to provide greater control), more flexible (providing energy when it is needed) and takes advantage of rapidly developing technologies such as energy storage. By 2050, we anticipate that emissions from the power sector could need to be close to zero251. Indeed, we may even see negative emissions – that is, greenhouse gases being removed from the atmosphere – from the sector if sustainable bio-energy and carbon capture and storage are used together.', 'Indeed, we may even see negative emissions – that is, greenhouse gases being removed from the atmosphere – from the sector if sustainable bio-energy and carbon capture and storage are used together. At the same time, many more people are expected to drive EVs, many homes and offices may have efficient electric heating and cooling, and more industrial sites could be powered by clean electricity. There are however alternatives to electrification, such as hydrogen, which could mean that electricity demand is more similar to today.', 'There are however alternatives to electrification, such as hydrogen, which could mean that electricity demand is more similar to today. 251 BEIS internal analysis of 2050 pathways Emissions (Mt) Emissions from power have almost halved since 1990 By 2032 emissions could be as low as 16 Mt By 2050 emissions from power could need to be as low as 4 Mt, or even negative indicative range Source: BEIS Figure 25: Actual and projected power sector emissions, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-205096 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy One possible pathway to 2032 could see power emissions fall by 80 per cent compared to today, to around 16 Mt252. This could be achieved by: • Growing low carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear to over 80 per cent of electricity generation, and phasing out unabated coal power.', 'This could be achieved by: • Growing low carbon sources such as renewables and nuclear to over 80 per cent of electricity generation, and phasing out unabated coal power. • Enabling a smarter, more flexible system, unlocking significant expansion of interconnection, electricity storage, and demand side response, the first steps of which are set out in the Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan253. For consumers, this could mean smart appliances and smart tariffs which help balance the grid in return for lower bills. • Keeping costs down for consumers by reducing any wasted energy, including more efficient electrical products. To achieve this we need to continue bringing down the costs of low carbon generation from renewables and nuclear power, and ensure that the UK can deploy CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently.', 'To achieve this we need to continue bringing down the costs of low carbon generation from renewables and nuclear power, and ensure that the UK can deploy CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently. We also need to remove barriers and improve price signals for smart energy innovations which improve the efficiency and flexibility of the system. 252 BEIS internal analysis of 2032 pathway 253 BEIS and Ofgem (2017) Upgrading our energy system: smart systems and flexibility plan upgrading-our-energy-system-smart-systems-and-flexibility-plan Oxis Energy OXIS energy, based in Oxfordshire has developed a high performing rechargeable battery which is lighter, more efficient and cheaper than competitor products. The company has received £2.7m in funding from Innovate UK and has grown to employ 60 staff.', 'The company has received £2.7m in funding from Innovate UK and has grown to employ 60 staff. Their most recent grant is supporting them to produce a revolutionary electric vehicle battery.The Clean Growth Strategy 254 BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections 2016 A number of model updates and improvements have been made regarding the electricity demand profiles of key technologies and how this demand might be shifted, the availability of electricity storage technologies, and assumed system operability requirements. 255 Fisher, J., Gammon, R. and Irvine, K.N. (2015) My Electric Avenue There is considerable uncertainty on the extent to which customers will change their behaviours and we will be monitoring the evidence here.', '(2015) My Electric Avenue There is considerable uncertainty on the extent to which customers will change their behaviours and we will be monitoring the evidence here. 256 BEIS and Ofgem (2017) Upgrading our energy system: smart systems and flexibility plan upgrading-our-energy-system-smart-systems-and-flexibility-plan Impact of the 2032 pathway (compared to BEIS reference case) Extra demand: 10 TWh (+3%) Extra peak demand: 2.8 GW (+4%) Extra supply: Clean generators 3 TWh Interconnection 4 TWh Fossil fuels 4 TWh Extra capacity and flexibility: Demand-side response 4.9 GW Storage 0.3 GW Clean generators 0.5 GW Fossil fuels 1.2 GW Source: BEIS internal analysis of GB power system Note: The impact of the 2032 pathway is assessed against an updated version of the published BEIS 2016 reference case254. Not all extra capacity and flexibility is available to help meet peak demand.', 'Not all extra capacity and flexibility is available to help meet peak demand. Numbers may not sum due to rounding. For this analysis, we took into account the potential for smart charging of electric vehicles and smart use of heat pumps. For example, we assumed potential to shift charging of most electric vehicles to overnight, which could reduce bills for consumers on a smart tariff255. This ‘demand-side response’ – adjusting energy consumption to when it is plentiful and cheap – would help to balance the grid and reduce peak demand. Our Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan is about unlocking this potential256. Powering Electric Vehicles and Heating Electric vehicles, electric heating and energy efficiency are key options for reducing emissions in transport and buildings.', 'Powering Electric Vehicles and Heating Electric vehicles, electric heating and energy efficiency are key options for reducing emissions in transport and buildings. The impacts of these measures on the power sector are taken into account in our 2032 pathway and summarised below. It shows a net increase of around 3 per cent in the electricity demand and around 4 per cent in peak demand in 2032, and how this can be met through a mix of technologies.', 'It shows a net increase of around 3 per cent in the electricity demand and around 4 per cent in peak demand in 2032, and how this can be met through a mix of technologies. In practice, we do not yet know exactly how quickly costs will fall and take-up will increase for electric vehicles, or the role that electrification could play in the long-term decarbonisation of heat.98 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Opportunities The UK is well placed to benefit from the transition to a cleaner, smarter power sector and we already see jobs, regional investment and export sales flowing from UK supply chains for clean power technologies. In 2015, the low carbon electricity sector generated over £12 billion in turnover and directly supported 47,000 jobs, with more in supply chains257.', 'In 2015, the low carbon electricity sector generated over £12 billion in turnover and directly supported 47,000 jobs, with more in supply chains257. There is an opportunity for the UK to become one of the most advanced economies for smart energy and technologies, which is a core component of our Industrial Strategy, while upgrading our power infrastructure will improve energy security and air quality. Consumers will benefit from a smarter, more flexible power system to keep down costs, and will have more control of their energy through smart meters, with near real-time information on energy use and cost. 257 ONS (2016) Low Carbon Economy and Renewable Energy Economy Survey Clayhill solar farm Clayhill solar farm and energy storage facility is the first in the UK to be built without subsidy.', '257 ONS (2016) Low Carbon Economy and Renewable Energy Economy Survey Clayhill solar farm Clayhill solar farm and energy storage facility is the first in the UK to be built without subsidy. Consisting of over 30,000 solar panels, it can generate enough power for 2,500 homes. Five onsite batteries allow electricity to be stored and utilised when needed, providing services for the electricity grid, such as frequency response. Co-locating storage at new renewable sites, combined with significant reductions in generation and storage technology costs, may allow more subsidy free sites to be built – providing services that help to maintain the reliability of the grid and clean electricity at low cost.The Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Growing Low Carbon Sources of Electricity 1.', 'Co-locating storage at new renewable sites, combined with significant reductions in generation and storage technology costs, may allow more subsidy free sites to be built – providing services that help to maintain the reliability of the grid and clean electricity at low cost.The Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Growing Low Carbon Sources of Electricity 1. We confirm the Government’s intention to phase out unabated coal generation by 2025, and we will shortly publish the Government’s detailed response to the consultation. 2. We are delivering new nuclear capacity through the final investment decision on Hinkley Point C, and will progress discussions with developers to secure a competitive price for future projects in the pipeline. 3. We will work with industry as they develop an ambitious Sector Deal for offshore wind.', 'We will work with industry as they develop an ambitious Sector Deal for offshore wind. Provided costs continue to fall, this could result in 10 gigawatts of new capacity built in the 2020s, with the potential to support high value jobs and a sustainable UK industry exporting goods and services around the world. We will also consider whether there could be opportunities for additional offshore wind deployment in the 2020s, if this is cost-effective and deliverable. This would mean up to £557 million for further Pot 2 Contract for Difference auctions, with the next one planned for spring 2019.', 'This would mean up to £557 million for further Pot 2 Contract for Difference auctions, with the next one planned for spring 2019. We will work with the Crown Estate and the Crown Estate (Scotland) to understand the potential for deployment of offshore wind in the late 2020s and beyond and it is our current intention that wind projects on the remote islands of Scotland that directly benefit local communities will be eligible for the next Pot 2 auction, subject to obtaining State aid approval. 4. We want to see more people investing in solar without government support and are currently considering options for our approach to small scale low carbon generation beyond 2019, and will provide an update later this year.', 'We want to see more people investing in solar without government support and are currently considering options for our approach to small scale low carbon generation beyond 2019, and will provide an update later this year. More nascent technologies such as wave, tidal stream and tidal range, could also have a role in the long-term decarbonisation of the UK, but they will need to demonstrate how they can compete with other forms of generation. 5. We remain committed to carbon pricing to help reduce emissions in the power sector. Further details on carbon prices for the 2020s will be set out in the autumn 2017 Budget. Delivering Smarter, More Efficient Energy 6.', 'Delivering Smarter, More Efficient Energy 6. The Government will ensure that every household is offered a smart meter by their energy supplier by the end of 2020, and we expect energy suppliers to make every effort to provide smart meters to all their customers. 7. The Government, Ofgem and industry will implement the 29 actions set out in the Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan published on 24 July. These will enable technologies such as energy storage and demand side response to compete effectively within the energy market, help integrate more low carbon generation such as solar into our energy system, and deliver secure, smart appliances and smart tariffs to allow consumers to benefit from using energy at times when it is cheaper.', 'These will enable technologies such as energy storage and demand side response to compete effectively within the energy market, help integrate more low carbon generation such as solar into our energy system, and deliver secure, smart appliances and smart tariffs to allow consumers to benefit from using energy at times when it is cheaper. Innovations and other steps to increase flexibility could unlock up to £40 billion in energy cost savings up to 2050258. 258 BEIS and Ofgem (2017) Upgrading our energy system: smart systems and flexibility plan upgrading-our-energy-system-smart-systems-and-flexibility-plan100 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 8. We will continue to work with Ofgem and the National Grid to create a more independent system operator which will help to keep household bills low through greater competition, coordination and innovation across the system. 9.', 'We will continue to work with Ofgem and the National Grid to create a more independent system operator which will help to keep household bills low through greater competition, coordination and innovation across the system. 9. We will work with Ofgem to ensure the necessary regulatory and market arrangements evolve to support the development of a clean, smart and flexible energy system as outlined in their strategy for regulating the future energy system259. 10. We will work to ensure significant private investment in new electricity interconnectors, which will help keep prices low for consumers, ensure a more secure grid and help integrate clean generation. Project assessments indicate the potential for at least 9.5 gigawatts more interconnection by the early-to-mid 2020s, in addition to the 4 gigawatts today and the 4.4 gigawatts under construction260,261. 11.', 'Project assessments indicate the potential for at least 9.5 gigawatts more interconnection by the early-to-mid 2020s, in addition to the 4 gigawatts today and the 4.4 gigawatts under construction260,261. 11. Ofgem’s price control regime will enable up to £26 billion of investment in upgrading and operating our electricity distribution networks from 2015-23262 and we will work closely with industry to capitalise on the opportunities for smart integration of electric vehicles into the electricity system. 12. We confirm that when an installer installs solar panels with a battery in residential accommodation, this can attract a reduced VAT rate of 5 per cent if the installation conditions are met263. We will keep the tax treatment of technologies such as solar, storage and heat networks under review. Keeping Energy Costs Down for Businesses and Households 13.', 'Keeping Energy Costs Down for Businesses and Households 13. The Government has commissioned an independent review into the cost of energy led by Professor Dieter Helm CBE which will recommend ways to deliver the Government’s carbon targets and ensure security of supply at minimum cost to both industry and domestic consumers. Once Ministers have had the opportunity to consider the Helm review’s proposals, the Clean Growth Strategy will incorporate its recommendations into our further policy development as appropriate. 14. We are publishing a draft bill to require Ofgem to impose a cap on standard variable and default tariffs across the whole market. 15. The existing Levy Control Framework will be replaced by a new set of controls beyond 2020/21. These will be set out later this year. 16.', 'These will be set out later this year. 16. We are evaluating the results of the Electricity Demand Reduction Pilot, which has offered organisations £5.4 million of funding for projects that could reduce bills and improve security of supply through making energy savings at peak times. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest around and 2021 in research and innovation in the power sector. • Power and smart systems: Ensuring that the power system is smart and resilient to new demands and new sources of supply 259 Ofgem (2017) Our strategy for regulating the future energy system our-strategy-regulating-future-energy-system 260 Ofgem 261 Ofgem (2017) Cap and floor regime: Initial Project Assessment of the GridLink, NeuConnect and NorthConnect Interconnectors publications-and-updates/cap-and-floor-regime-initial-project-assessment-gridlink-neuconnect-and-northconnect-interconnectors 263 Each case will be considered on the specific facts.', '• Power and smart systems: Ensuring that the power system is smart and resilient to new demands and new sources of supply 259 Ofgem (2017) Our strategy for regulating the future energy system our-strategy-regulating-future-energy-system 260 Ofgem 261 Ofgem (2017) Cap and floor regime: Initial Project Assessment of the GridLink, NeuConnect and NorthConnect Interconnectors publications-and-updates/cap-and-floor-regime-initial-project-assessment-gridlink-neuconnect-and-northconnect-interconnectors 263 Each case will be considered on the specific facts. If batteries are sold separately and retrofitted to existing solar systems, VAT will be charged at the standard rate of 20%. 264 All figures are indicative and are subject to competitive bidding processes across sectors and value for money tests. Numbers may not sum due to rounding.The Clean Growth Strategy will be important for energy security, cost and industrial opportunities.', 'Numbers may not sum due to rounding.The Clean Growth Strategy will be important for energy security, cost and industrial opportunities. The Government, in partnership with the Research Councils and Innovate UK, expects to invest around £265 million in research, development and deployment in this area which will help to reduce the cost of electricity storage, advance innovative demand response technologies and develop new ways of balancing the grid, for example using EVs. • Nuclear: We need to bring down the costs of nuclear power while maintaining safety by investing in innovation that will help plants to be built to time and budget. The Government, in partnership with the Research Councils and Innovate UK, expects to invest around £460 million to support work in areas including future nuclear fuels, new nuclear manufacturing techniques, recycling and reprocessing, and advanced reactor design.', 'The Government, in partnership with the Research Councils and Innovate UK, expects to invest around £460 million to support work in areas including future nuclear fuels, new nuclear manufacturing techniques, recycling and reprocessing, and advanced reactor design. The Government has asked the Nuclear Innovation and Research Office (NIRO) to convene a new advisory Board, building on the success of the Nuclear Innovation and Research Advisory Board (NIRAB). The Board will provide independent expertise and advice to support and inform the Government’s Nuclear Innovation Programme. The Government is also announcing that it will invest £7 million to further develop the capability and capacity of the nuclear regulators to support the development of advanced technologies. Industry is developing a potential nuclear sector deal as part of the Government’s Industrial Strategy, co-ordinated around the objective of achieving cost reductions.', 'Industry is developing a potential nuclear sector deal as part of the Government’s Industrial Strategy, co-ordinated around the objective of achieving cost reductions. • Renewables: The UK already has a world leading offshore wind sector and is well placed to benefit from further investment in renewables innovation to accelerate cost reduction. The Government, in partnership with the Research Councils and Innovate UK, expects to invest around £177 million to further reduce the cost of renewables, including innovation in offshore wind turbine blade technology and foundations. New innovation opportunities are likely to arise in a number of areas, including floating offshore wind platforms, and advanced solar PV technologies. • Carbon capture, usage and storage: CCUS could reduce the cost of meeting our 2050 target by supporting emissions reductions in industry, power, heating and transport265.', '• Carbon capture, usage and storage: CCUS could reduce the cost of meeting our 2050 target by supporting emissions reductions in industry, power, heating and transport265. Our new approach to CCUS is set out in the Business chapter. • Ofgem is making available to GB electricity network companies up to £525 million of regulated expenditure between 2016 and 2021266. The goal is to support smarter, flexible networks, from enabling the integration of clean generation through to customer-focussed energy efficiency measures. This builds on previous network company innovation which delivered 4.5 – 6.5 times more benefits for consumers than it cost267.', 'This builds on previous network company innovation which delivered 4.5 – 6.5 times more benefits for consumers than it cost267. 265 BEIS internal analysis of 2050 pathways 266 Ofgem internal analysis 267 Poyry and Ricardo Energy & Environment (2016) An independent evaluation of the LCNF Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 268 BEIS (2017) Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990-2015 final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics 269 Defra (2016) ENV18 - Local authority collected waste: annual results tables Enhancing the Benefits and Value of Our Natural Resources ICON Progress The UK is generating more value from the use of our natural resources (covering livestock, crops, trees, land use and waste) while also cutting emissions. We have halved our emissions from these sectors since 1990 and they now only account for 15 per cent of total UK emissions268.', 'We have halved our emissions from these sectors since 1990 and they now only account for 15 per cent of total UK emissions268. During this time emissions from the waste sector have decreased by 73 per cent. This has been driven by taxing waste to landfill, increased recycling and more and better waste infrastructure. We have seen household recycling rates increase from 11 per cent to 44 per cent between 2000/1 and 2015/16269. At the same time, the UK waste sector has become an important contributor to electricity generation. Waste helped to generate 14 per cent of UK renewable electricity in 2015, enough to power 2.3 million homes270.', 'Waste helped to generate 14 per cent of UK renewable electricity in 2015, enough to power 2.3 million homes270. Source: ONS, BEIS UK waste emissions UK gross domestic product Emissions from waste have reduced as the economy has grown Figure 26: Changes in emissions from waste and economic growth, 1990-2015The Clean Growth Strategy 271 ONS (2016) Annual and quarterly low level aggregates of UK output gross value added (GVA), datasets/ukgdpolowlevelaggregates/current This shift in resource efficiency has also been seen in agriculture – since 1990 emissions from producing a kilogram of pork have decreased by 30 per cent and by 16 per cent for a litre of milk. Many of our farms are using more efficient agricultural practices, for example improving crop nutrient and crop health management.', 'Many of our farms are using more efficient agricultural practices, for example improving crop nutrient and crop health management. Ambition We want low emission, highly productive land while ensuring we hand our environment on to the next generation in a better state than we found it. As part of this, we want the UK to become a world leader in terms of competitiveness, resource productivity and resource efficiency: maximising the value we extract from our resources, and minimising the negative environmental and carbon impacts associated with their extraction, use and disposal. We will work toward achieving zero avoidable waste by 2050. Reducing emissions from natural resources will be important for meeting the 2050 target cost- effectively.', 'Reducing emissions from natural resources will be important for meeting the 2050 target cost- effectively. Emissions from natural resources could fall by 30 per cent, with tree cover in England increasing by 180,000 hectares from 9.8 per cent to 11 per cent, as they are nurtured from saplings into maturity, providing essential spaces for our communities and enhancing our carbon sink. One possible pathway to 2032 could involve emissions from our natural resources falling by almost two fifths compared to today, and is consistent with meeting the Government’s 2060 aspiration, to increase England’s woodland cover from 10 per cent to 12 per cent. The pathway ramps-up planting in the 2020s recognising the significant contribution trees make to later carbon budget periods.', 'The pathway ramps-up planting in the 2020s recognising the significant contribution trees make to later carbon budget periods. Source: ONS; BEIS Greenhouse Gas Inventory Statistics Figure 27: Changes in emissions from agriculture and agricultural outputs, 1990-2015271 Output from land has remained stable as emissions have fallen Agricultural Emissions Agricultural Output104 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy To achieve this 2032 pathway, we need to ensure that our farmers and land managers have the right incentives to promote environmental improvement while encouraging consumers, businesses and industry to further reduce waste and improve their resource efficiency, resulting in reduced bills. This means: • Leaving the Common Agricultural Policy and designing a new system of future agricultural support will give us the opportunity to address climate change more directly.', 'This means: • Leaving the Common Agricultural Policy and designing a new system of future agricultural support will give us the opportunity to address climate change more directly. We will design a new system to support the future of farming and the countryside, with a strong focus on delivering better environmental outcomes, including tackling climate change. An Agriculture Bill was announced in the Queen’s Speech following the 2017 general election, the details of which will be announced shortly.', 'An Agriculture Bill was announced in the Queen’s Speech following the 2017 general election, the details of which will be announced shortly. Source: BEIS, DEFRA Existing policy Emissions from land, waste & F-gases have halved since 1990 By 2032 they could be as low as 41 Mt Emissions from natural resources are particularly uncertain but our 2050 pathways show that emissions from land, waste & F-gases could be as low as 46 Mt Million tonnes indicative range Figure 28: Actual and projected emissions in natural resources, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy • Our indicative pathway could involve planting up to 130,000 hectares of new woodland and implement plans for farmers to plant more trees across England, providing not just carbon reduction but recreational space for our growing communities and timber for our bioeconomy.', 'Source: BEIS, DEFRA Existing policy Emissions from land, waste & F-gases have halved since 1990 By 2032 they could be as low as 41 Mt Emissions from natural resources are particularly uncertain but our 2050 pathways show that emissions from land, waste & F-gases could be as low as 46 Mt Million tonnes indicative range Figure 28: Actual and projected emissions in natural resources, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050The Clean Growth Strategy • Our indicative pathway could involve planting up to 130,000 hectares of new woodland and implement plans for farmers to plant more trees across England, providing not just carbon reduction but recreational space for our growing communities and timber for our bioeconomy. • We will develop new ambitious plans for the sustainable management of our natural environment including capturing more carbon by our plants and soil.', '• We will develop new ambitious plans for the sustainable management of our natural environment including capturing more carbon by our plants and soil. • Action to divert more food waste than ever before from landfill, to support resource productivity and avoid further emissions by preventing food waste in the first place. Opportunities The UK has some of the most dynamic and innovative businesses working on using our natural resources more efficiently. Government will work with them to deliver smart and ambitious regulation and targets to help us meet new environmental demands while also driving growth from these sectors. There are clear economic benefits to be gained from driving resource productivity, a more efficient farming sector and developing the UK’s land use sector.', 'There are clear economic benefits to be gained from driving resource productivity, a more efficient farming sector and developing the UK’s land use sector. Forestry is a growth sector, with forestry and wood processing providing 43,000 jobs in the UK and contributing £2 billion to the economy272. This, in turn, provides an important carbon sink – the doubling of woodland cover over the past century means UK forests currently absorb 20 million tonnes of carbon dioxide a year. Analysis from the Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) suggests progress to a more resource efficient economy has the potential to create up to 205,000 jobs273. Some 54,000 of these jobs could be created in regions and at pay grades where there is spare capacity, making a net contribution to UK employment.', 'Some 54,000 of these jobs could be created in regions and at pay grades where there is spare capacity, making a net contribution to UK employment. 272 Forestry Commission (2016) Forestry Statistics 2016 forestry.gov.uk/pdf/Ch7_Employment_FS2016.pdf/$FILE/Ch7_Employment_FS2016.pdf Estimate of economic value and jobs relates to forestry and primary wood processing; National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2017) Projections of emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector to 2050 273 Waste and Resources Action Programme (2015) Employment and the Circular Economy Manchester City of Trees Manchester City of Trees is an urban community partnership focussed on tree planting, woodland management and re- connecting communities to green spaces.', 'forestry.gov.uk/pdf/Ch7_Employment_FS2016.pdf/$FILE/Ch7_Employment_FS2016.pdf Estimate of economic value and jobs relates to forestry and primary wood processing; National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2017) Projections of emissions and removals from the LULUCF sector to 2050 273 Waste and Resources Action Programme (2015) Employment and the Circular Economy Manchester City of Trees Manchester City of Trees is an urban community partnership focussed on tree planting, woodland management and re- connecting communities to green spaces. The goals of the project are 3 million trees planted, one for every man, woman and child across Greater Manchester, 2,000 hectares of unmanaged woodland brought back into a productive state, and to connect people to the trees and woods around them.106 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Policies and Proposals The Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan will set out the Government’s approach to improving our natural environment, including reducing both carbon emissions and other dangerous pollutants.', 'The goals of the project are 3 million trees planted, one for every man, woman and child across Greater Manchester, 2,000 hectares of unmanaged woodland brought back into a productive state, and to connect people to the trees and woods around them.106 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Policies and Proposals The Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan will set out the Government’s approach to improving our natural environment, including reducing both carbon emissions and other dangerous pollutants. In meeting carbon budgets we are committed to policy development that enhances our natural assets, helps prepare for the impacts of climate change and supports our commitments on clean air.', 'In meeting carbon budgets we are committed to policy development that enhances our natural assets, helps prepare for the impacts of climate change and supports our commitments on clean air. Farmers and Rural Businesses Benefit from Clean Growth Opportunities We want our land and agriculture sectors to play a significant role in low carbon growth, supported through a system of incentives to improve efficiency and improve our natural environment: 1. The Government will introduce a new agri- environment system to support the future of farming and the countryside, with a strong focus on delivering better environmental outcomes, including mitigation of and adaptation to climate change. 2. We aim to support industry in strengthening farm biosecurity to improve productivity, reduce reliance on veterinary medicines and reduce emissions.', 'We aim to support industry in strengthening farm biosecurity to improve productivity, reduce reliance on veterinary medicines and reduce emissions. To begin this, we are developing a scheme to directly tackle endemic diseases in beef and dairy herds. 3. We will work with industry to encourage the use of low-emissions fertiliser. We will review the levels of take up over the next five years using data from the British Fertiliser Practice Survey. This will provide evidence to shape our future policies. 4. We will work with industry to produce a UK Bioeconomy Strategy that will bring together biological industries, academia and innovators, linking up farmers and land managers with high tech industries. Through a thriving innovation-based bioeconomy, we will develop less carbon intensive products such as bio-based chemicals, plastics and other materials. 5.', 'Through a thriving innovation-based bioeconomy, we will develop less carbon intensive products such as bio-based chemicals, plastics and other materials. 5. We will develop a new incentive structure to harness the potential for growth in forestry and renewables being supplied from within the UK, including on bioenergy, as part of our ambitions for strengthening the rural economy and encouraging diversification of farm businesses. 6. Funding from the £200 million package of Rural Development Plan for England (RDPE)274 Growth Programme and Countryside Productivity Offers, announced in July 2017, could be used to support renewable energy projects, such as solar panels or small wind turbines linked to battery storage.', 'Funding from the £200 million package of Rural Development Plan for England (RDPE)274 Growth Programme and Countryside Productivity Offers, announced in July 2017, could be used to support renewable energy projects, such as solar panels or small wind turbines linked to battery storage. 274 Rural Development Programme for England (RDPE), which works to make England’s agriculture and forestry sectors more competitive, to improve the quality of life in rural areas and to diversify rural economies.The Clean Growth Strategy Making Sure Our Land Plays a Central Role in Capturing Carbon and Enhancing Natural Capital 7. During the 2020s we need to accelerate the rate of tree planting, working towards our 12 per cent tree cover aspiration by 2060. To do this will require investment by the private and charitable sectors, not just government.', 'To do this will require investment by the private and charitable sectors, not just government. A number of our policy proposals will create the conditions for that investment to come forward. We will need new skills in forest design, a reliable supply of resilient planting stock, new opportunities for domestic timber, and a new generation of skilled people helping to enhance our towns, cities and countryside. Recently published natural capital accounts by the Office for National Statistics show that Britain’s woodlands provide services of £2.3 billion per year to the economy in terms of recreation, carbon sequestration, timber and air pollutant removal275. 8. We will develop a new network of English forests with the right incentives and rules to establish and support new regional and national community woodlands to help reach 12 per cent woodland cover in England by 2060.', 'We will develop a new network of English forests with the right incentives and rules to establish and support new regional and national community woodlands to help reach 12 per cent woodland cover in England by 2060. We have allocated funding to woodland planting to support our commitment to plant 11 million trees276. 9. We will set up a stronger and more attractive domestic carbon offset market that will encourage more businesses to support cost-effective emissions reductions, such as through planting trees. We will also explore how we could extend this market to include other land activities. 10. We will unlock private finance to invest in forestry by establishing forestry investment zones to offer investors streamlined decision making and more certainty, within shorter timelines. 11.', 'We will unlock private finance to invest in forestry by establishing forestry investment zones to offer investors streamlined decision making and more certainty, within shorter timelines. 11. We will fund larger-scale woodland and 275 ONS (2017) UK natural capital: ecosystem accounts for freshwater, farmland and woodland uknaturalcapital/landandhabitatecosystemaccounts 276 Forestry Commission and Natural England (2017) Countryside Stewardship opens for 2017 Natural Capital What is natural capital? Natural capital enables us to think about our natural environment and the countryside as a set of valuable assets (for example, forests, clean air, soils, species, freshwaters, oceans and minerals). Like any asset, natural capital, if maintained and invested in, provides flows of services to the economy and society. These include food, energy, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, flood risk reduction, recreational and educational opportunities, health benefits and many others.', 'These include food, energy, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, flood risk reduction, recreational and educational opportunities, health benefits and many others. Many of these benefits do not have a direct market value. Why is natural capital relevant for reducing carbon emissions? The Climate Change Act requires that our plan for reducing emissions contribute to sustainability. As part of this work we have looked at how measures and policies could have impacts on our natural assets, including the impact of reducing carbon emissions. Natural capital can also contribute significantly to reducing levels of greenhouse gases through land use and land use change. This is described in the Technical Annex.', 'This is described in the Technical Annex. The Government’s wider work on natural capital will be set out in the 25 Year Environment Plan.108 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy forest creation, and we will design woodland creation incentives that attract more landowners and farmers to plant on marginal land, including through agroforestry and bioenergy production, to help diversify land- based businesses and enhance the farmed environment. 12. Peatland, like woodland, forms a key part of the UK’s natural capital, but is widely degraded. We launched a £10 million capital grant scheme for peat restoration in July 2017 to target peatlands in England. Funds are available from April 2018 for three years277. 13.', 'Funds are available from April 2018 for three years277. 13. We will work with industry to increase the amount of UK timber used in construction, creating a conveyor belt of locked-in carbon in our homes and buildings. The UK will work towards being a Zero Avoidable Waste economy by 2050 14. Zero avoidable waste equates to eliminating all waste where it is technologically, environmentally and economically practicable to do so and working to support innovation in new materials, products and processes that extend the range of materials covered by this categorisation. 15. Working in partnership with business and civil society toward our shared zero avoidable waste ambition, we will support the transition to a highly productive and competitive economy where we unlock the environmental and economic benefits associated with greater resource productivity without imposing negative costs on business or society.', 'Working in partnership with business and civil society toward our shared zero avoidable waste ambition, we will support the transition to a highly productive and competitive economy where we unlock the environmental and economic benefits associated with greater resource productivity without imposing negative costs on business or society. 16. By working in partnership with industry, we will be able to seek out opportunities to achieve even greater levels of recycling, improve the utilisation of our food and bio- waste and incentivise activities such as reuse, repair and remanufacturing – protecting our environment and strengthening our economy in the long-term. 17. We will work towards no food waste entering landfill by 2030.', 'We will work towards no food waste entering landfill by 2030. Many local authorities have introduced separate collection of food waste and we will work to support more so that the amount of food waste sent to landfill continues to decline. 18. We will set out a new Resources and Waste strategy which seeks to maximise resource productivity, reduce waste in our energy and resource systems, promote well- functioning markets for secondary materials and incentivise producers to design better products.', 'We will set out a new Resources and Waste strategy which seeks to maximise resource productivity, reduce waste in our energy and resource systems, promote well- functioning markets for secondary materials and incentivise producers to design better products. The strategy will focus on three key areas: • Maximising resource productivity - through more efficient manufacturing processes • Maximising the value we get from resources throughout their lifetimes - by designing products more smartly to increase longevity and enable recyclability • Managing materials at end of life – by targeting environmental impacts 277 Defra press release (2017) New £10 million fund to restore peatland Clean Growth Strategy 19.', 'The strategy will focus on three key areas: • Maximising resource productivity - through more efficient manufacturing processes • Maximising the value we get from resources throughout their lifetimes - by designing products more smartly to increase longevity and enable recyclability • Managing materials at end of life – by targeting environmental impacts 277 Defra press release (2017) New £10 million fund to restore peatland Clean Growth Strategy 19. We will explore how data can support the development of a network of resource efficiency clusters led by Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), whereby LEPs would develop local level strategies to drive greater resource efficiency, supporting processes such as industrial symbiosis and the development of new disruptive business models that challenge inefficient practice. 20. We will explore how we can better incentivise producers to manage resources more efficiently through producer responsibility schemes. 21.', 'We will explore how we can better incentivise producers to manage resources more efficiently through producer responsibility schemes. 21. We will take action through the Courtauld 2025 Agreement to reduce the amount of food that is wasted in the UK. This could deliver up to £20 billion worth of savings to the UK economy between 2015 and 2025278. We will also divert more food from landfill to support resource productivity and avoid further emissions. 22. We will explore new and innovative ways to manage emissions from landfill, undertaking research and analysis to support new approaches such as optimising surface methane oxidation. We will also investigate accelerating the breakdown of waste in landfill to improve the quantity and quality of landfill gas captured.', 'We will also investigate accelerating the breakdown of waste in landfill to improve the quantity and quality of landfill gas captured. This research should identify innovation to bring down the costs of low carbon technologies and lay the groundwork for future decisions. Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest £99 million out to 2021 on innovation in natural resources.', 'Government Innovation Investment The Government expects to invest £99 million out to 2021 on innovation in natural resources. The Government wants the UK to be at the forefront of land-based innovation – ensuring our industry remains at the cutting edge of agricultural and bio-based technology development through the forthcoming bioeconomy strategy and through the existing 278 WRAP (2016) The Courtauld Commitment 2025 to transform UK food and drink 279 Defra (2015) Agricultural technologies (agri-tech) strategy Recycling Technologies Recycling Technologies, based in Swindon, has developed a new process that can recycle mixed plastic waste, which normally goes to landfill or is incinerated, into a clean fuel. With the support of an Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grant of around £700,000, testing has shown that this product can be used in industrial burners or marine engines.', 'With the support of an Energy Entrepreneurs Fund grant of around £700,000, testing has shown that this product can be used in industrial burners or marine engines. As an alternative, the product could be distilled and used as feedstock to make more new plastics, paints, polishes or lubricants. Recycling Technologies recently raised £5 million in private investment and are now actively on the lookout for further manufacturing sites.110 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • Innovative technology: The Government has supported research on innovative technologies in agriculture via the Agri-Tech Catalyst, to accelerate the translation of research into practical solutions to improve agricultural productivity, whilst reducing the environmental impact of agricultural production, some of which has additional low carbon benefits.', 'Recycling Technologies recently raised £5 million in private investment and are now actively on the lookout for further manufacturing sites.110 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy • Innovative technology: The Government has supported research on innovative technologies in agriculture via the Agri-Tech Catalyst, to accelerate the translation of research into practical solutions to improve agricultural productivity, whilst reducing the environmental impact of agricultural production, some of which has additional low carbon benefits. • Centres for Agri-tech Innovation: Four centres have been funded in partnership with industry, academia and Government: • Agrimetrics - £11.8 million for a ‘big- data’ centre of excellence for Agri- metrics to utilise data science and modelling to build a more productive, sustainable and efficient food system.', '• Centres for Agri-tech Innovation: Four centres have been funded in partnership with industry, academia and Government: • Agrimetrics - £11.8 million for a ‘big- data’ centre of excellence for Agri- metrics to utilise data science and modelling to build a more productive, sustainable and efficient food system. • Agricultural Engineering Precision Innovation Centre (Agri-EPI) - £17.7 million on precision agriculture to help the UK’s agri-food sector develop more productive and sustainable UK agriculture and export markets. • Centre for Crop Health and Protection (CHAP) - £21.3 million to revolutionise how farmers manage crop threats including pests and disease, both in the UK and overseas. • Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock (CIEL) - £29.1 million to create new livestock technology and products to boost the profitability and productivity of livestock farming.', '• Centre for Innovation Excellence in Livestock (CIEL) - £29.1 million to create new livestock technology and products to boost the profitability and productivity of livestock farming. To complement this early action on innovation, the Government believes there are further opportunities for innovation linked to natural resources. In determining these we have focused where the Government can add the most value and develop UK opportunities. The main innovation challenges that could be unlocked are below, with detail on opportunities for UK investment. Land Improving productivity and management skills on farms, coupled with technological innovation, will provide the tools for achieving a step change in the level of carbon savings.', 'Land Improving productivity and management skills on farms, coupled with technological innovation, will provide the tools for achieving a step change in the level of carbon savings. • Fertiliser: We will develop affordable low carbon fertiliser products to reduce and replace fertilisers; explore the potential for bio-stimulants to improve nutrient use efficiency; and explore the viability of fertiliser production by recovering nutrients from wastes and other organic materials. • Soil health: We will aim to target new sustainable land management techniques to overcome the decline in soil quality in the UK and the impact on productivity. We are already funding UK research into soils to deliver greenhouse gas removals (GGR) and abatement technologies as part of the £8.6 million research on GGRs280.', 'We are already funding UK research into soils to deliver greenhouse gas removals (GGR) and abatement technologies as part of the £8.6 million research on GGRs280. • Crops and livestock genetics: We will explore the mitigation potential of new breeding technologies and any barriers to their deployment to improve agricultural and forestry productivity and resilience. 280 The National Environment Research Council (2017) £8.6 million UK research programme on greenhouse gas removal Clean Growth Strategy • Low emission farming techniques: We will reduce the costs of resource use in crop and livestock production by: improving our understanding of crop soil interactions; explore the potential of robotics and the latest sensor technologies; precision farming technologies more viable on smaller scale farms, investigate the potential of improving soil health and carbon stocks.', '280 The National Environment Research Council (2017) £8.6 million UK research programme on greenhouse gas removal Clean Growth Strategy • Low emission farming techniques: We will reduce the costs of resource use in crop and livestock production by: improving our understanding of crop soil interactions; explore the potential of robotics and the latest sensor technologies; precision farming technologies more viable on smaller scale farms, investigate the potential of improving soil health and carbon stocks. • Forestry innovation: We need to improve the resilience and productivity of our forests such as through greater understanding of how tree genetics can contribute to GGRs, especially as we approach 2050.', '• Forestry innovation: We need to improve the resilience and productivity of our forests such as through greater understanding of how tree genetics can contribute to GGRs, especially as we approach 2050. Innovate UK will also ensure that future rounds of its health and life science calls encourage bids which directly or indirectly support practices that may have a positive impact on climate change. Waste • Anaerobic Digestion. We need to ensure the sector continues to support our carbon and air quality goals, and that best practice is followed when digestate is spread to land to minimise ammonia release and air quality and pollutant impacts. This includes development of improved digestion and ammonia and phosphate extraction technologies while working with the sector to focus on reducing methane emissions. • Resource efficiency.', 'This includes development of improved digestion and ammonia and phosphate extraction technologies while working with the sector to focus on reducing methane emissions. • Resource efficiency. We will encourage the development of business models which encourage resource efficiency, extend product life, conserve resources, and prevent material from becoming waste. Innovate UK’s £15 million Manufacturing and Materials Competition will support the development of more flexible and efficient processes and materials. • Energy recovery processes. We will work with the waste sector to ensure that different waste materials going into energy recovery processes are treated in the best possible way, to minimise environmental impact and maximise their potential as a resource. The National Infrastructure Commission’s work on different pathways for the treatment of waste will feed into this.', 'The National Infrastructure Commission’s work on different pathways for the treatment of waste will feed into this. We will also work with businesses to explore the use of bio- based materials and to promote recyclable packaging so that more is recycled. • Landfill gas capture and management. There is an opportunity to undertake further research to accelerate methane production in the early life of a landfill site to reduce the length of aftercare required.', 'There is an opportunity to undertake further research to accelerate methane production in the early life of a landfill site to reduce the length of aftercare required. This could help to reduce emissions from landfill further and in a sustainable way.112 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 281 IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis 283 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment – Netherlands (2016) RIVM research basis for historic climate agreement on HFCs 284 European Parliament and Council (2014) Annex V of Regulation (EU) no 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 Fluorinated Gases Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are powerful greenhouse gases with a climate change effect up to 23,000 times greater than carbon dioxide281.', 'This could help to reduce emissions from landfill further and in a sustainable way.112 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 281 IPCC (2007) Climate Change 2007: Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis 283 National Institute for Public Health and the Environment – Netherlands (2016) RIVM research basis for historic climate agreement on HFCs 284 European Parliament and Council (2014) Annex V of Regulation (EU) no 517/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on fluorinated greenhouse gases and repealing Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 Fluorinated Gases Fluorinated gases (F-gases) are powerful greenhouse gases with a climate change effect up to 23,000 times greater than carbon dioxide281. Often used as refrigerants, the reduction in F-gas emissions has been a major success story as we decarbonise the economy.', 'Often used as refrigerants, the reduction in F-gas emissions has been a major success story as we decarbonise the economy. UK emissions decreased by 20 per cent between 1995 and 2015. Our current policies will cut UK F-gas emissions from 17 MtCO e in 2015 (about 3 per cent of total UK emissions) to 9.3 MtCO e by 2023, e by 2027 and 3.2 MtCO e by 2035, representing an 81 per cent cut from 2015 levels282. The UK led the way in pledging to phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79 per cent by 2030. Following the UK lead, 197 countries agreed under the United Nations Montreal Protocol to a global phase down of HFCs which will see the UK and other developed countries go even further by delivering an 85 per cent phase down by 2036.', 'Following the UK lead, 197 countries agreed under the United Nations Montreal Protocol to a global phase down of HFCs which will see the UK and other developed countries go even further by delivering an 85 per cent phase down by 2036. It is estimated that this deal will reduce emissions equating to 0.5ºC of avoided temperature change283 by 2100, making a major contribution to the Paris Agreement on climate change and the goal of keeping the global temperature increase well below 2 degrees. Percentage of 2014 sales Figure 29: F-gas reduction steps, 2015-2036284 HFC phase down under EU Regulation F-gas regulations limit the total amount of the most important F-gases that can be sold in the EU, phasing them down in steps to 21% of 2014 sales by 2030.', 'Percentage of 2014 sales Figure 29: F-gas reduction steps, 2015-2036284 HFC phase down under EU Regulation F-gas regulations limit the total amount of the most important F-gases that can be sold in the EU, phasing them down in steps to 21% of 2014 sales by 2030. The UN Montreal Protocol requires an additional HFC phase down under UN Montreal ProtocolThe Clean Growth Strategy 285 Compared to 2015 levels. Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Sustainable Development in Health and Care Report – Health Check 2016', 'Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Sustainable Development in Health and Care Report – Health Check 2016 286 Defra (2017) Greening Government Commitments 2015-2016 Annual Report 2015-to-2016-annual-report This includes all end use emissions 287 Salix Finance: Public Sector Loan Scheme Leading in the Public Sector Progress Since 1990, the public sector – including central and local government, health, education and emergency services – has reduced its emissions by 40 per cent285 as a result of energy efficiency and rationalisation of the central government estate. Central government and its agencies have led by example through the Greening Government Commitments (GGC), which include a greenhouse gas reduction target. As of 2015/16, we have succeeded in meeting the target by delivering a 27 per cent emissions reduction and £127 million of savings against 2009/10 levels286.', 'As of 2015/16, we have succeeded in meeting the target by delivering a 27 per cent emissions reduction and £127 million of savings against 2009/10 levels286. The original target was a 25 per cent reduction compared to the 2009/10 baseline so new targets were set in January 2017, with the aim of achieving a 32 per cent reduction by 2019/20. Outside central government, energy efficiency has been supported by an interest-free loan scheme, managed by Salix Finance. To date, the loan scheme has funded over 16,000 projects, improving public sector and higher education buildings for its users and is projected to save the sector around £55 million on energy bills this year287.', 'To date, the loan scheme has funded over 16,000 projects, improving public sector and higher education buildings for its users and is projected to save the sector around £55 million on energy bills this year287. In addition, the Re:Fit programme, managed by Local Partnerships, has helped public sector organisations invest in energy efficiency and energy generation projects by helping them to establish energy service contracts.114 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 288 BEIS (2016) Building Energy and Efficiency Survey Ambition We want the public sector to be a leader in reducing carbon emissions; an approach that will also save organisations significant amounts of money. While central government has shown what is possible, we now want the wider public sector to reap the benefits of this approach.', 'While central government has shown what is possible, we now want the wider public sector to reap the benefits of this approach. The annual energy bill across all public sector buildings in England and Wales is estimated to be around £2 billion288 and this could be reduced significantly, releasing funds for front line services. The public sector also has a key role to play in demonstrating best practice, promoting transparency over emissions reporting and catalysing markets in energy efficiency by implementing measures at scale.', 'The public sector also has a key role to play in demonstrating best practice, promoting transparency over emissions reporting and catalysing markets in energy efficiency by implementing measures at scale. Annual savings, 2017 £ million Source: Public Sector Energy Ef ciency Loan Scheme BEIS model Figure 30: Annual energy bill savings from public sector Energy Ef ciency LoansThe Clean Growth Strategy To meet the UK’s 2050 target, emissions from the buildings and activities of the public sector will need to be near zero. As with homes and commercial property, this means improving energy efficiency and energy management, and decarbonising the heating and cooling of buildings as far as possible. Our pathway to 2032 sees emissions from the public sector falling by around 50 per cent compared to today.', 'Our pathway to 2032 sees emissions from the public sector falling by around 50 per cent compared to today. To achieve this, the Government will need to: • Set longer term emissions reduction targets across the public sector, and encourage transparent reporting on these. • Address barriers to energy efficiency and low carbon investment, such as supporting organisations to access finance, and make the case for action internally. Opportunities Ambitious action in the public sector will catalyse further innovation in low carbon products and services, generating new business and employment opportunities, and acting as a springboard for the wider low carbon market in the UK and internationally.', 'Opportunities Ambitious action in the public sector will catalyse further innovation in low carbon products and services, generating new business and employment opportunities, and acting as a springboard for the wider low carbon market in the UK and internationally. Existing policy Emissions from the public sector have decreased by 40% since 1990 By 2032 this could be as low as 4 Mt Emissions from the public sector could need to be as low as 1 Mt by 2050 Emissions (Mt) Source: BEIS indicative range Figure 31: Actual and projected emissions in the public sector, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050116 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 289 BEIS (2016) Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) 290 NHS Digital (2017) Hospital Estates and Facilities Statistics 291 Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Carbon Footprint update for NHS in England 292 Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Securing Healthy Returns development.aspx 293 Sustainable Development Unit (2017) Health Outcomes Travel Tool 294 Sustainable Development Unit (2014) Sustainable Development Strategy 295 Hospital Estates and Facilities Statistics Type=&Foundation=&Site_Type=&PFI=&getReport=Get+Report Spotlight: NHS The NHS is responsible for around a third289 of public sector carbon emissions and in 2015/16 around £570 million was spent by the NHS Trust on energy290.', 'Existing policy Emissions from the public sector have decreased by 40% since 1990 By 2032 this could be as low as 4 Mt Emissions from the public sector could need to be as low as 1 Mt by 2050 Emissions (Mt) Source: BEIS indicative range Figure 31: Actual and projected emissions in the public sector, taking into account the clean growth pathway, 1990-2050116 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 289 BEIS (2016) Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) 290 NHS Digital (2017) Hospital Estates and Facilities Statistics 291 Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Carbon Footprint update for NHS in England 292 Sustainable Development Unit (2016) Securing Healthy Returns development.aspx 293 Sustainable Development Unit (2017) Health Outcomes Travel Tool 294 Sustainable Development Unit (2014) Sustainable Development Strategy 295 Hospital Estates and Facilities Statistics Type=&Foundation=&Site_Type=&PFI=&getReport=Get+Report Spotlight: NHS The NHS is responsible for around a third289 of public sector carbon emissions and in 2015/16 around £570 million was spent by the NHS Trust on energy290. Emissions from energy and travel alone have an annual carbon footprint of 7.4 million tonnes291 demonstrating the important role of the NHS and the health supply chain in reducing the UK’s emissions.', 'Emissions from energy and travel alone have an annual carbon footprint of 7.4 million tonnes291 demonstrating the important role of the NHS and the health supply chain in reducing the UK’s emissions. Despite the challenges in the sector, over the last ten years the health system has reduced its annual carbon emissions by 3.6 million tonnes and saved almost £2 billion in energy costs292. Health organisations have in place mandatory Sustainable Development Management Plans which include recommendations on reducing carbon emissions, improving energy efficiency, increasing local energy generation and understanding the health and financial impacts of travel293. NHS organisations are expected to report annually on carbon reduction with 69 per cent of providers and Clinical Commissioning Groups meeting minimum standards.', 'NHS organisations are expected to report annually on carbon reduction with 69 per cent of providers and Clinical Commissioning Groups meeting minimum standards. Health organisations are also strongly encouraged to adopt and report on progress against a carbon reduction target of 34 per cent in line with the Climate Change Act with an NHS baseline of 2007/08294. Forty one per cent295 of trusts already report they are on track to meet the 34 per cent target by 2020/21. Dryden School Dryden School is a secondary special school in Gateshead. They cut their energy bill using a 100 per cent interest free loan of almost £80,000, funded by the Government’s Salix scheme.', 'They cut their energy bill using a 100 per cent interest free loan of almost £80,000, funded by the Government’s Salix scheme. By installing LED lighting, pipework insulation and improving the Building Energy Management System and hydrotherapy pool ventilation system they cut their bill by £17,000 a year – saving over £342 per pupil, and meaning their loan pays back in just over four years.The Clean Growth Strategy Policies and Proposals Setting Targets and Reporting Against Them 1. Outside central government, some parts of the wider public and higher education sectors have already set emission reduction targets to encourage organisations to focus on cutting carbon and energy bills. However there is no common target that covers the whole sector.', 'However there is no common target that covers the whole sector. Therefore, the Government will introduce a voluntary wider public and higher education sector target of a 30 per cent reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020/21, against a 2009/10 baseline, and will publish a Call for Evidence alongside this document to gain views from the sector on the target and a proportionate reporting framework to underpin this, as well as further policies to realise carbon and cost saving potential. We will review progress against this voluntary target by 2020, with a view to moving to a more ambitious target during the 2020s (such as a 50 per cent reduction by 2030). Once a reporting framework is in place, and there is clear evidence of the impact of voluntary action, a mandatory target could also be considered. 2.', 'Once a reporting framework is in place, and there is clear evidence of the impact of voluntary action, a mandatory target could also be considered. 2. For central government, the Greening Government Commitments (GGCs) have already produced significant emissions savings across departments and agencies. We are currently working with departments to agree higher targets for 2020 and actions to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions beyond this date. We will publish the new targets in due course. Supporting Access To Finance 3. In the 2015 Spending Review, the Government announced £295 million of new funding for public sector energy efficiency across the UK. In England, this increased funding is invested in the existing public sector energy efficiency loan scheme, which is available to the wider public and higher education sectors.', 'In England, this increased funding is invested in the existing public sector energy efficiency loan scheme, which is available to the wider public and higher education sectors. The loan scheme administrator currently manages £210 million, and this will rise to some £385 million by 2020. This revolving loan scheme will continue to be recycled to at least 2025. Similar schemes run in Scotland and Wales received £40 million of the 2015 spending review award. 4. An Energy Performance Contract provides finance to organisations so that they can invest in cost-effective energy conservation measures, without incurring any upfront capital costs. The Government will continue to support their expansion in the public sector, as they offer a new route to improve energy efficiency, while producing guaranteed savings.', 'The Government will continue to support their expansion in the public sector, as they offer a new route to improve energy efficiency, while producing guaranteed savings. To underpin this approach we are continuing support to the RE: FIT programme in 2017/18, alongside Local Partnerships.118 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Local Leadership Moving to a productive low carbon economy cannot be achieved by central government alone; it is a shared responsibility across the country. Local areas are best placed to drive emission reductions through their unique position of managing policy on land, buildings, water, waste and transport. They can embed low carbon measures in strategic plans across areas such as health and social care, transport, and housing. The Government recognises the importance of anchoring economic growth in the strengths of local areas.', 'The Government recognises the importance of anchoring economic growth in the strengths of local areas. Indeed, each local area will be responsible for coordinating its own local industrial strategy in alignment with the national Industrial Strategy296. Local leaders are already rising to the challenge and putting local carbon targets and strategies in place. Nearly 70 local authorities are signed up to using 100 per cent clean energy by 2050 as part of the UK100 network297, reflecting the leadership shown by mayors globally on climate change and clean energy. Partnerships across public, private and community sector organisations can unlock powerful integrated local energy solutions. The Government is committed to supporting local leadership and has already given additional powers and responsibilities through the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016; many of the Local Devolution deals agreed to date include energy commitments.', 'The Government is committed to supporting local leadership and has already given additional powers and responsibilities through the Cities and Local Government Devolution Act 2016; many of the Local Devolution deals agreed to date include energy commitments. We work with local areas to support delivery, develop partnerships, and enable access to low carbon procurement frameworks. In 2017, in England we funded 13 Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs) to develop local energy strategies and will support the remaining 25 LEPs to produce their own later this year. We will also launch a new Local Energy programme to support local areas in England to play a greater role in decarbonisation. This will increase local capacity and capability across England and provide on the ground practical support and expertise to unlock local energy opportunities.', 'This will increase local capacity and capability across England and provide on the ground practical support and expertise to unlock local energy opportunities. The programme will start to support delivery of the Industrial Strategy and Smart Systems Plan, working with local areas to demonstrate that deep decarbonisation can be achieved through local system change in a way that keeps costs down and maximises economic benefit.The Clean Growth Strategy Innovation at the local level is also vital. The Energy Innovation Board will ensure that all relevant clean technology innovation funds are accessible to local actors including local authorities, Local Enterprise Partnerships, community sector organisations and others, as appropriate. Government will continue to work with and support local leaders.', 'Government will continue to work with and support local leaders. We will establish a Local Energy Contact Group, building on the valuable work of the previous Community Energy Contact Group, to continue the crucial dialogue between local stakeholders and Ministers. Local Leadership: Cornwall Cornwall hosts a wealth of renewable energy resources including wind, solar, geothermal and marine energy. Cornwall now contributes more than 768 MW of sustainable energy generation to the UK energy mix296, with approximately 25 per cent in local ownership, including 8 MW of Council-owned solar PV and more than 1MW owned by community groups supported by England’s first community energy revolving fund with £2.5 million council funds297. 296 Regen (2016) Renewable Energy: a local progress report for England StepsThis Strategy sets out our plan to meet our future carbon budgets.', '296 Regen (2016) Renewable Energy: a local progress report for England StepsThis Strategy sets out our plan to meet our future carbon budgets. Chapter 4 sets out the potential to reduce emissions across each sector and our policies and proposals to unlock the further savings needed. The timeframes for these actions are set out in full in annexes A and B. In addition to the Emissions Intensity Ratio, we have also developed a set of metrics which will help us assess and understand progress. These metrics are summarised below and set out in Annex D. This Strategy is not the end of the process.', 'These metrics are summarised below and set out in Annex D. This Strategy is not the end of the process. Our policies and proposals will evolve as we respond to costs coming down, to lessons about what does and does not work, to improved evidence, and to wider trends in the economy, society, technology and innovation. To keep track of this moving picture and our progress towards carbon budgets, we will be monitoring and reporting against each element of this Strategy. From 2018, we will use the Government’s response to the Committee on Climate Change’s annual progress report to bring together reporting against this strategy on the emission intensity ratio, metrics and actions. We will publish our performance against the Emissions Intensity Ratio on an annual basis.', 'We will publish our performance against the Emissions Intensity Ratio on an annual basis. We will also update key elements of the Strategy in line with our annual statutory responses to the Committee on Climate Change’s reports on progress, ahead of setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021. We welcome views on this Strategy. Comments and suggestions should be sent to CleanGrowthStrategy@beis.gov.uk by the end of December 2017. Government intends that the individual departmental policies and proposals contained within the plan will be consulted on separately, where such consultation has not already taken place. Views received in response to both this Strategy and the detailed policy proposals which will follow it will be considered as we update key elements of our strategy before setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021.', 'Views received in response to both this Strategy and the detailed policy proposals which will follow it will be considered as we update key elements of our strategy before setting the sixth carbon budget by 30 June 2021. The Government will also launch an annual week focusing on climate issues across the UK, to showcase our progress and successes on climate action, share the latest climate science, and highlight and promote economic opportunities arising from clean growth around the country. The Clean Growth StrategyWhole economy We will report progress against this framework of economy-wide and sector-level metrics annually.', 'The Clean Growth StrategyWhole economy We will report progress against this framework of economy-wide and sector-level metrics annually. Details of each metric are set out in Annex D Homes Transport Power Non-industrial business & public sector Industrial business Land & environment Emissions per capita (tCO e/person) Final energy consumption intensity of GDP (MWh/£ million) 4% per year Average fall in emissions intensity of the economy 5% per year Our ambition to 2032 Emissions intensity of GDP gCO e/£ Home energy use per household (MWh/household) Road transport emissions per vehicle kilometre (gCO e/km) Emissions from generation (MtCO e) Non-industrial business and public energy use per £m output (MWh/£ million) Industrial business energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) Biodegradable waste sent to landfill (Million tonnes) Emissions intensity of home energy use (gCO e/kWh) Road transport emissions per energy use (gCO e/kWh) Share of electricity supply from clean sources (%) Emissions intensity of non-industrial business and public energy use (gCO e/kWh) Emissions intensity of industrial business energy use (gCO e/kWh) Total UK conventional woodland area (thousand hectares) 122 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyThe Clean Growth Strategy124 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy AnnexesThe Clean Growth Strategy Annex A: Decision pathways These following decision pathways give an overview of how the policies and proposals set out in this Strategy map over time.', 'Details of each metric are set out in Annex D Homes Transport Power Non-industrial business & public sector Industrial business Land & environment Emissions per capita (tCO e/person) Final energy consumption intensity of GDP (MWh/£ million) 4% per year Average fall in emissions intensity of the economy 5% per year Our ambition to 2032 Emissions intensity of GDP gCO e/£ Home energy use per household (MWh/household) Road transport emissions per vehicle kilometre (gCO e/km) Emissions from generation (MtCO e) Non-industrial business and public energy use per £m output (MWh/£ million) Industrial business energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) Biodegradable waste sent to landfill (Million tonnes) Emissions intensity of home energy use (gCO e/kWh) Road transport emissions per energy use (gCO e/kWh) Share of electricity supply from clean sources (%) Emissions intensity of non-industrial business and public energy use (gCO e/kWh) Emissions intensity of industrial business energy use (gCO e/kWh) Total UK conventional woodland area (thousand hectares) 122 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyThe Clean Growth Strategy124 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy AnnexesThe Clean Growth Strategy Annex A: Decision pathways These following decision pathways give an overview of how the policies and proposals set out in this Strategy map over time. They include future policy development such as publications, key decisions, reviews and consultations, which aim to unlock further carbon savings.', 'They include future policy development such as publications, key decisions, reviews and consultations, which aim to unlock further carbon savings. Some Government programmes, such as the Industrial Strategy, cut across several sectors and so are not reflected below.Greater efficiency across all business Better commercial buildings Transforming manufacturing and heavy industry Business and Industry 126 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy New, simplified Reporting Framework of energy use and emissions by businesses New policy framework to drive business energy efficiency EU Emissions Trading System (or alternative policy approach post-EU Exit) Minimum standards for new build and existing build Helping businesses off the gas grid to move to cleaner heating options Minimum standards in the private rented sector Strengthening carbon pricing Industrial Energy Efficiency Scheme 2050 Industrial Decarbonisation Action Plans Smart meter roll-out Heat Strategic Options work Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) Energy Efficiency Accelerator Fund Renewable Heat Incentive Industrial Heat Recovery Scheme Development of policy framework to support the decarbonisation of heavy industry.', 'Some Government programmes, such as the Industrial Strategy, cut across several sectors and so are not reflected below.Greater efficiency across all business Better commercial buildings Transforming manufacturing and heavy industry Business and Industry 126 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy New, simplified Reporting Framework of energy use and emissions by businesses New policy framework to drive business energy efficiency EU Emissions Trading System (or alternative policy approach post-EU Exit) Minimum standards for new build and existing build Helping businesses off the gas grid to move to cleaner heating options Minimum standards in the private rented sector Strengthening carbon pricing Industrial Energy Efficiency Scheme 2050 Industrial Decarbonisation Action Plans Smart meter roll-out Heat Strategic Options work Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) Energy Efficiency Accelerator Fund Renewable Heat Incentive Industrial Heat Recovery Scheme Development of policy framework to support the decarbonisation of heavy industry. Consultation on Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting Framework Possible consultation on improving requirements Consultation published Decision on successor policy Consultation on PRS Min.', 'Consultation on Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting Framework Possible consultation on improving requirements Consultation published Decision on successor policy Consultation on PRS Min. Standards Phase IV negotiations Development of scheme Action plans published Develop CCUS deployment pathway Develop our ambition of deploying CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently, building on our innovation programme and international collaboration.', 'Standards Phase IV negotiations Development of scheme Action plans published Develop CCUS deployment pathway Develop our ambition of deploying CCUS at scale during the 2030s, subject to costs coming down sufficiently, building on our innovation programme and international collaboration. CCL rebalancing Phase IV End of phase III Consultation on package of measures to increase business energy efficiency Proposed date for introduction of new reporting frameworkImprove the quality and value of peoples’ homes Make it easier for people to reduce the cost of running their home Encourage the take-up of cleaner heating systems Encourage better market services and creating valuable jobs Homes The Clean Growth Strategy New build – Building regulations encourage future-proofing new homes for low carbon heat Renewable Heat Incentive Funding allocated in Spending Review 2015 to support investment in heat networks Transition to sustainable heat networks market Examine plans for long- term market framework Existing homes Standards in PRS and social housing Consultation PRS Band E minimum standard goes live 2018 Decision on consulting on PRS and Social Housing trajectories Improve boiler standards and heating controls Industry to implement Each Home Count Review recommendations Improve the availability of finance for home energy improvements Heat Strategic Options Work Owner occupied housing Taskforce Decision on successor policy Regulations come into force in 2020 Call for evidence by end 2017 Framework of measures to enable phase out of high carbon fossil fuel heating Possible consultation and review of energy performance standards in Building Regulations Stakeholder event to launch plans Call for Evidence on reform of the Green Deal framework Call for Evidence on additional market based measures Publish action plan on additional market based measures ECO Decision to extend scheme to 2028 Decision about design of ECO for 2022-28 ECO Possible broader consultation of energy performance standards in Building Regulations in Spring 2019Accelerating the uptake of ultralow emission vehicles Supporting the UK automotive industry in their ambition to become world leading developer of zero emission technologies Encouraging a more efficient and low carbon frieght system Encouraging low carbon alternatives to car journeys Modernising the domestic aviation and shipping sectors Cross cutting Transport 128 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Pathway to Zero Emission Road Transport Strategy Regulation / standards Cost-effective Rail electrification and Bi-mode rollout Zero emission bus uptake Biofuels Regulation Evidence gathering to enable decisions Investment in walking / cycling EU and UK regulation Working with Innovate UK and through the Advanced Propulsion Centre (collaborative R&D with industry) and Automotive Council (to determine trade and investment priorities) Publish Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy Initial findings from Govt.', 'CCL rebalancing Phase IV End of phase III Consultation on package of measures to increase business energy efficiency Proposed date for introduction of new reporting frameworkImprove the quality and value of peoples’ homes Make it easier for people to reduce the cost of running their home Encourage the take-up of cleaner heating systems Encourage better market services and creating valuable jobs Homes The Clean Growth Strategy New build – Building regulations encourage future-proofing new homes for low carbon heat Renewable Heat Incentive Funding allocated in Spending Review 2015 to support investment in heat networks Transition to sustainable heat networks market Examine plans for long- term market framework Existing homes Standards in PRS and social housing Consultation PRS Band E minimum standard goes live 2018 Decision on consulting on PRS and Social Housing trajectories Improve boiler standards and heating controls Industry to implement Each Home Count Review recommendations Improve the availability of finance for home energy improvements Heat Strategic Options Work Owner occupied housing Taskforce Decision on successor policy Regulations come into force in 2020 Call for evidence by end 2017 Framework of measures to enable phase out of high carbon fossil fuel heating Possible consultation and review of energy performance standards in Building Regulations Stakeholder event to launch plans Call for Evidence on reform of the Green Deal framework Call for Evidence on additional market based measures Publish action plan on additional market based measures ECO Decision to extend scheme to 2028 Decision about design of ECO for 2022-28 ECO Possible broader consultation of energy performance standards in Building Regulations in Spring 2019Accelerating the uptake of ultralow emission vehicles Supporting the UK automotive industry in their ambition to become world leading developer of zero emission technologies Encouraging a more efficient and low carbon frieght system Encouraging low carbon alternatives to car journeys Modernising the domestic aviation and shipping sectors Cross cutting Transport 128 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Pathway to Zero Emission Road Transport Strategy Regulation / standards Cost-effective Rail electrification and Bi-mode rollout Zero emission bus uptake Biofuels Regulation Evidence gathering to enable decisions Investment in walking / cycling EU and UK regulation Working with Innovate UK and through the Advanced Propulsion Centre (collaborative R&D with industry) and Automotive Council (to determine trade and investment priorities) Publish Cycling and Walking Investment Strategy Initial findings from Govt. research UK Aviation Green Papers IMO initial plan ICAO regime begins IMO final plan Finish aerospace R&D Findings from platooning trial Final year of ten-year, large trial on longer semi-trailers Findings from Innovate UK trials on low emission vehicles EU HDV CO emission reporting and monitoring EST pilot, advising SMEs Expect EU regulation for 2021-30 (UK to set out approach in context of EU exit) Consult on HGV levy reform EU regulation on car/van CO set for period to 2030 UK to set out regulatory approach in context of EU exit New govt.', 'research UK Aviation Green Papers IMO initial plan ICAO regime begins IMO final plan Finish aerospace R&D Findings from platooning trial Final year of ten-year, large trial on longer semi-trailers Findings from Innovate UK trials on low emission vehicles EU HDV CO emission reporting and monitoring EST pilot, advising SMEs Expect EU regulation for 2021-30 (UK to set out approach in context of EU exit) Consult on HGV levy reform EU regulation on car/van CO set for period to 2030 UK to set out regulatory approach in context of EU exit New govt. buying standards EU car/van CO regulation proposals Automated & Electric vehicle BillGrowing low carbon sources of electricity Delivering smarter, more efficient energy Power The Clean Growth Strategy Renewables Obligation Unabated coal Contracts for Difference (CF Ds) New Nuclear Capacity Market Smart systems and flexibility Networks Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) – see Business chapter Small-scale Feed-in Tariff Cost of Energy Review Update on future policy approach Detailed response to consultation Modified license for storage from Ofgem Smart System Plan published with 29 actions for Government, Ofgem and industry Interconnection: 4.4GW under construction and 9.5GW more could be in consumers’ interests Distribution networks: Up to £26 billion investment over 2015-23 Statutory review Smart meter rollout complete Legally separate System Operator Close unabated coal generation by 2025 Next Pot 2 CFD round open for applications in Spring 2019 Progress discussions with developers to secure a competitive price for future projects Offshore wind contracted to build at £57.50 per MWh EDF target commissioning date for Hinkley Point C Scheme closes to all grace period applicants Continued control over policy costs We want to see more people investing without government supportFarmers and rural businesses benefit from clean growth opportunities Making sure our land plays a central role in capturing carbon and enhancing natural capital The UK will be zero affordable waste by 2050 F-gases 130 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Natural resources Bioeconomy strategy RDPE – rural renewables Planting 11 Million more trees Courtauld Commitment 2025 Phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79% Montreal Protocol – 85% reduction by 2036 Greenhouse Gas Action Plan (GHGAP) Forestry Investment Zones £10 million on Peatland restoration Centres for agri-tech innovation Woodland carbon funding Resources and Waste Strategy 25 year environment plan Revised EU legislative proposal on waste (2030 targets currently subject to negotiations / subject to outcome of EU exit negotiations) EU Landfill Directive (currently subject to negotiations and subject to outcome of EU exit) New framework to support agriculture, land use and wider rural economy following EU exit Sector deal(s) support bioeconomy growth New farm woodland Review published Set out concept Identify FIZ’s Set out proposals and consultation Common EU target for 50% re-use and recycling of certain materials from household waste; 70% preparing for re-use, recycling and other recovery of construction and demolition waste Update on agriculture metrics Publication of 25 year environment plan Decisions this Parliament about what follows the EU Waste Framework Directive Target to restrict Biodegradable Municipal Waste landfilled to 35% of the 1995 baseline Open for bidsGreening Government Commitments – Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions targets Public Sector Target The Clean Growth Strategy Public sector Review progress of GHG emission reduction targets to 2020 More ambitious 2020 GHG emission reduction targets announced Consider future Government action to reduce GHG emissions beyond 2020 Publish Call for Evidence Develop a reporting framework Review the evidence for the introduction of a mandatory target in 2025 Introduce voluntary public sector target in April 2018 Review voluntary target and consult on future targetsLead department Description Timing Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth BEIS Consult on new and streamlined energy and carbon reporting framework.', 'buying standards EU car/van CO regulation proposals Automated & Electric vehicle BillGrowing low carbon sources of electricity Delivering smarter, more efficient energy Power The Clean Growth Strategy Renewables Obligation Unabated coal Contracts for Difference (CF Ds) New Nuclear Capacity Market Smart systems and flexibility Networks Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) – see Business chapter Small-scale Feed-in Tariff Cost of Energy Review Update on future policy approach Detailed response to consultation Modified license for storage from Ofgem Smart System Plan published with 29 actions for Government, Ofgem and industry Interconnection: 4.4GW under construction and 9.5GW more could be in consumers’ interests Distribution networks: Up to £26 billion investment over 2015-23 Statutory review Smart meter rollout complete Legally separate System Operator Close unabated coal generation by 2025 Next Pot 2 CFD round open for applications in Spring 2019 Progress discussions with developers to secure a competitive price for future projects Offshore wind contracted to build at £57.50 per MWh EDF target commissioning date for Hinkley Point C Scheme closes to all grace period applicants Continued control over policy costs We want to see more people investing without government supportFarmers and rural businesses benefit from clean growth opportunities Making sure our land plays a central role in capturing carbon and enhancing natural capital The UK will be zero affordable waste by 2050 F-gases 130 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Natural resources Bioeconomy strategy RDPE – rural renewables Planting 11 Million more trees Courtauld Commitment 2025 Phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79% Montreal Protocol – 85% reduction by 2036 Greenhouse Gas Action Plan (GHGAP) Forestry Investment Zones £10 million on Peatland restoration Centres for agri-tech innovation Woodland carbon funding Resources and Waste Strategy 25 year environment plan Revised EU legislative proposal on waste (2030 targets currently subject to negotiations / subject to outcome of EU exit negotiations) EU Landfill Directive (currently subject to negotiations and subject to outcome of EU exit) New framework to support agriculture, land use and wider rural economy following EU exit Sector deal(s) support bioeconomy growth New farm woodland Review published Set out concept Identify FIZ’s Set out proposals and consultation Common EU target for 50% re-use and recycling of certain materials from household waste; 70% preparing for re-use, recycling and other recovery of construction and demolition waste Update on agriculture metrics Publication of 25 year environment plan Decisions this Parliament about what follows the EU Waste Framework Directive Target to restrict Biodegradable Municipal Waste landfilled to 35% of the 1995 baseline Open for bidsGreening Government Commitments – Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions targets Public Sector Target The Clean Growth Strategy Public sector Review progress of GHG emission reduction targets to 2020 More ambitious 2020 GHG emission reduction targets announced Consider future Government action to reduce GHG emissions beyond 2020 Publish Call for Evidence Develop a reporting framework Review the evidence for the introduction of a mandatory target in 2025 Introduce voluntary public sector target in April 2018 Review voluntary target and consult on future targetsLead department Description Timing Improving Business and Industry Efficiency and Supporting Clean Growth BEIS Consult on new and streamlined energy and carbon reporting framework. This will replace some existing schemes, such as the reporting element of the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, and align with mandatory annual greenhouse gas reporting by UK quoted companies.', 'This will replace some existing schemes, such as the reporting element of the CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme, and align with mandatory annual greenhouse gas reporting by UK quoted companies. Published alongside this Strategy, with proposed introduction of new framework by 2019 BEIS Consult on the design of a new £18 million industrial heat recovery programme. Published alongside this Strategy BEIS Publish joint industrial decarbonisation and energy efficiency action plans with seven of the most energy intensive industrial sectors, building on three years of joint industry- Government cooperation. Published alongside this Strategy BEIS New Ministerial-led CCUS Council with industry established. From 2017 BEIS CCUS Cost Challenge Taskforce established to deliver a plan to reduce the cost of deploying CCUS. BEIS Establish an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme.', 'BEIS Establish an Industrial Energy Efficiency scheme. From 2017 BEIS/DCLG Consult on how best to improve the performance of the commercial and private rented sector, through tighter minimum building standards in the Private Rented Sector. BEIS Deployment pathway for CCUS produced. 2018 BEIS Work with industrial clusters to identify the most appropriate way forward to test the potential for development of CCUS industrial decarbonisation clusters. BEIS Organise an international CCUS event with international partners. 2018 BEIS Commit to provide further details on CCUS innovation spend. 2018 BEIS Develop and consult on a package of measures to support businesses to improve how productively they use energy.', '2018 BEIS Develop and consult on a package of measures to support businesses to improve how productively they use energy. BEIS/HMT Ensure incentives for investment in energy efficiency are regularly reviewed, for instance the list of products that qualify for enhanced capital allowances tax relief. On-going BEIS Undertake an evaluation of the Climate Change Agreements to inform any successor scheme from 2023. Expected to commence in 2018 132 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Annex B: Actions and milestones This annex sets out actions and milestones that the Government is committing to in this plan, and related publications. Actions will be updated and progress reported through the Government’s response to the Committee on Climate Change’s annual progress report.', 'Actions will be updated and progress reported through the Government’s response to the Committee on Climate Change’s annual progress report. Details of the Government’s Innovation Investment are set out in Chapter 4.Lead department Description Timing DCLG Following the outcome of the independent review of Building Regulations and fire safety, and subject to its conclusions, the Government intends to consult on improving the energy efficiency of new and existing commercial buildings. BEIS Beyond support through the RHI, ambition to phase out high fossil fuel heating in businesses off the gas grid during the 2020s. Businesses and industry will be involved in developing the new policy. During the 2020s BEIS Develop a clear policy framework to support decarbonisation in energy intensive industries.', 'During the 2020s BEIS Develop a clear policy framework to support decarbonisation in energy intensive industries. Improving our Homes BEIS Publish a call for evidence on additional measures to encourage energy performance, particularly amongst owner occupiers. Published alongside this Strategy BEIS Publish a call for evidence on how to reform and streamline the Green Deal framework to make the “Pay as You Save” system more accessible to businesses, while ensuring adequate protection for consumers. Published alongside this Strategy BEIS Work with industry to implement the independent industry led Each Home Counts review to improve quality and standards for all retrofit energy efficiency and renewable energy installations. BEIS/HMT Work with mortgage lenders to incorporate energy efficiency into their lending decisions, and look at incentives and other levers that could encourage home-owners to invest in energy efficiency improvements.', 'BEIS/HMT Work with mortgage lenders to incorporate energy efficiency into their lending decisions, and look at incentives and other levers that could encourage home-owners to invest in energy efficiency improvements. BEIS Explore ways in which we could make it easier for innovative approaches or products to be installed under our consumer-facing schemes such as the Energy Company Obligation. BEIS For privately rented homes, from April 2018, landlords of the worst performing properties will need to improve those properties to a minimum of EPC E before they can be let; lowering bills for some of the most vulnerable private tenants. We will consult shortly on steps to make these regulations more effective. BEIS Consult on ECO’s operation through to 2022.', 'BEIS Consult on ECO’s operation through to 2022. 2018 BEIS Reform the RHI to focus the scheme towards long-term decarbonisation through greater uptake of technologies such as heat pumps and bio methane (biogas to grid). BEIS Continue to work with suppliers to ensure that people are provided with tailored advice when a smart meter is installed. BEIS Alongside this Strategy, the Government has published Boiler Plus, improving standards for the 1.2 million new boilers installed in England every year and ensuring control devices are included with every installation so people can control comfort in their own homes for less from April 2018.', 'BEIS Alongside this Strategy, the Government has published Boiler Plus, improving standards for the 1.2 million new boilers installed in England every year and ensuring control devices are included with every installation so people can control comfort in their own homes for less from April 2018. BEIS Replace the existing, telephone-only Energy Saving Advice Service with a digitally led- service working closely with the Each Home Counts implementation, offering tailored advice on improving the energy performance of people’s homes.', 'BEIS Replace the existing, telephone-only Energy Saving Advice Service with a digitally led- service working closely with the Each Home Counts implementation, offering tailored advice on improving the energy performance of people’s homes. BEIS/DCLG Issue a Call for Evidence seeking views on further triggers points for Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) to be updated, as well as wider views on how EPCs could be further improved, in light of new sources of data and capabilities The Clean Growth StrategyLead department Description Timing BEIS/DCLG The Government will look at a long term trajectory for energy performance standards across the private rented sector, with the aim of as many private rented homes as possible being upgraded to EPC C by 2030 where practical, cost-effective and affordable.', 'BEIS/DCLG Issue a Call for Evidence seeking views on further triggers points for Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) to be updated, as well as wider views on how EPCs could be further improved, in light of new sources of data and capabilities The Clean Growth StrategyLead department Description Timing BEIS/DCLG The Government will look at a long term trajectory for energy performance standards across the private rented sector, with the aim of as many private rented homes as possible being upgraded to EPC C by 2030 where practical, cost-effective and affordable. BEIS/DCLG The Government will also look at introducing similar energy performance standards across the social housing sector, where practical, cost-effective and affordable.', 'BEIS/DCLG The Government will also look at introducing similar energy performance standards across the social housing sector, where practical, cost-effective and affordable. This will need to take account of the findings of the independent public inquiry into the fire at Grenfell Tower and the Government’s separate work looking at wider social housing policy issues. BEIS/DCLG Following recommendations from the review of Building Regulations and fire safety currently underway explore innovative solutions to energy performance improvements not performing as well as predicted, including potential actions on compliance and enforcement of energy performance. BEIS Continue smart meter roll out. Roll out complete by end of 2020 BEIS Funding allocated in the Spending Review 2015 to grow the UK’s heat networks market.', 'Roll out complete by end of 2020 BEIS Funding allocated in the Spending Review 2015 to grow the UK’s heat networks market. By 2021 BEIS Beyond support through the RHI, ambition to phase out high fossil fuel heating in homes off the gas grid during the 2020s. Consumers and industry will be involved in developing the new policy. During the 2020s Accelerating the Shift to Low Carbon Transport DfT Series of consultation papers setting out the Government’s strategic approach to avia- tion, including how to support growth whilst tackling environmental impacts. DfT Regulation to improve EV charge point provision and consumer access under the Automated and Electric Vehicle Bill. DfT Deployment of £80 million ULEV infrastructure funding announced in Autumn Statement 2016.', 'DfT Deployment of £80 million ULEV infrastructure funding announced in Autumn Statement 2016. DfT Consider outcome and next steps in light of SME HGV fleet review pilot. 2017 DfT Pathway to Zero Emission Road Transport Strategy Document. By early March 2018 DfT/Defra Updating Government vehicle buying standards. End 2018 DfT EU HGV CO emission reporting and monitoring starts. January 2019 HMT Decision(s) on future fiscal support/tax incentives for ULEVs. Ongoing 134 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyLead department Description Timing DfT Report from Low Emission Freight and Logistics Trial. 2019 DfT Decision on domestic regulatory regime for car/van CO regulations in context of EU exit. HMT Decisions on support for cycling and walking following end of current funding period (to 2019/20).', 'HMT Decisions on support for cycling and walking following end of current funding period (to 2019/20). DfT Decision on next steps in light of platooning and longer semi-trailer trials. 2020 onwards DfT Decision on domestic regulatory regime for freight CO regulations in context of EU exit. DfT Active participation in the IMO to address GHG emissions from shipping. Ongoing Clean, Smart, Flexible Power BEIS Publish a full response to the consultation on ending unabated coal generation in Great Britain. Shortly BEIS Publish independent Cost of Energy Review, undertaken by Professor Dieter Helm CBE. Autumn 2017 HMT Set out further details on carbon prices beyond 2020/21.', 'Autumn 2017 HMT Set out further details on carbon prices beyond 2020/21. Autumn 2017 BEIS Work with industry to develop a nuclear Sector Deal as part of the Industrial Strategy, looking at boosting competitiveness and skills across the sector. BEIS/HMT Set out new controls to replace the Levy Control Framework beyond 2020/21. End 2017 BEIS Provide an update on our approach for small scale low carbon generation beyond 2019. End 2017 Ofgem Introduce a modified generation license for storage to improve regulatory clarity. Summer 2018 BEIS Continue to work with nuclear developers on their new build proposals, including on financing plans. Ofgem/National Grid Create a legally separate system operator. April 2019 BEIS Planned Pot 2 Contract for Difference auction.', 'April 2019 BEIS Planned Pot 2 Contract for Difference auction. Spring 2019 BEIS Continue to work with Ofgem and industry to implement the 29 actions in the Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan. The Clean Growth StrategyLead department Description Timing Enhancing the Benefits and Value of our Natural Resources BEIS Set out approach to bring together biological industries, academia and innovators, linking up farmers and land managers with high tech industries to make the most of existing resources and develop advance feed stocks that are essential for the future low carbon economy. By end of 2017 BEIS New Bioeconomy Strategy. By end of 2017 Defra & BEIS Set up a stronger and more attractive domestic carbon offset market that will encourage more businesses to support cost-effective emissions reductions such as through planting trees.', 'By end of 2017 Defra & BEIS Set up a stronger and more attractive domestic carbon offset market that will encourage more businesses to support cost-effective emissions reductions such as through planting trees. We will also explore how we could extend this market to include other land activities. Defra Establish forestry investment zones. 2017 onwards Defra Set out 25 Year Environment Plan. 2017 onwards Defra Government to publish a new Resources and Waste Strategy. 2018 Defra Publish a Clean Air Strategy. 2018 Defra £10 million capital grant scheme for peat restoration. Funds available from April 2018 for 3 years Defra Continue working with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on their project to improve the modelling of macroeconomic effects of the transition to a circular economy.', 'Funds available from April 2018 for 3 years Defra Continue working with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on their project to improve the modelling of macroeconomic effects of the transition to a circular economy. Project concludes end Defra Commit to make available up to £200 million to support rural communities over the next two years and set out agroforestry decisions. By end of 2019 Defra Allocated funding to woodland planting to plant 11 million trees. 2020 Defra EU target of at least 50% of household waste being recycled by 2020. 2020 Defra Woodland Carbon Fund: £19.2 million to fund larger-scale woodland and forest creation.', '2020 Defra Woodland Carbon Fund: £19.2 million to fund larger-scale woodland and forest creation. By 2021 Defra Work with industry to encourage the use of low-emissions fertiliser, and review the levels of take up using data from the British Fertiliser Practice Survey. Over next 5 years Defra Targets of a 20% reduction in food and drink waste arising in the UK, a 20% reduction in the greenhouse gas intensity of food and drink consumed in the UK, and a reduction in impact associated with water use in the supply chain through delivery of the Courtauld Commitment 2025. Concludes in 2025, with an on-going review of progress Defra Work towards no food waste entering landfill by 2030. 2030 Defra UK to phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79% by 2030.', '2030 Defra UK to phase down use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) by 79% by 2030. 2030 Defra UK to phase down use of HFCs by 85% by 2036 under the United Nations Montreal Protocol. Defra Ambition for the UK to be zero avoidable waste economy by 2050. 2050 136 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyLead department Description Timing Leading in the Public Sector BEIS Continue to fund further improvements in the wider public sector with £295 million of funding allocated to the public sector energy efficiency loan scheme, across the UK, in the 2015 Spending Review. On going BEIS Introduce a voluntary wider public and higher education sector target of 30% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020/21, against a 2009/10 baseline, and will publish a Call for Evidence.', 'On going BEIS Introduce a voluntary wider public and higher education sector target of 30% reduction in greenhouse gases by 2020/21, against a 2009/10 baseline, and will publish a Call for Evidence. We will review progress against this voluntary target by 2020, with a view to moving to a more ambitious target during the 2020s (e.g. 50% reduction by 2030). Once a reporting framework is in place, and there is clear evidence of the impact of voluntary action, a mandatory target could be considered. BEIS Review existing carbon saving policies impacting the public sector to assess whether changes or new policies are needed to realise the carbon and costs savings potential. We will explore this further through a Call for Evidence.', 'We will explore this further through a Call for Evidence. BEIS Currently assessing how much the current 2020 greenhouse gas emission reduction target under the GGCs could be stretched to be more ambitious yet achievable. We also aim to set an appropriate level of ambition beyond 2020. BEIS Continue to support the expansion of Energy Performance Contracts in the public sector which can offer a new route for investment in energy efficiency alongside guaranteed savings. We are providing continuing support in The Clean Growth Strategy138 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Annex C: Climate science UK and international climate action is underpinned by a robust evidence base on the science of climate change.', 'We are providing continuing support in The Clean Growth Strategy138 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Annex C: Climate science UK and international climate action is underpinned by a robust evidence base on the science of climate change. In this annex we summarise (i) the scientific evidence that reinforces the need for ambitious action to reduce emissions; (ii) the scientific rationale behind the internationally-agreed global temperature goals; (iii) UK climate action; and (iv) future scientific priorities from a UK government perspective. 1: Why we are committed to ambitious action on climate change We are already seeing the impacts of climate change. The global average temperature of the Earth’s surface has risen around 1°C since pre- industrial times298.', 'The global average temperature of the Earth’s surface has risen around 1°C since pre- industrial times298. All but one of the top sixteen warmest years on record have occurred since 2000299, and each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decades since 1850300. 2015 and 2016 were the warmest years on record by quite some margin301 -albeit enhanced by the El Niño effect- and the impacts of climate change are already widespread and are affecting many sectors of society302. Arctic sea ice extent has declined by about 4 per cent every decade since records began in 1979 and sea level has risen by about 3 mm a year since the early 1990s303.', 'Arctic sea ice extent has declined by about 4 per cent every decade since records began in 1979 and sea level has risen by about 3 mm a year since the early 1990s303. In addition, increased uptake of carbon dioxide by the oceans has caused the pH of ocean surface water to decrease by 0.1 units since the beginning of the industrial era, corresponding to a 26 per cent increase in acidity304. Without action to reduce the level of greenhouse gases we emit globally, climate change is set to continue with increasing temperatures on the land and in our oceans. This will result in further increases in sea levels, more frequent and more severe heat waves and a changing rainfall pattern leading to more droughts and floods in some regions; and disruption to some ecosystems305.', 'This will result in further increases in sea levels, more frequent and more severe heat waves and a changing rainfall pattern leading to more droughts and floods in some regions; and disruption to some ecosystems305. Without significant reductions in emissions, the world is likely to be on course for 298 Met Office (2016) Indicators of change 2016 300 World Meteorological Organization press release (2017) 301 World Meteorological Organization press release (2017) 302 IPCC (2014) Climate: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Summary for Policymakers. ch/report/ar5/wg2/. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects.', 'Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 303 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 304 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 305 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 306 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change95% confidence interval Temperature difference from 1850-1900 average °C Source: HadCRUT4, Met Office Figure 32: Global near-surface annual average temperature relative to a The Clean Growth Strategy average temperature rise in excess of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and possibly as much as 5°C for the highest emissions scenarios, by the end of this century306.', 'Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 303 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 304 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 305 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 306 IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change95% confidence interval Temperature difference from 1850-1900 average °C Source: HadCRUT4, Met Office Figure 32: Global near-surface annual average temperature relative to a The Clean Growth Strategy average temperature rise in excess of 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and possibly as much as 5°C for the highest emissions scenarios, by the end of this century306. Additionally, continuing acidification of the oceans will pose substantial risks to marine ecosystems.', 'Additionally, continuing acidification of the oceans will pose substantial risks to marine ecosystems. This growing level of global climate instability poses great risks to natural ecosystems, global food production, supply chains and economic development. It is likely to lead to the displacement of vulnerable people and migration, impact water availability globally, and result in greater human, animal and plant disease. Climate change can indirectly increase the risks of violent conflicts by amplifying drivers of conflicts such as poverty and economic shocks. For this reason the UN, Pentagon and UK’s National Security and Strategic Defence Reviews cite climate change as a stress multiplier. The UK is likely to feel the impact of climate change both directly and through impacts in other parts of the world which will affect our food and materials prices, trade, investments and security.', 'The UK is likely to feel the impact of climate change both directly and through impacts in other parts of the world which will affect our food and materials prices, trade, investments and security. In its recent UK Climate Change Risk Assessment307 the Government endorsed the six key climate change risks for the UK identified in an independent review by the Adaptation Sub-Committee308: flooding and coastal change; shortages in public water supply; risks to health, wellbeing and productivity from high temperatures; risks to natural capital and our ecosystems; risks to food security and trade; and new pests and diseases.', 'In its recent UK Climate Change Risk Assessment307 the Government endorsed the six key climate change risks for the UK identified in an independent review by the Adaptation Sub-Committee308: flooding and coastal change; shortages in public water supply; risks to health, wellbeing and productivity from high temperatures; risks to natural capital and our ecosystems; risks to food security and trade; and new pests and diseases. 307 HM Government (2017) UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 308 CCC (2017) UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Evidence Report Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 2: Global temperature goals and our progress towards them Scientific evidence shows that increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts on people and ecosystems309.', '307 HM Government (2017) UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 308 CCC (2017) UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Evidence Report Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 2: Global temperature goals and our progress towards them Scientific evidence shows that increasing magnitudes of warming increase the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts on people and ecosystems309. These climate change risks increase rapidly above 2°C but some risks are considerable below 2ºC. This is why, as part of the Paris Agreement in 2015, 195 countries committed to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change”.', 'This is why, as part of the Paris Agreement in 2015, 195 countries committed to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change”. The Agreement recognised that in order to achieve this goal, global emissions of greenhouse gases would need to peak as soon as possible, reduce rapidly thereafter and reach a net zero level in the second half of this century. As part of the Paris Agreement countries also committed to reduce or limit their greenhouse gas emissions. These are contained in their ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ (NDCs).', 'These are contained in their ‘Nationally Determined Contributions’ (NDCs). A number of studies310 consider how close these commitments bring us to staying below 2°C, and estimate that if they were met we would be on a path to a global temperature rise of 2.7 to 3.7 °C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. It is worth noting that these assessments have different assumptions regarding both the extent to which countries meet their NDCs and, crucially, the actions that will be taken by countries to reduce their emissions after 2030, which will be a key determinant of whether the world will meet the long-term global temperature goal.', 'It is worth noting that these assessments have different assumptions regarding both the extent to which countries meet their NDCs and, crucially, the actions that will be taken by countries to reduce their emissions after 2030, which will be a key determinant of whether the world will meet the long-term global temperature goal. These assessments show that NDCs represent a significant deviation from the 4 to 5°C temperature rise projected if there were no further policies to reduce emissions beyond those in place or planned today. Action would also provide other co-benefits such as limiting the rate of ocean acidification and improving air quality. Nevertheless it is clear that greater action is needed from all countries if we are to limit global temperature increases to well below 2°C.', 'Nevertheless it is clear that greater action is needed from all countries if we are to limit global temperature increases to well below 2°C. 3: UK climate action The UK’s current target is to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 per cent by the year 2050, relative to 1990 levels. This 2050 target was set to be consistent with keeping the global average temperature to around 2°C above pre-industrial levels with a 50 per cent likelihood.', 'This 2050 target was set to be consistent with keeping the global average temperature to around 2°C above pre-industrial levels with a 50 per cent likelihood. In October 2016 the Committee on Climate Change (CCC) said311 that the Paris Agreement target “is more ambitious than both the ambition underpinning the UK 2050 target and previous international agreements”, but that the UK should not set new UK emissions targets now, as it already has stretching targets and achieving them will be a positive contribution to global climate action. The CCC advised that the UK’s fair contribution to the Paris Agreement should include measures to maintain flexibility to go further on UK targets, the development of options to remove greenhouse gases from the air, and that its targets should be kept under review.', 'The CCC advised that the UK’s fair contribution to the Paris Agreement should include measures to maintain flexibility to go further on UK targets, the development of options to remove greenhouse gases from the air, and that its targets should be kept under review. 309 IPCC (2014) Climate Change (2014) Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Summary for policymakers Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 310 For example: UNEP (2016) The Emissions Gap Report 2016 brexit-vote/The Clean Growth Strategy There will be an unavoidable level of climate change, regardless of future global emissions, because of the existing accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. As a consequence, some level of adaptation will be necessary in the UK.', 'As a consequence, some level of adaptation will be necessary in the UK. To this end, the UK is already considering climate risks and what actions will be required through its five-yearly policy cycle of a Climate Change Risk Assessment followed by a National Adaptation Programme312. The scale of the potential investments, the risks associated with failure, and the long lifetimes and lead-times of the infrastructure, together mean that future investments are likely to be highly sensitive to how climate change evolves over the next two to three decades. Actions to mitigate climate change can have wider positive impacts on the economy and the environment, beyond the direct benefits of avoided climate change313. There is strong evidence that well-designed climate mitigation action can provide substantial co-benefits while minimising any possible adverse side-effects314.', 'There is strong evidence that well-designed climate mitigation action can provide substantial co-benefits while minimising any possible adverse side-effects314. For example, co-benefits can include substantial air quality improvements from avoided fuel combustion and health and wellbeing benefits of active travel. 4: Future scientific priorities and UK leadership In recent years the debate and focus of scientific research has shifted from whether climate change is happening and/or is being caused by human activity, to the severity of the expected impacts and the level of action required to address climate change through a combination of adaptation and mitigation. Our knowledge has increased significantly but many key research priorities remain. As developed and agreed by the Government Chief Scientific Advisers (CSAs) our current science priorities are: 1. Present weather and climate risks globally and within the UK; 2.', 'Present weather and climate risks globally and within the UK; 2. Future climate over this century under different emissions scenarios globally and within the UK, including extreme weather 3. Climate risks and impacts from future climate variability and change; 4. Emission pathways compatible with different levels of warming including timing and a consideration of technologies to achieve net zero emissions; 5. Impacts and opportunities of mitigation and adaptation; and 6. The case for early action: implications of delaying mitigation actions. The UK is a global leader in climate science and will play a key role in addressing these research needs. 312 The second UK Climate Change Risk Assessment was completed in 2017 and this is being used to inform the second National Adaptation Programme due for completion in 2018.', '312 The second UK Climate Change Risk Assessment was completed in 2017 and this is being used to inform the second National Adaptation Programme due for completion in 2018. The third Climate Change Risk Assessment will be delivered in 2022 313 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2007) The Urban Environment 314 IPCC (2014) In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 315 For example, this includes a better understanding of climate sensitivity and cloud processes, and improving the ability of global climate models to represent regional climate and extremes.142 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Overall Emissions per capita (tCO Emissions Intensity Ratio, EIR (tCO Final energy consumption intensity of GDP (MWh/£ million) 1,530 872 548 Business and public sector Non-industrial business and public energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) Emissions intensity of non-industrial business and public energy use (gCO e/kWh) Industrial business energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) 1,756 1,005 833 Emissions intensity of industrial business energy use (gCO Homes Home energy use per household (MWh/household) 21 17 15 Emissions intensity of home energy use (gCO Transport Road transport energy use per 1,000 vehicle kilometres (kWh/km) 1,127 941 655 Road transport emissions per vehicle kilometre (gCO Road transport emissions per energy use (gCO Power Emissions from generation (MtCO Share of electricity supply from clean sources (%) 21% 45% 85% Natural Resources Total UK conventional woodland area (thousand hectares) 2,778 3,155 3,648 Emissions intensity per £m agricultural output (tCO Biodegradable waste sent to landfill (MtCO Greenhouse gas emissions from landfill (Million Tonnes) 60 12 7 Table 4: Key historic and future changes by sector 316 Based upon BEIS, Defra, DfT and DCLG analysis.', 'The third Climate Change Risk Assessment will be delivered in 2022 313 Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (2007) The Urban Environment 314 IPCC (2014) In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 315 For example, this includes a better understanding of climate sensitivity and cloud processes, and improving the ability of global climate models to represent regional climate and extremes.142 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Overall Emissions per capita (tCO Emissions Intensity Ratio, EIR (tCO Final energy consumption intensity of GDP (MWh/£ million) 1,530 872 548 Business and public sector Non-industrial business and public energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) Emissions intensity of non-industrial business and public energy use (gCO e/kWh) Industrial business energy use per £ million output (MWh/£ million) 1,756 1,005 833 Emissions intensity of industrial business energy use (gCO Homes Home energy use per household (MWh/household) 21 17 15 Emissions intensity of home energy use (gCO Transport Road transport energy use per 1,000 vehicle kilometres (kWh/km) 1,127 941 655 Road transport emissions per vehicle kilometre (gCO Road transport emissions per energy use (gCO Power Emissions from generation (MtCO Share of electricity supply from clean sources (%) 21% 45% 85% Natural Resources Total UK conventional woodland area (thousand hectares) 2,778 3,155 3,648 Emissions intensity per £m agricultural output (tCO Biodegradable waste sent to landfill (MtCO Greenhouse gas emissions from landfill (Million Tonnes) 60 12 7 Table 4: Key historic and future changes by sector 316 Based upon BEIS, Defra, DfT and DCLG analysis. Further information on sources is made available in the technical annex.', 'Further information on sources is made available in the technical annex. 317 Covers the period 1995 as the earliest data available Annex D: Changes that illustrate how our pathway could This table illustrates key changes in each sector that could lead to the emissions reductions set out in our 2032 pathway. It is possible that equivalent emissions savings could be achieved in different ways.Technical Annex The Clean Growth Strategy UK Carbon Budgets Explained Framework Parliament passed the Climate Change Act (the Act) in 2008, establishing the UK’s 2050 target and the supporting framework of carbon budgets. Under the Act, the UK is legally required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050 on 1990 levels318.', 'Under the Act, the UK is legally required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050 on 1990 levels318. In order to put the UK on a pathway to achieving the 2050 target, the Government is obliged to set legally binding five-year caps on emissions – ‘carbon budgets’ – twelve years in advance and then to publish a report setting out the policies and proposals to meet that budget and those budgets previously set. The Committee on Climate Change The Act also established the Committee on Climate Change (CCC), an independent statutory body, to advise the Government and the Devolved Administrations on setting and meeting carbon budgets.', 'The Committee on Climate Change The Act also established the Committee on Climate Change (CCC), an independent statutory body, to advise the Government and the Devolved Administrations on setting and meeting carbon budgets. The CCC advises on the level of each budget, the respective contributions that different sectors could make and the extent to which carbon budgets could be met through the use of flexibilities. Legislated carbon budgets Five carbon budgets have been set to date, covering 2008 to 2032319. The fourth carbon budget (covering 2023 to 2027) was set in June 2011320. The fifth carbon budget (covering 2028 to 2032) was set in July 2016321. Accounting for emissions The UK’s performance against its 2050 target and carbon budgets is assessed through the UK’s net carbon account, measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e)322.', 'Accounting for emissions The UK’s performance against its 2050 target and carbon budgets is assessed through the UK’s net carbon account, measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e)322. The net carbon account323 comprises greenhouse gas emissions from the UK, emissions which are captured and stored from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and net purchases of international carbon units. Carbon units include allowances issued under cap and trade systems, such as the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and international carbon credits issued under international schemes, such as the Clean Development Mechanism324. 318 The target covers a selection of greenhouse gases in addition to carbon dioxide, namely methane, nitrous oxide, and a range of fluorinated gases (F-gases), specifically hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride.', '318 The target covers a selection of greenhouse gases in addition to carbon dioxide, namely methane, nitrous oxide, and a range of fluorinated gases (F-gases), specifically hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulphur hexafluoride. The 1990 baseline consists of emissions in 1990 for all greenhouse gases except for the F-gases, for which the baseline is 1995. The baseline is revised annually in line with updates made to the UK’s greenhouse gas inventory (the official record of UK greenhouse gas emissions).', 'The baseline is revised annually in line with updates made to the UK’s greenhouse gas inventory (the official record of UK greenhouse gas emissions). BEIS (2017) Final greenhouse gas emissions inventory statistics 1990-2015 319 UK Legislation (2009) The Carbon Budgets 2009 Covering first three carbon budgets 320 UK Legislation (2011) The Carbon Budget Order 2011 321 UK Legislation (2016) The Carbon Budget Order 2016 322 Given the size of the UK economy, we typically describe targets in terms of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO e) – so the fifth carbon budget limits UK emissions to 1,725 MtCO e or 1,725,000,000 tCO e 323 The Annual Statement of Emissions sets out the net carbon account.', 'BEIS (2017) Final greenhouse gas emissions inventory statistics 1990-2015 319 UK Legislation (2009) The Carbon Budgets 2009 Covering first three carbon budgets 320 UK Legislation (2011) The Carbon Budget Order 2011 321 UK Legislation (2016) The Carbon Budget Order 2016 322 Given the size of the UK economy, we typically describe targets in terms of millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO e) – so the fifth carbon budget limits UK emissions to 1,725 MtCO e or 1,725,000,000 tCO e 323 The Annual Statement of Emissions sets out the net carbon account. BEIS (2017) 324 Clean Development Mechanism: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The net carbon account for each budget is calculated according to rules set out in Carbon Accounting Regulations325.', 'BEIS (2017) 324 Clean Development Mechanism: Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy The net carbon account for each budget is calculated according to rules set out in Carbon Accounting Regulations325. Under current regulations, the net carbon account reflects the UK’s share of the EU ETS for power, heavy industry and domestic aviation. The EU ETS sets a total cap on the amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by heavy industry and power plants in the participating countries. For the “non-traded” sectors which fall outside the EU ETS, the net carbon account reflects the UK’s reported emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention.', 'For the “non-traded” sectors which fall outside the EU ETS, the net carbon account reflects the UK’s reported emissions under the United Nations Framework Convention. The UK’s 2050 target and carbon budgets currently exclude emissions from international aviation and international shipping, but the Act states that in setting carbon budgets, the Government must take these emissions into account326. The CCC advises that the UK should plan for international aviation and shipping emissions of around 41 MtCO e in 2050 – this has been incorporated into our scenarios and will be kept under review. Further information is set out in the 2050 pathways section of this technical annex.', 'Further information is set out in the 2050 pathways section of this technical annex. International actions The 2015 Paris Agreement under the UN established the goal of keeping the global mean temperature rise to well below two degrees, whilst pursuing efforts to limit the rise to under 1.5°C. The UK is already playing its part, with the CCC confirming that there is presently no need for the UK to change its targets in light of the Paris Agreement (see Annex C on Climate Science). As well as our obligations under Paris, as a current member of the EU, the UK has EU- level targets to 2020. In October 2014, the European Council agreed an EU level target of at least a 40 per cent reduction in EU domestic emissions from 1990 levels by 2030.', 'In October 2014, the European Council agreed an EU level target of at least a 40 per cent reduction in EU domestic emissions from 1990 levels by 2030. This target will be split into an EU-wide target for the traded sector, governed by the EU ETS, and member state-level targets for the non-traded sector, set via the Effort Sharing Regulation (ESR). A separate Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry Regulation will cover emissions from those activities. The EU ETS, ESR and the LULUCF Regulation for the period 2021-2030 are still under negotiation in Brussels, though we anticipate that the emissions reductions under the UK’s domestic Climate Change Act will be more ambitious and challenging than those set by the EU.', 'The EU ETS, ESR and the LULUCF Regulation for the period 2021-2030 are still under negotiation in Brussels, though we anticipate that the emissions reductions under the UK’s domestic Climate Change Act will be more ambitious and challenging than those set by the EU. The EU legislation on greenhouse gas emissions is among the important current arrangements between the UK and EU that will be addressed as part of the UK’s EU exit negotiations. However, whatever the form of the UK’s partnership with the EU, working closely together to address the global challenge of climate change will remain important. 325 For each carbon budget the Government proposes accounting rules for Parliament to agree.', '325 For each carbon budget the Government proposes accounting rules for Parliament to agree. Carbon accounting rules for the first and second carbon budget can be found here: Role of Carbon Markets Since establishing the first multi-industry carbon trading scheme in the world in 2002 - the voluntary UK ETS - the UK has had an influential role in establishing the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), the first and largest carbon trading scheme. According to the Institute for Public Policy Research, 93.5 per cent of the global market in carbon exchanges is in London, making it the carbon trading capital of the world327. Putting a price on carbon is set to play an increasing role in moving to a global low carbon economy.', 'Putting a price on carbon is set to play an increasing role in moving to a global low carbon economy. Carbon markets can help reduce the cost of reducing emissions by enabling the reductions to occur where it is least cost to do so328. Already 40 national jurisdictions and over 20 cities, states and regions put a price on carbon amounting to 13 per cent of global greenhouse gas emissions329.With China implementing a national emissions scheme this year, this will rise substantially. The UK supports a number of initiatives to encourage development of carbon markets, such as the Carbon Initiative for Development and the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Carbon Fund. These deliver development benefits while incentivising high quality, high volume supplies of carbon credits. Looking beyond 2020, the Paris Agreement provides an opportunity to stimulate international co-operation.', 'Looking beyond 2020, the Paris Agreement provides an opportunity to stimulate international co-operation. The agreement includes a framework for carbon trading, currently under development through international negotiations. It also provides incentives to engage the private sector to get more actively involved in the transition to a low carbon future. The opportunity to develop a trade in good quality carbon units is at the heart of the UK Government’s vision for an efficient global carbon market. The Clean Growth Strategy Projections of UK energy and emissions The Government projects what our energy demand, fuel mix and emissions might look like as a result of our existing policies. These Energy and Emissions Projections (EEP) give us a sense of whether we are on track to meet our carbon budgets. The latest projections were published on 15 March 2017.', 'The latest projections were published on 15 March 2017. We are continually working to improve our projections. In 2018 we will share more details of the methodology, enabling further understanding. Our latest projections show the trend of falling emissions while growing our economy is set to continue. They estimate that between 2015 and 2020 we will reduce emissions by 17 per cent, while the OBR forecasts the economy is set to grow by nine per cent (in real terms) over this period330. We have met our first carbon budget and current central projections show us exceeding requirements for both the second and third carbon budgets331.', 'We have met our first carbon budget and current central projections show us exceeding requirements for both the second and third carbon budgets331. Emissions are projected to continue to fall through the 2020s, but there is an estimated shortfall against the fourth and fifth carbon budgets, based on estimates of emissions reductions from existing policies. 328 World Bank Group (2016) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2016 329 World Bank & Ecofys (2017) Carbon Pricing Watch 2017 330 OBR (2017) Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2017 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Table 5: Performance against carbon budgets332 We expect our shortfall against the fifth carbon budget to reduce significantly based on the policies and proposals set out in this Strategy.', '328 World Bank Group (2016) State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2016 329 World Bank & Ecofys (2017) Carbon Pricing Watch 2017 330 OBR (2017) Economic and fiscal outlook – March 2017 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Table 5: Performance against carbon budgets332 We expect our shortfall against the fifth carbon budget to reduce significantly based on the policies and proposals set out in this Strategy. Initial estimates of these new early stage policies and proposals show an additional potential reduction of up to 30 MtCO e and 80 MtCO e over the fourth and fifth carbon budget periods respectively334; these and other policies will be developed building on the proposals outlined in the Strategy.', 'Initial estimates of these new early stage policies and proposals show an additional potential reduction of up to 30 MtCO e and 80 MtCO e over the fourth and fifth carbon budget periods respectively334; these and other policies will be developed building on the proposals outlined in the Strategy. The Climate Change Act permits the Secretary of State, at certain points in budgetary cycles, to decide to “carry forward” our over achievements from previous budgetary periods or credit carbon units to the net carbon account. These flexibilities may be utilised to meet any shortfalls that crystalised335.', 'These flexibilities may be utilised to meet any shortfalls that crystalised335. As is evident from the above table, there is currently sufficient projected surplus available to carry forward to meet the fourth carbon budget and some of the fifth carbon budget; any shortfall that persists following any carry forward may be met through the purchase of international credits, subject to the requirements of the Climate Change Act. The current projections are subject to significant uncertainty. For example, we cannot predict exactly what type and scale of global technical innovation will develop over the next decade. Indeed as the past few years have shown we cannot predict our future energy mix since global action can transform the cost and installation of different technologies, driving very different outcomes to those expected.', 'Indeed as the past few years have shown we cannot predict our future energy mix since global action can transform the cost and installation of different technologies, driving very different outcomes to those expected. Other uncertainties include: Macroeconomic factors: such as population, public employment, and gas prices. Policy impacts: How society will respond to incentives such as taxes or regulation. Evidence base: Scientific knowledge evolves over time, as does our knowledge of technology performance. Changing behaviours: Consumer and business behaviour will evolve over time as new priorities change and fashions develop. This is why we have used “pathways” for each sector rather than specific estimates of emissions reductions from individual policies, to make sure we take an approach that is robust to these uncertainties.', 'This is why we have used “pathways” for each sector rather than specific estimates of emissions reductions from individual policies, to make sure we take an approach that is robust to these uncertainties. 333 BEIS initial estimates of a subset of new early stage policies and proposals show an additional potential reduction of up to 30 Mt and 80 Mt over the fourth and fifth carbon budget periods respectively; these and other policies will be developed building on the proposals outlined in the Strategy. 334 BEIS initial estimates 335 Chapter 2 sets out more detail on the Climate Change Act requirements Government will need to follow when taking any decisions on use of flexibilities to meet carbon budgets.', '334 BEIS initial estimates 335 Chapter 2 sets out more detail on the Climate Change Act requirements Government will need to follow when taking any decisions on use of flexibilities to meet carbon budgets. Carbon Budget Budget, cumulative emissions, MtCO Existing policies Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, MtCO e actual E E E E Existing and new policies and Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, MtCO e actual E E E E Result vs. Budget, cumulative emissions, MtCO e Cumulative surplus (+) or deficit (-), MtCOBusiness, Industry & Public Sector Homes Transport Natural Resources Countryside stewardship Solid wall insulation Increased recycling Heat pumps Cumulative non-traded carbon reductions, 2028-32 (MtCO e) Insulation and glazing Heat pumps Heat pumps HGV efficiency and ULEVs Ventilation efficiency Heat recovery District heating Car efficiency and ULEVs Heat pumps Livestock diets District heating Van efficiency and ULEVs Biomass boiler Energy forest Heating controls Sustainable travel Shift from pastoral to arable farming Ventilation efficiency Livestock health improvements Heating controls Non-traded cost-effectiveness (£/tonne, 2015 prices) Source: DECC Figure 33: Non-traded sector MACC showing maximum theoretical potential (central case, 2028-2032) The Clean Growth Strategy The 2032 pathway This section provides further details on the impact of the economy-wide pathway presented in Chapter 4 on UK emissions over the period to 2032.', 'Carbon Budget Budget, cumulative emissions, MtCO Existing policies Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, MtCO e actual E E E E Existing and new policies and Projected emissions, cumulative emissions, MtCO e actual E E E E Result vs. Budget, cumulative emissions, MtCO e Cumulative surplus (+) or deficit (-), MtCOBusiness, Industry & Public Sector Homes Transport Natural Resources Countryside stewardship Solid wall insulation Increased recycling Heat pumps Cumulative non-traded carbon reductions, 2028-32 (MtCO e) Insulation and glazing Heat pumps Heat pumps HGV efficiency and ULEVs Ventilation efficiency Heat recovery District heating Car efficiency and ULEVs Heat pumps Livestock diets District heating Van efficiency and ULEVs Biomass boiler Energy forest Heating controls Sustainable travel Shift from pastoral to arable farming Ventilation efficiency Livestock health improvements Heating controls Non-traded cost-effectiveness (£/tonne, 2015 prices) Source: DECC Figure 33: Non-traded sector MACC showing maximum theoretical potential (central case, 2028-2032) The Clean Growth Strategy The 2032 pathway This section provides further details on the impact of the economy-wide pathway presented in Chapter 4 on UK emissions over the period to 2032. Our latest energy and emissions projections provide the starting point for developing the 2032 pathway set out in Chapter 3, and are based on our existing policies.', 'Our latest energy and emissions projections provide the starting point for developing the 2032 pathway set out in Chapter 3, and are based on our existing policies. Emissions reductions beyond our existing policies are then based on the maximum theoretical potential for further abatement identified in the Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget336. In doing so, a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) was estimated, indicating the extent, cost, and type of potential for available emissions reductions opportunities. This is shown in Figure 33. Table 6 on the following page compares GHG emissions in 2017, 2032 and over the fifth carbon budget period based on a) projected emissions under existing (and past) policies, and b) the 2032 pathway for meeting the fifth carbon budget set out in Chapter 4.', 'Table 6 on the following page compares GHG emissions in 2017, 2032 and over the fifth carbon budget period based on a) projected emissions under existing (and past) policies, and b) the 2032 pathway for meeting the fifth carbon budget set out in Chapter 4. 336 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 3.3.4148 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy MtCO Fifth Carbon Budget Fifth Carbon Budget Business and Industry Homes Transport Natural resources Public sector Total Assumed UK share of EU UK Net Carbon Account (non-traded emissions plus UK share of EU ETS allowances) Source: BEIS, DfT, Defra and DCLG analysis Table 6: Direct337 greenhouse gas emissions by sector 337 Direct emissions are those produced immediately within the housing sector, and exclude for example emissions from electricity generation.', '336 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 3.3.4148 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy MtCO Fifth Carbon Budget Fifth Carbon Budget Business and Industry Homes Transport Natural resources Public sector Total Assumed UK share of EU UK Net Carbon Account (non-traded emissions plus UK share of EU ETS allowances) Source: BEIS, DfT, Defra and DCLG analysis Table 6: Direct337 greenhouse gas emissions by sector 337 Direct emissions are those produced immediately within the housing sector, and exclude for example emissions from electricity generation. 338 Figures may not sum due to rounding 339 Beyond 2020, the emissions scenario for the power sector provides an illustration only. 340 Increase due to large-scale heat networks 341 Analysis of the power sector 2032 pathway is based on the BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections Reference scenario, 2016 government/publications/updated-energy-and-emissions-projections-2016.', '340 Increase due to large-scale heat networks 341 Analysis of the power sector 2032 pathway is based on the BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections Reference scenario, 2016 government/publications/updated-energy-and-emissions-projections-2016. The analysis additionally takes into account changes in electricity demand resulting from actions outlined in the 2032 pathway in energy-consuming sectors (e.g. transport, homes, industry). Furthermore, a number of model updates and improvements have been made regarding the electricity demand profiles of key technologies and how this demand might be shifted, the availability of electricity storage technologies, and assumed system operability requirements. 342 The UK Net Carbon Account is defined by UK Carbon Accounting Regulations.', '342 The UK Net Carbon Account is defined by UK Carbon Accounting Regulations. Current regulations require that emissions covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (Traded emissions) are included as being equal to the UK’s allocation of permits under the System, rather than actual UK territorial emissions. When setting the fifth carbon budget, this allocation was estimated to be 590 MtCO e during the fifth carbon budget period.', 'When setting the fifth carbon budget, this allocation was estimated to be 590 MtCO e during the fifth carbon budget period. 343 Net carbon account as published in the BEIS (2016) Energy and Emissions Projections Reference Scenario prior to the additional analysis made on the power sector (see note above).MtCO e Maximum theoretical potential for reducing non-traded emissions Non-traded sector emissions reductions resulting from the Business, Industry and public buildings 82 53 Source: DECC, BEIS Table 7: Non-traded emissions reductions during 2028-2032: Maximum theoretical potential, Indicative net UK carbon account Carbon Budget 5 Source: BEIS, DfT, Defra and DCLG analysis Table 8: Indicative annual range for the net UK carbon account, 2028-2032 (MtCO e) The Clean Growth Strategy This evidence was combined with judgements about the barriers to delivering emissions reductions, the rate at which low carbon options could be adopted and the timescales of key decisions set out in the Decision Pathways annex.', '343 Net carbon account as published in the BEIS (2016) Energy and Emissions Projections Reference Scenario prior to the additional analysis made on the power sector (see note above).MtCO e Maximum theoretical potential for reducing non-traded emissions Non-traded sector emissions reductions resulting from the Business, Industry and public buildings 82 53 Source: DECC, BEIS Table 7: Non-traded emissions reductions during 2028-2032: Maximum theoretical potential, Indicative net UK carbon account Carbon Budget 5 Source: BEIS, DfT, Defra and DCLG analysis Table 8: Indicative annual range for the net UK carbon account, 2028-2032 (MtCO e) The Clean Growth Strategy This evidence was combined with judgements about the barriers to delivering emissions reductions, the rate at which low carbon options could be adopted and the timescales of key decisions set out in the Decision Pathways annex. The pathway is based on our current expectations of the availability and performance of low carbon options, but there is considerable uncertainty about how these will develop, and this is only one of several plausible pathways.', 'The pathway is based on our current expectations of the availability and performance of low carbon options, but there is considerable uncertainty about how these will develop, and this is only one of several plausible pathways. The maximum theoretical potential for emissions abatement across the UK economy is compared with the emissions reductions in the 2032 pathway (relative to the central emissions projection) in Table 7. Indicative annual range Section 12 of the Climate Change Act 2008 requires the Government to publish an indicative annual range for the net UK carbon account for each year over which the levels of carbon budgets are set. An indicative annual range is a range within which the Secretary of State expects the amount of the net UK carbon account for the year to fall.', 'An indicative annual range is a range within which the Secretary of State expects the amount of the net UK carbon account for the year to fall. Table 8 shows these ranges for the fifth carbon budget, taking account of the emissions savings implied by the 2032 pathway. The range reflects uncertainty in emissions projections under existing policies.', 'The range reflects uncertainty in emissions projections under existing policies. 344 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 3.3.4150 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 345 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 4.1 Capital and operating costs The incremental costs of installing and running low carbon technologies Finance costs The real social cost of providing finance for capital investments, which varies between sectors Energy savings ort The value of lower energy use due to improved efficiency of energy consumption, or switching from fossil fuels to low carbon alternatives Greenhouse Gas emissions impacts The benefits associated with reduced emissions.', '344 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 3.3.4150 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 345 DECC (2016) Impact Assessment for the level of the fifth carbon budget Section 4.1 Capital and operating costs The incremental costs of installing and running low carbon technologies Finance costs The real social cost of providing finance for capital investments, which varies between sectors Energy savings ort The value of lower energy use due to improved efficiency of energy consumption, or switching from fossil fuels to low carbon alternatives Greenhouse Gas emissions impacts The benefits associated with reduced emissions. Where emissions are covered by the EU ETS, this benefit will be the avoided financial cost of purchasing EU emissions allowances.', 'Where emissions are covered by the EU ETS, this benefit will be the avoided financial cost of purchasing EU emissions allowances. Reductions in non-traded emissions are valued using the Government’s non-traded carbon values Impacts on air quality The benefits associated with lower emissions of NO x , PM and other air pollutants detrimental to the health of individuals Other cost and benefits These include the hassle cost to households for installing measures, benefits of shorter journey times due to lower congestion, less noise pollution and warmer homes from energy efficiency improvements Table 9: Costs and benefits of the 2032 pathway Positive economic value Delivering the 2032 pathway described in this Strategy would result in a wide range of costs and benefits as described in Table 9. These costs and benefits can vary significantly.', 'These costs and benefits can vary significantly. In particular they will depend on a wide range of social and economic factors such as growth in population and gross domestic product; they will depend on how innovation results in new and lower cost low carbon technologies; and importantly the costs and benefits will also depend on the precise actions that are taken as a result of the Strategy. The extent of these costs and benefits is not fully known at this point in time because they will depend on the final design of the policies and proposals to meet carbon budgets. When setting the fifth carbon budget an indicative set of costs and benefits were estimated and set out in the accompanying impact assessment345.', 'When setting the fifth carbon budget an indicative set of costs and benefits were estimated and set out in the accompanying impact assessment345. Overall, it was estimated that meeting the fifth carbon budget through domestic action alone could be achieved with a net benefit to the UK of up to £5.5 billion over the fifth carbon budget period. The impact assessment also set out the sensitivity of these estimates to a range of underlying social and economic factors. These factors in particular included uncertainty around technology costs, energy prices, underlying drivers of UK emissions, and non- cost barriers to delivery. As noted, these estimates only provide an illustration of the potential scale of impacts. The 2032 pathway shows what is considered possible through domestic action, although this is only one of several plausible pathways.', 'The 2032 pathway shows what is considered possible through domestic action, although this is only one of several plausible pathways. As Government delivers its Clean Growth Strategy and finalises policies, these will be accompanied with their own impact assessments where appropriate, which will set out the specific costs and benefits of the proposals.The Clean Growth Strategy Developing our illustrative 2050 pathways To explore the range of opportunities for the UK out to 2050 we have used UK TIMES, a model of the whole UK energy and greenhouse gas system (see further detail below). The model allows us to explore different possible outcomes by considering the availability, performance, feasible build rates, and costs of existing and new technologies, as well as how the future economy might differ from today.', 'The model allows us to explore different possible outcomes by considering the availability, performance, feasible build rates, and costs of existing and new technologies, as well as how the future economy might differ from today. This model has been developed by the Government in partnership with University College London (UCL) over a number of years, in consultation with many partners. There are many ways the 2050 target could be met. To illustrate key potential technologies and uncertainties we investigated three pathways in depth. These three have all been deliberately selected to illustrate a wide range of possible pathways; for example, from 100 per cent battery electric cars to 100 per cent hydrogen fuel cell cars. However, different pathways within this range, and beyond this range, are also possible.', 'However, different pathways within this range, and beyond this range, are also possible. All three 2050 pathways are consistent with the sector emissions levels in the 2032 pathway presented in this Strategy. They do not represent the most likely or preferred pathways to meeting the 2050 target, but show that the 2032 pathway would leave open a wide range of options for 2050. A detailed overview of the three pathways is given below, together with an explanation of the methodology used to develop these pathways. Details of the three 2050 pathways Pathway 1: Electricity This pathway sees UK electricity generation increasing to around 650 TWh in 2050. All cars and vans are electric and four in five buildings use electric heating.', 'All cars and vans are electric and four in five buildings use electric heating. Electricity is also the main low carbon energy source to the industry sector, making up around one-third of fuel demand. Around one in five buildings use a largely low carbon district heat network. In this pathway carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) technologies are not available, which means there are no negative emissions. Hydrogen production is very low and industry sector emissions are higher than in the other two pathways. Pathway 2: Hydrogen This pathway sees a key role for low carbon hydrogen in decarbonising our vehicles and buildings. All cars and vans are fuelled by hydrogen and the majority of buildings use a hydrogen grid. Electricity and district heat still play a role in both residential and commercial/ public buildings.', 'Electricity and district heat still play a role in both residential and commercial/ public buildings. Overall hydrogen production is around 700 TWh in 2050, with Steam Methane Reforming and CCUS being the primary generation method. The role for CCUS in this pathway is greater than the other pathways with over 170 MtCO e being captured and stored in 2050. Because hydrogen is the main energy source for heating and transport, electricity demand and therefore generation is lower than the other pathways at around 340 TWh (around the same level as today). Pathway 3: Emissions removal This pathway illustrates the role that a negative emissions technology (in this case bio-energy with carbon capture and storage) could play in meeting the 2050 target.', 'Pathway 3: Emissions removal This pathway illustrates the role that a negative emissions technology (in this case bio-energy with carbon capture and storage) could play in meeting the 2050 target. Here negative emissions in the electricity sector of around 20 MtCO e create “headroom” for other sectors such as transport, buildings and agriculture to decarbonise more slowly. In this pathway total electricity generation is around 570 TWh. Around four of every five cars and vans on our roads are electric and three in every five buildings are heated by low carbon electricity. Around one in every five buildings uses a largely low carbon district heat network.152 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 346 Includes domestic and international aviation and shipping, in line with advice from the Committee on Climate Change.', 'Around one in every five buildings uses a largely low carbon district heat network.152 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 346 Includes domestic and international aviation and shipping, in line with advice from the Committee on Climate Change. CCC (2015) Sectoral scenarios for the fifth carbon budget Electricity Hydrogen Emissions removal Non-industrial business and public sector Emissions (MtCO Share of district heat use in heating (per cent) 17% 24% 18% Share of electricity use heating (per cent) 83% 13% 80% Share of hydrogen use in heating (per cent) 0% 56% 0% Industrial business Emissions (MtCO Share of electricity use (per cent) 33% 23% 30% Share of hydrogen use (per cent) 0% 32% 28% Share of bioenergy use (per cent) 20% 15% 9% Captured emissions from industrial businesses (MtCO Homes Emissions (MtCO Share of district heat use in heating (per cent) 17% 17% 17% Share of electricity use in heating (per cent) 76% 14% 60% Share of hydrogen use in heating (per cent) 0% 62% 0% Transport Emissions (MtCO Share of car and van km in battery electric vehicles (per cent) Share of car and van km in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (per cent) Share of HGV km in zero emission vehicles (per cent) 55% 19% 93% Power Emissions (MtCO Share of clean electricity generation (per cent) 99% 99% 99% Natural resources Emissions (MtCO Aviation and Emissions (MtCO Total Emissions (MtCO Table 10: Characteristics of the 2050 pathways in 2050347 For this analysis, model version v1.2.3_d0.6.0_DNP has been used.', 'CCC (2015) Sectoral scenarios for the fifth carbon budget Electricity Hydrogen Emissions removal Non-industrial business and public sector Emissions (MtCO Share of district heat use in heating (per cent) 17% 24% 18% Share of electricity use heating (per cent) 83% 13% 80% Share of hydrogen use in heating (per cent) 0% 56% 0% Industrial business Emissions (MtCO Share of electricity use (per cent) 33% 23% 30% Share of hydrogen use (per cent) 0% 32% 28% Share of bioenergy use (per cent) 20% 15% 9% Captured emissions from industrial businesses (MtCO Homes Emissions (MtCO Share of district heat use in heating (per cent) 17% 17% 17% Share of electricity use in heating (per cent) 76% 14% 60% Share of hydrogen use in heating (per cent) 0% 62% 0% Transport Emissions (MtCO Share of car and van km in battery electric vehicles (per cent) Share of car and van km in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (per cent) Share of HGV km in zero emission vehicles (per cent) 55% 19% 93% Power Emissions (MtCO Share of clean electricity generation (per cent) 99% 99% 99% Natural resources Emissions (MtCO Aviation and Emissions (MtCO Total Emissions (MtCO Table 10: Characteristics of the 2050 pathways in 2050347 For this analysis, model version v1.2.3_d0.6.0_DNP has been used. The Clean Growth Strategy Overview of the methodology used to develop 2050 pathways The 2050 analysis uses UK TIMES, a model of the whole UK energy and greenhouse gas system covering the period 2010 to 2060347.', 'The Clean Growth Strategy Overview of the methodology used to develop 2050 pathways The 2050 analysis uses UK TIMES, a model of the whole UK energy and greenhouse gas system covering the period 2010 to 2060347. The model identifies the least cost technology pathway capable of both producing an assumed set of outputs (e.g. industrial output, space heating, and passenger distances travelled) and an emissions reduction profile. The technology pathway identified by the model will vary according to the input assumptions for technology and resource performance, cost and availability. The model can also be set up to roll out specific technologies in line with a given deployment profile. When the model is used in this way it will take account of the deployment profiles for specific technologies, and identify the least cost mix of remaining options.', 'When the model is used in this way it will take account of the deployment profiles for specific technologies, and identify the least cost mix of remaining options. The 2050 pathways analysis has two primary objectives. First, it examines three substantially different “pathways” of economy-wide decarbonisation to understand the range of possible long-term outcomes. Through previous modelling, research and external engagement, BEIS has identified the three areas of technology and resource uncertainty likely to have a big impact on the 2050 energy system. The pathways were then developed in consultation with internal sector experts to illustrate potential futures based on contrasting roles for these factors: • The role of electrification; • The role of hydrogen; • The role of bioenergy production with CCUS to produce ‘negative emissions’.', 'The pathways were then developed in consultation with internal sector experts to illustrate potential futures based on contrasting roles for these factors: • The role of electrification; • The role of hydrogen; • The role of bioenergy production with CCUS to produce ‘negative emissions’. Second, it confirms all of the pathways are consistent with meeting the 2050 and fifth carbon budget emissions reduction targets. The modelled pathways were constructed in UK TIMES by varying input assumptions for: • Availability of technologies. For example, CCUS is not available in pathway 1 and negative emissions technologies are only available in pathway 3. • The extent or speed at which technologies can be rolled out e.g. faster growth in hydrogen production is allowed in pathway 2, whilst expansion of electric heating is more restricted.', 'faster growth in hydrogen production is allowed in pathway 2, whilst expansion of electric heating is more restricted. • Entering fixed deployment profiles for some technologies e.g. 100 per cent of cars and vans are set to be powered by electricity or hydrogen in pathways 1 and 2 respectively. Other assumptions were kept the same across the pathways. For instance the consumption and output projection assumptions are consistent with current official economic growth and population projections and were the same for each of the modelled 2050 pathways. Technology and resource costs and performance assumptions were also kept the same and sector emissions were aligned to those in the 2032 pathway described in this Strategy.', 'Technology and resource costs and performance assumptions were also kept the same and sector emissions were aligned to those in the 2032 pathway described in this Strategy. Impact of international aviation and shipping on 2050 emissions International aviation and shipping emissions are not currently included within the UK’s targets under the Climate Change Act. However, carbon budgets have been set in a way that takes these emissions into account – the UK is on a trajectory that could be consistent with a 2050 target that includes emissions from international aviation and shipping.154 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 348 CCC (2015) Sectoral scenarios for the fifth carbon budget', 'However, carbon budgets have been set in a way that takes these emissions into account – the UK is on a trajectory that could be consistent with a 2050 target that includes emissions from international aviation and shipping.154 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 348 CCC (2015) Sectoral scenarios for the fifth carbon budget The CCC’s central scenario allows 37.5 MtCO e for aviation emissions in 2050, of which 36.2 MtCO e 349 The AC used two scenarios – one called “carbon capped”, and one called “carbon-traded”. In the “carbon-capped” scenario, the AC’s analysis showed that policies are available to limit UK aviation emissions to the CCC planning assumption of 37.5 MtCO e in 2050 (domestic and international).', 'In the “carbon-capped” scenario, the AC’s analysis showed that policies are available to limit UK aviation emissions to the CCC planning assumption of 37.5 MtCO e in 2050 (domestic and international). In the “carbon traded” scenario, there is a global carbon market allowing reductions to be made where they are most efficient across the global economy resulting in UK aviation emissions of 44 MtCO e (domestic and international). e total international aviation and shipping emission assumed in this scenario The Government has not reached a final view on the appropriate level of international aviation and shipping emissions in 2050. The CCC in their advice on the fifth carbon budget advised leaving space in the 2050 target of around e. This has been the modelling assumption used throughout this Strategy348.', 'The CCC in their advice on the fifth carbon budget advised leaving space in the 2050 target of around e. This has been the modelling assumption used throughout this Strategy348. We have undertaken sensitivity analysis to test the potential impact of higher or lower aviation emissions on how the UK could meet its 2050 target (focusing on aviation emissions as they are greater than shipping emissions). There are a number of policy measures available, both at the domestic and international levels, to address aviation emissions. It is likely that a combination of approaches and policy measures will be required.', 'It is likely that a combination of approaches and policy measures will be required. Examples of action available to countries include: international level action to tackle aviation emissions (such as through international standards and offsetting schemes) and domestic action to tackle aviation emissions (such as through support for sustainable alternative fuel uptake in aviation or improved operational efficiency). We have explored the feasibility of taking domestic policy action to offset aviation emissions to 2050 above the CCC planning assumption. We have analysed a scenario from the Airports Commission’s (AC) work on aviation capacity. For the case of expansion at Heathrow (a new northwest runway), the AC estimated UK gross aviation emissions in its “carbon traded” scenario to be around 44 MtCO e in 2050349.', 'For the case of expansion at Heathrow (a new northwest runway), the AC estimated UK gross aviation emissions in its “carbon traded” scenario to be around 44 MtCO e in 2050349. This scenario for gross UK aviation emissions above the CCC planning assumption provides a useful basis for a sensitivity test. Our analysis shows that it is possible to meet the 2050 target under the Climate Change Act domestically if aviation emissions are 44 MtCO e350 – this is the case for our three pathways to 2050. Further action could be taken after the fifth carbon budget in order to offset these higher aviation emissions through action elsewhere in the UK. The action taken in the remaining UK sectors depends on the wider pathway to 2050.', 'The action taken in the remaining UK sectors depends on the wider pathway to 2050. Consideration of wider circumstances The Climate Change Act requires the Government to take into account a range of factors in developing its plan for meeting carbon budgets. These factors are discussed throughout the Strategy and its annexes. For a number of these factors it is not currently possible to know the full impacts as these will depend on the detailed design of the individual policies that will be developed in the coming years as the Strategy is delivered. Nevertheless, it is possible to estimate the nature of potential impacts and the considerations that will need to be made as policies are developed. In delivering the Strategy, the Government will undertake analysis to inform policy development.', 'In delivering the Strategy, the Government will undertake analysis to inform policy development. Where appropriate, impact assessments supporting the policy design will be produced.The Clean Growth Strategy Economic circumstances Impacts on growth and competitiveness of the UK economy can arise through a number of channels, as a result of actions taken to deliver the Strategy.', 'Where appropriate, impact assessments supporting the policy design will be produced.The Clean Growth Strategy Economic circumstances Impacts on growth and competitiveness of the UK economy can arise through a number of channels, as a result of actions taken to deliver the Strategy. These arise due to: • Impacts on the timing and scale of investment spending; • Impacts on business output resulting from improvements in energy efficiency, and changes in expenditure on capital assets; • Reorientation of consumption patterns away from emissions-intensive products and towards more energy-efficient products; • Impacts from changes to energy prices as a result of energy demand changes, and any changes in the costs of policy delivery mechanisms included in energy bills; • Long-term benefits from innovation, including the development of nascent industries, associated spillover benefits into other sectors, and the increase in exports of knowledge and new technologies; • Indirect effects on growth through changes in exposure to energy price volatility and supply disruptions; • Transition costs that could materialise, for example the potential impact of stranded assets and any transitional unemployment; and • Multiplier effects associated with the above impacts, including any impacts on employment.', 'These arise due to: • Impacts on the timing and scale of investment spending; • Impacts on business output resulting from improvements in energy efficiency, and changes in expenditure on capital assets; • Reorientation of consumption patterns away from emissions-intensive products and towards more energy-efficient products; • Impacts from changes to energy prices as a result of energy demand changes, and any changes in the costs of policy delivery mechanisms included in energy bills; • Long-term benefits from innovation, including the development of nascent industries, associated spillover benefits into other sectors, and the increase in exports of knowledge and new technologies; • Indirect effects on growth through changes in exposure to energy price volatility and supply disruptions; • Transition costs that could materialise, for example the potential impact of stranded assets and any transitional unemployment; and • Multiplier effects associated with the above impacts, including any impacts on employment. The Government has undertaken analysis to assess the likely range of impacts from meeting the range of budgets.', 'The Government has undertaken analysis to assess the likely range of impacts from meeting the range of budgets. This analysis was undertaken in order to inform the setting of the fifth carbon budget and is set out in section 4.1 of the impact assessment. Fiscal circumstances Impacts on taxation, public spending, and public borrowing can arise for a number of reasons: • The Government currently provides financial support for the take-up of low carbon technologies. Changes to existing policies or new policies may affect this expenditure; • Impacts on GDP, for the reasons set out above, can affect tax revenues; • Behaviour change can affect revenues relating to environmental taxes (e.g. landfill tax); • Decisions may be taken in the future with regards to the wider tax system to take account of the broader fiscal position.', 'landfill tax); • Decisions may be taken in the future with regards to the wider tax system to take account of the broader fiscal position. Social circumstances Delivering the Strategy may have impacts on fuel poverty in the UK and its nations. The UK Government has a statutory target to raise as many English fuel poor homes as is reasonably practicable to energy efficiency Band C by 2030, with milestones of Band E by 2020 and Band D by 2025. The Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales have separate legal fuel poverty targets. The pathway set out in the Strategy could affect fuel poverty through a number of channels. These include impacts on energy prices, impacts on the energy needs of households through improved building fabric, and changes in the way heat is supplied.', 'These include impacts on energy prices, impacts on the energy needs of households through improved building fabric, and changes in the way heat is supplied. We will assess the impact on fuel poverty as part of the implementation of the individual policies outlined in the Strategy.156 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Potential saving (-) or additional consumption (+) in 2032 (TWh/year) Percentage impact relative to existing policies Table 11: Change in annual final energy consumption in 2032, relative to the existing policies scenario Energy policy and energy supplies Energy security is about ensuring secure, reliable, uninterrupted supplies to consumers, and having a system that can effectively and efficiently respond and adapt to changes and shocks. It is made up of three characteristics: flexibility, adequacy and resilience.', 'It is made up of three characteristics: flexibility, adequacy and resilience. The Government is committed to ensuring there are secure supplies for consumers whatever the energy mix. The energy intensity of the UK economy has fallen significantly since 1990 and this trend is expected to continue. The energy intensity of the UK economy in 1990, as measured through final energy demand, was 1,530 MWh of energy per million pounds of GDP. In comparison, the energy intensity of the UK economy is projected to be around 630 MWh per million pounds of GDP in 2032, under the EEP 2016 reference emissions scenario based on existing policies. In the 2032 pathway, energy intensity could be as low as 548 MWh per million pounds of GDP by 2032.', 'In the 2032 pathway, energy intensity could be as low as 548 MWh per million pounds of GDP by 2032. Delivering the 2032 pathway would result in changes in fuel consumption across the whole economy, with estimated impacts set out in Table 11. In total, the 2032 pathway would reduce final consumption by around 13 per cent in 2032 relative to projected energy consumption under existing policies, as a result of further improvements in fuel efficiency. The reduction in fossil fuel consumption will help improve energy security but the pathway is also characterised by a shift from end-user fossil fuel consumption towards biomass and electricity.The Clean Growth Strategy The capacity mechanism will use competition to find the most cost-effective mix of technologies to ensure we have sufficient reliable capacity to meet electricity demand.', 'The reduction in fossil fuel consumption will help improve energy security but the pathway is also characterised by a shift from end-user fossil fuel consumption towards biomass and electricity.The Clean Growth Strategy The capacity mechanism will use competition to find the most cost-effective mix of technologies to ensure we have sufficient reliable capacity to meet electricity demand. The power sector’s response to these changes in demand has been modelled using BEIS’s Dynamic Dispatch Model (DDM)351. All other things being equal increased electricity consumption results in overall increases in the marginal costs of power supply, due to the need to dispatch more expensive generating technologies to meet consumption. The precise impacts depend on a range of factors, including the technology mix, technology costs, and fossil fuel and carbon prices.', 'The precise impacts depend on a range of factors, including the technology mix, technology costs, and fossil fuel and carbon prices. While electricity consumption is lower than the reference case projections (existing policies) in the early 2020s, over the fifth carbon budget as a whole 1.5 per cent more electricity is used. This is met through additional supply from clean generation, gas generation and interconnection. A smarter electricity system reduces the additional capacity and costs from higher electrification of transport and heat through deploying energy storage technologies, and shifting electric vehicle charging and heat pump demand. Smart flexibility and technologies have the effect of reducing electricity consumption at peak times and shifting consumption to times when overall consumption is lower and more low-cost electricity generation capacity is available.', 'Smart flexibility and technologies have the effect of reducing electricity consumption at peak times and shifting consumption to times when overall consumption is lower and more low-cost electricity generation capacity is available. Sustainability (including the impact on natural capital) Section 13(3) of the Climate Change Act 2008 states that proposals and policies for meeting carbon budgets must, when taken as a whole, ‘be such as to contribute to sustainable development’. Tackling climate change is essential for maintaining a healthy, resilient natural environment, and the Government is committed to ensuring that the value of nature is appropriately reflected in all relevant policy decisions. Actions taken to meet our carbon budgets can create both risks and opportunities relating to the quality of our environment.', 'Actions taken to meet our carbon budgets can create both risks and opportunities relating to the quality of our environment. We refer to the stocks of natural assets (e.g., forests, clean air, soils, species, freshwaters, oceans and minerals) that provide flows of natural resource inputs and ecosystem services as natural capital. Government set up the Natural Capital Committee (NCC) in 2012 to advise it on the sustainable use of natural capital, and how the services provided by, and risks to, natural assets can be better accounted for and valued in decision-making. This thinking is informing revisions to the HM Treasury Green Book to ensure a structured and consistent approach to assessing impacts on natural capital in policy appraisal.', 'This thinking is informing revisions to the HM Treasury Green Book to ensure a structured and consistent approach to assessing impacts on natural capital in policy appraisal. To produce an assessment of natural capital impacts for the Strategy, a screening exercise was conducted to identify which policies and proposals might be expected to have natural capital impacts. For these an assessment framework was designed to ensure that potential impacts on natural capital assets and their services were considered in a consistent way. Assessments prompted consideration of the spatial effects of each measure, the timeframe of these effects and a range of environmental assets that could be affected.', 'Assessments prompted consideration of the spatial effects of each measure, the timeframe of these effects and a range of environmental assets that could be affected. 351 DECC (2014) Dynamic Dispatch Model Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 352 BEIS (2017) Updated energy and emissions projections 2016 The detail of the assessments showed that impacts can vary depending on the context and policy approach which is important to consider when developing policy. Important risks and opportunities identified included: • Increasing forestry cover can have a number of benefits to natural capital including creating new habitats for animals and reducing flood risk. Likewise changes to farming practices can reduce the demands placed on natural resources and aid biodiversity. However, context is very important when changing land use.', 'However, context is very important when changing land use. For example, benefits vary by species of tree planted, or the previous use of land converted to produce less emission intensive crops. • Transport sector measures such as the deployment of ULEVs may provide significant opportunities to reduce emissions of harmful air pollutants including Particulate Matter (PM) and nitrous oxides. There are also potential benefits in less pollution running off from road and reduced noise levels. • Burning biomass for heat or power and biofuels for transport can create some harmful emission including Particulate Matter (PM) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). More broadly, while there are some risks, there are significant opportunities to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions while also reducing harmful air pollutants. The work also highlighted the need to consider natural capital impacts across groups of policies.', 'The work also highlighted the need to consider natural capital impacts across groups of policies. These considerations will be taken forward as specific measures are designed and appraised in detail in accordance with Green Book guidance. Assumptions and evidence base The analysis of the 2032 and 2050 pathways are underpinned by a common set of assumptions about future economic and demographic trends, which align with those used for the 2016 Energy and Emissions Projections352. The EEP 2016 Reference scenario, representing future emissions under the UK’s current suite of climate policies, is also used as the reference for GHG emissions and energy consumption in each sector. The analysis uses assumptions about future energy prices, published as part of supplementary Green Book appraisal guidance.', 'The analysis uses assumptions about future energy prices, published as part of supplementary Green Book appraisal guidance. Wherever possible technical assumptions on costs, performance and availability of technologies have been aligned between the UK TIMES model used for the 2050 pathways analysis and the models used to for the 2032 pathway analysis, although due to differences in modelling approaches there are some minor differences.353 UKERC Energy Data Centre, Industrial Energy use: 354 DfT (2012) Transport appraisal and modelling tools 355 Sloman et al.', 'Wherever possible technical assumptions on costs, performance and availability of technologies have been aligned between the UK TIMES model used for the 2050 pathways analysis and the models used to for the 2032 pathway analysis, although due to differences in modelling approaches there are some minor differences.353 UKERC Energy Data Centre, Industrial Energy use: 354 DfT (2012) Transport appraisal and modelling tools 355 Sloman et al. (2010) The effects of smarter choice programmes in the sustainable travel towns: research report the-effects-of-smarter-choice-programmes-in-the-sustainable-travel-towns-full-report The Clean Growth Strategy Evidence base Commercial and public buildings: 2032 pathway analysis was based on the BEIS Non-domestic Building model using evidence from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Energy and Emissions Projections, ECUK and the Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) to estimate heating, cooling and ventilation demand to 2032.', '(2010) The effects of smarter choice programmes in the sustainable travel towns: research report the-effects-of-smarter-choice-programmes-in-the-sustainable-travel-towns-full-report The Clean Growth Strategy Evidence base Commercial and public buildings: 2032 pathway analysis was based on the BEIS Non-domestic Building model using evidence from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Energy and Emissions Projections, ECUK and the Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) to estimate heating, cooling and ventilation demand to 2032. Technology evidence was taken from BEES; RHI statistics and an interim heat pump performance report; an AECOM report on heat network costs and performance; and cost data from Heat Networks Delivery Unit (HNDU) sponsored projects. The Products Policy model was used for ventilation scenarios. For the 2050 pathways additional assumptions were taken from Carbon Trust; Valuations Office Agency and Poyry.', 'For the 2050 pathways additional assumptions were taken from Carbon Trust; Valuations Office Agency and Poyry. Industry: The 2032 pathway was developed using BEIS Industry Pathways Models, split into eight industry sectors. A capital cost uplift of 10 per cent has been applied in the 2032 analysis to reflect potential hidden costs of delivering measures. For iron and steel, paper, cement and a part of chemicals actual production steps are modelled, using evidence from the Usable Energy Database353. The remaining sectors (other chemicals, non-metallic minerals, non-ferrous metals, food and drink and ‘other’ industry) are split into the different energy service demand categories (e.g. high temperature heat, low temperature heat) and generic technologies that produce these types of energy are modelled.', 'high temperature heat, low temperature heat) and generic technologies that produce these types of energy are modelled. Assumptions for these sectors are mainly based on UK MARKAL. Evidence from the Government’s 2050 Industrial Decarbonisation and Energy Efficiency Roadmaps, published in 2015, was incorporated into the modelling; in particular, the timing and extent of technologies deployed in the 2032 pathway analysis. Transport: The 2032 pathway was developed using the Department of Transport’s National Transport Model (NTM)354 for road measures and the Rail Emissions Model for rail measures. The NTM forecasts emissions and traffic accounting for impacts on vehicle fuel efficiency and fuel mix. The ECCo model was used to develop uptake scenarios for Ultra Low Emissions Vehicles.', 'The ECCo model was used to develop uptake scenarios for Ultra Low Emissions Vehicles. Impacts of sustainable travel measures were based on evidence from the evaluation of the Sustainable Travel Towns355. The NTM covers Great Britain, so an uplift has been applied to account for transport emissions from Northern Ireland. This is the standard approach taken by DfT. For 2050 pathways analysis, nine vehicle groups are represented (e.g. car, bus, lorry), each with different types of vehicle choice (e.g. electric or hydrogen).', 'car, bus, lorry), each with different types of vehicle choice (e.g. electric or hydrogen). Car and LGV assumptions were based on Element Energy’s ECCo Cost and Performance Database; HGV assumptions from a Ricardo report to the CCC (A review of the efficiency and cost assumptions for road transport vehicles to 2050); and maximum growth and delivery rate assumptions from DfT/ University College London (UCL).160 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 356 DECC (2014) Dynamic Dispatch Model Domestic buildings: The 2032 pathway for existing buildings covers energy efficiency, heating technologies, heat networks, and behaviour change. The pathway was developed through the BEIS Domestic Buildings Scenario Model.', 'The pathway was developed through the BEIS Domestic Buildings Scenario Model. Cost and performance assumptions for energy efficiency and heat measures is based on published analysis for the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) and Energy Company Obligation. For new homes, build rate assumptions were taken from the 2015 Housing Standards Review Impact Assessment, and impacts of low carbon heat measures was based on analysis conducted by an AECOM-led consortium. Additional assumptions for the 2050 pathways analysis are taken from UCL, Office of National Statistics (ONS) and Energy Consumption in the UK (ECUK). Power: The power sector’s response to the changes in demand under the 2032 pathway has been modelled using BEIS’s Dynamic Dispatch Model356.', 'Power: The power sector’s response to the changes in demand under the 2032 pathway has been modelled using BEIS’s Dynamic Dispatch Model356. The DDM is a comprehensive fully-integrated power market model covering the market in Great Britain over the medium to long-term. The model enables analysis of electricity dispatch from GB power generators and investment decisions in generating capacity from 2010 through to 2050. It considers electricity demand and supply on a half-hourly basis for sample days. Investment decisions are based on projected revenue and cash flows taking into account policy impacts and changes in the generation mix. The full lifecycle of power generated plant is modelled, from planning through to decommissioning. The modelling accounts for risk and uncertainty involved in investment decisions.', 'The modelling accounts for risk and uncertainty involved in investment decisions. UK TIMES 2050 modelling uses the same technology assumptions as the DDM where possible, and also includes additional evidence from UCL, National Grid, EPRI and Carbon Trust. Agriculture and land use: Agriculture: Evidence has been scaled from England to cover all of the UK Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (1990-2015). The scaling factor is based on a five-year average of the national contributions to overall agricultural emissions from the national inventory report (the 2014 common reporting format tables). From that data the average English contribution to agricultural GHGs is 63 per cent and estimates are scaled up on this basis.', 'From that data the average English contribution to agricultural GHGs is 63 per cent and estimates are scaled up on this basis. Forestry: Emissions reductions are projected using an off-line version of the CARBINE carbon accounting model with policy specific mixes of woodland types. Biomass supply from relevant harvest fractions are included in the scenario analysis, but carbon storage and emissions reductions associated with the use of harvested wood products are not. This evidence has been scaled from England to cover all of the UK, based on both the share of current and historical activity357 and afforestation scenarios developed with DA forestry leads through the LULUCF GHG inventory and projections project funded by the BEIS Science team.', 'This evidence has been scaled from England to cover all of the UK, based on both the share of current and historical activity357 and afforestation scenarios developed with DA forestry leads through the LULUCF GHG inventory and projections project funded by the BEIS Science team. Soils: The 2032 pathway analysis for England uses analysis of the potential GHG savings from different types of peatland restoration. Emission reductions are estimated using preliminary findings from an forthcoming BEIS-funded research project combined with cost data from the peatland code, agri-environment payments and reports for the CCC Adaptation sub-Committee. In order to cover the UK as a whole the England-only data has been scaled based on estimates of total UK peatland area.', 'In order to cover the UK as a whole the England-only data has been scaled based on estimates of total UK peatland area. Agriculture and land use is represented in the 2050 pathway analysis by applying a fixed emissions profile with a series of mitigation options available. This profile combines components from land use, crops and livestock.359 BEIS (2017) The UK and global bioenergy resource model 360 Dodds PE, Mcdowall, W. (2012) A review of hydrogen production technologies for energy system models The Clean Growth Strategy Waste: The emission saving from waste in the 2032 pathway has been informed by a variety of sources. Food waste prevention savings are based on WRAP analysis associated with the Courtauld Commitment 2025. Landfill diversion was based on Defra’s Routemap.', 'Landfill diversion was based on Defra’s Routemap. Projections of waste arising are a key input to the model. Landfill gas capture and oxidation assumptions were developed in an expert elicitation exercise with the Environment Agency. Cover the UK as a whole, the England only data has been scaled based on the Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland (1990-2015). Economic growth and demographic changes: The 2032 pathway analysis used the same growth assumptions as the 2016 Energy and Emissions projections.', 'Economic growth and demographic changes: The 2032 pathway analysis used the same growth assumptions as the 2016 Energy and Emissions projections. In the UK TIMES model used for 2050 pathway analysis, there are 60-plus growth drivers which are exogenous to the model and based on a variety of assumptions including: BEIS Energy Demand Model outputs, GDP growth assumption, ONS population growth, Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) household projections and Department for Transport (DfT) transport driver estimates. Fossil fuel prices: Fossil fuel prices assumptions are based on the BEIS Fossil Fuel Price Assumptions 2016358. Carbon Values: The Government’s current approach to carbon valuation was adopted in 2009 based on a “target-consistent” methodology. This is set out here government/collections/carbon-valuation--2.', 'This is set out here government/collections/carbon-valuation--2. Aviation and Shipping (A&S): The CCC planning assumption is used to set the aviation and shipping “headroom” level in 2050. Domestic aviation and shipping is modelled as part of carbon budgets leading up to 2050. Bioresource: Bioresource availability is based on the Bioenergy Feedstock Availability Model359. The assumed land area available for energy crops has been limited by excluding a wide range of sensitive sites on both landscape and biodiversity grounds. Domestic and imported bioresource costs are from a range of sources including CCC, E4tech, Carbon Trust and Nix Farm Management. Air quality: Air quality emissions factors are provided by the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and Aether. Air quality damage costs are consistent with COMEAP guidance on air pollution.', 'Air quality damage costs are consistent with COMEAP guidance on air pollution. Hydrogen: Hydrogen assumptions were developed by University College London360. The costs are based on the assumption that a new network would need to be built to allow heating to be supplied by hydrogen. EU ETS: Assumptions for the UK’s share of EU ETS allowances are aligned with the levels assumed at the time of setting the respective budgets.', 'EU ETS: Assumptions for the UK’s share of EU ETS allowances are aligned with the levels assumed at the time of setting the respective budgets. These are 1,078 MtCO e (second carbon budget); 985 MtCO e (third); 690 MtCO e (fourth); and 590 MtCO e (fifth).162 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Source information for metrics see Annex D: Changes that illustrate how our pathway could be delivered 361 BEIS (2017) Final GHG Emissions Inventory Statistics, 362 ONS (2017) population and migration statistics, 363 BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics, 364 Office for National Statistics (2017), Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: 365 BEIS (2016) Energy and Emissions Projections, 366 ONS (2016) Annual and quarterly low level aggregates of UK output gross value added (GVA), datasets/ukgdpolowlevelaggregates/current 367 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK, 368 DfT (2017) Road Traffic Statistics, www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/series/road-traffic-statistics Overarching: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics361 and 2032 pathway analysis.', 'These are 1,078 MtCO e (second carbon budget); 985 MtCO e (third); 690 MtCO e (fourth); and 590 MtCO e (fifth).162 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Source information for metrics see Annex D: Changes that illustrate how our pathway could be delivered 361 BEIS (2017) Final GHG Emissions Inventory Statistics, 362 ONS (2017) population and migration statistics, 363 BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics, 364 Office for National Statistics (2017), Gross Domestic Product: chained volume measures: 365 BEIS (2016) Energy and Emissions Projections, 366 ONS (2016) Annual and quarterly low level aggregates of UK output gross value added (GVA), datasets/ukgdpolowlevelaggregates/current 367 BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK, 368 DfT (2017) Road Traffic Statistics, www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-transport/series/road-traffic-statistics Overarching: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics361 and 2032 pathway analysis. Population data (historical and projected) are sourced from the Office for National statistics (2017)362.', 'Population data (historical and projected) are sourced from the Office for National statistics (2017)362. Energy data are taken from the BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES)363 and 2032 pathway analysis. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) estimates to 2015 are taken from the Office for National Statistics364. Emissions and energy use projections are based upon BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections 2016365. GDP projections are taken from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) Economic and Fiscal Outlook November 2016. Business and public sector: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Energy data are taken from the BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics and 2032 pathway analysis.', 'Energy data are taken from the BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Output gross value added (GVA) estimates for services and industry are sourced from the Office for National Statistics on a constant price basis366. There are no official projections of output GVA; estimated trends have been made consistent with assumptions used in BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections. Homes: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Energy data are taken from the BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics and 2032 pathway analysis.', 'Energy data are taken from the BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy Statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. UK Household historical estimates have been taken from BEIS (2017) Energy Consumption in the UK367 with projections sourced from BEIS (2017) Energy and Emissions Projections 2016, both of which are consistent with DCLG household modelling. Transport: The road transport metrics cover cars, vans and freight only. Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Energy data for road transport are taken from BEIS (2016) Energy Consumption in the UK, consistent with DUKES. Projected energy estimates are taken from the 2032 pathway analysis.', 'Projected energy estimates are taken from the 2032 pathway analysis. Road transport demand estimates (in vehicle kilometres) are taken from DfT (2017) Road Traffic statistics368 (Table TRA0201) and 2032 pathway analysis.369 Defra (2017) digest of waste and resource statistics, The Clean Growth Strategy Power: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Low carbon generation data are taken from BEIS (2016) Digest of UK Energy statistics, chapter 5, with projections sourced from 2032 pathway analysis. Natural Resources: Emissions estimates for these metrics are taken from the BEIS (2017) GHG emissions statistics and 2032 pathway analysis. Estimates of biodegradable waste to landfill are taken from the Defra (2017) Digest of Waste and Resource statistics369 and 2032 pathway analysis.', 'Estimates of biodegradable waste to landfill are taken from the Defra (2017) Digest of Waste and Resource statistics369 and 2032 pathway analysis. Estimates of total conventional woodland cover are sourced from the Forestry Commission’s (2017) Forestry statistics370 and 2032 pathway analysis. Output gross value added (GVA) estimates for agriculture are sourced from the Office for National Statistics on a constant price basis.', 'Output gross value added (GVA) estimates for agriculture are sourced from the Office for National Statistics on a constant price basis. There are no official projections of output GVA; Defra analysts have estimated future GVA based on historic trends.164 Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Image references Page 4, Burbo Bank offshore wind farm Page 20, Construction of the Blyth offshore wind farm Page 29, Mathioya site for mini-hydro plant in West Kenya Page 30, Gateshead combined heat and power (CHP) plant Page 38, Engineer in wind turbine nacelle Page 46, Electric taxi factory, Coventry Page 55, BBOXX staff, Rwanda Page 60, Electric vehicle charging point Page 63, Crane in Felixstowe port equipped with CRESS technology Page 67, Anglian Water installation Page 70, Power plant with NET Power technology installed Page 81, Econovate recycled waste blocks Page 88, Sue Bentley and her electric car Page 90, Installed articulated vehicle trailer design by The Centre for Sustainable Road Freight at the University of Cambridge Page 96, Oxis Energy laboratory Page 98, Clayhill solar farm Page 105, Manchester City of Trees planting scheme at Snipe Clough, Oldham, Greater Manchester Page 109, Recycling Technologies equipment Page 116, Dryden School, Gateshead Page 119, Cornwall County Council community renewable project Page 120, Loft insulation being installed Page 124, UK landscape and town'] | en-US |
353 | GBR | United Kingdom | LTS | 2021-10-19 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/UK%20Net%20Zero%20Strategy%20-%20Build%20Back%20Greener.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 364.906495 | 116.215703 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/4e54d730b4d6b6faff113fa724901444c15d516770243a3e3c0ab81ce98e6a80.pdf | ['Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNet Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener Presented to Parliament pursuant to Section 14 of the Climate Change Act 2008© Crown copyright 2021 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents.', 'This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@beis.gov.uk Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by HH Associates Ltd. on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery OfficeContents Foreword from the Prime Minister 8 Foreword from the Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy 10 Executive Summary 12 What is net zero and why do we need to act? 14 Why should the UK act first? 15 Chapter 1 Why Net Zero Levelling up the country, ending our domestic contribution to climate change, and leading the world to a greener, more sustainable future 38 Chapter 2 The Journey to Net Zero Chapter 3 Reducing Emissions across the Economy 3ii. Fuel Supply and Hydrogen 107 3iv.', 'Fuel Supply and Hydrogen 107 3iv. Heat & Buildings 135 3vi. Natural Resources, Waste & F-Gases 167 3vii. Greenhouse Gas Removals 184 Chapter 4 Supporting the Transition across the Economy 4i. Innovation for net zero 206 4iii. Green Jobs, Skills, and Industries 229 4iv. Embedding Net Zero in Government 248 4v. Local Climate Action 260 4vi. Empowering the Public and Business to Make Green Choices 273 4vii. International Leadership and Collaboration 284 Technical Annex 304 Technical Annex 306 Climate Science Annex 360 Climate Science Annex 362 ContentsForewords Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerForeword from the Prime Minister Our strategy for net zero is to lead the world in ending our contribution to climate change, while turning this mission into the greatest opportunity for jobs and prosperity for our country since the industrial revolution.', 'International Leadership and Collaboration 284 Technical Annex 304 Technical Annex 306 Climate Science Annex 360 Climate Science Annex 362 ContentsForewords Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerForeword from the Prime Minister Our strategy for net zero is to lead the world in ending our contribution to climate change, while turning this mission into the greatest opportunity for jobs and prosperity for our country since the industrial revolution. Removing dirty fossil fuels from the global economy will lead to the creation of vast new global industries from offshore wind to electric vehicles and carbon capture and storage. By moving first and making the United Kingdom the birthplace of the Green Industrial Revolution we are building a defining competitive edge.', 'By moving first and making the United Kingdom the birthplace of the Green Industrial Revolution we are building a defining competitive edge. Through our Ten Point Plan we have already attracted over £5.8 billion of new inward investment in just over ten months, and will create and support hundreds of thousands of new high skilled, high wage green jobs. Over the last three decades we have already reduced our emissions by 44 per cent - while growing our economy by over 75 per cent – and this strategy sets out our plan for going the rest of the way. We will meet the global climate emergency but not with panicked, short-term or self-destructive measures as some have urged.', 'We will meet the global climate emergency but not with panicked, short-term or self-destructive measures as some have urged. Instead we will unleash the unique creative power of capitalism to drive the innovation that will bring down the costs of going green, so we make net zero a net win for people, for industry, for the UK and for the planet. This strategy sets out how we will make historic transitions to remove carbon from our power, retire the internal combustion engine from our vehicles and start to phase out gas boilers from our homes. But it also shows how we will do this fairly by making carbon- free alternatives cheaper.', 'But it also shows how we will do this fairly by making carbon- free alternatives cheaper. We will make sure what you pay for green, clean electricity is competitive with carbon-laden gas, and with most of our electricity coming from the wind farms of the North Sea or state-of-the-art British nuclear reactors we will reduce our vulnerability to sudden price rises caused by fluctuating international fossil fuel markets. The United Kingdom is not afraid to lead the charge towards global net zero at COP26, because history has never been made by those who sit at the back of the class hoping not to be called on.', 'The United Kingdom is not afraid to lead the charge towards global net zero at COP26, because history has never been made by those who sit at the back of the class hoping not to be called on. Indeed, as we set an example to the world by showing that reaching Net Zero is entirely possible, so the likes of China and Russia are following our lead with their own net zero targets, as prices tumble and green tech becomes the global norm. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFor years, going green was inextricably bound up with a sense that we have to sacrifice the things we love. But this strategy shows how we can build back greener, without so much as a hair shirt in sight.', 'But this strategy shows how we can build back greener, without so much as a hair shirt in sight. In 2050, we will still be driving cars, flying planes and heating our homes, but our cars will be electric gliding silently around our cities, our planes will be zero emission allowing us to fly guilt-free, and our homes will be heated by cheap reliable power drawn from the winds of the North Sea. And everywhere you look, in every part of our United Kingdom, there will be jobs. Good jobs, green jobs, well-paid jobs, levelling up our country while squashing down our carbon emissions. That is the clean and prosperous future that awaits every one of us as the UK leads the world in the race to net zero.', 'That is the clean and prosperous future that awaits every one of us as the UK leads the world in the race to net zero. The Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP Prime Minister Foreword from the Prime MinisterForeword from the Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy Now is the time the world needs to go further and faster to tackle climate change. The UK is stepping up to that challenge. Here we set out our ambitious strategy – the first of its kind in the world of a major economy - to create new jobs, develop new industries with innovative new technologies and become a more energy secure nation with clean green British energy. At the same time we will reduce greenhouse gas emissions across the economy to reach net zero by 2050.', 'At the same time we will reduce greenhouse gas emissions across the economy to reach net zero by 2050. The UK has already taken bold steps towards net zero, including bringing forward the end of sales of new petrol and diesel cars to 2030. We have committed over £12 billion of domestic green investment since March 2020, and have doubled our International Climate Finance commitment to £11.6 billion between 2021-2025. This Strategy sets out the next steps we will take to cut our emissions, seize green economic opportunities, and leverage further private investment into net zero. The policies and spending brought forward in the Net Zero Strategy mean that since the Ten Point Plan we have mobilised over £26 billion of government capital investment for the green industrial revolution.', 'The policies and spending brought forward in the Net Zero Strategy mean that since the Ten Point Plan we have mobilised over £26 billion of government capital investment for the green industrial revolution. Along with regulations, this will support 190,000 jobs by 2025, and 440,000 jobs by 2030, and leverage up to £90 billion of private investment by 2030. This will put us on an ambitious path to meet our Sixth Carbon Budget and our Nationally Determined Contribution, cutting emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels, and reaching net zero by 2050. We know economic growth and reducing emissions can go hand-in-hand.', 'We know economic growth and reducing emissions can go hand-in-hand. As we continue to build back better from the COVID-19 pandemic, we will fuel a Green Industrial Revolution, creating jobs and business growth opportunities, and establishing the UK as a global leader in the technologies to tackle climate change. We will deliver the commitments in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan and Build Back Better: our plan for growth, and go further to build a resilient economy and level up the UK. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe changes will have wider benefits for the public and businesses alike. We will all enjoy cleaner air, increased biodiversity and improved access to green spaces. We will see greater efficiency in the way we travel and heat our buildings, which will be better protected from more extreme weather events.', 'We will see greater efficiency in the way we travel and heat our buildings, which will be better protected from more extreme weather events. We will also put consumers at the heart of this transition, helping them make their homes warmer, more efficient, and ensure that they pay a fair, affordable prices for their energy. But we cannot tackle climate change alone. We will take a coordinated approach, working across local and national government, the Devolved Administrations, and with businesses and civil society organisations. And we will make it easier and fairer for individuals, businesses and households to decarbonise, so that our whole society can work together to reduce emissions. This strategy demonstrates how the UK is leading by example, with a clear plan for the future.', 'This strategy demonstrates how the UK is leading by example, with a clear plan for the future. The Rt Hon Kwasi Kwarteng Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy Foreword from the Secretary of State for Business, Energy & Industrial StrategyExecutive Summary Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWhat is net zero and why do we need to act? From heating our homes to filling up our cars, burning fossil fuels releases the greenhouses gases that increase global temperatures. We are already seeing the effects here in the UK, with devastating floods in the West Midlands in January and torrential downpours submerging London Underground stations earlier this summer.', 'We are already seeing the effects here in the UK, with devastating floods in the West Midlands in January and torrential downpours submerging London Underground stations earlier this summer. People are rightly concerned, with the latest IPCC report showing that if we fail to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, the floods and fires we have seen around the world this year will get more frequent and more fierce, crops will be more likely to fail, and sea levels will rise driving mass migration as millions are forced from their homes. Above 1.5°C we risk reaching climatic tipping points like the melting of arctic permafrost – releasing millennia of stored greenhouse gases – meaning we could lose control of our climate for good.', 'Above 1.5°C we risk reaching climatic tipping points like the melting of arctic permafrost – releasing millennia of stored greenhouse gases – meaning we could lose control of our climate for good. But the good news is that there is, still, a path to avoid catastrophic climate change. The science could not be clearer: by the middle of this century the world has to reduce emissions to as close to zero as possible, with the small amount of remaining emissions absorbed through natural carbon sinks like forests, and new technologies like carbon capture. If we can achieve this, global emissions of greenhouse gases will be ‘net zero’. Delivering this requires urgent global action, including ending coal fired power generation, retiring petrol and diesel engines from all cars, and halting deforestation.', 'Delivering this requires urgent global action, including ending coal fired power generation, retiring petrol and diesel engines from all cars, and halting deforestation. These are the steps that the UK is calling for at COP26, the global climate change talks in Glasgow next month. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWhy should the UK act first? Since 1990 the UK has almost halved our greenhouse gas emissions. Thanks to the efforts of successive governments, we are almost half-way to ending the UK’s domestic contribution to man-made climate change, and in 2019 the UK became the first major economy in the world to legislate to finish the job with a binding target to reach net zero emissions by 2050.', 'Thanks to the efforts of successive governments, we are almost half-way to ending the UK’s domestic contribution to man-made climate change, and in 2019 the UK became the first major economy in the world to legislate to finish the job with a binding target to reach net zero emissions by 2050. We are proud to lead the world in ending our own contribution to climate change, not just because it is the right thing to do, but because we are determined to seize the unprecedented economic opportunity it brings. We want to build back better from the pandemic by building back greener and levelling up our country with new high skilled, high wage, sustainable jobs in every part of our United Kingdom. Removing dirty fossil fuels will require the transformation of every sector of the global economy.', 'Removing dirty fossil fuels will require the transformation of every sector of the global economy. It means no longer burning fossil fuels for power or heating; it means new ways of making concrete, cement, steel; it means the end of the petrol and diesel engine. These changes are already beginning to happen. Renewable energy is now the cheapest source of power across two-thirds of the globe. Clean, cheap power is already driving the decarbonisation of heavy industry around the world. Almost all major car companies are now developing or producing zero emissions vehicles as battery technology improves and costs reduce. The question is whether the new clean machinery of the net zero future will be “made elsewhere” or “made in Britain”.', 'The question is whether the new clean machinery of the net zero future will be “made elsewhere” or “made in Britain”. By moving first, the UK can get ahead of the pack and make the birthplace of the industrial revolution the home of the new Green Industrial Revolution. Indeed, as we produce more of our own electricity – from wind farms in the North Sea and state-of-the-art British nuclear reactors – families will be much better protected from energy price spikes caused by volatile international fossil fuel markets. At the same time, by getting ahead of the curve in driving down the costs of the latest clean technology, more consumers will enjoy more efficient cars and heating systems sooner.', 'At the same time, by getting ahead of the curve in driving down the costs of the latest clean technology, more consumers will enjoy more efficient cars and heating systems sooner. Furthermore, by accelerating the deployment of cheap renewable power, and rolling out further energy efficiency measures, government decarbonisation policies mean that the average consumer energy bill in 2024 will likely be cheaper than it would otherwise have been. We have shown the world that green and growth go hand in hand, and as a result other countries are already following our lead with their own net zero targets. When the UK was confirmed as host of COP26, less than 30% of global GDP was signed up to net zero or carbon neutrality targets.', 'When the UK was confirmed as host of COP26, less than 30% of global GDP was signed up to net zero or carbon neutrality targets. Today, in part again because of UK leadership, that figure is now over 80% – and rising. Executive SummaryThe Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution Last year, the government kick-started its mission to get ahead of the pack, by setting out a Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution. Our ambition was to create the conditions for the private sector to invest with confidence, unleashing the unique creativity of capitalism to generate and grow new green industries.', 'Our ambition was to create the conditions for the private sector to invest with confidence, unleashing the unique creativity of capitalism to generate and grow new green industries. We mobilised £12 billion of government investment, shared some of the risks of pioneering new industries, and began to introduce regulations to assure industry of the future demand for green products – such as through our decision to end the sale of new petrol and diesel cars by 2030. We have also invested in the skills the British workforce will need for these new high wage green jobs, though our Lifetime Skills Guarantee, and we are helping investors to access capital for green projects by making the City of London the global centre of Green Finance.', 'We have also invested in the skills the British workforce will need for these new high wage green jobs, though our Lifetime Skills Guarantee, and we are helping investors to access capital for green projects by making the City of London the global centre of Green Finance. At the Global Investment Summit in October 2021, the Prime Minister announced a package of 18 deals worth £9.7 billion that will support green growth and create an estimated 30,000 UK jobs. This is on top of the £5.8 billion already committed for sustainable projects since the Prime Minister launched his Ten Point Plan in November 2020. Now we need to build on this progress with a strategy to take us to net zero by 2050.', 'Now we need to build on this progress with a strategy to take us to net zero by 2050. Our Strategy for Net Zero Since 1990 the UK has reduced our greenhouse gas emissions by 44%, while growing our economy by over 75%. This strategy sets out this Government’s long- term plan to finish the job and end the UK’s domestic contribution to man-made climate change by 2050. Although every study shows that the costs of inaction on climate are far greater, there will, of course, be costs to the investments needed to make this transition happen. So we will approach these with four key principles: 1. We will work with the grain of consumer choice: no one will be required to rip out their existing boiler or scrap their current car 2.', 'We will work with the grain of consumer choice: no one will be required to rip out their existing boiler or scrap their current car 2. We will ensure the biggest polluters pay the most for the transition through fair carbon pricing 3. We will ensure that the most vulnerable are protected through Government support in the form of energy bill discounts, energy efficiency upgrades, and more 4. We will work with businesses to continue delivering deep cost reductions in low carbon tech through support for the latest state of the art kit to bring down costs for consumers and deliver benefits for businesses. This strategy is a long-term plan for a transition that will take place over the next three decades. Many of the policies in the strategy will be phased in over the next decade or longer.', 'Many of the policies in the strategy will be phased in over the next decade or longer. Given our success in decarbonisation to date we are confident in our approach, but this strategy does not intend to predict the exact shape of the British economy in 2050 and neither should it. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWe are making the decisions that are needed now to drive investment into new low carbon technologies and as these develop and we test our approach, we will make informed decisions over how we scale to reach net zero by 2050. We have consistently underestimated how quickly the costs of clean technology would fall to date. There will be many more decisions to take, and many more steps on the journey to the finish line.', 'There will be many more decisions to take, and many more steps on the journey to the finish line. But this strategy marks the beginning of the end of the UK’s domestic contribution to climate change. What is in the Strategy? Ending the UK’s contribution to climate change is a long-term shift, and the Climate Change Act breaks up this challenge into bitesize chunks – five-year long carbon budgets. We have hit all of our carbon budgets to date. This document sets out clear policies and proposals for keeping us on track for our coming carbon budgets, our ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and then sets out our vision for a decarbonised economy in 2050.', 'This document sets out clear policies and proposals for keeping us on track for our coming carbon budgets, our ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), and then sets out our vision for a decarbonised economy in 2050. Whilst there are a range of ways in which net zero could be achieved in the UK, we set out a delivery pathway showing indicative emissions reductions across sectors to meet our targets up to the sixth carbon budget (2033-2037). This is based on our current understanding of each sector’s potential, and a whole system view of where abatement is most effective. But we must be adaptable over time, as innovation will increase our understanding of the challenges, bring forward new technologies and drive down the costs of existing ones.', 'But we must be adaptable over time, as innovation will increase our understanding of the challenges, bring forward new technologies and drive down the costs of existing ones. The policies and spending brought forward in the Net Zero Strategy mean that since the Ten Point Plan, HMG has mobilised £26 billion of government capital investment for the green industrial revolution. Along with regulations, this will support up to 190,000 jobs by 2025, and up to 440,000 jobs by 2030, and leverage up to £90 billion of private investment by 2030.', 'Along with regulations, this will support up to 190,000 jobs by 2025, and up to 440,000 jobs by 2030, and leverage up to £90 billion of private investment by 2030. Executive SummaryFigure 1: Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 by sector Source: BEIS Analysis (2021) So this strategy sets out our plans for reducing emissions from each sector of our economy, while hoovering up any remaining emissions with greenhouse gas removals – either natural, like trees, or technological, using carbon capture. This is an historic plan. Taken together the transitions set out below for every sector of the UK economy meets Carbon Budgets 4 and 5, and puts us on the path for Carbon Budget 6 – and ultimately on course for net zero by 2050.', 'Taken together the transitions set out below for every sector of the UK economy meets Carbon Budgets 4 and 5, and puts us on the path for Carbon Budget 6 – and ultimately on course for net zero by 2050. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPower Going further faster to decarbonise our electricity system Industry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Net Zero Strategy: An overview Power The policies and proposals for power in the Net Zero Strategy will … Support for up to 59,000 jobs in 2024 and up to Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of £150-270 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Fully decarbonise our power system by 2035 The net zero economy will be underpinned by cheap clean electricity, made in Britain.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPower Going further faster to decarbonise our electricity system Industry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Net Zero Strategy: An overview Power The policies and proposals for power in the Net Zero Strategy will … Support for up to 59,000 jobs in 2024 and up to Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of £150-270 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Fully decarbonise our power system by 2035 The net zero economy will be underpinned by cheap clean electricity, made in Britain. A clean, reliable power system is the foundation of a productive net zero economy as we electrify other sectors – so we will fully decarbonise our power system by 2035, subject to security of supply.', 'A clean, reliable power system is the foundation of a productive net zero economy as we electrify other sectors – so we will fully decarbonise our power system by 2035, subject to security of supply. Our power system will consist of abundant, cheap British renewables, cutting edge new nuclear power stations, and be underpinned by flexibility including storage, gas with CCS, hydrogen and ensure reliable power is always there at the flick of a switch. The transformation of the power sector will bring high skill, high wage job opportunities right across the UK. Key policies: • By 2035 the UK will be powered entirely by clean electricity, subject to security of supply.', 'Key policies: • By 2035 the UK will be powered entirely by clean electricity, subject to security of supply. • Secure a final investment decision on a large-scale nuclear plant by the end of this Parliament, and launch a new £120 million Future Nuclear Enabling Fund, retaining options for future nuclear technologies, including Small Modular Reactors, with a number of potential sites including Wylfa in North Wales. • 40GW of offshore wind by 2030, with more onshore, solar, and other renewables – with a new approach to onshore and offshore electricity networks to incorporate new low carbon generation and demand in the most efficient manner that takes account of the needs of local communities like those in East Anglia.', '• 40GW of offshore wind by 2030, with more onshore, solar, and other renewables – with a new approach to onshore and offshore electricity networks to incorporate new low carbon generation and demand in the most efficient manner that takes account of the needs of local communities like those in East Anglia. • Moving towards 1GW of floating offshore wind by 2030 to put us at the forefront of this new technology that can utilise our North and Celtic Seas – backed by £380 million overall funding for our world-leading offshore wind sector. • Deployment of new flexibility measures including storage to help smooth out future price spikes.', '• Deployment of new flexibility measures including storage to help smooth out future price spikes. Executive SummaryFuel Supply & Hydrogen The policies and proposals for fuel supply and hydrogen in the Net Zero Strategy will… Support up to 10,000 jobs in 2030 in fuel supply Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of £20-30 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Deliver 5 GW of hydrogen production capacity by 2030, whilst halving emissions from oil and gas While electricity will be the primary source of energy, we cannot rely on it alone. Many sectors require low carbon energy, including those where electrification is not a viable option, making the supply of cleaner fuels essential to achieving net zero.', 'Many sectors require low carbon energy, including those where electrification is not a viable option, making the supply of cleaner fuels essential to achieving net zero. Building on commitments in the North Sea Transition Deal, we will significantly reduce emissions from traditional oil and gas fuel supplies, whilst scaling-up the production of low carbon alternatives such as hydrogen and biofuels. Current gas prices spikes underline the need to get off hydrocarbons as quickly as possible, but we will manage the transition in a way that protects jobs and investment, uses existing infrastructure, maintains security of supply, and minimises environmental impacts. Key policies: • We have set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models.', 'Key policies: • We have set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models. We will be providing up to £140 million to establish the scheme, including up to £100 million to award contracts of up to 250MW of electrolytic hydrogen production capacity in 2023 with further allocation in 2024. • Introducing a new climate compatibility checkpoint for future licensing on the UK Continental Shelf and regulating the oil and gas sector in a way that minimises greenhouse gases through the revised Oil and Gas Authority strategy.', '• Introducing a new climate compatibility checkpoint for future licensing on the UK Continental Shelf and regulating the oil and gas sector in a way that minimises greenhouse gases through the revised Oil and Gas Authority strategy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPower Going further faster to decarbonise our electricity system Industry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Industry The policies and proposals for industry in the Net Zero Strategy will… Support up to 54,000 jobs in 2030 in industry Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of at least £14 billion in industry, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Deliver four carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS) clusters, capturing 20-30 MtCO2 across the economy, including 6 MtCO of industrial emissions, per year by 2030 We will decarbonise industry in line with our net zero goals whilst simultaneously transforming our industrial heartlands by attracting inward investment, future-proofing businesses, and securing high wage, high skill jobs.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPower Going further faster to decarbonise our electricity system Industry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Industry The policies and proposals for industry in the Net Zero Strategy will… Support up to 54,000 jobs in 2030 in industry Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of at least £14 billion in industry, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Deliver four carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS) clusters, capturing 20-30 MtCO2 across the economy, including 6 MtCO of industrial emissions, per year by 2030 We will decarbonise industry in line with our net zero goals whilst simultaneously transforming our industrial heartlands by attracting inward investment, future-proofing businesses, and securing high wage, high skill jobs. We will do this by supporting industry to switch to cleaner fuels; helping them improve their resource and energy efficiency, and through fair carbon pricing to drive deep decarbonisation of industry.', 'We will do this by supporting industry to switch to cleaner fuels; helping them improve their resource and energy efficiency, and through fair carbon pricing to drive deep decarbonisation of industry. Growing new industries in low carbon hydrogen alongside CCUS and renewable energy will put our industrial ‘SuperPlaces’ at the forefront of technological development – accelerating decarbonisation in ‘clusters’, which account for approximately half of the UK’s industrial emissions. These clusters could have the opportunity to access support under government’s CCUS programme, which includes the £1 billion CCS Infrastructure Fund and revenue support mechanisms. Key policies: • Following the Phase 1 of the Cluster Sequencing process, the Hynet and East Coast Clusters, will act as economic hubs for green jobs in line with our ambition to capture 20-30 MtCO2 per year by 2030.', 'Key policies: • Following the Phase 1 of the Cluster Sequencing process, the Hynet and East Coast Clusters, will act as economic hubs for green jobs in line with our ambition to capture 20-30 MtCO2 per year by 2030. This puts Teesside and the Humber, Merseyside and North Wales, along with the North East of Scotland as a reserve cluster, among the potential early SuperPlaces which will be transformed over the next decade. • Future-proofing industrial sectors, and the communities they employ through the £315 million Industrial Energy Transformation Fund (IETF), (£289 million for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, £26 million for Scotland).', '• Future-proofing industrial sectors, and the communities they employ through the £315 million Industrial Energy Transformation Fund (IETF), (£289 million for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, £26 million for Scotland). • Incentivise cost-effective abatement in industry at the pace and scale required to deliver net zero, through the UK ETS by consulting on a net zero consistent UK ETS cap (in partnership with the Devolved Administrations).', '• Incentivise cost-effective abatement in industry at the pace and scale required to deliver net zero, through the UK ETS by consulting on a net zero consistent UK ETS cap (in partnership with the Devolved Administrations). Executive SummaryIndustry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Heat and Buildings The policies and proposals for heat and buildings in the Net Zero Strategy will… Support up to 100,000 jobs n the middle of the 2020s and up to 175,000 in 2030 Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of approximately £200 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Set a path to all new heating appliances in homes and workplaces from 2035 being low carbon Reaching net zero means tackling all sources of emissions – and heating for homes and workspaces makes up almost a third of all UK carbon emissions.', 'Executive SummaryIndustry and fuel supply Transitioning to a low carbon future Heat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Heat and Buildings The policies and proposals for heat and buildings in the Net Zero Strategy will… Support up to 100,000 jobs n the middle of the 2020s and up to 175,000 in 2030 Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of approximately £200 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Set a path to all new heating appliances in homes and workplaces from 2035 being low carbon Reaching net zero means tackling all sources of emissions – and heating for homes and workspaces makes up almost a third of all UK carbon emissions. So we will improve the energy efficiency of housing and non- domestic properties across the UK, ensuring they require less energy to heat, making them cheaper to run and more comfortable to live and work in while reducing our dependence on imported energy.', 'So we will improve the energy efficiency of housing and non- domestic properties across the UK, ensuring they require less energy to heat, making them cheaper to run and more comfortable to live and work in while reducing our dependence on imported energy. We are setting the ambition that, by 2035, once costs have come down, all new heating appliances installed in homes and workplaces will be low-carbon technologies, like electric heat pumps or hydrogen boilers. We will take a decision in 2026 on the role of hydrogen heating. Crucially, this will be a gradual transition that works with the grain of consumer choice. But the costs of low carbon technology can fall quickly – working with industry, we expect a heat pump to be as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler this decade.', 'But the costs of low carbon technology can fall quickly – working with industry, we expect a heat pump to be as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler this decade. We want to reduce electricity costs so when the current gas spike subsides we will look at options to shift or rebalance energy levies (such as RO and FiTs) and obligations (such ECO) away from electricity to gas over this decade. This will include looking at options to expand carbon pricing and remove costs from electricity bills while ensuring that we continue to limit any impact on bills overall. We know that in the long run, green products are more efficient and cheaper, and we are putting fairness and affordability at the heart of our approach.', 'We know that in the long run, green products are more efficient and cheaper, and we are putting fairness and affordability at the heart of our approach. Key policies: • An ambition that by 2035, no new gas boilers will be sold. • A new £450 million three-year Boiler Upgrade Scheme will see households offered grants of up to £5,000 for low-carbon heating systems so they cost the same as a gas boiler now. • A new £60 million Heat Pump Ready programme that will provide funding for pioneering heat pump technologies and will support the government’s target of 600,000 installations a year by 2028. • Delivering cheaper electricity by rebalancing of policy costs from electricity bills to gas bills this decade.', '• Delivering cheaper electricity by rebalancing of policy costs from electricity bills to gas bills this decade. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Further funding for the Social Housing Decarbonisation Scheme and Home Upgrade Grants, investing £1.75 billion. Additional funding of £1.425 billion for Public Sector Decarbonisation, with the aim of reducing emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037. • Launching a Hydrogen Village trial to inform a decision on the role of hydrogen in the heating system by 2026.', '• Launching a Hydrogen Village trial to inform a decision on the role of hydrogen in the heating system by 2026. Executive SummaryHeat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Transport The policies and proposals for transport in the Net Zero Strategy will … Support for up to 22,000 jobs in 2024 and up to Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of around £220 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Remove all road emissions at the tailpipe and kickstart zero emissions international travel We will transform our cities and towns with greener, faster and more efficient transport.', 'Executive SummaryHeat and buildings Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Transport The policies and proposals for transport in the Net Zero Strategy will … Support for up to 22,000 jobs in 2024 and up to Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of around £220 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Remove all road emissions at the tailpipe and kickstart zero emissions international travel We will transform our cities and towns with greener, faster and more efficient transport. Our streets will be cleaner and people healthier from breathing cleaner air, walking and cycling more.', 'Our streets will be cleaner and people healthier from breathing cleaner air, walking and cycling more. Our zero emissions vehicle (ZEV) mandate will guarantee greater number of zero emission vehicles on our roads, unlocking the transformation of our road transport. Additional funding will support our automotive sector to stay at the cutting edge and capture jobs of the future. Significant new investment in vehicle grants and electric vehicle infrastructure will ensure that we see even more green vans delivering our goods and big improvements in local public chargepoint provision. We will increase the share of journeys taken by public transport, cycling and walking, electrifying more railway lines, investing £3 billion to transform bus services and £2 billion for cycling.', 'We will increase the share of journeys taken by public transport, cycling and walking, electrifying more railway lines, investing £3 billion to transform bus services and £2 billion for cycling. We will build on our strong maritime heritage and the success of the Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition to deliver a more ambitious multi- year programme for the sector. Setting out an ambitious position on SAF will set us on a path to decarbonise this challenging sector. Accelerating the decarbonisation of transport will save lives and significantly reduce noise, making our urban centres more enjoyable places to live. Key policies: • A zero emission vehicle mandate to improve consumer choice and ensure we maximise the economic benefit from this transition by giving a clear signal to investors.', 'Key policies: • A zero emission vehicle mandate to improve consumer choice and ensure we maximise the economic benefit from this transition by giving a clear signal to investors. This will deliver on our 2030 commitment to end the sale of new petrol and diesel cars, and 2035 commitment that all cars must be fully zero emissions capable. • Further funding of £620 million for zero emission vehicle grants and EV Infrastructure, including further funding for local EV Infrastructure, with a focus on local on street residential charging. • Allocating a further £350 million of our up to £1 billion Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF) to support the electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains.', '• Allocating a further £350 million of our up to £1 billion Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF) to support the electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains. • Building on the success of our £20 million zero emission road freight trials, we will expand these to trial three zero emission HGV technologies at scale on UK roads to determine their operational benefits, as well as their infrastructure needs. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• £2 billion investment which will help enable half of journeys in towns and cities to be cycled or walked by 2030. • £3 billion to create integrated bus networks, more frequent services and bus lanes to speed journeys.', '• £3 billion to create integrated bus networks, more frequent services and bus lanes to speed journeys. • Transformation of local transport systems, with 4,000 new zero emission buses and the infrastructure to support them, and a net zero rail network by 2050, with the ambition to remove all diesel-only trains by 2040. • Building on the success of the Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition, we will be extending this to a multi-year programme, delivering real-world demonstrations and technology trials of clean maritime vessels and infrastructure to decarbonise the maritime sector. This is part of our commitment to a UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions. • Significant investment in rail electrification and city rapid transit systems.', '• Significant investment in rail electrification and city rapid transit systems. • Aim to become a world-leader in zero emission flight and kick-starting the commercialisation of the UK sustainable aviation fuel so people can fly, and connect without guilt. Our ambition is to enable delivery of 10% SAF by 2030 and will be supporting UK industry with £180 million funding for the development of SAF plants. Executive Summary \x07 Natural Resources, waste and fluorinated gases The policies and proposals for natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases in the Net Zero Strategy will… New employment opportunities across the UK.', 'Executive Summary \x07 Natural Resources, waste and fluorinated gases The policies and proposals for natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases in the Net Zero Strategy will… New employment opportunities across the UK. Afforestation in England could support up to 1,900 jobs in Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of approximately £30 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Treble woodland creation rates in England, contributing to the UK’s overall target of increasing planting rates to 30,000 hectares per year by the end of this Parliament Halting climate change and protecting the natural world are two sides of the same coin, so we will restore our countryside to reduce emissions, sequester carbon and build our resilience to climate change at the same time.', 'Afforestation in England could support up to 1,900 jobs in Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of approximately £30 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway Treble woodland creation rates in England, contributing to the UK’s overall target of increasing planting rates to 30,000 hectares per year by the end of this Parliament Halting climate change and protecting the natural world are two sides of the same coin, so we will restore our countryside to reduce emissions, sequester carbon and build our resilience to climate change at the same time. We will support farmers to implement a range of low carbon farming practices that can help increase productivity and enable more efficient use of land, such as through agroforestry. We will increase tree planting to sequester carbon, and protect and restore our peatlands.', 'We will increase tree planting to sequester carbon, and protect and restore our peatlands. As part of reforms to the resources and waste system, we also will move towards a circular economy, improve resource efficiency, and achieve near elimination of biodegradable waste to landfill. We will continue to phase down the use of F-gases in line with domestic regulations and international commitments. Key policies: • Supporting low-carbon farming and agricultural innovation through the Farming Investment Fund and the Farming Innovation Programme to invest in equipment, technology, and infrastructure to improve profitability, benefit the environment and support emissions reductions.', 'Key policies: • Supporting low-carbon farming and agricultural innovation through the Farming Investment Fund and the Farming Innovation Programme to invest in equipment, technology, and infrastructure to improve profitability, benefit the environment and support emissions reductions. • We will boost the existing £640 million Nature for Climate Fund with a further £124 million of new money, ensuring total spend of more than £750 million by 2025 on peat restoration, woodland creation and management – above and beyond what was promised in the manifesto. This will enable more opportunities for farmers and landowners to support Net Zero through land use change.', 'This will enable more opportunities for farmers and landowners to support Net Zero through land use change. • Restoring approximately 280,000 hectares of peat in England by 2050 and trebling woodland creation rates in England, contributing to the UK’s overall target of increasing planting rates to 30,000 hectares per year by the end of the Parliament. • £75 million on net zero related R&D across Natural Resources, Waste & F-gases, to inform our pathway to 2037.', '• £75 million on net zero related R&D across Natural Resources, Waste & F-gases, to inform our pathway to 2037. Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• To support our commitment to explore options for the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill from 2028, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025.', 'Decarbonising how we heat and power our buildings Transport Setting the pace for greener, better transport Natural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• To support our commitment to explore options for the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill from 2028, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025. Executive SummaryNatural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Greenhouse Gas Removals The policies and proposals for GGRs in the Net Zero Strategy will provide… New, highly skilled, jobs in our industrial heartlands Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of around £20 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway An ambition to deploy at least 5 MtCO /year of engineered GGRs by 2030.', 'Executive SummaryNatural resources, waste, and fluorinated gases Harnessing nature for net zero Greenhouse gas removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Innovation and investment Leading the world in innovation and green finance Green jobs, skills, and industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Greenhouse Gas Removals The policies and proposals for GGRs in the Net Zero Strategy will provide… New, highly skilled, jobs in our industrial heartlands Start to mobilise additional public and private investment of around £20 billion, in line with our 2037 delivery pathway An ambition to deploy at least 5 MtCO /year of engineered GGRs by 2030. Our most important step to achieving net zero is to take ambitious decarbonisation measures across society.', 'Our most important step to achieving net zero is to take ambitious decarbonisation measures across society. However, greenhouse gas removals (GGRs) will also play a critical role in balancing residual emissions from the hardest to decarbonise sectors such as aviation, agriculture, and heavy industry. Our innovation-led approach position the UK as a global leader in this rapidly developing sector. Government intervention in the short term will support early commercial deployment of GGRs, with an ambition to move towards a market-based framework for GGRs. This will support our delivery of net zero emissions and position us to export our skills and expertise, capitalising on economic opportunities for the UK and supporting the global shift to net zero.', 'This will support our delivery of net zero emissions and position us to export our skills and expertise, capitalising on economic opportunities for the UK and supporting the global shift to net zero. Key policies: • Delivering £100 million of investment in GGR innovation could enable further deployment of GGRs, which in turn will leverage private investment and demand for transferrable engineering expertise from the UK’s oil and gas sector. • Explore options for regulatory oversight to provide robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of GGRs, following the recommendations of the BEIS-led MRV Task & Finish Group involving experts from industry and academia.', '• Explore options for regulatory oversight to provide robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of GGRs, following the recommendations of the BEIS-led MRV Task & Finish Group involving experts from industry and academia. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener \x07 Supporting the transition with cross-cutting action We will maximise the opportunities of this transition, and make sure we are geared up to deliver these changes by also taking cross-cutting action. As the host nation for COP26 in Glasgow this year, we will use our global platform to continue to urge countries to set targets to get to net zero by 2050, and more ambitious 2030 emissions reduction targets to get us there. We will back innovation and our world-leading green finance sector.', 'We will back innovation and our world-leading green finance sector. We will support each stage of the innovation chain to drive down costs and bring through key technologies and ideas to meet net zero. We will work with the private sector to leverage private investment to provide the finance needed, while providing the conditions for green finance to flourish. We will put consumers at the heart of the transition and our goal is to make choosing green options significantly easier, cheaper, and more rewarding. We will back training and skills, supporting workers to retrain and upskill and build low carbon industries with strong UK supply chains that are resilient to changes.', 'We will back training and skills, supporting workers to retrain and upskill and build low carbon industries with strong UK supply chains that are resilient to changes. We will also take a place-based approach to net zero, working with local government to ensure that all local areas have the capability and capacity for net zero delivery as we level up the country. And Government is leading the way – embedding climate into our policy and spending decisions, increasing the transparency of our progress on climate goals, and providing funding to drive ambitious emissions reductions in schools and hospitals. Key policies: • Deliver at least £1.5 billion of funding to support net zero innovation projects.', 'Key policies: • Deliver at least £1.5 billion of funding to support net zero innovation projects. • Use the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) to crowd in private finance, support more than £40 billion of investment, and pull through low carbon technologies and sectors to maturity and scale. • Introduce a new Sustainability Disclosures Regime, including mandatory climate related financial disclosures and a UK green taxonomy. • Reform the skills system so that training providers, employers and learners are incentivised and equipped to play their part in delivering the transition to net zero. • Publish an annual progress update against a set of key indicators for achieving our climate goals.', '• Publish an annual progress update against a set of key indicators for achieving our climate goals. Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Executive SummaryDelivering the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan In the past year, we have already taken important action on climate change, delivering on the commitments in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan.', 'Embedding in government and local action Prioritising decarbonisation at every level of government Green choices Moving towards a net zero society together Executive SummaryDelivering the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan In the past year, we have already taken important action on climate change, delivering on the commitments in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan. 56,000 jobs have been protected and created over the last ten months, since the publication of the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan and wider green agenda - with some already on line and others set to come on line over the coming decade We committed to… Since then we have… Point 1: Advancing Offshore Wind, including: – 40GW of offshore wind by 2030 including 1GW of floating wind (wind turbines generating electricity in water depths) – £160 million into modern ports and manufacturing infrastructure – The Offshore Transmission Network Review – Supported manufacturers via government investment schemes.', '56,000 jobs have been protected and created over the last ten months, since the publication of the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan and wider green agenda - with some already on line and others set to come on line over the coming decade We committed to… Since then we have… Point 1: Advancing Offshore Wind, including: – 40GW of offshore wind by 2030 including 1GW of floating wind (wind turbines generating electricity in water depths) – £160 million into modern ports and manufacturing infrastructure – The Offshore Transmission Network Review – Supported manufacturers via government investment schemes. Six manufacturers have already announced major investments in the UK offshore wind sectors and delivering up to 3,600 jobs by 2030. – Built our Offshore Wind capacity to 10.5GW, enough in 2020 to power 4.5 trillion LED light bulbs.', '– Built our Offshore Wind capacity to 10.5GW, enough in 2020 to power 4.5 trillion LED light bulbs. This increased our share of electricity generated by Offshore Wind from 1% to 13% over the last decade. – Kicked off the biggest-ever round of our flagship renewable energy scheme for low carbon electricity (Contract for Difference) with £200 million for offshore wind projects and £24m for floating offshore wind. – Launched a £17.5 million competition to support innovative floating wind ideas from industry and joined the ORE Catapult’s FOW Centre of Excellence, contributing £2 million. – Leveraged over £1.5 billion investment into our offshore wind industry, following the £160 million to upgrade ports and infrastructure.', '– Leveraged over £1.5 billion investment into our offshore wind industry, following the £160 million to upgrade ports and infrastructure. – Published the Offshore Transmission Network Review, setting out two initial policy consultations to move to a coordinated approach for both in- flight and future offshore wind projects. Point 2: Driving the Growth of Low Carbon Hydrogen, including: – An ambition for 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030 – £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund – Hydrogen trials to test use of hydrogen in heating – Published the Hydrogen Strategy, setting out our comprehensive approach to growing the UK hydrogen economy.', 'Point 2: Driving the Growth of Low Carbon Hydrogen, including: – An ambition for 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030 – £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund – Hydrogen trials to test use of hydrogen in heating – Published the Hydrogen Strategy, setting out our comprehensive approach to growing the UK hydrogen economy. – Commenced an allocation process for electrolytic hydrogen in 2022 to award up to 100MW of contracts in 2023 and up to 400MW of contracts in 2024 and announcing a funding envelope in 2022 that will enable us to award the first contracts to CCUS-enabled hydrogen from 2023 through the Cluster Sequencing process, to deliver up to 1GW of CCUS- enabled hydrogen.', '– Commenced an allocation process for electrolytic hydrogen in 2022 to award up to 100MW of contracts in 2023 and up to 400MW of contracts in 2024 and announcing a funding envelope in 2022 that will enable us to award the first contracts to CCUS-enabled hydrogen from 2023 through the Cluster Sequencing process, to deliver up to 1GW of CCUS- enabled hydrogen. – Following our consultation on a proposed hydrogen business model, design of the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund and on a UK low carbon hydrogen standard. – Invested £3 million to kick start the Tees Valley hydrogen transport hub, which is building early collaborations and operational learning. – Announced a £60 million competition to fund projects to develop innovative low carbon hydrogen supply solutions.', '– Announced a £60 million competition to fund projects to develop innovative low carbon hydrogen supply solutions. – Started preparations for a hydrogen heating neighbourhood trial in Levenmouth, Fife led by SGN following funding awards by Ofgem and Scottish Government.', '– Started preparations for a hydrogen heating neighbourhood trial in Levenmouth, Fife led by SGN following funding awards by Ofgem and Scottish Government. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWe committed to… Since then we have… Point 3: Delivering New and Advanced Nuclear Power, including: – Pursuing large-scale nuclear projects, subject to value for money – Legislating for a new financing model for nuclear projects – £385 million Advanced Nuclear Fund to enable up to £215 million into Small Modular Reactors – £170 million for a R&D programme on Advanced Modular Reactors – Announced our aim to bring at least one large-scale nuclear project to the point of Final Investment Decision by the end of this Parliament, subject to value for money and all relevant approvals. Entered into negotiations with the developer of Sizewell C power station in December 2020.', 'Entered into negotiations with the developer of Sizewell C power station in December 2020. – Launched a Call for Evidence on Government’s preference to explore the potential of High Temperature Gas Reactors (HTGRs) to enable an AMR demonstration by the early 2030s. Point 4: Accelerating the Shift to Zero Emission Vehicles, including: – End the sale of new pure petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030 and consult on phase out for diesel HGVs – £1 billion to support electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains – £1.3 billion to accelerate the roll-out of charging infrastructure – Publish a Green Paper in 2021 on the UK’s post-EU emissions regulation – Announced we will introduce a ZEV mandate to deliver our end of sales dates for new petrol and diesel cars and vans.', 'Point 4: Accelerating the Shift to Zero Emission Vehicles, including: – End the sale of new pure petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030 and consult on phase out for diesel HGVs – £1 billion to support electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains – £1.3 billion to accelerate the roll-out of charging infrastructure – Publish a Green Paper in 2021 on the UK’s post-EU emissions regulation – Announced we will introduce a ZEV mandate to deliver our end of sales dates for new petrol and diesel cars and vans. – Announced funding for the UK’s first large-scale gigafactory as part of the Automotive Transformation Fund. The investor has committed to creating 1,000 jobs which will be realised during the period to 2025/26 as the facility is built and becomes operational.', 'The investor has committed to creating 1,000 jobs which will be realised during the period to 2025/26 as the facility is built and becomes operational. – Secured an additional 950 jobs through other automotive projects, for a total of 1,950 jobs to be realised through to 2025/26. – Built on existing successful projects, such as the Advanced Propulsion Centre - according to participating companies, APC projects agreed this year will support up to 5,200 direct jobs. – Seen increased demand for ZEVs – industry figures state that nearly one in ten of all new cars sold so far this year in the UK is fully electric and over 650,000 plug-in cars have been registered in the UK since 2010.', '– Seen increased demand for ZEVs – industry figures state that nearly one in ten of all new cars sold so far this year in the UK is fully electric and over 650,000 plug-in cars have been registered in the UK since 2010. – For this financial year, committed £70 million to roll out home, on-street and workplace chargepoints. – 70% of motorway service areas now have plans to install at least 6 high- powered chargers by 2023. – Announced the winners of the £20 million Zero Emission Road Freight Trials – projects that will help to design and develop cost-effective, zero emission HGVs and refuelling infrastructure. – Consulted on the phase out of non-zero emission HGVs.', '– Consulted on the phase out of non-zero emission HGVs. Executive SummaryWe committed to… Since then we have… Point 5: Green Public Transport, Cycling and Walking, including: – £120 million to begin introducing at least 4,000 zero emission buses – Billions of pounds in enhancements and renewals of the rail network – £5 billion to support buses, cycling and walking – Launched the National Bus Strategy and a consultation on phase out of new non-zero emission buses and the £120 million Zero Emission Bus Regional Area (ZEBRA) scheme to support local transport authorities outside London. – Supported Coventry to become UK’s first all-electric bus city, with £50 million to fund up to 300 electric buses and charging infrastructure.', '– Supported Coventry to become UK’s first all-electric bus city, with £50 million to fund up to 300 electric buses and charging infrastructure. – Committed £17.5 billion in the November 2020 Spending Review in capital funding for renewals, upgrades, and enhancements of the existing rail network up to 2024. – Delivered more than 300 walking and cycling schemes.', '– Delivered more than 300 walking and cycling schemes. Point 6: Jet Zero and Green Ships, including: – A Jet Zero Council – £15 million to support production of Sustainable Aviation Fuels – £20 million for the Clean Maritime Demonstration Programme – Consulted on our proposals for reaching net zero aviation by 2050 and following a consultation on a UK Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) mandate, confirmed our ambition for it to enable delivery of 10% SAF by 2030 , and we will make £180 million available to support the development of the UK SAF industry. – Announced the shortlist for the £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies competition, to support UK pioneers in Sustainable Aviation Fuels.', '– Announced the shortlist for the £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies competition, to support UK pioneers in Sustainable Aviation Fuels. – Co-invested £150 million per year through the Aerospace Technology Institute to support greener aircraft technology like Rolls-Royce’s next gen UltraFan jet engine which aims to cut emissions by 25% and ZeroAvia’s zero-emission hydrogen propulsion system. – Allocated up to £23 million of match-funding to 55 projects through the Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition to support the development of zero emission technologies and greener ports.', '– Allocated up to £23 million of match-funding to 55 projects through the Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition to support the development of zero emission technologies and greener ports. Point 7: Greener Buildings, including: – Ambition to install 600,000 heat pumps per year by 2028 – Energy efficiency funding, including the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme and Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund – Strengthened energy efficiency requirements for private sector landlords – Supported approximately 45,000 jobs in greener buildings in the first year since the Ten Point Plan was launched.1 – Announced that we will tighten Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards to ensure that landlords can no longer let properties covered by the Domestic Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards Regulations if they have an EPC rating below E, unless they have a valid exemption in place.', 'Point 7: Greener Buildings, including: – Ambition to install 600,000 heat pumps per year by 2028 – Energy efficiency funding, including the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme and Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund – Strengthened energy efficiency requirements for private sector landlords – Supported approximately 45,000 jobs in greener buildings in the first year since the Ten Point Plan was launched.1 – Announced that we will tighten Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards to ensure that landlords can no longer let properties covered by the Domestic Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards Regulations if they have an EPC rating below E, unless they have a valid exemption in place. – Allocated £1 billion funds from the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, supporting up to 30,000 jobs.2 – Awarded £62 million to 19 projects in the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund Demonstrator, with over 2,300 homes in the process of being improved.', '– Allocated £1 billion funds from the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, supporting up to 30,000 jobs.2 – Awarded £62 million to 19 projects in the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund Demonstrator, with over 2,300 homes in the process of being improved. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWe committed to… Since then we have… Point 8: Investing in Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage, including – Commitment for two industrial clusters by mid 2020s, and an aim for four sites by 2030, capturing up to 10Mt CO2 emissions per year – £1 billion CCUS Infrastructure Fund – We have set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme, providing up to up to £140 million to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWe committed to… Since then we have… Point 8: Investing in Carbon Capture, Usage and Storage, including – Commitment for two industrial clusters by mid 2020s, and an aim for four sites by 2030, capturing up to 10Mt CO2 emissions per year – £1 billion CCUS Infrastructure Fund – We have set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme, providing up to up to £140 million to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models. – Announced £19.5 million of grant funding for projects developing novel CCUS technology and processes that reduce the cost of deployment. – Kicked off the process to decide the first carbon capture cluster locations in our industrial heartlands.', '– Kicked off the process to decide the first carbon capture cluster locations in our industrial heartlands. – Published details of the design of funding mechanisms, including the business model for CO transport and storage, industrial CCUS, power CCUS, as well as the CCS Infrastructure Fund. Point 9: Protecting Our Natural Environment, including – £5.2 billion for flood and coastal defences – New National Parks and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty – £40 million second round for the Green Recovery Challenge Fund – Establish 10 long-term Landscape Recovery projects over the next four years – Supported an estimated 850 jobs in environmental protection and enhancement. – Launched the floods investment programme that is on track to better protect 336,000 properties from flooding.', '– Launched the floods investment programme that is on track to better protect 336,000 properties from flooding. – Natural England has set out plans to start the process to designate four new areas of outstanding natural beauty - Yorkshire Wolds AONB, Cheshire Sandstone Ridge AONB, an extension to the Surrey Hills AONB, and an extension to the Chilterns AONB. – Announced 90 projects awarded grants under round 2 of the £80 million Green Recovery Challenge Fund (GRCF). Across all 159 projects, the GRCF is set to plant almost 1 million trees and create and retain up to 2,500 jobs. – Held three Landscape Recovery market engagement events and, subject to feedback, we aim to open applications for the first wave of pilot projects later this year.', '– Held three Landscape Recovery market engagement events and, subject to feedback, we aim to open applications for the first wave of pilot projects later this year. – Launched several schemes under the Nature for Climate Fund to expand our pipeline of tree planting and peatland restoration projects in England, including the new England Woodland Creation Offer and Tree Production Innovation Fund. Point 10: Green Finance and Innovation, including – £1 billion Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP), including £100 million for Direct Air Capture and other Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) technologies – UK’s first Sovereign Green Bond – Green Jobs Taskforce – Launched the Net Zero Innovation Portfoliow, providing funding for low-carbon technologies and systems across the areas of the 10 Point Plan, including: – Up to £68 million across two competition streams for Longer Duration Energy Storage Demonstration.', 'Point 10: Green Finance and Innovation, including – £1 billion Net Zero Innovation Portfolio (NZIP), including £100 million for Direct Air Capture and other Greenhouse Gas Removal (GGR) technologies – UK’s first Sovereign Green Bond – Green Jobs Taskforce – Launched the Net Zero Innovation Portfoliow, providing funding for low-carbon technologies and systems across the areas of the 10 Point Plan, including: – Up to £68 million across two competition streams for Longer Duration Energy Storage Demonstration. – Funding for the first phase of GGR studies, which could remove between 100 and 1,000 tonnes of CO e per year in 2025. – Issued £10 billion Sovereign Green Bond, to raise money for green government projects like zero-emission buses, offshore wind, and decarbonising homes. – Launched the Green Jobs Taskforce in November 2020, which reported 15 recommendations in July 2021.', '– Launched the Green Jobs Taskforce in November 2020, which reported 15 recommendations in July 2021. Executive SummaryEndnotes 1 Estimate based on internal HMG analysis. 2 This figure is already included in the headline 45,000 figure for greener buildings. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerExecutive SummaryWhy Net Zero Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerLevelling up the country, ending our domestic contribution to climate change, and leading the world to a greener, more sustainable future The case for action 1. We are at a crossroads in our history. As we recover from the impact of the pandemic on our lives and livelihoods, we know that it will not be enough to go back to the way things were before.', 'As we recover from the impact of the pandemic on our lives and livelihoods, we know that it will not be enough to go back to the way things were before. The science is clear, we know that human activity is changing our climate and that this will have a devasting impact on human lives, the economy, and the natural world – ranging from the extinction of some species and the melting of ice caps to extreme weather patterns threatening our homes, businesses, and communities.1 As the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows,2 this is no longer a challenge for tomorrow: we are already seeing the impacts today with increased incidence of events such as extreme heat, floods, and wildfires across the globe.', 'The science is clear, we know that human activity is changing our climate and that this will have a devasting impact on human lives, the economy, and the natural world – ranging from the extinction of some species and the melting of ice caps to extreme weather patterns threatening our homes, businesses, and communities.1 As the latest report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows,2 this is no longer a challenge for tomorrow: we are already seeing the impacts today with increased incidence of events such as extreme heat, floods, and wildfires across the globe. We need to act urgently and reduce emissions globally to limit further global warming.', 'We need to act urgently and reduce emissions globally to limit further global warming. The landmark 2015 Paris Agreement agreed to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe UK’s net zero target The UK was the first major economy to create a legally binding target to bring greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. This target was set considering the latest scientific evidence and was recommended by the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent climate advisory body. The net zero target also responds to the overwhelming public support for acting on climate change.', 'The net zero target also responds to the overwhelming public support for acting on climate change. In recent surveys of the UK public, 80% of participants expressed concern about climate change.3 Government is committed to ambitious decarbonisation measures across society. However, we know that this does not mean emissions will drop to absolute zero by 2050 – we acknowledge that sectors such as industry, agriculture, and aviation are difficult to decarbonise completely. Greenhouse gas removals (GGR), like trees and carbon capture and storage technology, are therefore essential to compensate for the residual emissions arising from these hard to decarbonise sectors, so we can reach net zero by 2050. 2. The sooner we act on climate change the lower the costs will be.', 'The sooner we act on climate change the lower the costs will be. Globally, the costs of failing to get climate change under control would far exceed the costs of bringing greenhouse gas emissions down to net zero. The Office for Budget Responsibility concluded that there could be significant fiscal benefits from early action to transition to net zero, meaning the costs will be lower than if we delay.4 Delaying action would only serve to put future generations at risk of crossing critical thresholds resulting in severe and irreversible changes to the planet, the environment, and human society.', 'The Office for Budget Responsibility concluded that there could be significant fiscal benefits from early action to transition to net zero, meaning the costs will be lower than if we delay.4 Delaying action would only serve to put future generations at risk of crossing critical thresholds resulting in severe and irreversible changes to the planet, the environment, and human society. On the other hand, early and ambitious action would help protect lives and livelihoods, while maximising the co-benefits for people, society, the environment, and the economy.5 As part of the transition to net zero emissions, we will transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to low carbon sources of energy, such as renewable electricity generated in the UK.', 'On the other hand, early and ambitious action would help protect lives and livelihoods, while maximising the co-benefits for people, society, the environment, and the economy.5 As part of the transition to net zero emissions, we will transform our energy system away from fossil fuels to low carbon sources of energy, such as renewable electricity generated in the UK. This will ensure sustainable and affordable energy supplies and protect consumers by reducing our exposure to volatile international fossil fuel markets which have caused the recent spike in gas prices. 3. The UK has long led the way in tackling climate change, and immediate action to reduce emissions brings enormous economic opportunities to revitalise our economy and deliver on our priority to level up the country.', 'The UK has long led the way in tackling climate change, and immediate action to reduce emissions brings enormous economic opportunities to revitalise our economy and deliver on our priority to level up the country. Across the globe, as governments, people and businesses rise to this challenge, a growing global green economy has the potential to create millions of new jobs. We are uniquely placed to seize this once-in-a generation opportunity and deliver a transition to net zero that has the potential to create thousands of jobs in every part of the UK. 4. We must, therefore, build back better.', 'We must, therefore, build back better. Our vision, building on the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, is to level up our country with new green jobs, end our contribution to climate change, and reverse the decline of our natural environment, leading the world to a greener, more sustainable future. Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroPlan for Growth and green sector vision This strategy sets out how we will build on the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan with our vision to create new jobs and net zero industries as we meet our climate targets. In turn, this will support levelling up the country, and put the UK at the forefront of the global green markets.', 'In turn, this will support levelling up the country, and put the UK at the forefront of the global green markets. We are laying the foundations for businesses to invest in the UK’s green economy, taking action to ensure we have the right skills to deliver a green industrial revolution and committing to work with industry to develop sector and supply chain action plans in areas where the UK has an economic advantage. Build Back Better: Our Plan for Growth sets out the Government’s commitment to supporting future growth sectors based on the UK’s comparative advantage and growth potential, and commits to publishing sector visions across these sectors. This strategy articulates our vision for the green economy.', 'This strategy articulates our vision for the green economy. We will build on this with more detail in further Sector and Supply Chain Development Plans – such as the CCUS supply chains roadmap published earlier this year, and the Hydrogen Sector Development Action Plan which we will publish in 2022. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerDriving a green industrial revolution and levelling up the UK 5. The UK has long proved that tackling climate change and delivering economic growth can go hand in hand.', 'The UK has long proved that tackling climate change and delivering economic growth can go hand in hand. Between 1990 and 2019, we cut emissions faster than any achieved this whilst growing our economy by 78%.7 Our latest official estimates show that 410,000 people work in the UK’s low carbon economy and its supply chains across the country, with an estimated turnover of £42.6 billion in 2019.8 These numbers are even higher once we account for the jobs and economic activity supporting broader environmental policies such as climate adaptation and biodiversity. Figure 2: UK vs Rest of G7 GDP and GHG Emissions9 UK GDP +78% Rest of G7 GDP +72% Rest of G7 emissions -4% UK emissions -44% Source: The World Bank, UNFCCC National Inventory Submissions, ONS, BEIS Greenhouse Gas Inventory. 6.', 'Figure 2: UK vs Rest of G7 GDP and GHG Emissions9 UK GDP +78% Rest of G7 GDP +72% Rest of G7 emissions -4% UK emissions -44% Source: The World Bank, UNFCCC National Inventory Submissions, ONS, BEIS Greenhouse Gas Inventory. 6. As the world moves to tackle climate change, new opportunities will arise for UK companies in domestic and international markets. Updated analysis, based on the BEIS Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (EINA) suggests key net zero aligned sectors in the UK could contribute up to £60 billion of gross value added (GVA) a year by 2050.10 7.', 'Updated analysis, based on the BEIS Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (EINA) suggests key net zero aligned sectors in the UK could contribute up to £60 billion of gross value added (GVA) a year by 2050.10 7. We have immediate opportunities to capitalise on our core strengths: the largest market for offshore wind in the world, a world-class oil and gas sector, and the City of London is long established as a leader in green finance.11 In the long term, evidence from the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (2019) and subsequent analysis, point to domestic and export opportunities for the UK in electric vehicle technologies and manufacturing, the next generation of offshore wind (including new approaches such as floating offshore wind), carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS), low carbon hydrogen, smart energy systems and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS).', 'We have immediate opportunities to capitalise on our core strengths: the largest market for offshore wind in the world, a world-class oil and gas sector, and the City of London is long established as a leader in green finance.11 In the long term, evidence from the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (2019) and subsequent analysis, point to domestic and export opportunities for the UK in electric vehicle technologies and manufacturing, the next generation of offshore wind (including new approaches such as floating offshore wind), carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS), low carbon hydrogen, smart energy systems and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). Chapter 1 – Why Net Zero8. The opportunities for British innovation, expertise, and products will not just be confined to these shores.', 'The opportunities for British innovation, expertise, and products will not just be confined to these shores. The value of goods and services exported by UK low carbon and renewable energy businesses exceeds £7 billion.12 The net zero transition will create new growth opportunities for UK based companies, such as Livingstone based FoundOcean and Trelleborg’s North West England based operation, who won contracts with the support of UK Export Finance (UKEF) to supply Taiwan’s growing offshore wind market. 9. These opportunities show that net zero and levelling up go hand in hand. Delivering net zero allows us to boost living standards by supporting jobs and attracting investment in the green industries of the future, which can be in areas that need this the most.', 'Delivering net zero allows us to boost living standards by supporting jobs and attracting investment in the green industries of the future, which can be in areas that need this the most. Crucially, delivering net zero also involves supporting workers employed in high carbon industries that will be affected by the transition, by giving them the skills they need to make the most of new opportunities in the green economy. But the link between net zero and levelling up is wider than just the economy, net zero can deliver wider benefits for people and communities across the UK by helping spread opportunity and restore pride in place. 10. We are already taking action to make the most of these opportunities.', 'We are already taking action to make the most of these opportunities. We have embedded a net zero principle in our levelling up funding initiatives, such as the Levelling Up Fund and the Towns Fund, so that these schemes can contribute to meeting our net zero targets and help places to reduce their carbon impacts. Later this year, we will publish a Levelling Up White Paper. This will build on the actions the government is already taking to both deliver net zero and level up across the country, including the ones set out in this strategy, and set out new interventions to improve livelihoods and drive economic growth in all parts of the UK.', 'This will build on the actions the government is already taking to both deliver net zero and level up across the country, including the ones set out in this strategy, and set out new interventions to improve livelihoods and drive economic growth in all parts of the UK. Maximising opportunities after leaving the EU Following the UK’s departure from the European Union in January 2020 the UK now has the flexibility to determine our own decarbonisation pathways to 2050, in a way that fully utilises the unique strengths and opportunities of UK diplomacy, industry and innovation.', 'Maximising opportunities after leaving the EU Following the UK’s departure from the European Union in January 2020 the UK now has the flexibility to determine our own decarbonisation pathways to 2050, in a way that fully utilises the unique strengths and opportunities of UK diplomacy, industry and innovation. Since leaving the EU, the UK has built on our climate leadership, demonstrating an independent and ambitious approach to meeting our 2050 target: • Setting an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, committing to the fastest rate of reducing emissions on 1990 levels of any major economy.', 'Since leaving the EU, the UK has built on our climate leadership, demonstrating an independent and ambitious approach to meeting our 2050 target: • Setting an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, committing to the fastest rate of reducing emissions on 1990 levels of any major economy. • Setting out ambitious plans with bold policy action across key sectors of the economy, such as the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, the Energy White Paper, North Sea Transition Deal, Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy, Transport Decarbonisation Plan, Hydrogen Strategy, and the Heat and Buildings Strategy.', '• Setting out ambitious plans with bold policy action across key sectors of the economy, such as the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, the Energy White Paper, North Sea Transition Deal, Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy, Transport Decarbonisation Plan, Hydrogen Strategy, and the Heat and Buildings Strategy. • Establishing a UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS), to replace the UK’s participation in the EU ETS, that demonstrates the UK’s commitment to carbon pricing as an effective tool that will help fulfil our climate change objectives. The UK ETS will be aligned to our net zero target, giving industry the certainty they need to invest in low carbon technologies. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSupporting green jobs across the UK 11.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSupporting green jobs across the UK 11. Last year, the Prime Minister set out his Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, laying the foundations for a green economic recovery from the impact of COVID-19, outlining how we will level up the country and put the UK at the forefront of the growing global green economy. 12. This strategy builds upon that approach: the package of policies will support up to 190,000 jobs by the middle of the 2020s and up to 440,000 jobs in 2030. These jobs will contribute to our wider ambition of 2 million green jobs by 2030, which also factor in employment that contributes to other environmental goals.', 'These jobs will contribute to our wider ambition of 2 million green jobs by 2030, which also factor in employment that contributes to other environmental goals. Updated analysis suggests that around 56,000 green jobs have been secured or created across the UK economy, with some being already online and others in the pipeline over the next decade. 13. There will be opportunities for each region of the UK. For example, we are supporting new investment in hydrogen and CCUS into industrial clusters across the UK. We are also driving the electrification of vehicles impacting manufacturing and supply chains in Wales, the Midlands and North East England, developing Gigafactories in the UK, accelerating the roll out of charging infrastructure across the UK, and supporting roll-out of zero emission buses which would boost manufacturers in Scotland and Northern Ireland.', 'We are also driving the electrification of vehicles impacting manufacturing and supply chains in Wales, the Midlands and North East England, developing Gigafactories in the UK, accelerating the roll out of charging infrastructure across the UK, and supporting roll-out of zero emission buses which would boost manufacturers in Scotland and Northern Ireland. We are also supporting the development of new offshore wind power off the coast of England, Scotland, and Wales; and already investing in nuclear power in the South East and West of England. 14.', 'We are also supporting the development of new offshore wind power off the coast of England, Scotland, and Wales; and already investing in nuclear power in the South East and West of England. 14. The impact of the transition to net zero on the UK’s labour market could be significant: with one estimate suggesting up to 20% of the workforce could see demand for their skills affected, either positively or negatively.13 Furthermore, as set out by HM Treasury’s Net Zero Review, although the net macroeconomic impact is likely to be small in 2050 relative to total growth over the period, impacts between and within regions over the next three decades can vary.', 'The impact of the transition to net zero on the UK’s labour market could be significant: with one estimate suggesting up to 20% of the workforce could see demand for their skills affected, either positively or negatively.13 Furthermore, as set out by HM Treasury’s Net Zero Review, although the net macroeconomic impact is likely to be small in 2050 relative to total growth over the period, impacts between and within regions over the next three decades can vary. Our approach will need to reflect that benefits and impacts of the transition will be dependent on individual household characteristics, such as their housing type and current vehicle usage, to support those low- income households most affected by individual technology transitions. 15.', 'Our approach will need to reflect that benefits and impacts of the transition will be dependent on individual household characteristics, such as their housing type and current vehicle usage, to support those low- income households most affected by individual technology transitions. 15. Our approach to supporting green jobs, attracting private investment, and tackling climate change will benefit the whole of the UK, including areas where a large proportion of people are currently employed in high- carbon sectors. However, while employment opportunities in green industries will emerge, high-carbon sectors will have to adapt or decline, resulting in a need to transition local labour markets to ensure people have the right skills to make the most of these opportunities. 16.', 'However, while employment opportunities in green industries will emerge, high-carbon sectors will have to adapt or decline, resulting in a need to transition local labour markets to ensure people have the right skills to make the most of these opportunities. 16. Our sector deals, including on nuclear, offshore wind, automotive and the North Sea Transition Deal considered the skills needs and support for the labour market transition to net zero on a sectoral basis. The North Sea Transition Deal, for example, will support workers, businesses, and the supply chain throughout the transition by harnessing the sector’s existing capabilities, infrastructure, and private investment potential to exploit new and emerging technologies such as hydrogen production, CCUS, offshore wind and decommissioning.', 'The North Sea Transition Deal, for example, will support workers, businesses, and the supply chain throughout the transition by harnessing the sector’s existing capabilities, infrastructure, and private investment potential to exploit new and emerging technologies such as hydrogen production, CCUS, offshore wind and decommissioning. Through the Deal, the sector, government, and unions will work together over the next decade and beyond to deliver the skills, innovation, and new infrastructure required to decarbonise North Sea production. Chapter 1 – Why Net Zero17. Our Automotive Transformation Fund and industrial clusters framework will help these industries, transition to a sustainable future. We are also taking action to enable local employers to set out their green skills needs, and support workers to gain the skills they need to access green jobs - such as through our Skills Bootcamps. 18.', 'We are also taking action to enable local employers to set out their green skills needs, and support workers to gain the skills they need to access green jobs - such as through our Skills Bootcamps. 18. Supporting innovation will also help unlock jobs across low carbon sectors. For example, our portfolio of net zero innovation will provide at least £1.5 billion of government funding to help commercialise clean technologies and boost private investment across the UK. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerKey Heat Pumps CCUS Offshore Wind Automotive Rail Waste and Circ Economy Climate Chang Adaptation Examples of clean growth investment across the UK Scotland, Aberdeen Scotland has a technology hub for offshore wind, including the first successful floating turbines in Aberdeen. The city is benefiting from funding for the Aberdeen Energy Transition Zone and the Global Underwater Hub, as well as the Net Zero Technology Transition Programme.', 'The city is benefiting from funding for the Aberdeen Energy Transition Zone and the Global Underwater Hub, as well as the Net Zero Technology Transition Programme. Scotland, Orkney Hydrogen in an Integrated Maritime Energy Transition’ project £1.6 million from the UK Government match-funding a £2.3 million project to develop hydrogen-based clean maritime solutions. Wales South Wales Industrial Cluster Nearly £20 million to support the deployment of decarbonisaton infrastructure will go to the South Wales Industrial Cluster which aims to create a net zero industrial zone from Pembrokeshire to the Welsh/English border by 2040. Wales, Cwmbran EPIC - Electric Powertrain Integration for heavy Commercial vehicles £31.8 million project (£15.8 million from the UK government) to develop lightweight electric powertrains for heavy goods to manage extreme levels of electrical power. Northern Ireland, Belfast Wrightbus zero-emission buses £11.2 million from the UK Government to develop hydrogen-fuel technology.', 'Northern Ireland, Belfast Wrightbus zero-emission buses £11.2 million from the UK Government to develop hydrogen-fuel technology. North West Ellesmere Port plant transforming to build electric vans £100 million from Stellantis to build electric vans, safeguarding 1,000 jobs. North West, Greater Manchester People Powered Retrofit £1 million from the UK Government to support initial business development, leading to 1,150 homes retrofitted and 3,500 local contractors retrained over the next five years. South West, Somerset Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station) £3.5 billion already spent with companies in the South West and 12,786 jobs created so far, including 787 apprentices. West Midlands Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme £2 million from the UK Government to Windsor Academy Trust for heat decarbonisation and energy efficiency measures across seven schools.', 'West Midlands Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme £2 million from the UK Government to Windsor Academy Trust for heat decarbonisation and energy efficiency measures across seven schools. Heat Pumps CCUS Offshore Wind Automotive Rail Waste and Circular Economy Climate Change Adaptation Heat Networks Retrofit Nuclear Aerospace Forestry Oil and Gas Science and Innovation Low Carbon Hydrogen Electricity Networks Green Finance Maritime Agriculture Steel Public Transport and Cycling Onshore Wind Solar Tidal Smart Systems Nature Conservation & Restoration UK-wide South West & East of England £84.6 million invested by government and industry in 3 ambitious aerospace R&D projects based in Bedford, Bristol and Cranfield to help the industry build back greener. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPublic Transport and Cycling Onshore Wind Solar Tidal Smart Systems Nature Conservation & Restoration cular ge Heat Networks Retrofit Nuclear Aerospace Forestry Oil and Gas Science and Innovation Low Carbon Hydrogen Electricity Networks Green Finance Maritime Agriculture Steel North East Transforming automotive manufacturing £1 billion announced by Nissan and Envision AESC to create an electric vehicle manufacturing hub supporting 6,200 jobs. North East, Teesside Whitetail Clean Energy 8 Rivers Capital and Sembcorp Energy UK’s 300MW NET power plant, creating over 2000 construction and 200 operational jobs.', 'North East, Teesside Whitetail Clean Energy 8 Rivers Capital and Sembcorp Energy UK’s 300MW NET power plant, creating over 2000 construction and 200 operational jobs. North East Gateshead District Energy Scheme £5.9 million of UK government funding for heat network project with mine water source heat pump connecting 5 buildings and up to 1,250 new homes to the Gateshead District Energy Scheme. Yorkshire and the Humber Able Marine Energy Park Up to £75 million from the UK Government to facilitate a c.£500 million offshore wind manufacturing port hub, supporting up to 3,000 local jobs. Midlands, Coventry Coventry will be the first zero emission bus town awarded ten of millions to replace the entire local operator bus fleet with electric buses.', 'Midlands, Coventry Coventry will be the first zero emission bus town awarded ten of millions to replace the entire local operator bus fleet with electric buses. East of England Advanced Greenhouses £120million from Greencoat Capital backed by UK pension funds to build 2 greenhouses (covering 72 acres) warmed by heat pumps utilising warm waste water, creating 360 new green jobs and 120 seasonal jobs. Yorkshire and the Humber Siemens Gamesa offshore wind factory expansion £186 million from Siemens Gamesa to expand their offshore wind turbine blade factory, creating and safeguarding up to 1,080 local jobs. East Midlands Tackling Climate Change on the River Rase £200,000 from the UK Government for nature- based solutions in the River Rase catchment helping climate adaptation.', 'East Midlands Tackling Climate Change on the River Rase £200,000 from the UK Government for nature- based solutions in the River Rase catchment helping climate adaptation. Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroCase Study: North East of England This region is leading the way in championing new technologies, whether it is electric vehicles (EVs), carbon capture, hydrogen, or renewables. Research undertaken for government indicates that the North East could gain an extra 27,000 jobs by 2050 arising from UK climate action.14 The research indicates that the gains to the region over time come to a large extent from specific investments needed for the UK to meet net zero, rather than baseline economic growth.', 'Research undertaken for government indicates that the North East could gain an extra 27,000 jobs by 2050 arising from UK climate action.14 The research indicates that the gains to the region over time come to a large extent from specific investments needed for the UK to meet net zero, rather than baseline economic growth. In depth interviews with regional and industry stakeholders has also revealed a real and justified optimism about the region’s potential to level up due to the Green Industrial Revolution and remain an attractive location for people to live and work. The optimism is backed by significant investments in offshore wind and EV manufacturing. Spurred on by our 40 GW offshore wind deployment plans and £160 million investment in ports and manufacturing, we have seen almost £1.5 billion in investment in our offshore wind manufacturing capabilities.', 'Spurred on by our 40 GW offshore wind deployment plans and £160 million investment in ports and manufacturing, we have seen almost £1.5 billion in investment in our offshore wind manufacturing capabilities. Recently announced projects include GE Renewable Energy s plans for a new blade factory in Teesside, South Korea’s SeAH Wind, and GRI Renewable Industries’ construction of factories in the Humber and Smulders (Newcastle), and the expansion of Siemens Gamesa s existing site in Hull.15 Combined these projects will support up to 3,600, direct green jobs. Nissan and Envision AESC have reaffirmed their belief in the region and in Britain’s plans to shift to EVs, through their £1 billion flagship investment to establish an Electric Vehicle Hub in Sunderland. The hub will bring together electric vehicles, renewable energy, and battery production.', 'The hub will bring together electric vehicles, renewable energy, and battery production. Nissan will invest up to £423 million to produce a new-generation all-electric vehicle in the UK. Envision AESC will invest £450 million to build the UK’s first large‑scale Gigafactory. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerLeveraging private investment 19. We estimate that additional capital investment must grow from present levels to an average of £50-60 billion per year through the late 2020s and 2030s. Most of this investment will come from the private sector, providing new opportunities for businesses and investors. Over the same period, we could see additional resource savings of around £180 billion as a result of our reduced use of oil and natural gas. 20.', 'Over the same period, we could see additional resource savings of around £180 billion as a result of our reduced use of oil and natural gas. 20. The policies and spending brought forward in the Net Zero Strategy mean that since the Ten Point Plan, HMG has mobilised £26 billion of government capital investment for the green industrial revolution. Along with regulations, this will support up to 190,000 jobs in 2025, and up to 440,000 jobs in 2030, and leverage up to £90 billion of private investment by 2030. 21. Development of existing clean energy industries can give a sense of the scale of investment we will likely need to develop and grow new low carbon sectors.', 'Development of existing clean energy industries can give a sense of the scale of investment we will likely need to develop and grow new low carbon sectors. According to Wind Europe16, from 2010-20 the UK leveraged around £47 billion in our world leading offshore wind industry, almost half of all European investment in the sector. As existing strengths expand and newer strengths emerge, we will work with industry, investors, and innovators to mobilise the private investment required to deliver net zero. 22. Government has an important role to play in ensuring a comprehensive financing offer, long-term investment signalling and fit-for-purpose business models coupled with investment from numerous private sources. We will work to create an attractive environment to secure the right investment in UK projects, with benefits to UK business and communities.', 'We will work to create an attractive environment to secure the right investment in UK projects, with benefits to UK business and communities. By building on our strengths, including potential for rapid scale up across the domestic value chain, and coupling this with a strategic approach from government on policy and investment, we can create the right conditions to unlock the significant scale of private investment that will be needed. 23. Recent steps include establishing a new Office for Investment (OFI), which will support high value investment opportunities into the UK which align with key government priorities. The new UK Infrastructure Bank will provide leadership to the market in the development of new technologies, particularly in the scaling early-stage technologies that have moved through the R&D phase.', 'The new UK Infrastructure Bank will provide leadership to the market in the development of new technologies, particularly in the scaling early-stage technologies that have moved through the R&D phase. With an initial £12 billion of investment the Bank will crowd in private investment to accelerate our progress to net zero whilst helping to level up across the UK. (See Green Investment chapter for more detail). Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroCreating wider benefits for society, the economy and the environment 24. Acting on climate change also brings the opportunity for wider benefits for our society individual wellbeing,17 economy, and environment from improving public health to protecting biodiversity. These include: ü Cleaner air and less noise pollution, by replacing fossil fuels with renewables for generating electricity and moving to electric vehicles.', 'These include: ü Cleaner air and less noise pollution, by replacing fossil fuels with renewables for generating electricity and moving to electric vehicles. ü Better insulated homes will reduce energy consumption and lower bills, alongside health benefits. ü Opportunities to tackle mitigation and adaptation together, and bring wider benefits. For example, sustainable land management can reduce emissions from land, assist adaptation, improve food security, and protect wildlife.18 ü Supporting biodiversity by planting woodlands and restoring peatlands. ü Physical and mental health benefits, and better connectivity to jobs, public services, and each other, by promoting more walking and cycling, and improving access to green spaces. 25. We know central government cannot and should not deliver these benefits by acting alone. We want to work in partnership with people and communities across the country.', 'We want to work in partnership with people and communities across the country. To do so, we will empower local leaders to kickstart their own net zero initiatives, taking responsibility for improving their areas and shaping their own futures. UK framework for ending our domestic contribution to climate change 26. The UK has long been a global leader in tackling climate change. The 2008 Climate Change Act sets the legal framework for reducing emissions across the UK economy. In 2019, we became the first major economy to legislate to reach net zero by 2050. 27. On our pathway to net zero, the UK has interim targets called carbon budgets and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).', 'On our pathway to net zero, the UK has interim targets called carbon budgets and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Carbon budgets restrict the total amount of greenhouse gases that the UK can emit over five-year periods, ensuring continued progress towards our long-term climate target. NDCs are commitments made by Parties to the Paris Agreement. They show how Parties intend to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. 28. In 2020, we communicated to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) our NDC pledge to reduce UK emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 29. In June 2021, the Government set in law the sixth carbon budget (CB6) limiting the volume of greenhouse gases emitted by approximately 78% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels.', 'In June 2021, the Government set in law the sixth carbon budget (CB6) limiting the volume of greenhouse gases emitted by approximately 78% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels. For the first time, this carbon budget formally incorporates the UK’s share of international aviation and shipping emissions, enabling these emissions to be accounted for consistently with other emissions and demonstrating leadership in how we account for our emissions.21 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener30. This strategy sets out the action we will take to keep us on track for the UK’s carbon budgets and 2030 NDC, and establishes our longer-term pathway towards net zero by 2050. The Net Zero Strategy will be submitted to the UNFCCC as our second Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy under the Paris Agreement.', 'The Net Zero Strategy will be submitted to the UNFCCC as our second Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy under the Paris Agreement. Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroEmission reduction targets in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland The UK Government’s net zero target covers the whole of the UK. All parts of the UK have an integral role to play in delivering the UK- wide carbon budgets on the path to net zero by 2050. Each nation faces different challenges based on the share of its emissions from hard-to-treat sectors.', 'Each nation faces different challenges based on the share of its emissions from hard-to-treat sectors. For example, Northern Ireland has a higher proportion of its total emissions from agriculture (29%), compared to the UK overall (11%).22 Scotland The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019, which amends the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, sets targets to reduce Scotland’s emissions of all greenhouse gases to net zero by 2045 at the latest, with interim targets for reductions of targets for other years. Scotland s net zero target is in line with the independent, expert advice of the Climate Change Committee. The update to the Scottish Government’s 2018-2032 Climate Change Plan sets out the pathway to its new and ambitious targets set by the Climate Change Act 2019. It is also a key strategic document for its green recovery from COVID-19.', 'It is also a key strategic document for its green recovery from COVID-19. Wales In March 2021, the Senedd passed a suite of regulations to set a Net Zero Wales 2050 target, increase Wales decadal emissions targets, and set Wales Carbon Budgets 2 and 3 in line with them. Relative to the baseline established in legislation, the targets and budgets set in law are: reduction with a 0% offset limit average reduction • 2050: at least 100% reduction (net zero) Welsh legislation requires Welsh Government Ministers to publish a plan for meeting each of its carbon budgets. Net Zero Wales will be published before COP26 and will set out the policies and proposals to meet Wales Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25) and set Wales on a longer-term pathway to net zero.', 'Net Zero Wales will be published before COP26 and will set out the policies and proposals to meet Wales Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25) and set Wales on a longer-term pathway to net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNorthern Ireland The current legislative framework for tackling climate change in Northern Ireland is the UK Climate Change Act 2008. Although this extends to Northern Ireland, it does not set a specific greenhouse gas emissions reduction target for Northern Ireland. It is implicit, and based on independent advice of the Climate Change Committee, that Northern Ireland contributes its fair share of required greenhouse gas emission reductions to meet the UK‑wide net zero by 2050 target and the UK Government’s 5-yearly carbon budgets set under the UK Climate Change Act.', 'It is implicit, and based on independent advice of the Climate Change Committee, that Northern Ireland contributes its fair share of required greenhouse gas emission reductions to meet the UK‑wide net zero by 2050 target and the UK Government’s 5-yearly carbon budgets set under the UK Climate Change Act. A Climate Change Act for Northern Ireland, whilst not yet introduced, is currently being progressed and remains a priority for delivery during the current Assembly mandate, by March 2022. The Northern Ireland Executive is also currently developing a multi-decade Green Growth Strategy. This longer-term Strategy will be delivered through a series of Climate Action Plans, which will set out the actions to meet sector-specific greenhouse gas emission targets. Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroLeading the world to a greener, more sustainable future 31.', 'Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroLeading the world to a greener, more sustainable future 31. The UK accounts for less than 1% of global emissions.23 It is essential to enhance international collaboration with other countries and take urgent, concrete action globally to reduce emissions in the near-term. The 2020s is a critical decade in determining whether the Paris temperature goals can be kept within reach. The UK’s role in international climate action is set out in the International Climate Leadership and Collaboration chapter. 32. The UK is leading the way in global climate action. Countries that are covered by a commitment to net zero or carbon neutrality now account for around 75% of global GHG emissions, and around 80% of global GDP.', 'Countries that are covered by a commitment to net zero or carbon neutrality now account for around 75% of global GHG emissions, and around 80% of global GDP. When the UK took the role of incoming COP Presidency in December 2019, coverage was less than 30% of world GDP. We have a unique opportunity to further this leadership through our G7 Presidency in 2021, and as the host and president of the COP26 summit, in partnership with Italy. The COP26 summit will bring together nearly 200 Parties to accelerate action towards the goals of the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC, and our drive towards global net zero. 33. COP26 will be the forum to define the decisive decade of climate action and setting the path to global net zero emissions.', 'COP26 will be the forum to define the decisive decade of climate action and setting the path to global net zero emissions. The UK is urging all parties to demonstrate how they will reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions through near term 2030 NDC targets and Long-Term Strategies to 2050, protect people and nature from climate change impacts, fund climate action, and work together to deliver immediate steps to keep warming within 1.5℃. There will also be a renewed focus on accelerating near-term action in the top priority areas of coal phase out, zero-emission vehicles, climate finance, and halting deforestation. 34. The four goals for the UK’s COP26 Presidency are: a. Mitigation: bring parties together to deliver commitments on mitigation.', 'The four goals for the UK’s COP26 Presidency are: a. Mitigation: bring parties together to deliver commitments on mitigation. All countries should come forward with ambitious 2030 climate plans (Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs) and long-term strategies to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions, with the aim of keeping the goal of limiting global warming to 1.5℃ in reach. b. Adaptation: establish a new consensus on protecting people and nature from climate change impacts. All countries should come forward with ambitious adaptation plans and communications to help their societies and economies adapt to climate change. c. Finance: To deliver on our first two goals, developed countries must deliver on their promise to mobilise at least $100 billion in climate finance per year by 2020, and through to 2025, to help developing countries tackle and adapt to climate change.', 'c. Finance: To deliver on our first two goals, developed countries must deliver on their promise to mobilise at least $100 billion in climate finance per year by 2020, and through to 2025, to help developing countries tackle and adapt to climate change. International financial institutions must play their part and we need work towards unleashing the trillions in private and public sector finance required to secure global net zero. d. Collaboration: bring countries together to reach an outcome accelerating climate action and finalising the Paris Rulebook. Use the power of a fair and inclusive Presidency to enhance international collaboration among policy makers, investors, business, young people, indigenous peoples, and civil society. This can help to solve key challenges and accelerate the delivery of the Paris Agreement goals, particularly: adaptation and resilience, nature, clean energy and transport, and finance.', 'This can help to solve key challenges and accelerate the delivery of the Paris Agreement goals, particularly: adaptation and resilience, nature, clean energy and transport, and finance. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener35. In delivering net zero, the UK also has the opportunity to be at the forefront of large, expanding global markets and capitalise on export opportunities in low carbon technologies and services. This includes renewables, CCUS, hydrogen, smart energy systems and storage, Greenhouse Gas Removals (GGRs), Advanced Modular Reactors (AMRs), and transport. By leading the world in the transition to a net zero future, the UK will be well placed to benefit economically by leading in the export of sustainable technologies and solutions. 36.', 'By leading the world in the transition to a net zero future, the UK will be well placed to benefit economically by leading in the export of sustainable technologies and solutions. 36. As the world economy moves to meet the Paris commitments, with over 80% of world GDP now committed to net zero, the UK will set a clear direction and give businesses the certainty they need to invest, grow, and develop the technologies of the future. Some commentators estimate global investment in energy supply and infrastructure to reach $92 trillion and $173 trillion over the next thirty years. To achieve this level, the global economy will need to more than double annual investments from around $1.7 trillion per year to between $3.1 and $5.8 trillion per year on average.24 37.', 'To achieve this level, the global economy will need to more than double annual investments from around $1.7 trillion per year to between $3.1 and $5.8 trillion per year on average.24 37. This strategy sets out our approach to reaching net zero emissions and securing the vast wider benefits as we transition to a greener, more sustainable future. We urge other countries to follow this example with ambitious commitments at COP26 and detailed plans to deliver on them. Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroEndnotes 3 BEIS (2021), ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/climate-change-and-net-zero-public-awareness-and- perceptions 4 OBR (2021), ‘Fiscal Risk Report – July 2021’, 5 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group 1 contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report’, 6 Note, emissions figures exclude IAS.', '6 Note, emissions figures exclude IAS. UNFCCC, ‘GHG emissions with LULUCF’, di.unfccc.int/time_series 7 GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $), World Bank NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD 8 ONS (2021), ‘Low Carbon and Renewable Energy Economy (LCREE) Survey direct and indirect estimates of employment, UK, 2014 to 2019’, ONS (2021), ‘Low carbon and renewable energy economy UK:2019’, 9 Emissions data excludes IAS emissions. World Bank, NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD UNFCCC, BEIS Greenhouse Gas Inventory, ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics-1990-to-2019; National Inventory Submissions 10 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, 11 The UK has a comparative advantage in a product or activity if it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than its competitors.', 'World Bank, NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD UNFCCC, BEIS Greenhouse Gas Inventory, ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics-1990-to-2019; National Inventory Submissions 10 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, 11 The UK has a comparative advantage in a product or activity if it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than its competitors. The principle implies that the UK should focus on production of those high-value goods, services and innovative activities where it is most competitive. It can then trade these for other goods and services where other countries have a comparative advantage over the UK. Consumers and producers in the UK and trading partners enjoy the efficiency gains from each country specialising and trading.', 'Consumers and producers in the UK and trading partners enjoy the efficiency gains from each country specialising and trading. 12 ONS (2021), ‘Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK:2019’, 13 LSE Grantham Institute (2021), Green economy: how the transition to net-zero could affect UK jobs across the country. the-transition-to-net-zero-could-affect-uk-jobs-across-the-country/ 14 BEIS (2021) Net zero in the North East: Regional transition impacts, research commissioned for BEIS Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener15 BEIS (2021), ‘Second wind for the Humber, Teesside and UK energy industry’, [Press release], industry 16 Wind Europe (2021), ‘Offshore Wind in Europe, Key Trends and Statistics 2020’, exchange rate based on monthly average between Jan 2011 and Dec 2020, 17 HM Treasury (2021), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: wellbeing’,', 'the-transition-to-net-zero-could-affect-uk-jobs-across-the-country/ 14 BEIS (2021) Net zero in the North East: Regional transition impacts, research commissioned for BEIS Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener15 BEIS (2021), ‘Second wind for the Humber, Teesside and UK energy industry’, [Press release], industry 16 Wind Europe (2021), ‘Offshore Wind in Europe, Key Trends and Statistics 2020’, exchange rate based on monthly average between Jan 2011 and Dec 2020, 17 HM Treasury (2021), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: wellbeing’, Wellbeing_guidance_for_appraisal_-_supplementary_Green_Book_guidance.pdf 18 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group 1 contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report’, 19 BEIS (2020), ‘The UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement’, communication-to-the-unfccc 20 The UK NDC is based on territorial emissions – greenhouse gases emitted from sources within the UK – so does not include emissions from international aviation and shipping.', '19 BEIS (2020), ‘The UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement’, communication-to-the-unfccc 20 The UK NDC is based on territorial emissions – greenhouse gases emitted from sources within the UK – so does not include emissions from international aviation and shipping. This is in line with international reporting requirements, international expectations, and advice from the Climate Change Committee. 21 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 22 BEIS analysis (2021), Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2019 using AR5 with climate feedback Global Warming Potentials 23 PBL (2020), Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 2020 Report, report 24 BloombergNEF (2021), ‘New Energy Outlook 2021’, outlook/ Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroThe Journey to Net Zero Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener1.', '23 PBL (2020), Trends in Global CO2 and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions; 2020 Report, report 24 BloombergNEF (2021), ‘New Energy Outlook 2021’, outlook/ Chapter 1 – Why Net ZeroThe Journey to Net Zero Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener1. Transforming the UK’s economy over the next three decades to reach net zero will be a journey of unprecedented opportunity and change.', 'Transforming the UK’s economy over the next three decades to reach net zero will be a journey of unprecedented opportunity and change. Our greenhouse gas emissions have fallen by more than two-fifths in the last thirty years, with particular progress in the decarbonisation of our electricity system, but we need to go further and faster in the next thirty years, right across the economy.1 It will mean developing and rolling out new, innovative, and climate resilient technologies; embracing new ways of doing things – from new ways of travelling, heating our homes, and using our land; and creating new industries and jobs through our green industrial revolution. 2. The policies to drive these changes, and the opportunities arising for individuals and the UK economy, are set out across the remaining chapters of this Strategy.', 'The policies to drive these changes, and the opportunities arising for individuals and the UK economy, are set out across the remaining chapters of this Strategy. This chapter first explores what reaching net zero by 2050 could mean for the UK; potential scenarios of how we will get there; and an indicative pathway to deliver on our ambitious carbon budgets along the way, while navigating the inherent uncertainty. We look at this journey from a whole-economy perspective, considering the key interactions between sectors, technologies and the energy system that need to be planned for as we decarbonise.', 'We look at this journey from a whole-economy perspective, considering the key interactions between sectors, technologies and the energy system that need to be planned for as we decarbonise. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero The UK’s Net Zero Future Our industrial heartlands are reinvigorated, with innovation and private investment in clean technologies – such as wind, carbon capture and hydrogen in multiple locations across the UK including the North East; or the manufacture of batteries and electric vehicles in the Midlands. Our green economy and its supply chains provide sustainable jobs for highly-skilled workers – in construction, manufacturing, engineering, science, nature conservation, finance and more, across the economy and the UK, including in rural areas.', 'Our green economy and its supply chains provide sustainable jobs for highly-skilled workers – in construction, manufacturing, engineering, science, nature conservation, finance and more, across the economy and the UK, including in rural areas. Our businesses are delivering the latest low carbon technologies, services and innovations for the UK and export markets; and are more resilient to the global net zero transition. Our homes are warm and comfortable, powered and heated by clean, affordable energy. Our journeys are made in zero emission vehicles, with trains, ships and planes running on new low carbon energy sources. Our towns and cities have cleaner air for everyone, and support walking and cycling with benefits for health. Our goods are designed to last longer and be more efficient, while being used, repaired and remanufactured within a circular economy.', 'Our goods are designed to last longer and be more efficient, while being used, repaired and remanufactured within a circular economy. Our natural environment is protected, enhanced, and more diverse, with healthy ecosystems and increased biodiversity, supporting a sustainable rural economy and providing wider benefits, including improved mental health and protection from risks like flooding and overheating.A systems approach to the net zero journey 3. The characteristics of the net zero challenge – requiring action by multiple parties across the public and private sectors, delivery at pace, and management of large uncertainties – underline the need for strong coordination in policy development and clear signalling to markets. Government taking a systems approach to policy will help to navigate this complexity. We must consider the environment, society, and economy as parts of an interconnected system, where changes to one area can directly or indirectly impact others.', 'We must consider the environment, society, and economy as parts of an interconnected system, where changes to one area can directly or indirectly impact others. This will help to ensure we design policy to maximise benefits, account for dependencies, mitigate conflicting interests and take account of learning as we go. It reduces the risk of unintended consequences, ensuring individual decisions designed to help achieve net zero do not end up hindering it or other important objectives. 4. A systems approach does not attempt to design a ‘perfect’ net zero end-state thirty years into the future. It aims to enable innovative and desirable solutions to be developed, and to ensure that decisions are made when needed, based on the best evidence available at that time and with the fullest possible range of considerations brought to bear.', 'It aims to enable innovative and desirable solutions to be developed, and to ensure that decisions are made when needed, based on the best evidence available at that time and with the fullest possible range of considerations brought to bear. This includes taking a dynamic approach to policymaking and updating our assumptions on an ongoing basis; considering public reactions to a policy; accounting for where a particular investment or technology deployment may affect another sector’s decarbonisation; and considering the net costs and benefits across different parts of the economy and environment. 5.', 'This includes taking a dynamic approach to policymaking and updating our assumptions on an ongoing basis; considering public reactions to a policy; accounting for where a particular investment or technology deployment may affect another sector’s decarbonisation; and considering the net costs and benefits across different parts of the economy and environment. 5. We have implemented several key elements of a systems approach, including: • Establishing forums for delivering shared net zero goals and identifying key issues through cross-system governance structures, including two new Cabinet committees; • Working towards a shared understanding of interdependencies and risks across different parts of the net zero challenge, for example through £2 million funding from the Shared Outcomes Fund to develop systems tools; • Testing and determining feasible net zero scenarios with our whole energy systems modelling suite, and supporting our work to identify high leverage, systemic actions such as CCUS that will be necessary in a wide range of scenarios.', 'We have implemented several key elements of a systems approach, including: • Establishing forums for delivering shared net zero goals and identifying key issues through cross-system governance structures, including two new Cabinet committees; • Working towards a shared understanding of interdependencies and risks across different parts of the net zero challenge, for example through £2 million funding from the Shared Outcomes Fund to develop systems tools; • Testing and determining feasible net zero scenarios with our whole energy systems modelling suite, and supporting our work to identify high leverage, systemic actions such as CCUS that will be necessary in a wide range of scenarios. 6. Work will continue to develop this approach further. This Strategy encompasses changes from across the system that will need to be delivered to achieve net zero. 7.', 'This Strategy encompasses changes from across the system that will need to be delivered to achieve net zero. 7. As summarised in Figure 3 below, each sector of the economy will play a vital role in the future net zero system, and these are highly connected – changes in one area can directly or indirectly impact others. 8. Applying a systems approach to policymaking can help to address complex policy challenges, including to identify interdependencies. The case study below for electric vehicles demonstrates the need to understand the complex interactions which drive change. Government will continue to test and update its understanding of systems and how they relate to one another, which forms an important part of how we will monitor delivery, explored further in the Embedding net zero in government chapter.', 'Government will continue to test and update its understanding of systems and how they relate to one another, which forms an important part of how we will monitor delivery, explored further in the Embedding net zero in government chapter. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerIndustry Role of sector: develops cleaner ways to produce the wide range of products we all rely on, from food and drink to iron and steel. Relationship with other sectors: depends on low carbon energy supply from power and hydrogen, as well as the use of carbon capture technology alongside power, hydrogen and greenhouse gas removals. Natural Resources & Waste Role of sector: land provides both energy sources and natural carbon sinks, while polluting areas, including agriculture and the treatment of waste, must decarbonise.', 'Natural Resources & Waste Role of sector: land provides both energy sources and natural carbon sinks, while polluting areas, including agriculture and the treatment of waste, must decarbonise. Relationship with other sectors: depends on developing new ways of using land sustainably, while end uses like agricultural machinery will rely on low carbon energy. Power Role of sector: generates electricity to meet low carbon energy demand across all sectors. Relationship with other sectors: depends on demand across end use sectors, while specific forms of generation can use carbon capture technology, hydrogen, and waste. Greenhouse Gas Removals Role of sector: alongside natural carbon sinks, engineered removals deliver negative emissions, either directly from the air or as a co- benefit of methods to generate power, fuels and products. Relationship with other sectors: compensates any residual emissions to ensure a net zero system. Engineered removals also use electricity.', 'Relationship with other sectors: compensates any residual emissions to ensure a net zero system. Engineered removals also use electricity. Figure 3: The role of each sector in the future net zero system Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero Transport Role of sector: all forms of travel that keep modern society moving – road, rail, aviation, and shipping – run on green forms of energy. Relationship with other sectors: depends on low carbon energy, while different transport options will in turn impact the development of supply sectors. Fuel Supply & Hydrogen Role of sector: supports energy supply, especially in areas that are harder to electrify such as heavier transport. Oil and gas play a far reduced role where needed and abated by carbon capture technology where possible.', 'Oil and gas play a far reduced role where needed and abated by carbon capture technology where possible. Relationship with other sectors: depends on demand across end use sectors, while different types of hydrogen production use electricity, carbon capture, and biomass. Heat & Buildings Role of sector: our public, business, industrial and residential buildings, as well as products we use for cooking and everyday living, move to green forms of energy. Relationship with other sectors: depends on low carbon energy, while different heat options will in turn affect the development of supply sectors.Case study of a ‘systems approach’: Electric Vehicle (EV) roll out The transition to EVs is central to decarbonising road transport. Higher sales of EVs means overall electricity demand will increase, requiring greater electricity generation and grid capacity.', 'Higher sales of EVs means overall electricity demand will increase, requiring greater electricity generation and grid capacity. Over the lifetime of an EV, overall carbon emissions are already significantly lower than a traditional internal combustion engine car and, as the electricity grid continues to decarbonise, the lifetime of emissions from driving an EV reduce. The transition to EVs therefore has a potential knock-on impact on the industrial sector and its wider supply chains, particularly in certain regions of the UK, for example creating additional demand for new wind turbine manufacture and installation. More EVs will affect both the scale and nature of electricity demand, including the timing and scale of peaks, as patterns of charging behaviour develop (e.g. many people choosing to charge at the end of the working day).', 'many people choosing to charge at the end of the working day). The changes this could bring need to be carefully thought through, and opportunities seized. For example, innovative technology could support smoothing of electricity demand, by allowing electricity stored in batteries to be fed back into the grid at times of low renewable generation or high demand (vehicle-to-grid technology). Smart charging (enabled by regulations that Government plans to lay later this year) will also help to move demand away from peak times as well as helping consumers to benefit from lower cost off-peak electricity. The roll out of EVs will have an impact on demand for petrol and diesel, with potential to impact through the supply chain, from production to processing, distribution and retail.', 'The roll out of EVs will have an impact on demand for petrol and diesel, with potential to impact through the supply chain, from production to processing, distribution and retail. Uptake will also have an impact on R&D, investment, and manufacturing of both EVs, and the infrastructure required to use them. The effect of investment in these areas would be wider availability of the infrastructure required for charging, reduction in the cost of manufacturing, and further advances in EV technology. Manufacturing costs will likely fall as production increases at scale and investment in R&D will bring down the costs of components. Wider availability of reliable charging infrastructure should remove range anxiety for EV drivers and streamlining payment methods should improve the consumer experience.', 'Wider availability of reliable charging infrastructure should remove range anxiety for EV drivers and streamlining payment methods should improve the consumer experience. These two factors will then encourage further take up of EVs with these sets of relationships representing positive feedback loops. The examples above are a significant simplification of some of the interactions between sectors as EV roll out progresses. The below systems map shows a more granular picture, though this is also a simplification and some variables will have other influences that are not displayed here. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 4: Example of a ‘systems map’ showing some interactions to consider in the roll out of electric vehicles Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroPathways to net zero by 2050 Key features of the net zero transition 9.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 4: Example of a ‘systems map’ showing some interactions to consider in the roll out of electric vehicles Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroPathways to net zero by 2050 Key features of the net zero transition 9. There are a range of ways in which net zero could be achieved in the UK. Our exact route will depend on the availability and deployment of key technologies, supported by long-term market growth, as well as the extent to which individuals and businesses adopt green choices. Our approach must consider physical factors, such as land availability and climate change risks like drought and flooding.', 'Our approach must consider physical factors, such as land availability and climate change risks like drought and flooding. As a principle, we will pursue options that leave the environment in a better state for the next generation by improving biodiversity, air quality, water quality, natural capital, and resilience to climate change where appropriate. 10. As we increase our efforts to decarbonise domestically, we must ensure production, and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, does not shift to other countries with lower climate obligations.', 'As we increase our efforts to decarbonise domestically, we must ensure production, and the associated greenhouse gas emissions, does not shift to other countries with lower climate obligations. In the Net Zero Review we consider the carbon leakage risk facing UK businesses on a sectoral basis and discuss the approaches to help address this risk.2 In addition to encouraging our trading partners to increase their own efforts, we are engaging with industry to better understand the risks and consider the full range of options to address these, including through the UK Emissions Trading Scheme, discussed further in the Industry chapter. 11. While there are significant costs in reaching net zero, the cost of inaction is much higher.', 'While there are significant costs in reaching net zero, the cost of inaction is much higher. The Office for Budget Responsibility’s recent report showed unmitigated climate change resulting in “debt spiralling up to around 290% of GDP thanks to the cost of adapting to an ever hotter climate and of more frequent and more costly economic shocks”.3 In addition to reducing the risks of catastrophic climate change, net zero will also bring significant benefits and opportunities, such as economic growth and jobs in new green sectors, reducing air pollution with benefits for health, and enhancing biodiversity. We also expect costs to continue to fall as green technology advances, industries decarbonise, and private sector investment grows.', 'We also expect costs to continue to fall as green technology advances, industries decarbonise, and private sector investment grows. Recent cost benefit analysis for the sixth carbon budget4 suggests that the significant benefits of net zero more than offset the costs, resulting in a net benefit. 12. Most costs are the additional capital costs (and associated financing) of low carbon technologies, although significant fuel savings help to offset these. We estimate that the net cost, excluding air quality and emissions savings benefits, will be equivalent to 1-2% of GDP in 2050. Our approach will need to reflect that benefits and impacts of the transition will be dependent on individual household characteristics, such as their housing type and current vehicle usage, to support those low- income households most affected by individual technology transitions.', 'Our approach will need to reflect that benefits and impacts of the transition will be dependent on individual household characteristics, such as their housing type and current vehicle usage, to support those low- income households most affected by individual technology transitions. The government’s approach will also support the principle that those who produce the pollution should bear the costs of managing it. Further information on the economic impacts is set out in HM Treasury’s Net Zero Review, which informs our approach to achieving a transition that works for households, businesses and public finances, and maximises economic growth. 13. The exact technology and energy mix in 2050 cannot be known now, and our path to net zero will respond to the innovation and adoption of new technologies over time.', 'The exact technology and energy mix in 2050 cannot be known now, and our path to net zero will respond to the innovation and adoption of new technologies over time. We expect, however, to rely on the following key green technologies and energy carriers, which interact to meet demand across sectors and to remain low carbon. • Electricity from low carbon generation and storage technologies meets higher demand for low carbon power in buildings, industry, transport, and agriculture; Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Hydrogen can complement the electricity system, especially in harder to electrify areas like parts of industry and heating, and in heavier transport such as aviation and shipping.', '• Electricity from low carbon generation and storage technologies meets higher demand for low carbon power in buildings, industry, transport, and agriculture; Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Hydrogen can complement the electricity system, especially in harder to electrify areas like parts of industry and heating, and in heavier transport such as aviation and shipping. A range of low carbon production methods could be used;5 • Carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS) can capture CO from power generation, hydrogen production, and industrial processes – storing it underground or using it. This technology also supports negative emissions from engineered greenhouse gas removals – bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS); • Biomass combined with CCUS can remove carbon from the atmosphere and support low carbon electricity and hydrogen generation.', 'This technology also supports negative emissions from engineered greenhouse gas removals – bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS); • Biomass combined with CCUS can remove carbon from the atmosphere and support low carbon electricity and hydrogen generation. Biomass and other wastes can also support low carbon fuels for industry, buildings, and transport. 14. These new technologies could transform our energy system by 2050. Electricity, low carbon hydrogen, and BECCS could all scale up, while reliance on fossil fuels will drop considerably and can be combined with carbon capture technology to abate emissions, with any residual emissions offset by greenhouse gas removals. Figure 5: 2019 energy generation and end uses6 Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroIllustrative 2050 scenarios 15.', 'Figure 5: 2019 energy generation and end uses6 Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroIllustrative 2050 scenarios 15. Modelling illustrative net zero scenarios allows us to explore possible energy and technology solutions in 2050, better understand important system-wide interactions, and identify features common to all options. Below we show three modelled scenarios all reaching net zero by 2050 through the same pace of decarbonisation, which demonstrate a range of practical ways in which net zero could feasibly be delivered with technology and resources known today.7 They do not represent ‘most likely’ or ‘preferred’ solutions, and the actual position in 2050 may also vary outside of these scenarios.', 'Below we show three modelled scenarios all reaching net zero by 2050 through the same pace of decarbonisation, which demonstrate a range of practical ways in which net zero could feasibly be delivered with technology and resources known today.7 They do not represent ‘most likely’ or ‘preferred’ solutions, and the actual position in 2050 may also vary outside of these scenarios. There is a great deal of uncertainty inherent in any modelling as far into the future as 2050, which is highly sensitive to economic, societal, and technological developments – see the Technical Annex for details of the modelling. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2050 Scenario 1: High electrification Explores the impact of widespread electrification to support transport, heating, and industry decarbonisation, relative to other scenarios, with deep decarbonisation of electricity supply.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2050 Scenario 1: High electrification Explores the impact of widespread electrification to support transport, heating, and industry decarbonisation, relative to other scenarios, with deep decarbonisation of electricity supply. This pathway sees UK electricity generation increasing to around 690 TWh, more than doubling from today,8 and low carbon hydrogen production scaling up to 240 TWh by 2050. Sectors such as road transport and buildings reach near zero emissions, through widespread electrification, with small residual emissions possible in personal and heavy goods transport; while the majority of buildings use electric heating, with the remainder using connected low carbon district heat networks. Industry emissions are near zero, through the full suite of green technologies (electricity, hydrogen, and CCUS), alongside energy efficiency measures.', 'Industry emissions are near zero, through the full suite of green technologies (electricity, hydrogen, and CCUS), alongside energy efficiency measures. Electricity generation is overwhelmingly decarbonised, through widespread deployment of renewables alongside other low carbon generation including nuclear power and gas with CCUS. Residual emissions remain in aviation, agriculture, and waste, though these reduce from today’s levels through, for example, sustainable aviation fuels, more efficient farm practices, and reduction in landfill waste.', 'Residual emissions remain in aviation, agriculture, and waste, though these reduce from today’s levels through, for example, sustainable aviation fuels, more efficient farm practices, and reduction in landfill waste. These emissions are balanced by significant afforestation, together with engineered removals (primarily BECCS but also DACCS).9 Figure 6: High electrification scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 7: High electrification scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero2050 Scenario 2: High resource Explores the impact of using low carbon hydrogen more extensively, particularly for decarbonising buildings, power, and heavy vehicles.', 'These emissions are balanced by significant afforestation, together with engineered removals (primarily BECCS but also DACCS).9 Figure 6: High electrification scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 7: High electrification scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero2050 Scenario 2: High resource Explores the impact of using low carbon hydrogen more extensively, particularly for decarbonising buildings, power, and heavy vehicles. It also assumes higher levels of tree- planting are achievable, increasing the ‘negative emissions’ available from land-use sinks. This pathway sees low carbon hydrogen generation increasing to around 500 TWh.', 'This pathway sees low carbon hydrogen generation increasing to around 500 TWh. As hydrogen is the main energy source for heating, electricity demand and therefore generation is lower than in scenario 1 at 610 TWh. Electricity and district heat still play a role in both residential and non- domestic buildings but the majority of building heat demand is assumed to be met by hydrogen. End users of energy (e.g. transport and buildings) reach similar levels of decarbonisation as in scenario 1. In heavy transport, there is a shift to increased use of hydrogen. Compared to scenario 1, greater levels of tree planting allow for slightly higher residual emissions to remain, primarily in hydrogen production.', 'Compared to scenario 1, greater levels of tree planting allow for slightly higher residual emissions to remain, primarily in hydrogen production. Engineered removals are at a similar scale to scenario 1 to offset remaining residual emissions in the hardest-to-decarbonise sectors of aviation and agriculture.', 'Engineered removals are at a similar scale to scenario 1 to offset remaining residual emissions in the hardest-to-decarbonise sectors of aviation and agriculture. Figure 8: High resource scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 9: High resource scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2050 Scenario 3: High innovation Explores a world in which successful innovations enable lower residual emissions to be reached in aviation, while higher capture rates increase the impact of carbon capture technologies, with higher levels of DACCS deployed over the 2040s.', 'Figure 8: High resource scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 9: High resource scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2050 Scenario 3: High innovation Explores a world in which successful innovations enable lower residual emissions to be reached in aviation, while higher capture rates increase the impact of carbon capture technologies, with higher levels of DACCS deployed over the 2040s. In scenarios 1 and 2, end users of energy such as transport, industry, and buildings are decarbonised extensively, while accounting for residual emissions in aviation and baseline assumptions on the technological potential for carbon capture.', 'In scenarios 1 and 2, end users of energy such as transport, industry, and buildings are decarbonised extensively, while accounting for residual emissions in aviation and baseline assumptions on the technological potential for carbon capture. In this scenario more optimistic assumptions around carbon capture and aviation, such as the availability of sustainable fuels at scale and zero emission aircraft, cause a divergence from scenarios 1 and 2 in the deployment of certain technologies. With lower residual emissions in aviation and improvement in capture or negative emission potential, end use sectors such as transport, buildings, agriculture and industrial dispersed sites can decarbonise to a lesser extent. This pathway sees electricity and low carbon hydrogen generation requirements in between the two scenarios explored previously, at 670 TWh and 330 TWh respectively.', 'This pathway sees electricity and low carbon hydrogen generation requirements in between the two scenarios explored previously, at 670 TWh and 330 TWh respectively. Figure 10: High innovation scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 11: High innovation scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroInsights from potential 2050 outcomes for net zero journey 16.', 'Figure 10: High innovation scenario: energy generation and end uses in 2050 Figure 11: High innovation scenario: residual emissions in 2050 Greenhouse Gas Removals Industry Power Waste & F-gases Agriculture & LULUCF International aviation & shipping Domestic transport Heat & Buildings Fuel supply & Hydrogen Emissions in MtCO e Emissions in MtCO e Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroInsights from potential 2050 outcomes for net zero journey 16. Despite the uncertainties, we can draw some broad conclusions from the illustrative scenarios above to help shape our approach to net zero: • Extensive decarbonisation is required across transport, buildings, and industry, given the need to account for possible residual emissions in agriculture, aviation, waste, and heavy industry and possible limitations on deployment of greenhouse gas removals; • Given this, extensive energy efficiency measures across these sectors are likely to be beneficial to bring down energy demand and cost across the system.', 'Despite the uncertainties, we can draw some broad conclusions from the illustrative scenarios above to help shape our approach to net zero: • Extensive decarbonisation is required across transport, buildings, and industry, given the need to account for possible residual emissions in agriculture, aviation, waste, and heavy industry and possible limitations on deployment of greenhouse gas removals; • Given this, extensive energy efficiency measures across these sectors are likely to be beneficial to bring down energy demand and cost across the system. Every scenario sees overall energy demand from end use sectors reduce substantially; • Different technologies for these sectors can be accommodated (for example, predominantly electric heat pumps or hydrogen for heating), meaning wide ranges of possible electricity and hydrogen demand remain plausible; • Both electricity and hydrogen demand grow significantly from today, and need to be produced with very low levels of emissions by 2050.', 'Every scenario sees overall energy demand from end use sectors reduce substantially; • Different technologies for these sectors can be accommodated (for example, predominantly electric heat pumps or hydrogen for heating), meaning wide ranges of possible electricity and hydrogen demand remain plausible; • Both electricity and hydrogen demand grow significantly from today, and need to be produced with very low levels of emissions by 2050. Biomass also becomes a key energy carrier to enable engineered removals and support low carbon fuel production; • Given the need to plan for some residual emissions, it is appropriate to plan for use of greenhouse gas removals. The carbon capture processes needed for this are likely to play a significant role in wider decarbonisation, for example in power; • Primary energy sources increase in number and diversify, including a range of renewables, and from biomass and waste.', 'The carbon capture processes needed for this are likely to play a significant role in wider decarbonisation, for example in power; • Primary energy sources increase in number and diversify, including a range of renewables, and from biomass and waste. This diversified system for energy generation also becomes more interdependent to ensure security of supply. Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 An indicative pathway meeting our emissions targets up to Carbon 17. Drawing on the insights from our illustrative 2050 scenarios, we have developed a delivery pathway: an indicative trajectory of emissions reductions which meets our targets up to the sixth carbon budget ending in 2037. This is broadly consistent with all three 2050 scenarios and follows decarbonisation that we aim to achieve through this Strategy. The uncertainties inherent in our 2050 scenarios also apply to our 2037 delivery pathway.', 'The uncertainties inherent in our 2050 scenarios also apply to our 2037 delivery pathway. It is designed only to provide an indicative basis on which to make policy and plan to deliver on our whole-economy emissions targets. The exact path we take is likely to differ and must respond flexibly to changes that arise over time. 18. The pathway is based on our understanding now of the potential for each sector to reduce emissions up to 2037, considering the balance between sectors that is optimal for the entire economy in terms of delivery and cost. Emission reductions beyond our existing policies combine evidence on theoretical potential for abatement with judgements about barriers to delivery, the rate at which low carbon options could be adopted in practice and timescales for key decisions.', 'Emission reductions beyond our existing policies combine evidence on theoretical potential for abatement with judgements about barriers to delivery, the rate at which low carbon options could be adopted in practice and timescales for key decisions. We take an economy-wide view, including to balance end use sector demands with supply side considerations, such as infrastructure and the operation of the electricity and other fuel supply sectors. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener19. As a general principle, our indicative pathway to 2037 prioritises emissions reductions where known technologies and solutions exist and thereby minimises reliance on the use of greenhouse gas removals to meet our targets. It is designed to drive progress in the short-term, while creating options in a way that seeks to keep the range of options presented in the illustrative 2050 scenarios open.', 'It is designed to drive progress in the short-term, while creating options in a way that seeks to keep the range of options presented in the illustrative 2050 scenarios open. The Embedding Net Zero in Government chapter sets out how Government will monitor progress to ensure we stay on track for our emissions targets and respond to developments affecting our long-term goals. Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroFigure 12: Indicative emissions reductions to meet UK carbon budgets and NDC10 Emissions in MtCO e 5 year budget MtCO e Headroom for IAS 2025 – 55% reduction (excluding international aviation and shipping emissions) 2030 – NDC target for at least 68% reduction (excluding international aviation and shipping) 2035 – 78% reduction (including international aviation and shipping) To meet whole-economy net zero target Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerIndicative sectoral decarbonisation pathways 20.', 'Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroFigure 12: Indicative emissions reductions to meet UK carbon budgets and NDC10 Emissions in MtCO e 5 year budget MtCO e Headroom for IAS 2025 – 55% reduction (excluding international aviation and shipping emissions) 2030 – NDC target for at least 68% reduction (excluding international aviation and shipping) 2035 – 78% reduction (including international aviation and shipping) To meet whole-economy net zero target Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerIndicative sectoral decarbonisation pathways 20. Broken down by sector, our indicative delivery pathway implies the reduction in emissions up to 2037. These indicative sector pathways, presented as ranges for residual emissions to reflect the inherent uncertainty, help to drive change and to plan how we can remain on track to meet our targets.', 'These indicative sector pathways, presented as ranges for residual emissions to reflect the inherent uncertainty, help to drive change and to plan how we can remain on track to meet our targets. Given the interdependencies and interactions within and between sectors, the exact areas for emissions savings may shift, as our understanding increases. These pathways are therefore not predictions or targets: the emissions savings ultimately contributed by each sector are likely to differ as we respond to real-world changes. Figure 13: Indicative delivery pathway to 2037 by sector Source: BEIS analysis Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero21. The pathway considers that sectors have the potential to make progress at different rates, for example, depending on the availability and deployment of technological solutions; development of supply chains, financing, and infrastructure; and the need to overcome wider delivery barriers.', 'The pathway considers that sectors have the potential to make progress at different rates, for example, depending on the availability and deployment of technological solutions; development of supply chains, financing, and infrastructure; and the need to overcome wider delivery barriers. These constraints and action to overcome them are summarised below and explored in more detail in subsequent chapters. Sector % of UK emissions Expected reduction Key features of the delivery pathway Power 11% 80-85% By 2035, all our electricity will need to come from low carbon sources, subject to security of supply, moving to a fully decarbonised power system whilst meeting a 40-60% increase in demand. Expected residual emissions will be limited to CCUS plants, unabated gas, and energy from waste. This means increased investment in the grid network, electricity storage solutions and flexible grid management, to ensure decarbonisation without risking security of supply.', 'This means increased investment in the grid network, electricity storage solutions and flexible grid management, to ensure decarbonisation without risking security of supply. Fuel supply and Hydrogen 5% 53-60% Large potential from electrification of oil and gas installations and addressing venting and flaring in the existing fuel supply sectors where demand is expected to fall over time. Emissions savings in the incumbent fuel supply sector will be marginally offset by emissions expected from low carbon hydrogen and fuel production, which will enable significant emissions savings through fuel switching across a range of end use sectors. Hydrogen production is expected to establish in the 2020s before a significant ramp up in the early 2030s, using a range of production methods to meet demand.', 'Hydrogen production is expected to establish in the 2020s before a significant ramp up in the early 2030s, using a range of production methods to meet demand. Industry 15% 63-76% Deep decarbonisation through resource and energy efficiency, fuel switching, and CCUS deployment are all required, starting with industrial clusters and major emitters, such as the steel sector. Decarbonisation of smaller and more dispersed sites will also be needed, placing demands on associated infrastructure. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerHeat and Buildings 17% 47-62% Addressing heat emissions will require a substantial increase in the uptake of low carbon heating up to 2035, when all new installations will be net zero compatible. In any heat pathway, improved energy efficiency – through investment in buildings fabrics and better product standards – will reduce overall energy use and costs.', 'In any heat pathway, improved energy efficiency – through investment in buildings fabrics and better product standards – will reduce overall energy use and costs. Advanced smart meters will inform consumers and businesses about their energy use, encouraging energy-saving behaviour. 32% 47-59% Road transport is transformed through increasing use of zero emission vehicles, driven in part by ending the sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030 and supported by increasing the share of trips taken by cycling, walking, and public transport. Progress is expected to decarbonise aviation and shipping through efficiency improvements and the uptake of low carbon fuels. These will require international coordination. Natural Resources 20% 39-51% Increased afforestation and peat restoration contribute significantly, though with long lead-in times.', 'Natural Resources 20% 39-51% Increased afforestation and peat restoration contribute significantly, though with long lead-in times. By 2035, perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry can contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, with potential to support power, fuel supply, industry, and transport through BECCS and generation of biofuels. Waste emissions reduce with increased diversion of municipal biodegradable waste streams away from landfill, and potential savings from other parts of the sector, such as wastewater. Use and therefore emissions of F-gases continues to reduce in response to future control measures. Agriculture emissions are largely from livestock and nutrient management. The pathway assumes emissions will be reduced through improved and innovative farming practices. Greenhouse Gas Removals Not applicable Deployment of BECCS and DACCS. Deployment dependent on development of UK CCUS infrastructure and the availability of suitable, sustainable, and low-cost biomass feedstocks.', 'Deployment dependent on development of UK CCUS infrastructure and the availability of suitable, sustainable, and low-cost biomass feedstocks. Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero22. The changes we expect in sectors will evolve over time. In some cases, alternative measures within a sector could achieve broadly the same level of emissions abatement. In other cases, we will need to respond to strategic decisions that government makes in the future. One of the most significant decisions that will affect our pathway will be on the balance of types of low carbon heating solutions, mainly electricity and hydrogen, deployed in buildings.', 'One of the most significant decisions that will affect our pathway will be on the balance of types of low carbon heating solutions, mainly electricity and hydrogen, deployed in buildings. The Heat and Buildings Strategy commits to strategic decisions on the relative roles of hydrogen and electrification for on-grid homes by 2026 and the relevant sector chapter in this strategy explores alternative options that are consistent with the level of ambition implied by our delivery pathway. Key energy changes and deployment implied by the delivery pathway 23. Assumed energy demand in our pathway is based on government’s central assumptions about required technology uptake, with a variation to reflect the outstanding strategic decision on the potential role of hydrogen to heat buildings.', 'Assumed energy demand in our pathway is based on government’s central assumptions about required technology uptake, with a variation to reflect the outstanding strategic decision on the potential role of hydrogen to heat buildings. We expect both natural gas and oil demand to more than halve by 2037 while overall, energy demand reduces significantly through increased efficiency and fossil fuels are replaced by new sources of energy. Electricity generation increases to meet a larger share of energy demand, and low carbon hydrogen grows from a near zero base to play a significant role from the 2030s. 24.', 'Electricity generation increases to meet a larger share of energy demand, and low carbon hydrogen grows from a near zero base to play a significant role from the 2030s. 24. Decisions in 2026 around hydrogen’s role in providing heat in buildings will have a substantial impact on relative hydrogen and electricity demands – Figure 14 shows a scenario where hydrogen is not used to heat buildings, which is predominantly decarbonised via electrification through heat pumps. In a scenario where hydrogen has a more significant role in decarbonising heat in buildings, hydrogen demand would increase by 70 TWh by 2035 and electricity demand would decrease by 20 TWh (due to the high efficiency of heat pumps more hydrogen is required to produce the same amount of heat).', 'In a scenario where hydrogen has a more significant role in decarbonising heat in buildings, hydrogen demand would increase by 70 TWh by 2035 and electricity demand would decrease by 20 TWh (due to the high efficiency of heat pumps more hydrogen is required to produce the same amount of heat). Beyond heat, the indicative delivery pathway describes just one scenario for potential hydrogen demand in industry, transport, and power – the UK Hydrogen Strategy takes a wider view to consider greater ranges for hydrogen use in all sectors.13 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 14: Energy demands up to 2037 assumed by delivery pathway TWh Natural gas Oil Electricity Bioenergy Hydrogen Source: BEIS analysis Note: for illustrative purposes, this shows energy demands in a scenario in which electricity is predominantly used to heat buildings.', 'Beyond heat, the indicative delivery pathway describes just one scenario for potential hydrogen demand in industry, transport, and power – the UK Hydrogen Strategy takes a wider view to consider greater ranges for hydrogen use in all sectors.13 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 14: Energy demands up to 2037 assumed by delivery pathway TWh Natural gas Oil Electricity Bioenergy Hydrogen Source: BEIS analysis Note: for illustrative purposes, this shows energy demands in a scenario in which electricity is predominantly used to heat buildings. See the Technical Annex for hydrogen for heat scenario. Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero25. Meeting the increasing demand for low carbon energy across the economy relies on scaling up significantly, the new green technologies and energy carriers identified above.', 'Meeting the increasing demand for low carbon energy across the economy relies on scaling up significantly, the new green technologies and energy carriers identified above. While the deployment of these will respond to changes over time, our indicative pathway suggests they are central to decarbonisation over the next 15 years: • Electricity sees an expected 40-60% increase in demand by 2035, all met from low carbon sources to bring forward the government’s commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 15 years, subject to security of supply; • Hydrogen production capacity ambition for 5 GW by 2030, which is expected to increase to around 10 or 17 GW by 2035 (depending on the role of hydrogen for heat); • Carbon capture is expected to need to reach capacity for a total of ~20-30 MtCO per year by the early 2030s across the economy – more than double what was set out in the Ten Point Plan – and at least by the mid-2030s; • Biomass is anticipated to need increases in feedstock supply from the 2020s to support BECCS deployment through various routes for use in ‘hard‑to‑decarbonise’ areas.', 'While the deployment of these will respond to changes over time, our indicative pathway suggests they are central to decarbonisation over the next 15 years: • Electricity sees an expected 40-60% increase in demand by 2035, all met from low carbon sources to bring forward the government’s commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 15 years, subject to security of supply; • Hydrogen production capacity ambition for 5 GW by 2030, which is expected to increase to around 10 or 17 GW by 2035 (depending on the role of hydrogen for heat); • Carbon capture is expected to need to reach capacity for a total of ~20-30 MtCO per year by the early 2030s across the economy – more than double what was set out in the Ten Point Plan – and at least by the mid-2030s; • Biomass is anticipated to need increases in feedstock supply from the 2020s to support BECCS deployment through various routes for use in ‘hard‑to‑decarbonise’ areas. These resources will be explored in the Biomass Strategy.', 'These resources will be explored in the Biomass Strategy. 26. Figure 15 below shows some wider illustrative deployment of technologies or measures assumed in our pathway to demonstrate a sense of the scale and pace of change required. These are based on modelling assumptions, which are detailed in the Technical Annex, and do not represent targets – the delivery of such measures will depend on, and respond to, real- world change.', 'These are based on modelling assumptions, which are detailed in the Technical Annex, and do not represent targets – the delivery of such measures will depend on, and respond to, real- world change. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 15: Illustrative examples of deployment implied by the delivery pathway Zero emission cars As a proportion of total car fleet 1 icon = 5 % points Low carbon homes* Cumulative homes with low carbon heating Electricity generation Total UK generation 1 icon = 50 TWh Carbon Capture Total annual CO captured across sectors 1 icon = 5 MtCO Trees Annual area of afforestation in UK 1 icon = 10,000 ha Note: For illustrative purposes, icons represent approximate and rounded figures from our modelling. Where there are ranges, an approximate central point has been shown.', 'Where there are ranges, an approximate central point has been shown. * Homes with low carbon heating includes homes heated by heat pumps, hydrogen or connected to heat networks Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroEssential activity driving the delivery pathway 27. It is, of course, impossible to predict every possible path to net zero that might arise over the next 30 years – we do not seek to do so. New innovations may emerge, enabling the market to move more quickly or at lower cost than expected, while in other areas progress may be hindered by unexpected deployment challenges as technologies are brought to scale.', 'New innovations may emerge, enabling the market to move more quickly or at lower cost than expected, while in other areas progress may be hindered by unexpected deployment challenges as technologies are brought to scale. This Strategy does not attempt to ignore these uncertainties, but rather to plot a path which maintains flexibility in the future, while ensuring we do not delay the action we know is needed in the near-term. This aims to provide the certainty to drive forward investment and change, while allowing the market to respond to new opportunities and challenges which arise from the transition. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme is a crucial way in which we ensure that our pathway is rooted in cost-effective, market-led solutions.', 'The UK Emissions Trading Scheme is a crucial way in which we ensure that our pathway is rooted in cost-effective, market-led solutions. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerUK Emissions Trading Scheme as a key driver of our path to net zero The UK ETS, a ‘cap and trade’ scheme, is a market-based pricing mechanism to incentivise and control the reduction of emissions in a cost-effective way. A cap is set on the total amount of certain greenhouse gases that can be emitted by the sectors covered by the scheme over a given period. The cap is divided into allowances, and participants receive or purchase allowances which they can sell and buy with one another as needed.', 'The cap is divided into allowances, and participants receive or purchase allowances which they can sell and buy with one another as needed. This UK ETS cap will reduce over time, providing a long-term market signal so companies can plan and invest in abatement accordingly – offering new trade and export opportunities. The cap is initially set 5% below the UK’s notional share of the EU ETS cap for Phase IV of the EU ETS. We will consult in the coming months on an appropriate cap consistent with net zero. The UK ETS acts as a cross-cutting policy lever to drive market-based abatement, incentivising industries to find the most cost-effective solutions to decarbonise. This ensures that, as industries develop lower carbon processes, our path to net zero adapts to cost-effective abatement routed in market- based solutions.', 'This ensures that, as industries develop lower carbon processes, our path to net zero adapts to cost-effective abatement routed in market- based solutions. We have committed to exploring expanding the UK ETS to the two thirds of uncovered emissions and we will provide a further update in due course. It remains important, however, that we develop policies which actively support and encourage sectors to decarbonise, rather than rely on applying an emissions cap and the consequent carbon pricing as our sole mechanism. Our delivery pathway provides a sound basis to underpin those policies to decarbonise, set out in the chapters that follow.', 'Our delivery pathway provides a sound basis to underpin those policies to decarbonise, set out in the chapters that follow. To mitigate the risk of carbon leakage, in which production and associated greenhouse gas emissions are offshored in ways that would not have happened if the pricing of emissions across jurisdictions was implemented in an equivalent way, we currently give at risk sectors a proportion of their allowances for free to reduce their exposure to the carbon price. We initiated a review of free allocation policy earlier this year with a call for evidence and plan to consult in the coming months, as part of a wider review into the UK ETS.', 'We initiated a review of free allocation policy earlier this year with a call for evidence and plan to consult in the coming months, as part of a wider review into the UK ETS. This review will focus on how free allocations can be better targeted in line with a reduction to the overall cap, while still preserving the incentive to decarbonise. Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net Zero28. Our analysis points to the following essential planks that we can be confident net zero will depend on. These underpin the chapters that follow in this Strategy. • Integration of low carbon energy sources in a smart and flexible way.', '• Integration of low carbon energy sources in a smart and flexible way. For example, fully decarbonising our electricity system – in addition to renewables, nuclear, and power CCUS – could also rely on large-scale long duration storage, as well as use of BECCS and hydrogen-fired generation, to manage peaks in demand. Hydrogen could require substantial electricity for production via electrolysis, but in turn could help improve the efficiency of a high-renewables electricity system by using excess supply during periods of high generation and low demand, as well as further energy storage. • Increasing diversity of energy sources for end uses.', '• Increasing diversity of energy sources for end uses. The removal of unabated fossil fuels from the system which currently supply most of the energy requirements in end use sectors, such as transport and heating, has potential to lead to a greater range of technologies and energy carriers playing a part in future. This could create some resilience, though there may not always be scope for direct substitution. • Increasing energy efficiency. The low carbon energy system depends on overall energy demands reducing significantly. This means all demand sectors becoming far more efficient, through adoption of new technologies, better energy management, and direct investment in energy efficiency measures. Such measures can be considered ‘low regret’ to pursue throughout the transition and will, in turn, affect the level of energy supply and carbon capture required in the system.', 'Such measures can be considered ‘low regret’ to pursue throughout the transition and will, in turn, affect the level of energy supply and carbon capture required in the system. • Innovation for new technologies. Green technology, including research and development into new options, is a cornerstone of the net zero journey. As well as the supply-side technologies discussed above, this also means new technologies in end use sectors – for example, installing zero carbon heating and delivering zero emission surface transport, while transforming the way we use natural resources, farm our land, and manage our waste. Different types of public and private support are required to develop nascent technologies and deploy known ones at scale. Government has a role to play in a financing offer, investment signalling, and developing business models. • Green investment.', 'Government has a role to play in a financing offer, investment signalling, and developing business models. • Green investment. Private investment will provide most of the financing needed to commercialise early technologies and scale low carbon sectors. We need additional net zero investment to reach c. £50-60 billion/year in the late-2020s and 2030s. However, public finance and public finance institutions will provide much of the early investment, intervention, and signalling that will create the conditions for an acceleration of net zero investment. This will also generate significant financial savings if achieved and accompanied by effective policy, thereby lowering the cost of capital for investment. • Demand-side changes and public engagement. The rollout of low carbon solutions relies on positive public reception and demand to adopt them.', 'The rollout of low carbon solutions relies on positive public reception and demand to adopt them. Consumers need to have access to the right technologies, understand their benefits, and have confidence that they will be protected if they use them. The deployment of technologies should also respond to their reception by consumers, and go with the grain on consumer behaviour and trends. We also need our workforce to have the skills to meet increasing demand, including in areas such as housing retrofit, heat pump installation, electric vehicle manufacturing, charge Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerpoint installation and forestry. More widely, low carbon and environmental practices will require people and businesses to make green choices, and government has a role to play in making these as easy, attractive, and accessible as possible.', 'More widely, low carbon and environmental practices will require people and businesses to make green choices, and government has a role to play in making these as easy, attractive, and accessible as possible. The net zero journey must be a joint one and will be affected by how engaged and supportive the public are. • New standards and regulation. In certain areas government will need to support and complement market-led decarbonisation with standards and regulation to ensure that, where appropriate, green options are pursued, while high carbon options are phased out. This will help to accelerate low regrets areas like energy efficiency, such as ensuring our homes are built to new standards, and high impact areas like zero emission vehicles. It will also ensure suppliers of higher-carbon technologies and fuels provide low carbon alternatives, driving deployment at scale.', 'It will also ensure suppliers of higher-carbon technologies and fuels provide low carbon alternatives, driving deployment at scale. • Planning and infrastructure. Low carbon solutions rely on transforming the infrastructure needed to deliver them. Increasing electricity generation needs to be accompanied by building out a flexible grid. Alongside dedicated hydrogen infrastructure, new CO transport and storage infrastructure is needed for the use of CCUS which will require investment of around £15 billion from now to the end of the Carbon Budget 6 period. We need to ensure that low carbon energy generation can be connected to sources of demand geographically, which means improving knowledge of local circumstances and opportunities for generation. We also recognise the importance of the planning system to common challenges like combating climate change and supporting sustainable growth. • Sustainable use of resources.', '• Sustainable use of resources. Net zero will mean maximising the value of resources within a more efficient circular economy. It will need a significant increase in the use of certain types of resources – critical minerals like lithium, graphite, and cobalt, as well an increased demand on resources like copper and steel – from manufacturing green technologies to building large-scale infrastructure. This will require new robust supply chains and provide economic opportunities, but there will be environmental trade-offs, and potential negative impacts on habitats, biodiversity, and water resources to be managed carefully. For example, ammonia emissions from anaerobic digestion, which can use waste as a feedstock, can also affect biodiversity and health. • Understanding land use trade-offs.', '• Understanding land use trade-offs. Like other resources, our land is finite and competition for it will need to be managed as we rely on natural resources and use land for multiple new purposes, such as perennial energy crops and short rotation forestry for energy generation, while allowing for afforestation and peatland restoration to sequester and avoid emissions. We will also need to ensure net zero is compatible with wider uses of land such as agriculture, housing, infrastructure, and environmental goals. These land use challenges are exacerbated by the impact of climate change on the availability of productive land and water in future. 29. These features underpin the critical activity driving decarbonisation across sectors of the economy.', 'These features underpin the critical activity driving decarbonisation across sectors of the economy. A summary is provided below up to 2035, which is not exhaustive but focuses on the new technologies which need to be developed and deployed over the next decade. Policies and proposals to detail how this activity is achieved are set out in subsequent chapters.', 'Policies and proposals to detail how this activity is achieved are set out in subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroFigure 16: high-level essential activity across sectors to 2035 Power Fuel Supply & Hydrogen Industry Heat & Buildings Note: Markers indicate the year milestones will occur rather than the precise point in a given year, while arrows of activity are inclusive of the years in which they start and finish Market mechanisms continue to evolve to support electricity system decarbonisation, especially from the 2030s Improvements to energy efficiency of buildings to reduce emissions and make them ready for low-carbon heating technologies Building out electricity infrastructure, especially in the 2020s Accelerate heat pump rollout, reducing costs by growing and expanding UK manufacturing Strategic approach to energy networks, smart technologies, and market reform to incorporate low carbon and flexible technologies efficiently Transformation of heat networks – introducing the market framework and zoning Depending on hydrogen decision, prepare for conversion of gas grid Introduction of demand-side measures (e.g.', 'Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroFigure 16: high-level essential activity across sectors to 2035 Power Fuel Supply & Hydrogen Industry Heat & Buildings Note: Markers indicate the year milestones will occur rather than the precise point in a given year, while arrows of activity are inclusive of the years in which they start and finish Market mechanisms continue to evolve to support electricity system decarbonisation, especially from the 2030s Improvements to energy efficiency of buildings to reduce emissions and make them ready for low-carbon heating technologies Building out electricity infrastructure, especially in the 2020s Accelerate heat pump rollout, reducing costs by growing and expanding UK manufacturing Strategic approach to energy networks, smart technologies, and market reform to incorporate low carbon and flexible technologies efficiently Transformation of heat networks – introducing the market framework and zoning Depending on hydrogen decision, prepare for conversion of gas grid Introduction of demand-side measures (e.g. product standards, product labelling) Development and implementation of regulatory and market frameworks for hydrogen Increasing resource efficiency, energy efficiency and fuel switching (mainly to electricity and low carbon hydrogen) Small scale electrolytic hydrogen production Review barriers to electrification of oil and gas production Develop business models and negotiate contracts for initial industrial CCUS, including transport & storage 6 longer duration storage demonstrations Build CCUS capacity and infrastructure in clusters, including transport and storage networks Increased scale and range of hydrogen production (e.g.', 'product standards, product labelling) Development and implementation of regulatory and market frameworks for hydrogen Increasing resource efficiency, energy efficiency and fuel switching (mainly to electricity and low carbon hydrogen) Small scale electrolytic hydrogen production Review barriers to electrification of oil and gas production Develop business models and negotiate contracts for initial industrial CCUS, including transport & storage 6 longer duration storage demonstrations Build CCUS capacity and infrastructure in clusters, including transport and storage networks Increased scale and range of hydrogen production (e.g. nuclear, biomass) Deployment of low carbon heat increases and market continues to transform – technology mix dependent on role of hydrogen Potential CCUS expansion beyond clusters Opening of Allocation Round 4 – UK’s largest ever renewables auction (including a minimum budget for floating offshore wind) Hinkley Point C operational (EDF estimate) 40 GW offshore wind Full decarbonisation of power First SMRs and AMR demonstrator deployed Launch Net Zero Hydrogen Fund Decide on blending hydrogen into gas grid 1GW low carbon hydrogen production capacity 25% reduction in oil and gas production emissions by 2025 Finalise hydrogen business model and low carbon standard Net Zero consistent UK Emissions Trading Scheme cap (by 2024 latest) Hydrogen neighbourhood trial Hydrogen village trial Decide on role of hydrogen in buildings Off-gas-grid regulations for domestic buildings, subject to consultation 600,000 heat pumps installed per year At least 2 CCUS clusters by mid-2020s 4 CCUS clusters industrial emissions per year by 2030 CCUS capturing industrial emissions per year by 2035 Decision on next steps for long duration storage Nuclear roadmap for deployment Final Investment Decision on Sizewell C Off-gas-grid regulations for non-domestic buildings, subject to consultation Nuclear fusion strategy Large scale electrolytic and CCUS-enabled electrolytic hydrogen production in oil and gas production emissions Future Homes & Future Buildings Standards 13 million low carbon homes, including 7-11 million heat pumps Phase out new gas boilers in line with natural cycle so all heating by 2050 is net zero compatible Hydrogen town before the end of the decade, subject to hydrogen decision Upgrading fuel poor homes to EPC Band C by 2030 where affordable & practicable At least 1 CCUS plant by mid-2020s 5GW low carbon hydrogen production capacity 50% reduction in oil and gas production emissions by 2050 SMR designs complete regulatory approval for UK deployment Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTransport Natural Resources, Waste & F-gases Green- house Gas Removals Note: Markers indicate the year milestones will rather than the precise point in a given year, while arrows of activity are inclusive of the year they run to start and finish Explore introduction of proven agricultural innovation measures, potentially including the use of feed additives for livestock Sustainable increase in tree-planting, peatland restoration and perennial energy crops Rollout of environmental land management schemes: Sustainable Farming Incentive, Local Nature Recovery scheme, Landscape Recovery scheme Treble tree planting rates by the end of this parliament Continue to develop evidence of land-use synergies and trade- offs to inform policy approach Piloting and early roll out of new environmental land management schemes R&D into low carbon aviation & shipping Ramp up supply and production of sustainable aviation fuels, and deployment of new zero emission vessels and fuels New CO wregulatory framework for all road vehicles introduced Mandate supply of sustainable aviation fuel, subject to consultation 50% of all journey in towns & cities cycled or walked powered EV chargepoints on England’s strategic road network Sale of new petrol & diesel cars & vans phased out from 2030 All new cars and vans sold zero emission at the tailpipe 30,000 hectares tree planting per year across the UK from 2025 onwards 35,000 hectares peatland restored by 2025 Hydroflurocarbonson market reduced by Reduce amount of municipal waste going to landfill to municipal waste Work with water companies to plant 11m trees by 2030 Launch of Farming for Net Zero campaign Biomass Strategy to determine amount of sustainable biomass available to UK Launch Farming Innovation Programme Interim outcome of land use change analyses inform approach Consult on innovative financing models for DACCS & other GGRs Review options for deploying GGRs at scale, following demonstration competition Engineered removals capturing at least per year from 2030 Review pace of GGRs scale up Biomass Strategy to inform role that BECCS can play and options for deployment GGRs deployed at scale, reaching captured per year Decision on HGVs technology in mid-2020s Explore policies to work towards the near elimnation of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill by 2028 Increasing targets for low carbon fuels and development of key infrastructure, including ongoing rail electrification and EV chargepoints Accelerate modal shift to public and active transport Continue to accelerate the uptake of zero emission vehicles Hydrogen trials: buses, HGVs, rail, shipping ‘First of a kind’ greenhouse gas removals deploy at scale & increasing Greenhouse gas removals business models enable early ‘First of a Kind’ plants Regulatory framework unlocks capital for early projectsand long term market CCUS transport and storage rollout provides capacity for capture CO2 Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroEndnotes 1 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 2 HM Treasury (2021), ‘Net Zero Review: Final Report’.', 'nuclear, biomass) Deployment of low carbon heat increases and market continues to transform – technology mix dependent on role of hydrogen Potential CCUS expansion beyond clusters Opening of Allocation Round 4 – UK’s largest ever renewables auction (including a minimum budget for floating offshore wind) Hinkley Point C operational (EDF estimate) 40 GW offshore wind Full decarbonisation of power First SMRs and AMR demonstrator deployed Launch Net Zero Hydrogen Fund Decide on blending hydrogen into gas grid 1GW low carbon hydrogen production capacity 25% reduction in oil and gas production emissions by 2025 Finalise hydrogen business model and low carbon standard Net Zero consistent UK Emissions Trading Scheme cap (by 2024 latest) Hydrogen neighbourhood trial Hydrogen village trial Decide on role of hydrogen in buildings Off-gas-grid regulations for domestic buildings, subject to consultation 600,000 heat pumps installed per year At least 2 CCUS clusters by mid-2020s 4 CCUS clusters industrial emissions per year by 2030 CCUS capturing industrial emissions per year by 2035 Decision on next steps for long duration storage Nuclear roadmap for deployment Final Investment Decision on Sizewell C Off-gas-grid regulations for non-domestic buildings, subject to consultation Nuclear fusion strategy Large scale electrolytic and CCUS-enabled electrolytic hydrogen production in oil and gas production emissions Future Homes & Future Buildings Standards 13 million low carbon homes, including 7-11 million heat pumps Phase out new gas boilers in line with natural cycle so all heating by 2050 is net zero compatible Hydrogen town before the end of the decade, subject to hydrogen decision Upgrading fuel poor homes to EPC Band C by 2030 where affordable & practicable At least 1 CCUS plant by mid-2020s 5GW low carbon hydrogen production capacity 50% reduction in oil and gas production emissions by 2050 SMR designs complete regulatory approval for UK deployment Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTransport Natural Resources, Waste & F-gases Green- house Gas Removals Note: Markers indicate the year milestones will rather than the precise point in a given year, while arrows of activity are inclusive of the year they run to start and finish Explore introduction of proven agricultural innovation measures, potentially including the use of feed additives for livestock Sustainable increase in tree-planting, peatland restoration and perennial energy crops Rollout of environmental land management schemes: Sustainable Farming Incentive, Local Nature Recovery scheme, Landscape Recovery scheme Treble tree planting rates by the end of this parliament Continue to develop evidence of land-use synergies and trade- offs to inform policy approach Piloting and early roll out of new environmental land management schemes R&D into low carbon aviation & shipping Ramp up supply and production of sustainable aviation fuels, and deployment of new zero emission vessels and fuels New CO wregulatory framework for all road vehicles introduced Mandate supply of sustainable aviation fuel, subject to consultation 50% of all journey in towns & cities cycled or walked powered EV chargepoints on England’s strategic road network Sale of new petrol & diesel cars & vans phased out from 2030 All new cars and vans sold zero emission at the tailpipe 30,000 hectares tree planting per year across the UK from 2025 onwards 35,000 hectares peatland restored by 2025 Hydroflurocarbonson market reduced by Reduce amount of municipal waste going to landfill to municipal waste Work with water companies to plant 11m trees by 2030 Launch of Farming for Net Zero campaign Biomass Strategy to determine amount of sustainable biomass available to UK Launch Farming Innovation Programme Interim outcome of land use change analyses inform approach Consult on innovative financing models for DACCS & other GGRs Review options for deploying GGRs at scale, following demonstration competition Engineered removals capturing at least per year from 2030 Review pace of GGRs scale up Biomass Strategy to inform role that BECCS can play and options for deployment GGRs deployed at scale, reaching captured per year Decision on HGVs technology in mid-2020s Explore policies to work towards the near elimnation of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill by 2028 Increasing targets for low carbon fuels and development of key infrastructure, including ongoing rail electrification and EV chargepoints Accelerate modal shift to public and active transport Continue to accelerate the uptake of zero emission vehicles Hydrogen trials: buses, HGVs, rail, shipping ‘First of a kind’ greenhouse gas removals deploy at scale & increasing Greenhouse gas removals business models enable early ‘First of a Kind’ plants Regulatory framework unlocks capital for early projectsand long term market CCUS transport and storage rollout provides capacity for capture CO2 Chapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroEndnotes 1 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 2 HM Treasury (2021), ‘Net Zero Review: Final Report’. 4 BEIS (2021), ‘Impact Assessment for the sixth carbon budget’, 5 Production methods include: electrolysis, which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity; steam methane reformation with CCUS, which uses heat, steam, and catalysts to break methane (from natural gas) into hydrogen and carbon dioxide which is then stored underground; and biomass gasification with CCUS, where heating biomass in special conditions produces a mix of gases including hydrogen and carbon dioxide which is used or permanently stored.', '4 BEIS (2021), ‘Impact Assessment for the sixth carbon budget’, 5 Production methods include: electrolysis, which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity; steam methane reformation with CCUS, which uses heat, steam, and catalysts to break methane (from natural gas) into hydrogen and carbon dioxide which is then stored underground; and biomass gasification with CCUS, where heating biomass in special conditions produces a mix of gases including hydrogen and carbon dioxide which is used or permanently stored. 6 BEIS analysis based on 2019 data from the BEIS, Digest of UK Energy Statistics, 7 These scenarios have been developed using whole system cost-optimisation modelling (UK TIMES) to produce a feasible range of least-cost solutions and deployment requirements for given emissions targets.', '7 These scenarios have been developed using whole system cost-optimisation modelling (UK TIMES) to produce a feasible range of least-cost solutions and deployment requirements for given emissions targets. 8 Terrawatt-hour is a unit of energy equal to one trillion watts for one hour to indicate energy generation and demand. 9 Emissions from Greenhouse Gas Removals only include engineered removals. Nature-based solutions, such as afforestation, are included in the Agriculture and LULUCF subsector. For further detail see the Natural Resources, Waste & F-Gases and Greenhouse Gas Removals chapters. 10 Estimates of historical UK GHG emissions are revised annually to incorporate methodological improvements, updated data and changes to international guidelines. The percentage reductions implied by CB levels are therefore subject to change.', 'The percentage reductions implied by CB levels are therefore subject to change. 11 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 12 Transport emissions include emissions from domestic transport and international aviation and shipping. 13 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy’, hydrogen-strategy Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroReducing Emissions across the Economy Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerDelivering a decarbonised power system by 2035 Our Key Commitments • Take action so that by 2035, all our electricity will come from low carbon sources, subject to security of supply, bringing forward the government’s commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 15 years.', '13 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy’, hydrogen-strategy Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 2 – The Journey to Net ZeroReducing Emissions across the Economy Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerDelivering a decarbonised power system by 2035 Our Key Commitments • Take action so that by 2035, all our electricity will come from low carbon sources, subject to security of supply, bringing forward the government’s commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 15 years. • Accelerate deployment of low-cost renewable generation, such as wind and solar through the Contracts for Difference scheme by undertaking a review of the frequency of the CfD auctions. • Deliver 40GW of offshore wind, including 1GW of innovative floating offshore wind by 2030.', '• Deliver 40GW of offshore wind, including 1GW of innovative floating offshore wind by 2030. • Implement the Dispatchable Power Agreement (DPA) to support the deployment of first of a kind power CCUS plant(s). • Secure a final investment decision on a large-scale nuclear plant by the end of this Parliament whilst taking measures to inform investment decisions during the next Parliament on further nuclear projects as we work towards our net zero target. • Adopt a new approach to onshore and offshore electricity networks to incorporate new low carbon generation and demand in the most efficient manner, taking account of the environment and local communities. • Deliver the actions in our recent Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan and Energy Digitalisation Strategy to maximise system flexibility.', '• Deliver the actions in our recent Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan and Energy Digitalisation Strategy to maximise system flexibility. • Provide £380m for our world-leading offshore wind sector, investing in supply chains, infrastructure and early-coordination of offshore transmission networks, securing jobs and benefitting communities across the UK. • Reform system governance so that the whole system can achieve our net zero ambitions and meet consumers’ needs. • Drive market-wide rollout of smart meters with a new four-year policy framework that introduces fixed minimum annual installation targets for energy suppliers from 1 January 2022. • Consider whether broader reforms to our market frameworks are needed to unlock the full potential of low carbon technologies to take us all the way to net zero.', '• Consider whether broader reforms to our market frameworks are needed to unlock the full potential of low carbon technologies to take us all the way to net zero. • Ensure that consumers pay a fair, affordable price for their energy, and can engage with a retail energy market that offers the products and services required to make choices that support net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Ensure the planning system can support the deployment of low carbon energy infrastructure. • Explore the system need and case for further market intervention for long duration storage and hydrogen in power. Progress to date 1.', '• Explore the system need and case for further market intervention for long duration storage and hydrogen in power. Progress to date 1. The transformation of the power sector over the last 30 years provides a strong basis on which to move forward, on our way to reaching net zero emissions by 2050 across the UK economy. Decarbonising the power sector has led the UK’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions overall. 2. In 2019, net UK GHG emissions from the power sector totalled 58 MtCO e and accounted for 11% of total net UK GHG emissions.1 This is a reduction of 72% power sector accounted for 23% of UK GHG emissions.2 This has largely been achieved through natural gas generation and renewables displacing coal, and more energy efficient appliances contributing to the reduction of electricity demand.', 'In 2019, net UK GHG emissions from the power sector totalled 58 MtCO e and accounted for 11% of total net UK GHG emissions.1 This is a reduction of 72% power sector accounted for 23% of UK GHG emissions.2 This has largely been achieved through natural gas generation and renewables displacing coal, and more energy efficient appliances contributing to the reduction of electricity demand. Today, the country gets over half of its power from low carbon technologies. 3. In 2020, we published the Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution and the Energy White Paper, including commitments to put the power sector on an ambitious decarbonisation pathway over the next decade.', 'In 2020, we published the Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution and the Energy White Paper, including commitments to put the power sector on an ambitious decarbonisation pathway over the next decade. Since then we have launched a £17.5 million competition to support innovative floating wind ideas for industry and initiated this year’s Contract for Difference allocation round, with a £200 million budget for offshore wind and £24 million for floating offshore wind. On delivering new and advanced nuclear power, we have committed to reaching a final investment decision on a large-scale nuclear plant this parliament, subject to value for money and approvals. We are in negotiations with the developer on Sizewell C project in Suffolk.', 'We are in negotiations with the developer on Sizewell C project in Suffolk. We have since taken further steps: in June, we announced that phasing out of unabated coal generation will be brought forward by one year, to October 2024.3 In July, we published the Smart Systems and Flexibility plan 2021 and the UK’s first Energy Digitalisation Strategy, jointly developed with InnovateUK. Our approach includes measures to facilitate flexibility from consumers, removing barriers to flexibility on the grid including long duration storage, reforming markets to reward flexibility, and digitalising our energy system. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyNet zero transition and opportunities for the sector Our 2050 vision and how we get there 4. Reliable and affordable power is a foundation of a modern industrial economy.', 'Reliable and affordable power is a foundation of a modern industrial economy. It is also critical in decarbonising the economy and achieving our net zero goal cost effectively. Although ambitious decarbonisation is required in every sector, deep reductions in emissions from power could offset the need for relatively more expensive decarbonisation efforts elsewhere. Our exposure to volatile gas prices shows the importance of our plan for a strong home-grown renewable power sector to strengthen our energy security into the future. 5. The next 30 years will see a decisive and permanent shift away from the use of unabated oil and gas as the engine of our economy.', 'The next 30 years will see a decisive and permanent shift away from the use of unabated oil and gas as the engine of our economy. In the Energy White Paper, published in December 2020, we set out what this means for the power sector.4 Low carbon power is expected to become the predominant form of energy in 2050. It will account for approximately 50% or higher share of final energy consumption, up from 10% in 2019,5 as it displaces petrol in light vehicles and gas for heat in homes. 6.', 'It will account for approximately 50% or higher share of final energy consumption, up from 10% in 2019,5 as it displaces petrol in light vehicles and gas for heat in homes. 6. Based on our whole-system modelling, by 2050, emissions associated with power could need to drop by 95-98% compared to 2019, down to 1-3 MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and CB6 targets, we expect emissions could fall by 71-76% by 2030 and 80-85% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on an indicative power sector pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets (see figure 17 below). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 17: Indicative power emissions pathway to 2037 Pre-EWP & NZS policies and proposals Range NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 7.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 17: Indicative power emissions pathway to 2037 Pre-EWP & NZS policies and proposals Range NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 7. Even with major improvements in overall energy efficiency and increased flexibility in the energy system, this could represent a potential doubling of demand. This would require a four-fold increase in low carbon electricity generation and significant expansion of the networks that transport it to where it is needed. 8. We will need to achieve this whilst maintaining a reliable and affordable supply of power. We cannot compromise the essential resilience and reliability of the energy system.', 'We cannot compromise the essential resilience and reliability of the energy system. It is essential for the critical services we rely on – from hospitals to traffic lights and mobile devices – and its reliability will be fundamental to consumer confidence in adopting new ways of powering their cars or heating their homes. 9. Our understanding of the role of power in 2050, what the system will look like and the level of demand it will need to meet, will evolve over time. This will be informed by the approach to decarbonising other sectors, such as the extent to which hydrogen is used for heat, and what we learn about the cost and achievability of those approaches.', 'This will be informed by the approach to decarbonising other sectors, such as the extent to which hydrogen is used for heat, and what we learn about the cost and achievability of those approaches. It will also be informed by the availability and costs of GHG removal technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS). Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy10. The Energy White Paper set out our goal of a fully decarbonised, reliable, and low-cost power system by 2050. CB6 represents a very significant increase in the pace of power sector decarbonisation, coupled with increased demand due to the accelerated action in other sectors dependent on low carbon electricity.', 'CB6 represents a very significant increase in the pace of power sector decarbonisation, coupled with increased demand due to the accelerated action in other sectors dependent on low carbon electricity. Although the Energy White Paper envisaged achieving an overwhelmingly decarbonised power system during the 2030s, we have since increased our ambition further. By 2035, all our electricity will need to come from low carbon sources, subject to security of supply, bringing forward the government’s commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 15 years, whilst meeting a 40-60% increase in demand. 11. However, the Energy White Paper’s fundamental approach remains unchanged. A low-cost, net zero consistent electricity system is most likely to be composed predominantly of wind and solar generation, whether in 2035 or 2050.', 'A low-cost, net zero consistent electricity system is most likely to be composed predominantly of wind and solar generation, whether in 2035 or 2050. To ensure the system is reliable, intermittent renewables need to be complemented by known technologies such as nuclear and power CCUS, and flexible technologies such as interconnectors, electricity storage, and demand-side response. These flexible technologies can help to minimise the amount of generation and network capacity needed to meet our demand needs, for example, by matching new sources of demand to renewable generation both nationally and locally. To do this, the new critical supply chains for these technologies also need to be resilient to ensure the UK can build the capacity it needs for a reliable system. 12.', 'To do this, the new critical supply chains for these technologies also need to be resilient to ensure the UK can build the capacity it needs for a reliable system. 12. Our Carbon Budget 6 trajectory suggests that we will need to build all of these technologies at, or close to, their maximum technical limit, to meet the twin challenge of accelerating decarbonisation and servicing increased demand. This represents a considerable delivery challenge. While unabated gas generation currently plays a critical role in keeping the UK electricity system secure and stable, it will be used less frequently in the future, running only when the system most needs it for security of supply. 13.', 'While unabated gas generation currently plays a critical role in keeping the UK electricity system secure and stable, it will be used less frequently in the future, running only when the system most needs it for security of supply. 13. The government is actively taking steps to bring forward low carbon technologies capable of replicating the role of unabated gas in the electricity system, including CCUS-enabled generation, hydrogen-fired generation, BECCS, and flexible storage. We are also bringing forward measures to ensure that any new build combustion power stations, including gas, can convert to clean alternatives in the future. We issued a call for evidence on our plans for Decarbonisation Readiness in the summer and subject to feedback on the proposals and parliamentary time, we aim to implement these requirements by 2023.6 14.', 'We issued a call for evidence on our plans for Decarbonisation Readiness in the summer and subject to feedback on the proposals and parliamentary time, we aim to implement these requirements by 2023.6 14. The use of hydrogen to generate electricity can reduce reliance on unabated natural gas. It can also provide additional system flexibility if produced through electrolysis and where there is hydrogen storage. This could contribute to energy security, lowering emissions and system costs. There are trade-offs between the deliverability, optimal fit, and other benefits of emerging technologies versus known technologies. Waiting for emerging technologies before deciding to deploy nuclear and power CCUS at scale could put our CB6 and net zero ambitions at risk.', 'Waiting for emerging technologies before deciding to deploy nuclear and power CCUS at scale could put our CB6 and net zero ambitions at risk. Over the next decade we need to continue to deploy all known low carbon technologies at scale to ensure optionality is maintained, whilst developing new options to mitigate delivery risk and reduce costs. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener15. However, a reliable power system is not only about having a balanced mix of generation technologies. We also need to ensure that the networks can transport electricity to where it is required in a cost‑effective manner, and to enable crucial system services such as frequency response. Markets should determine the best solution for such a system.', 'Markets should determine the best solution for such a system. We are not targeting a particular solution but will rely on competition to spur investment in technologies which are cheaper and more efficient; and on innovation to reduce the cost of existing options. The government’s role is to ensure a market framework which encourages effective competition and delivers an affordable, secure, and reliable system that is, consistent with net zero emissions. We will intervene to address any potential market failures and continue to invest in innovation which helps commercialise new technologies and increase the options available to meet this challenge. 16. The CCC’s Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk (June 2021)7 set out that climate change will likely result in more extreme weather that has the potential to negatively impact GB’s power sector.', 'The CCC’s Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk (June 2021)7 set out that climate change will likely result in more extreme weather that has the potential to negatively impact GB’s power sector. We continue to work closely with industry, regulators, sector bodies, and other stakeholders to ensure that our electricity system is resilient and secure, including to the impacts of climate change. Seizing new opportunities 17. Transforming the power system offers significant opportunities for UK businesses to exploit technology and know-how in domestic and global markets. Investments in innovation will enable new technologies to deliver benefits to the system and this will be crucial to help us meeting our carbon reduction targets. Innovation will create value by accelerating the commercialisation of low carbon power systems.', 'Innovation will create value by accelerating the commercialisation of low carbon power systems. It can bring costs down, enable us to preserve and develop options and bring forward information to reduce future uncertainty. Renewable energy can also help contribute to our industrial ‘SuperPlaces’, providing plentiful low carbon electricity to enable the low carbon technologies such as hydrogen, which also offers a renewed era for our industrial heartlands. 18. To fully decarbonise the power sector at the pace we have set out whilst meeting increasing demand, total public and private investment of £280-400 billion is needed in generation capacity and flexible assets – around £150-270 billion of this reflects increased ambition from Carbon Budget 6.', 'To fully decarbonise the power sector at the pace we have set out whilst meeting increasing demand, total public and private investment of £280-400 billion is needed in generation capacity and flexible assets – around £150-270 billion of this reflects increased ambition from Carbon Budget 6. The electricity transmission and distribution networks will also both require significant expenditures with an additional £20-30 billion required by 2037 to maintain and reinforce Great Britain’s electricity network. 19. The offshore wind sector alone will see over £20 billion in private investment by 2030, and in the last six months around £1.5 billion of investment has already been announced. This includes two purpose-built manufacturing ports and five offshore wind turbine component factories. 20. Decarbonising the power sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK.', 'Decarbonising the power sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions in the sector could support up to 59,000 jobs in 2024 and up to 120,000 jobs in 2030. 21. For example, the offshore wind sector could support up to 60,000 jobs by 2030, including in the supply chain, with further employment opportunities during construction. Increased deployment of storage and demand side flexibility could support up to 7,000 jobs, levelling up the power sector across Great Britain. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyPolicies and proposals Prioritising critical system enablers 22. Crucially, a whole system approach puts more emphasis on addressing critical system enablers.', 'Crucially, a whole system approach puts more emphasis on addressing critical system enablers. These measures will integrate different low carbon technologies into a coherent, single entity and optimise the system most efficiently and cost-effectively, in the interest of consumers. 23. This means adopting a new approach to developing and delivering electricity networks, both onshore and offshore, to ensure that new low carbon generation can be connected to growing sources of demand. The Offshore Transmission Network Review (OTNR) is transforming how the connections for offshore wind and other offshore transmission infrastructure is planned, designed, and delivered with changes being progressed across the near, medium, and long term.', 'The Offshore Transmission Network Review (OTNR) is transforming how the connections for offshore wind and other offshore transmission infrastructure is planned, designed, and delivered with changes being progressed across the near, medium, and long term. Coordination in how we connect offshore wind can potentially save consumers between £3-6 billion by 2050 and reduce the number of assets and onshore landing points by up to 50%.8 Ofgem has recently consulted upon regulatory changes to enable offshore coordination for in-flight projects, including potentially allowing anticipatory investment. BEIS is currently consulting on a new long‑term policy regime for offshore networks. Onshore, we welcome electricity networks’ efforts to invest strategically ahead of need in new capacity, where it is efficient to do so, as well as Ofgem’s work to create a price control framework which allows and encourages this.', 'Onshore, we welcome electricity networks’ efforts to invest strategically ahead of need in new capacity, where it is efficient to do so, as well as Ofgem’s work to create a price control framework which allows and encourages this. In recognition of the essential role of electricity networks as an enabler of net zero, we will publish, jointly with Ofgem, an Electricity Network Strategy, which will set out how we will facilitate an agile, flexible onshore network that allows the rapid, transformational change required while responding to consumer and energy system needs. This will include our plans to introduce competition in the building, ownership, and operation of onshore network assets, on which we published a consultation in August. 24. We will look to deliver these changes whilst minimising the impacts on citizens and communities.', 'We will look to deliver these changes whilst minimising the impacts on citizens and communities. Network companies work closely with local and transport authorities and are incentivised to deliver network upgrades as efficiently as possible both domestically and through the RIIO price control framework, for example by laying larger cables to avoid reopening roads twice. Connection upgrades are becoming increasingly digitalised for domestic customers looking to install a heat pump or electric vehicle chargepoints. In cases where network upgrades require a temporary power disruption, network companies are required to give notice to customers of planned outages. Advice and ongoing information is also provided including support for vulnerable customers, such as providing generators for customers who are medically dependent on electricity. 25. The deployment of smart technologies and flexibility will underpin our energy security and the transition to net zero.', 'The deployment of smart technologies and flexibility will underpin our energy security and the transition to net zero. Flexibility from technologies such as energy storage, smart and bidirectional charging of electric vehicles, flexible heating systems, and interconnection could save up to £10 billion per year by 2050 by reducing the amount of generation and network needed to decarbonise.9 These technologies offset the need for more expensive capital investment in traditional infrastructure, as well as help optimise how efficiently the system operates by better integrating intermittent renewables into the system and reducing peak demand. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener26. A key enabler for demand side flexibility will be smart meters, which enable innovative products and services such as smart time‑of‑use tariffs.', 'A key enabler for demand side flexibility will be smart meters, which enable innovative products and services such as smart time‑of‑use tariffs. These tariffs reward consumers financially for using energy outside peak times, when demand is low or when there is excess generation available. Technologies such as electric vehicles and smart appliances can be automatically programmed to take advantage of cheaper rates, cost-effectively integrating them with renewable energy sources and saving consumers money. At the end of June 2021, there were 25.2 million smart and advanced meters in homes and small businesses across Great Britain, representing 46% 27. The Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan sets out a vision, analysis, and actions for delivering a smart and flexible energy system.', 'The Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan sets out a vision, analysis, and actions for delivering a smart and flexible energy system. We will facilitate flexibility from consumers and remove barriers to flexibility on the grid, both for small-scale and large-scale long-duration electricity storage, as well as driving policy to increase interconnector capacity. The Plan also sets out actions to improve market design and coordination so that flexibility providers can secure revenues across multiple markets. Data and digitalisation are a core aspect of the future system; we have set out a strategic approach to digitalisation and opening data across the energy sector through the Energy Digitalisation Strategy. 28.', 'Data and digitalisation are a core aspect of the future system; we have set out a strategic approach to digitalisation and opening data across the energy sector through the Energy Digitalisation Strategy. 28. This transformation of the energy system means our approach to system governance needs to evolve to help the whole energy system achieve our net zero ambitions and meet consumers’ needs at the least cost. BEIS and Ofgem have jointly consulted on the future of system operation.11 We set out proposals for an expert and impartial Future System Operator (FSO) with responsibilities across both the electricity and gas systems, to drive progress towards net zero while maintaining energy security and minimising costs for consumers.', 'BEIS and Ofgem have jointly consulted on the future of system operation.11 We set out proposals for an expert and impartial Future System Operator (FSO) with responsibilities across both the electricity and gas systems, to drive progress towards net zero while maintaining energy security and minimising costs for consumers. These proposals set out how detailed expertise gained from system operation could be used to provide a whole energy system approach to coordination and planning while ensuring that market participants and government has confidence in the impartiality of the FSO’s advice and facilitation of markets, competition, and system development.', 'These proposals set out how detailed expertise gained from system operation could be used to provide a whole energy system approach to coordination and planning while ensuring that market participants and government has confidence in the impartiality of the FSO’s advice and facilitation of markets, competition, and system development. We have also, jointly with Ofgem, consulted on the future governance of energy codes, which set out the detailed technical and commercial rules for the system, building on the government and Ofgem’s joint review of code governance and the work of the independent panel on 29. Significant progress towards net zero can happen, and is already happening, within our existing market framework. This combines markets for wholesale power, balancing, and system services with a Contracts for Difference scheme (CfD) for low carbon generation and a capacity market to ensure security of supply.', 'This combines markets for wholesale power, balancing, and system services with a Contracts for Difference scheme (CfD) for low carbon generation and a capacity market to ensure security of supply. We have recently published a Call for Evidence on actions to better align the capacity market with net zero,13 including potential actions to encourage the participation of more low carbon capacity. However, it will be necessary to consider whether broader reforms to our market frameworks are needed to unlock the full potential of low carbon technologies to take us to net zero. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy30.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy30. Throughout the transition, consumers should pay a fair, affordable price for their electricity, and be able to engage with a retail energy market that offers the products and services that allow them to make choices that support net zero. To support these aims, the government is considering what reforms to the retail energy market are needed to support progress to net zero through the 2020s, including the role of suppliers and how they are regulated.14 In considering these reforms, the government will take account of the lessons of the current market, in which high gas prices have placed financial pressures on suppliers. In the future, the market will need to be resilient and sustainable, and continue to protect consumers as we move to a net zero system.', 'In the future, the market will need to be resilient and sustainable, and continue to protect consumers as we move to a net zero system. The market will also need to remain competitive, and consumers will need to be engaged with positive choices about their energy supply. To support these choices, consumers should receive accurate information about the carbon content of their energy products, and we will consider the case for reforming the framework which underpins green electricity tariffs and wider environmental carbon accounting schemes. 31. We will also need to address cross‑cutting, overarching enablers such as ensuring the planning system has the capacity to support the deployment of low carbon energy infrastructure, while also representing the interests of the environment and of the communities which host this infrastructure.', 'We will also need to address cross‑cutting, overarching enablers such as ensuring the planning system has the capacity to support the deployment of low carbon energy infrastructure, while also representing the interests of the environment and of the communities which host this infrastructure. We will do this by updating the energy National Policy Statements to provide greater clarity on the need and urgency for low carbon infrastructure, exploring ways of streamlining processes through the Nationally Significant Infrastructure Projects (NSIP) reform programme and addressing issues at a strategic level, for example through the Offshore Wind Enabling Actions Programme. 32. We will need to consider how low carbon energy infrastructure can be deployed at an unprecedented scale and pace sympathetically alongside the interests of communities and consistent with our obligations to a sustainable environment, both land-based and marine.', 'We will need to consider how low carbon energy infrastructure can be deployed at an unprecedented scale and pace sympathetically alongside the interests of communities and consistent with our obligations to a sustainable environment, both land-based and marine. We will also need to streamline the consenting process to ensure that the deployment needed to stay on track for our 2030 and CB6 targets is delivered. 33. In addition, we will need to grow our supply of skilled workers and further strengthen the UK supply chain to service the demands of energy infrastructure, creating economic opportunity for citizens and communities across the UK. The £160 million announced in the Ten Point Plan, has substantially grown our industrial capabilities in the offshore wind sector.', 'The £160 million announced in the Ten Point Plan, has substantially grown our industrial capabilities in the offshore wind sector. To help keep us on track for our Carbon Budget 6 and net zero targets we will need to deploy substantial volumes of floating offshore wind. Our target of 1 GW floating offshore wind by 2030 is a stepping stone to further growth in the UK, which will also develop jobs and opportunities in the associated industrial supply chain putting us at the forefront of this new technology that can utilise our North and Celtic Seas. We will build on this with £380m for our world-leading offshore wind sector, investing in supply chains, infrastructure and early-coordination of offshore transmission networks, securing jobs and benefitting communities across the UK.', 'We will build on this with £380m for our world-leading offshore wind sector, investing in supply chains, infrastructure and early-coordination of offshore transmission networks, securing jobs and benefitting communities across the UK. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSupporting sustained deployment of low carbon generation 34. While our strategic approach to decarbonising power in line with CB6 is predicated on a whole system approach, with a key role for the market in delivering the most efficient solution, part of the CB6 challenge is nonetheless one of deploying low carbon electricity generation infrastructure at an unprecedented scale and pace whilst maintaining optionality for more nascent sources for power generation, such as hydrogen, to help reduce the risk of delivery.', 'While our strategic approach to decarbonising power in line with CB6 is predicated on a whole system approach, with a key role for the market in delivering the most efficient solution, part of the CB6 challenge is nonetheless one of deploying low carbon electricity generation infrastructure at an unprecedented scale and pace whilst maintaining optionality for more nascent sources for power generation, such as hydrogen, to help reduce the risk of delivery. In a scenario with higher electricity demand, if there is no hydrogen generation in the power sector, we are likely to need to build all known technologies at or close to their maximum deployment potential by the mid-2030s. 35.', 'In a scenario with higher electricity demand, if there is no hydrogen generation in the power sector, we are likely to need to build all known technologies at or close to their maximum deployment potential by the mid-2030s. 35. In the Energy White Paper, we committed to a target of 40 GW of offshore wind by 2030, including 1 GW floating wind, alongside the expansion of other low-cost renewable technologies. We need to continue to drive rapid deployment of renewables, for example offshore wind, so we can reach substantially greater capacity beyond 2030, and accelerate the cost reduction and commercialisation of floating offshore wind. As we decarbonise our electricity system our wholesale prices will become less exposed to fluctuations in global fossil fuel prices, and we would expect wholesale prices to be lower. 36.', 'As we decarbonise our electricity system our wholesale prices will become less exposed to fluctuations in global fossil fuel prices, and we would expect wholesale prices to be lower. 36. CB6 also requires a sustained increase to the deployment of land-based renewables such as locally supported onshore wind and solar in the 2020s and beyond. We will seek to ensure a facilitative environment for the deployment of unsubsidised rooftop solar to complement our market-based approach of ensuring exporters receive a fair price through the Smart Export Guarantee. We also have one of the best ocean energy resources in the world and we continue to explore the role of marine technologies in net zero. 37.', 'We also have one of the best ocean energy resources in the world and we continue to explore the role of marine technologies in net zero. 37. This step change in renewable deployment will be achieved primarily by providing ongoing support through the CfD scheme, starting with allocation round 4 this December – which will be the biggest-ever round of our flagship renewable energy scheme. The CfD will be key to delivering the levels of generation required by 2030. To support this step change we will undertake a review of the frequency of the CfD auctions. Looking beyond this, ensuring we retain effective means to provide long-term stability will be crucial throughout the 2030s to achieve affordable, scalable deployment. 38.', 'Looking beyond this, ensuring we retain effective means to provide long-term stability will be crucial throughout the 2030s to achieve affordable, scalable deployment. 38. We also need to increase our nuclear capacity, which is why we said in the Energy White Paper that we will aim to bring at least one large-scale nuclear project to the point of final investment decision by the end of this Parliament, subject to clear value for money and all relevant approvals. In December 2020 we announced the start of formal negotiations on Sizewell C and those negotiations are ongoing. To facilitate a decision this Parliament, we plan to establish the Regulated Asset Base model to fund new nuclear projects at a low cost of capital, saving consumers money. 39.', 'To facilitate a decision this Parliament, we plan to establish the Regulated Asset Base model to fund new nuclear projects at a low cost of capital, saving consumers money. 39. The government will also take measures to inform investment decisions during the next Parliament on further nuclear projects as we work towards our net zero target. This will include consideration of large- scale and advanced nuclear technologies, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and potentially Advanced Modular Reactors (AMRs). As part of this, we are announcing a new £120 million Future Nuclear Enabling Fund to provide targeted support in relation to barriers to entry. Further details of how this fund will operate will be published in 2022 alongside details of a roadmap for deployment that takes into account value for money.', 'Further details of how this fund will operate will be published in 2022 alongside details of a roadmap for deployment that takes into account value for money. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy40. We are also providing funding for a SMR design through our £385m Advanced Nuclear Fund and are progressing plans for an Advanced Modular Reactor demonstrator in the early 2030s. Whether large- or small-scale projects, there remain a number of possible sites available for these options, including Wylfa in North Wales. 41. To help deliver emissions reductions to keep us on track for Carbon Budget 6, we will need significant expansion of power CCUS beyond the Energy White Paper commitment of one power plant by 2030.', 'To help deliver emissions reductions to keep us on track for Carbon Budget 6, we will need significant expansion of power CCUS beyond the Energy White Paper commitment of one power plant by 2030. To do this we will implement the Dispatchable Power Agreement (DPA), and seek to bring forward at least one power CCUS plant in the mid 2020’s through the CCUS Cluster Sequencing Process, subject to the outcome of that process including value for money and affordability considerations. We will also aim to begin competitive allocation in the 2020’s to support a future pipeline of projects and cost reduction via increased deployment and competitive tension. Finally, we will continue to review and evolve the policy framework to stimulate the delivery of future power CCUS projects. 42.', 'Finally, we will continue to review and evolve the policy framework to stimulate the delivery of future power CCUS projects. 42. Bioenergy has already played a significant role in decarbonising the electricity system, accounting for 12.6% of total renewables generation in 2019.15 Technological changes mean that biomass usage can now go beyond carbon-neutral and deliver negative emissions by combining it with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). As committed to in the Energy White Paper, we will publish a Biomass Strategy in 2022 that will set out how BECCS could be deployed. As is the case with all UK biomass use, any future BECCS projects will need to meet stringent sustainability and air quality requirements for the production and use of biomass, as will be set out in the Biomass Strategy.', 'As is the case with all UK biomass use, any future BECCS projects will need to meet stringent sustainability and air quality requirements for the production and use of biomass, as will be set out in the Biomass Strategy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerReducing delivery risk 43. Although we need to ensure we can deploy existing low carbon generation technologies at close to their maximum to reach Carbon Budget 6, we also need to de-risk the delivery challenge. We will pursue innovative technology solutions which ease the pressure, including: • Exploring the system need and case for market intervention for long duration storage and hydrogen in power – both technologies have the potential to provide important low carbon peaking capacity during periods of high demand and over extreme events such as long periods of low wind.', 'We will pursue innovative technology solutions which ease the pressure, including: • Exploring the system need and case for market intervention for long duration storage and hydrogen in power – both technologies have the potential to provide important low carbon peaking capacity during periods of high demand and over extreme events such as long periods of low wind. Long duration storage technologies could provide a range of system stability services such as the provision of inertia. An expansion of hydrogen in power could also reduce the need to build other technologies at the limit of what is technically feasible and could be a form of storage for excess power generated by renewables.', 'An expansion of hydrogen in power could also reduce the need to build other technologies at the limit of what is technically feasible and could be a form of storage for excess power generated by renewables. We are supporting innovation in longer duration energy storage projects through a £68 million competition for prototypes and • Reducing emissions from the energy from waste sector – emissions from energy from waste plants represent a significant part of the residual emissions in the power sector. We are exploring options to reduce emissions from these plants within the power sector, including whether support for CCUS at Energy from Waste plants could be provided by the Industrial Carbon Capture Business Model.', 'We are exploring options to reduce emissions from these plants within the power sector, including whether support for CCUS at Energy from Waste plants could be provided by the Industrial Carbon Capture Business Model. The Government’s approach in respect of this is still under consideration and we intend to provide further details later this year; • Maximising system flexibility, including through storage technologies, demand side response, and interconnectors – to integrate renewables, balancing the intermittency of renewables and helping to maintain system operability; • Promoting more ambitious and sustained demand reduction and energy efficiency measures to reduce overall power demand – allowing demand to increase unconstrained as we electrify other parts of the economy could prevent us hitting very low levels of emissions during the 2030s.', 'The Government’s approach in respect of this is still under consideration and we intend to provide further details later this year; • Maximising system flexibility, including through storage technologies, demand side response, and interconnectors – to integrate renewables, balancing the intermittency of renewables and helping to maintain system operability; • Promoting more ambitious and sustained demand reduction and energy efficiency measures to reduce overall power demand – allowing demand to increase unconstrained as we electrify other parts of the economy could prevent us hitting very low levels of emissions during the 2030s. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the power sector, and across the UK.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the power sector, and across the UK. Wales The Welsh Government has supported the development of four regional energy strategies that identify the scale of change needed to reach a low carbon energy system and establish regional priorities for energy. This work models future demand for power, heat and transport, and assesses the economic impact of delivering the proposed ambitions. In addition, Conwy and Newport local authority areas are piloting local area energy planning.', 'In addition, Conwy and Newport local authority areas are piloting local area energy planning. This work will identify the low-regret actions to decarbonise a local energy system and can be used by grid network operators to inform their infrastructure investment. Scotland The Scottish Government’s £62 million Energy Transition Fund will support Scotland’s energy sector and the North East, over the next five years, to make progress on energy transition as Scotland moves toward a net zero society by 2045. The Emerging Energy Technologies Fund is a £180 million package of funding over five years that will provide capital support to accelerate low carbon infrastructure projects that will be essential to deliver net zero. The Fund will make £100 million available to support hydrogen projects in line with the Scottish Government’s Hydrogen Policy Statement.', 'The Fund will make £100 million available to support hydrogen projects in line with the Scottish Government’s Hydrogen Policy Statement. A further £80 million of this funding will be directed to projects supporting the development of carbon capture, utilisation and storage and negative emission technology projects in Scotland. The purpose of the hydrogen funding programme is to support the delivery of the Scottish Government’s upcoming Hydrogen Action Plan, the development of a hydrogen economy in Scotland, to help overcome challenges to scaling up hydrogen production and to deliver lasting benefits for business and communities. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland has already demonstrated its commitment to decarbonisation of the power sector through rolling out renewable electricity generation under the Northern Ireland Renewables Obligation (NIRO) - 45.4% of the electricity consumed in Northern Ireland was generated from renewable sources.', 'Northern Ireland Northern Ireland has already demonstrated its commitment to decarbonisation of the power sector through rolling out renewable electricity generation under the Northern Ireland Renewables Obligation (NIRO) - 45.4% of the electricity consumed in Northern Ireland was generated from renewable sources. Building on this achievement and with a view to meeting the ambition of net zero by 2050, the Minister for the Economy, in considering requirements for the NI Energy Strategy (to be published by end of 2021), has set a renewable electricity target of at least 70% by 2030. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3ii. Fuel Supply and Hydrogen Transitioning to a low carbon future Our Key Commitments • An ambition for 5 GW UK low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030.', 'Fuel Supply and Hydrogen Transitioning to a low carbon future Our Key Commitments • An ambition for 5 GW UK low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030. • We have set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models. We will be providing up to £140m to establish the scheme, including up to £100m to award contracts of up to 250MW of electrolytic hydrogen production capacity in 2023 with further allocation in 2024. • Implement the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund and finalise the Hydrogen Business Model and the Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard in 2022.', '• Implement the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund and finalise the Hydrogen Business Model and the Low Carbon Hydrogen Standard in 2022. • Work with the sector to help develop a low carbon fuel strategy for transport for publication in 2022, as announced in the recent Transport Decarbonisation Plan, and deliver commitments on sustainable aviation fuels. • Work with stakeholders to address barriers to electrification of oil and gas production by Q4 2022 and continue to drive down routine flaring and venting.', '• Work with stakeholders to address barriers to electrification of oil and gas production by Q4 2022 and continue to drive down routine flaring and venting. • Regulate the oil and gas sector in a way that minimises GHG emissions, notably through the revised Oil and Gas Authority strategy, which empowers the OGA to assess operators’ plans to reduce their emissions levels against effectively a net zero test, and establish a climate compatibility checkpoint for future licensing on the UK Continental Shelf. Progress to date 1. In 2019 net UK GHG emissions from fuel supply totalled 26 MtCO e and accounted for 5% of total net UK GHG emissions.', 'In 2019 net UK GHG emissions from fuel supply totalled 26 MtCO e and accounted for 5% of total net UK GHG emissions. Emissions today mainly derive from fossil fuels and can be attributed to stages of the supply journey.17 This chapter covers all aspects of fuel supply emissions: • Extraction (‘upstream’) – exploration and production of oil and gas including drilling, surfacing resources and onshore processing at gas plants; • Transportation (‘midstream’) – transportation and storage of oil and gas including pipelines, pumping stations, trucks, and transcontinental tankers; Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Refinement (‘downstream’) – refining oil into products including transport fuels, bitumen, lubricating oils, liquid petroleum gasses, heating oils, marine fuels, polymers, solvents, and alcohols.', 'Emissions today mainly derive from fossil fuels and can be attributed to stages of the supply journey.17 This chapter covers all aspects of fuel supply emissions: • Extraction (‘upstream’) – exploration and production of oil and gas including drilling, surfacing resources and onshore processing at gas plants; • Transportation (‘midstream’) – transportation and storage of oil and gas including pipelines, pumping stations, trucks, and transcontinental tankers; Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Refinement (‘downstream’) – refining oil into products including transport fuels, bitumen, lubricating oils, liquid petroleum gasses, heating oils, marine fuels, polymers, solvents, and alcohols. Refining emissions are counted as part of the industry sector but are discussed in this chapter to take a holistic view of supply. UK GHG emissions from fuel supply have decreased by 61%.', 'UK GHG emissions from fuel supply have decreased by 61%. North Sea production has fallen; older, more polluting installations have been decommissioned whilst cleaner ones have been brought online; regulatory frameworks have supported efficiency gains; coal mines have closed; and iron pipes have been replaced with plastic to reduce methane leakage across the gas network. 3. We have also made progress in low carbon fuel production. An estimated 10-27 TWh of hydrogen production now exists today but is almost all derived from fossil fuels without carbon capture and for use outside of the energy system.18 In 2019, renewable fuels supplied under the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RFTO) accounted for 5% of total road and non-road mobile machinery fuel. This mainly consisted of biodiesel and bioethanol but also included biomethane and 4.', 'This mainly consisted of biodiesel and bioethanol but also included biomethane and 4. Building on the Ten Point Plan, we recently published the UK Hydrogen Strategy and associated consultations on a hydrogen business model, the Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) and a low carbon hydrogen standard, outlining our approach to kickstarting the production of low carbon hydrogen and developing a robust UK hydrogen economy. Net zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 5. There is a need for widespread electrification across the economy, but we cannot rely on electricity alone. Many end use sectors require low carbon energy including those where electrification is not viable or cost-effective, making the supply of cleaner fuels essential to achieving net zero. 6. Our fuel supply will look very different by 2050.', 'Our fuel supply will look very different by 2050. Oil and gas production will contract significantly as the UK Continental Shelf matures and investment in the North Sea pivots to new opportunities from CCUS and hydrogen, accelerated by widespread electrification and low carbon fuel switching. This shift away from fossil fuels will protect consumers from volatile gas prices. Remaining oil and gas installations will use low carbon power, with residual emissions minimised. In the Energy White Paper, we committed to this, by stating that we will work with the oil and gas sector to transform the UK Continental Shelf into a net zero basin by 2050. 7.', 'In the Energy White Paper, we committed to this, by stating that we will work with the oil and gas sector to transform the UK Continental Shelf into a net zero basin by 2050. 7. Refineries can play an important role in low carbon clusters utilising CCUS and low carbon fuels, and the production of low carbon fuels will increase significantly to meet demand where electrification is not viable. In these areas there will be significant scale up of hydrogen networks and storage, from new and repurposed existing infrastructure. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener8.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener8. Based on our whole-system modelling, by 2050, emissions associated with fuel supply could need to drop by 71-99% compared to 2019, down to 0-8 MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and CB6 targets, we expect emissions could fall by 37-45% by 2030 and 53-60% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on an indicative fuel supply sector pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets (see figure 18 below). Figure 18: Indicative fuel supply emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-Hydrogen Strategy & NSTD & NZS policies and proposals NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 9. We have agreed ambitious interim targets for emissions reductions with industry through the North Sea Transition Deal (NSTD) including 2030 compared to a 2018 baseline. 10.', 'We have agreed ambitious interim targets for emissions reductions with industry through the North Sea Transition Deal (NSTD) including 2030 compared to a 2018 baseline. 10. The Ten Point Plan announced our ambition for 5 GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030, alongside steps to drive the uptake of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Since then we have invested £3 million in kick starting the Tees Valley Hydrogen Transport Hub and announced a £60 million Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2 Competition to fund projects to develop innovative low carbon hydrogen solutions.', 'Since then we have invested £3 million in kick starting the Tees Valley Hydrogen Transport Hub and announced a £60 million Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2 Competition to fund projects to develop innovative low carbon hydrogen solutions. The UK Hydrogen Strategy further sets out our comprehensive approach to growing a UK hydrogen economy, indicating that use of low carbon hydrogen enabled by 5 GW of production capacity could deliver total emissions savings of 41 MtCO e between 2023 and 2032, the equivalent of the carbon captured by 700 million trees over the same period. 11.', 'The UK Hydrogen Strategy further sets out our comprehensive approach to growing a UK hydrogen economy, indicating that use of low carbon hydrogen enabled by 5 GW of production capacity could deliver total emissions savings of 41 MtCO e between 2023 and 2032, the equivalent of the carbon captured by 700 million trees over the same period. 11. Looking across a range of end use scenarios, the UK Hydrogen Strategy suggests that we could need 7-20 GW of Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economyproduction capacity in 2035 and 15-60 GW in 2050, depending on developments across heat, industry, transport, and power.20 Using more specific end use assumptions, the illustrative pathway in this Strategy suggests production capacity in 2035 would need to be 10 GW if heat is electrified, or 17 GW if hydrogen is used widely for heat.21 12.', 'Looking across a range of end use scenarios, the UK Hydrogen Strategy suggests that we could need 7-20 GW of Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economyproduction capacity in 2035 and 15-60 GW in 2050, depending on developments across heat, industry, transport, and power.20 Using more specific end use assumptions, the illustrative pathway in this Strategy suggests production capacity in 2035 would need to be 10 GW if heat is electrified, or 17 GW if hydrogen is used widely for heat.21 12. As the production of low carbon fuels replaces fossil fuels, we intend to follow the following principles: • Integrating a whole system view. We will take an economy-wide view, including to balance end-use sector demands with supply side considerations, such as infrastructure and the operation of the electricity and other fuel supply sectors.', 'We will take an economy-wide view, including to balance end-use sector demands with supply side considerations, such as infrastructure and the operation of the electricity and other fuel supply sectors. • Taking a portfolio approach. We will remain flexible to a supply mix of low carbon fuels that could be affected by technologies in early development. As demand grows, we expect innovators, investors and producers will respond with advances delivering further cost or emissions savings. Our hydrogen modelling assumes a combination of electrolysis from renewable electricity, methane reformation with CCUS, and BECCS but we are aware of industry plans involving other production methods and will update our modelling with new technologies as evidence develops. • Minimising environmental impacts. Any impacts from low carbon fuel production on air quality or the environment must be kept under consideration and comply with evolving regulatory standards.', 'Any impacts from low carbon fuel production on air quality or the environment must be kept under consideration and comply with evolving regulatory standards. We must maintain strict sustainability requirements for fuels to be eligible for government support schemes to achieve genuine emissions savings compared to fossil fuels and minimise environmental impacts. 13. Drawing on the OECD’s ‘Trade in Embodied CO ’ database, as well as the relative levels of trade openness of UK sectors, our analysis suggests that refineries are currently amongst the areas most at risk of carbon leakage. We are committed to mitigating this risk by engaging with industry to better understand their concerns around carbon leakage. Further analysis and information on the potential mitigations for consideration are set out in HM Treasury’s Net Zero Review. Seizing new opportunities 14.', 'Further analysis and information on the potential mitigations for consideration are set out in HM Treasury’s Net Zero Review. Seizing new opportunities 14. To achieve the level of emissions reductions in the fuel supply sector indicated by our delivery pathway to 2037, we will need additional public and private investment of £20-30 billion. 15. Government investment in domestic hydrogen production, to de-risk early projects, could also unlock private sector capital co- investment of over £4 billion by 2030. This could increase to £10-22 billion to meet the 2037 delivery pathway in electrification and hydrogen scenarios for heat respectively.22 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener16. Decarbonising fuel supply and growth of the hydrogen sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK.', 'Decarbonising fuel supply and growth of the hydrogen sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions in fuel supply and growing the hydrogen sector could support up to 10,000 jobs in 2030. We will build on existing commitments in the NSTD to facilitate reskilling and support 40,000 jobs across the supply chain, ensuring everyone employed in the sector can fulfil their potential. Many skills will also be transferable to clean growth industries like offshore wind, CCUS and hydrogen production. Producing low carbon hydrogen at scale will be made possible by carbon capture and storage infrastructure, and we plan to grow both of these new British industries side by side in industrail ‘SuperPlaces’. 17.', 'Producing low carbon hydrogen at scale will be made possible by carbon capture and storage infrastructure, and we plan to grow both of these new British industries side by side in industrail ‘SuperPlaces’. 17. The development of a domestic SAF industry alone could generate support up to 1,000 jobs in 2030, with new jobs as plants are developed as well as opportunities to retain existing fuel expertise across the country. Industry has committed to creating an integrated skills plan to help its transition and diversification with strong support from government, academia, and trade unions. 18. Achieving our 5 GW ambition for hydrogen production capacity could support over 9,000 jobs in 2030, across the full hydrogen value chain.', 'Achieving our 5 GW ambition for hydrogen production capacity could support over 9,000 jobs in 2030, across the full hydrogen value chain. Meeting the delivery pathways set out in the Journey to Net Zero chapter could support 13,000-19,000 jobs across the hydrogen economy by 2035.23 19. Oil and gas will continue to play an important role as we transform from an economy based on fossil fuels to one based on clean energy. We will manage the transition in a way that protects jobs and investment, uses existing infrastructure, maintains security of supply, and accounts for climate risk. Case study: The Phillips 66 Humber refinery The sector can already compete on the world stage and provide domestic resilience by producing products essential for decarbonisation.', 'Case study: The Phillips 66 Humber refinery The sector can already compete on the world stage and provide domestic resilience by producing products essential for decarbonisation. UK refining includes a global leader and the only European producer of high-grade speciality coke for batteries used in electric vehicles and consumer electronic goods. The Phillips 66 Humber refinery’s world scale production capability is equivalent to 1.3 million electric vehicles (EV) per year. . Whilst the majority is currently exported, it has the potential to underpin a domestic UK battery industry and development of a broader EV battery manufacturing base in the UK. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyPolicies and proposals Oil and gas supply 20.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyPolicies and proposals Oil and gas supply 20. We have always been clear that as we reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, the North Sea basin has a key role to play. Our approach will ensure that it does contribute to the transition, driving investment in transition technologies and providing the skills needed for net zero. However, we are clear that we do need to reduce our reliance on hydrocarbons as swiftly as possible. The best way to protect British businesses and consumers from volatile international fossil fuel markets is to get our economy off hydrocarbons. 21. Upstream, the North Sea Transition Deal (NSTD) has set us on a transformational path to deliver the long‑term skills, innovation, infrastructure, and investment required to decarbonise oil and gas production and industry more widely.', 'Upstream, the North Sea Transition Deal (NSTD) has set us on a transformational path to deliver the long‑term skills, innovation, infrastructure, and investment required to decarbonise oil and gas production and industry more widely. The deal will hold the industry to account on commitments it has made to halve its operational emissions by 2030, while supporting up to 40,000 high‑quality direct and indirect supply chain jobs in Scotland and our industrial heartlands in the North East, North West and East of England. It also emphasises our shared commitment to achieving 10 MtCO /year of CCUS capacity, with industry leveraging existing infrastructure to provide key transport and storage capability; and positions the sector to help deliver our 5 GW hydrogen ambition. 22.', 'It also emphasises our shared commitment to achieving 10 MtCO /year of CCUS capacity, with industry leveraging existing infrastructure to provide key transport and storage capability; and positions the sector to help deliver our 5 GW hydrogen ambition. 22. The Oil and Gas Authority (OGA) published its revised strategy in February, enshrining a range of new net zero obligations for the UK oil and gas industry. This is reflected through the suite of levers available to the OGA, making net zero a key factor in its decisions, including to grant consent for projects.', 'This is reflected through the suite of levers available to the OGA, making net zero a key factor in its decisions, including to grant consent for projects. It empowers the OGA to assess operators’ plans to reduce their emissions levels against effectively a net zero test, in accordance with its revised strategy, the OFS can now encourage operators to invest in transition technologies such as CCUS and hydrogen – seizing the economic opportunities available to the sector in a net zero future and living up to the commitments of the Transition Deal. The Strategy also introduces full societal carbon cost assessments into the approvals process. 23. Step-change abatement will be delivered by the electrification of existing and new offshore assets, through connections to onshore networks or offshore renewables.', 'Step-change abatement will be delivered by the electrification of existing and new offshore assets, through connections to onshore networks or offshore renewables. We will work with regulators to review supporting infrastructure in the Offshore Transmission Network Review and to address regulatory barriers. We will support removing further barriers through £1 million of additional funding from 2021 to 2022. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener24. Beyond power generation, flaring and venting account for most remaining upstream emissions and we will need to be ambitious to allow us to stay on track for our CB6 target. We have endorsed industry’s commitment in the NSTD to accelerate reductions beyond the World Bank’s ‘Zero Routine Flaring by 2030’ initiative and new OGA guidance sets out the expectation that all facilities should have zero routine flaring and venting by 2030 or sooner.', 'We have endorsed industry’s commitment in the NSTD to accelerate reductions beyond the World Bank’s ‘Zero Routine Flaring by 2030’ initiative and new OGA guidance sets out the expectation that all facilities should have zero routine flaring and venting by 2030 or sooner. Industry is taking steps through its Methane Action Plan for continuous emissions reductions with specific methane emissions reduction targets, whilst setting the expectation that assets will have individual action plans by 2022. 25. Further, following the conclusion of our review into the future of offshore oil and gas licensing earlier this year, we will also introduce a formal climate compatibility checkpoint on future licensing rounds for oil and gas exploration. This will ensure future licences are only awarded following a compatibility assessment against the government’s broad climate change ambitions, including reaching net zero by 2050.', 'This will ensure future licences are only awarded following a compatibility assessment against the government’s broad climate change ambitions, including reaching net zero by 2050. This checkpoint will be designed by the end of 2021. We will be seeking input on the design through a consultation to be published before COP26. 26. This checkpoint builds on the existing checks within our regulatory system, including the OGA Strategy, and the role of the Offshore Petroleum Regulator for Environment and Decommissioning (OPRED). These checks include a full environmental impact assessment and a public consultation. 27. Additional work is being carried out by the government and regulators to review what action can be taken to further reduce emissions. Improved measurement, reporting and verification will play a critical role in this.', 'Improved measurement, reporting and verification will play a critical role in this. The government, including the Offshore Petroleum Regulator for Environment and Decommissioning, is working closely with the OGA to collect robust industry data which will enable effective implementation of their strategy. The OGA’s tracking of overall emissions reductions and benchmarking of flaring and venting data will also improve performance across industry. Government and regulators will continue to work with industry to drive emissions reductions, including through improved process efficiency, to stay on track for CB6. 28. Midstream, the gas network must be effective at minimising gas leakage and associated emissions by replacing iron pipes with plastic, even with gas demand decreasing leading to 2050.', 'Midstream, the gas network must be effective at minimising gas leakage and associated emissions by replacing iron pipes with plastic, even with gas demand decreasing leading to 2050. Through network price controls, Ofgem has set gas distribution companies a target to replace 15,500km of iron mains and associated services in 5 years, from April 2021. This will reduce leakage by 17% and emissions by 0.5 MtCO e. Additional financial incentives will encourage further action through pressure management and gas conditioning. We continue to work with Ofgem and HSE to review how best to continue to reduce methane leakage to 0% in all future decarbonisation scenarios. 29. Blending hydrogen into the gas grid could also support initial steps to decarbonise heating. This will consider the air quality impacts of hydrogen combustion in domestic settings.', 'This will consider the air quality impacts of hydrogen combustion in domestic settings. Government is working closely with key delivery partners to explore options to blend hydrogen up to 20% by volume into the gas distribution network, and up to 2% into the gas transmission network, along with biomethane and natural gas. Subject to both the economic and safety case for blending being demonstrated, we are aiming to make a final decision on blending by the end of 2023. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy30. We recognise that industry will need early sight of decisions should blending proceed and propose five principles for delivery: • Safety. Blending must remain within safe limits set by the Health and Safety Executive and changes to gas quality and infrastructure must meet all safety requirements; • Operability.', 'Blending must remain within safe limits set by the Health and Safety Executive and changes to gas quality and infrastructure must meet all safety requirements; • Operability. Changes to gas quality and infrastructure must maintain existing system, pipeline, and consumer appliance operability; • Security of Supply. Blending must not prevent consumers’ secure gas supply; • Affordability. Costs to consumers should be affordable and value for money; and • Temporary. Blending could support initial development of the hydrogen economy but is not a preferred long-term solution. 31. Acknowledging that the future demand for gas will decline as we decarbonise, means that the gas system will need to change to meet the net zero targets. We will publish a call for evidence this autumn, seeking views from stakeholders on the future of the gas system, with a focus on infrastructure and markets.', 'We will publish a call for evidence this autumn, seeking views from stakeholders on the future of the gas system, with a focus on infrastructure and markets. This will enable us to determine how the gas market will need to evolve to ensure the right market and regulatory signals are in place to offer the necessary level of investment and maintenance throughout the transition. Gathering evidence on the amount of natural gas, biomethane, and hydrogen available and the ongoing role for gas will inform what action we must take. 32. Downstream, UK refineries already underpin major CCUS and hydrogen projects in key industrial clusters. These include Gigastack (Phillips 66), Humber Zero (Phillips 66) and HyNet (Essar Oil UK).', 'These include Gigastack (Phillips 66), Humber Zero (Phillips 66) and HyNet (Essar Oil UK). The Industrial Energy Transformation Fund recently awarded £7 million and £800,000 to Essar Stanlow and Phillips 66 respectively, in support of hydrogen focussed net zero projects. We are also encouraged to see operators investing in the production of low carbon fuels and will continue to work with the sector to encourage innovation, maximise economic opportunities from net zero, and remove regulatory barriers which hinder the transition away from fossil fuels. Case study: Fulcrum BioEnergy Fulcrum BioEnergy has announced plans to develop its first UK residual waste to low carbon SAF plant. The ‘Fulcrum NorthPoint’ biorefinery will be located at the Essar Oil (UK) Limited refinery at Stanlow, Ellesmere Port in the North West of England. 33.', 'The ‘Fulcrum NorthPoint’ biorefinery will be located at the Essar Oil (UK) Limited refinery at Stanlow, Ellesmere Port in the North West of England. 33. We have also published the draft Downstream Oil Resilience Bill which will give the government the powers it needs to ensure secure fuel supplies are maintained during the transition to net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerLow carbon fuel supply 34. The UK has a unique opportunity to be a leader in low carbon fuel production and this will be captured in strategies that we will publish in 2022. 35. A new Biomass Strategy will set how sustainable biomass could be best used across the economy to help achieve net zero, including to produce low carbon fuels.', 'A new Biomass Strategy will set how sustainable biomass could be best used across the economy to help achieve net zero, including to produce low carbon fuels. It will also assess our existing sustainability standards, already some of the world’s most stringent, and set out where and how we can improve them further. When coupled with carbon capture and storage, it is possible that sustainable biomass can not only enable production of low carbon fuels but could also deliver vital negative emissions. Any future BECCS project will need to meet stringent sustainability requirements for the production and use of biomass, as will be set out in the Biomass Strategy. 36. This will be complemented by a long-term strategy for low carbon fuels as announced in our recent Transport Decarbonisation Plan.', 'This will be complemented by a long-term strategy for low carbon fuels as announced in our recent Transport Decarbonisation Plan. The strategy will consider how to maximise emissions savings from low carbon fuels used across different transport modes in the period to 2050. 37. The latter of the two strategies will build on the success of the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO), which has supported the market for low carbon fuel supply since 2008. Fuels supported under the RTFO need to comply with sustainability criteria such as minimum GHG thresholds, and by incentivising fuels produced from wastes, it saved 5.37 MtCO e in 2019 alone.', 'Fuels supported under the RTFO need to comply with sustainability criteria such as minimum GHG thresholds, and by incentivising fuels produced from wastes, it saved 5.37 MtCO e in 2019 alone. Further to sub-targets for so-called development fuels of strategic importance, we have recently widened support to more diverse fuels and announced more ambitious targets for the RTFO to 2032 set at 14.6% of total liquid fuel supply. 38. To accelerate the development of UK plants to produce advanced fuels we have provided grant funding through schemes including the Future Fuels for Flight and Freight Competition (F4C) and Advanced Biofuels Demonstration Competition (ABDC). Delivering on the Ten Point Plan we also recently announced the shortlist for the £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies Competition (GFGS) supporting eight companies pioneering new SAF technologies.', 'Delivering on the Ten Point Plan we also recently announced the shortlist for the £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies Competition (GFGS) supporting eight companies pioneering new SAF technologies. To accompany this announcement, we published a consultation on proposals for a new UK SAF blending mandate aiming for introduction in 2025. It included design questions on which feedstocks and technologies should be eligible and welcomed views on what our SAF ambition and targets should be. We are currently reviewing the responses to the SAF mandate consultation, but our ambition is for a comprehensive policy framework, including the mandate, to enable the delivery of 10% SAF by 2030. Further detail can be found in the Transport chapter. Hydrogen production 39.', 'Further detail can be found in the Transport chapter. Hydrogen production 39. The UK’s skills, capabilities, assets, and infrastructure mean that we have the potential to excel in both CCUS-enabled and electrolytic low carbon hydrogen production. Alongside the scale of production that CCUS-enabled methane reformation or ‘blue’ hydrogen can bring, our renewables can support the growth of electrolytic or ‘green’ hydrogen, bringing down costs and increasing production capacity whilst new production technologies such as hydrogen from nuclear and biomass are developed. Supporting a variety of different production methods will enable us to develop low carbon hydrogen rapidly at scale during the 2020s and 2030s to deliver what is needed for CB6 and net zero. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy40.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy40. Our approach to scaling up the UK hydrogen economy in the 2020s is set out in our recent UK Hydrogen Strategy, which describes our key policies and proposals to overcome key barriers to development. Alongside the Strategy, we published a package of documents consulting on proposed policy support mechanisms for new hydrogen production. This approach, subject to further policy development following these consultations, and together with the ambition shown by proposed hydrogen projects, provides confidence we can achieve low carbon production sufficient to deliver on our targets under the Climate Change Act. We know there will be more to do and will keep our policy approach under review as the use of hydrogen in the energy system develops and production methods evolve. 41.', 'We know there will be more to do and will keep our policy approach under review as the use of hydrogen in the energy system develops and production methods evolve. 41. The UK is already at the forefront of innovation across the hydrogen value chain, reducing technological barriers to production and end use cases. We recently launched a new £60 million Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2 Competition, which will develop novel hydrogen supply solutions for a growing 42. Low carbon hydrogen is not yet competitive with traditional fuels as production projects face additional costs compared to existing energy sources. Investors cannot currently justify upfront capital investments without visibility or predictability of revenue and returns.', 'Investors cannot currently justify upfront capital investments without visibility or predictability of revenue and returns. Lessons learnt from the success of UK offshore wind deployment suggests government intervention to address this cost difference is a key requirement to bring forward hydrogen supply at scale. 43. In August this year we published our consultation on our preferred hydrogen business model25 to provide revenue support to hydrogen producers and help overcome the cost challenge to bring through investment in new low carbon hydrogen projects. As set out in the Industry chapter, and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models.', 'As set out in the Industry chapter, and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new hydrogen and industrial carbon capture business models. We will be providing up to £140 million to establish the scheme, including up to £100 million to award contracts of up to 250 MW of electrolytic hydrogen production capacity in 2023 with further allocation in 2024. The IDHRS will fund the allocation of the hydrogen business model contracts to both electrolytic and CCUS-enabled projects from 2023, resulting in up to 1.5 GW of low carbon hydrogen contracts awarded to projects. 44. As set out in the August consultation,26 our Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) will provide up to £240 million for government co‑investment to support new low carbon hydrogen production out to 2025.', 'As set out in the August consultation,26 our Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF) will provide up to £240 million for government co‑investment to support new low carbon hydrogen production out to 2025. The aim of the Fund is to support commercial deployment of new low carbon hydrogen production projects during the early 2020s, by helping to address barriers related to commercial risk and high upfront costs relative to fossil fuel alternatives, unlocking private sector investment in projects. We intend to launch the NZHF in early 2022. 45. In August we also published a consultation27 on the proposed UK low carbon hydrogen standard which will define what is meant by low carbon hydrogen, allowing us to incentivise and support the right production for supply across the energy system.', 'In August we also published a consultation27 on the proposed UK low carbon hydrogen standard which will define what is meant by low carbon hydrogen, allowing us to incentivise and support the right production for supply across the energy system. It will establish a threshold for greenhouse gas emissions allowed in the production process for hydrogen to be considered low carbon and be eligible for support. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener46. The RTFO has supported the supply of renewable hydrogen into transport since 2018 and has been successful in launching small-scale renewable hydrogen supply. In July, the Department for Transport announced changes to the RTFO which could further encourage the uptake of renewable hydrogen in transport, including in rail and shipping.', 'In July, the Department for Transport announced changes to the RTFO which could further encourage the uptake of renewable hydrogen in transport, including in rail and shipping. The original consultation, published in March, also proposed to make evidencing the provision of renewable electricity for hydrogen production easier through power purchase agreements and recognising the importance of regional grids. The final decision on these changes will be published shortly. 47. The UK Hydrogen Strategy sets out the initial steps being undertaken to develop the hydrogen economy over the 2020s, to deliver our 2030 5 GW production capacity ambition and position the hydrogen economy for further ramp up needed to support CB6 and net zero. But we know there will be more to do beyond this.', 'But we know there will be more to do beyond this. That is why we committed in the strategy to say more on the mix of production technologies and supporting network and storage infrastructure that could help meet future hydrogen demand following conclusion of our consultations and further work. Similarly, we set out our plans to develop appropriate regulatory and market frameworks to support an expanding hydrogen economy throughout the 2020s and beyond. We will publish a Hydrogen Sector Development Action plan in early 2022.', 'We will publish a Hydrogen Sector Development Action plan in early 2022. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the fuel supply and hydrogen sectors, and across the UK. Wales In December 2020 the Welsh Government commissioned a report on hydrogen that included baseline reporting on related activities and expertise, and a pathway for developing the sector.28 The proposed pathway contains ten objectives covering both supply and use of hydrogen, including the establishment of at least one 10+ MW renewable production site and the deployment of 200 fuel cell buses.', 'Wales In December 2020 the Welsh Government commissioned a report on hydrogen that included baseline reporting on related activities and expertise, and a pathway for developing the sector.28 The proposed pathway contains ten objectives covering both supply and use of hydrogen, including the establishment of at least one 10+ MW renewable production site and the deployment of 200 fuel cell buses. The Welsh Government consulted on the pathway earlier this year and following analysis of the responses it will finalise a pathway for hydrogen development over the second Welsh carbon budget period (2021-25).', 'The Welsh Government consulted on the pathway earlier this year and following analysis of the responses it will finalise a pathway for hydrogen development over the second Welsh carbon budget period (2021-25). Scotland In December 2020, the Scottish Government published a Hydrogen Policy Statement which sets a vision for Scotland to become a leading Hydrogen Nation with an ambition to generate 5 GW of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen by 2030, committing to £100 million funding to accelerate the hydrogen economy in Scotland over the next five years. The Hydrogen Policy Statement has provided the framework for the development of a Hydrogen Action Plan in 2021 which will provide further detail on the planned approach and necessary actions to implement the policy positions outlined in the Policy Statement. The Hydrogen Action Plan will be published later this year.', 'The Hydrogen Action Plan will be published later this year. The Scottish Government has led the way in supporting world-leading hydrogen demonstration projects in Scotland that are helping to determine the role of hydrogen in Scotland’s future energy system. This includes the provision of £7 million funded support towards the cost of a world first £28 million demonstration of an end-to-end 100% hydrogen energy system. The project will construct and operate a hydrogen heat network system in Fife able to service around 300 houses and will be of UK-wide significance to evidence the role that hydrogen can play in decarbonising heat, using the gas network.', 'The project will construct and operate a hydrogen heat network system in Fife able to service around 300 houses and will be of UK-wide significance to evidence the role that hydrogen can play in decarbonising heat, using the gas network. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy Northern Ireland A new Northern Ireland Energy Strategy is expected to be published by the end of 2021, with proposals on phasing out coal, solid fuels and heating oil alongside decarbonising our gas network, including the future injection of biomethane and potential hydrogen blending. Northern Ireland is uniquely positioned to become a leader in the hydrogen economy and secure these benefits locally.', 'Northern Ireland is uniquely positioned to become a leader in the hydrogen economy and secure these benefits locally. This is already gathering momentum, with NI Water trialling an innovative new hydrogen electrolyser at its wastewater treatment works – the first such project of its kind across the UK. Translink, the public transport service provider in Northern Ireland, is also introducing three new hydrogen buses to its fleet and is procuring a new hydrogen fuelling station for these and an anticipated 20 more under a new contract. The GenComm project, led by Belfast Metropolitan College, will trial hydrogen production via electrolysis for hydrogen buses.', 'The GenComm project, led by Belfast Metropolitan College, will trial hydrogen production via electrolysis for hydrogen buses. They are also engaged with a range of potential complementary projects to build on this momentum and contribute to the growth of an indigenous hydrogen economy in Northern Ireland.Stretching our ambition for net zero Our Key Commitments • Ambition to deliver 6 MtCO per year of industrial CCUS by 2030, and 9 MtCO per year by 2035. • Set up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund our new industrial carbon capture and hydrogen business models. • Support the deployment of CCUS through the £1 billion CCS Infrastructure Fund. • Following Phase 1 of the Cluster Sequencing process, the Hynet and East Coast Clusters have been confirmed as Track 1 clusters.', '• Following Phase 1 of the Cluster Sequencing process, the Hynet and East Coast Clusters have been confirmed as Track 1 clusters. • Support the installation of energy efficiency and on-site decarbonisation measures through the £315 million Industrial Energy Transformation Fund (IETF) (£289 million for England, Wales and Northern Ireland, £26 million for Scotland). • Support the increased requirement for fuel switching to low carbon alternatives, with an ambition to replace around 50 TWh of fossil fuels per year by 2035. • In collaboration with the Steel Council we will consider the implications of the recommendation of the Climate Change Committee to set targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near-zero emissions by 2035, and the business environment necessary to support the transition.', '• In collaboration with the Steel Council we will consider the implications of the recommendation of the Climate Change Committee to set targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near-zero emissions by 2035, and the business environment necessary to support the transition. • Develop several Resource and Energy Efficiency (REEE) measures with ambition of achieving the anticipated requirement of 11 MtCO e worth of savings by 2035, including up to 3 MtCO e of potential abatement in the Iron and Steel sector. • Incentivise cost-effective abatement in industry at the pace and scale required to deliver net zero, through the UK ETS by consulting (in partnership with the Devolved Administrations) on a net zero consistent cap. • Explore opportunities for faster decarbonisation of dispersed sites in the 2020s.', '• Explore opportunities for faster decarbonisation of dispersed sites in the 2020s. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerProgress to date 1. The UK’s manufacturing and refining sector plays an essential role in society. It contributes £180 billion to the overall economy,29 directly accounting for 8% of GDP30 and provides 2.5 million direct jobs across the country31 as well as over 5 million across the value chain.32 2. However, industry33 is also a major source of CO MtCO e)34 of the UK’s current total. Around half of industrial emissions are concentrated in specific clusters – geographical areas with large concentrations of industry. 3. Industry emissions have more than halved since 1990, due mainly to the changing structure of the UK’s manufacturing sector, improved energy efficiency, and a shift to low carbon fuels.', 'Industry emissions have more than halved since 1990, due mainly to the changing structure of the UK’s manufacturing sector, improved energy efficiency, and a shift to low carbon fuels. Despite this progress, the overall pace of reductions is slowing, and more action is needed to achieve our net zero commitments. 4. The Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy (IDS), published in March 2021, was the first of its kind in a major economy. It sets out how industry can decarbonise in line with net zero while transforming industrial regions by attracting inward investment, future-proofing businesses, and securing the long-term viability of jobs. 5. This followed previous work including the landmark Industrial Decarbonisation and Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050, published in 2015, which set out a series of pathways for emissions reductions for energy‑intensive sectors. 6.', 'This followed previous work including the landmark Industrial Decarbonisation and Energy Efficiency Roadmaps to 2050, published in 2015, which set out a series of pathways for emissions reductions for energy‑intensive sectors. 6. We plan to have the world’s first net zero industrial cluster by 2040, awarded grants from the £315 million Industrial Energy Transformation Fund (IETF), announced a £1 billion Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund, and a £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund. Additionally, as part of the Industrial Decarbonisation Challenge (IDC), we recently announced £171 million of funding, matched by over £200 million industry investment, for nine projects within five clusters. 7. Growing new industries in low carbon hydrogen alongside CCUS and renewable energy will put our industrial ‘SuperPlaces’ at the forefront of technological development.', 'Growing new industries in low carbon hydrogen alongside CCUS and renewable energy will put our industrial ‘SuperPlaces’ at the forefront of technological development. Together this will develop resilient supply chains, support jobs, and position UK companies at the forefront of an exciting growing global market, as well supporting industrial processes, industrial heat, power, shipping and trucking to make the shift to net zero. 8. Energy intensive industry in the UK has been covered by a cap-and-trade policy since 2005. The UK government and Devolved Administrations successfully launched the UK Emissions Trading Scheme (UK ETS) on 1 January 2021. The UK ETS cap, which sets the limit on emissions for sectors covered by it, will be aligned with a net zero consistent trajectory by January 2023, or January 2024 at the latest.', 'The UK ETS cap, which sets the limit on emissions for sectors covered by it, will be aligned with a net zero consistent trajectory by January 2023, or January 2024 at the latest. In the coming months, we will be publishing a consultation on the level of the cap and other elements of UK ETS evolution. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy9. We recognise the importance of addressing the risk of carbon leakage so policy interventions do not lead to increased emissions elsewhere, and to ensure that UK industry has the confidence needed to fully decarbonise.', 'We recognise the importance of addressing the risk of carbon leakage so policy interventions do not lead to increased emissions elsewhere, and to ensure that UK industry has the confidence needed to fully decarbonise. The IDS and the Net Zero Review set out the potential options available to address this, including regulatory standards and Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms (CBAMs), as well as the ongoing review of our current carbon leakage mitigation policy of free allowances under the UK ETS. Government will continue to explore options to mitigate carbon leakage, with emphasis on an international, multilateral effort to tackle carbon leakage at source through global action on industrial decarbonisation and climate regulation, with continued monitoring of related global policy developments. Net zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 10.', 'Net zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 10. To stay on track for net zero, industrial emissions will need to fall significantly, with residual emissions being compensated for by Greenhouse Gas Removal methods. All industrial sectors will need to act to meet this challenge and to ensure they are resilient to climate changes that are already inevitable. To do this, we need to transform how industry uses energy and makes products and rethink the type of industrial products consumers buy. 11.', 'To do this, we need to transform how industry uses energy and makes products and rethink the type of industrial products consumers buy. 11. Based on our whole system modelling, by 2050, emissions associated with industry could need to drop by 87-96% compared to 2019, down to 3-10 MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and Carbon Budget 6 targets, we expect emissions could fall by 43-53% by 2030 and 63-76% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on an indicative industry pathway contributing to the whole‑economy net zero and interim targets (see figure 19 below). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 19: Indicative industry emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-IDS & NZS policies and proposals NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 12.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 19: Indicative industry emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-IDS & NZS policies and proposals NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 12. The IDS sets out the policy foundations to deliver net zero for industry, including immediate actions in the 2020s. The initial reduction target of around two thirds (67%) of industrial emissions by 2035 was informed by sector-specific modelling developed in conjunction with the CCC. Our new ambition of 63-76% is consistent with, and builds on, the pathways we set out in the IDS, but with, amongst other things, increased levels of fuel switching and iron and steel decarbonising in the 2020s and early 2030s. 13.', 'Our new ambition of 63-76% is consistent with, and builds on, the pathways we set out in the IDS, but with, amongst other things, increased levels of fuel switching and iron and steel decarbonising in the 2020s and early 2030s. 13. Our Carbon Budget 6 delivery pathway aims to give long-term clarity to industry, going further than the IDS in several areas: • Going further and faster on fuel switching and carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). These are critical for our overall pathway, requiring both infrastructure decisions and revenue support, via the IDHRS scheme. Modelling suggests fuel switching to low carbon alternatives could reach 50 Twh per year by 2035, along with an increase in capturing and storing industrial emissions, from 3 MtCO per year to 6 MtCO by per year by 2035.', 'Modelling suggests fuel switching to low carbon alternatives could reach 50 Twh per year by 2035, along with an increase in capturing and storing industrial emissions, from 3 MtCO per year to 6 MtCO by per year by 2035. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Working towards more resource and energy efficiency savings. We anticipate the need for regulatory, fiscal, and wider measures targeted at industrial products and supply chains to achieve 11 MtCO e worth of savings by 2035, including up to e of potential abatement in the iron and steel sector, as estimated by the Climate Change Committee. • Realising the benefits of demand- side measures and carbon pricing.', '• Realising the benefits of demand- side measures and carbon pricing. An increasing carbon price will help to incentivise action on decarbonisation by industry, whilst demand side measures, such as product labelling, regulatory standards, and changes to public and private procurement approaches, can play a key role in helping the development of the market, and mitigating the risk of carbon leakage. Seizing new opportunities 14. To achieve the level of emissions reductions in the industry sector indicated by our delivery pathway to 2037, we will need additional public and private investment of at least £14 billion and significant operating expenditure from the expected increase in CCUS, hydrogen use and other fuel switching technology. Energy and resource efficiency will also play a key role in offsetting some of these costs. 15.', 'Energy and resource efficiency will also play a key role in offsetting some of these costs. 15. Due to challenges faced by industry, such as the level of capital investment required to commercially scale essential low carbon technologies, it will be important to drive the decarbonisation of industry at a pace that allows technology to develop and companies, large and small, to adapt their working practices, and retrain their workforces. 16. Many industrial sectors also have low profit margins, so their ability to invest in some decarbonisation technologies is limited and has been exacerbated by the pandemic. Short-to-medium term capital funding and revenue support will therefore be required to overcome these investment hurdles, reduce the risk of carbon leakage, and stimulate long term private investment. 17.', 'Short-to-medium term capital funding and revenue support will therefore be required to overcome these investment hurdles, reduce the risk of carbon leakage, and stimulate long term private investment. 17. Decarbonising the industry sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions in the industry sector could support up to 54,000 jobs in 2030. This figure is driven by CCUS, which could support up to 50,000 jobs in 203035, split across industry, power, and the transport and storage network.36 In addition, the manufacture and installation of on-site energy efficiency and fuel switching measures to achieve a net zero pathway for industry could support up to 4,000 jobs in 2030. 18.', 'This figure is driven by CCUS, which could support up to 50,000 jobs in 203035, split across industry, power, and the transport and storage network.36 In addition, the manufacture and installation of on-site energy efficiency and fuel switching measures to achieve a net zero pathway for industry could support up to 4,000 jobs in 2030. 18. We have the opportunity to future‑proof industrial sectors and take advantage of future low carbon markets. This will include creating resilient supply chains that ensure we exploit our strengths and have diverse supply sources for critical goods, as well as supporting those areas that could be vulnerable to global shocks.', 'This will include creating resilient supply chains that ensure we exploit our strengths and have diverse supply sources for critical goods, as well as supporting those areas that could be vulnerable to global shocks. The UK is already a world leader in new clean technology, as seen in our growing hydrogen and CCUS sectors, and we can develop new markets for low carbon goods and support further innovation. As highlighted in the IDS, wider environmental and air quality impacts will be kept under consideration, in line with evolving regulatory standards. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener19. CCUS will be critical to achieving net zero, alongside low carbon alternatives such as low carbon hydrogen and electricity. These technologies offer a renewed era for our industrial heartlands.', 'These technologies offer a renewed era for our industrial heartlands. Connecting locally, for instance positioning hydrogen train trials near blue hydrogen clusters means we can start to bring higher skilled, higher paid jobs and expertise to cluster in these area. The engineers, fabricators, and geologists currently working in industrial clusters and the oil and gas sector will be able to make use of local skills programmes such as Skills Bootcamps or Free Courses for Jobs to support new emerging industries in renewables, CCUS, and low carbon hydrogen to help build SuperPlaces. As the demand pulls through these lower carbon technologies, the costs fall. And these industrial clusters, our potential ‘SuperPlaces’, will foster and lead internationally on the development and roll out of these technologies. Policies and proposals Fuel switching and carbon capture Low carbon hydrogen 20.', 'Policies and proposals Fuel switching and carbon capture Low carbon hydrogen 20. Fuel switching to hydrogen is likely to be technically feasible for most industrial processes and our modelling indicates it is the least-cost option to decarbonise harder to electrify sites, processes, and sectors. 21. The IDS sets out that a low regret level of deep decarbonisation infrastructure should be installed in industrial clusters this decade. This will give industry the confidence to invest in switching to low carbon fuels, such as hydrogen. Industrial users located in clusters are therefore expected to provide the most significant new demand for hydrogen by 2030, with the greatest potential from chemicals and iron and steel sectors.', 'Industrial users located in clusters are therefore expected to provide the most significant new demand for hydrogen by 2030, with the greatest potential from chemicals and iron and steel sectors. A significant proportion of this demand could arise from a small number of sites acting as ‘pathfinders’, proving the viability of hydrogen at a commercial scale and fostering the initial market for low carbon hydrogen. 22. The UK Hydrogen Strategy indicated that in 2030 consumption of low carbon hydrogen as an industry fuel could range from around 10 TWh per year if supply is limited to clusters, and up to around 20 TWh per year if pipelines are connected to some dispersed sites.', 'The UK Hydrogen Strategy indicated that in 2030 consumption of low carbon hydrogen as an industry fuel could range from around 10 TWh per year if supply is limited to clusters, and up to around 20 TWh per year if pipelines are connected to some dispersed sites. While supply is likely to come mostly from large scale cluster-based CCUS-enabled hydrogen production sites, there could also be industrial demand for low carbon hydrogen from electrolysis, which can be produced at a smaller scale on a more localised level. To stay on track for our Carbon Budget 6 delivery pathway, hydrogen demand from industry may need to increase up to 50 TWh by 2035.', 'To stay on track for our Carbon Budget 6 delivery pathway, hydrogen demand from industry may need to increase up to 50 TWh by 2035. This increase would be driven by a growing number of sites having access to low carbon hydrogen, further technology development to enable an expanding range of processes to switch to hydrogen, and a shift in the associated costs, such as the price of carbon, to make hydrogen an increasingly competitive fuel option. 23. The UK Hydrogen Strategy also set out the actions we are taking to support industry to realise the potential of this new technology.', 'The UK Hydrogen Strategy also set out the actions we are taking to support industry to realise the potential of this new technology. It is critical that we demonstrate fuel switching to low carbon hydrogen on industrial sites during the 2020s so we will provide further support for research and innovation through the Net Zero Innovation Portfolio and initiatives led by the Industrial Decarbonisation Research and Innovation Centre (IDRIC). Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy24. Demand-side measures and carbon pricing could help to drive demand for hydrogen and will be supported by grant funding, such as the £55 million Industrial Fuel Switching Competition under our Net Zero Innovation Portfolio and the Phase 2 of the IETF, to support on-site fuel switches.', 'Demand-side measures and carbon pricing could help to drive demand for hydrogen and will be supported by grant funding, such as the £55 million Industrial Fuel Switching Competition under our Net Zero Innovation Portfolio and the Phase 2 of the IETF, to support on-site fuel switches. Regulatory measures can also support industry to switch to low carbon hydrogen, with the Hydrogen Strategy announcing calls for evidence on hydrogen-ready industrial equipment and decarbonising existing high carbon hydrogen production. Alongside this, hydrogen production measures in the fuel supply chapter of this strategy will bring forward low carbon hydrogen supply for use across the economy and help make hydrogen a price competitive decarbonisation option to encourage end users to switch. Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) 25.', 'Carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS) 25. Carbon Capture, Usage & Storage (CCUS) will be an exciting new industry to capture the carbon we continue to emit and revitalise the birthplaces of the first Industrial Revolution. The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan established a commitment to deploy CCUS in a minimum of two industrial clusters by the mid-2020s, and four by 2030 at the latest. Our aim is to use CCUS technology to capture and store 20-30MtCO2 per year by 2030, forming the foundations for future investment and potential export opportunities. Developed alongside hydrogen, we can create these transformative ‘SuperPlaces’ in areas such as the Humber, North East, North West and southern England, as well as in Scotland and Wales. 26.', 'Developed alongside hydrogen, we can create these transformative ‘SuperPlaces’ in areas such as the Humber, North East, North West and southern England, as well as in Scotland and Wales. 26. Developed alongside hydrogen, CCUS will be part of creating transformative “SuperPlaces” in areas such The Humber and North East, North West, and Southern England as well as in Scotland and Wales. Our £1 billion CCS Infrastructure Fund will provide industry with the certainty required to deploy CCUS at pace and at scale and will form part of a package of government support, which will also include the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme and the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund supporting both CCS-enabled ‘blue’ and electrolytic ‘green’ hydrogen. 27.', 'Our £1 billion CCS Infrastructure Fund will provide industry with the certainty required to deploy CCUS at pace and at scale and will form part of a package of government support, which will also include the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme and the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund supporting both CCS-enabled ‘blue’ and electrolytic ‘green’ hydrogen. 27. Following the completion of Phase 1 of the Cluster Sequencing process, the Hynet and East Coast Clusters have been confirmed as track 1 clusters for the mid-2020s and will be taken forward into Track-1 negotiations. If the clusters represent value for money for the consumer and the taxpayer then subject to final decisions of Ministers, they will receive support under the government’s CCUS Programme.', 'If the clusters represent value for money for the consumer and the taxpayer then subject to final decisions of Ministers, they will receive support under the government’s CCUS Programme. We are also announcing the Scottish Cluster as a reserve cluster if a back-up is needed; we will continue to engage with this cluster as well as the track 1 clusters, throughout the next stage of the process. This puts these places - Teesside, the Humber, Merseyside, North Wales and the North East of Scotland - among the potential early SuperPlaces which will be transformed over the next decade. 28. We remain committed to helping all industrial clusters to decarbonise as we work to reach net zero emissions by 2050, and we are clear that CCUS will continue to play a key role in this process.', 'We remain committed to helping all industrial clusters to decarbonise as we work to reach net zero emissions by 2050, and we are clear that CCUS will continue to play a key role in this process. Consequently, the government continues to be committed to Track-2 contributing capacity of 10Mt per year to help achieve our 2030 ambition. Deploying CCUS will be a significant undertaking, these are new major infrastructure projects for a new sector of the economy and carry with them significant risks to deliver by the mid‑2020s. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGovernment will need to play a role in providing long-term certainty to these projects to manage these risks and bring forward the UK’s first CCUS clusters. 29.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGovernment will need to play a role in providing long-term certainty to these projects to manage these risks and bring forward the UK’s first CCUS clusters. 29. CCUS will be critical to achieving net zero, alongside low carbon alternatives such as low carbon hydrogen and electricity. These technologies offer a renewed era for our industrial heartlands. Connecting locally, for instance positioning hydrogen train trials near blue hydrogen clusters means we start to bring higher skilled, higher paid jobs and expertise to cluster in these areas.', 'Connecting locally, for instance positioning hydrogen train trials near blue hydrogen clusters means we start to bring higher skilled, higher paid jobs and expertise to cluster in these areas. The engineers, fabricators and geologists currently working in industrial clusters and the oil and gas sector will be able to make use of skills programmes such as Skills Bootcamps and Free Courses for Jobs to support new emerging industries in renewables, CCUS and low carbon hydrogen to help build SuperPlaces. As the demand pulls through these lower carbon technologies, the costs fall. And these industrial clusters, our potential SuperPlaces, foster and lead internationally on the development and roll out of these technologies. 30. Industrial CCUS is fundamental to decarbonising of industries such as chemicals, oil refining, and cement.', 'Industrial CCUS is fundamental to decarbonising of industries such as chemicals, oil refining, and cement. This is because options for decarbonising industry are limited and fuel switching is sometimes only a partial solution. CCUS is not currently investable for most industrial sectors as deployment costs are higher than the current carbon price can support, and businesses are unable to pass these through to consumers. Additionally, businesses may face challenges raising capital finance to invest in CCUS until it has been more widely deployed in the UK. Therefore, an investable business model is needed, alongside clear commitments to provide certainty to industry. 31. The IDS set out the ambition to capture 3 MtCO per year by 2030. Our delivery pathway for Carbon Budget 6 requires an increased ambition of 6 MtCO per year by 2030 and 9 MtCO per year by 2035.', 'Our delivery pathway for Carbon Budget 6 requires an increased ambition of 6 MtCO per year by 2030 and 9 MtCO per year by 2035. We envisage these emissions to be captured from industries in clusters as well as from more dispersed sites, where non-pipeline transport solutions such as the shipping of CO may be required. Revenue support for industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production 32. CCUS and hydrogen deployment will play a central role in our green industrial revolution and ensuring that the UK’s businesses are competitive in a net zero future. We have been working with industry to develop business models for industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production to give investors the long-term revenue certainty they require.', 'We have been working with industry to develop business models for industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production to give investors the long-term revenue certainty they require. We are now setting up the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme to fund these business models and enable the first commercial scale deployment of low carbon hydrogen and industrial carbon capture. This will unlock by 2030 up to £6bn private sector capital, create thousands of jobs in key levelling up regions, grow the UK supply chain and achieve cost reductions, and deliver carbon savings to allow us to stay on track for our carbon budgets. 33. The IDHRS scheme will initially commit to providing up to £100 million to support initial electrolytic hydrogen projects, as set out in the Fuel Supply chapter.', 'The IDHRS scheme will initially commit to providing up to £100 million to support initial electrolytic hydrogen projects, as set out in the Fuel Supply chapter. We will also be announcing a funding envelope in 2022 that will enable us to award the first contacts to industrial carbon capture facilities and CCUS-enabled hydrogen production projects from 2023 through the Cluster Sequencing process, to deliver up to 3 MtCO2/yr of industrial carbon capture and up to 1GW of CCUS-enabled hydrogen by the mid-2020s. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy34. Subject to costs falling, we are also committing to further allocation rounds for all types of eligible low carbon hydrogen production and industrial carbon capture from 2025.', 'Subject to costs falling, we are also committing to further allocation rounds for all types of eligible low carbon hydrogen production and industrial carbon capture from 2025. We will announce further allocation rounds in due course which will enable us to meet our 2030 deployment ambitions of 6MtCO2/year of industrial carbon capture, 5 GW hydrogen production capacity, and four CCUS clusters, while continuing to grow the UK supply chain and achieve cost reductions. Once established, this framework could also be used in the future for other critical decarbonisation technologies. 35. From 2025 at the latest, all revenue support for hydrogen production will be levy funded, subject to consultation and legislation being in place. Further details on this will be set out in 2022 through the Government’s response to the ongoing Hydrogen Business Model consultation.', 'Further details on this will be set out in 2022 through the Government’s response to the ongoing Hydrogen Business Model consultation. This will include parallel work to ensure fairness and affordability, such as exemptions for energy intensive industries at risk of carbon leakage. Electrification 36. Electrification has the potential to abate between 5 MtCO e and 12 MtCO e of industry emissions per year by 2050. Electrification will play a more significant role (12 MtCO e) if hydrogen is unavailable in dispersed sites. This equates to an increase demand of electricity by 15-44 TWh. Additional electricity demand is consistent under our delivery pathway for Carbon Budget 6, albeit the demand comes at a faster pace due to the possible adoption of electrification in the iron and steel sector. 37.', 'Additional electricity demand is consistent under our delivery pathway for Carbon Budget 6, albeit the demand comes at a faster pace due to the possible adoption of electrification in the iron and steel sector. 37. Electrification technologies for low temperature processes are technologically mature and could be applied to less energy intensive sites today. However, industry faces barriers to adoption such as high electricity costs. We have seen the impact of overreliance on gas pushing up prices for hardworking people but our plan to expand our domestic renewables will push down electricity wholesale prices. Applications for higher temperature processes are currently limited due to the low maturity of technologies. We are currently assessing these barriers and will set out initial steps that we will take to support the uptake of electrification by the end of 2021.', 'We are currently assessing these barriers and will set out initial steps that we will take to support the uptake of electrification by the end of 2021. Some initial grant funding support will be available via Phase 2 of the IETF from Autumn 2021. We are also working with Ofgem, network operators, and stakeholders on the approach to delivering low carbon electricity networks with the capacity to meet increased demand from industry. Biomass 38. Initial support for sustainable use of biomass fuel switching and BECCS is available via Phase 2 of IETF. As set out in the IDS, current evidence strongly suggests that given limited sustainable biomass supply, we may need to prioritise the use of biomass where it can be combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), resulting in negative emissions.', 'As set out in the IDS, current evidence strongly suggests that given limited sustainable biomass supply, we may need to prioritise the use of biomass where it can be combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), resulting in negative emissions. The Biomass Strategy, due to be published in 2022 will review the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK, how this could be best used across the economy, and establish a role for BECCS in reducing carbon emissions across the economy. Industrial non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) 39. NRMM covers a wide variety of machinery across the economy (e.g. diggers, combine harvesters, generators, cranes), with total emissions of around 12 MtCO e per year.', 'diggers, combine harvesters, generators, cranes), with total emissions of around 12 MtCO e per year. Industrial NRMM accounts for around 6 MtCO e,37 coming from construction, mining, and manufacturing, with the remaining emissions largely attributed to agriculture (see Natural Resources chapter), and some to buildings and transport. New technologies have begun to penetrate markets for some NRMM uses, for example electrification technologies, particularly for small, light duty equipment. Government intervention is Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerlikely to be necessary to ensure low carbon technologies continue to be developed and ensure uptake at the level needed to reach carbon budgets and net zero. 40. The first stage in government support will involve innovation funding to prepare key low carbon technologies for commercialisation.', 'The first stage in government support will involve innovation funding to prepare key low carbon technologies for commercialisation. The £40 million Red Diesel Replacement competition will provide grant funding to develop and demonstrate low carbon alternatives to red diesel for the construction and mining and quarrying sectors, to help these sectors to decarbonise. 41. Further cross government work is required to develop policies to support the deployment of technological solutions and required infrastructure in specific sectors, including agriculture, transport and buildings. Relevant government departments will work together to ensure a coherent approach. Steel 42. UK steel plays a critical role in the economy as a foundation industry supporting local economic growth and our levelling-up agenda.', 'UK steel plays a critical role in the economy as a foundation industry supporting local economic growth and our levelling-up agenda. Steel employs around 32,500 people and supports up to a further 40,000 jobs through its supply chains, providing high value employment in economically deprived areas.38 The IDS contains commitments to work with the newly constituted Steel Council to consider the implications of the recommendation of the Climate Change Committee to ‘set targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near-zero emissions by 2035’. Hydrogen-based steelmaking, CCUS and electrification are some of the technological approaches being considered as part of this process. 43. The Steel Council offers the forum for government, industry, and trade unions to work in partnership on the shared objective of creating an achievable, long- term plan to support the sector’s transition to a competitive, sustainable, and low carbon future. 44.', 'The Steel Council offers the forum for government, industry, and trade unions to work in partnership on the shared objective of creating an achievable, long- term plan to support the sector’s transition to a competitive, sustainable, and low carbon future. 44. Steel accounts for 14% of industry emissions,39 with 95% of this coming from two blast furnace sites, Scunthorpe, and Port Talbot.40 Decarbonising these sites and the wider steel sector through switching to Electric Arc Furnace applying industrial carbon capture technology to existing blast furnaces or in the future using hydrogen-based DRI. 45. The UK recognises the importance of coordinating international activity on steel sector decarbonisation, to reduce the costs and risks of unilateral action.', 'The UK recognises the importance of coordinating international activity on steel sector decarbonisation, to reduce the costs and risks of unilateral action. This includes working with international partners to collaborate on measures to mitigate carbon leakage, increase the effectiveness of R&D spending, and create larger, international markets for low emission steel products. The UK is taking a leading role in driving forward this activity, championing a number of key initiatives in this area at COP26, and beyond. This includes the Clean Energy Ministerial’s Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative, which the UK co-leads with India. This focuses on aligning approaches to data measurement, standards and procurement, to ensure there is a coordinated approach to market creation across borders. We are also supporting the Net Zero Industry Mission, under Mission Innovation, which aims to foster deeper collaboration on industry decarbonisation.', 'We are also supporting the Net Zero Industry Mission, under Mission Innovation, which aims to foster deeper collaboration on industry decarbonisation. Resource efficiency and energy efficiency (REEE) 46. The Climate Change Committee estimate that REEE measures could contribute 11 MtCO e of annual emissions reductions by 2035.41 Various policies exist to incentivise and regulate action on REEE, but we need to ensure the right frameworks are in place to end clear investment signals and drive rapid action. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyResource efficiency 47. Resource efficiency and material substitution measures could save 9 MtCO e per annum in industry within the UK by 2050.42 Resource efficiency measures reduce emissions from industrial processes by keeping products and materials in circulation for longer by way of reuse, repair, remanufacture and recycling as well as reducing material usage.', 'Resource efficiency and material substitution measures could save 9 MtCO e per annum in industry within the UK by 2050.42 Resource efficiency measures reduce emissions from industrial processes by keeping products and materials in circulation for longer by way of reuse, repair, remanufacture and recycling as well as reducing material usage. These activities enable the retention of value, and in some cases the creation of new value for both the producer and customer, at a much-reduced environmental impact. 48. The approach in driving the transition to a more resource efficient economy is set out for England in the Government’s 2018 Resources and Waste Strategy, to be supplemented by a new Waste Prevention Programme, which outlines how we will maximise the value of our resources and minimise waste to increase the circularity of our economy.', 'The approach in driving the transition to a more resource efficient economy is set out for England in the Government’s 2018 Resources and Waste Strategy, to be supplemented by a new Waste Prevention Programme, which outlines how we will maximise the value of our resources and minimise waste to increase the circularity of our economy. We will formalise joint working arrangements across government departments to promote collaboration on resource efficiency approaches, ensuring we are using all the policy tools available in working towards shared emissions and environmental targets. 49. The Climate Change Committee (CCC) balanced pathway estimates that 3 MtCO e of potential savings per year could be driven by consumer-side measures by 2035.', 'The Climate Change Committee (CCC) balanced pathway estimates that 3 MtCO e of potential savings per year could be driven by consumer-side measures by 2035. Government aims to support this shift in the 2020s through policy measures that inform consumers of the embodied carbon of industrial goods and empower them to make choices that support more efficient use of resources. Measures across different sectors will be explored, but opportunities have been identified in the construction, automotive and electronics sectors. 50. Government aims to support action in the construction sector by improving reporting on embodied carbon in buildings and infrastructure with a view to exploring a maximum level for new builds in the future.', 'Government aims to support action in the construction sector by improving reporting on embodied carbon in buildings and infrastructure with a view to exploring a maximum level for new builds in the future. We recognise there is potential to reduce embodied carbon by way of material substitution where appropriate, such as in timber usage (see Natural Resources, Waste and F-gases chapter) and resource efficiency approaches, amongst others. We have also supported the Green Construction Board to produce a Routemap to Zero Avoidable Waste, published in July 2021. 51. Government is identifying opportunities to reduce the substantial embodied carbon footprint of the automotive sector, beyond the reduction and then elimination of emissions at the tailpipe. 52. We are building on the successful introduction this year of the first wave of right to repair measures for certain appliances and equipment.', 'We are building on the successful introduction this year of the first wave of right to repair measures for certain appliances and equipment. Alongside the review of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE), we will explore the use of labels that inform consumers of durability, repairability and recyclability. Other options under consideration include enhancing and extending producer responsibility schemes to incentivise sharing and renting. 53. To realise the wider emissions saving potential of resource efficiency measures will require establishing frameworks which minimise virgin resource use and maximise recycled, reused, or remanufactured content. We will continue to assess all, fiscal and non‑fiscal, policy options to meet these objectives. 54. Knowledge can be a barrier preventing the value in waste resources from being realised, including the sharing of secondary resources across different industrial processes.', 'Knowledge can be a barrier preventing the value in waste resources from being realised, including the sharing of secondary resources across different industrial processes. We will support companies to identify these Industrial Symbiosis opportunities through facilitation of a cross sector network to boost take-up of circular economy initiatives. We will Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenersupport inter-disciplinary approaches and strengthen the evidence base on resource efficiency initiatives by collaborating with the UKRI funded National Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Research (NICER) programme, and through the development of data systems to connect energy, waste, and water flows from industrial sites. Energy efficiency 55. Energy efficiency measures in industry range from simple, bill-saving measures to complex retrofits of industrial equipment with long payback periods and replacement cycles.', 'Energy efficiency measures in industry range from simple, bill-saving measures to complex retrofits of industrial equipment with long payback periods and replacement cycles. We intend to explore regulatory measures to drive greater, earlier uptake of energy efficiency measures in line with Carbon Budget targets, supported by a wider package of policies to enable a smooth industry transition. We intend to consult on the development of a package of measures. 56. The heterogeneity of manufacturing industry means that processes are very varied, so codifying them for regulation across the whole sector may be challenging. We are currently exploring potential new regulatory options to address this challenge. This includes consideration of whether Energy Management Systems can provide a tailored, technology-neutral approach, and we would seek to minimise burdens imposed by regulation, possibly by using digital tools. 57.', 'This includes consideration of whether Energy Management Systems can provide a tailored, technology-neutral approach, and we would seek to minimise burdens imposed by regulation, possibly by using digital tools. 57. Energy intensive industry (EII) firms are already covered by energy efficiency regulations and many have adopted efficiency measures. We are examining how existing schemes can be enhanced (e.g. reforming Climate Change Agreements) and/ or expanded (e.g. to non-EIIs and SMEs). For non-EIIs and SMEs, we are reviewing existing policies to ensure financial support is accessible and minimum standards are clear. 58. For smaller businesses, behaviours (awareness, prioritisation, maintenance) are often a further barrier to improving energy efficiency and we are considering new policies to respond to these barriers.', 'For smaller businesses, behaviours (awareness, prioritisation, maintenance) are often a further barrier to improving energy efficiency and we are considering new policies to respond to these barriers. Building on behavioural insights approaches in other areas of government policy, we are keen to explore how local networks – such as growth hubs, Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), the local net zero hubs, and chambers of commerce – can be used to drive energy- efficient behaviours amongst businesses. We will consider which levers could work best to support, interconnect and scale-up these networks. 59. Funding for complex industrial retrofits with high payback periods will remain available via the IETF Phase 2 from Autumn 2021. These would be further supported by any future extension to the IETF, reflecting the government’s manifesto commitment to increase funding to £500 million to 2028.', 'These would be further supported by any future extension to the IETF, reflecting the government’s manifesto commitment to increase funding to £500 million to 2028. Work will be undertaken to ensure sustainable financing measures are available long-term. Demand-side measures 60. The IDS sets out our ambition to create demand for low carbon products, growing the associated market and supporting industry to share the costs of decarbonisation with consumers. 61. The IDS committed to exploring a range of policy options that can support this ambition including improved transparency of embodied emissions data, product labelling, regulatory standards, and agreeing public and private procurement approaches. The government has committed to developing detailed policy proposals in this area, beginning with a call for evidence on demand-side policy by Spring 2022.', 'The government has committed to developing detailed policy proposals in this area, beginning with a call for evidence on demand-side policy by Spring 2022. The call for evidence will investigate how we can define low carbon products and the emissions reporting that will be required to support those definitions. It will also explore the design of demand-side policy levers, with a view to the potential introduction of voluntary standards and labelling as early as 2025, and regulatory standards being introduced in the late 2020s. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy62.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy62. Across these approaches, the IDS recognises the significant benefits which can be achieved through international cooperation, and the UK is leading the new Clean Energy Ministerial Industrial Deep Decarbonisation Initiative (IDDI), which aims to develop shared approaches to embodied emissions reporting and definitions for green steel and cement to drive public and private procurement. Dispersed sites 63. Dispersed sites43 account for approximately half of the UK’s industrial emissions44, and therefore form a major part of industry’s pathway to net zero. These sites are highly diverse in terms of location, sectors, and industrial processes, ranging from energy-intensive processes such as clinker production in cement to less energy-intensive processes like pasteurisation in food and drink manufacturing. 64. The IDS indicated that emissions reductions in the early 2020s would focus on energy efficiency.', 'The IDS indicated that emissions reductions in the early 2020s would focus on energy efficiency. Deeper decarbonisation potential is expected to be reached in the 2030s onwards, when uptake of low carbon technologies in dispersed sites is expected to be rapid. 65. Whilst the broad trajectory on decarbonising dispersed sites remains valid, the more ambitious Carbon Budget 6 targets mean we will explore opportunities for faster decarbonisation in dispersed sites in the 2020s. Going further on dispersed sites in the 2020s could help industry avoid technological lock-in through offering decarbonisation opportunities to align with investment cycles; and spread the benefits of green technologies beyond the clusters, supporting the levelling up agenda. 66.', 'Going further on dispersed sites in the 2020s could help industry avoid technological lock-in through offering decarbonisation opportunities to align with investment cycles; and spread the benefits of green technologies beyond the clusters, supporting the levelling up agenda. 66. To achieve this, we intend to advance work in the following main areas: • Accelerated decarbonisation across dispersed sites: We will investigate the potential for securing earlier emissions savings from segments of emissions where the technological pathway is more straightforward, or where economies of scale can be developed. This could include areas such as heat pumps for low temperature processes, and electrification of off-gas grid sites. • Preparing sites for key infrastructure decisions in the mid-2020s: For most sites, more clarity on optimal decarbonisation options depends on key infrastructure decisions, such as the future of hydrogen in the gas grid by 2026.', '• Preparing sites for key infrastructure decisions in the mid-2020s: For most sites, more clarity on optimal decarbonisation options depends on key infrastructure decisions, such as the future of hydrogen in the gas grid by 2026. We will work with stakeholders to ensure that these sites understand their decarbonisation options once these decisions have been made. This would include funding for Mini-Cluster Industrial Decarbonisation Plans in the early 2020s, to develop shared infrastructure and intergrated decarbonisation solutions in local areas.', 'This would include funding for Mini-Cluster Industrial Decarbonisation Plans in the early 2020s, to develop shared infrastructure and intergrated decarbonisation solutions in local areas. This would be supplemented by continued funding via Phase 2 of the IETF for site-level studies and Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy Working together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government, and Northern Ireland Executive Wales A collaboration between researchers at Swansea University and cement producer Hanson UK has seen the installation of a new demonstration unit at the company’s Regen Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) plant in Port Talbot. The demonstration unit replaces some of the natural gas in the Regen process with green hydrogen.', 'The demonstration unit replaces some of the natural gas in the Regen process with green hydrogen. The carbon footprint of Regen GGBS is about one tenth of Portland cement and it is used as a replacement for up to 80% of the cement in concrete. The project is part of the £9.2 million Reducing Industrial Carbon Emissions (RICE) project which has been part-funded by the European Regional Development Fund through the Welsh Government. Scotland The Scottish Government has announced a major fund to decarbonise industry and manufacturing opening opportunities to develop negative emissions technologies (NETs). The Scottish Industrial Energy Transformation Fund commits £34 million for projects at industrial sites for energy efficiency or deeper decarbonisation, including on feasibility and conceptual studies into the role of NETs.This is supported by a £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies fund to support Hydrogen, CCS and NETs projects.', 'The Scottish Industrial Energy Transformation Fund commits £34 million for projects at industrial sites for energy efficiency or deeper decarbonisation, including on feasibility and conceptual studies into the role of NETs.This is supported by a £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies fund to support Hydrogen, CCS and NETs projects. The Scottish Government has also launched the Grangemouth Future Industry Board in recognition of the continued commitment to Scotland’s largest industrial manufacturing cluster, now and in our net zero future.', 'The Scottish Government has also launched the Grangemouth Future Industry Board in recognition of the continued commitment to Scotland’s largest industrial manufacturing cluster, now and in our net zero future. Supporting a just transition to net zero is at the heart of the Board’s work, designing the collaborative approach to planning for the transition of this core manufacturing region and harnessing the significant assets, technical and engineering,, skills, and significant opportunities presented by the cluster.Northern Ireland Invest Northern Ireland delivers a suite of support, including specialist advice and investment capital to enable Northern Irish businesses to become more efficient and resilient through green efficiencies. Support includes: • Technical Consultancy: Available to all businesses with an annual energy and resource spend above £30,000, this support includes fully funded technical audits, feasibility studies and advice to help businesses identify cost and carbon savings.', 'Support includes: • Technical Consultancy: Available to all businesses with an annual energy and resource spend above £30,000, this support includes fully funded technical audits, feasibility studies and advice to help businesses identify cost and carbon savings. • Resource Matching through Industrial Symbiosis: fully funded support that offers opportunities to convert redundant materials of one business into a resource for another business, utilising a circular economy approach to add value and to reduce costs and carbon for all parties. • Resource Efficiency Capital Grant: Available to eligible businesses, grants of up to £50,000 to help with the purchase of new resource efficient technologies that reduce the consumption of water, raw materials and waste produced leading to reduced carbon emissions.', '• Resource Efficiency Capital Grant: Available to eligible businesses, grants of up to £50,000 to help with the purchase of new resource efficient technologies that reduce the consumption of water, raw materials and waste produced leading to reduced carbon emissions. • COVID-19 Energy Efficiency Capital Grant: Available to eligible businesses to build resilience through green efficiency, grants of up to £80,000 are available for the installation of energy efficiency equipment that offers cost and carbon savings through the reduction of energy consumption. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3iv. Heat & Buildings Decarbonising the way we heat and power our buildings Our Key Commitments • Levelling up through supporting 175,000 green skilled jobs by 2030 and 240,000 by 2035 – resulting in £6 billion additional GVA by 2030 and with a focus on the areas that need investment most.', 'Heat & Buildings Decarbonising the way we heat and power our buildings Our Key Commitments • Levelling up through supporting 175,000 green skilled jobs by 2030 and 240,000 by 2035 – resulting in £6 billion additional GVA by 2030 and with a focus on the areas that need investment most. • Making the transition to low carbon buildings affordable and achievable for all by: • Aiming to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035 in line with the natural replacement cycle, and once costs of low carbon alternatives have come down, including any hydrogen-ready boilers in areas not converting to hydrogen, to ensure that all heating systems used in 2050 are compatible with net zero.', '• Making the transition to low carbon buildings affordable and achievable for all by: • Aiming to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035 in line with the natural replacement cycle, and once costs of low carbon alternatives have come down, including any hydrogen-ready boilers in areas not converting to hydrogen, to ensure that all heating systems used in 2050 are compatible with net zero. • Making heat pumps as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler by growing the heat pump market to support 600,000 installations per year by 2028 and expanding UK manufacturing – with the ambition of working with industry to reduce costs by at least 25-50% by 2025 and to parity with gas boilers by 2030 at the latest.', '• Making heat pumps as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler by growing the heat pump market to support 600,000 installations per year by 2028 and expanding UK manufacturing – with the ambition of working with industry to reduce costs by at least 25-50% by 2025 and to parity with gas boilers by 2030 at the latest. • Supporting households in making this transition with a new £450 million Boiler Upgrade Scheme providing £5,000 capital grants and a new market-based incentive for heating system manufacturers, whilst investing £60 million in heat pump innovation – making them beautiful, smaller, easier to install.', '• Supporting households in making this transition with a new £450 million Boiler Upgrade Scheme providing £5,000 capital grants and a new market-based incentive for heating system manufacturers, whilst investing £60 million in heat pump innovation – making them beautiful, smaller, easier to install. • Consulting on phasing out the dirtiest and most expensive fossil fuels first - new oil, coal and liquefied petroleum gas heating - and replace with low carbon alternatives in non-domestic buildings from 2024 and homes from 2026, following natural appliance replacement cycles. • Committing to action on addressing distortions in fuel prices to ensure that low carbon technologies are no more expensive to run than fossil fuel boilers.', '• Committing to action on addressing distortions in fuel prices to ensure that low carbon technologies are no more expensive to run than fossil fuel boilers. • Helping households and businesses reduce their energy bills while making buildings healthier and more comfortable benefiting from warmer, comfier, more valuable buildings through: • Upgrading fuel poor homes to EPC Band C by 2030 where reasonably practicable and providing additional funding to the Home Upgrade Grant and the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund – investing £1.75 billion. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Consulting on phasing in higher minimum performance standards to ensure all homes meet EPC Band C by 2035, where cost-effective, practical and affordable.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Consulting on phasing in higher minimum performance standards to ensure all homes meet EPC Band C by 2035, where cost-effective, practical and affordable. • Setting long-term regulatory standards to upgrade Privately Rented Homes to EPC C by 2028 and considering setting a long-term regulatory standard for Social Housing, subject to consultation. • Reducing the energy consumption in commercial and industrial buildings in England and Wales by 2030, using measures including regulations and a performance-based measurement scheme. • Investing a further £1.425 billion in the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, with the aim of reducing direct emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037.', '• Investing a further £1.425 billion in the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, with the aim of reducing direct emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037. • Setting a minimum energy efficiency standard of EPC Band B by 2030 for privately rented commercial buildings in England and Wales. • Establishing large scale trials of hydrogen for heating to take decisions in 2026 on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heating, and consult on the case for enabling or requiring hydrogen-ready boilers and broader heating system efficiencies.', '• Establishing large scale trials of hydrogen for heating to take decisions in 2026 on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heating, and consult on the case for enabling or requiring hydrogen-ready boilers and broader heating system efficiencies. • Continuing to grow and decarbonise the UK Heat Network market through the £338 million Heat Network Transformation Programme of which at least £270m will go towards the Green Heat Network Fund, introducing sector regulation and new heat network zones by 2025. • Launching a new world-class policy framework for energy-related products to ensure products use less energy, reducing emissions and household bills. Progress to date 1.', '• Launching a new world-class policy framework for energy-related products to ensure products use less energy, reducing emissions and household bills. Progress to date 1. The UK has around 30 million buildings46 and includes some of the oldest building stock in Europe.47 In total, buildings are responsible for around 17% of our national emissions.48 Currently, 1.7 million fossil fuel heating systems are installed per year (gas, oil, and coal).49 The vast majority of emissions from buildings result from heating. Including indirect emissions (e.g. from electricity generation) emissions from heating buildings make up around 78% of all buildings emissions and about 21% of all UK net UK greenhouse gas emissions from heat and buildings decreased by 17%. 2.', 'from electricity generation) emissions from heating buildings make up around 78% of all buildings emissions and about 21% of all UK net UK greenhouse gas emissions from heat and buildings decreased by 17%. 2. The package of measures presented here, and in our Heat and Buildings Strategy (HBS) and associated consultations, delivers on commitments made in the Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution and the Energy White Paper. In the Ten Point Plan, we committed to deliver greener buildings. Since then, we have announced £60 million to support decarbonisation of Social Housing and have allocated over £1 billion from the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, in doing so, supporting up to 30,000 jobs. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3. Homes: The UK already has a strong track record improving energy performance, with 40% of our homes now above Energy Performance (EPC) Band C, up from just 9% in 2008.', 'Homes: The UK already has a strong track record improving energy performance, with 40% of our homes now above Energy Performance (EPC) Band C, up from just 9% in 2008. There are approximately 28 million households in the UK,51 and 86% of homes in England use natural gas boilers.52 Across the UK, 9% of the energy consumed to heat homes is provided by other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, generally in homes that do not have access to the gas grid.53 In 2019, approximately 15 million (60%) of homes in England had a lower energy performance, with ratings of EPC band D and below.54 The largest proportion of homes in England are owner-occupied (64% in 2019), with a much smaller proportion being socially rented (17% in 2019), or privately rented (19% in 2019).55 Owner-occupied homes are now the worst performing tenure, with the greatest proportion of homes below EPC band D.56 Improving the energy performance of all homes and taking a ‘fabric first’ approach, by improving the energy efficiency will be key to ensuring the transition to low carbon heating is cost effective.57 4.', 'There are approximately 28 million households in the UK,51 and 86% of homes in England use natural gas boilers.52 Across the UK, 9% of the energy consumed to heat homes is provided by other fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, generally in homes that do not have access to the gas grid.53 In 2019, approximately 15 million (60%) of homes in England had a lower energy performance, with ratings of EPC band D and below.54 The largest proportion of homes in England are owner-occupied (64% in 2019), with a much smaller proportion being socially rented (17% in 2019), or privately rented (19% in 2019).55 Owner-occupied homes are now the worst performing tenure, with the greatest proportion of homes below EPC band D.56 Improving the energy performance of all homes and taking a ‘fabric first’ approach, by improving the energy efficiency will be key to ensuring the transition to low carbon heating is cost effective.57 4. Non-domestic buildings: There are approximately 1.7 million non-domestic (commercial, industrial and public) properties in England and Wales.58 Non-domestic buildings account for around a quarter of UK building emissions.59 Commercial and industrial buildings over 1,000 m2 are responsible for over half of the energy used by commercial and industrial buildings (excluding process heat) but account for only 5% of the stock.60 Public sector buildings account for about 9% of building emissions.61 Net zero transition and economic opportunities 5.', 'Non-domestic buildings: There are approximately 1.7 million non-domestic (commercial, industrial and public) properties in England and Wales.58 Non-domestic buildings account for around a quarter of UK building emissions.59 Commercial and industrial buildings over 1,000 m2 are responsible for over half of the energy used by commercial and industrial buildings (excluding process heat) but account for only 5% of the stock.60 Public sector buildings account for about 9% of building emissions.61 Net zero transition and economic opportunities 5. By 2050, buildings will need to be almost completely decarbonised, by making use of a combination of technologies to minimise their carbon emissions and maximise their energy performance. The scale of this challenge is significant, but we will take an approach that goes with the grain of consumer behaviour and maximises consumer choice, to ensure a smooth and gradual transition for households and businesses.', 'The scale of this challenge is significant, but we will take an approach that goes with the grain of consumer behaviour and maximises consumer choice, to ensure a smooth and gradual transition for households and businesses. Much like the move to electric vehicles, the move to low carbon options such as electric heat pumps will be a gradual transition from niche product to mainstream consumer option. To ensure that we all benefit from cleaner, warmer and comfier buildings, will need to improve the energy efficiency of our buildings and products, end the use of fossil fuel heating systems and switch to low carbon sources, and integrate the use of smart technologies that give more control to consumers. Seizing new opportunities 6. The decarbonisation trajectory of the sector presents significant potential for investment and export opportunities for goods and services.', 'The decarbonisation trajectory of the sector presents significant potential for investment and export opportunities for goods and services. Deployment of energy efficiency measures and low carbon heating in domestic and non-domestic buildings, in line with the ambitions and outcomes in the Heat and Buildings Strategy, will drive up to £6 billion gross value added (GVA) per year by 2030.62 7. This will be investment not just in the buildings themselves, but in the infrastructure that supplies them. Government support will stimulate this investment and will need to be focussed on growing key markets for low carbon heat and supporting vulnerable and low-income households, the social housing sector, and the public sector. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy8. Decarbonising the heat and buildings sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK.', 'Decarbonising the heat and buildings sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions from buildings could support up to 100,000 jobs by the middle of the 2020s and up to 175,000 in 2030. Jobs will be supported across a range of areas – from manufacturing to services, and from installation to research and development. 9. Decarbonising buildings will deliver a range of benefits: • Levelling up. Decarbonisation will support clean, local growth in every region of the UK, while investing in equality of living standards and job creation. Reducing heat and buildings emissions will require installing energy efficiency measures and new heating systems, which rely on local supply chains and businesses. • Reducing energy bills and business operating costs.', '• Reducing energy bills and business operating costs. Inefficient homes are more expensive to run. The Energy Efficiency Infrastructure Group estimate that upgrading all UK homes to EPC band C could provide annual energy cost • Tackling fuel poverty. In 2014, the Government introduced a statutory fuel poverty target for England, to improve as many fuel-poor homes as is reasonably practicable to a minimum EPC rating of band C by the end of 2030. Tangible, targeted support for more deprived areas can be achieved through action to upgrade poor-performing buildings, leading to warmer, healthier homes and lower energy bills. We recently published an updated fuel poverty strategy for England.64 • Improving health. COVID-19 has highlighted the importance of good ventilation in buildings. Improving the energy performance of our buildings, whilst ensuring good ventilation, will ensure they are efficient and healthy environments.', 'Improving the energy performance of our buildings, whilst ensuring good ventilation, will ensure they are efficient and healthy environments. This can help avoid many physical illnesses, including heart and lung conditions65. Reducing the number of fossil fuel boilers will also significantly reduce the various pollutants emitted, including nitrous oxides, which negatively impact human health. Improved thermal comfort also leads to better health and wellbeing as well as reducing the likelihood of condensation and mould. • Increasing property value. Studies indicate that more energy efficient properties typically have a higher value than less efficient ones. Evidence from a study commissioned by BEIS indicated that properties with an EPC C rating were worth around 5% more than those currently at EPC D rating, after controlling for other factors such as property size and Our 2050 vision and how we get there 10.', 'Evidence from a study commissioned by BEIS indicated that properties with an EPC C rating were worth around 5% more than those currently at EPC D rating, after controlling for other factors such as property size and Our 2050 vision and how we get there 10. Our approach to this transition must be affordable and achievable for all and, following successes in power and electric vehicles, we will utilise long-term signals alongside early investments to bring down costs and improve consumer offers: • Investing in innovation. Continuing to work with industry to refine processes and technologies to deliver value-for-money and value for the UK economy – with an emphasis on making technology cheaper, easier to install and designed to appeal to consumers.', 'Continuing to work with industry to refine processes and technologies to deliver value-for-money and value for the UK economy – with an emphasis on making technology cheaper, easier to install and designed to appeal to consumers. We are investing in technology now, in trialling hydrogen ahead of strategic decisions on the role of hydrogen for heating in 2026; and £60 million in heat pump innovation – making them beautiful, smaller and easier to install. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Prioritising no or low regrets actions.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Prioritising no or low regrets actions. Reducing bills through a fabric-first approach to improving building thermal efficiency through, for example, insulation, draught-proofing and increasing the energy performance and capability of products • Growing supply chains and bringing down costs: Making heat pumps as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler by growing the heat pump market to support 600,000 installations per year by 2028 and expanding UK manufacturing – reducing costs by at least 25-50% by 2025 and to parity with gas boilers by 2030. To help achieve this we are announcing a new £450 million Boiler Upgrade Scheme – offering households £5,000 grants when they install an air source heat pump. • Continuing to support those most in need.', '• Continuing to support those most in need. Supporting the vulnerable through the transition to low carbon buildings and meeting our statutory fuel poverty target. We will continue to ensure financial support is available for those who need it most. We are investing a further £1.75 billion in funding for our Home Upgrade Grant and Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund schemes, which provide support for low-income households in installing energy efficiency and low carbon heating. • Balancing certainty and flexibility. Providing stability for investment through clear long-term signals that work with the grain of the market and minimise impact on consumers. For example, aiming to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035, in line with the natural replacement cycle and only once costs of low carbon alternatives have come down.', 'For example, aiming to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035, in line with the natural replacement cycle and only once costs of low carbon alternatives have come down. • Ensuring buildings are resilient to the impacts of climate change. Implementing measures to ensure homes and buildings are well ventilated and protected against rising temperatures. • Taking a whole-sector and whole- system approach. Considering the heating system in the context of what is most appropriate for the whole building to minimise costs, as well as accounting for local suitability, environmental impacts, and air quality. 11. The benefits of more efficient, low carbon buildings for consumers are clear: smarter, better performing buildings, reduced energy bills and healthier, more comfortable environments.', 'The benefits of more efficient, low carbon buildings for consumers are clear: smarter, better performing buildings, reduced energy bills and healthier, more comfortable environments. Households and businesses will need to play their part in decarbonising their buildings, but we need to ensure that the costs of doing so fall fairly across society. 12. Based on our whole-system modelling, by 2050, emissions associated with heat and buildings could need to drop by 98-100% compared to 2019, down to 0-2 space between digit and unit MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and CB6 targets, we expect emissions could fall by 25-37% by 2030 and 47-62% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on an indicative heat and buildings pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets (see figure 20 below).', 'These figures are based on an indicative heat and buildings pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets (see figure 20 below). Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyFigure 20: Indicative heat and buildings emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-NZS policies NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 13. We have developed three high-level illustrative scenarios to reflect different technology mixes that would allow us to decarbonise heating of buildings, contributing towards meeting our Carbon Budget 6 target. We are committed to taking strategic decisions on the role of hydrogen for heating in 2026, following trials, which will further inform out pathway to 2050. Realising these scenarios would be consistent with our trajectory to net zero in 2050. These are: a high hydrogen scenario, a high electrification scenario and a dual energy system scenario. 14.', 'These are: a high hydrogen scenario, a high electrification scenario and a dual energy system scenario. 14. In all scenarios the following will be important: • Improving the energy performance of buildings to keep buildings warm and comfortable, keep bills down, minimise the impacts of transition on the energy system, and make switching to low carbon heating easier. • Phase out of heating appliances that are only capable of burning fossil fuels, consistent with our ambition to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035, and phase out the installation of high-carbon fossil fuel boilers in properties not connected to the gas grid by 2026 (and 2024 for non- domestic buildings).', '• Phase out of heating appliances that are only capable of burning fossil fuels, consistent with our ambition to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers by 2035, and phase out the installation of high-carbon fossil fuel boilers in properties not connected to the gas grid by 2026 (and 2024 for non- domestic buildings). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Heat pumps: these will be the best low carbon heating option for some types of buildings, for example, if they are new buildings or off the gas grid. We have set a target of 600,000 heat pump installations per year by 2028, from roughly 35,000 currently.', 'We have set a target of 600,000 heat pump installations per year by 2028, from roughly 35,000 currently. We expect this to be the minimum number of heat pumps that need to be deployed each year after 2028 across any scenario, and all scenarios other than high hydrogen will require much higher deployment. Of the 600,000 heat pumps per year, we expect about 200,000 to be in new build properties. • Heat networks: they use hot water in pipes to deliver heating (and in some cases cold water for cooling) to many consumers from a centralised heat source. Heat networks could supply up to 20% of UK heat demand by 2050, up from 3% of UK heat 15.', 'Heat networks could supply up to 20% of UK heat demand by 2050, up from 3% of UK heat 15. To achieve the level of emissions reductions in the heat and buildings sector indicated by our delivery pathway to 2037, we will need additional public and private investment of approximately £200 billion. High electrification scenario 16. In this scenario, we assume there is no significant use of hydrogen for heating in buildings. This may be because hydrogen is not proven to be feasible, cost-effective, or preferable as a solution for low carbon heating, or because its deployment has been significantly delayed.', 'This may be because hydrogen is not proven to be feasible, cost-effective, or preferable as a solution for low carbon heating, or because its deployment has been significantly delayed. In this scenario, we would need to continue the rapid growth of the heat pump market beyond 600,000 per year in 2028 to up to 1.9 million per year from 2035, resulting in roughly 13 million homes using low carbon heating systems by 2035 – around 11 million with heat pumps and around 2 million using heat networks. 17. To ensure we drive this level of heat pump deployment, further policy would be required to phase out installation of new fossil fuel heating faster.', 'To ensure we drive this level of heat pump deployment, further policy would be required to phase out installation of new fossil fuel heating faster. We could grow the heat pump market and transition consumers in stages, while continuing to follow natural replacement cycles to work with the grain of consumer behaviour. For homes, we could focus initially on key segments of the domestic building stock, for example based on tenure, property age or fabric efficiency. 18. The increased deployment of heat pumps will be accompanied by investment in the infrastructure we need to meet increased electricity demand, including the generation of low carbon electricity and additional grid capacity. High hydrogen scenario 19.', 'The increased deployment of heat pumps will be accompanied by investment in the infrastructure we need to meet increased electricity demand, including the generation of low carbon electricity and additional grid capacity. High hydrogen scenario 19. In this scenario, hydrogen has proven feasible and preferable as a solution for heating most UK buildings, and decisions taken in 2026 set the UK on a path to converting most of the national gas grid to hydrogen. We would expect to begin the transition by converting a pilot hydrogen town by the end of the decade and then accelerate rollout. The conversion would likely start by building out from existing hydrogen production and use in industrial clusters, and roll-out would involve switchover on an area-by-area basis in different locations. 20.', 'The conversion would likely start by building out from existing hydrogen production and use in industrial clusters, and roll-out would involve switchover on an area-by-area basis in different locations. 20. Due to the infrastructure and supply chain requirements of a hydrogen conversion we estimate that in this scenario, we would convert around 4 million homes to using low carbon hydrogen by 2035. New heating system installations should be low carbon or hydrogen-ready, meaning ready for a planned future conversion, from 2035. We estimate that by 2035 roughly 13 million homes will have low carbon heating, comprising around 7 million with heat pumps, 4 million using hydrogen, and around 2 million homes using heat networks. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyDual energy system scenarios 21.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyDual energy system scenarios 21. In this scenario, both hydrogen and electrification prove feasible and preferable as heating solutions to large numbers of consumers. This could arise in several forms: • All or most of the gas grid is converted to low carbon hydrogen, but the costs and benefits of switching to hydrogen versus installing a heat pump are viewed differently by different consumers. This could result in a high switchover to both hydrogen and heat pumps on the gas grid. • There is partial but still extensive conversion of the gas grid to hydrogen, based on differing geographical or built environment factors.', '• There is partial but still extensive conversion of the gas grid to hydrogen, based on differing geographical or built environment factors. This would require careful consideration of which parts of the grid would be converted and where responsibility for decisions about the costs and benefits of converting different areas should lie. • There is widespread consumer demand for hybrid systems that utilise a mix of energy sources. 22. It is too early to determine the policy framework that might support this mixed transition. Any scenario in which hydrogen is an available option for consumers will require public policy decisions to enable cost-effective and co-ordinated investment in infrastructure and supply chains, and ensure consumer choice and other public interests are protected.', 'Any scenario in which hydrogen is an available option for consumers will require public policy decisions to enable cost-effective and co-ordinated investment in infrastructure and supply chains, and ensure consumer choice and other public interests are protected. If the case for converting the network to hydrogen differs strongly from area to area, more of the preparation may need to take place at a regional or local level. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy Future scenarios - what factors we are going to consider in making decisions for mass decarbonisation of heating Over the 2020s, we will need to start taking more decisive steps about which technologies and infrastructure should be rolled out, where and when, and accordingly, where we need to target investment, skills, and other enabling actions.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy Future scenarios - what factors we are going to consider in making decisions for mass decarbonisation of heating Over the 2020s, we will need to start taking more decisive steps about which technologies and infrastructure should be rolled out, where and when, and accordingly, where we need to target investment, skills, and other enabling actions. We aim to make decisions about the role of hydrogen in heating by 2026, and commit to reviewing existing institutional arrangements, as stated in our Heat and Buildings Strategy, helping ensure that we have an appropriate framework in place to facilitate decision making at all levels.', 'We aim to make decisions about the role of hydrogen in heating by 2026, and commit to reviewing existing institutional arrangements, as stated in our Heat and Buildings Strategy, helping ensure that we have an appropriate framework in place to facilitate decision making at all levels. Upfront costs The cost of installing a heat pump is currently significantly more expensive than gas boilers and installation often requires additional ancillary works, such as upgrading radiators. This can result in total installed costs of around £10,000 for the average home. However, the cost of installing heat pumps should fall significantly as the market scales up, and the Heat and Buildings Strategy has set ambitions on reducing the installed cost of heat pumps over this decade.', 'However, the cost of installing heat pumps should fall significantly as the market scales up, and the Heat and Buildings Strategy has set ambitions on reducing the installed cost of heat pumps over this decade. We are also providing subsidy for first movers: through the Boiler Upgrade Scheme, which will provide grants of £5,000 towards the cost of installing an air source heat pump and £6,000 for Ground Source Heat Pumps. We will look to help the market drive down the upfront costs, which leading market participants believe can make heat pumps as cheap to buy and run as a gas boiler by 2030. This ambition reflects the opportunity for innovation and economies of scale across the value chain and has been seen in other technologies such as solar PV, wind and electric vehicles.', 'This ambition reflects the opportunity for innovation and economies of scale across the value chain and has been seen in other technologies such as solar PV, wind and electric vehicles. Conversely, it is likely hydrogen appliances will cost approximately the same as natural gas appliances (around £3k). Running costs Heat pumps are significantly (2.5 – 3x) more efficient than gas boilers and may get even more efficient, therefore requiring much less energy to run. Currently, on average heating a home with a heat pump costs more than with a gas boiler. This is, in part, due to policy and social costs charged on electricity bills. However, by addressing existing distortions between electricity and gas prices, we will ensure heat pumps will be no more expensive to run than gas boilers.', 'However, by addressing existing distortions between electricity and gas prices, we will ensure heat pumps will be no more expensive to run than gas boilers. It is too early to properly estimate the running costs of hydrogen heating. The cost of producing hydrogen is currently higher than fossil fuels. Though the future production costs of hydrogen will not be the same as the ultimate cost to consumers, using hydrogen for heating could cost more than natural gas heating.', 'Though the future production costs of hydrogen will not be the same as the ultimate cost to consumers, using hydrogen for heating could cost more than natural gas heating. There remains uncertainty on other issues that will impact on hydrogen costs, such as, new and innovative means of production, the cost to store it, new and innovative business models, and the cost of any changes to the gas grid that may be required.Consumer journey Heat pumps, unlike most traditional fossil fuel boilers, tend to work by providing an ambient temperature, rather than short blasts through very hot radiators. Evaluation and research have shown that the majority of consumers are happy with the performance of their systems, and smart controls help consumers with this change.', 'Evaluation and research have shown that the majority of consumers are happy with the performance of their systems, and smart controls help consumers with this change. Installing heat pumps at the same time as carrying out building energy efficiency and heating system improvements allows for a single intervention and could prove more efficient for many households or businesses. Hydrogen boilers will likely work in a similar way to gas boilers. Some adaptive measures might be needed to enable hydrogen, but requirements for this and associated costs are still uncertain and could vary significantly between different types of buildings. When switching over to hydrogen, the initial grid conversion process is likely to require streets or areas to be converted at the same time.', 'When switching over to hydrogen, the initial grid conversion process is likely to require streets or areas to be converted at the same time. It is expected that an engineer will need to have access to homes to do the changeover in a particular timeframe, and building residents are unlikely to have control over when this happens. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPolicies and proposals Decarbonising heat 23. Much like the move to electric vehicles, the move to heat pumps will be a gradual transition from niche product to mainstream consumer option. Our core commitment is that we will aim to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers in homes and buildings by 2035 at the latest, once costs have come down.', 'Our core commitment is that we will aim to phase out the installation of new and replacement natural gas boilers in homes and buildings by 2035 at the latest, once costs have come down. This would be in line with the natural replacement cycle, and include hydrogen ready boilers in any areas not converting to hydrogen, to ensure all heating systems used in 2050 are compatible with net zero. 24. Accelerating heat pump deployment. We will grow the UK heat pump market to support 600,000 installations per year by 2028. As part of this, and working with industry to do so, we will aim for cost parity between heat pumps and gas boilers by 2030 with significant cost reductions of at least 25-50% by 2025.', 'As part of this, and working with industry to do so, we will aim for cost parity between heat pumps and gas boilers by 2030 with significant cost reductions of at least 25-50% by 2025. To achieve this, we will introduce a range of new policies to support heat pump deployment, including a new £450 million Boiler Upgrade Scheme over 2022/23 to 2024/25 with grants of £5,000 for an air source heat pump. In addition, we will consult on phasing out the installation of new oil, coal, and LPG heating, and replace with low carbon alternatives such as heat pumps in off gas grid non-domestic buildings from 2024 and homes from 2026, and we will launch a new market-based incentive for heating system manufacturers, similar to that for CO in cars.', 'In addition, we will consult on phasing out the installation of new oil, coal, and LPG heating, and replace with low carbon alternatives such as heat pumps in off gas grid non-domestic buildings from 2024 and homes from 2026, and we will launch a new market-based incentive for heating system manufacturers, similar to that for CO in cars. Subject to strategic decisions on the pathways and market conditions, we would look to grow the heat pump market beyond 600,000 per year in 2028 and potentially up to 1.7 million a year by 2035, and we will consult on our proposed approach to doing this. 25. We are investing £60 million in a ‘Heat Pump Ready’ Programme which will support the development of innovative solutions to improve deployment, tools and technologies across the heat pump sector.', 'We are investing £60 million in a ‘Heat Pump Ready’ Programme which will support the development of innovative solutions to improve deployment, tools and technologies across the heat pump sector. These new opportunities will build on our previous Energy Innovation Programme activities, such as the Electrification of Heat Demonstration Project. 26. Heat networks. Under the £338 million Heat Network Transformation Programme, we will launch the £270 million Green Heat Network Fund to grow the market for low carbon heat networks. We will also pass new legislation to regulate the sector for consumers, give heat networks the statutory powers they need to build, and regulate the carbon emissions of projects from the early 2030s. We will also deliver new heat networks zones in England by 2025 where heat networks are the default solution for decarbonising heating.', 'We will also deliver new heat networks zones in England by 2025 where heat networks are the default solution for decarbonising heating. Finally, we will work with industry to increase the capacity and capability of the UK supply chain to support the sector to reach its growth potential and look to improve performance of legacy networks through the Heat Network Efficiency Scheme. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy27. Hydrogen heating. We will work in partnership with industry and other key stakeholders to thoroughly assess the feasibility, safety, consumer experience and other costs and benefits, of hydrogen as an option for heating our homes and workplaces.', 'We will work in partnership with industry and other key stakeholders to thoroughly assess the feasibility, safety, consumer experience and other costs and benefits, of hydrogen as an option for heating our homes and workplaces. We will support industry to develop and deliver large scale trials of hydrogen for heating, including a neighbourhood trial by 2023 and a village scale trial by 2025, and develop proposals for a possible ‘hydrogen town’ before the end of the decade. We will develop the evidence base and frameworks necessary to take strategic decisions on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heat in 2026.', 'We will develop the evidence base and frameworks necessary to take strategic decisions on the role of hydrogen in decarbonising heat in 2026. In the shorter-term, we will work with the Health and Safety Executive and industry partners to enable up to 20% hydrogen blending in suitable areas of the GB gas networks subject to the success of testing and trials, and value for money assessment. 28. Hydrogen-ready boilers and boiler standards. We are aiming to consult shortly on the case for enabling or requiring new gas boilers to be readily convertible to use hydrogen (‘hydrogen-ready’) by 2026. We will also use this consultation to test proposals on the future of broader boiler and heating system efficiency and explore the best ways to reduce carbon emissions from our gas heating systems over the next decade. 29.', 'We will also use this consultation to test proposals on the future of broader boiler and heating system efficiency and explore the best ways to reduce carbon emissions from our gas heating systems over the next decade. 29. Biomethane in the gas grid. We will deliver a new Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS) to support the injection of biomethane from anaerobic digestion (expected to deliver 2.8TWh of renewable heat per year in 2030/31), and we will explore the development of commercial-scale gasification and the replacement of the GGSS with a long-term biomethane support scheme. Improving buildings 30. Our core commitment is to reduce bills, whilst improving comfort, health and home value, through ensuring as many homes as possible to achieve EPC Band C by 2035 at the latest, where cost-effective, practical, and affordable. 31. New Buildings.', 'Our core commitment is to reduce bills, whilst improving comfort, health and home value, through ensuring as many homes as possible to achieve EPC Band C by 2035 at the latest, where cost-effective, practical, and affordable. 31. New Buildings. We will introduce regulations from 2025 through the Future Homes Standard to ensure all new homes in England are ready for net zero by having a high standard of energy efficiency and low carbon heating installed as standard. This should mean that all new homes will be fitted with a low carbon heat source such as a heat pump or connected to a low carbon heat network. To reinforce this, we will consult on whether it is appropriate to end new gas grid connections, or whether to remove the duty to connect from the Gas Distribution Networks.', 'To reinforce this, we will consult on whether it is appropriate to end new gas grid connections, or whether to remove the duty to connect from the Gas Distribution Networks. As an interim measure to the Future Homes Standard, we plan to introduce an uplift in standards, effective from June 2022, for England that would result in a 31% reduction in carbon emissions from new homes compared to current standards. We will also respond to our consultation for the Future Buildings Standard for new non-domestic buildings. 32. Domestic private rented sector. We will build on our 2020 consultation on strengthening the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards to EPC band C by 2028 to set long term minimum regulatory standards consistent with our net zero commitment for private rental sector.', 'We will build on our 2020 consultation on strengthening the Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards to EPC band C by 2028 to set long term minimum regulatory standards consistent with our net zero commitment for private rental sector. We are aiming to publish a response to this consultation by the end of the year We have provided significant additional support to local authorities to ensure compliance and enforcement of these regulations, building on earlier compliance and enforcement pilots. This includes providing £4.3m to 57 local authorities to support activity in these areas. We plan to scale up activity further in the coming years. We have also set out proposals to strengthen the compliance and enforcement framework under our recent EPC Band C consultation.', 'We have also set out proposals to strengthen the compliance and enforcement framework under our recent EPC Band C consultation. This includes the introduction of a compliance and exemption database to support local authority enforcement of the Regulation. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener33. Owner occupied homes. We are also exploring opportunities to improve the energy performance of owner-occupier homes. We have conducted a series of stakeholder workshops on the case for action, with over 50 representatives from the housing sector, landlord representatives, retrofit supply chain, NGOs, and consumer organisations. We plan to consult on options to upgrade homes in the owner occupier sector. We will work with owner-occupiers to help them improve the liveability of their homes. The provision of green finance will be an important step in making this easier and more accessible. 34. Social housing.', 'The provision of green finance will be an important step in making this easier and more accessible. 34. Social housing. We will provide £800 million additional funding to the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund (SHDF) over 2022/23 to 2024/25, which will deliver energy performance improvements to social housing. We will also consider setting a long-term regulatory standard to improve social housing to EPC Band C and consider levers required to decarbonise the stock in line with net zero. We will consult the sector before setting any regulatory standard. 35. Low Income/Fuel Poor Consumers. We will ensure as many fuel-poor homes as reasonably practicable achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating of C by the end of 2030.', 'We will ensure as many fuel-poor homes as reasonably practicable achieve a minimum energy efficiency rating of C by the end of 2030. To help achieve this, we will provide £950 million additional funding over 2022/23 to 2024/25 for off-gas-grid properties through the Home Upgrade Grant (HUG) to provide ongoing support for low-income households living off the mains gas grid with energy efficiency and low carbon heating upgrades. We will also expand and extend the Energy Company Obligation Scheme and the Warm Homes Discount Scheme until 2026. 36. Net zero backstop for homes. We will consider on an ultimate backstop date to ensure that all homes meet a net zero minimum energy performance standard before 2050, where cost effective, practical, and affordable. 37. Public Sector.', 'We will consider on an ultimate backstop date to ensure that all homes meet a net zero minimum energy performance standard before 2050, where cost effective, practical, and affordable. 37. Public Sector. We have committed to halve direct emissions from public sector buildings by 2032, against 2017 levels, and we aim to further reduce emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037. To help achieve this, we will provide £1.425 billion additional funding for the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme (PSDS) over 2022/23 to 2024/25, and through our Greening Government Commitments (GGCs) which sets targets to reduce emissions from central government departments and arms- length bodies. We have also initiated the Public Sector Low Carbon Skills Fund which provides complementary funding alongside the PSDS to enable public sector organisations to acquire expert skills in order to unlock decarbonisation projects. 38. Non-domestic buildings.', 'We have also initiated the Public Sector Low Carbon Skills Fund which provides complementary funding alongside the PSDS to enable public sector organisations to acquire expert skills in order to unlock decarbonisation projects. 38. Non-domestic buildings. The Energy White Paper set a minimum energy efficiency standard of EPC Band B by 2030 for privately rented commercial buildings in England and Wales. Later this year we plan to consult on regulating the non-domestic owner-occupied building stock, and we are considering whether this should align with the private rented sector minimum energy efficiency standards. We will also respond to the 2021 consultation on introducing a performance-based policy framework in large commercial and industrial buildings and pilot the scheme in 2022. 39. We will look to consult stakeholders on the Small Business Energy Efficiency Scheme (SBEES) later this year.', 'We will look to consult stakeholders on the Small Business Energy Efficiency Scheme (SBEES) later this year. The scheme will aim to remove barriers for SMEs in accessing energy efficiency measures, drive forward better buildings performance and aid SMEs in meeting regulatory standards. Finally, we have consulted on strengthening the Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS), which is a mandatory energy assessment scheme for large businesses’ energy use and opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Energy-related products. We have published a policy framework setting out illustrative proposals for raising minimum energy performance standards and improving consumer information for a range of high potential products, including but not limited to space heating, cooking, taps and showers and lighting. We plan to consult on more concrete proposals between 2022 and 2023 ahead of implementing measures from 2025.', 'We plan to consult on more concrete proposals between 2022 and 2023 ahead of implementing measures from 2025. Enabling actions 40. There are a range of barriers to home energy performance improvements, which we will also need to address to help people act: • Advice & information. Our existing Simple Energy Advice service has received over 1.5m users to date. We will enhance our digitally led service, and are considering options to support tailored retrofit advice in local areas. The aim is to create a Government-led home energy advice journey, supported by tailored local advice. This includes moving our Simple Energy Advice service to GOV.UK, which will improve user experience, and supporting local advice provision. This will help households to improve the energy performance of their homes, and move towards net zero. • Green finance.', 'This will help households to improve the energy performance of their homes, and move towards net zero. • Green finance. Catalysing the market for Green Finance is a priority. We are working with mortgage lenders to support homeowners to improve the energy performance of their properties and will publish our response to our lenders consultation in due course. Government is also exploring the case for a further green home finance innovation programme, focussed on supporting lenders to develop green finance products targeted at consumer types who will be impacted by future regulation, and which the market is unlikely to develop on its own in the short term.', 'Government is also exploring the case for a further green home finance innovation programme, focussed on supporting lenders to develop green finance products targeted at consumer types who will be impacted by future regulation, and which the market is unlikely to develop on its own in the short term. BEIS has invited the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) to help steer this work, and we will work further with the UKIB to explore whether they can play a wider role in scaling up green home finance. 41. Rebalancing energy prices: Clean, cheap electricity is an everyday essential. We have seen the impact of overreliance on gas pushing up prices for hardworking people but our plan to expand our domestic renewables will push down electricity wholesale prices.', 'We have seen the impact of overreliance on gas pushing up prices for hardworking people but our plan to expand our domestic renewables will push down electricity wholesale prices. However, current pricing of electricity and gas does not incentivise consumers to make green choices, such as switching from gas boilers to electric heat pumps. We want to reduce electricity costs so we will also look at options to shift or rebalance energy levies (such as RO and FiTs) and obligations (such as ECO) away from electricity bills over this decade. This will include looking at options to expand carbon pricing and remove costs from electricity bills while ensuring that we continue to limit any impact on bills overall.', 'This will include looking at options to expand carbon pricing and remove costs from electricity bills while ensuring that we continue to limit any impact on bills overall. We know that in the long run, green products are more efficient and cheaper, and we are putting fairness and affordability at the heart of our approach. We will launch a Fairness and Affordability Call for Evidence on these options for energy levies and obligations to help rebalance electricity and gas prices and to support green choices, with a view to taking decisions in 2022. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener42.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener42. Developing a workforce pipeline with the skills to meet the requirements of net zero transition: • The increase in deployment of low carbon heating systems over the coming decade will require a significant escalation in the number of trained, high-quality installers. With this in mind, we have launched the independent Green Jobs Taskforce with key industry bodies to advise on how we can have the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and support people in high carbon sectors with the transition. • We will encourage current gas engineers, electricians, and those with transferrable skills in complementary sectors, to retrain and specialise in smarter, greener, and cleaner technologies. There are over 140,000 plumbers and heating and ventilation engineers in the UK.', 'There are over 140,000 plumbers and heating and ventilation engineers in the UK. Approximately 90% of builders stated they would be willing to retrain to meet the demand for new roles and skills’ changes in the future.69 Attracting new entrants to the sector also provides a great opportunity to diversify the workforce. We will work with industry to support training and new routes of entry to help boost heat pump installer numbers and other areas of skills shortage to support the decarbonisation of homes. We will also work with industry and the low carbon projects supported through the Green Heat Network Fund to increase opportunities to gain skills in the heat networks sector.', 'We will also work with industry and the low carbon projects supported through the Green Heat Network Fund to increase opportunities to gain skills in the heat networks sector. • We will also continue to work with Ofgem, distribution network operators, and other local actors on the approach to planning the network in Great Britain and delivering smart, secure, cost-effective solutions. This will include considering the potential for storage and hybrid technologies in combination with flexible tariffs. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the heat and buildings sector, and across the UK.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the heat and buildings sector, and across the UK. Wales The Optimised Retrofit Programme is testing a new approach to decarbonising homes, based on the recommendations of the Jofeh Report.70 The programme is delivering fabric improvements, heating technology and intelligent use of energy supplies to more than 1,500 homes across Wales. Significant Welsh Government investment is supporting social landlords to decarbonise 230,000 social homes over the next decade, and the learning from the programme will be used to help decarbonise Wales’s 1.2 million private-rented and owner-occupier homes.', 'Significant Welsh Government investment is supporting social landlords to decarbonise 230,000 social homes over the next decade, and the learning from the programme will be used to help decarbonise Wales’s 1.2 million private-rented and owner-occupier homes. Scotland The Scottish Government published its Heat in Buildings Strategy on 7 October 2021. This sets out a vision and actions for the decarbonisation of heat in homes and buildings in line with Scotland’s statutory climate targets. The Scottish Government will allocate at least £1.8 billion over the next five years to support the accelerated deployment of heat and energy efficiency measures in homes and buildings. This investment will help to cut emissions, create jobs, strengthen supply chains, and tackle fuel poverty.', 'This investment will help to cut emissions, create jobs, strengthen supply chains, and tackle fuel poverty. The Scottish Government offers cashback grants to all homeowners as part of the Home Energy Scotland (HES) Loan Scheme, up to £6,000 for energy efficiency improvements and up to £7,500 for new renewable heating. It is also bringing forward the requirement for all homes to be upgraded to meet at least EPC C standards or equivalent by 2033 with the majority meeting this standard by 2030. Subject to devolved competence, the Scottish Government has committed to phasing out the need to install new or replacement fossil fuel boilers, in off gas areas from 2025 and in on gas areas from 2030, subject to technological developments and decisions by the UK Government in reserved areas.', 'Subject to devolved competence, the Scottish Government has committed to phasing out the need to install new or replacement fossil fuel boilers, in off gas areas from 2025 and in on gas areas from 2030, subject to technological developments and decisions by the UK Government in reserved areas. It is currently developing regulations which will require new buildings receiving a warrant from 2024 to use zero emissions heating and cooling. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNorthern Ireland A phased programme is planned to uplift Northern Ireland’s building regulations, taking developments in other administrations into account, to provide ultra-high energy efficient building fabric and services with low carbon heating standards for new buildings as soon as is practicable and no later than 2026/27.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNorthern Ireland A phased programme is planned to uplift Northern Ireland’s building regulations, taking developments in other administrations into account, to provide ultra-high energy efficient building fabric and services with low carbon heating standards for new buildings as soon as is practicable and no later than 2026/27. Consideration may be given to earlier uptake of requirements for low carbon heating solutions from 2022/23, if deemed feasible following consultation with industry. There are several schemes currently available to support energy efficiency improvements and the installation of lower carbon heating, including the Boiler Replacement Scheme, Affordable Warmth, and the Northern Ireland Sustainable Energy Programme (NISEP).', 'There are several schemes currently available to support energy efficiency improvements and the installation of lower carbon heating, including the Boiler Replacement Scheme, Affordable Warmth, and the Northern Ireland Sustainable Energy Programme (NISEP). A new Northern Ireland Energy Strategy is expected to be published by the end of 2021, which will provide further information on proposals to phase out coal and solid fuels, along with fossil fuel home heating oil. The Energy Strategy will also provide further information on proposals to decarbonise the natural gas network, including through future injection of biomethane and potential hydrogen blending. Further detail will also be provided on the transition to low carbon heating options, such as heat pumps, and future proposed support schemes, including energy efficiency and low carbon heating pilot schemes, which are intended to be launched in 2022/23.', 'Further detail will also be provided on the transition to low carbon heating options, such as heat pumps, and future proposed support schemes, including energy efficiency and low carbon heating pilot schemes, which are intended to be launched in 2022/23. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomySetting the pace for greener, better transport Our Key Commitments • End the sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans from 2030; from 2035, all new cars and vans must be zero emission at the tailpipe. • Introduce a zero emission vehicle mandate setting targets for a percentage of manufacturers’ new car and van sales to be zero emission each year from 2024.', '• Introduce a zero emission vehicle mandate setting targets for a percentage of manufacturers’ new car and van sales to be zero emission each year from 2024. • Take forward our pledge to end the sale of all new, non-zero emission road vehicles by 2040, from motorcycles to buses and HGVs, subject to consultation. • Ensure the UK’s charging infrastructure network is reliable, accessible, and meets the demands of all motorists. Later this year, we will publish an EV infrastructure strategy, setting out our vision for infrastructure rollout, and roles for the public and private sectors in achieving it. • Building on the £1.9 billion from Spending Review 2020, the Government has committed an additional £620 million to support the transition to electric vehicles.', '• Building on the £1.9 billion from Spending Review 2020, the Government has committed an additional £620 million to support the transition to electric vehicles. The funding will support the rollout of charging infrastructure, with a particular focus on local on-street residential charging, and targeted plug-in vehicle grants. • Build a globally competitive zero emission vehicle supply chain and ensure our automotive sector is at the forefront of the transition to net zero. • Lead by example with 25% of the government car fleet ultra low emission by December 2022 and all the government car and van fleet zero emission by 2027. • Take action to increase average road vehicle occupancy by 2030 and reduce the barriers to data sharing across the transport sector.', '• Take action to increase average road vehicle occupancy by 2030 and reduce the barriers to data sharing across the transport sector. • Maximise carbon savings from the use of low carbon fuels, including by increasing the main Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) target. • Increase the share of journeys taken by public transport, cycling and walking. • Support decarbonisation by investing more than £12 billion in local transport systems over the current Parliament. • Invest £2 billion in cycling and walking, building first hundreds, then thousands of miles of segregated cycle lane and more low-traffic neighbourhoods with the aim that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030.', '• Invest £2 billion in cycling and walking, building first hundreds, then thousands of miles of segregated cycle lane and more low-traffic neighbourhoods with the aim that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030. As announced in the Transport Decarbonisation Plan, we will create at least one zero emission transport city. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Invest £3 billion in the National Bus Strategy, creating integrated networks, more frequent services, and bus lanes to speed journeys, and support delivery of 4,000 new zero emission buses and the infrastructure needed to support them.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Invest £3 billion in the National Bus Strategy, creating integrated networks, more frequent services, and bus lanes to speed journeys, and support delivery of 4,000 new zero emission buses and the infrastructure needed to support them. • Electrify more railway lines as part of plans to deliver a net zero rail network by 2050, with the ambition to remove all diesel-only trains by 2040. • Plot a course to net zero for the UK domestic maritime sector, phase out the sale of new non-zero emission domestic shipping vessels and accelerate the development of zero emission technology and infrastructure in the UK.', '• Plot a course to net zero for the UK domestic maritime sector, phase out the sale of new non-zero emission domestic shipping vessels and accelerate the development of zero emission technology and infrastructure in the UK. We will engage with industry to explore establishing a UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK- SHORE) to transform the UK into a global leader in the design and manufacturing of clean maritime technology. • Become a leader in zero-emission flight, kick-starting commercialisation of UK sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), and developing a UK SAF mandate, to enable the delivery of 10% SAF by 2030, and we will be supporting UK industry with a £180m funding to support the development of SAF plants. Progress to date 1.', '• Become a leader in zero-emission flight, kick-starting commercialisation of UK sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), and developing a UK SAF mandate, to enable the delivery of 10% SAF by 2030, and we will be supporting UK industry with a £180m funding to support the development of SAF plants. Progress to date 1. Domestic transport has the largest share of UK greenhouse gas emissions of any sector across the economy, at 23% in 2019. The majority (55%) of these emissions are from passenger cars, contributing 68 MtCO e. This is followed by heavy goods vehicles and light goods vehicles contributing 19 MtCO e e (16%) respectively. The remaining emissions in domestic shipping, road transport, rail, and domestic aviation contribute a combined further 2.', 'The remaining emissions in domestic shipping, road transport, rail, and domestic aviation contribute a combined further 2. We must deliver a step change in the breadth and scale of our ambitions and, to this end, in July 2021 we published our world leading Transport Decarbonisation Plan. This covered all areas of transport and set out an ambitious but deliverable pathway to reaching net zero and delivering against carbon budgets along the way. The pathway we have set out is not about stopping people from doing things. Rather, it’s about doing the same things differently. We want to be a world leader in green technologies, and encourage more sustainable travel choices. 3. Removing tailpipe emissions from road transport is a clear priority and we must continue the progress we have made to date.', 'Removing tailpipe emissions from road transport is a clear priority and we must continue the progress we have made to date. We have expanded our commitments in this area and will set ambitious but achievable phase out dates for every type of road vehicle. Alongside the Transport Decarbonisation Plan, we published the 2035 Delivery Plan outlining the key timelines, milestones, and progress towards the Ten Point Plan commitment to accelerate the shift to zero emission vehicles. 4. There are now over 600,000 plug-in electric vehicles in the UK. In September 2021, more than one in five new cars sold had a plug. Additionally, more than 300 walking and cycling schemes have been delivered since 2020.', 'Additionally, more than 300 walking and cycling schemes have been delivered since 2020. For public transport, our National Bus Strategy for England, published in March, sets out a vision of a transformed bus industry and a green bus revolution. Rail is already the greenest form of motorised transport, with almost 38% of the network electrified and significantly more to come as set out in the Great British Railways White Paper in May. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyNet zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 5. Every place in the UK will have its own net zero emission transport network before 2050, serving the unique needs of its communities. Sustainability will be at the heart of levelling up.', 'Sustainability will be at the heart of levelling up. People everywhere will feel the benefits – villages, towns, cities, and countryside will be cleaner, greener, healthier, and more prosperous and pleasant environments in which to live, work and enjoy. 6. Based on our whole system modelling, by 2050, total transport emissions, including international aviation and shipping, could need to drop by 76-86% compared to 2019, down to 23-40MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and CB6 targets,72 we expect they could fall by 22-33% by 2030 and 46-59% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on an indicative transport sector pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets.', 'These figures are based on an indicative transport sector pathway contributing to the whole-economy net zero and interim targets. Our potential pathway also indicates residual emissions from domestic transport could need to fall by around 34-45% by 2030 and 65-76% by 2035, relative to 2019 levels (see figure 21). We anticipate that international aviation and shipping emissions could need to fall by up to 12% by 2035, relative to 2019 levels (see figure 22). Figure 21: Indicative domestic transport emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-TDP & NZS policies and proposals NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 22: Indicative international aviation and shipping emissions pathway to 2037 Range Range Range Pre-TDP & NZS policies and proposals Short-term COVID - 19 Uncertainty NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 7.', 'Figure 21: Indicative domestic transport emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-TDP & NZS policies and proposals NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 22: Indicative international aviation and shipping emissions pathway to 2037 Range Range Range Pre-TDP & NZS policies and proposals Short-term COVID - 19 Uncertainty NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 7. Much of the change needed to deliver net zero for the transport sector is already underway and makes sense even without the global imperative of climate change. Decarbonisation will deliver fundamentally better transport, for everyone, every day. It will make it faster and more efficient, as well as cleaner, and provide benefits including increased reliability and better connectivity.', 'It will make it faster and more efficient, as well as cleaner, and provide benefits including increased reliability and better connectivity. This is also a huge industrial opportunity, a once in a generation chance to increase economic growth and future prosperity – using electricity, low carbon hydrogen, sustainable low carbon fuels and pedal power – to invest in new jobs across our country. 8. Our Transport Decarbonisation Plan sets out this ‘green print’ in detail. • The technology transformation started in cars and vans will spread to all road transport, from motorcycles to buses, coaches and HGVs. Over time, the use of zero emission vehicles will become even cleaner, as the use of renewable energy in the UK’s electricity mix continues to increase.', 'Over time, the use of zero emission vehicles will become even cleaner, as the use of renewable energy in the UK’s electricity mix continues to increase. An extensive network of charging and refuelling infrastructure for all vehicles will enable the transition and meet growing demand. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• Low carbon fuels will continue to play a crucial role in maximising carbon savings from road vehicles during the transition, whilst increasingly being required in other transport modes such as aviation and maritime. This includes low carbon hydrogen, which is likely to be fundamental to achieving net zero in heavy transport applications and represents a major industrial opportunity. • We cannot simply rely on the electrification of road transport, or believe that zero emission cars and lorries will solve all our problems.', '• We cannot simply rely on the electrification of road transport, or believe that zero emission cars and lorries will solve all our problems. As we build back better from the pandemic, it will be essential to avoid a car-led recovery. Alongside road vehicle decarbonisation, we must increase the share of trips taken by public transport, cycling and walking. We want to make these modes the natural first choice for all who can take them. As more journeys are cycled or walked, and taken by public transport, the carbon, air quality, noise and congestion benefits will be complemented by significant improvements in public health and wellbeing. • We will support and encourage modal shift of freight from road to more sustainable alternatives, such as rail, cargo bikes and inland waterways.', '• We will support and encourage modal shift of freight from road to more sustainable alternatives, such as rail, cargo bikes and inland waterways. We will transform last mile deliveries, with zero emission HGVs and decarbonised deliveries made possible through the adoption of new delivery models, supported by accurate data and digital innovations which drive greater efficiencies. • The rail network will be net zero emissions by 2050 through a sustained, long‑term programme of investment in rail electrification, supported by deployment of battery and hydrogen-powered trains. • UK aviation and shipping will achieve net zero emissions by 2050.', '• UK aviation and shipping will achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Ahead of that, our domestic lead will act as a showcase to the world and bolster our call to action internationally, where cooperation and collaboration through the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Maritime Organization (IMO), will continue to be vital to decarbonise these industries. • The Government has set CB6 to formally include the UK’s share of international aviation and shipping emissions, as recommended by the CCC, which allows these emissions to be accounted for within CB6. • We will address aviation emissions through new technology such as electric and hydrogen aircraft, the commercialisation of sustainable aviation fuels, increasing operational efficiencies, developing and implementing market-based measures and GHG removal methods, while influencing consumers to make more sustainable choices when flying.', '• We will address aviation emissions through new technology such as electric and hydrogen aircraft, the commercialisation of sustainable aviation fuels, increasing operational efficiencies, developing and implementing market-based measures and GHG removal methods, while influencing consumers to make more sustainable choices when flying. • The UK will play an important role in developing zero emission maritime technology, such as alternative fuel powered vessels using ammonia or methanol produced from low carbon hydrogen, or highly efficient batteries, particularly where we can build on domestic expertise to capture early market share. • As we have stated in the Ten Point Plan and the Transport Decarbonisation Plan, we need to ensure that the taxation of motoring keeps pace with the change to electric vehicles to ensure that we can continue to fund the first-class public services and infrastructure that people and families across the UK expect.', '• As we have stated in the Ten Point Plan and the Transport Decarbonisation Plan, we need to ensure that the taxation of motoring keeps pace with the change to electric vehicles to ensure that we can continue to fund the first-class public services and infrastructure that people and families across the UK expect. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerZero emission vehicles (ZEVs) The transition to zero emission cars and vans is leading the way in our effort to decarbonise transport. The car and van sector is easier to decarbonise compared to other sections of the economy, through the combination of a proven low carbon technology that has significant advantages over the existing high carbon technology it replaces, reducing costs and growing consumer demand.', 'The car and van sector is easier to decarbonise compared to other sections of the economy, through the combination of a proven low carbon technology that has significant advantages over the existing high carbon technology it replaces, reducing costs and growing consumer demand. Strong progress is already being made towards our 2030/2035 phase out commitments: • Demand is rising: Industry figures show over 650,000 new plug-in cars registered in the UK since 2010, and over 1 in 7 cars sold so far in 2021 had a plug.', 'Strong progress is already being made towards our 2030/2035 phase out commitments: • Demand is rising: Industry figures show over 650,000 new plug-in cars registered in the UK since 2010, and over 1 in 7 cars sold so far in 2021 had a plug. • Range is increasing as costs are falling: There are 20 EV models that come with a range of over 200 miles compared to the early Nissan Leaf models that delivered 60 miles, and battery prices are little more than a tenth of what they were in 2010. • The charging infrastructure market is growing: There are now over 25,000 public chargepoints in the UK, which includes over 4,700 rapid devices according to industry sources.', '• The charging infrastructure market is growing: There are now over 25,000 public chargepoints in the UK, which includes over 4,700 rapid devices according to industry sources. This is one of the largest networks of rapid chargers in Europe. Seizing new opportunities 9. Across every form of transport, decarbonisation and growth will go hand in hand. The UK will play a leading role in this modern-day industrial revolution, consolidating our position as a world leader in green technology, science, and research. The imperative to decarbonise brings with it a host of other benefits, including new business models, new modes, increasing levels of autonomy, far better integration, and a blurring of the distinction between traditional forms of transport, as well as public and private travel coming together to offer greater choice and flexibility.', 'The imperative to decarbonise brings with it a host of other benefits, including new business models, new modes, increasing levels of autonomy, far better integration, and a blurring of the distinction between traditional forms of transport, as well as public and private travel coming together to offer greater choice and flexibility. We will use research and development to build on the expertise of business and academia, maximising opportunities for growth, exports and hundreds of thousands of new high‑quality jobs. 10. To achieve the level of emissions reductions in the transport sector indicated by our delivery pathway to 2037, we will need additional public and private investment of around £220 billion. 11. Decarbonising the transport sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK.', 'Decarbonising the transport sector will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. Based on current estimates, policies and proposals to reduce emissions in the sector could support up to 22,000 jobs in 2024 and up to 74,000 jobs in 2030. Development of road transport sector technologies as the economy transitions to net zero could support up to 71,000 jobs in 2050. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy12. We need a skilled workforce capable of developing, implementing and operating mobility solutions in a way that maximises the huge potential benefits they offer. The government launched the Green Jobs Taskforce, to advise the government, industry and the skills sector on the action required to deliver the jobs and skills required for the net zero transition.', 'The government launched the Green Jobs Taskforce, to advise the government, industry and the skills sector on the action required to deliver the jobs and skills required for the net zero transition. Our approach on green jobs and skills is set out in the Green Jobs, Skills and Industries chapter of the Net Zero Strategy. 13. Decarbonising transport will also help achieve other benefits: • It will improve health by removing a source of air pollution.', 'Decarbonising transport will also help achieve other benefits: • It will improve health by removing a source of air pollution. There will still be particulate emissions associated with road, rail, tyre, and brake wear, and we are working to tackle those too, but the toxic by-products of burning hydrocarbon fuels will be eliminated from the roadside and rail; • Physical inactivity costs the NHS up to £1 billion per annum, with further indirect costs of £8.2 billion – active travel can reduce that; and • Over half the UK population is exposed to daytime noise levels above recommended limits. Zero emission vehicles – extremely quiet at low, urban speeds – will help address this. This will support levelling-up and help reinvent high streets as enjoyable places to live, work, visit and spend leisure time. Policies and proposals 14.', 'This will support levelling-up and help reinvent high streets as enjoyable places to live, work, visit and spend leisure time. Policies and proposals 14. As the Transport Decarbonisation Plan and this Strategy are implemented, we will continue to consider the views of stakeholders from across the UK. We will engage closely with Devolved Administrations, respecting areas of devolved competency, as we work towards our shared goal of achieving net zero. We will also continue to collaborate with local authorities and other regional bodies to identify and support local solutions. 15. Depending on progress in the sector, at some points additional targeted action maybe be required, such as steps to reduce use of the most polluting cars and tackle urban congestion, to enable these targets to be met.', 'Depending on progress in the sector, at some points additional targeted action maybe be required, such as steps to reduce use of the most polluting cars and tackle urban congestion, to enable these targets to be met. We will regularly review progress against our targets – publishing the next transport decarbonisation plan within five years – and continue to adapt and take further action if needed to decarbonise transport. Cycling and walking 16. Cycling and walking can help us tackle some of the most challenging issues we face as a society, not just climate change, but improving air quality, health and wellbeing, addressing inequalities, and tackling congestion and noise pollution on our roads. Increased levels of active travel can improve everyday life for us all. 17.', 'Increased levels of active travel can improve everyday life for us all. 17. We will deliver the Prime Minister’s bold vision for cycling and walking, investing £2 billion over five years with the vision that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030. We will also deliver thousands of miles of safe, continuous, direct routes for cycling in towns and cities, physically separated from pedestrians and volume motor traffic along with more low traffic neighbourhoods and school streets. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener18. We will deliver a world class cycling and walking network in England by 2040.', 'We will deliver a world class cycling and walking network in England by 2040. This will include comprehensive cycling and walking networks in all large towns and cities, with measures to enable cycling and walking, such as cycle training for all children and adults that want it. We will enable behaviour change through targeted personal incentives, such as GP prescribing of active travel, existing tax reliefs, and rewards programmes. Buses and coaches 19. We will deliver the National Bus Strategy’s vision of a transformed bus industry and a green bus revolution. We will make buses more frequent, more reliable, more comprehensive, easier to understand and use, better co-ordinated and cheaper – to dramatically increase passenger numbers and reduce congestion and carbon emissions. 20.', 'We will make buses more frequent, more reliable, more comprehensive, easier to understand and use, better co-ordinated and cheaper – to dramatically increase passenger numbers and reduce congestion and carbon emissions. 20. We will support delivery of 4,000 new zero emission buses, either battery electric or hydrogen, and the infrastructure needed to support them. This will be the single largest investment ever made in zero emission buses, representing the replacement of nearly 12% of England’s local operator bus fleet. 21. We will deliver the first All-Electric Bus City. This will demonstrate what can be achieved when there is a real commitment to move all buses in a place to electric zero emission. Coventry has now been announced as the UK’s first all-electric bus city, with £50 million to fund up to 300 electric buses and charging infrastructure. 22.', 'Coventry has now been announced as the UK’s first all-electric bus city, with £50 million to fund up to 300 electric buses and charging infrastructure. 22. We are consulting on a phase out date for the sale of new non-zero emission buses and coaches. We have already begun consulting on an appropriate date to end the sale of new non-zero emission buses and on the appropriate supporting policy and regulatory framework. We will also consult on a phase out date for the sale or purchase of new non- zero emission coaches. Railways 23. We will deliver a net zero rail network by 2050, with sustained carbon reductions in rail along the way. Our ambition is to remove all diesel-only trains (passenger and freight) from the network by 2040.', 'Our ambition is to remove all diesel-only trains (passenger and freight) from the network by 2040. We will deploy new low-carbon technologies on the network such as hydrogen and battery trains, where they make operational and economic sense. We will incentivise the early take up of low carbon traction by the rail freight industry. 24. We will build extra capacity on our rail network to meet growing passenger and freight demand and support significant shifts from road and air to rail. This includes new high-speed lines, reopening lines closed under the Beeching cuts and significant improvement to regional city public transport networks with the aim of making them as good as London’s. 25. We are working with industry to modernise fares ticketing and retail and encourage a shift to rail and cleaner and greener transport journeys.', 'We are working with industry to modernise fares ticketing and retail and encourage a shift to rail and cleaner and greener transport journeys. Great British Railways set out a transformation in how people will pay for their journeys, to encourage a shift to rail and cleaner, greener journeys. Greater provision of walking and cycling routes to and from stations, and supporting infrastructure, will be introduced to support healthier greener journeys. Great British Railways will encourage more rail freight by providing the right conditions for industry growth, with better coordination, modern contracts, and new safeguards. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyCars, vans, motorcycles, and scooters 26. We will end the sale of new petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030. From 2035 all new cars and vans must be fully zero emission at the tailpipe.', 'From 2035 all new cars and vans must be fully zero emission at the tailpipe. Between 2030 and 2035, new cars and vans will only be able to be sold if they offer significant zero emission capability. 27. To provide certainty to consumers, energy providers, the chargepoint industry, vehicle manufacturers and supply chains during this transition, we will introduce a zero emission vehicle mandate setting targets requiring a percentage of manufacturers’ new car and van sales to be zero emission each year from 2024. 28. We will continue to regulate the tailpipe CO2 emissions of new non-zero emission cars and vans to limit their emissions until 100% of new sales are zero emission. This framework could subsequently be applied to all forms of new road vehicles sold in the UK. 29.', 'This framework could subsequently be applied to all forms of new road vehicles sold in the UK. 29. Between 2030 and 2035, new cars and vans will only be able to be sold if they offer significant zero emission capability and we will provide further detail on the outcome of our recent consultation on this shortly. We will then publish a further consultation in early 2022 on: • The design of the ZEV mandate (including uptake trajectories) and CO2 emissions regulation (as a backstop to ensure standards in the remainder of the fleet are maintained); and • How and when targets will be set and enforced. 30. We are building a globally competitive UK zero emission vehicle supply chain to ensure our automotive sector is at the forefront of the transition to net zero.', 'We are building a globally competitive UK zero emission vehicle supply chain to ensure our automotive sector is at the forefront of the transition to net zero. Since 2020, the government has been actively supporting the transformation of the automotive supply chain to electrification through the Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF). We are allocating a further £350 million of our up to £1 billion ATF commitment to support the electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains. We will also continue to invest in R&D through the Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) competition to ensure the UK remains at the forefront of the development and industrialisation of zero emission vehicle technologies. 31.', 'We will also continue to invest in R&D through the Advanced Propulsion Centre (APC) competition to ensure the UK remains at the forefront of the development and industrialisation of zero emission vehicle technologies. 31. We will consult this year on a phase out date of 2035, or earlier if a faster transition appears feasible, for the sale of new non-zero emission powered two and three wheelers (and other L category vehicles). 32. We will lead by example with 25% of the government car fleet ultra low emission by December 2022 and all the government car and van fleet zero emission by 2027. 33. We will ensure the UK’s charging infrastructure network meets the demands of its users.', 'We will ensure the UK’s charging infrastructure network meets the demands of its users. We have already announced £1.3 billion of investment to accelerate the rollout of charging infrastructure on motorways, on streets, in homes and workplaces. The Government has committed an additional £620 million of funding to support the transition to electric vehicles. Further details will be published in due course. Later this year, we will publish an EV infrastructure strategy, setting out our vision for infrastructure rollout, and roles for the public and private sectors in achieving it. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSmart Charging Amir is self-employed and uses a van for work. His work involves a lot of journeys locally, totalling around 250-300 miles per week. He usually plugs into charge every few evenings, with his vehicle fully charged by the morning.', 'He usually plugs into charge every few evenings, with his vehicle fully charged by the morning. He has a chargepoint installed on his driveway so he can charge on his domestic energy tariff. The chargepoint is smart, which means it shifts charging to off-peak times, which saves Amir money. He has also signed up to a vehicle-to-grid scheme with his electricity supplier. By keeping his van plugged in during the week when he doesn’t need to use it, he’s able to sell energy back to the grid when demand is high. Maritime 34. We will plot a course to net zero for the UK domestic maritime sector, with indicative targets from 2030 and net zero as early as is feasible. We will establish, after public consultation in 2022, an ambitious ‘Course to Zero’.', 'We will establish, after public consultation in 2022, an ambitious ‘Course to Zero’. Following consultation, we will establish ambitious indicative targets and embed this course in our Clean Maritime Plan. 35. We will consult on a potential phase-out date for the sale of new non-zero emission domestic vessels. Following the conclusion of the current Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition and the Course to Zero consultation, we will consult in mid-2022 on the potential for accelerated decarbonisation through carefully designed, well signposted measures to phase out the sale of new, non- zero emission domestic vessels. 36. We are assessing how economic instruments could be used to accelerate the decarbonisation of the domestic maritime sector. Building on Maritime 2050, the Clean Maritime Plan and our published research, we will further investigate the use of economic instruments to drive decarbonisation. 37.', 'Building on Maritime 2050, the Clean Maritime Plan and our published research, we will further investigate the use of economic instruments to drive decarbonisation. 37. We will extend the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation to the maritime sector. Following consultation earlier this year, we will make renewable fuels of non-biological origin used in shipping eligible for incentives under the RTFO. 38. This year we will be consulting on the appropriate steps to support and, if needed, mandate the uptake of shore power in the UK. We will consult in winter 2021 on how government can support wider deployment of shore power, including potential regulatory interventions, for both vessels and ports. 39. We are accelerating the development of zero emission technology and infrastructure in the UK.', 'We are accelerating the development of zero emission technology and infrastructure in the UK. We have launched the £20 million Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition (CMDC) to fund feasibility studies and technology trials. We will engage with industry to explore establishing a UK Shipping Office for Reducing Emissions (UK-SHORE) in cooperation with UKRI and Innovative UK. UK-SHORE aims to transform the UK into a global leader in the design and manufacturing of clean maritime technology. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyAviation 40. Earlier this year we consulted on our Jet Zero Strategy, which will set out the steps we will take to reach net zero aviation emissions by 2050. We have also consulted on a target for UK domestic aviation to reach net zero by 2040. 41.', 'We have also consulted on a target for UK domestic aviation to reach net zero by 2040. 41. We are supporting the development of new and zero carbon UK aircraft technology through the Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) programme and fund zero emission flight infrastructure R&D at UK airports. As part of the Jet Zero ambition, the Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) provides R&D funding, matched by industry, to support the design and development of new aerospace technologies, with particular focus on zero carbon technologies, that are most likely to grow the UK’s share in the global market. We are also investing £3 million in 2021/22 through the Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure competition to accelerate R&D into infrastructure requirements at airports and airfields to handle new forms of zero emission aircraft. 42.', 'We are also investing £3 million in 2021/22 through the Zero Emission Flight Infrastructure competition to accelerate R&D into infrastructure requirements at airports and airfields to handle new forms of zero emission aircraft. 42. We will accelerate the commercialisation of UK sustainable aviation fuels (SAF). Our ambition is to enable delivery of 10% SAF by 2030 and we will be supporting UK industry with a £180 million funding to support the development of SAF plants. This builds on our recently launched £15 million Green Fuels, Green Skies competition. We will also establish a SAF clearing house, the first of its kind announced in Europe, to enable the UK to certify new fuels. 43. We are currently reviewing the responses to the SAF mandate consultation.', 'We are currently reviewing the responses to the SAF mandate consultation. Ahead of a second consultation in 2022, we will continue to engage with industry to ensure our policy can support the delivery of any future mandate ambitions. Freight and logistics 44. We recently consulted on phase out dates for the sale of all new non-zero emission HGVs - that is, on ending the sale of new non- zero emission HGVs by 2035, for vehicles 26 tonnes and under, and 2040, for vehicles over 26 tonnes, with the government’s response due to be published in due course. 45. We will support and encourage modal shift of freight from road to more sustainable alternatives, such as rail, cargo bike and inland waterways.', 'We will support and encourage modal shift of freight from road to more sustainable alternatives, such as rail, cargo bike and inland waterways. This will be supported by a package of policies including: • Investing in the capacity and capability of the rail network for freight, including infill electrification schemes; • The Mode Shift Revenue Support and Waterborne Freight Grant Schemes; • Introducing a rail freight growth target; and • ‘Last mile’ measures to support more sustainable freight in urban areas. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerDelivering decarbonisation through places 46. We will support transport decarbonisation by investing more than £12 billion in local transport systems over the current Parliament. We will deliver this through existing funding streams where decarbonisation sits alongside other core government objectives. 47.', 'We will deliver this through existing funding streams where decarbonisation sits alongside other core government objectives. 47. We are driving decarbonisation and transport improvements at a local level by making quantifiable carbon reductions a fundamental part of local transport planning and funding. Local Transport Plans (LTPs) – statutory requirements that set out holistic place-based strategies for improving transport networks and proposed projects for investment – will need to set out how local areas will deliver ambitious carbon reductions in line with carbon budgets and net zero. 48. We will embed transport decarbonisation principles in spatial planning and across transport policy making. Last year, the government set out proposals for a new and improved planning system, central to our most important national challenges, including combating climate change and supporting sustainable growth.', 'Last year, the government set out proposals for a new and improved planning system, central to our most important national challenges, including combating climate change and supporting sustainable growth. The National Model Design Code, published in July this year, guides local planning authorities on measures they can include within their own design codes to create environmentally responsive and sustainable places. The National Model Design Code provides tools and guidance for local planning authorities to help ensure developments respond to the impacts of climate change, are energy efficient, embed circular economy principles and reduce carbon emissions. Maximising the benefits of sustainable low carbon fuels 49. As announced in July 2021, and subject to parliamentary approval, the RTFO main obligation will increase from 9.6% in 2021 to 14.6% in 2032.', 'As announced in July 2021, and subject to parliamentary approval, the RTFO main obligation will increase from 9.6% in 2021 to 14.6% in 2032. This is estimated to achieve additional carbon savings of up to 20.8 MtCO e over this period. The ‘development fuels’ sub-target, which incentivises specific fuels of strategic importance, is already set to increase from 0.5% in 2021 to 2.8% by 2032, and by 2023 we will review whether there is scope to be more ambitious. We also committed to additional measures to promote the uptake of low carbon fuels in the freight, maritime and aviation sectors and we will work with stakeholders to develop a longer-term low carbon fuel strategy for the deployment of low carbon fuels across different transport modes to 2050. Hydrogen in a decarbonised transport system 50.', 'Hydrogen in a decarbonised transport system 50. We expanded the RTFO to incentivise the use of renewable hydrogen in maritime and rail in 2018. As set out clearly in the recent Hydrogen Strategy and Transport Decarbonisation Plan, hydrogen is likely to play a significant role in transport applications, particularly where energy density requirements or refuelling times make it the most suitable low carbon energy source. Our dedicated hydrogen R&D funding and support is focussed on heavier applications, such as rail, maritime, aviation and heavy road freight, where hydrogen offers in-use advantages and the largest global market potential. The government remains technology neutral and acknowledges that there will be other transport applications where hydrogen may be well suited, including the potential for hydrogen to be utilised within combustion engines, where it can be shown to produce zero harmful emissions at the tailpipe.', 'The government remains technology neutral and acknowledges that there will be other transport applications where hydrogen may be well suited, including the potential for hydrogen to be utilised within combustion engines, where it can be shown to produce zero harmful emissions at the tailpipe. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy51. We are investing £3 million in 2021 to establish the UK’s first multi-modal hydrogen transport hub in Tees Valley. The funding is kick-starting activity across the region, supporting collaborative R&D pilot projects and pop-up trials that demonstrate hydrogen technology solutions across transport modes and forge new industry and academic partnerships. Future transport – more choice, better efficiency 52. We will take action to increase average road vehicle occupancy by 2030. Increasing car occupancy from 1.55 to 1.7 could save nearly 3 Mt of carbon a year by 2030.', 'Increasing car occupancy from 1.55 to 1.7 could save nearly 3 Mt of carbon a year by 2030. We are building our evidence base to understand the barriers and potential policies to increase the uptake of shared mobility and will work with industry and local authorities to understand where further action can be taken. 53. We will reduce the barriers to data sharing across the transport sector. Better data can provide new policy and operational insights, drive new products and services and ‘nudge’ people towards lower emission journeys. We recently published a new annual statistical release, drawing together various data sources on transport’s environmental impact. Data consumers can use these data, without restrictions on use or disclosure, for journey planning applications, products and services enabling users to plan green end‑to‑end journeys.', 'Data consumers can use these data, without restrictions on use or disclosure, for journey planning applications, products and services enabling users to plan green end‑to‑end journeys. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy Working together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the transport sector, and across the UK. Wales The Welsh Government’s vision is that by 2025 all users of electric cars and vans are confident that they can access electric vehicle charging infrastructure when and where they need it.73 Its Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy identified a need for 30,000-55,000 fast chargers and up to 4,000 rapid chargers by 2030.', 'Wales The Welsh Government’s vision is that by 2025 all users of electric cars and vans are confident that they can access electric vehicle charging infrastructure when and where they need it.73 Its Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy identified a need for 30,000-55,000 fast chargers and up to 4,000 rapid chargers by 2030. The forthcoming EV Charging Action Plan will include further details on the specific support for the roll out of a comprehensive network. Scotland The transport measures in the updated 2018 Climate Change Plan contain action across all modes. The Scottish Government will phase out the need for new petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030, and will work with public bodies to lead the way to do this by 2025.', 'The Scottish Government will phase out the need for new petrol and diesel cars and vans by 2030, and will work with public bodies to lead the way to do this by 2025. It will also work with the freight industry to remove the need for new petrol and diesel heavy vehicles by 2035, supported by its work with Scottish Enterprise to establish a Zero Emission Heavy Duty Vehicle programme to remove the majority of fossil fuel buses in public transport by 2023. The commitment set out in the Climate Change Plan to reduce car kilometres by 20% by 2030 demonstrates the level of ambition in meeting Scotland’s statutory targets.', 'The commitment set out in the Climate Change Plan to reduce car kilometres by 20% by 2030 demonstrates the level of ambition in meeting Scotland’s statutory targets. To encourage modal shift to public transport the Scottish Government is investing over £500 million in bus priority infrastructure and extending nationwide free bus travel to all young people resident in Scotland under 22 years old from 31 January 2022. On active travel, the Scottish Government will support transformational active travel projects with over £500 million of investment over 5 years and has committed to ensuring that at least £320 million or 10% of all the transport capital budget is spent on supporting walking, cycling and wheeling by 2024-25.', 'On active travel, the Scottish Government will support transformational active travel projects with over £500 million of investment over 5 years and has committed to ensuring that at least £320 million or 10% of all the transport capital budget is spent on supporting walking, cycling and wheeling by 2024-25. On public transport, Scotland’s rail services will be decarbonised by 2035, and the Scottish Government is working with its Bus Decarbonisation Taskforce to create a pathway to zero emission buses. This is supported by its long-term investment of over £500 million in bus priority infrastructure.Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland, £74 million has been invested in the purchase of zero and low emission vehicles (hydrogen and electric) and associated infrastructure in the public transport sector.', 'This is supported by its long-term investment of over £500 million in bus priority infrastructure.Northern Ireland In Northern Ireland, £74 million has been invested in the purchase of zero and low emission vehicles (hydrogen and electric) and associated infrastructure in the public transport sector. A £20 million Blue/Green infrastructure investment fund was launched in 2020/21 and has continued in 2021/22, which has supported a range of initiatives including active travel schemes across Northern Ireland. An Executive Energy Strategy is currently being developed which will include measures focusing on informing transport choices and behaviours, and establishing a sustainable transport hierarchy that will support changes in how we travel, reduce the distances travelled in private vehicles, and decarbonise transport. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3vi.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener3vi. Natural Resources, Waste & F-Gases Harnessing nature for net zero Our Key Commitments • 75% of farmers in England will be engaged in low carbon practices by 2030, rising to 85% by 2035. Government is introducing farming schemes, including the new environmental land management schemes, which will provide a powerful vehicle for achieving net zero, and goals of the 25 Year Environment Plan. • Increase investment in industry-led research and development into solutions to help deliver net zero in agriculture and horticulture, including through the Farming Innovation Programme.', '• Increase investment in industry-led research and development into solutions to help deliver net zero in agriculture and horticulture, including through the Farming Innovation Programme. • Treble woodland creation rates by the end of this Parliament, reflecting England’s contribution to meeting the UK’s overall target of increasing planting rates to 30,000 hectares per year by the end of this Parliament and maintain new planting at least at this level from 2025 onwards. We will explore a long-term statutory tree target in England within the public consultation on Environment Bill targets. • We will boost the existing £640 million Nature for Climate Fund with a further £124 million of new money, ensuring total spend of more than £750 million by 2025 on peat restoration, woodland creation and management.', '• We will boost the existing £640 million Nature for Climate Fund with a further £124 million of new money, ensuring total spend of more than £750 million by 2025 on peat restoration, woodland creation and management. This will enable more opportunities for farmers and landowners to support net zero through land use change. • Restore at least 35,000 hectares of peatlands in Englad by 2025, through the Nature for Climate Fund. Restore approximately 280,000 hectares of peat in England by 2050, including via funding from the new environmental land management schemes. • Mobilise private investment into tree planting, including through the Woodland Carbon Code, with the support of government’s Woodland Carbon Guarantee, and into peat restoration through implementing a package of reforms to the Peatland Code.', '• Mobilise private investment into tree planting, including through the Woodland Carbon Code, with the support of government’s Woodland Carbon Guarantee, and into peat restoration through implementing a package of reforms to the Peatland Code. • We will work with key stakeholders to develop a policy roadmap to increase the use of timber in construction in England, and will create a cross-government and industry working group tasked with identifying key actions to safely increase timber use and reduce embodied carbon.', '• We will work with key stakeholders to develop a policy roadmap to increase the use of timber in construction in England, and will create a cross-government and industry working group tasked with identifying key actions to safely increase timber use and reduce embodied carbon. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• To support our commitment to explore options for the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill from 2028, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy• To support our commitment to explore options for the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill from 2028, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025. • Complete a review of the F-gas Regulation and assess whether we can go further than the current requirements and international commitments, including by looking at what additional reductions in F-gas use can be made to help the UK meet net zero by 2050.', '• Complete a review of the F-gas Regulation and assess whether we can go further than the current requirements and international commitments, including by looking at what additional reductions in F-gas use can be made to help the UK meet net zero by 2050. • Through the Environment Bill we will legislate for Local Nature Recovery Strategies – a new system of spatial strategies that will map proposals for improving or creating habitat for nature and wider environmental benefits, helping to deliver net zero objectives. • Biodiversity co-benefits and other environmental objectives are maximised alongside decarbonisation. Progress to date 1. This chapter covers natural resources including agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), (inclusive of peatlands and soils), as well as resources, waste, wastewater, and fluorinated gases (F-gases).', 'This chapter covers natural resources including agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), (inclusive of peatlands and soils), as well as resources, waste, wastewater, and fluorinated gases (F-gases). In 2019, net UK greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from these sectors, referred to as NRWF (natural resources, waste, and F-gases), reflected e or 20% of the UK total, having 2. In the Ten Point Plan, we committed to protecting our natural environment. Since then we have launched the floods investment programme to better protect 336,000 properties from flooding. We also awarded 90 projects grants under round 2 of the £80 million Green Recovery Challenge Fund (GRCF). In total, the GRCF is set to plant almost over 1 million trees. Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) 3.', 'Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) 3. AFOLU were responsible for 63 MtCO e (12%) of UK net GHG emissions in 2019, having risen slightly in the last 2 years but reduced by 24% since 1990. 4. Emissions from agriculture, mainly stemming from livestock, agricultural soils, and farm machinery, added up to 55 MtCO e (11%) of UK emissions in 2019. Although rising by 1% from 2018 to 2019, agricultural emissions have fallen by 13% since 1990. The Agriculture Transition Plan (2020) sets out how we will move away from the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy to use public money to reward farmers and land managers for delivering environmentally sustainable outcomes in England.75 5. Forestry and woodlands currently act as carbon sinks and, in 2019, captured 123,000 hectares of new woodland has been planted across the UK, an area equivalent to Bedfordshire.', 'Forestry and woodlands currently act as carbon sinks and, in 2019, captured 123,000 hectares of new woodland has been planted across the UK, an area equivalent to Bedfordshire. The England Tree Action Plan (2021) committed to increasing tree planting rates from 13,410 hectares across the UK in 2020/21, to 30,000 hectares each year by the end of this Parliament. The plan is supported by £500 million of the Nature for Climate Fund. In 2020-21 we funded new partnerships with Northumberland County Council, Trees 4 Cornwall, and England’s network of ten Community Forests. Two new Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenercommunity forests were launched, Plymouth and South Devon in June 2021 and North- East, in July 2021. 6. Although peatlands are the UK’s largest terrestrial carbon store, in a degraded condition they represent a net source of emissions.', 'Although peatlands are the UK’s largest terrestrial carbon store, in a degraded condition they represent a net source of emissions. In 2019, peatlands emitted 4% of UK net GHG emissions, having become degraded due to drainage for agricultural use, overgrazing and burning. We have rewetted around 100,000 hectares of peatland across the UK and set out further plans for peatland restoration and responsible management in the England Peat Action Plan (May 2021). Resources, waste, and F-gases 7. Waste management emissions consist of waste disposed to landfill sites, waste incineration without energy recovery, and the treatment of wastewater. In 2019, waste management accounted for 25 MtCO e (5%) of UK emissions, a significant decrease of 71% since 1990, largely driven by a reduction in biodegradable waste to landfill.', 'In 2019, waste management accounted for 25 MtCO e (5%) of UK emissions, a significant decrease of 71% since 1990, largely driven by a reduction in biodegradable waste to landfill. The Resources and Waste Strategy (RWS), (2018) set out how we will transition to a more circular economy, and included key reforms to enable us to manage our waste more efficiently, reduce the amount of waste we create as a society, and ensure we use resources more efficiently.77 8. F-gases (GHGs which can be used in systems such as heat pumps and air conditioning units) accounted for 15 MtCO e (3%) of UK emissions in 2019, with 93% of these coming from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', 'F-gases (GHGs which can be used in systems such as heat pumps and air conditioning units) accounted for 15 MtCO e (3%) of UK emissions in 2019, with 93% of these coming from hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). F-gas emissions have fallen by 10% since 1990.78 In 2017, the UK was one of the first countries to commit to cutting HFC consumption by 85% by 2036, ratifying the Kigali Amendment to the UN Montreal Protocol.79 We have cut HFC consumption even faster than that, reducing levels placed on the market by 55% since 2015, through Net zero transition and economic opportunities Our 2050 vision and how we get there 9. A systemic transformation across the UK economy, including NRWF sectors, is required to achieve net zero by 2050.', 'A systemic transformation across the UK economy, including NRWF sectors, is required to achieve net zero by 2050. While we will significantly reduce emissions across the NRWF sectors, some residual emissions from agriculture, waste, and F-gases will remain. These will need to be compensated for by both nature-based and engineered greenhouse gas removals (GGRs) as a last resort. On our journey to net zero, we will maximise opportunities to adapt to climate change and the extreme weather it brings, and to maximise the co-benefits for other environmental objectives. 10. By 2050, emissions associated with the NRWF sectors could need to drop by MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and Carbon Budget 6 targets, they are expected to fall by 30‑40% by 2030 and 39-51% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels.', 'By 2050, emissions associated with the NRWF sectors could need to drop by MtCO e. In the interim, to meet our NDC and Carbon Budget 6 targets, they are expected to fall by 30‑40% by 2030 and 39-51% by 2035, compared to 2019 levels. These figures are based on the indicative NWRF sectoral pathway to help us reach net zero and interim targets. Our potential pathway also indicates residual emissions in AFOLU sectors could need to fall by 17-30% by 2030 and 24‑40% by 2035, relative to 2019 levels; waste and F-gas emissions could need to fall by 50‑57% by 2030 and by 62-69% by 2035, relative to 2019 levels. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy11. We are working closely with Devolved Administrations to deliver this ambition.', 'We are working closely with Devolved Administrations to deliver this ambition. This includes frequent engagement at Ministerial and official levels through existing and new forums, and allows us to think practically about how we deliver across the UK. We will also consider the interdependencies between land use sectors and other goals. Figure 23: Indicative agriculture, forestry and other land use emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-NZS policies NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 24 Indicative waste and F-gas emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-NZS policies NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) 12. By 2050, we will have a resilient and prosperous countryside, where farmers and land managers are supported to reduce emissions and deliver a range of environmental outcomes.', 'By 2050, we will have a resilient and prosperous countryside, where farmers and land managers are supported to reduce emissions and deliver a range of environmental outcomes. 75% of farmers in England will be engaged in low carbon practices by 2030, rising to 85% by 2035. Emissions mitigation in agriculture is complex and diverse, with no silver bullets. It is difficult to establish a single metric to track progress, but government monitors engagement with low carbon farming practices through our Farm Practice Survey. We will continue to improve this metric in future years to address what we consider to be key limitations in the current approach. 13. We will support farmers to adopt low carbon farming practices, and increase the carbon stored on their farms, helping to improve business productivity and profitability gains.', 'We will support farmers to adopt low carbon farming practices, and increase the carbon stored on their farms, helping to improve business productivity and profitability gains. Schemes that support environmental land management will help drive this change and will also help compensate for residual emissions that are harder to reduce, such as from livestock. The Farming Investment Fund will offer funding for equipment, technology, and infrastructure that improves farm productivity and benefits the environment. We are also providing funding to help farmers produce healthier animals, reduce GHG emissions and enhance welfare through the Animal Health and Welfare Pathway. Additionally, Defra will develop a Farming for Net Zero resource, providing advice to farmers on good practice techniques to understand, manage and abate GHG emissions. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy14.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy14. We also recognise the importance of other policy levers with potential climate benefits, for example Environmental Permitting for dairy and intensive beef herds which is planned under the Clean Air Strategy. There is also an important role for emerging markets in nature-based solutions. For example, the Woodland Carbon Code, which incorporates robust standards and accreditation processes. We will seek to establish a robust market framework, with arrangements to ensure additionality, transparency, and traceability of carbon credits, so that regulators and the public can be confident that carbon savings are verified and also guaranteed against future issues such as forest fires or disease.', 'We will seek to establish a robust market framework, with arrangements to ensure additionality, transparency, and traceability of carbon credits, so that regulators and the public can be confident that carbon savings are verified and also guaranteed against future issues such as forest fires or disease. Additionally, we continue to consider the impact that climate change will have on the suitability of our land for different uses, such as the impact of hotter, drier summers and warmer, wetter winters on agriculture, habitat creation and restoration, and forestry. 15. Biomass will also be an important component of our pathway to net zero. It is likely that the UK will be producing more domestic perennial energy crops (such as miscanthus and short rotation coppice) and short rotation forestry than today, but the exact role is yet to be determined.', 'It is likely that the UK will be producing more domestic perennial energy crops (such as miscanthus and short rotation coppice) and short rotation forestry than today, but the exact role is yet to be determined. The Biomass Strategy, due in 2022, will look to address this. The sustainability, and wider environmental impact of growing and using biomass, including on air quality, will be key factors in establishing its role. Resources and waste, and F-gases 16. By 2050, we will have met the 25 Year Environment Plan (25YEP) commitments to eliminate all avoidable waste, including plastic, and to double resource productivity.81 A circular economy will be part of everyday life: reusing, repairing, and remanufacturing goods will be standard practice. Goods will be designed to last for longer and be more efficient.', 'Goods will be designed to last for longer and be more efficient. At end of life, the vast majority of products will be sent for recycling, with food, garden, and dry materials collected separately and used as lower carbon inputs for new products. Producer responsibility schemes will be embedded across the economy. Any non-recyclable residual waste will be treated to enable the processing of waste into valuable outputs, such as energy. Where possible, these processes would include carbon capture and storage. (See the Power chapter for more on energy from waste.) Only where no such treatment is possible may landfill be permitted. 17. By 2050, current F-gas use will have been predominantly replaced by alternative gases or technologies.', 'By 2050, current F-gas use will have been predominantly replaced by alternative gases or technologies. HFC importers, equipment manufacturers and servicing technicians will have taken steps to reduce their use in favour of alternatives, not only in line with the current phasedown, but also with further measures implemented following the F-gas Regulation review and future international changes. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerOther sectors 18. Protecting, restoring, and sustainably managing other natural resources such as soils or blue carbon habitats like saltmarsh and seagrass, can provide benefits for biodiversity and climate adaptation, as well as for carbon sequestration. We do not currently have the required data to include these habitats in the UK GHG Inventory or to accurately quantify their potential contribution to net zero but are doing further work to close these evidence gaps.', 'We do not currently have the required data to include these habitats in the UK GHG Inventory or to accurately quantify their potential contribution to net zero but are doing further work to close these evidence gaps. Reducing emissions while balancing other climate and environmental objectives While reducing emissions, we must also adapt to the inevitable changes in our climate, ensuring that policies supporting net zero are resilient to current and future climate risks, and preventing locking in future vulnerabilities or maladaptation. The second National Adaptation Programme sets out how we are addressing, and will address, climate risks between 2018 and 2023 and further detail on adaptation is included in the Climate Science Annex of this strategy. Delivering net zero creates opportunities to benefit other environmental objectives too.', 'Delivering net zero creates opportunities to benefit other environmental objectives too. For example, climate change and biodiversity loss are closely related, and policies to tackle climate change can help to improve biodiversity. Likewise, net zero policies can support further environmental goals, such as water quality, natural beauty, and the delivery of the 25YEP. For example, we will ensure afforestation across England and that the right species of tree is planted in the right place, benefitting flood management, soil health and biodiversity, while also sequestering carbon. In some cases, however, we know it will be important to manage potential misalignments: for example, ammonia emissions from digestate, a by-product from the process of anaerobic digestion, can negatively impact human health and cause biodiversity loss.', 'In some cases, however, we know it will be important to manage potential misalignments: for example, ammonia emissions from digestate, a by-product from the process of anaerobic digestion, can negatively impact human health and cause biodiversity loss. We are working to mitigate ammonia emissions through the Green Gas Support Scheme, which will require participants to take additional steps to mitigate ammonia emissions, and by researching technologies that can help reduce the negative environmental impacts of digestate. The relationship between net zero and wider environmental objectives, including air quality, is set out in more detail in the Technical Annex.', 'The relationship between net zero and wider environmental objectives, including air quality, is set out in more detail in the Technical Annex. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyThe UK has a limited amount of land and delivering net zero will require changes to the way this land is used, for example, for afforestation, biomass production, and peat restoration. Opportunities for land to be used for multiple purposes, such as agroforestry will help to make sure land use for decarbonisation purposes is balanced with other demands, such as housing development and food production. These changes are likely to have varying effects on wider environmental outcomes and may completely alter the character of some landscapes and rural livelihoods (see section below).', 'These changes are likely to have varying effects on wider environmental outcomes and may completely alter the character of some landscapes and rural livelihoods (see section below). Land use change must be designed in a systemic, geographically targeted way with appropriate local governance and delivery structures which consider the complex range of interacting social, economic, and demographic factors. To support this, government is developing a Net Zero Systems Tool which aims to allow key decision makers to gain new insights and understanding, by highlighting dependencies and trade-offs within the land use system, as well as by demonstrating the knock-on effects of proposed policies.', 'To support this, government is developing a Net Zero Systems Tool which aims to allow key decision makers to gain new insights and understanding, by highlighting dependencies and trade-offs within the land use system, as well as by demonstrating the knock-on effects of proposed policies. In addition, through the Environment Bill, the Government is introducing Local Nature Recovery Strategies (LNRS), a spatial planning tool for nature, allowing local government and communities to identify priorities and opportunities for nature recovery and nature-based solutions across England. The Bill includes a specific duty on all public authorities to “have regard” to relevant LNRSs and the spatial information they provide will support the development of local plans and other land use change incentives.', 'The Bill includes a specific duty on all public authorities to “have regard” to relevant LNRSs and the spatial information they provide will support the development of local plans and other land use change incentives. Delivery of priorities and opportunities identified in LNRS will be supported by a range of delivery mechanisms including our environmental land management schemes, and in particular, the Local Nature Recovery scheme. By 2028, Defra’s current plans are for total spend to be evenly split between farm-level, locally tailored, and landscape-scale investment within ELM Seizing new opportunities 19. Reducing emissions will create growth and employment opportunities across NRWF sectors, and it is important that these opportunities are evenly felt and realised by all.', 'Reducing emissions will create growth and employment opportunities across NRWF sectors, and it is important that these opportunities are evenly felt and realised by all. Achieving net zero will require innovation from businesses and landowners, investment from government and the private sector, and changes in our choices as consumers. We want to create domestic and international demand for our low carbon, high welfare and world-renowned produce, whilst supporting international markets for sustainably produced commodities. 20. To achieve the level of emissions reductions in the NRWF sector indicated by our delivery pathway to 2037, we will need additional public and private investment of approximately £30 billion. Given the importance of R&D to deliver our pathway, we are committing to spend £75 million on net zero related R&D across the NRWF sectors over the next three years. 21.', 'Given the importance of R&D to deliver our pathway, we are committing to spend £75 million on net zero related R&D across the NRWF sectors over the next three years. 21. Decarbonising the NRWF sectors will regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. For example, an increase in afforestation across England could support up to 1,900 jobs in 2024 and up to 2,000 jobs in 2030. By investing in rural infrastructure and skills development we will seek to ensure rural communities and rural businesses, including the most disadvantaged, benefit from net zero. There will be significant opportunities for upskilling, reskilling, and starting new career paths, alongside expanding current sectors. For example, nature-based solutions create entry-level opportunities for people just starting out, as well as requiring specialist skills such as hydrology, ecology and forest management.', 'For example, nature-based solutions create entry-level opportunities for people just starting out, as well as requiring specialist skills such as hydrology, ecology and forest management. By delivering long-term policy certainty, we will unlock the private investment necessary to deliver these green jobs. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener22. Innovation will also be vital to delivering net zero and maximising benefits for the UK. In agriculture, farmers will be able to adopt new emission saving technologies, produce lower carbon foods and steward the land in new ways, such as through vertical farming. This will allow them to diversify income streams and produce high quality, low carbon produce for domestic and international markets, boosting the rural economy.', 'This will allow them to diversify income streams and produce high quality, low carbon produce for domestic and international markets, boosting the rural economy. Investment in agricultural innovation, through schemes like the Farming Innovation Programme, will drive development of new precision technologies, explore the potential of robotics and artificial intelligence, and take advantage of developments in breeding technologies, including the potential of gene editing. This can also make our agricultural sector more resilient to the impacts of climate change and safeguard our food security. We also know other technological solutions, such as those to reduce emissions from non-road mobile machinery in the agricultural sector require further development. Cross government work is required to develop non-road mobile machinery policies to support the deployment of technological solutions and required infrastructure in specific sectors, including industry, transport, and buildings.', 'Cross government work is required to develop non-road mobile machinery policies to support the deployment of technological solutions and required infrastructure in specific sectors, including industry, transport, and buildings. Relevant government departments will work together to ensure a coherent approach (see the Industry chapter). A significant market share for innovations such as alternative proteins will take time to materialise, but will align with consumer dietary trends, and the UK already has a lively and growing domestic market that could grow to become another great British food export that competes internationally. These and other novel methods of food production could create significant opportunities to further promote high quality British food internationally. 23. Innovation is key to other NRWF sectors too.', 'Innovation is key to other NRWF sectors too. Industry is responding to the HFC phasedown by switching to alternative gases and technologies in areas such as refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pumps, and will continue to innovate in this area. The UK Research and Innovation’s National Interdisciplinary Circular Economy Research programme is looking at how to transition to a more circular economy. Producers will need to move to more sustainable product design, and consumers, with support from the public and private sectors, will need to shift to more sustainable product choices and towards reusing, repairing, remanufacturing, and recycling products. Policies and proposals Agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU) 24. We have begun the Agricultural Transition Period and have moved away from the CAP.', 'We have begun the Agricultural Transition Period and have moved away from the CAP. We are reducing and then stopping untargeted Direct Payments in England and moving to a system where public money rewards farmers and land managers for environmentally sustainable actions, including reducing emissions and expanding the carbon sequestration potential of our land. We will introduce three environmental land management schemes: the Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI), Local Nature Recovery (LNR) and Landscape Recovery (LR). The SFI will be open to all farmers and will incentivise low carbon practices, for example, soil and nutrient management. LNR will fund actions that support local nature recovery and deliver local environmental priorities. The LR scheme will fund long-term land use change projects such as large-scale tree planting, and peatland restoration projects.', 'The LR scheme will fund long-term land use change projects such as large-scale tree planting, and peatland restoration projects. Net zero will be a key priority across the delivery of our environmental land management schemes. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy25. Take up of these schemes will be voluntary and will require a shift in the practices of landowners and farmers. We are working to ensure the schemes encourage participation, including through appropriate payment rates, in line with the Payment Principles.82 Participants will still be able to benefit from private sector funding, for delivering additional benefits. Advice and guidance will also be provided to support participants to adopt new practices. Tests and trials for the schemes began in 2020.', 'Tests and trials for the schemes began in 2020. The scheme will be rolled out in full by 2024.83 Government has committed to maintain current levels of spending on the sector in England, based on 2019 levels, until 2024/5, amounting to an average of £2.4 billion a year. 26. We are also supporting the acceleration of private investment in nature through initiatives such as the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund. These will test new models and build pipelines of investable nature projects by providing technical assistance and capacity building support to create opportunities for private investment. Projects will capture the value of the carbon and other benefits provided by natural assets such as woodlands, peatlands wetlands and river catchments.', 'Projects will capture the value of the carbon and other benefits provided by natural assets such as woodlands, peatlands wetlands and river catchments. They will create multi- functional landscapes that deliver diverse benefits, providing a return on investment and improving our understanding of how to attract private investment. 27. We will boost the existing £640 million Nature for Climate Fund with a further £124 million of new money, ensuring total spend of more than £750 million by 2025 on peat restoration, woodland creation and management. This will enable more opportunities for farmers and landowners to support net zero through land use change. Agriculture 28. Government will support a range of measures to decarbonise the agriculture sector specifically, including by providing further funding to support farmers to take up low carbon practices and technologies.', 'Government will support a range of measures to decarbonise the agriculture sector specifically, including by providing further funding to support farmers to take up low carbon practices and technologies. We will introduce a targeted set of financial incentives to improve animal health and welfare and reduce emissions from animals, including action to identify and eliminate bovine viral diarrhoea, with pilots starting in late 2022 or early 2023. The Farming Investment Fund will provide further grants to farmers, enabling them to invest in equipment, technology and infrastructure that will improve their profitability and benefit the environment. The scheme will be launched in 2021. From 2022, Government will also provide grants for new slurry stores, equipment, and other interventions.', 'From 2022, Government will also provide grants for new slurry stores, equipment, and other interventions. The primary goal will be delivering reductions in nitrate and ammonia pollutants from slurry, a key cause of pollution on farms, but the grants will also reduce methane emissions and protect and restore habitats. 29. We will increase investment in industry-led research and development into productivity challenges, delivering net zero and testing new technologies and methods. The Farming Innovation Programme will open for applications in October 2021 with further competitions planned for 2022 and beyond. These will bring together interested farmers, scientists, and researchers to tackle productivity and environmental challenges. We will invest in supporting knowledge exchange so more farmers and growers have access to the latest findings from cutting-edge research that they can apply on their farms. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener30.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener30. We will encourage and support increased agroforestry (trees and agriculture coexisting on the same land) through our environmental land management schemes from the early 2020s, enabling agricultural land to sequester emissions while delivering other environmental benefits, such as air quality and biodiversity, and providing alternative income streams for farmers from trees. 31. Government is working, and will continue to work, in partnership with the sector to develop a new outcome-focused approach to regulation and enforcement which supports net zero. For example, ruminant livestock are the leading cause of farm emissions, but feed additives with methane inhibiting properties have the potential to reduce emissions, especially from housed cattle.', 'For example, ruminant livestock are the leading cause of farm emissions, but feed additives with methane inhibiting properties have the potential to reduce emissions, especially from housed cattle. Whilst this is an emerging technology, government is actively investigating the promising role these products may have in delivering emissions savings in the mid-term, including by assessing whether regulation could ensure maximised take up of such products. 32. We will also consider how best to reduce and better target the use of manufactured fertiliser, including exploring the potential of regulation in this area. In addition, we are considering whether we need new legislative powers to improve soil management and nutrient management. We will consider the recommendations of the Nutrient Management Expert Group, due to report in spring 2022, on the optimal policy approaches to minimise emissions from fertiliser use. 33.', 'We will consider the recommendations of the Nutrient Management Expert Group, due to report in spring 2022, on the optimal policy approaches to minimise emissions from fertiliser use. 33. The Government’s upcoming Food Strategy will support the delivery of net zero, nature recovery, and biodiversity commitments and will help to create a food system that incentivises farmers to produce high quality, high welfare food in the most sustainable way. Government is exploring options to reduce carbon emissions from food production, support innovation in the food sector, incentivise land use change to sequester more carbon, and preserve natural resources. 34. Government is also committed to exploring the monitoring, reporting, and verification of emissions in the agriculture sector. This will enable us to understand where the greatest decarbonisation opportunities could be across the sector, considering all options.', 'This will enable us to understand where the greatest decarbonisation opportunities could be across the sector, considering all options. We will continue to review potential carbon pricing strategies for land use sectors, including the potential role for voluntary or compliance carbon markets to support cost effective decarbonisation for the sector. Peat 35. The England Peat Action Plan (EPAP) sets out the government’s long-term vision for managing, protecting, and restoring peatlands so that they provide a wide range of benefits to wildlife, people and the planet. 36. Tackling the drivers of peatland degradation is essential. The EPAP commits to ending the horticultural use of peat in the amateur sector by the end of this parliament and a consultation will be launched on potential legislative measures (e.g. a sales ban) in 2021.', 'The EPAP commits to ending the horticultural use of peat in the amateur sector by the end of this parliament and a consultation will be launched on potential legislative measures (e.g. a sales ban) in 2021. Legislation to end managed burning on protected blanket bog that is 40 cm deep or more, unless covered by a license, has already been laid, protecting 40% of England’s blanket bog, and government is committed to reviewing the economic and environmental case for extending protections. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy37. At least 35,000 ha of peatlands in England will be restored, by 2025, via the Nature for Climate Fund. From 2024, public funding for peatland restoration will be available in England through the new environmental land management schemes.', 'From 2024, public funding for peatland restoration will be available in England through the new environmental land management schemes. To further support peatland restoration, government is implementing a range of policies that will mobilise private investment. The Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund has been launched and a package of reforms to the Peatland Code, including expanding it to cover more peatland types, will be implemented in 2022. We will aim to restore approximately 280,000 ha of peatland in England by 2050. 38. Degraded lowland peat is responsible for 86% of England’s peatland emissions. Full restoration may not always be desirable, due to the lowlands’ agricultural value and interactions with landscape scale water level management regimes.', 'Full restoration may not always be desirable, due to the lowlands’ agricultural value and interactions with landscape scale water level management regimes. Where it is not possible to restore peatlands, we will support new responsible management measures for lowland peatlands.The Lowland Agriculture Peat Taskforce will provide recommendations in summer 2022 on how to improve the condition of lowland farmed peatlands, both to reduce emissions and support continued profitable agriculture. From 2024, our Local Nature Recovery scheme will provide a key funding stream for wetter modes of farming, including paludiculture. To prevent delay, our Farming Innovation Programme will be open to supporting applications for R&D in paludiculture from the 20 October 2021, with more competitions to follow in 2022 and beyond. Forestry and woodlands 39.', 'To prevent delay, our Farming Innovation Programme will be open to supporting applications for R&D in paludiculture from the 20 October 2021, with more competitions to follow in 2022 and beyond. Forestry and woodlands 39. We will treble woodland creation rates by the end of this Parliament, reflecting England’s contribution to meeting the UK’s overall target of increasing planting rates to 30,000 hectares per year by the end of this Parliament, and maintain new planting at least at this level from 2025 onwards. We will explore a long‑term statutory tree target in England within the public consultation on Environment Bill targets.', 'We will explore a long‑term statutory tree target in England within the public consultation on Environment Bill targets. We intent to spend over £500 million of the Nature for Climate Fund on funding woodland creation and management in England until 2025, beyond which the new environmental land management schemes will provide the main source of public funding. Whilst this rate of planting will lead to a relatively small emission savings in the short-medium term, it will play an increasingly important role as time goes on, while also providing other environmental benefits. 40. Private finance for tree planting and management is being generated via the Woodland Carbon Code with the support of government’s Woodland Carbon Guarantee.', 'Private finance for tree planting and management is being generated via the Woodland Carbon Code with the support of government’s Woodland Carbon Guarantee. Government has also launched a new England Woodland Creation Offer to fund woodland creation in England and will establish new Woodland Creation Partnerships in key areas, bringing together government, NGOs, and the private sector to develop bespoke offers to encourage woodland creation. 41. The government will review guidance on the tax treatment of trees and woodlands, to provide greater clarity to landowners on how new and existing trees on their land affect tax liabilities. Further, government will regulate to improve protections for existing woodlands and increase the number of woodlands under active management, improving resilience to natural hazards. 42.', 'Further, government will regulate to improve protections for existing woodlands and increase the number of woodlands under active management, improving resilience to natural hazards. 42. Felled trees store carbon within them and timber has the lowest embodied carbon of any mainstream building materials. Guided by market analysis, fire safety and structural considerations, key opportunities for the safe growth of timber use will be in low-rise buildings using traditional and certain modern methods of construction, and in a wide range of commercial and non-residential settings.', 'Guided by market analysis, fire safety and structural considerations, key opportunities for the safe growth of timber use will be in low-rise buildings using traditional and certain modern methods of construction, and in a wide range of commercial and non-residential settings. We will promote the safe use of timber in construction through several measures, including by: Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Providing financial support to develop innovative timber products through the Forestry Innovation Fund; • Working with key construction stakeholders, including the Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, Home Builders Federation, and Federation of Master Builders to develop a policy roadmap on use of timber; • Driving an increase in the use of certain modern methods of construction, some forms of which can encourage use of sustainable materials such as timber; • Working with Homes England and delivery partners to explore ways to increase timber use in the delivery of housing programmes; • Increasing public demand for sustainably sourced timber through procurement policies; and • Encouraging research into barriers to uptake of timber, including looking at timber strength grades and the fire resistance of engineered timber structures.', 'We will promote the safe use of timber in construction through several measures, including by: Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Providing financial support to develop innovative timber products through the Forestry Innovation Fund; • Working with key construction stakeholders, including the Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, Home Builders Federation, and Federation of Master Builders to develop a policy roadmap on use of timber; • Driving an increase in the use of certain modern methods of construction, some forms of which can encourage use of sustainable materials such as timber; • Working with Homes England and delivery partners to explore ways to increase timber use in the delivery of housing programmes; • Increasing public demand for sustainably sourced timber through procurement policies; and • Encouraging research into barriers to uptake of timber, including looking at timber strength grades and the fire resistance of engineered timber structures. Biomass 43.', 'We will promote the safe use of timber in construction through several measures, including by: Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener• Providing financial support to develop innovative timber products through the Forestry Innovation Fund; • Working with key construction stakeholders, including the Green Construction Board, Construction Leadership Council, Home Builders Federation, and Federation of Master Builders to develop a policy roadmap on use of timber; • Driving an increase in the use of certain modern methods of construction, some forms of which can encourage use of sustainable materials such as timber; • Working with Homes England and delivery partners to explore ways to increase timber use in the delivery of housing programmes; • Increasing public demand for sustainably sourced timber through procurement policies; and • Encouraging research into barriers to uptake of timber, including looking at timber strength grades and the fire resistance of engineered timber structures. Biomass 43. Government will publish a Biomass Strategy in 2022 which we will set out the results of a review of the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK (including domestically grown perennial energy crops and short-rotation forestry), and how this resource could be best utilised across the economy to help achieve net zero.', 'Government will publish a Biomass Strategy in 2022 which we will set out the results of a review of the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK (including domestically grown perennial energy crops and short-rotation forestry), and how this resource could be best utilised across the economy to help achieve net zero. The strategy will set out the role which Bioenergy with Carbon Capture & Storage (BECCS) can play in reducing carbon emissions and how the technology could be deployed. It will also consider where and how we can improve our existing biomass sustainability standards (already some of the world’s most stringent) and examine the relationship between biomass, including how it is used, and our wider environmental targets, including air quality. Resources, waste and F-gases Resources and waste 44.', 'Resources, waste and F-gases Resources and waste 44. The Government’s Resources and Waste Strategy (RWS) set out the overall ambition and direction of travel for the waste sector. It made a commitment to increase municipal recycling rates to 65% and to ensure that no more than 10% of municipal waste is landfilled by 2035. Biodegradable waste sent to landfill today, however, slowly breaks down anaerobically, emitting methane for many years afterwards. Faster action will mean greater emissions savings. We will therefore explore policies to work towards the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill by 2028. To support this commitment, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025. 45.', 'To support this commitment, we are bringing forward £295 million of capital funding which will allow local authorities in England to prepare to implement free separate food waste collections for all households from 2025. 45. To work towards these goals, we are delivering the reforms announced in the RWS. Consistent collections of household and business waste will be introduced via the Environment Bill. The powers will allow us to require local authorities to separately collect a core set of materials for recycling, including paper and card, glass, metal, plastic, food waste and household garden waste. This will divert significant volumes of biodegradable waste from landfill and provide a high volume of emissions savings. A deposit return scheme for drinks containers and extended producer responsibility for packaging, placing the net costs of disposing of packaging on producers, will also be introduced.', 'A deposit return scheme for drinks containers and extended producer responsibility for packaging, placing the net costs of disposing of packaging on producers, will also be introduced. These two measures will increase the volume of materials being recycled and decrease our consumption of virgin materials, thereby reducing the amount of waste sent to landfill and reducing emissions from other sectors. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy46. Complementing these measures, the introduction of the plastic packaging tax from April 2022 will encourage greater use of recycled plastic in plastic packaging, instead of new (virgin) plastic. The tax will be charged at £200 per tonne and be paid by manufacturers and importers of plastic packaging that contains less than 30% recycled plastic.', 'The tax will be charged at £200 per tonne and be paid by manufacturers and importers of plastic packaging that contains less than 30% recycled plastic. It is estimated that this will lead to an increase in the use of recycled plastic by 40% in 2022-23, equal to carbon savings of nearly 200,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions. The government will also review aspects of the Landfill Tax in England and Northern Ireland in due course, as announced in Spring 2021. This will ensure the tax continues to support the government’s ambitious environmental objectives. 47. Government is committed to moving to a more circular economy. This means keeping built assets, products, and materials in use for longer, including through repair and reuse, and making greater use of secondary materials, thus reducing waste arising.', 'This means keeping built assets, products, and materials in use for longer, including through repair and reuse, and making greater use of secondary materials, thus reducing waste arising. Recycling and material substitution, especially of carbon intensive materials such as steel, aluminium, and cement, are also an important part of our approach. The draft Waste Prevention Programme for England (WPP) (recently consulted on) sets out the overall approach to improving resource efficiency across key sectors and announced government’s intention to consult on introducing extended producer responsibility in other areas, including textiles. The Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy, meanwhile, outlines our high-level ambition for resource efficiency measures across industry. At least one legislative target in the area of resource efficiency and waste reduction will be set under the Environment Bill. For further information on our plans for resource efficient manufacturing see the Industry chapter.', 'For further information on our plans for resource efficient manufacturing see the Industry chapter. 48. Government is also committed to eliminating food waste to landfill and delivering the UN Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 to halve food waste by 2030. The Environment Bill will require all local authorities in England to separately collect household food waste, preventing it from being sent to landfill. This will create carbon savings and support the shift to a circular economy, as food waste is instead turned into biogas and digestate (a soil improver) through anaerobic digestion.', 'This will create carbon savings and support the shift to a circular economy, as food waste is instead turned into biogas and digestate (a soil improver) through anaerobic digestion. In addition, government will continue to work with Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP) and industry, and to support the Courtauld 2030 voluntary agreement with food and drink businesses, the Food Waste Reduction Roadmap, and the Target Measure Act approach, as well as campaigns in the public and private sector to reduce food waste, including the annual Food Waste Action Week. 49. Wastewater emissions will decrease due to improved treatment processes and expected data improvements.', 'Wastewater emissions will decrease due to improved treatment processes and expected data improvements. Water company research and investment into reducing process emissions from wastewater treatment plants will result in reductions in municipal process emissions via alternative treatment processes such as anaerobic treatment, membrane activated biofilm reactors, alternative ammonia removal processes and nature‑based solutions. Improvements in the way companies, and government, report on industrial emissions, and the way they are calculated, are also likely to result in reductions to the values on record. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerF-gases 50. Government will continue to impose the requirements of the F-gas Regulation, which covers England, Wales and Scotland. The regulation requires a range of measures to reduce emissions, including controls on gas placed on the market, product bans, leak checks and mandatory certification for handlers of F-gases.', 'The regulation requires a range of measures to reduce emissions, including controls on gas placed on the market, product bans, leak checks and mandatory certification for handlers of F-gases. These actions will help us to meet the Kigali Amendment target of reducing HFC consumption by 85% by 2036, as well as the F-gas Regulation’s target of a 79% reduction by 2030. 51. A review of the F-gas Regulation has commenced and is due to complete no later than 2022. This will be used to assess whether we can go further than the current requirements and international commitments, including by looking at what additional reductions in F-gas use can be made to help the UK meet net zero by 2050.', 'This will be used to assess whether we can go further than the current requirements and international commitments, including by looking at what additional reductions in F-gas use can be made to help the UK meet net zero by 2050. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the Natural Resources, Waste and F-Gases sectors, and across the UK.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action to reduce emissions across the Natural Resources, Waste and F-Gases sectors, and across the UK. Wales In November 2020, the Welsh Government published its National Peatland Action Programme to target peatland bodies most in need of restoration, with the aim of delivering 600-800 ha of restoration per year.84 It will also safeguard those in good and recovering condition. Activity will be delivered by Natural Resources Wales and partners across a range of land uses on both private and public land.', 'Activity will be delivered by Natural Resources Wales and partners across a range of land uses on both private and public land. When the Senedd first sat in 1999, Wales recycled less than 5% of its municipal waste. In 2020, Wales highest ever recycling rate of over 65% put it third in the world, with 403,000 tonnes of CO avoided in 2019/20. This success is due to a truly collective effort by local authorities, communities and households, while the Welsh Government has set targets and funded infrastructure. Food waste is collected from every household and recycling centres are evolving into modern eco-parks where businesses and enterprises capture the value in materials and keep resources in use.', 'Food waste is collected from every household and recycling centres are evolving into modern eco-parks where businesses and enterprises capture the value in materials and keep resources in use. Scotland The Scottish Government has set ambitious targets to restore 250,000 ha of peatland by 2030 and for 18,000 ha of new woodlands to be created annually by 2024/25, with woodland cover increased from around 19% to 21% of the total area of Scotland by 2032. Scottish Forestry and Forestry and Land Scotland will work with investors, carbon buyers, landowners, and market intermediaries to increase private investment in new woodlands to increase the woodland carbon market by at least 50% by 2025.', 'Scottish Forestry and Forestry and Land Scotland will work with investors, carbon buyers, landowners, and market intermediaries to increase private investment in new woodlands to increase the woodland carbon market by at least 50% by 2025. I n its recent Programme for Government, the Scottish Government allocated an additional £150 million for forestry and woodland creation: Scottish Forestry will use £100 million of this to support new tree planting; and Forestry and Land Scotland will use £30 million to expand Scotland’s national forests and land, and £20 million to invest in modernising nursery facilities to increase tree production. A new Scottish Agriculture Bill will be brought forward in 2023 to replace the EU Common Agricultural Policy. Co-development and co‑design with rural partners will be central to the development of future support structures and delivery.', 'Co-development and co‑design with rural partners will be central to the development of future support structures and delivery. The Agriculture Reform Implementation Oversight Board (ARIOB) will be asked to incorporate recommendations from farmer-led groups, into the work implementing policy reform. These groups were established to develop proposals to cut emissions across agriculture, support sustainable and high quality food production, and design a new support system. A preliminary package of funded measures will be agreed COP26, and the ARIOB will also consider responses to the public consultation launched in August on the same themes. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNorthern Ireland The Forests for our Future Programme aims to plant 18 million trees by 2030 to create 9,000 ha of new woodland.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNorthern Ireland The Forests for our Future Programme aims to plant 18 million trees by 2030 to create 9,000 ha of new woodland. The programme will improve the resilience of Northern Ireland’s forests and woodlands and increase their contribution to a sustainable, healthy environment; increase the contribution of forests and woodlands to Northern Ireland’s sustainable and inclusive economic growth; and increase the use of Northern Ireland’s forest resources to enable more people to improve their health, wellbeing, and life chances. Legislative provisions to help to limit emissions from F-gases (which have a high greenhouse warming potential) and ozone depleting substances have also been brought into operation in Northern Ireland. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy3vii.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy3vii. Greenhouse Gas Removals Balancing residual emissions to achieve net zero Our Key Commitments • Set the ambition of deploying at least 5 MtCO /year of engineered removals by 2030, in line with CCC85 and National Infrastructure Commission assessments.86 • Deliver £100 million innovation funding for Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) and other GGRs. • Develop markets and incentives for investment in greenhouse gas removal methods, by consulting on our preferred business models to incentivise early investment in GGRs, in 2022.', '• Develop markets and incentives for investment in greenhouse gas removal methods, by consulting on our preferred business models to incentivise early investment in GGRs, in 2022. • Working in partnership with the devolved administrations, we will aim to launch a call for evidence in the coming months exploring the role of the UK ETS as a potential long-term market for GGRs, as part of our upcoming consultation on the UK ETS. • Explore options for regulatory oversight to provide robust monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of GGRs, following the recommendations of the BEIS-led MRV Task & Finish Group involving experts from industry and academia. • Seek an amendment to the Climate Change Act to enable engineered removals to contribute to UK carbon budgets. Progress to date 1.', '• Seek an amendment to the Climate Change Act to enable engineered removals to contribute to UK carbon budgets. Progress to date 1. The primary method of achieving net zero is to take ambitious decarbonisation measures across society. However, we must also acknowledge that sectors such as industry, agriculture and aviation will be difficult to decarbonise completely by 2050. Greenhouse gas removals (GGR) are therefore essential to compensate for the residual emissions arising from the most difficult activities to reduce or eliminate from within polluting sectors. This approach is supported by the Climate Change Committee,87 the Energy Systems Catapult,88 the National Infrastructure Commission and the National Grid ESO (the GB electricity Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2.', 'This approach is supported by the Climate Change Committee,87 the Energy Systems Catapult,88 the National Infrastructure Commission and the National Grid ESO (the GB electricity Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener2. GGR is the name given to a group of methods that actively remove greenhouse gases, predominantly CO , from the atmosphere, also commonly referred to as Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) methods and Negative Emission Technologies (NETs). The range of GGR approaches fall broadly into two categories: • Nature-based approaches: such as afforestation, and soil carbon sequestration. • Engineering-based approaches: such as Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), wood in construction, biochar, and enhanced weathering (EW). 3. Following the sector classification adopted by the CCC and in this Strategy, this chapter focuses on engineered removals.', 'Following the sector classification adopted by the CCC and in this Strategy, this chapter focuses on engineered removals. Nature‑based solutions, such as afforestation, are discussed in the Natural Resources, Waste and F-gases chapter. 4. The 2017 Clean Growth Strategy was the first time the UK government formally addressed the need to deploy GGR methods. Since then, we have: • Committed up to £100 million funding to research and develop nascent GGR; • Published a call for evidence on GGR in December 2020; and • Commissioned 4 studies to further our evidence base on the potential for GGR deployment in the UK and understanding of possible policy incentives.', 'Since then, we have: • Committed up to £100 million funding to research and develop nascent GGR; • Published a call for evidence on GGR in December 2020; and • Commissioned 4 studies to further our evidence base on the potential for GGR deployment in the UK and understanding of possible policy incentives. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyFigure 25: Non-exhaustive illustration of the current portfolio of GGRs.90 Agro-forestry Afforestation & Woodland Livestock practices Agricultural practices Crop and forest residues Dedicated crops Dedicated crops (marginal) Suspended amines Hydroxides Silicate rocks Agricultural land Direct air capture (DACCS) Enhanced weathering & Ocean alkalinisation (EW) Photosynthesis Chemistry Tree planting Technology category Implementation options Earth system LAND SEA Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) Bioenergy with carbon capture & storage (BECCS) Biochar (BC) Above ground biomass Soil BECCS and DACCS Minerals Marine sediment, calcifier and bicarbonate ions Storage medium ATMOSPHERE 100s of meters below the surface Geological Reservoirs Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener5.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyFigure 25: Non-exhaustive illustration of the current portfolio of GGRs.90 Agro-forestry Afforestation & Woodland Livestock practices Agricultural practices Crop and forest residues Dedicated crops Dedicated crops (marginal) Suspended amines Hydroxides Silicate rocks Agricultural land Direct air capture (DACCS) Enhanced weathering & Ocean alkalinisation (EW) Photosynthesis Chemistry Tree planting Technology category Implementation options Earth system LAND SEA Soil carbon sequestration (SCS) Bioenergy with carbon capture & storage (BECCS) Biochar (BC) Above ground biomass Soil BECCS and DACCS Minerals Marine sediment, calcifier and bicarbonate ions Storage medium ATMOSPHERE 100s of meters below the surface Geological Reservoirs Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener5. In December 2020, BEIS and HM Treasury jointly launched a Call for Evidence on GGRs, which invited views on the role of GGRs in reaching net zero and potential mechanisms which government could consider to enable their deployment. A Summary of Responses to the Call for Evidence has been published alongside this Strategy. Net zero transition and opportunities for the sector Our 2050 vision and how we get there 6.', 'Net zero transition and opportunities for the sector Our 2050 vision and how we get there 6. We are clear that the purpose of greenhouse gas removals is to balance the residual emissions from sectors that are unlikely to achieve full decarbonisation by 2050, whilst not substituting for ambitious mitigation to achieve net zero. GGRs must not be pursued as a substitute for decisive action across the economy to reduce emissions, often referred to as mitigation deterrence.91 7. There is also a need to ensure that GGRs result in a permanent net reduction in atmospheric carbon. This is a complex task which, at least in the near-term, may require case-by-case scrutiny of the carbon intensity of GGR supply chains and long-term indirect emissions of GGR projects.', 'This is a complex task which, at least in the near-term, may require case-by-case scrutiny of the carbon intensity of GGR supply chains and long-term indirect emissions of GGR projects. Developing a robust approach to the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) of negative emissions is essential to the deployment of GGRs at scale. Future markets in which negative emissions are traded, whether voluntary or otherwise, will require careful regulation to ensure that capital is being invested into permanent, verifiable carbon removal. 8. Evidence around scale-up potential of engineered removal solutions in the UK is rapidly evolving, alongside innovation in the sector.', 'Evidence around scale-up potential of engineered removal solutions in the UK is rapidly evolving, alongside innovation in the sector. This evidence92,93 suggests that the next decade will be critical and several GGR solutions, such as Direct Air Capture, will have to be developed or scaled-up significantly during the late 2020s and early 2030s to contribute effectively to later carbon budgets and our net zero target, as well as to build our evidence and experience in the sector. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyFigure 28: Indicative greenhouse gas removal (negative) emissions pathway to 2037 Range Pre-NZS policies NZS delivery pathway Emissions (MtCO e) Source: BEIS analysis 9. Both nature-based and engineered removal methods will be necessary.', 'Both nature-based and engineered removal methods will be necessary. For engineered removals, a portfolio approach, supporting innovation, demonstration, and commercialisation of a wide range of removal solutions in the 2020s, is needed to ensure GGRs can contribute effectively to meet our NDC and CB6 targets. The government’s current suite of innovation programmes for DACCS and other GGRs will help ensure we continually target efficiency improvements, cost reductions and novel GGR technologies to inform our approach over the coming decades. 10. Based on the current evidence base and projects in the pipeline, our analysis indicates that engineered removals would be expected to deploy from 0 MtCO today to at least by 2030 and to around 23 MtCO by 2035, with higher and lower deployment possible depending on sector-specific and wider economy developments. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener11.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener11. By 2030 we envisage significant deployment of mature BECCS technologies and commercial scale deployment of DACCS. BECCS technologies will include retrofit applications in the power and industry sectors. BECCS applications in the power sector could be deployed by the late 2020s, and potentially achieve ambitious contributions to our NDC target by 2030. Engineered removals are likely to be located within or near industrial clusters, benefitting from access to CO transport and storage infrastructure, essential to support delivery of net-negative emissions. 12. By the early 2030s the portfolio of GGRs deployed at scale will expand as technologies mature and demand from end-use sectors increases.', 'By the early 2030s the portfolio of GGRs deployed at scale will expand as technologies mature and demand from end-use sectors increases. Beyond the contribution of power BECCS to the electricity grid, production of hydrogen, biogas/biomethane fuels with BECCS could also support the decarbonisation of transport, industry and potentially power and heat in buildings. Industry may also benefit from BECCS applications in sectors such as cement. When applicable in these areas, BECCS can represent a cleaner form of energy production than fossil fuel counterparts, whilst also bringing the additional benefit of negative emissions. The early 2030s could also see progress in deployment of DACCS technologies, thanks to efforts in demonstration and piloting during the 2020s through the support of our Direct Air Capture and other GGRs innovation competition. 13.', 'The early 2030s could also see progress in deployment of DACCS technologies, thanks to efforts in demonstration and piloting during the 2020s through the support of our Direct Air Capture and other GGRs innovation competition. 13. By 2050, deployment of engineered removals at large scale, between 75 and per year, will be needed to help compensate residual emissions. This is expected to be equivalent to around 45-80% of total emissions captured across the UK economy and will see predominantly the scale up of DACCS and BECCS with gasification technologies. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyGreenhouse gas removals in the context of the wider net zero system There will be several complex interdependencies between GGR methods and the wider net zero system.', 'Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyGreenhouse gas removals in the context of the wider net zero system There will be several complex interdependencies between GGR methods and the wider net zero system. Progress towards decarbonisation in other sectors will affect the extent to which GGR deployment will be required to hit our emissions targets. Conversely, GGRs have resource requirements that will impact other sectors. For example, deployment of engineered GGRs in the early years will likely be constrained by the availability of CO transport and storage injection capacity and any development of GGR business models will need to consider interactions with Industrial Carbon Capture and hydrogen business models, along with wider carbon pricing policy.', 'For example, deployment of engineered GGRs in the early years will likely be constrained by the availability of CO transport and storage injection capacity and any development of GGR business models will need to consider interactions with Industrial Carbon Capture and hydrogen business models, along with wider carbon pricing policy. We have committed to consider how the UK Emissions Trading Scheme could be expanded in future to provide a long-term support mechanism for GGRs. Biomass availability and supply Biomass policy is highly interdependent with GGR deployment. Sustainable biomass is a unique renewable organic material, and the future availability of sustainable biomass directly influences the scale GGRs such as BECCS and biochar can deploy to.', 'Sustainable biomass is a unique renewable organic material, and the future availability of sustainable biomass directly influences the scale GGRs such as BECCS and biochar can deploy to. Constraints on demand for perennial energy crops and solid recovered fuels, related mostly to technological and financial challenges, will need to be overcome via research and innovation to see significant increase in the take up of these biomass feedstocks. The upcoming Biomass Strategy (due to publish in 2022) will review the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK and set out a framework for how this resource can be best utilised across the economy to help achieve our net zero target.', 'The upcoming Biomass Strategy (due to publish in 2022) will review the amount of sustainable biomass available to the UK and set out a framework for how this resource can be best utilised across the economy to help achieve our net zero target. The upcoming biomass policy statement gives an early indication of this framework, setting out the principles and policy aims for biomass up to 2050. The Strategy will also assess the UK’s current sustainability standards, to see where and how we can improve them even further. Any future BECCS project would be required to meet stringent sustainability requirements for the production and use of biomass, as will be set out in the Biomass Strategy.', 'Any future BECCS project would be required to meet stringent sustainability requirements for the production and use of biomass, as will be set out in the Biomass Strategy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerUsing our land effectively Land use change will be required to accommodate GGRs, either directly through nature based GGRs such as afforestation or indirectly from increased production of woody biomass, such as perennial energy crops or short rotation forestry, to use for BECCS or other opportunities in the wider bioeconomy. What is best grown, where, in what quantity, and for what purpose, determines the feasibility of a GGR through land-use change.', 'What is best grown, where, in what quantity, and for what purpose, determines the feasibility of a GGR through land-use change. Feasibility therefore must consider, amongst others: alternative land use, feasible technological options for production, the net impact on GHG emissions, interactions with competing land demands for other strategic government objectives such as food security, nature conservation and housing, as well as social implications such as integration of GGRs into existing farm practice and environmental co‑benefits/risks. Further research is required into best practice for establishing GGRs in a productive and biodiverse landscape, and what levers may be required to establish such measures on land that is largely privately owned. Research projects through the UKRI SPF on GGRs and NERC GGR Research Programme will start to address these evidence gaps.', 'Research projects through the UKRI SPF on GGRs and NERC GGR Research Programme will start to address these evidence gaps. GGR deployment will require alignment with HMGs schemes to reward environmental land management for example: Sustainable Farming Incentive (SFI), Local Nature Recovery (LNR) and Landscape Recovery Schemes. We will also need to consider interactions with private sector demands, such as through the domestic voluntary carbon market. Uncertain impacts from climate change such as impacts to national stocks of high‑grade farmland also demands consideration of what is both feasible now and on the way to 2050.', 'Uncertain impacts from climate change such as impacts to national stocks of high‑grade farmland also demands consideration of what is both feasible now and on the way to 2050. Differences in spatial and temporal scales between removal technologies, such longer pay- back times for afforestation as opposed to short rotation forestry, create opportunities to maximise carbon removals to 2050 through a mix of land based GGRs. Managing environmental risks and benefits There are significant opportunities for maximising environmental co-benefits through nature based GGRs. For example, integrating perennial energy crops (e.g., short rotation coppice (SRC)) into existing farm systems can increase the abundance and diversity of flora and fauna at a field scale, though these benefits depend on factors such as historic cropping patterns and spatial distribution.', 'For example, integrating perennial energy crops (e.g., short rotation coppice (SRC)) into existing farm systems can increase the abundance and diversity of flora and fauna at a field scale, though these benefits depend on factors such as historic cropping patterns and spatial distribution. At a landscape scale, afforestation can deliver co-benefits through natural flood management and urban cooling. However, benefits depend on sustainable forest management and choosing the right location and species of tree in the ecosystem. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWe must ensure that GGR technologies do not create new environmental risks. For instance, feedstock production for BECCS, biochar and wood in construction have potentially significant land requirements which if mismanaged could pose risks to biodiversity.', 'For instance, feedstock production for BECCS, biochar and wood in construction have potentially significant land requirements which if mismanaged could pose risks to biodiversity. The deployment of BECCS could also potentially impact local air quality and we must ensure that regulation and abatement on emissions other than CO develop to reflect this. It is also necessary to ensure resilience to the impact future climate change might have on the feasibility to deliver GGRs and wider environment objectives. CO Transport and Storage networks By the early 2030s, CO transport and storage infrastructure availability could potentially constrain GGR deployment, as the significant overall expansion of CCUS projects creates competition for access to the network. Seizing new opportunities 14. The UK is well placed to take a leading role in GGR policy development and deployment.', 'The UK is well placed to take a leading role in GGR policy development and deployment. We have world-leading academic and industry expertise in relevant sectors, as well as a rapidly developing carbon capture usage and storage (CCUS) sector and access to large volumes of quality geological CO storage. Enabling GGR deployment will not only help us hit net zero but can support the UK’s ability to export skills and expertise to other nations with comparable ambitions for the sector. 15. To achieve the level of negative emissions indicated by our central delivery pathway to 2037 and keep us on track to deliver net zero, we will need additional public and private investment of around £20 billion. Scaling up the GGR sector will also regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. 16.', 'Scaling up the GGR sector will also regenerate communities and open up new employment opportunities right around the UK. 16. It will be crucial to ensure that future GGR policy maximises the economic and regional development opportunities of developing the low carbon economy in our industrial heartlands. Economic benefits include creating new, highly skilled jobs in our industrial heartlands and safeguarding those existing in adjacent sectors with the potential to be adversely affected by the transition to net zero, as well as supply chains. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPolicies & proposals 17. Government has a clear role to play in responsibly deploying GGRs, and is committing to an ambition of deploying at least 5 MtCO /year of engineered removals by 2030.', 'Government has a clear role to play in responsibly deploying GGRs, and is committing to an ambition of deploying at least 5 MtCO /year of engineered removals by 2030. To achieve this, we are taking ambitious steps to enable commercial demonstration and deployment of engineered GGRs such as Direct Air Capture. We are addressing their financial and regulatory barriers, whilst also working to build the evidence base and address continued uncertainty around how GGRs can most effectively and sustainably be deployed and verified. Our role will change over time, as GGRs become more established, and the sector matures. Addressing financial barriers and attracting investment 18. One of the fundamental barriers to GGR deployment is the lack of an established market or customer demand for engineered removals.', 'One of the fundamental barriers to GGR deployment is the lack of an established market or customer demand for engineered removals. GGR technologies are associated with high capital and operational costs, making private investment unattractive in the absence of a stable revenue stream for the provision of negative emissions. 19. The government’s vision is to establish a liquid market for carbon removals, in which polluters have a strong policy or financial incentive to invest in GGRs to compensate for their remaining emissions. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is a possible market‑based solution for stimulating investment by GGRs – moving us towards a single, integrated compliance market for carbon, with negative emissions supporting liquidity as the ETS allowance cap falls over time. 20.', 'The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is a possible market‑based solution for stimulating investment by GGRs – moving us towards a single, integrated compliance market for carbon, with negative emissions supporting liquidity as the ETS allowance cap falls over time. 20. GGR credits could function within an ETS market through, for instance, allowing polluting sectors to meet their obligations through the procurement of negative emissions alongside conventional abatement options. In the Energy White Paper, the government committed to exploring how the UK ETS could incentivise the deployment of GGR technologies. We aim to work with our Devolved Administration colleagues to launch a call for evidence in the coming months on the role the UK ETS could have as a potential long-term market for engineered or nature-based GGRs.', 'We aim to work with our Devolved Administration colleagues to launch a call for evidence in the coming months on the role the UK ETS could have as a potential long-term market for engineered or nature-based GGRs. This may explore possible eligibility criteria for participation in the UK ETS, different types of GGR market design, and timings for when GGRs could be added to the market. 21. We recognise that a market for GGRs will take time to establish and a phased approach is likely to be necessary. In the short-term, there may be a role for government in providing bespoke support for initial projects to de-risk investment decisions and provide revenue certainty for technology developers.', 'In the short-term, there may be a role for government in providing bespoke support for initial projects to de-risk investment decisions and provide revenue certainty for technology developers. Yet we also recognise the potential for early support instruments to integrate with market- based approaches, such as combining contract mechanisms with inclusion of GGRs in the UK ETS. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy22. To advance our ambition to stimulate the GGRs sector, we will consult on business models for engineered GGRs in Spring 2022. This will set out details of our preferred mechanisms to incentivise early investment and enable commercial demonstration of a range of GGR technologies from the mid- to-late 2020s.', 'This will set out details of our preferred mechanisms to incentivise early investment and enable commercial demonstration of a range of GGR technologies from the mid- to-late 2020s. The consultation will consider how GGR incentives interact with policies and business models currently under development for CCUS, hydrogen production, sustainable aviation fuels and other relevant sectors, along with wider carbon pricing policy. It will also consider how near-term policy incentives can most effectively leverage private investment and enable a transition towards a market-led framework as the sector matures. 23. Our proposals will be informed by a study currently being conducted for BEIS by Element Energy, as well as a recent study on commercial frameworks for first-of-a-kind Power BECCS projects which is published alongside this document. 24.', 'Our proposals will be informed by a study currently being conducted for BEIS by Element Energy, as well as a recent study on commercial frameworks for first-of-a-kind Power BECCS projects which is published alongside this document. 24. Whilst seeking to capitalise on the economic benefits of GGR development in the UK, we are also mindful of potential disruption to existing markets and the effects on consumers and businesses. The cost of support for GGRs is likely to be shared between the public and private sector. We will seek to develop an appropriate balance of risk allocation over the short, medium, and long term. Potential policy frameworks to enable developing GGR solutions will require careful consideration to guard against unintended effects. We will ensure that support for GGRs does not distort the development and commercialisation of decarbonisation technologies in other sectors.', 'We will ensure that support for GGRs does not distort the development and commercialisation of decarbonisation technologies in other sectors. Innovation 25. The majority of GGR techniques are at a pre-commercial stage and require innovation and demonstration support to be ready for commercial deployment. To address this GGR technologies were included as one of ten innovation priority areas announced in the Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution.94 Together with UKRI, we are investing £100 million in the research, development, and demonstration of greenhouse gas removals across multiple programmes.', 'To address this GGR technologies were included as one of ten innovation priority areas announced in the Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution.94 Together with UKRI, we are investing £100 million in the research, development, and demonstration of greenhouse gas removals across multiple programmes. This includes the DAC and other GGR innovation competition which will support the construction of pilot plants for a range of promising technologies to help them achieve commercial realisation.95 The programme’s pilot projects could remove between 100 and 1,000 tonnes of CO e per year in 2025 and have the potential to scale up to millions of tonnes by the 2030s. 26. Through the government’s Strategic Priorities Fund, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) will invest £31.5 million in five land based GGR demonstrator projects and a central hub.', 'Through the government’s Strategic Priorities Fund, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) will invest £31.5 million in five land based GGR demonstrator projects and a central hub. The hub will lead on coordination across the programme, as well as conducting cross-cutting research on the environmental, economic, social, ethical and governance implications of GGR approaches. 27. The Biomass Feedstocks Innovation Programme aims to increase the production of sustainable domestic biomass by funding innovative ideas that barriers production. The sustainable, increased supply of biomass for bioenergy conversion is a critical factor for the success of BECCS. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener28. We are also publishing the outputs of two BEIS commissioned research projects designed to further our understanding and evidence base on GGR methods and their deployment.', 'We are also publishing the outputs of two BEIS commissioned research projects designed to further our understanding and evidence base on GGR methods and their deployment. An updated assessment of greenhouse gas removal methods and their potential deployment in the UK provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of lifecycle costs, TRL and deployment potential to 2050. Monitoring, reporting and verification of GGRs 29. Once atmospheric carbon has been captured, the length of time it remains captured becomes crucial in verifying the effectiveness of a GGR process. This applies to both nature based and engineered solutions and is often referred to as the ‘permanence’ or ‘durability’ of GGRs. Establishing robust Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) protocols is highly complex, particularly for some nature-based solutions. 30.', 'Establishing robust Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) protocols is highly complex, particularly for some nature-based solutions. 30. In 2021, we established a GGR MRV Task and Finish Group, comprised of experts across government, industry, academia, and regulatory services. The role of the group was to provide advice and guidance on the development of a MRV policy approach for GGRs. A recommendation made by the group is the need for an independent audit function to be responsible for a monitoring, reporting and verification regime. This would ensure that the amount and permanence of removals are quantified, robustly and transparently, which will be essential to developing and supporting a market for GGRs. 31.', 'This would ensure that the amount and permanence of removals are quantified, robustly and transparently, which will be essential to developing and supporting a market for GGRs. 31. Alongside this document we have published a report summarising the work of the group, including proposed principles to guide our MRV approach, initial suggestions for how MRV protocols could operate, and the future work required to advance the development of an MRV policy for negative emissions. The government will carefully consider the Group’s advice as we take forward future work in this area. 32. Accounting for emissions associated with international supply chains presents a challenge for GGR carbon accounting, and we will engage with our international counterparts to ensure best practice is achieved. Accounting for possible re-emissions, e.g., of CO captured internationally but stored in the UK may be a particular challenge.', 'Accounting for possible re-emissions, e.g., of CO captured internationally but stored in the UK may be a particular challenge. We commit to collaborating with international partners to ensure alignment on any future MRV framework. Legal and regulatory 33. Currently the Climate Change Act 2008 only recognises removals from Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) as counting towards our carbon budgets, a definition which does not allow engineered removals and some nature-based solutions to contribute. We propose to bring forward legislative amendments to address this. 34. An MRV regime will be required to ensure that the amount and permanence of removals are quantified, robustly and transparently, with tolerable uncertainty. We will explore options for establishing a regulatory function to provide this oversight, taking into consideration the advice of the MRV Task and Finish Group.', 'We will explore options for establishing a regulatory function to provide this oversight, taking into consideration the advice of the MRV Task and Finish Group. Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Example of policy action by Scottish Government UK Government is working across all levels of government and with Devolved Administrations to ensure consistent action on Greenhouse Gas Removals, and across the UK. Scotland Storegga and Carbon Engineering have announced a partnership to develop commercial Direct Air Capture (DAC) projects in the UK, potentially contributing to the removal of millions of tonnes of CO each year. One location being considered for their first proposed plant will sequester up to 1 mtpa, connected via pipeline to the Acorn Carbon Capture and Storage project at St Fergus.', 'One location being considered for their first proposed plant will sequester up to 1 mtpa, connected via pipeline to the Acorn Carbon Capture and Storage project at St Fergus. The proposed DAC facility would deliver permanent CO removal by capturing CO from the air then safely and permanently storing it deep below the seabed in an offshore geological storage site. The offshore Acorn CO storage site is aiming to be operational by the mid-2020s and the first DAC project could be operational within two years of the store opening. The Scottish Government’s Climate Change Plan committed to a detailed feasibility study of opportunities for developing negative emission technologies (NETs) in Scotland. This will identify specific sites and applications of NETs, including developing work to support policy on Direct Air Capture and its role in our future energy system.', 'This will identify specific sites and applications of NETs, including developing work to support policy on Direct Air Capture and its role in our future energy system. The launch of a £180 million Emerging Energy Technologies Fund to support Hydrogen, CCS, and NETs projects has also been announced. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEndnotes 1 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 2 ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 3 BEIS (2021) ‘Early phase out of unabated coal generation in Great Britain’ -', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEndnotes 1 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 2 ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, 3 BEIS (2021) ‘Early phase out of unabated coal generation in Great Britain’ - uk/government/consultations/early-phase-out-of-unabated-coal-generation-in-great-britain 4 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy White Paper: Powering our Net Zero Future’, government/publications/energy-white-paper-powering-our-net-zero-future 5 BEIS analysis based on 2019 data from BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, 6 BEIS (2021) ‘Decarbonisation readiness: call for evidence on the expansion of the 2009 Carbon Capture Readiness requirements’, readiness-requirements 7 CCC (2021) ‘Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk June 2021’ –', 'uk/government/consultations/early-phase-out-of-unabated-coal-generation-in-great-britain 4 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy White Paper: Powering our Net Zero Future’, government/publications/energy-white-paper-powering-our-net-zero-future 5 BEIS analysis based on 2019 data from BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, 6 BEIS (2021) ‘Decarbonisation readiness: call for evidence on the expansion of the 2009 Carbon Capture Readiness requirements’, readiness-requirements 7 CCC (2021) ‘Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk June 2021’ – org.uk/publication/independent-assessment-of-uk-climate-risk/ 8 National Grid ESO (2020), ‘Annex 2 Final Cost-benefit Analysis Report from Phase 1 outputs of National Grid ESO’s Offshore Coordination Project’, 9 BEIS (2021), ‘Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan 2021: Appendix I – Electricity system flexibility modelling’ modelling.pdf 10 BEIS (2021), ‘Smart metering statistics, quarterly update June 2021’, government/collections/smart-meters-statistics 11 BEIS (2021) ‘Proposals for a Future System Operator role’ – consultations/proposals-for-a-future-system-operator-role 12 BEIS (2021) ‘Energy code reform: governance framework’ – consultations/energy-code-reform-governance-framework 13 BEIS (2021) ‘Capacity Market 2021: call for evidence on early action to align with net zero’ early-action-to-align-with-net-zero 14 BEIS (2021) ‘Energy retail market strategy for the 2020s’ – Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy15 BEIS analysis based on 2019 data from BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, 16 BEIS (2021) ‘Longer Duration Energy Storage Demonstration (LODES) competition’ - www.gov.uk/government/collections/longer-duration-energy-storage-demonstration-lodes- competition 17 Marginal emissions sources that fall outside these categories, but are accounted for in the sector’s emissions, include methane leakage from closed coal mines, nuclear fuel production and collieries.', 'org.uk/publication/independent-assessment-of-uk-climate-risk/ 8 National Grid ESO (2020), ‘Annex 2 Final Cost-benefit Analysis Report from Phase 1 outputs of National Grid ESO’s Offshore Coordination Project’, 9 BEIS (2021), ‘Smart Systems and Flexibility Plan 2021: Appendix I – Electricity system flexibility modelling’ modelling.pdf 10 BEIS (2021), ‘Smart metering statistics, quarterly update June 2021’, government/collections/smart-meters-statistics 11 BEIS (2021) ‘Proposals for a Future System Operator role’ – consultations/proposals-for-a-future-system-operator-role 12 BEIS (2021) ‘Energy code reform: governance framework’ – consultations/energy-code-reform-governance-framework 13 BEIS (2021) ‘Capacity Market 2021: call for evidence on early action to align with net zero’ early-action-to-align-with-net-zero 14 BEIS (2021) ‘Energy retail market strategy for the 2020s’ – Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy15 BEIS analysis based on 2019 data from BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, 16 BEIS (2021) ‘Longer Duration Energy Storage Demonstration (LODES) competition’ - www.gov.uk/government/collections/longer-duration-energy-storage-demonstration-lodes- competition 17 Marginal emissions sources that fall outside these categories, but are accounted for in the sector’s emissions, include methane leakage from closed coal mines, nuclear fuel production and collieries. 18 For further detail on the current role of hydrogen, see chapter 1 of Analytical Annex to UK Hydrogen Strategy.', '18 For further detail on the current role of hydrogen, see chapter 1 of Analytical Annex to UK Hydrogen Strategy. BEIS (2021), ‘Hydrogen analytical annex’, Analytical_Annex.pdf 19 DfT (2020), ‘Renewable Fuel Statistics 2019 Final Report’, 20 These hydrogen production capacity ranges capture uncertainty in hydrogen demand across all sectors that use hydrogen. BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy’, BEIS (2021), ‘Hydrogen analytical annex’, ‘Hydrogen analytical annex’, system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1011499/Hydrogen_Analytical_Annex.pdf. 21 Assuming plants operate at 95% load factor. In practice, plants may run at lower load factors, requiring even higher hydrogen production capacity to be installed. These are estimates of production capacity for two illustrative delivery pathways where demand is within the range presented in the Hydrogen Strategy, and only capture uncertainty around hydrogen demand for heat.', 'These are estimates of production capacity for two illustrative delivery pathways where demand is within the range presented in the Hydrogen Strategy, and only capture uncertainty around hydrogen demand for heat. 22 BEIS analysis on capital investment required to deliver production capacity. 23 BEIS analysis based on the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (EINA) methodology with updated domestic and global scenarios; figures consider the direct jobs linked to hydrogen production, stationary CHP fuel cells and domestic distribution only.', '23 BEIS analysis based on the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (EINA) methodology with updated domestic and global scenarios; figures consider the direct jobs linked to hydrogen production, stationary CHP fuel cells and domestic distribution only. Vivid Economics (2019), ‘Hydrogen and fuel cells (EINA sub-theme)’, assessment-hydrogen-fuel-cells.pdf 24 BEIS (2021), ‘Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2 Competition’, 25 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Design of a business model for low carbon hydrogen’, hydrogen 26 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Design of a business model for low carbon hydrogen’, Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener27 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Designing a UK low carbon hydrogen standard’, www.gov.uk/government/consultations/designing-a-uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard 28 Welsh Government, Decarbonisation of Homes in Wales Advisory Group, decarbonisation-homes-wales-advisory-group 29 ONS (2021), ‘Annual Business Survey’, businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/ uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas 30 ONS , ‘Gross Domestic Product (GDP), grossdomesticproductgdp 31 ONS (2021), ‘Annual Business Survey’, businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/ uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas 32 UK in a Changing Europe (2020), ‘Manufacturing and Brexit’, papers/manufacturing-and-brexit/ 33 The definition of manufacturing and refining used above is similar but not identical to the definition of industry used here, this is due to a different taxonomy being used (SIC codes and IPCC codes respectively).', 'Vivid Economics (2019), ‘Hydrogen and fuel cells (EINA sub-theme)’, assessment-hydrogen-fuel-cells.pdf 24 BEIS (2021), ‘Low Carbon Hydrogen Supply 2 Competition’, 25 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Design of a business model for low carbon hydrogen’, hydrogen 26 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Design of a business model for low carbon hydrogen’, Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener27 BEIS (2021), ‘Open Consultation: Designing a UK low carbon hydrogen standard’, www.gov.uk/government/consultations/designing-a-uk-low-carbon-hydrogen-standard 28 Welsh Government, Decarbonisation of Homes in Wales Advisory Group, decarbonisation-homes-wales-advisory-group 29 ONS (2021), ‘Annual Business Survey’, businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/ uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas 30 ONS , ‘Gross Domestic Product (GDP), grossdomesticproductgdp 31 ONS (2021), ‘Annual Business Survey’, businessindustryandtrade/business/businessservices/datasets/ uknonfinancialbusinesseconomyannualbusinesssurveysectionsas 32 UK in a Changing Europe (2020), ‘Manufacturing and Brexit’, papers/manufacturing-and-brexit/ 33 The definition of manufacturing and refining used above is similar but not identical to the definition of industry used here, this is due to a different taxonomy being used (SIC codes and IPCC codes respectively). 34 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics- 1990-to-2019 Industry sector emissions include emissions from industrial processes, manufacturing, and production, including fuel combustion and product uses in industrial buildings, as well as emissions from refineries and construction machinery.', '34 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emission national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics- 1990-to-2019 Industry sector emissions include emissions from industrial processes, manufacturing, and production, including fuel combustion and product uses in industrial buildings, as well as emissions from refineries and construction machinery. This definition of industry is broader than the definition used in the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy and the Hydrogen Strategy, which excluded the non-road mobile machinery and construction sectors. 35 Government analysis suggests up to 5,000 CCUS jobs could be supported in 2025 across industry, power, and transport and storage network.', '35 Government analysis suggests up to 5,000 CCUS jobs could be supported in 2025 across industry, power, and transport and storage network. 36 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 37 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas emissions reports’, 38 Employment figures sourced from ONS (2018), ‘Industry (2, 3 and 5 – digit SIC) – Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES): Table 2’, employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/ industry235digitsicbusinessregisterandemploymentsurveybrestable2 Indirect jobs estimates based on ONS (2019), ‘Type I UK employment multipliers and effects, reference year 2015’, 39 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas emissions reports’, Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy40 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Net Zero Industry Pathway (N-ZIP) model’, 41 The figures were derived by the CCC based on research from 2018 (Scott, et al., 2018).', '36 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 37 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas emissions reports’, 38 Employment figures sourced from ONS (2018), ‘Industry (2, 3 and 5 – digit SIC) – Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES): Table 2’, employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/ industry235digitsicbusinessregisterandemploymentsurveybrestable2 Indirect jobs estimates based on ONS (2019), ‘Type I UK employment multipliers and effects, reference year 2015’, 39 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas emissions reports’, Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy40 BEIS analysis (2021), ‘Net Zero Industry Pathway (N-ZIP) model’, 41 The figures were derived by the CCC based on research from 2018 (Scott, et al., 2018). This research acknowledges that there are a range of possible scenarios that differ greatly in resource efficiency savings.', 'This research acknowledges that there are a range of possible scenarios that differ greatly in resource efficiency savings. The CCC’s balanced pathway assume savings consistent with the high scenario. Empirical evidence on the likelihood of these scenarios is limited. The balanced pathway also includes estimated savings from industrial buildings, which are covered in the Heat & Buildings chapter.', 'The balanced pathway also includes estimated savings from industrial buildings, which are covered in the Heat & Buildings chapter. 42 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 43 Defined by the IDS as sites outside a 25km radius from the 6 main industrial clusters (Grangemouth, Teesside, Humberside, Merseyside, South Wales and Southampton) 44 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, ‘Emissions from NAEI large point sources’, naei.beis.gov.uk/data/map-large-source 45 Locations outside of the 6 main clusters where co-location of industrial units could yield integrated solutions 46 ONS (2020), ‘Households projections for England’, Table 401, peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/ householdprojectionsforengland ; BEIS (2020) ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data- Framework’ based on 2018 data, 47 Buildings Research Establishment (2020), ‘The Housing Stock of the United Kingdom’, files.bregroup.com/bretrust/The-Housing-Stock-of-the-United-Kingdom_Report_BRE-Trust.pdf 48 This figure includes only emissions from direct energy use in buildings.', '42 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 43 Defined by the IDS as sites outside a 25km radius from the 6 main industrial clusters (Grangemouth, Teesside, Humberside, Merseyside, South Wales and Southampton) 44 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, ‘Emissions from NAEI large point sources’, naei.beis.gov.uk/data/map-large-source 45 Locations outside of the 6 main clusters where co-location of industrial units could yield integrated solutions 46 ONS (2020), ‘Households projections for England’, Table 401, peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/ householdprojectionsforengland ; BEIS (2020) ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data- Framework’ based on 2018 data, 47 Buildings Research Establishment (2020), ‘The Housing Stock of the United Kingdom’, files.bregroup.com/bretrust/The-Housing-Stock-of-the-United-Kingdom_Report_BRE-Trust.pdf 48 This figure includes only emissions from direct energy use in buildings. Including emissions from producing the energy used, the figure is 26%.', 'Including emissions from producing the energy used, the figure is 26%. BEIS Analysis, BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, ‘Energy Consumption in the UK’, consumption-in-the-uk-2020. This figure includes not only emissions from direct energy use in buildings but also emissions from producing the energy used. 49 Building Services Research and Information Association (BSRIA) (2020), Domestic boilers market analysis – United Kingdom, 2020, 50 These figures are on an indirect basis, i.e. include emissions from producing the energy used. On a direct basis, the equivalent figures are 99% and 17%. BEIS Analysis, BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, ONS (2021), ‘Energy Consumption in the UK’, energy-consumption-in-the-uk-2020.', 'BEIS Analysis, BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990 to 2019’, ONS (2021), ‘Energy Consumption in the UK’, energy-consumption-in-the-uk-2020. 51 ONS (2020), ‘Households projections for England’, peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationprojections/datasets/ householdprojectionsforengland, Table 401 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener52 MHCLG (2020), ‘English Housing Survey 2019 to 2020’, statistics/english-housing-survey-2019-to-2020-headline-report, Annex table 2.2. 53 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy Consumption in the UK 2020’, 54 MHCLG (2020), ‘English Housing Survey 2019 to 2020’, 55 MHCLG (2020), ‘English Housing Survey 2019 to 2020’, 56 MHCLG (2020), ‘English Housing Survey 2019 to 2020’, 57 ‘Fabric first’ means installing measures that upgrade the building fabric (e.g. walls/lofts) before making changes to the heating system. 58 BEIS (2020), ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework’, 59 BEIS analysis, this figure excludes industrial buildings.', '58 BEIS (2020), ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework’, 59 BEIS analysis, this figure excludes industrial buildings. BEIS (2020), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990 to 2018’, 60 BEIS (2016), ‘Building Energy Efficiency Survey‘, building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees 61 BEIS (2020), ‘Final 2018 UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics: 1990 to 2018’, 62 BEIS analysis based on the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment (Vivid Economics, 2019) 63 IEEG (2020) ‘Rebuilding for resilience - energy efficiency’s offer for a net zero compatible stimulus and recovery’, for-resilience-energy-efficiency-s-offer-for-a-net-zero-compatible-stimulus-and-recovery/. Derived from Jan Rosenow and others (2018). Assumes EPC band C by 2030 with cost savings at 2020 prices. 64 BEIS (2021), ‘Sustainable warmth: protecting vulnerable households in England’,', '64 BEIS (2021), ‘Sustainable warmth: protecting vulnerable households in England’, gov.uk/government/publications/sustainable-warmth-protecting-vulnerable-households-in- england 65 Curl and Kearns (2017) ‘Housing improvements, fuel payment difficulties and mental health in deprived communities’, International Journal of Housing Policy, doi/full/10.1080/14616718.2016.1248526. 66 University of Cambridge (2017), ‘Do House Prices and Rents in the Private Rented Sector Reflect Energy Efficiency Levels’ Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the Economy67 No or low-regrets’ means actions that are cost-effective now and will continue to prove beneficial in future. For example, installing energy efficiency measures reduce consumer bills now, while making buildings warmer and comfier, but have the added benefit of making future installations of low carbon heating more cost effective.', 'For example, installing energy efficiency measures reduce consumer bills now, while making buildings warmer and comfier, but have the added benefit of making future installations of low carbon heating more cost effective. 68 BEIS (2021), ‘Opportunity areas for district heating networks in the UK: Second National Comprehensive Assessment’, for-district-heating-networks-in-the-uk-second-national-comprehensive-assessment 69 CITB (2021), ‘Building Skills for Net Zero’ skills_net_zero_full_report.pdf 70 Decarbonisation of Homes in Wales Advisory Group, Welsh Government, decarbonisation-homes-wales-advisory-group 71 International aviation and shipping emissions are not included in domestic transport as they are reported separately. 72 International Aviation and Shipping emissions are not included in the UK’s 68% NDC target and are included in carbon budgets from CB6. 73 Welsh Government (2021), ‘Electric vehicle charging strategy for Wales’, electric-vehicle-charging-strategy-wales 74 BEIS analysis of 1990-2019 UK GHG emissions statistics.', '73 Welsh Government (2021), ‘Electric vehicle charging strategy for Wales’, electric-vehicle-charging-strategy-wales 74 BEIS analysis of 1990-2019 UK GHG emissions statistics. BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 1990 to 2019’, final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics-1990-to-2019. 75 Defra (2020), ‘Agricultural Transition Plan 2021 to 2024’, 76 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 1990 to 2019’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics- 77 Defra (2018), ‘Resources and waster strategy for England’, 78 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics’, 79 Defra (2017), ‘UK ratifies new agreement to tackle global warming’, government/news/uk-ratifies-new-agreement-to-tackle-global-warming 80 The Ozone-Depleting Substances and Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. Available at: ukdsi/2019/9780111177136. year-environment-plan Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener82 Defra (2021), ‘Environmental land management schemes: payment principles’, gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment- principles/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment-principles uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment-principles/ set%20payment%20rates,a%20wide%20range%20of%20activities.', 'year-environment-plan Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener82 Defra (2021), ‘Environmental land management schemes: payment principles’, gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment- principles/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment-principles uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-schemes-payment-principles/ set%20payment%20rates,a%20wide%20range%20of%20activities. 83 Defra (2021), ‘Sustainable Farming Incentive: Defra’s plans for piloting and launching the scheme’, pilot-launch-overview/sustainable-farming-incentive-defras-plans-for-piloting-and-launching- the-scheme 84 Cynfoeth Naturiol Cymru Natural Resources Wales (2020), ‘National Peatland Action action-programme.pdf 85 CCC (2021), ‘2021 Progress Report to Parliament’, 86 National Infrastructure Commission (2021), ‘Engineered greenhouse gas removals’, 87 CCC (2020), ‘The Sixth Carbon Budget: Greenhouse gas removals’,', '87 CCC (2020), ‘The Sixth Carbon Budget: Greenhouse gas removals’, 88 Energy Systems Catapult (2020), ‘Innovating to Net Zero: UK Net Zero Report’, es.catapult.org.uk/reports/innovating-to-net-zero/ 89 National Grid (2020), ‘Future Energy Scenarios’, 90 Minx et al (2018), ‘Environmental Research Letters’, IPO, Volume 13, Number 6 91 McLaren, D (2020), ‘Quantifying the potential scale of mitigation deterrence from greenhouse has removal techniques’, Climatic Change, 162, 2411-2428, 92 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 93 BEIS (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Removal Methods Technology Assessment Report’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-removal-methods-technology- assessment-report 94 BEIS (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution 95 BEIS (2021), ‘Projects selected for Phase 1 of the Direct air capture and greenhouse gas removal programme’, the-direct-air-capture-and-greenhouse-gas-removal-programme Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomySupporting the Transition across the Economy Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4i.', '88 Energy Systems Catapult (2020), ‘Innovating to Net Zero: UK Net Zero Report’, es.catapult.org.uk/reports/innovating-to-net-zero/ 89 National Grid (2020), ‘Future Energy Scenarios’, 90 Minx et al (2018), ‘Environmental Research Letters’, IPO, Volume 13, Number 6 91 McLaren, D (2020), ‘Quantifying the potential scale of mitigation deterrence from greenhouse has removal techniques’, Climatic Change, 162, 2411-2428, 92 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 93 BEIS (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Removal Methods Technology Assessment Report’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/greenhouse-gas-removal-methods-technology- assessment-report 94 BEIS (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution 95 BEIS (2021), ‘Projects selected for Phase 1 of the Direct air capture and greenhouse gas removal programme’, the-direct-air-capture-and-greenhouse-gas-removal-programme Chapter 3 – Reducing Emissions across the EconomySupporting the Transition across the Economy Chapter Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4i. Innovation for net zero Harnessing UK strengths in R&D to reach net zero Our Key Commitments • Increase government investment in R&D to £22 billion; increase total R&D investment to 2.4% of GDP by 2027.', 'Innovation for net zero Harnessing UK strengths in R&D to reach net zero Our Key Commitments • Increase government investment in R&D to £22 billion; increase total R&D investment to 2.4% of GDP by 2027. • Publish the UK’s first Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework to set out the key research and innovation challenges for the next 5-10 years; and a future update to demonstrate how the government is delivering against these.', '• Publish the UK’s first Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework to set out the key research and innovation challenges for the next 5-10 years; and a future update to demonstrate how the government is delivering against these. • Deliver a Government programme of innovation to enable decarbonisation – funding of at least £1.5bn during next spending review period expanding a portfolio of cross government net zero innovation to fund BEIS-led programmes on power, buildings and industry; DfT-led programmes across transport; and DEFRA led programmes on natural resources, waste and F-gases, to target priorities aligned with the Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework. This spending includes new programmes set out in this Strategy such as £60m Heat Pump Ready programme.', 'This spending includes new programmes set out in this Strategy such as £60m Heat Pump Ready programme. • Take a leadership role in Mission Innovation 2.0, a global initiative working to accelerate clean energy innovation.1 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe challenge 1. Innovation is central to our approach to delivering net zero. It will require a step change in the rate of new technologies and processes being developed and deployed into the market and being adopted by businesses and consumers. Continued investment in cutting-edge research, development, and demonstration, will be integral to achieving this transformation and to the UK leading the world in areas of existing and potential competitive advantage. This investment will also support businesses to grow and solutions to be delivered at scale.', 'This investment will also support businesses to grow and solutions to be delivered at scale. Research, development, and innovation are needed to allow government, industry and business to make decisions about what new technologies and systems are promising. To respond, government must enable the efficient scaling of technologies, systems, and business models to pull them through to commercialisation for 2050 - and beyond. Our goal 2. Our goal is for the UK to be a global leader in the technologies, processes, services, and business models needed to decarbonise our economies, protect our environment, and adapt to a changing climate. We will support our world class innovators, entrepreneurs, and financial institutions to develop and deploy the key technologies of the future. This will need to take place alongside other cross-cutting policies, regulatory changes, and commitments. 3.', 'This will need to take place alongside other cross-cutting policies, regulatory changes, and commitments. 3. By supporting innovation, we could unlock the potential for 300,000 jobs in exports and domestic industry through new commercial opportunities across low carbon sectors. 4. In the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution,2 we restated our commitment to raise total private and public R&D investment to 2.4% of GDP by 2027 – enabling the next phase of green innovation to help bring down the cost of the net zero transition, nurture the development of better products and business models, and understand consumer choices.', 'In the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution,2 we restated our commitment to raise total private and public R&D investment to 2.4% of GDP by 2027 – enabling the next phase of green innovation to help bring down the cost of the net zero transition, nurture the development of better products and business models, and understand consumer choices. We have started delivering on this with funding announced for programmes across the portfolio including renewables, energy storage and flexibility, and hydrogen.3 This is contributing to levelling up across all regions of the UK whilst helping us to achieve our net zero target. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyThe role of innovation 5. Innovation can significantly reduce costs of the technologies, processes, and systems needed to reach net zero.', 'Innovation can significantly reduce costs of the technologies, processes, and systems needed to reach net zero. This goes beyond just developing technologies. It also means exploring new business models, approaches to financing, the regulatory environment and how consumers respond. Taking a whole systems approach to innovation will be integral to maintaining and developing the UK’s global leadership in areas where we have, or can develop, an international comparative advantage or unique capability. We must harness the UK’s international reputation to attract inward investment and anchor existing and emerging supply chains in the UK. International collaboration will also be critical to ensure that clean technologies become cheaper and more readily available. 6. Innovation is a process which occurs within an ecosystem of interacting actors, technologies, and institutions.', 'Innovation is a process which occurs within an ecosystem of interacting actors, technologies, and institutions. This requires technologies, systems or processes to progress through multiple phases of development – from basic research, through to commercialisation and diffusion. However, innovation does not flow neatly in one direction from one phase to the next; it is unpredictable and serendipitous, involving constant cycles of learning, testing, refining, and discovery. At each phase of the innovation process there are different market failures and barriers, requiring distinct interventions. In the early stages, there are often minimal incentives for private actors to invest in innovation and direct funding policies can help ‘push’ technologies towards demonstration and early commercialisation. In the later stages, the importance of attracting private finance grows. Market incentive policies support the development of markets and leverage private finance to ‘pull’ technologies towards deployment and diffusion. 7.', 'Market incentive policies support the development of markets and leverage private finance to ‘pull’ technologies towards deployment and diffusion. 7. The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, our Plan for Growth and our new Innovation Strategy bring together ambitious policies and significant public investment to achieve net zero, whilst seeking to mobilise substantial private investment. These commitments will position the UK to take advantage of export opportunities in global markets presented by these low carbon technologies and services.', 'These commitments will position the UK to take advantage of export opportunities in global markets presented by these low carbon technologies and services. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: Glass Futures with Encirc pilot project Through government’s 2016-21 Energy Innovation Programme, BEIS funded Encirc (a glass container manufacturer) and Glass Futures (an industry research and technology organisation) to lead a trial project based in Derrylin, Northern Ireland to help determine the most effective approach to using low carbon fuels in manufacturing in the glass sector. This revolutionary project has proven that new bottles can be made from 100% recycled glass by using energy only from burning low carbon biofuels.', 'This revolutionary project has proven that new bottles can be made from 100% recycled glass by using energy only from burning low carbon biofuels. It is thought that this world-first initiative will set a global standard and make way for an industry-wide reduction in carbon emissions in the glass sector. When made from waste organic materials, biofuels are a renewable and much more sustainable fuel source than those traditionally used by the glass sector and can reduce the carbon footprint of each bottle by up to 90%. By using up to 100% recycled glass to create new bottles, the trial has further minimised the lifetime impact of these new products. Supporting innovation for net zero 8. Achieving net zero will require profound changes to the UK economy.', 'Achieving net zero will require profound changes to the UK economy. It will mean increasing our low carbon electricity supply, making the transition to low carbon buildings, decarbonising transport, building a hydrogen economy, decarbonising industry, rolling-out carbon capture and storage, transforming the way land and marine spaces are used, improving agricultural management, adopting better waste management, and deploying technologies to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. This should include innovation to mitigate any environmental impacts from new technologies on our pathway to net zero. 9. In each of these sectors, known technologies, business models, services and approaches will need to be demonstrated and then deployed at scale, while novel technologies need R&D support now to determine whether they can be affordable and viable options in the longer-term.', 'In each of these sectors, known technologies, business models, services and approaches will need to be demonstrated and then deployed at scale, while novel technologies need R&D support now to determine whether they can be affordable and viable options in the longer-term. Underpinning this will be research to understand consumer acceptability and behaviour, and to create economic incentives will also be required for lasting change. 10. We’re publishing the Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework which sets out the critical net zero research and innovation challenges across the UK that require development over the next 5-10 years, and presents timelines of short, medium, and longer-term priorities.', 'We’re publishing the Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework which sets out the critical net zero research and innovation challenges across the UK that require development over the next 5-10 years, and presents timelines of short, medium, and longer-term priorities. The framework will help to align current and future government funding around agreed priorities and to crowd-in effort and investment from the private sector and research communities by providing a clear signal on our areas of focus. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyGovernment R&D Support 11. Government investment in research drives progress on our goals, from the physics underpinning battery technology to the mathematics underlying climate modelling.', 'Government investment in research drives progress on our goals, from the physics underpinning battery technology to the mathematics underlying climate modelling. In November 2020, we committed to increasing investment in core UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and National Academy funded research by more than £1 billion by the April 2024 (the 2023/24 Financial Year). UKRI investment in research, innovation, and skills creates the conditions for the UK to address the complex and interrelated challenges of achieving net zero by 2050. 12. Beyond early-stage research, investment in new technologies is essential for bringing them closer to commercialisation. We will expand our cross government portfolio of net zero innovation support, delivering at least £1.5 billion during the next spending review period. This will accelerate the commercialisation of low carbon technologies, systems, and business models across the economy. 13.', 'This will accelerate the commercialisation of low carbon technologies, systems, and business models across the economy. 13. The Transport Decarbonisation Plan committed to implementing a range of innovation programmes to support the decarbonisation of transport, with successful projects for zero emission road freight trials and hydrogen transport pilots recently announced. Building on the success of our £20 million zero emission road freight trials, we will expand these to trial three zero emission HGVs technologies at scale on UK roads to determine their operational benefits, as well as their infrastructure needs. The accompanying Jet Zero: our strategy for net zero aviation proposes a suite of policies to reduce aviation emissions, including accelerating the development of sustainable aviation fuels and supporting the development of zero emission flight.', 'The accompanying Jet Zero: our strategy for net zero aviation proposes a suite of policies to reduce aviation emissions, including accelerating the development of sustainable aviation fuels and supporting the development of zero emission flight. The Agricultural Transition Plan set out the commitment to boost innovation and help farmers and growers increase productivity, sustainability, and resilience to a changing climate. Given the importance of R&D to deliver emissions savings across the natural resources, waste and F-gases sectors, we are also committing to spend £75 million on net zero related R&D in these sectors over the next three years. 14. We will prioritise innovations where there is a strong case for UK Government investment, while leveraging additional funding from industry.', 'We will prioritise innovations where there is a strong case for UK Government investment, while leveraging additional funding from industry. It will also support the UK in maintaining its leadership in the development of technologies such as nuclear reactors and fusion energy,4 which are expected to complement renewable sources in the future. With high levels of innovation alongside ambitious policy support in technologies, the UK’s low carbon sectors with the largest potential could unlock £60 billion of GVA in the UK.5 15. The Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF),6 delivered by UKRI and its partners, drives UK growth and productivity by directing innovation across sectors and disciplines behind government’s strategic priorities. ISCF has to date allocated £824 million to eight challenges aligned to the 2017 Industrial Strategy Clean Growth Grand Challenge.', 'ISCF has to date allocated £824 million to eight challenges aligned to the 2017 Industrial Strategy Clean Growth Grand Challenge. Examples include the Transforming Food Production Challenge; the Faraday Battery Challenge; the Driving the Electric Revolution Challenge. 16. The government’s Innovation Strategy sets out our plans for a refreshed Innovation Missions programme to build on UK leadership in mission-driven innovation and bring government together with industry, civil society, and academia to respond directly to major challenges confronting the UK. As referenced in the International chapter, Missions can play an important role in stimulating and leveraging innovation for tackling complex problems while simultaneously promoting growth and improved business outcomes and restoring the UK’s place as a science superpower. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener17.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener17. It is a strategic focus of our National Space Strategy to utilise space technology in the fight against climate change. Satellites provide an extraordinary insight into our climate and environment and enable us to understand and monitor how climate change is impacting the Earth. We will strive to remain at the forefront of Earth Observation (EO) technology and know-how. This supports our ambition to be a global science and technology superpower and to lead the world in tackling climate change and biodiversity loss. 18. It is essential that we track cross- government activity and ensure that innovation funding is strategically aligned to deliver the government’s net zero ambition. This will be supported by the Net Zero Innovation Board (NZIB), chaired by the UK Government’s Chief Scientific Advisor. 19.', 'This will be supported by the Net Zero Innovation Board (NZIB), chaired by the UK Government’s Chief Scientific Advisor. 19. Alongside our policies that specifically support our net zero objectives, there will be continued significant public investment in R&D to support all sectors. This includes the creation of a new institution – the Advanced Research and Invention Agency (ARIA) – to fund high-risk, high-reward research. ARIA’s leadership will have full scope to determine the areas in which it will invest. Case study: Hy4Heat Programme and Hydrogen Fuelled Appliances The Hy4Heat programme was launched by BEIS in 2017 to explore the use of hydrogen gas for heating by seeking to demonstrate technical feasibility and safety. It aims to define quality and technical standards, and to develop domestic and commercial hydrogen appliances.', 'It aims to define quality and technical standards, and to develop domestic and commercial hydrogen appliances. The programme, with up to £25 million funded by BEIS, is supporting the innovation journey of a range of domestic hydrogen appliances and meters including world-first hydrogen- ready boilers, cookers, and fires. These hydrogen appliances and meters are being installed at a hydrogen home facility, developed in partnership with Northern Gas Networks (NGN) and Cadent. This will enable industry and members of the public to see how these appliances work in a home setting. These properties will be the first UK houses to demonstrate the use of hydrogen appliances in a real-world setting. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyPolicy and regulatory frameworks 20.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyPolicy and regulatory frameworks 20. As set out in the Ten Point Plan and Energy White Paper, we will continue to develop a policy environment and regulatory framework which incentivises further deployment of new technologies, services, and business models. The UK’s Electricity Market Reform is an example of how government can drive significant cost reductions in low carbon technology. Furthermore, while supporting the deployment of offshore wind through the Contracts for Difference scheme, costs have reduced by >50% in the last decade. This provides a clear example of policy ‘pull’ whereby open competition worked to drive cost reductions through deployment and innovation. As noted throughout the strategy, government will work with industry, businesses and consumers to consider the removal of regulatory barriers which may be hindering our transition to net zero.', 'As noted throughout the strategy, government will work with industry, businesses and consumers to consider the removal of regulatory barriers which may be hindering our transition to net zero. Encouraging private sector investment 21. To deliver net zero, it is essential that public investment catalyses significant flows of private investment into innovative companies and activities. This means creating the right conditions for all businesses to innovate and giving them the confidence to do so. The right conditions will often involve de‑risking capital in the forms of grants (allowing freedom to innovate) and concessionary capital (allowing businesses to commercialise and scale their operations). Providing the private sector with clarity on government R&D priorities can also help to build the confidence to invest in innovative companies and activities.', 'Providing the private sector with clarity on government R&D priorities can also help to build the confidence to invest in innovative companies and activities. As outlined, our Net Zero Research & Innovation Framework sets out a structure for this and a future update will demonstrate how the government is delivering against this Framework. 22. In Build Back Better: our plan for growth, and the Innovation Strategy, we set out our aim to unlock the potential of the £2.2 trillion held in UK pension schemes by addressing barriers to long-term investment. The government has established the Productive Finance Working Group, which published its roadmap for increasing productive finance investment in September 2021,7 and is progressing policy development through several Department for Work and Pensions consultations.', 'The government has established the Productive Finance Working Group, which published its roadmap for increasing productive finance investment in September 2021,7 and is progressing policy development through several Department for Work and Pensions consultations. These workstreams explore ways to make it easier for schemes to invest in alternative assets, including equity investment in innovative firms; creating the conditions for capital to flow into the UK’s most promising firms will help ensure that finance is available for the innovation required to meet our net zero goals and improve outcomes for UK savers. Government will continue to engage closely with pension funds and the investment industry to understand the scope for industry‑led initiatives that take advantage of innovation investment opportunities. 23.', 'Government will continue to engage closely with pension funds and the investment industry to understand the scope for industry‑led initiatives that take advantage of innovation investment opportunities. 23. We will also provide the right conditions to attract private investment in R&D and innovation, including through tax and regulatory frameworks as well as policy signals from government. At Spring Budget 2021, the Government announced a review of R&D tax reliefs with the publication of a wide- ranging consultation. The review will ensure that the reliefs are up-to-date, competitive and well-targeted. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: Energy Entrepreneur’s Fund (EEF) Since 2012, the UK government’s Energy Entrepreneurs Fund (EEF) has awarded £72 million worth of grants, supported 156 projects, and leveraged more than £500 million in private investment – a figure that is still growing.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: Energy Entrepreneur’s Fund (EEF) Since 2012, the UK government’s Energy Entrepreneurs Fund (EEF) has awarded £72 million worth of grants, supported 156 projects, and leveraged more than £500 million in private investment – a figure that is still growing. The EEF supplies innovation grants for SMEs and start-up companies to back the development and demonstration of disruptive technologies whilst also supporting our decarbonisation targets. Axis Energy Projects (AEP) was funded with over £200,000 with £40,000 of match-funding from the private sector. AEP tested floating offshore wind (FOW) technology in Edinburgh, Scotland simulating how FOW can be resistant to 100-year storm events in water depths of 65 – 100 metres. The project has increased technology readiness levels from 3 (research) to 6/7 (deployment).', 'The project has increased technology readiness levels from 3 (research) to 6/7 (deployment). The programme has had several achievements including supporting the displacement of over 21 million kilograms of CO per year and it will also help to lower the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE) with a 30% reduction in comparison to other FOW designs and comparable offshore fixed installations. AEP’s research and testing has also reduced the operating costs including low-cost deployment and reduced dependency on specialist vessels. A new company has been formed – Axis Energy TLB Ltd. – which will enable the commercialisation of the technology, having secured trademarks and patents around the world. A recent report from the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (OREC) predicts that the UK FOW industry could support up to 17,000 jobs by 2050 and generate a gross value added (GVA) of £33.6 billion.', 'A recent report from the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (OREC) predicts that the UK FOW industry could support up to 17,000 jobs by 2050 and generate a gross value added (GVA) of £33.6 billion. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyWider support 24. Non-financial support in the form of engagement with businesses is also key to the development and deployment of new technologies, systems, policies and business models to achieve net zero. This includes, for example, support provided through UKRI, its Knowledge Transfer Network, and other bodies like the Catapult network and Intellectual Property Office. It also includes UKRI’s digital platform pilot programme, which will be used to bring net zero businesses together with investors for deal flow and to make information on companies more accessible to investors.', 'It also includes UKRI’s digital platform pilot programme, which will be used to bring net zero businesses together with investors for deal flow and to make information on companies more accessible to investors. The Innovation Strategy set out how we will build on this important support and provide advice, networking opportunities, skills development, and testing facilities. This includes a new online Innovation hub from Innovate UK, which will make it easier for businesses to navigate the government’s funding offer, and expansion of the Innovate EDGE service which helps firms to enhance their investment readiness. More detail on our approach to green jobs and skills is set out in the Green jobs, skills, and industries chapter. 25. The Innovation Strategy also set out our ambition for government departments to procure more innovative solutions.', 'The Innovation Strategy also set out our ambition for government departments to procure more innovative solutions. Departments will produce clear policy problem statements that describe the priority outcomes that they want to solve or achieve. Alongside this, every major project8 should publish an outcome statement. Both measures will improve demand-signalling from departments, allowing them to procure innovation to accelerate the UK’s transition to net zero. This will help us to leverage public procurement as a tool that drives greener and more resilient outcomes across public services. International collaboration and leadership 26. Building on our approach domestically, we are committed to continued active membership of Mission Innovation as the primary forum to strengthen international cooperation on clean energy innovation which is essential for our long-term climate and energy goals. An ambitious second phase of Mission Innovation is a priority for government.', 'An ambitious second phase of Mission Innovation is a priority for government. We will provide global leadership and commit to co-leading missions to build a renewable- powered future and deliver low cost, low carbon hydrogen. 27. Elsewhere, UK participation in Horizon Europe, the world’s largest collaborative research programme worth around €95 billion over the next decade, will help us reach our net zero goals. With a minimum of 35% of funding earmarked for climate change projects, this collaboration with other world leaders in net zero research will drive further progress. 28. Further detail on government’s plans for international collaboration and leadership, including Mission Innovation, can be found in the International leadership and collaboration chapter of the strategy.', 'Further detail on government’s plans for international collaboration and leadership, including Mission Innovation, can be found in the International leadership and collaboration chapter of the strategy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: Horizon 2020 • Secure, Clean and Efficient Societal Challenge - Between 2014 and 2020, around €5.9 billion was allocated through Horizon 2020, to support non-nuclear research through the Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy Societal Challenge. This aimed to support transition to a sustainable and competitive system focused on efficiency, low carbon technologies and smart cities. • Nova Innovation - Nova is an Edinburgh- based tidal energy device and project developer based in Edinburgh and Shetland. Nova was awarded a total of €32.9 million in funding from Horizon 2020, including €20 million funding from Societal Challenge for Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy for their projects investigating tidal energy.', 'Nova was awarded a total of €32.9 million in funding from Horizon 2020, including €20 million funding from Societal Challenge for Secure, Clean and Efficient Energy for their projects investigating tidal energy. The project allowed Nova to access infrastructure that is not available in the UK, for example testing facilities in the Netherlands, and provided networking opportunities that led to Nova working with major multinational companies to create bespoke components. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy4ii. Green Investment Leading the world in green finance Our Key Commitments • Use the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) to crowd in private finance, support more than £40 billion of investment, and pull through low carbon technologies and sectors to maturity and scale.', 'Green Investment Leading the world in green finance Our Key Commitments • Use the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) to crowd in private finance, support more than £40 billion of investment, and pull through low carbon technologies and sectors to maturity and scale. • Continue to issue green gilts following the success of the UK’s debut sovereign green bond in September 2021, which aims to raise a minimum of £15 billion this financial year. Issue a National Savings & Investment Green Retail Savings Product. • Support the British Business Bank’s new objective to incorporate net zero and wider environmental, social and governance strategy across all activity, as well as the updated FCA and Bank of England’s remit reflecting the importance of environmental sustainability and the transition towards net zero.', '• Support the British Business Bank’s new objective to incorporate net zero and wider environmental, social and governance strategy across all activity, as well as the updated FCA and Bank of England’s remit reflecting the importance of environmental sustainability and the transition towards net zero. • Introducing new Sustainability Disclosures Requirements through Greening Finance: A Roadmap to Sustainable Investing, including through: – Becoming the first G20 country to make disclosures aligned to the Taskforce for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) mandatory across the UK economy. – Developing a UK Green Taxonomy and creating the Green Technical Advisory Group to advise on greenwashing and how to implement the taxonomy in a UK context. • We published our roadmap setting out our approach to sustainability disclosures ahead of COP26.', '• We published our roadmap setting out our approach to sustainability disclosures ahead of COP26. This includes a commitment to publish a second iteration of the Green Finance Strategy for the UK which will outline the pathway to net zero for finance in the UK. • We will work with external partners and data providers to better track private investment into the net zero economy going forward. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe challenge 1. Both public and private investment will be crucial for any path to net zero. While we expect most investment to come from the private sector, market failures mean the private sector alone will not deliver emissions reductions and innovation at the pace required. 2.', 'While we expect most investment to come from the private sector, market failures mean the private sector alone will not deliver emissions reductions and innovation at the pace required. 2. Our 2019 Green Finance Strategy demonstrated how the strategic use of public funds, long-term policy frameworks, and signalling can leverage private investment into the technologies and infrastructure that will be needed to deliver net zero. Each technology and sector will present its own challenges, and long-term government support for a large pipeline of projects will be needed. Our goal 3. We will work with the private sector to deliver a world-leading net zero financial system, ready to seize the opportunities of net zero. Climate-related financial risk will be embedded into our regulatory frameworks to help guide capital flows to green investments. 4.', 'Climate-related financial risk will be embedded into our regulatory frameworks to help guide capital flows to green investments. 4. We estimate that additional capital investment must grow from present levels to an average of £50-60bn per year through the late 2020s and 2030s. Most of this investment will come from the private sector, providing new opportunities for businesses and investors. 5. This will mean supporting the full funding cycle, from emerging technologies through to infrastructure and project finance, to deliver the economic transition. Each green technology and infrastructure will require different types of financial support depending on its maturity, as shown in figure 28. We must engage all types of capital, from early- stage grant and angel investment through to institutional finance like pension fund investors. 6.', 'We must engage all types of capital, from early- stage grant and angel investment through to institutional finance like pension fund investors. 6. The UK is a world leading financial hub, with access to global capital pools, outstanding professional services, and a robust legal and regulatory framework. As such, the UK financial services industry is poised to enable private capital to flow into our net zero investment needs. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyFigure 27 - Public Finance Interventions across the different stages of Research and development More government support Supporting framework Less government support Commercial prototype Sovereign Green Bond UK Green Taxonomy Financing Green Greening the financial system NZ aligned regulation Green skills Build and scale Proven commercial proposition Capital markets ready Start-ups/Corporate R&D Scale up & Growth Scale Financial independence 7.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyFigure 27 - Public Finance Interventions across the different stages of Research and development More government support Supporting framework Less government support Commercial prototype Sovereign Green Bond UK Green Taxonomy Financing Green Greening the financial system NZ aligned regulation Green skills Build and scale Proven commercial proposition Capital markets ready Start-ups/Corporate R&D Scale up & Growth Scale Financial independence 7. Public funds will be used strategically to support new technologies, as well as emerging sectors, as they move from the innovation stage through to commercialisation and deployment. Early-stage R&D is supported by various government grants. Later-stage organisations can reach commercialisation and benefit from investment through the Clean Growth Venture Capital (VC) Fund or support from the British Business Bank (BBB). These stages of support are essential for scaling the necessary technologies and supporting the growth of businesses aligned to meeting our net zero ambitions. 8.', 'These stages of support are essential for scaling the necessary technologies and supporting the growth of businesses aligned to meeting our net zero ambitions. 8. Providing the suitable conditions for regulatory and early-stage innovation is a significant part of our Net Zero Strategy, but we must also mobilise the wider financial sector to meet the upfront investment challenge. This means stimulating new ways of providing information to markets on green investment and exposure to climate related financial risk, and providing the investment conditions to mobilise private capital into a portfolio of net zero financing. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener9. We are driving more disclosure and transparency in the markets on climate risks and opportunities through the introduction of Sustainability Disclosure Requirements, as outlined in Greening Finance: A Roadmap to Sustainable Investing.', 'We are driving more disclosure and transparency in the markets on climate risks and opportunities through the introduction of Sustainability Disclosure Requirements, as outlined in Greening Finance: A Roadmap to Sustainable Investing. These bring together and streamline UK sustainability reporting requirements, including reporting aligned with the Taskforce for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations and UK Green Taxonomy disclosures. 10. Targeted public intervention via the British Business Bank (BBB), UK Export Finance and the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) will pull through investment from the private sector. For instance, British Patient Capital, a commercial subsidiary of the BBB, is contributing to the transition to net zero through its existing investment strategy: 9% of its underlying investment portfolio is in clean growth, sustainability, and mobility companies. 11.', 'For instance, British Patient Capital, a commercial subsidiary of the BBB, is contributing to the transition to net zero through its existing investment strategy: 9% of its underlying investment portfolio is in clean growth, sustainability, and mobility companies. 11. This builds on the growing voluntary commitments from financial institutions to a net zero transition that are already pivoting financial flows towards net zero in the run‑up to COP26.10 For example, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), which was launched as part of the COP26 Presidency, brings together many of the world’s biggest banks, asset owners, asset managers, insurers and service providers that are credibly committed to achieving net zero emissions.', 'This builds on the growing voluntary commitments from financial institutions to a net zero transition that are already pivoting financial flows towards net zero in the run‑up to COP26.10 For example, the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), which was launched as part of the COP26 Presidency, brings together many of the world’s biggest banks, asset owners, asset managers, insurers and service providers that are credibly committed to achieving net zero emissions. Using the UN’s Race to Zero as the entry criteria, the gold standard for net zero commitments, GFANZ has raised, deepened, and broadened the global financial sector’s net zero ambitions. GFANZ has launched as ambitious body of technical work to support net zero aligned investment and accelerate the transition to a net zero financial system and global economy. 12.', 'GFANZ has launched as ambitious body of technical work to support net zero aligned investment and accelerate the transition to a net zero financial system and global economy. 12. We will publish an update to the Green Finance Strategy in 2022 which will include a net zero transition pathway for the UK financial sector. This will set out how this crucial sector will transition to net zero as a whole. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyFinancing green 13. The scale of the net zero challenge and persistent market failures mean that public sector intervention is needed to shape and accelerate the flow of private capital.', 'The scale of the net zero challenge and persistent market failures mean that public sector intervention is needed to shape and accelerate the flow of private capital. The right policy signals can act as a catalyst for private sector investment, as shown by by £90 billion of new investment in renewable energy since 2012, in part facilitated by the Electricity Market Reforms (EMR).11 By bringing down the cost of capital through strong policy frameworks, we will reduce the financing costs of reaching net zero, delivering a better deal for the taxpayer. 14. The pathways set out in this strategy demonstrate that, whilst each sector requires its own policy framework, there are cross- cutting interventions required to support the transition to net zero.', 'The pathways set out in this strategy demonstrate that, whilst each sector requires its own policy framework, there are cross- cutting interventions required to support the transition to net zero. We will replicate the success of offshore wind and take actions to secure access to finance across the economy, ensuring that all sectors are able to access private investment going forward. For example, the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme (see paragraph 19), will unlock private sector capital for industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production projects by providing long-term certainty to investors, de-risking revenue streams in these sectors.', 'For example, the Industrial Decarbonisation and Hydrogen Revenue Support (IDHRS) scheme (see paragraph 19), will unlock private sector capital for industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production projects by providing long-term certainty to investors, de-risking revenue streams in these sectors. Figure 28 - Low carbon sectors commercial maturity and associated capital Research and development More Government Financing Less Government Financing Commercial prototype Low Carbon Hydrogen Long-term energy storage Energy Efficiency Retrofits Electrification of transport Offshore wind Financial risk / cost of capital Sector financial independence CC&S Build and scale Proven commercial proposition Capital markets ready Start-ups/R&D Grants VC investment funds Crowdfunding VCT/(S)EIS funds Corporate ventures Private Equity, Infrastructure Funds & Banks Institutional investors e.g . LGIM, HSBC, pension funds, etc Scale up & Growth Scale ture based lutions Net Zero Innovation Portfolio Clean Growth Fund Revenue support: business models UK Infra Bank Supporting framework Sovereign Green Bond UK Green Taxonomy Financing Green Greening the financial system NZ aligned regulation Green skills Advanced Nuclear Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener15. Through the net zero innovation portfolio, funding is provided for low carbon technology innovation.', 'Through the net zero innovation portfolio, funding is provided for low carbon technology innovation. As these technologies, and sectors, commercialise, they can benefit from further investment readiness support to help them access repayable private finance. For example, the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund (NEIRF),13 launched by Defra and the Environment Agency in 2021, will build the portfolio of potential investments for net zero investors in nature. 16. Some of these technologies may also avail of venture capital to allow them to scale rapidly. Government has shown its support for this necessary innovation underpinning its clean growth objectives with a £20 million cornerstone investment in the venture capital Clean Growth Fund14.', 'Government has shown its support for this necessary innovation underpinning its clean growth objectives with a £20 million cornerstone investment in the venture capital Clean Growth Fund14. This Fund aims to accelerate the deployment of innovative clean technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, alongside catalysing the UK clean growth venture capital market and leveraging private sector funding into early‑stage clean tech start-ups. For example, the fund led a £4.7 million investment round into Piclo (the independent energy trading marketplace) with co‑investment from Mott MacDonald Ventures. 17. The BBB is a government-owned economic development bank with a mission to drive sustainable growth and prosperity across the UK, and to enable the transition to a net zero economy, by improving access to finance for smaller businesses.', 'The BBB is a government-owned economic development bank with a mission to drive sustainable growth and prosperity across the UK, and to enable the transition to a net zero economy, by improving access to finance for smaller businesses. UK Government has worked with the BBB on their new mission and objective to support the UK’s transition to a net zero economy and incorporate environmental, social and governance issues across of its activities. The new net zero objective will support firms looking to move towards net zero, helping the UK reduce its energy consumption and mitigate the impacts of climate change. 18. Going beyond SME finance to larger scale infrastructure finance, there are significant pools of private finance ready to deploy into UK projects but there can be a mismatch between market appetite and the risk profile of projects.', 'Going beyond SME finance to larger scale infrastructure finance, there are significant pools of private finance ready to deploy into UK projects but there can be a mismatch between market appetite and the risk profile of projects. Infrastructure investment is vulnerable to market failure, as it is often complex, large, novel and long‑term. Launched in June 2021, the new UK Infrastructure Bank can play a pivotal role in this space, crowding in private sector investment in important areas and helping to kick start new sectors. Across the Bank’s full mandate (also covering regional growth), it has £12 billion of equity and debt capital and will be able to deploy £10 billion of government guarantees.', 'Across the Bank’s full mandate (also covering regional growth), it has £12 billion of equity and debt capital and will be able to deploy £10 billion of government guarantees. We expect the Bank to use this to crowd in private investment as a cornerstone investor or guarantor to enable more than £40 billion of investment in the areas most prone to market failure, and to help deliver its dual policy focus of tackling climate change and supporting regional and local economic growth. Furthermore, the Bank will play a pivotal role in catalysing the role of local government in the transition, by financing strategic infrastructure projects led by local authorities, and providing advice and expertise in order to strengthen the pipeline of investable projects. 19. Industries will need to be supported in their transition away from high carbon emitting operations.', 'Industries will need to be supported in their transition away from high carbon emitting operations. For example, the IDHRS scheme will provide a revenue mechanism to enable deployment of industrial carbon capture and hydrogen production. UK Export Finance (UKEF)’s Transition Export Development Guarantees (TEDG), launched in 2020, will ensure that businesses, including those in the supply chain, are supported at all stages of their transition journey. This product can be used by a company for working capital, capital expenditure or R&D needs, provided they have a credible transition plan. The first TEDG was announced in August with UKEF providing an 80% guarantee on the £430 million commercial loan to Wood Plc. This support from UKEF will help Wood to continue to capitalise on opportunities linked to clean Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economyenergy, hydrogen and decarbonisation.', 'This support from UKEF will help Wood to continue to capitalise on opportunities linked to clean Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economyenergy, hydrogen and decarbonisation. Furthermore, this instrument will support the export of low carbon technology from the UK as evidenced by this guarantee which will support Wood to take advantage of green trade opportunities. 20. The UK financial system is also taking a global leadership role transition financing and sustainable finance more widely. An example of transition finance leadership is the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG) which was the first exchange globally to launch a dedicated Transition Bond Segment. This distinct transition label is the application of globally recognised standards, enhancing visibility and providing assurance to issuers and investors.', 'This distinct transition label is the application of globally recognised standards, enhancing visibility and providing assurance to issuers and investors. We have seen the financial sector in the UK take the lead in net zero transition (for example, through the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero15) as well as leading financial innovation (such as Green Home Finance Innovation fund). 21. The Chancellor, in his Mansion House speech16 in July 2021, set out how the government will ensure that the financial system in the UK plays a major role in the delivery of the UK’s net zero target and ambition for a ‘nature positive’ future.', 'The Chancellor, in his Mansion House speech16 in July 2021, set out how the government will ensure that the financial system in the UK plays a major role in the delivery of the UK’s net zero target and ambition for a ‘nature positive’ future. This will build on the investment principles outlined in the 25 Year Environment Plan including ‘do no significant harm’ to the environment with investment, and implement a series of programmes aimed at building the portfolio of investable assets across the UK. This will involve providing grant programmes like the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund (NEIRF) to help nature-based projects become investment ready, but also providing capital through public-private impact funds such as the Big Nature Impact Fund to leverage in private finance.', 'This will involve providing grant programmes like the Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund (NEIRF) to help nature-based projects become investment ready, but also providing capital through public-private impact funds such as the Big Nature Impact Fund to leverage in private finance. In addition to investing in climate and environmental solutions, government is also committed to ensuring sufficient private capital is available for investment into adaptation and resilience measures. 22. Furthermore, the government is supporting the development of a Taskforce on Nature-Related Financial Disclosures (TNFD). This will provide a framework for corporate and financial institutions to report and act on evolving nature-related risks to support a shift in global financial flows away from nature-negative outcomes and toward nature-positive outcomes.', 'This will provide a framework for corporate and financial institutions to report and act on evolving nature-related risks to support a shift in global financial flows away from nature-negative outcomes and toward nature-positive outcomes. This market-led, global initiative will build, consult on, and test, its framework over the next 2 years and will be designed to complement the TCFD by building on its 4-pillar approach and drawing on its lessons learnt. 23. These interventions are important to driving the desired ‘nature-positive’ future. As set out in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan, we hope that the UK will also become a leader in high-quality voluntary carbon markets (VCMs). For these private markets to scale successfully in support of net zero, their integrity and use as an addition (rather than alternative) to rapid decarbonisation will be critical.', 'For these private markets to scale successfully in support of net zero, their integrity and use as an addition (rather than alternative) to rapid decarbonisation will be critical. The government is closely following the important work of various sector-led initiatives including: the Taskforce for Scaling Voluntary Carbon Markets (TSVCM); the Voluntary Carbon Markets Integrity Initiative UK VCM Forum; and, the Financing UK Nature Recovery coalition. 24. The UK Government issued its inaugural green gilt on 21 September 2021. This was a landmark transaction for sterling markets and the UK. At £10 billion, it was the largest sovereign green bond issuance to date and attracted the largest ever order book for a sovereign green bond.', 'At £10 billion, it was the largest sovereign green bond issuance to date and attracted the largest ever order book for a sovereign green bond. The inaugural green gilt also achieved the largest “greenium” for any debut sovereign green bond to date, demonstrating good value for money for the taxpayer (a “greenium” refers to more favourable pricing achieved by the issuer of a green bond compared to that for a hypothetical, equivalent conventional bond). The UK will then be following up with a second issuance in mid-to-late October, as the UK looks to build out a green yield curve.', 'The UK will then be following up with a second issuance in mid-to-late October, as the UK looks to build out a green yield curve. This Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerfollowed the successful publication of the UK Government Green Financing Framework on 30 June 2021, which outlines how proceeds raised from the green gilts will help tackle climate change, biodiversity loss and other environmental challenges. 25. NS&I will issue its retail Green Savings Bonds later in 2021. These bonds will be the first standalone retail product to be tied to a sovereign’s green bond framework and will allow all UK savers to contribute to the fight against climate change and the government’s other environmental objectives.', 'These bonds will be the first standalone retail product to be tied to a sovereign’s green bond framework and will allow all UK savers to contribute to the fight against climate change and the government’s other environmental objectives. It gives UK savers the opportunity to take part in this collective effort to tackle climate change by contributing to public spending on green, whilst increasing awareness in the government’s green initiatives. This series of wholesale and retail green financing issuances demonstrate the UK’s commitment to sustainable finance ahead of COP 26 in November. 26. We are also committed to tracking finance flows, to complement how we measure carbon. Hence, we will be working with external partners and data providers to better track private investment into the net zero economy going forward.', 'Hence, we will be working with external partners and data providers to better track private investment into the net zero economy going forward. This will enable the UK to robustly, and regularly, assess the alignment of the UK’s financial flows with net zero. 27. The UK launched the Green Finance Education Charter in our 2019 Green Finance Strategy,17 reflecting the need for UK and global financial services industries to develop the capabilities of their workforce in green finance principles and practice. Since then, twelve leading professional bodies representing over 1 million finance professionals have signed up to the Charter, hosted by the Green Finance Institute. To further build UK capacity, capability and climate leadership, we will look to expand Charter membership to universities and others, and work with the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE).', 'To further build UK capacity, capability and climate leadership, we will look to expand Charter membership to universities and others, and work with the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE). We will also seek to internationalise the Charter by encouraging similar development overseas. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyCase study: The Green Finance Institute model The Green Finance Institute (GFI) was established in 2019 with funding from HMG and the City of London Corporation, though it operates independently of government and is commercially focused. Sitting at the nexus between the public and private sectors, the GFI provides critical guidance to government and the financial sector and delivers programmes which mobilise investment and lending towards real economy outcomes.', 'Sitting at the nexus between the public and private sectors, the GFI provides critical guidance to government and the financial sector and delivers programmes which mobilise investment and lending towards real economy outcomes. Through the application of the GFI’s rigorously designed financing solutions, they have already identified and co-designed effective interventions that have deployed capital towards a net zero, carbon resilient economy. The GFI primarily operates by convening and leading coalitions of global experts that focus on different sectors and seek to identify scalable financial solutions that accelerate sector-specific transitions to a low carbon future. There are several coalitions and initiatives that the GFI now operate: • The Coalition for the Energy Efficiency of Buildings (CEEB) is the GFI’s flagship programme, set up in 2019 to develop the market for financing a net-zero climate- resilient built environment.', 'There are several coalitions and initiatives that the GFI now operate: • The Coalition for the Energy Efficiency of Buildings (CEEB) is the GFI’s flagship programme, set up in 2019 to develop the market for financing a net-zero climate- resilient built environment. Today, the CEEB has over 300 members and accounts for 70% of the UK mortgage market. This work is now expanding into Europe. • In September 2020, the CEEB launched the Green Home Finance Principles, in collaboration with the Loan Markets Association, to embed transparency and consistency into the green home finance market. Today, the Principles have supported 11 financial institutions with combined mortgage balances of +£480 billion to launch, or commit to launch, green lending products that minimise the risk of greenwashing.', 'Today, the Principles have supported 11 financial institutions with combined mortgage balances of +£480 billion to launch, or commit to launch, green lending products that minimise the risk of greenwashing. • The Coalition for the Decarbonisation of Road Transport (CRDT) was established in May 2021 to unlock financial barriers to the decarbonisation of road transport and enabling infrastructure. • The GFI played a key role in the Dasgupta Review and is also working on a series of potentially transformative funding mechanisms to support the UK’s 25-year Environment Plan alongside Defra and the Environment Agency. • The GFI was appointed Chair and convener of the Green Technical Advisory Group (GTAG), tasked with providing independent expert advice to government on how to implement a taxonomy in the UK.', '• The GFI was appointed Chair and convener of the Green Technical Advisory Group (GTAG), tasked with providing independent expert advice to government on how to implement a taxonomy in the UK. • The GFI is also hosting the Executive Secretariat for the Taskforce on Nature- related Disclosures and launching an initiative this November to unlock the barriers to channel private finance towards nature in the UK. • In partnership with the City of London Corporation, the GFI will host a Green Horizon Summit at COP26, which will focus on mobilising capital in the transition to net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGreening finance 28. Financing the technologies required for our transition to net zero is only part of the solution.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGreening finance 28. Financing the technologies required for our transition to net zero is only part of the solution. The transition represents both a risk and an opportunity for the real economy and the financial system that supports it. It is therefore vital that climate-related financial risks and impacts are factored into investment decisions and reflected in the cost of finance for different technologies and companies. To achieve this, we will harness the international reputation of the UK’s leading financial sector to encourage private investment to support low carbon innovation and manage climate- related financial risk. 29. As the Chancellor outlined in his Mansion House speech,18 the government intends to introduce economy-wide Sustainability Disclosure Requirements covering the whole economy.', 'As the Chancellor outlined in his Mansion House speech,18 the government intends to introduce economy-wide Sustainability Disclosure Requirements covering the whole economy. This will include requirements to report on businesses and investment products impact on the climate and environment, as well as the risks and opportunities these impacts pose to business. Our approach is detailed in Greening Finance: A Roadmap to Sustainable Investing. 30. The UK has already established itself as a world leader on green finance regulation, becoming the first G20 country to make disclosures aligned with the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) recommendations fully mandatory across the economy by 2025. As part of the roadmap to delivery, BEIS consulted earlier in the year on mandatory climate-related financial disclosures by publicly quoted companies, large private companies and the largest Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) from the 6th April 2022.', 'As part of the roadmap to delivery, BEIS consulted earlier in the year on mandatory climate-related financial disclosures by publicly quoted companies, large private companies and the largest Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) from the 6th April 2022. Following widespread support for the proposals, we will shortly be setting out regulations to bring this into force, including a requirement for scenario analysis - a powerful tool to support companies in their assessment of climate-related risks and opportunities. 31. Alongside measures to implement mandatory disclosures aligned with the TCFD recommendations for companies and LLPs: • The Financial Conduct Authority has already introduced a listing rule for premium listed companies which commenced on 1 January 2021.', 'Alongside measures to implement mandatory disclosures aligned with the TCFD recommendations for companies and LLPs: • The Financial Conduct Authority has already introduced a listing rule for premium listed companies which commenced on 1 January 2021. This requires companies to include a statement in their annual financial report which sets out whether their disclosures are consistent with the recommendations of the TCFD, and to explain why if they have not done so. • Government introduced regulations, in force from 1 October 2021, to require pension schemes with £5 billion or more in assets to report line with the TCFD’s recommendations. By October 2022, over 80% of members of occupational pension schemes – and more than 70% of assets under management – will be in schemes reporting in line with the TCFD recommendations. 32.', 'By October 2022, over 80% of members of occupational pension schemes – and more than 70% of assets under management – will be in schemes reporting in line with the TCFD recommendations. 32. Our stated objective is to increase the quantity and quality of climate-related financial disclosures in a proportionate manner. This is to ensure market participants have better information to adequately understand climate- related financial risks and opportunities to support the transition to net zero. 33. In November 2020, the Chancellor announced that the government is implementing a UK Green Taxonomy. This will clearly set out the criteria which specific economic activities must meet to be considered environmentally sustainable. The first two Technical Screening Criteria (TSC) on climate change mitigation and adaptation will be made by the end of 2022.', 'The first two Technical Screening Criteria (TSC) on climate change mitigation and adaptation will be made by the end of 2022. To support the development of the TSCs, we have since announced the appointment of a Green Technical Advisory Group (GTAG) in June 2021. Made up a of range of financial Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economyand business stakeholders, taxonomy and data experts, and subject matter experts, and chaired by the Green Finance Institute, this will provide independent, non-binding advice to the government on developing and implementing a Green Taxonomy in the UK context. For example, we have established an Energy Working Group as part of the GTAG to provide advice on key technologies such as hydrogen and carbon capture and storage.', 'For example, we have established an Energy Working Group as part of the GTAG to provide advice on key technologies such as hydrogen and carbon capture and storage. Taken together, these enhanced Sustainability Disclosure Requirements will support companies to communicate clear and credible low carbon transition plans needed by investors. 34. Key to delivering enhanced disclosure on climate change is the availability of data financial institutions can use. The UK Centre for Greening Finance and Investment (CGFI) is a national centre established to accelerate the adoption and use of climate and environmental data and analytics by financial institutions internationally. CGFI will equip financial institutions with the tools and capacity required to effectively allocate capital to meet net zero ambitions and ensure global UK leadership in green finance and green finance data and analytics.', 'CGFI will equip financial institutions with the tools and capacity required to effectively allocate capital to meet net zero ambitions and ensure global UK leadership in green finance and green finance data and analytics. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy Case study: Providing a net zero- aligned regulatory environment In March 2021, the Chancellor outlined his recommendation to regulators that they should “have regard to the government’s commitment to achieve a net zero economy by 2050”. There has already been significant work by the Bank of England and the Financial Conduct Authority.', 'There has already been significant work by the Bank of England and the Financial Conduct Authority. The Bank of England The Bank’s approach to climate change is to play a leading role, through its policies and operations, in ensuring the financial system, the macroeconomy, and the Bank of England itself, are resilient to the risks from climate change and supportive of the transition to a net zero emissions economy. Recent actions to deliver this include: • In April 2019, the Bank published a comprehensive set of supervisory expectations for how banks and insurers should enhance their approaches to managing the financial risks from climate change. This was followed up in July 2020 with a Dear CEO letter, which included additional guidance and set a deadline for firms to embed fully these expectations by the end of 2021.', 'This was followed up in July 2020 with a Dear CEO letter, which included additional guidance and set a deadline for firms to embed fully these expectations by the end of 2021. • In June 2021 the Bank launched its Climate Biennial Exploratory Scenario (CBES) exercise to assess the resilience of individual banks, insurers, and the wider UK financial system to three different climate scenarios. These scenarios are based on those published by the international central banks and supervisors Network for Greening the Financial System (NGFS), of which the Bank is a founding member and where it chairs the workstream developing the NGFS climate scenarios. • In November 2020, the UK joint regulator and government TCFD Taskforce, of which the Bank is a member, published an interim report and roadmap for mandatory TCFD-aligned disclosure requirements across the economy by 2025.', '• In November 2020, the UK joint regulator and government TCFD Taskforce, of which the Bank is a member, published an interim report and roadmap for mandatory TCFD-aligned disclosure requirements across the economy by 2025. • The Bank has also sought to lead by example and in 2021 became the first central bank to publish a climate-related financial disclosure which included analysis of financial asset portfolios held for monetary policy purposes. The Bank also committed to reduce the emissions from its physical operations to net-zero by 2050 at the latest. The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) The FCA’s work on climate change and sustainable finance aims to make sure market participants can manage the risks, impacts and opportunities from moving to a more sustainable economy and can capture opportunities from the net zero transition.', 'The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) The FCA’s work on climate change and sustainable finance aims to make sure market participants can manage the risks, impacts and opportunities from moving to a more sustainable economy and can capture opportunities from the net zero transition. Key developments in 2021 include: • Introducing a TCFD-aligned Listing Rule for premium-listed commercial companies, and consulting on new proposals to extend the application of the rule to issuers of standard listed equity shares, and to implement new disclosure rules for asset managers, life insurers, and FCA-regulated pension providers with a focus on the information needs of clients and customers; • Co-chairing work on climate-related and sustainability disclosures at the International Organisation of Securities Commissions and the Financial Stability Board;• Issuing a supervisory letter to the chairs of Authorised Fund Managers, including a set of guiding principles to help clarify the FCA’s expectations for the design, delivery and disclosure of retail responsible and sustainable funds – both as applications are submitted for authorisation and on an ongoing basis; • Launching a comprehensive innovation work programme on sustainability, including the announcement that the next cohort of the Digital Sandbox Pilot will focus on sustainability and climate change; the FCA has begun work with the City of London Corporation and industry to support the development of solutions to ESG data and disclosures issues via a digital testing environment, and is aiming for this environment to go live • Alongside the other financial regulators, publishing an inaugural Climate Adaptation Report (CAR) setting out the actions the FCA and financial services industry are taking to adapt to the challenges of climate change; the CAR will include a chapter on net zero which will explore net zero commitments, targets, tools and challenges.', 'Key developments in 2021 include: • Introducing a TCFD-aligned Listing Rule for premium-listed commercial companies, and consulting on new proposals to extend the application of the rule to issuers of standard listed equity shares, and to implement new disclosure rules for asset managers, life insurers, and FCA-regulated pension providers with a focus on the information needs of clients and customers; • Co-chairing work on climate-related and sustainability disclosures at the International Organisation of Securities Commissions and the Financial Stability Board;• Issuing a supervisory letter to the chairs of Authorised Fund Managers, including a set of guiding principles to help clarify the FCA’s expectations for the design, delivery and disclosure of retail responsible and sustainable funds – both as applications are submitted for authorisation and on an ongoing basis; • Launching a comprehensive innovation work programme on sustainability, including the announcement that the next cohort of the Digital Sandbox Pilot will focus on sustainability and climate change; the FCA has begun work with the City of London Corporation and industry to support the development of solutions to ESG data and disclosures issues via a digital testing environment, and is aiming for this environment to go live • Alongside the other financial regulators, publishing an inaugural Climate Adaptation Report (CAR) setting out the actions the FCA and financial services industry are taking to adapt to the challenges of climate change; the CAR will include a chapter on net zero which will explore net zero commitments, targets, tools and challenges. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4iii.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4iii. Green Jobs, Skills, and Industries Creating the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and putting UK supply chains at the forefront of global markets Our Key Commitments • Publish sector and supply chain development plans for key low carbon sectors and work with business to encourage investment in green skills and industries in the UK. • Publish a UK Critical Minerals strategy, setting out our approach to securing technology-critical minerals and metals. • Support the development of a skilled, competitive supply chain for key green industries in the UK.', '• Support the development of a skilled, competitive supply chain for key green industries in the UK. • Reform the skills system so that training providers, employers and learners are incentivised and equipped to play their part in delivering the transition to net zero – including by legislating for skills required for jobs that support action on climate change and other environmental goals to be considered in the development of new local skills improvement plans.', '• Reform the skills system so that training providers, employers and learners are incentivised and equipped to play their part in delivering the transition to net zero – including by legislating for skills required for jobs that support action on climate change and other environmental goals to be considered in the development of new local skills improvement plans. • Deliver a Lifetime Skills Guarantee and grow key post-16 training programmes (such as apprenticeships, Skills Bootcamps and T levels) in line with the needs of employers in the green economy, helping individuals get the training they need for a job in the green economy, either at the start of their careers or when retraining or upskilling once already in the workforce.', '• Deliver a Lifetime Skills Guarantee and grow key post-16 training programmes (such as apprenticeships, Skills Bootcamps and T levels) in line with the needs of employers in the green economy, helping individuals get the training they need for a job in the green economy, either at the start of their careers or when retraining or upskilling once already in the workforce. • Introduce a sustainability and climate change strategy for education and children’s services which will include a focus on equipping children and young people with the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to the green economy.The Challenge 1.', '• Introduce a sustainability and climate change strategy for education and children’s services which will include a focus on equipping children and young people with the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to the green economy.The Challenge 1. The national and global shift towards net zero provides a once in a generation opportunity to level up the country, create new green jobs, and put the UK at the forefront of growing global markets in green technologies. Delivering on this promise, whilst meeting our ambitious climate and environmental targets, will be in a large part dependent on having a sufficiently skilled workforce and robust, competitive supply chains in the UK. 2. Recent developments have thrown into sharp relief the inherent vulnerabilities associated with complex global supply chains and shocks to the global economic system.', 'Recent developments have thrown into sharp relief the inherent vulnerabilities associated with complex global supply chains and shocks to the global economic system. The transition to net zero will change the nature of the UK’s critical supply chains. Our aim is to help ensure that supply chains critical for the transition to net zero are secure, ensuring that we have access to the materials, minerals, and chemicals that our growing green economy will need. Our approach is that there is no “one size fits all” model for building resilience in individual supply chains: often a combination of levers may be the best solution to address a vulnerability. 3.', 'Our approach is that there is no “one size fits all” model for building resilience in individual supply chains: often a combination of levers may be the best solution to address a vulnerability. 3. We will need tens of thousands of engineers to build and maintain new offshore wind farms off the coasts of northern England and Scotland, construct nuclear power stations in the South of England, and manufacture electric vehicles in the Midlands; skilled builders and trades people to retrofit homes and buildings across the country; and conservation and biodiversity professionals to deliver nature-based solutions to climate change. 4.', 'We will need tens of thousands of engineers to build and maintain new offshore wind farms off the coasts of northern England and Scotland, construct nuclear power stations in the South of England, and manufacture electric vehicles in the Midlands; skilled builders and trades people to retrofit homes and buildings across the country; and conservation and biodiversity professionals to deliver nature-based solutions to climate change. 4. Alongside a broader shift to digitisation and automation, we can expect the transition to net zero to be one of the dominant labour market trends in the next 30 years: approximately 6.3 million jobs in the UK, about one in five, are likely to be affected by the transition to a green economy, with workers experiencing either an increase or decrease in the demand for their skills.19 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerOur Goals 5.', 'Alongside a broader shift to digitisation and automation, we can expect the transition to net zero to be one of the dominant labour market trends in the next 30 years: approximately 6.3 million jobs in the UK, about one in five, are likely to be affected by the transition to a green economy, with workers experiencing either an increase or decrease in the demand for their skills.19 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerOur Goals 5. The government’s ambition is to: • Support up to 440,000 jobs across net zero industries in 2030, contributing towards a broader pivot to a greener economy which could support 2 million jobs in green sectors or by greening existing sectors by: – Working with business to grow green industries, supply chains and skills in the UK, and ensure our resilience to international changes in supply chains; and, – Using our net zero policy and funding to promote the growth of green skills and the green economy.', 'The government’s ambition is to: • Support up to 440,000 jobs across net zero industries in 2030, contributing towards a broader pivot to a greener economy which could support 2 million jobs in green sectors or by greening existing sectors by: – Working with business to grow green industries, supply chains and skills in the UK, and ensure our resilience to international changes in supply chains; and, – Using our net zero policy and funding to promote the growth of green skills and the green economy. • Enable workers, industries, and places to transition to a net zero economy by 2050, and support industry to develop the skilled workforce to deliver a green industrial revolution by: – Reforming the skills system to make it more responsive to the needs of employers, so that training providers, employers, and workers are incentivised and equipped to support the transition to net zero; – Ramping up support for workers in the high carbon economy to transition to green jobs; – Working with business to ensure people from all backgrounds can access the opportunities in the green economy, including through career advice; and, – Providing children and young people with the high-quality education and training they need to work in a future green career, through improving teacher training and development in STEM and other key subjects, and expanding post-16 training programmes in line with the needs of the green economy.', '• Enable workers, industries, and places to transition to a net zero economy by 2050, and support industry to develop the skilled workforce to deliver a green industrial revolution by: – Reforming the skills system to make it more responsive to the needs of employers, so that training providers, employers, and workers are incentivised and equipped to support the transition to net zero; – Ramping up support for workers in the high carbon economy to transition to green jobs; – Working with business to ensure people from all backgrounds can access the opportunities in the green economy, including through career advice; and, – Providing children and young people with the high-quality education and training they need to work in a future green career, through improving teacher training and development in STEM and other key subjects, and expanding post-16 training programmes in line with the needs of the green economy. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyThe Green Jobs Taskforce To better understand how the UK could grasp opportunities of the Green Industrial Revolution, the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Department of Education launched the Green Jobs Taskforce in November 2020.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyThe Green Jobs Taskforce To better understand how the UK could grasp opportunities of the Green Industrial Revolution, the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Department of Education launched the Green Jobs Taskforce in November 2020. The Taskforce provided an independent assessment of the potential skills and labour market impacts of the net zero transition, including how we can ensure green jobs are open to all and support workers to transition to the green economy.', 'The Taskforce provided an independent assessment of the potential skills and labour market impacts of the net zero transition, including how we can ensure green jobs are open to all and support workers to transition to the green economy. The independent Taskforce, which included representatives from industry, trade unions, the skills sector and community organisations, took a broad view of green jobs, as “employment in an activity that directly contributes to, or indirectly supports, the achievement of the UK’s net zero emissions target and other environmental goals, such as nature restoration and mitigation against climate risks.” Its report, published in July 2021, included 15 recommendations for government, industry and the skills sector, which focused on three themes across the “life cycle” of green jobs: driving investment in net zero to support good quality green jobs in the UK; building pathways into good green careers; and supporting workers in the high carbon economy to transition.', 'The independent Taskforce, which included representatives from industry, trade unions, the skills sector and community organisations, took a broad view of green jobs, as “employment in an activity that directly contributes to, or indirectly supports, the achievement of the UK’s net zero emissions target and other environmental goals, such as nature restoration and mitigation against climate risks.” Its report, published in July 2021, included 15 recommendations for government, industry and the skills sector, which focused on three themes across the “life cycle” of green jobs: driving investment in net zero to support good quality green jobs in the UK; building pathways into good green careers; and supporting workers in the high carbon economy to transition. The ideas generated through the Taskforce and its engagement with industry have informed the development of this Strategy.', 'The ideas generated through the Taskforce and its engagement with industry have informed the development of this Strategy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWorking with business to grow green UK industries and resilient supply chains 6. The investment needed for the transition to net zero will primarily be delivered by the private sector. As such, our first priority is to provide businesses, investors, workers, and skills providers with policy certainty to unlock investment, ensuring we support green industries to develop in the UK. 7. In line with Build Back Better: Our Plan for Growth, we are taking action across a range of low carbon industries with the greatest economic potential and competitive strength.', 'In line with Build Back Better: Our Plan for Growth, we are taking action across a range of low carbon industries with the greatest economic potential and competitive strength. In doing so, we will support the growth of UK supply chains and create new opportunities for UK businesses and level up the country. We are acting to build green industries such as offshore wind in North East England and in Scotland, carbon capture and hydrogen production in our industrial heartlands, electric vehicles manufacture in the midlands and Northeast of England, and the restoration and protection of nature in rural areas. 8. We also recognise that the starting position when building resilience in critical supply chains should be to take a market- first approach. The UK prospers under an open economy and openness itself confers resilience.', 'The UK prospers under an open economy and openness itself confers resilience. We will leverage the UK’s competitive strengths across the supply chain, while deploying those levers available to the Government – including UK Export Finance and the new Office for Investment – to ensure that we exploit our strengths, while supporting those areas that could be vulnerable to global shocks.', 'We will leverage the UK’s competitive strengths across the supply chain, while deploying those levers available to the Government – including UK Export Finance and the new Office for Investment – to ensure that we exploit our strengths, while supporting those areas that could be vulnerable to global shocks. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyCase studies: Driving investment into green supply chains in the UK The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan, and our subsequent sectoral strategies, put in place a range of funding and policy initiatives to enable green industries and supply chains to develop in the UK, supporting our ambition to deliver on green jobs: Building the Offshore Wind Supply Chain Announced as part of the Ten Point Plan, the UK’s offshore wind manufacturing industry has already seen almost £1.5 billion of investment unlocked by the £160 million Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Support scheme, which aims to further develop the UK’s offshore wind capabilities.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyCase studies: Driving investment into green supply chains in the UK The Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan, and our subsequent sectoral strategies, put in place a range of funding and policy initiatives to enable green industries and supply chains to develop in the UK, supporting our ambition to deliver on green jobs: Building the Offshore Wind Supply Chain Announced as part of the Ten Point Plan, the UK’s offshore wind manufacturing industry has already seen almost £1.5 billion of investment unlocked by the £160 million Offshore Wind Manufacturing Investment Support scheme, which aims to further develop the UK’s offshore wind capabilities. The investments have seen a significant boost over the summer with up to 3,600 jobs supported across the Humber region.', 'The investments have seen a significant boost over the summer with up to 3,600 jobs supported across the Humber region. This continues to lay the groundwork to deliver 40 GW of energy from offshore wind by 2030 and for UK businesses and workers to take full advantage of the booming offshore market in the UK and internationally, support up to 60,000 jobs in the industry and its supply chain, and help eliminate the UK’s contribution to carbon emissions by 2050.20 We are preparing for the next wave of deployment around the UK, with world leading 1 GW deployment targets for innovative floating offshore wind turbines. The government has set up a floating offshore wind demonstration programme to support development of state-of-the-art technologies and products in the floating offshore wind industry.', 'The government has set up a floating offshore wind demonstration programme to support development of state-of-the-art technologies and products in the floating offshore wind industry. Net Zero Hydrogen Fund Government has set an ambition to deploy 5 GWs of low carbon hydrogen production capacity in the UK by 2030, supported by a package of measures including the Net Zero Hydrogen Fund (NZHF). The NZHF will kickstart the hydrogen economy in the early 2020s by supporting projects with upfront costs, stimulating private sector investment, and developing the pipeline of projects needed to deliver hydrogen production at scale by 2030. Transforming automotive manufacturing The UK is already capitalising on opportunities from the global shift to electric vehicles, as demonstrated by recent investments made by Stellantis in Ellesmere Port, and Nissan and Envision AESC in Sunderland.', 'Transforming automotive manufacturing The UK is already capitalising on opportunities from the global shift to electric vehicles, as demonstrated by recent investments made by Stellantis in Ellesmere Port, and Nissan and Envision AESC in Sunderland. Allocating a further £350 million of our up to £1 billion Automotive Transformation Fund (ATF) to support the electrification of UK vehicles and their supply chains. This will help ensure the UK maximises the benefits from the transition to a zero emission vehicle future and support tens of thousands of high-quality green jobs across the UK. Government and industry have also jointly committed around £1 billion through the Advanced Propulsion Centre for collaborative research and development in the next generation of low carbon vehicle technologies.', 'Government and industry have also jointly committed around £1 billion through the Advanced Propulsion Centre for collaborative research and development in the next generation of low carbon vehicle technologies. A further £318 million of government funding has been provided to put the UK at the forefront of the design, development, and manufacturing of electric batteries through the Faraday Battery Challenge and nearly £80 million to Driving the Electric Revolution to accelerate growth in the supply chain for power electronics, machines and drives. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy Driving investment and jobs in the natural environment Government’s Green Recovery Challenge Fund is supporting over 150 projects across England that are tackling climate change, restoring nature, and supporting 2,500 green jobs.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy Driving investment and jobs in the natural environment Government’s Green Recovery Challenge Fund is supporting over 150 projects across England that are tackling climate change, restoring nature, and supporting 2,500 green jobs. The Nature for Climate Fund is also contributing to net zero and creating and supporting green jobs by funding new woodland creation and peatland restoration. In addition, the £9 million Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund is stimulating a pipeline of nature projects that can attract private sector investment.9.', 'In addition, the £9 million Natural Environment Investment Readiness Fund is stimulating a pipeline of nature projects that can attract private sector investment.9. We are working in partnership with our world-class sectors to enable them to take part in the transition, for example through the North Sea Transition Deal, which committed to focusing on supporting the transformation of the oil and gas supply chain to service the low carbon energy sector. Building on this, we have established the Energy Supply Chain Taskforce (UKESC) as a joint enterprise between industry and government to guide policy making and maximise the jobs and business opportunities from the transition in the UK.', 'Building on this, we have established the Energy Supply Chain Taskforce (UKESC) as a joint enterprise between industry and government to guide policy making and maximise the jobs and business opportunities from the transition in the UK. The UKESC cover all energy sectors and regions of the UK and, building on work already underway, it will map the energy project pipeline and identify higher value segments of the supply chain to prioritise in the UK. 10.', 'The UKESC cover all energy sectors and regions of the UK and, building on work already underway, it will map the energy project pipeline and identify higher value segments of the supply chain to prioritise in the UK. 10. The Integrated Review Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy committed to ‘a resilient UK able to withstand and proactively tackle the challenges of today and the future’, including a specific focus on supply chain resilience, committing to ‘using all our economic tools and our independent trade policy to create economic growth that is distributed more equitably across the UK and to diversify our supply chains in critical goods’.', 'The Integrated Review Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy committed to ‘a resilient UK able to withstand and proactively tackle the challenges of today and the future’, including a specific focus on supply chain resilience, committing to ‘using all our economic tools and our independent trade policy to create economic growth that is distributed more equitably across the UK and to diversify our supply chains in critical goods’. Similarly, the Plan for Growth outlines the importance of international markets to ensuring diverse supply sources for the goods and services we need, improving the resilience of our supply chains and benefitting prosperity. 11. The development of resilient, efficient, and competitive supply chains will be a collaborative strategic endeavour.', 'The development of resilient, efficient, and competitive supply chains will be a collaborative strategic endeavour. To support this, in May 2021 we published the CCUS Supply Chain Roadmap, which sets out how government and industry can work together to harness a strong UK supply chain, and we have committed to publish a hydrogen sector development action plan in 2022, which will outline how the government will support companies to secure supply chain opportunities, skills and jobs in the sector. We will build on this by working with industry to publish further sector and supply chain development plans for those low carbon sectors where the UK has the potential to capture an economic advantage.', 'We will build on this by working with industry to publish further sector and supply chain development plans for those low carbon sectors where the UK has the potential to capture an economic advantage. This will include ensuring we are resilient to international changes in supply caused by external shocks, including climate-related disruption, spikes in global demand, rising commodity costs, or artificial constraints on supply. For example, we will need to ensure we have access to a diverse range of sources of chemicals, given they feed into 95% of our manufacturing base. As we move forward, where possible, government will provide more visibility around planned deployment cycles to increase the opportunity for suppliers to invest in long-term production, infrastructure, and training.', 'As we move forward, where possible, government will provide more visibility around planned deployment cycles to increase the opportunity for suppliers to invest in long-term production, infrastructure, and training. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy Deep Dive - Critical Minerals, Supply Chains and Net Zero The transition to Net Zero means new supply chains are becoming critical to the UK’s energy production. Critical minerals are metals and non-metals that are vital for a defined economic activity and for the well- being of the country, yet whose supply may be at risk owing to geological distribution, lack of substitutes and/or other factors. Such minerals provide materials essential for components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean energy technologies – from off- shore wind turbines to electric vehicles.', 'Such minerals provide materials essential for components in many of today’s rapidly growing clean energy technologies – from off- shore wind turbines to electric vehicles. The World Bank suggests that the production of minerals such as graphite, lithium and cobalt, could increase by nearly 500% by 2050 to meet the growing demand.21 The government is committed to working with industry and with international partners to safeguard these supply chains and our future economic resilience. We are actively supporting the adoption of transparent, ethical and responsible mining practices, reflecting environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations, and are participating in the development of global standards through the British Standards Institution.', 'We are actively supporting the adoption of transparent, ethical and responsible mining practices, reflecting environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations, and are participating in the development of global standards through the British Standards Institution. We will establish an Expert Committee on Critical Minerals to provide independent advice to government on the scope and content of a critical minerals strategy and will publish an updated list of these minerals to guide investment decisions. We will establish a Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to provide robust, dynamic analysis on stocks and flows to guide our decision-making.', 'We will establish a Critical Minerals Intelligence Centre to provide robust, dynamic analysis on stocks and flows to guide our decision-making. Going forward, the government will publish a UK Critical Minerals strategy in 2022, setting out our approach to securing the technology- critical minerals and metals aimed at: • Ensuring the UK has a reliable supply of critical minerals and metals; • Establishing an enabling environment for growing the sector in the UK; • Showing leadership through working bilaterally and multilaterally to support work on international standards to extend and strengthen the circular economy in technology-critical minerals; • Ensuring our work to build critical mineral supply chain resilience supports our international development priorities; • Using our R&D resource to build a better understanding of markets and prices to help mitigate the impact of supply shocks and demand spikes, and to enable better foresight and early intervention; and, • Work with UK industry (including SMEs) to consider how private and public sectors can better share risks to promote investment and drive innovation at all levels.', 'Going forward, the government will publish a UK Critical Minerals strategy in 2022, setting out our approach to securing the technology- critical minerals and metals aimed at: • Ensuring the UK has a reliable supply of critical minerals and metals; • Establishing an enabling environment for growing the sector in the UK; • Showing leadership through working bilaterally and multilaterally to support work on international standards to extend and strengthen the circular economy in technology-critical minerals; • Ensuring our work to build critical mineral supply chain resilience supports our international development priorities; • Using our R&D resource to build a better understanding of markets and prices to help mitigate the impact of supply shocks and demand spikes, and to enable better foresight and early intervention; and, • Work with UK industry (including SMEs) to consider how private and public sectors can better share risks to promote investment and drive innovation at all levels. We will support the engagement of the UK’s mining sector in new and existing markets, facilitating investment and collaboration in extraction and processing opportunities.', 'We will support the engagement of the UK’s mining sector in new and existing markets, facilitating investment and collaboration in extraction and processing opportunities. We will also champion free and open global trade including through Free Trade Agreements to support this ambition and will explore use of Freeports to support opportunities for the UK to develop as a critical minerals processing hub supplying Europe and beyond.Supporting workers, industries, and places to transition and develop the skills needed to deliver net zero 12. There are urgent and emerging skills challenges across the green economy which we will need to address over the short and long term if we are to meet our ambitions for a Green Industrial Revolution.', 'There are urgent and emerging skills challenges across the green economy which we will need to address over the short and long term if we are to meet our ambitions for a Green Industrial Revolution. We aim to quadruple our offshore wind capacity to 40 GW, with the growth in this sector supporting up to 60,000 jobs in 2030.22 In the construction and heating sectors, up to 230,000 skilled trades people could be required in 2030 to deliver the retrofitting of houses23 and to meet our ambition of installing 600,000 heat pumps a year by 2028, we will need to rapidly increase the number of qualified installers from around 3,000 to 35,000 within the next 7 years.24 As the automotive manufacturing sector transforms to producing electric vehicles, as many as 50,000 workers in the UK’s automotive manufacturing sector could need reskilling by 2025.25 In forestry and its supporting sectors, industry estimates point to projected labour demand of approximately 2,000 jobs over the next five years.26 13.', 'We aim to quadruple our offshore wind capacity to 40 GW, with the growth in this sector supporting up to 60,000 jobs in 2030.22 In the construction and heating sectors, up to 230,000 skilled trades people could be required in 2030 to deliver the retrofitting of houses23 and to meet our ambition of installing 600,000 heat pumps a year by 2028, we will need to rapidly increase the number of qualified installers from around 3,000 to 35,000 within the next 7 years.24 As the automotive manufacturing sector transforms to producing electric vehicles, as many as 50,000 workers in the UK’s automotive manufacturing sector could need reskilling by 2025.25 In forestry and its supporting sectors, industry estimates point to projected labour demand of approximately 2,000 jobs over the next five years.26 13. As well as specialists in these sectors, employers will also need workers with wider cross-cutting skills to deliver net zero, including digital and data skills, project management, communications and change management.', 'As well as specialists in these sectors, employers will also need workers with wider cross-cutting skills to deliver net zero, including digital and data skills, project management, communications and change management. 27 There will also be increased need to work in a multidisciplinary way due to the way work will change in some sectors such as whole house retrofitting will need knowledge of multiple technologies.28 14.', '27 There will also be increased need to work in a multidisciplinary way due to the way work will change in some sectors such as whole house retrofitting will need knowledge of multiple technologies.28 14. The impact of the transition on the labour market will not be evenly spread across the UK, reflecting the geographical distribution of where existing industries will need to adapt and others new ones will flourish.29 However, there are opportunities for workers in transitioning sectors, such as oil and gas, to utilise their specialist skills in key important green sectors, sectors such as hydrogen and CCUS with these two sectors expected to grow from the middle part of this decade. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWorking with industry and key partners to support good green jobs and skills 15.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerWorking with industry and key partners to support good green jobs and skills 15. Industry and government will need to take action to ensure the UK has the skilled workforce to deliver net zero and that workers, industries and places are supported on the transition. This will be particularly important given the pace and scale of the change, and the specific challenges faced by smaller companies in some sectors and supply chains. To drive this forward we have announced a cross-cutting delivery group to include representatives from industry, the skills sector and other key stakeholders to support the development and delivery of the Government’s plans for green jobs and skills. We will set out further details of the membership and mandate of the cross-cutting delivery group later this year. 16.', 'We will set out further details of the membership and mandate of the cross-cutting delivery group later this year. 16. To support this work, and monitor our progress, it is vital that we continue to develop the evidence on how net zero will impact jobs and skills. The Office for National Statistics will seek to refine our understanding and measurement of the green economy as the UK transitions to net zero, including looking at such issues as quality of work and diversity within the green economy. 17. Join up between local bodies, employers and local communities will be key to ensuring an effective transition.', 'Join up between local bodies, employers and local communities will be key to ensuring an effective transition. Building on the measures set out in the Local Climate Action chapter, and our skills system reforms, we will assess how local areas are working to support workers and communities with the net zero transition across England. 18. We want to see continuous improvement in the quality of jobs in the UK, both in the creation of new high-quality jobs which support Government priorities such as net zero, and through in-work progression.', 'We want to see continuous improvement in the quality of jobs in the UK, both in the creation of new high-quality jobs which support Government priorities such as net zero, and through in-work progression. We will continue to drive this agenda forward through the Employment Bill, which will support our ambition to make the UK the best place in the world to work and grow a business, and the cross-cutting delivery group will consider how government and industry can work together to ensure green jobs are good jobs. 19. While skills policy is a devolved matter, the Government also welcomes close engagement with the devolved administrations, Mayoral Combined Authorities and the Greater London Authority, on this agenda, to ensure everyone across the UK has access to green skills and jobs.', 'While skills policy is a devolved matter, the Government also welcomes close engagement with the devolved administrations, Mayoral Combined Authorities and the Greater London Authority, on this agenda, to ensure everyone across the UK has access to green skills and jobs. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyWorking together across the UK Examples of policy action by the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive Northern Ireland Executive The forthcoming Green Growth Strategy, will be a multi-decade strategy to balance climate, environment and the economy. It means a move from a high to a low greenhouse gas emissions economy to improve people’s quality of life through green jobs and a clean environment. Innovation is key to the disruptive transition required.', 'Innovation is key to the disruptive transition required. ‘10X Economy’ sets out the vision for the 2020s as a decade of innovation bringing opportunity and growth. The focus on innovation is reinforced in the Energy Policy Options paper also strongly advocating innovation. New skills will be critical to allow innovation to flourish into delivery. The Skills Strategy consultation recognises that a transformational change in skills is required to take advantage of Northern Ireland’s scale, yet addressing the challenges in the skills sector. To take one example, the decarbonisation of gas infrastructure will involve the development of new supply chains for production of biomethane from anaerobic digestion plants and development of hydrogen production technologies, which will support green jobs and new skills in these sectors.', 'To take one example, the decarbonisation of gas infrastructure will involve the development of new supply chains for production of biomethane from anaerobic digestion plants and development of hydrogen production technologies, which will support green jobs and new skills in these sectors. Scotland The Scottish Government has set out a package of measures to create good, green jobs, reskill those that need it and provide a career platform for the next generation. It includes: • a £100 million Green Jobs Fund to help businesses create new, green jobs.', 'It includes: • a £100 million Green Jobs Fund to help businesses create new, green jobs. Related funding will make focused investments in machinery and equipment and research and development in five priority sectors: energy transition; transport; manufacturing; construction; agriculture and land use; • a £25 million National Transition Training Fund with a focus on: – The provision of green skills; – A Young Person’s Guarantee for 16-24 year olds; – The use of public procurement to build low carbon supply chains. The Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan (CESAP) sets out a clear direction for the change of Scotland’s skills system, and signals the role that businesses, communities and individuals across Scotland will play in achieving this. The CESAP focuses on immediate action as well as the longer-term systemic change that needs to take place by 2045.', 'The CESAP focuses on immediate action as well as the longer-term systemic change that needs to take place by 2045. It is being driven by senior representatives of central and local government and its agencies, skills providers, industry and independent experts, and is chaired by Professor Dave Reay of Edinburgh University. The Scottish Government’s Green Jobs Workforce Academy was launched in August 2021. The Academy will make it easier for people from a wide range of backgrounds to launch a green career, and to access Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy appropriate training. The Academy will support delivery of a skills guarantee for workers in carbon-intensive sectors.', 'The Academy will support delivery of a skills guarantee for workers in carbon-intensive sectors. Wales Since its launch in 2010 the £30+ million BEACON, a collaboration led by Aberystwyth University, working with Bangor and Swansea Universities and the University of South Wales, has built up a strong skill base in the bio business sector by providing collaborative R&D support for Welsh businesses30. BEACON has worked successfully with hundreds of companies, enabling them to develop and trial ideas on an industrial scale, and to get their products and services closer to market. Products include bio plastics, food additives, building materials and fuel.Reforming the skills system 20. We are driving forward reforms to put employers at the heart of the skills system and ensure colleges are responsive to the needs of local economies.', 'We are driving forward reforms to put employers at the heart of the skills system and ensure colleges are responsive to the needs of local economies. As demand for green skills continue to grow across the UK, employers in the green economy must prioritise investment in the retraining and upskilling of their workforce, and actively take the opportunity to engage with education providers to shape local provision. 21. Central to our strategic reforms are the plans set out in the Skills for Jobs White Paper, which will enable local employers to set out their green skills needs to drive provision in local colleges. The programme is made up of two parts: local skills improvement plans and the Development Fund. 22.', 'The programme is made up of two parts: local skills improvement plans and the Development Fund. 22. First, the Trailblazers for local skills improvement plans, led by employer representative bodies will identify and articulate unmet and future local skills needs and work with further education providers to adapt their technical training offer so that it becomes more responsive to employers’ needs. Through the Skills and Post-16 Education Bill, we are legislating to put the employer leadership of these plans on a statutory footing and ensure they have regard to skills needed to help deliver on our net zero target, adaptation to climate change, and other environmental goals. 23.', 'Through the Skills and Post-16 Education Bill, we are legislating to put the employer leadership of these plans on a statutory footing and ensure they have regard to skills needed to help deliver on our net zero target, adaptation to climate change, and other environmental goals. 23. Second, our £65 million Development Fund pilots in 2021-2022 will support work to identify employers’ skills needs, design provision to respond, and build the capacity of local further education providers to deliver. Where local areas identify a skills need, for example increasing the number of trained retrofitters, providers could use this funding to purchase equipment, train their staff, bring in industry expertise to provide training, or deliver new provision.', 'Where local areas identify a skills need, for example increasing the number of trained retrofitters, providers could use this funding to purchase equipment, train their staff, bring in industry expertise to provide training, or deliver new provision. The majority of the 18 pilots announced in July 2021 include a project focused on green skills, covering areas including decarbonisation, renewable energy, and electric vehicles. 24. Alongside this. we want people to get the advanced technical and higher technical skills they need to get good jobs. Colleges’ place at the centre of their local communities and economies means that they are key to unlocking opportunities across the country and to building back better.', 'Colleges’ place at the centre of their local communities and economies means that they are key to unlocking opportunities across the country and to building back better. We are, therefore, reforming the adult skills funding and accountability system for further education colleges and other training providers in a way that will help improve our skills provision. We are consulting on a range of proposals to make sure colleges are better supported to focus on helping their students into good jobs; reduce the complexity of funding so that colleges can focus on their core role of education and training; and define clearer roles and responsibilities for the key players in the system.', 'We are consulting on a range of proposals to make sure colleges are better supported to focus on helping their students into good jobs; reduce the complexity of funding so that colleges can focus on their core role of education and training; and define clearer roles and responsibilities for the key players in the system. This means that, for the first time, we will be able to reflect the value that relevant courses deliver to the taxpayer in the funding rate colleges receive for putting on courses. This will encourage providers to put on courses in subjects where there is strong demand from employers.', 'This will encourage providers to put on courses in subjects where there is strong demand from employers. We will hold colleges to account for delivering good outcomes, and are consulting on proposals to introduce new Accountability Agreements setting out national priorities against which we expect colleges to deliver, for example enabling students to access opportunities in the green economy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener25. Supporting the transition through the skills system will require teachers in the further education sector to have a strong understanding of sustainability. To deliver this, we have worked with employers to develop a refreshed apprenticeship standard for further education teaching (Level 5 Learning and Skills Teacher), which came into effect in September 2021.', 'To deliver this, we have worked with employers to develop a refreshed apprenticeship standard for further education teaching (Level 5 Learning and Skills Teacher), which came into effect in September 2021. For the first time, all further education teachers training via an apprenticeship will be required to integrate sustainability into their teaching, including through modelling sustainable practices and promoting sustainable development principles in relation to their subject specialism. Early estimates from the Trailblazer Group suggest around 1,500 teachers each year could train using this apprenticeship standard. This standard will soon be incorporated into all future further education teaching qualifications, so that all teachers across all subject areas will be able to embed and promote sustainability in their teaching. Ramping up support for workers in high carbon sectors to transition to green jobs 26.', 'Ramping up support for workers in high carbon sectors to transition to green jobs 26. Over 80% of the workforce of 2030 is already in work today31, as such meeting our ambitious targets for climate action in the next decade, and reaching net zero by 2050, will require government and industry to work together to ensure workers in high- carbon sectors can retrain and upskill as they move into jobs in the green economy. Much of this will take place in industry (see the case study below) and we will support this through our targeted programmes for industries and workers. Case study: Industry action on reskilling for the transition Centrica Centrica have announced plans to hire 3,500 Smart Energy Apprentices by 2030, with the first 1,000 apprentices recruited by the end of 2022.', 'Case study: Industry action on reskilling for the transition Centrica Centrica have announced plans to hire 3,500 Smart Energy Apprentices by 2030, with the first 1,000 apprentices recruited by the end of 2022. Apprentices joining Centrica receive technical skills training and knowledge for the job at the company’s academies in Dartford, Hamilton, Leicester, and Thatcham. Many have taken up the opportunity to upskill at Centrica to become domestic electrical installers, with skills in Electric Vehicle charging point installation, or to achieve gas boiler service and repair capability. Upskilling training for domestic electrical installers lasts 20 weeks and is offered after Smart Energy Engineers have finished their apprenticeship. The gas boiler service and repair programme also takes place after completing the Smart Energy Apprenticeships, and is split over two years.', 'The gas boiler service and repair programme also takes place after completing the Smart Energy Apprenticeships, and is split over two years. Every year, Centrica’s academies train and assess 5,000 engineers to keep all British Gas engineers compliant with their specific roles’ regulatory and industry requirements. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy27. In key sectors, we will ramp up our support to develop UK supply chains and enable workers to access green jobs. This will include working with industry on a Heat Network Skills Programme to increase the capacity and capability of the UK supply chain to support the sector to reach its growth potential. Our Public Sector Low Carbon Skills Fund will enable public sector organisations to acquire expert skills in order to unlock decarbonisation projects.', 'Our Public Sector Low Carbon Skills Fund will enable public sector organisations to acquire expert skills in order to unlock decarbonisation projects. Alongside this, we will work with industry to support training and new routes of entry to help boost heat pump installer numbers and other areas of skills shortage to support the decarbonisation of buildings. We will also support the development of new green skills for hydrogen, CCUS and industrial decarbonisation to ensure the UK workforce is ready to deploy low carbon technologies. Our funding for the Aberdeen Energy Transition Zone will position the region as an exemplar for low carbon development, supporting the transition of existing oil and gas skills to renewable energy sectors. We also will continue to support the forestry sector to improve its training and career services. 28.', 'We also will continue to support the forestry sector to improve its training and career services. 28. Through the Lifetime Skills Guarantee, we are supporting workers to gain the skills they need to transition to the green economy, including through targeted support for retraining. As part of this, through the National Skills Fund (NSF) investment we are delivering Skills Bootcamps, which are short, flexible courses covering digital, technical and green skills. Green Skills Bootcamps are available in areas such as housing retrofit, solar, nuclear energy and vehicle electrification. Overall, we expect there will be approximately 16,000 Skills Bootcamp places available across the country in financial year 2021-22. We will undertake robust evaluation of this exciting training model to explore potential future plans.', 'We will undertake robust evaluation of this exciting training model to explore potential future plans. In addition, our Free Courses for Jobs offer has, since April 2021, been supporting adults that do not have a qualification at Level 332 or higher to access over 400 Level 3 courses for free. The offer currently includes qualifications linked to green sectors such as Agriculture, Building and Construction, Engineering, Environmental Conservation, Horticulture and Forestry and Science. An estimated 11 million adults over the age of 24 in England are eligible for the Free Courses for Jobs offer. We will continue working closely with employers to understand where the offer could be extended further to enable more adults to access qualifications to give them skills needed for the net zero transition. 29.', 'We will continue working closely with employers to understand where the offer could be extended further to enable more adults to access qualifications to give them skills needed for the net zero transition. 29. This will be underpinned by the Lifelong Loan Entitlement (LLE) from 2025, which will provide individuals with a loan entitlement equivalent to up to four years of post-18 education to use over their lifetime. As part of the pathway towards the LLE, we will trial short course provision at Levels 4-6 to support in-work adults to upskill and retrain, enabling learners to flexibly build towards a full qualification in subjects crucial for net zero including STEM and digital innovation. 30.', 'As part of the pathway towards the LLE, we will trial short course provision at Levels 4-6 to support in-work adults to upskill and retrain, enabling learners to flexibly build towards a full qualification in subjects crucial for net zero including STEM and digital innovation. 30. Through the NSF we are also delivering an Emerging Skills Project in electrification and battery technology, which commenced in June 2021.Alongside this, our NSF funded In-Work Skills Pilot, launched in September 2021, will seek to respond to immediate skills shortages required for net zero, stimulate demand for short course provision at levels 4-5 across STEM sectors, and boost worker’s career and progression opportunities in key green sectors, such as electrification in the auto industry and low carbon engineering. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener31.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener31. Given the pace and the scale of the transformation, we are considering how government can work more closely with sectors in the future to support them in the green transition, and identifying where we can adapt and enhance our support for people at risk of redundancy to support a transition to green jobs. This builds upon our existing work coach interventions and targeted provision including Sector-based Work Academy Programmes (SWAPs), traineeships, apprenticeships and other skills provision which are ensuring jobseekers can develop the right skills to move into green jobs. Working with business to support people from all backgrounds to have a green career 32.', 'Working with business to support people from all backgrounds to have a green career 32. We support the Green Jobs Taskforce’s recommendation that industry should prioritise ensuring that people from all backgrounds can work in green jobs, building on existing good practice and capitalising on the unique opportunity of young people’s interest in climate change and the environment. A more diverse workforce will aid the transition by expanding the talent pool, encouraging new ways of thinking, enhancing innovation, and boosting profitability and productivity across the economy.33 33.', 'A more diverse workforce will aid the transition by expanding the talent pool, encouraging new ways of thinking, enhancing innovation, and boosting profitability and productivity across the economy.33 33. To drive this important work forward we will continue to encourage industry to ensure there is equal opportunity for all to work in the green economy, building on our support for industry initiatives such as the POWERful Women campaign and commitment under the ‘Equal by 30 Campaign’ to close the pay gap, improve female representation in senior roles and opportunity for women in the global clean energy sector by 2030. Through the cross-cutting delivery group we will explore what actions can be taken across industry to improve diversity in the green economy, including improving data collection and transparency. 34.', 'Through the cross-cutting delivery group we will explore what actions can be taken across industry to improve diversity in the green economy, including improving data collection and transparency. 34. Alongside this, we will continue to work with green employers to raise awareness of the opportunities in the green economy through an integrated careers information, advice and guidance offer through schools, colleges, universities, and employers to raise awareness of different career pathways in low carbon sectors. 35. To further break down perceived barriers to working in the energy sector, boost diversity and increase STEM skills, our Build Back Better campaigns will seek to inspire people from all walks of life to work in the green economy, and raise awareness of green education, training, and careers. 36.', 'To further break down perceived barriers to working in the energy sector, boost diversity and increase STEM skills, our Build Back Better campaigns will seek to inspire people from all walks of life to work in the green economy, and raise awareness of green education, training, and careers. 36. The UK’s joint presidency of COP26 brings a unique opportunity to showcase green careers to a new generation of children and young people. We are capitalising on this by working with industry to launch the Faces of The Energy Transition campaign to showcase the inspiring people, projects and organisations working to achieve the clean energy transition, and supporting green careers events at COP26 in Glasgow. Building a foundation for future green careers 37.', 'Building a foundation for future green careers 37. Schools and colleges will play a vital role delivering high-quality education and training to equip young people with the knowledge and skills required for the green economy. This will help to grow the pipeline of skilled workers needed to help deliver the net zero transition. 38. The science, geography and citizenship programmes in the National Curriculum at both primary (KS1-2) and secondary (KS3-4) cover key content which supports knowledge and understanding of sustainability and climate change. An environmental science A Level was introduced in 2017. Equipping students with secure knowledge and skills in STEM and other key subjects will be critical in supporting them to progress to skilled jobs in the green economy.', 'Equipping students with secure knowledge and skills in STEM and other key subjects will be critical in supporting them to progress to skilled jobs in the green economy. We are, therefore, supporting teachers to deliver high-quality Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economyteaching in these subjects by creating a world-class teacher development system that builds from initial teacher training through to early career support, specialisation and onto school leadership. Our vision is that a golden thread of training, support and professional development - informed by high-quality evidence - will run through each phase of a teacher’s career. We are also funding several initiatives to support subject-specific professional development in STEM subjects across all key stages.', 'We are also funding several initiatives to support subject-specific professional development in STEM subjects across all key stages. We are working with Oak National Academy to give teachers access to high-quality curriculum resources to support their teaching, including in subjects that cover sustainability and climate change. We are also working with industry, through programmes such as Tomorrow’s Engineers Code, to showcase the diversity of roles and people that make up the STEM sector, encouraging more young people from different backgrounds to choose a career in the sector. 39. We will build on this by bringing forward a strategy which will set out how our children’s services, education and skills systems will support the UK to meet its net zero target, become more resilient to climate change and improve biodiversity.', 'We will build on this by bringing forward a strategy which will set out how our children’s services, education and skills systems will support the UK to meet its net zero target, become more resilient to climate change and improve biodiversity. This will include a focus on ensuring excellence in education for a changing world, which will prepare children and young people with the knowledge and skills they need to contribute to the green economy. 40. At post-16 level, we will continue to build on our apprenticeship reforms, set out in the Skills for Jobs White Paper, to align the majority of post-16 technical education and training with employer-led standards by 2030.', 'At post-16 level, we will continue to build on our apprenticeship reforms, set out in the Skills for Jobs White Paper, to align the majority of post-16 technical education and training with employer-led standards by 2030. A strengthened system of employer-led standards, underpinning apprenticeships, T-levels and new higher technical qualifications will ensure employers, including in low carbon sectors, have a central role in designing and developing qualifications and training. 41. To ensure this system reflects the needs of the green economy, the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE) has convened a Green Apprenticeships Advisory Panel (GAAP) to work with employers to align apprenticeships to net zero objectives.', 'To ensure this system reflects the needs of the green economy, the Institute for Apprenticeships and Technical Education (IfATE) has convened a Green Apprenticeships Advisory Panel (GAAP) to work with employers to align apprenticeships to net zero objectives. Work is underway to map existing apprenticeship standards against green occupations and identify opportunities to create new standards in areas including retrofit, agri-tech and renewable energy and the GAAP has endorsed existing apprenticeships which support green career pathways. We have already seen positive engagement in the energy sector with over 1,000 apprenticeship starts in Wind Turbine Maintenance and Operations Engineering Technician standards in 2019/20. The GAAP will build on this list into 2022, in line with the Ten Point Plan and the findings of the Green Jobs Taskforce.', 'The GAAP will build on this list into 2022, in line with the Ten Point Plan and the findings of the Green Jobs Taskforce. The work of the GAAP will also support other key post-16 programmes that are underpinned by the same standards as apprenticeships (such as T levels and higher technical qualifications) to align with the needs of the green economy. 42. In 2021, we introduced the first occupational traineeships, in collaboration with sector bodies, to provide a clear, planned transition to an apprenticeship at Level 2-3 for young people aged 16-24. Going forward, we will consider the potential to develop and introduce other occupational traineeships, including in priority and green sectors to ensure that young people secure the jobs of the future. 43.', 'Going forward, we will consider the potential to develop and introduce other occupational traineeships, including in priority and green sectors to ensure that young people secure the jobs of the future. 43. We are continuing to roll out T Levels that support green careers, providing high quality technical qualifications as an alternative to A Levels which are underpinned by the same employer-led approach as apprenticeships. The building services engineering for construction T Level, launched in September 2021, will cover housing retrofit and heat pump installation. From September 2022, new T Levels will be available in Engineering, Manufacturing, Processing and Control, with Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerAgriculture, Land Management and Production available by September 2023. IfATE is exploring the suitability of potential future T Levels and occupational specialisms, focusing on areas to support green skills. 44.', 'IfATE is exploring the suitability of potential future T Levels and occupational specialisms, focusing on areas to support green skills. 44. IfATE has introduced an approval process for Higher Technical Qualifications (HTQs) at Levels 4 and 5. HTQs will be rolled out for teaching from September 2022, covering eleven occupational routes - including qualifications in digital, construction and engineering – coming on stream up to 2025. Future roll-out will continue supporting the development of skills for the transition to net zero as a key government priority. The goal is to grow the number of learners undertaking high-quality level 4 and 5 qualifications to meet skills needs at this level.', 'The goal is to grow the number of learners undertaking high-quality level 4 and 5 qualifications to meet skills needs at this level. Earlier this year, we launched an £18 million higher technical education provider growth fund to allow investment in new equipment that will support providers to expand technical studies, and boost local employer links. Our growth fund is supporting 15 universities and 87 FE colleges to teach HTQs from next year. 45. Finally, our network of Institutes of Technology (IoTs) across England are utilising their state-of-the-art facilities to offer training in green skills. This includes the East London IoT which offers training in green and zero carbon energy production, and the Greater Birmingham and Solihull IoT which focuses on sustainable engineering.', 'This includes the East London IoT which offers training in green and zero carbon energy production, and the Greater Birmingham and Solihull IoT which focuses on sustainable engineering. The network is supporting increased participation from under- represented groups, including women, helping to grow the pipeline of individuals with STEM skills needed for green jobs. We are investing £120 million in the second wave of IoTs, to be up and running by 2022. Next steps 46. The policies set out in this chapter represent a first step in addressing the challenges identified by the Green Jobs Taskforce. We will progress further work through the cross-cutting delivery group, maintaining the momentum generated by the Taskforce to drive action across the green skills agenda.', 'We will progress further work through the cross-cutting delivery group, maintaining the momentum generated by the Taskforce to drive action across the green skills agenda. Working alongside industry, we will continue to build the evidence on the skills gaps which could hamper the net zero transition if left unaddressed, assess how far existing interventions are on course to address those skills gaps, and where appropriate identify further opportunities to flex key skills programmes to support green sectors and occupations. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy4iv. Embedding Net Zero in Government Climate considerations underpinning policy across Government Our Key Commitments • Require the government to reflect environmental issues in national policy making through consideration of five environmental principles. • Ensure that decisions taken on government spending are informed by their impact on meeting net zero.', '• Ensure that decisions taken on government spending are informed by their impact on meeting net zero. • New measures to reduce emissions from Government’s £292 billion procurement spending – and ensure suppliers have plans for achieving net zero on major qualifying public contracts. • Continue to fund the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme at £475 million per year to drive ambitious emissions reductions in schools, hospitals, and other public buildings, whilst taking further action on skills, reporting, and targets. • Publish an annual progress update against a set of key indicators for achieving our climate goals. • Expand climate change training to ensure the Civil Service has the skills and people it needs to deliver net zero. The challenge 1.', '• Expand climate change training to ensure the Civil Service has the skills and people it needs to deliver net zero. The challenge 1. Net zero is a complex and transformative undertaking for the UK. The way the government operates must rise to meet this challenge. This means reducing the public sector’s own carbon footprint – but also changing how we are organised and how we take decisions. Building on our recent historic progress, we are now going further to ensure the whole government meets the challenge of net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerOur goal 2. Since setting the net zero target, a huge effort has taken place across government to ensure we are set up in the right way to deliver on our climate ambitions.', 'Since setting the net zero target, a huge effort has taken place across government to ensure we are set up in the right way to deliver on our climate ambitions. We have gone further than ever before to put the climate at the heart of our decision- making. This includes: • Establishing two Cabinet Committees dedicated to climate change; • Announcing as part of the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy that tackling climate change and biodiversity loss will be the Government‘s number one international priority; • Using the Environment Bill to require the government to reflect environmental considerations in national policy making through consideration of five environmental principles; • Taking new approaches to embed net zero in spending decisions; • Establishing the No.10 Delivery Unit to ensure the government maintains a sharp focus on delivering the country’s key priorities.', 'This includes: • Establishing two Cabinet Committees dedicated to climate change; • Announcing as part of the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy that tackling climate change and biodiversity loss will be the Government‘s number one international priority; • Using the Environment Bill to require the government to reflect environmental considerations in national policy making through consideration of five environmental principles; • Taking new approaches to embed net zero in spending decisions; • Establishing the No.10 Delivery Unit to ensure the government maintains a sharp focus on delivering the country’s key priorities. One of the four priorities for this Unit is the delivery of net zero; and, • Setting out in collaboration with key net zero delivery departments, a high level strategy for delivering on the UK’s net zero commitments through the BEIS Outcome Delivery Plan 2021-2022.', 'One of the four priorities for this Unit is the delivery of net zero; and, • Setting out in collaboration with key net zero delivery departments, a high level strategy for delivering on the UK’s net zero commitments through the BEIS Outcome Delivery Plan 2021-2022. This plan identified key programmes critical to delivery and set out an evaluation plan to monitor and assess progress. 3. These efforts put climate change at the heart of our decision-making and have led to the ambitious announcements set out in recent years: the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, dedicated strategies for key sectors of the economy, and this Net Zero Strategy; and set us up to deliver on those commitments. 4. Our goal is to go even further to embed net zero across government activity.', 'Our goal is to go even further to embed net zero across government activity. This will mean that government takes net zero into account when taking decisions, public sector buildings will emit less carbon, our procurement decisions will lead to greener supply chains, and civil servants across government will have the skills they need to deliver this mission. 5. To do this we must understand the interactions between climate change and other UK priorities.', 'To do this we must understand the interactions between climate change and other UK priorities. The measures set out in this chapter are crucial for ensuring that the UK takes a whole system approach to tackling climate change: • Multiple forums – including Cabinet Committees – that bring together different perspectives on net zero and its interaction with other priorities; • Delivering climate skills and training across the Civil Service – not just to civil servants working directly on climate issues; • Close working relationships with local government and the Devolved Administrations; and, • Embedding net zero in a wider range of decision-making levers. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyNet zero in government decision-making 6. In the last two years the Government has made commitments to strengthen governance around net zero.', 'In the last two years the Government has made commitments to strengthen governance around net zero. Two Cabinet committees were established in 2020 to rationalise climate governance and put net zero at the heart of government decision-making. This is driven by the Prime Minister, who chairs the Climate Action Strategy Committee (CAS). This Committee considers matters relating to the delivery of the UK’s domestic and international climate strategy. In addition, the Climate Action Implementation Committee (CAI) which is chaired by the COP President Designate. It considers the delivery of COP 26, net zero and building the UK’s resilience to climate impacts. These committees’ ability to scrutinise progress and take whole system decisions will be strengthened by the new measures described in this chapter. 7. These committees are supported by well-established and robust governance at official level.', 'These committees are supported by well-established and robust governance at official level. This includes a cross-government Director General group that was established in 2019 to ensure a whole-of-government approach to climate policy, with oversight at the most senior levels. Chaired by the BEIS Director General for Net Zero and International, this group brings together officials from across government, creating a whole system perspective, to support the delivery of significant climate announcements, including those contained in this Strategy. Consistency of approach across the UK 8. To reach net zero we must take a UK- wide approach. The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations are committed to working together to deliver coordinated policy action to meet respective emissions reduction targets across the UK.', 'The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations are committed to working together to deliver coordinated policy action to meet respective emissions reduction targets across the UK. Combined, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland produced 22% of UK emissions in 2019,34 and accounted for 16% of the UK’s population, 13% of economic activity35 and nearly half of the UK’s land area (46%).36 Powers and policies to deliver ambitious emissions reductions in the Devolved Administrations Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are partly reserved to the UK Government and partly devolved. 9. The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations have established governance arrangements to ensure a joined-up and collaborative approach to climate change.', 'The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations have established governance arrangements to ensure a joined-up and collaborative approach to climate change. At the bimonthly Net Zero, Energy and Climate Change Inter-Ministerial Group, UK Government ministers meet with Devolved Administration counterparts to discuss emerging policies that will contribute to delivery of net zero targets across the UK, such as delivering a UK-wide Emissions Trading Scheme, and the level of the sixth carbon budget which was set in law in June 2021. The Group is supported by the official-level Net Zero Nations Board on alternate months. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEmbedding net zero in government decisions 10. Climate change is a major issue for all governments in the 21st century.', 'Climate change is a major issue for all governments in the 21st century. Our mission to reduce emissions, seize economic opportunities, and adapt to extreme weather events will affect many more of the decisions that the Government takes than it would have done in previous decades. To that end, it is essential that we put in place new levers to ensure that all the Government’s decisions adequately take climate change into account. This Strategy sets out key measures we will take to ensure a climate-focus on key future decisions made by the government. 11.', 'This Strategy sets out key measures we will take to ensure a climate-focus on key future decisions made by the government. 11. We are using the Environment Bill to require the government to reflect environmental issues such as climate change in national policy-making through consideration of five environmental principles: • The integration principle is the principle which states that policy-makers should look for opportunities to embed environmental protection in other fields of policy that have impacts on the environment. • The prevention principle means that government policy should aim to prevent, reduce or mitigate harm. • The rectification at source principle means that if damage to the environment cannot be prevented it should be tackled at its origin.', '• The rectification at source principle means that if damage to the environment cannot be prevented it should be tackled at its origin. • The polluter pays principle is the principle that those who cause pollution or damage to the environment should be responsible for mitigation or compensation. • The precautionary principle states that where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage, a lack of scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. 12. The duty to consider these principles should be applied in the early stages of policy development and considered throughout. In doing so, the extent to which a policy will contribute to climate change should be considered alongside other impacts of the policy on the environment.', 'In doing so, the extent to which a policy will contribute to climate change should be considered alongside other impacts of the policy on the environment. Net zero will therefore be facilitated by the principles where they are applied to relevant decisions. 13. The integration principle will create a prompt for policy makers to embed environmental protection in policy making, triggering consideration of the government’s priorities for environmental protection (such as net zero) and whether these priorities can be supported through the new policy. The polluter pays and prevention principles could also help to contribute to net zero targets, through encouraging policies that reduce carbon emissions and prevent adverse impacts on climate where possible. These principles will ensure the environment is at the heart of policymaking across government. 14.', 'These principles will ensure the environment is at the heart of policymaking across government. 14. Ensuring spending decisions contribute to net zero is a major priority for HM Treasury. The Green Book already mandates the consideration of climate and environmental impacts in spending. It has been updated so that policies must be developed and assessed against how well they deliver on the Government’s long-term policy aims such as net zero. 15. Spending reviews are critical moments for the Government to look strategically at the country’s priorities and make spending decisions based on these. At Spending Review 2020 (SR20), guidance required departments to state the greenhouse gas emissions of bids, and their impact on meeting Carbon Budgets and net zero. Allocations to departments were informed by this information, and £12 billion was committed to green measures.', 'Allocations to departments were informed by this information, and £12 billion was committed to green measures. We have reviewed the learning from this exercise to further embed climate change in spending decisions in the next spending review and in the long term. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy16. In September 2021, the Government published updated guidance on how impacts on greenhouse gas emissions should be measured in policy decisions. As a result, departments must place a significantly higher value on emissions in determining policy, as the values now fully reflect the UK’s increased ambitions on climate. This complements wider considerations on natural capital impacts in policy decisions – and represents a significant step forward in incorporating environmental impacts into policy development. 17.', 'This complements wider considerations on natural capital impacts in policy decisions – and represents a significant step forward in incorporating environmental impacts into policy development. 17. As set out in the Green Investment chapter, we have also taken steps to ensure net zero is embedded in government funding and regulation of the financial system. Arm’s- length bodies, such as the British Business Bank, have adopted net zero as a core objective. This will expand the flow of finance to those innovative firms that will help us reduce our energy consumption and mitigate the impacts of climate change. 18.', 'This will expand the flow of finance to those innovative firms that will help us reduce our energy consumption and mitigate the impacts of climate change. 18. This builds on important announcements in the 2021 Budget, particularly the new UK Infrastructure Bank that will use its £22 billion of financial capacity to crowd-in private investment to support economic growth, accelerate our progress to net zero, and help level up the UK. One of the Bank’s objectives is to help the UK transition to net zero emissions by 2050. 19. We will make sure that the reformed planning system supports our efforts to combat climate change and help bring greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.', 'We will make sure that the reformed planning system supports our efforts to combat climate change and help bring greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. For example, as part of our programme of planning reform we intend to review the National Planning Policy Framework to make sure it contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation as fully as possible. Supporting UK businesses 20. We are considering net zero through our support to business too across government activity. Innovate UK is the UK’s Innovation Agency, it drives productivity and economic growth by supporting UK businesses to commercialise new ideas and address the big societal challenges facing the UK today. 21. As the UK moves to a net zero economy, Innovate UK is supporting businesses to exploit new ideas, develop supply chains, and thrive in growing global markets.', 'As the UK moves to a net zero economy, Innovate UK is supporting businesses to exploit new ideas, develop supply chains, and thrive in growing global markets. Last year Innovate UK committed to spend £276 million with UK businesses to tackle net zero. Net zero in the work of regulators 22. Many of the UK’s regulators will play a role in facilitating delivery of the infrastructure, technologies and activities that will deliver the net zero transition. Several examples are set out in the sector focused chapters in this strategy. The government is also considering whether and how the functions of those regulators most important to the transition can be strengthened. 23.', 'The government is also considering whether and how the functions of those regulators most important to the transition can be strengthened. 23. For example, to provide strategic guidance to Ofgem on the government’s energy policy, the Energy White Paper committed the government to consulting on an energy sector strategy and policy statement (SPS) for Ofgem during 2021. The SPS will set out the strategic priorities and policy outcomes of the government’s energy policy, with net zero as the driving theme. This will impose a legal obligation on Ofgem to have regard to the strategic priorities and policy outcomes when exercising its regulatory functions.', 'This will impose a legal obligation on Ofgem to have regard to the strategic priorities and policy outcomes when exercising its regulatory functions. To provide clear legal accountability, Ofgem will be required to report on how it intends to implement the SPS at the outset, and then report annually on its performance and its plans for the coming year. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener24. The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) is reviewing how the UK can better use the tools available under competition and consumer law to achieve net zero and our sustainability goals. The CMA will provide this advice in early 2022. This follows recent CMA work on misleading environmental claims, its market study into electric vehicles and its publication of information to businesses on sustainability agreements. 25.', 'This follows recent CMA work on misleading environmental claims, its market study into electric vehicles and its publication of information to businesses on sustainability agreements. 25. The National Infrastructure Strategy committed to taking a long-term approach to investment for the benefit of both investors and consumers, responding to the findings of the National Infrastructure Commission’s report on the future of economic regulation in key infrastructure. The government also committed to publishing an overarching policy paper in 2021. The policy paper will set out next steps on key issues including: the consideration of duties in the round to ensure they reflect new challenges such as achieving net zero, promoting coherence, and supporting a transparent strategic framework; and the exploring of the merits of a cross- sector-strategic Policy Statement to provide clarity on government’s overarching strategic vision for the regulated sectors. 26.', 'The policy paper will set out next steps on key issues including: the consideration of duties in the round to ensure they reflect new challenges such as achieving net zero, promoting coherence, and supporting a transparent strategic framework; and the exploring of the merits of a cross- sector-strategic Policy Statement to provide clarity on government’s overarching strategic vision for the regulated sectors. 26. In addition, the Government has recently consulted on proposals for reforming the UK’s regulatory framework. When the consultation response is published, it will include the Government’s decisions on how regulators can be encouraged to consider themes such as competition, innovation and net zero in their regulatory activities. For example, the consultation sought views on whether regulators might be granted more flexibility by government to choose how they intervene in their sectors, to allow more agile, smarter regulation.', 'For example, the consultation sought views on whether regulators might be granted more flexibility by government to choose how they intervene in their sectors, to allow more agile, smarter regulation. The Government would like to see a consistent approach taken across the various regulated sectors and will set out more thinking on this in due course. Demonstrating progress towards net zero Increasing transparency of progress 27. Every year the government comprehensively reports the UK’s historic emissions since 1990 and publishes projections of future emissions.37 The UK’s ‘Energy and Emissions Projections’ is a world- leading approach to projecting the UK’s annual emissions, by sector, according to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change guidelines. 28.', 'Every year the government comprehensively reports the UK’s historic emissions since 1990 and publishes projections of future emissions.37 The UK’s ‘Energy and Emissions Projections’ is a world- leading approach to projecting the UK’s annual emissions, by sector, according to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change guidelines. 28. We are now going further to clearly demonstrate the tangible milestones that the UK will have to reach to achieve net zero, and to communicate and invite scrutiny on this progress to the public. 29. It is critical for public and industry confidence that the UK has a clear plan for achieving net zero – and that we are transparent about how this plan progresses and changes over time.', 'It is critical for public and industry confidence that the UK has a clear plan for achieving net zero – and that we are transparent about how this plan progresses and changes over time. The Journey to Net Zero chapter of this Strategy report set out a delivery pathway: an indicative trajectory of emissions reductions based on potential in each sector of the economy, which keeps us on track to meet the sixth carbon budget ending in 2037. Sector chapters set out policies and proposals in line with this indicative pathway to ensure we are on track for net zero. While it is impossible to predict every path to net zero, this pathway sets out the decisive action we know is needed and acts as the best plan we have to measure progress against.', 'While it is impossible to predict every path to net zero, this pathway sets out the decisive action we know is needed and acts as the best plan we have to measure progress against. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy30. We are therefore committing to provide a public update every year on progress in the previous year against the delivery pathway to net zero set out in this Strategy.', 'We are therefore committing to provide a public update every year on progress in the previous year against the delivery pathway to net zero set out in this Strategy. This will include: • An update on progress against the targets and ambitions set out in this Strategy (see Table A), building on this list over time to incorporate additional Government targets and wider non-Government indicators of progress; • Commentary on contextual changes that might affect the exact pathway to meeting decarbonisation commitments; and, • A summary of key areas of progress made against this pathway the policies and proposals in this strategy. The following targets and ambitions will form part of the Government’s annual update on progress towards net zero: Power By 2035 all our electricity will come from low carbon sources subject to security of supply.', 'The following targets and ambitions will form part of the Government’s annual update on progress towards net zero: Power By 2035 all our electricity will come from low carbon sources subject to security of supply. 40GW of offshore wind by 2030, including 1GW floating wind. Industry Ambition to deliver 6 MtCO per year of industrial CCUS by 2030, and 9 MtCO by 2035. Fuel supply and hydrogen 5GW of low carbon hydrogen production capacity by 2030. Achieve a final decision on whether to enable blending up to 20% hydrogen by volume into the Great Britain gas network by 2023, subject to successful completion of safety trials.', 'Achieve a final decision on whether to enable blending up to 20% hydrogen by volume into the Great Britain gas network by 2023, subject to successful completion of safety trials. The offshore oil and gas sector to have an absolute reduction in on the pathway to net zero by 2050.38 Heat and buildings Aim to reduce direct emissions from public sector buildings by 75% by 2037 compared to 2017. Achieve a minimum market capacity of 600,000 heat pumps per year by 2028. As many homes to reach EPC Band C as possible by 2035, where practical, cost effective, and affordable. As many fuel poor homes as reasonably practicable to Band C by 2030.', 'As many fuel poor homes as reasonably practicable to Band C by 2030. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTransport Double cycling from 2013 to 2025.39 Increase walking activity by 2025.40 Deliver 4,000 new zero emission buses and the infrastructure needed to support them. 25% of the government car fleet ultra low emission by December 2022 and 100% of the government car and van fleet zero emission by 2027. 100% of new cars and vans sold are zero emission by 2035. 100% of new HGV sold are zero emission. 100% of new buses/coaches sold are zero emission. Maximise GHG savings from low carbon fuel use in transport by increasing the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation main obligation from 9.6% in 2021 to 14.6% in 2032.', 'Maximise GHG savings from low carbon fuel use in transport by increasing the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation main obligation from 9.6% in 2021 to 14.6% in 2032. Natural resources, waste, and F-gases Restore at least 35,000 ha of peatlands in England by 2025 and approximately 280,000 hectares of peat in England by 2050. Increase tree planting rates from 13,660 hectares across the UK in 2020 to 30,000 hectares each year by the end of this Parliament. Deliver the UN Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 to halve food waste by 2030. Explore policies to work towards the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill by 2028.', 'Explore policies to work towards the near elimination of biodegradable municipal waste to landfill by 2028. Meet the Kigali Amendment target of reducing HFC consumption by 85% by 2036, as well as the F-gas Regulation’s target of a 79% reduction by 2030. Greenhouse gas removals At least 5 MtCO /yr of engineered removals by 2030. 31. We will publish an updated Net Zero Strategy when we set the next Carbon Budget. Strengthening delivery oversight of net zero projects and programmes 32. Significant recent steps have been taken to oversee the delivery of key projects and programmes that will contribute to net zero. This year, the Prime Minister established the No. 10 Delivery Unit to ensure the government maintains a sharp focus on delivering the country’s key priorities.', '10 Delivery Unit to ensure the government maintains a sharp focus on delivering the country’s key priorities. One of the four priorities for this Unit is the delivery of net zero. BEIS in parallel has developed a new model for monitoring net zero delivery and reporting on programme and project-level risks – ensuring decision makers get early visibility of common issues and inter-dependencies across all programmes delivering net zero. This will enable them to make informed, timely decisions to enable us to stay on track to meeting net zero. 33. This complements work led by the Infrastructure and Projects Authority (IPA). The IPA is the government’s centre of expertise for infrastructure and major projects, supporting the successful delivery of all types of major projects.', 'The IPA is the government’s centre of expertise for infrastructure and major projects, supporting the successful delivery of all types of major projects. The IPA sits at the heart of government, reporting to the Cabinet Office and HM Treasury. The Project Outcome Profile Tool launched in July 2021, ensures that projects and programmes are clearly linked to government priorities (such as net zero) from the outset and support their delivery. Its assurance toolkit has recently been updated Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economyto include key tests and key questions on the environment, climate adaptation, and net zero, in the Government’s gateway process. Through the IPA’s Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030, it is driving the use of whole life carbon reporting to reduce embodied carbon in the built environment.', 'Through the IPA’s Transforming Infrastructure Performance: Roadmap to 2030, it is driving the use of whole life carbon reporting to reduce embodied carbon in the built environment. Government leading by example Decarbonising the public sector 34. Government and the wider public sector will lead by example during the transition to net zero. As well as ensuring that net zero is reflected in our structures and practices, we will continue to take ambitious action to reduce public sector emissions, showing leadership to the wider economy, and making a direct contribution to reaching net zero. 35. Direct emissions from public sector buildings account for around 2% of total UK emissions, and the public sector has reduced its emissions by around 40% since 1990.41 36.', 'Direct emissions from public sector buildings account for around 2% of total UK emissions, and the public sector has reduced its emissions by around 40% since 1990.41 36. We intend to act in three areas to ensure we are on track to achieve net zero: investment, transparency, and capacity and capability, and in doing so will aim to reduce direct emissions from public sector buildings by 75% against a 2017 baseline, by the end of Carbon Budget 6. Investment 37. Reducing direct emissions from public sector buildings requires investment in measures to reduce fossil fuel use, including the installation of low carbon heating and complementary energy efficiency improvements, and the installation of low carbon electricity systems such as rooftop solar PV.', 'Reducing direct emissions from public sector buildings requires investment in measures to reduce fossil fuel use, including the installation of low carbon heating and complementary energy efficiency improvements, and the installation of low carbon electricity systems such as rooftop solar PV. The Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme is providing over £1 billion in grants over 2020/21 and 2021/22 for public sector bodies to fund heat decarbonisation and energy efficiency measures. 38. Building on the success of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, we will continue and extend the scheme to ensure that public sector bodies have access to finance to continue decarbonising their estates , investing a further £1425 million over 2022/23 to 2024/25. High standards with transparency 39.', 'Building on the success of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme, we will continue and extend the scheme to ensure that public sector bodies have access to finance to continue decarbonising their estates , investing a further £1425 million over 2022/23 to 2024/25. High standards with transparency 39. Public sector organisations should be taking steps to achieve net zero now should report their progress so they can be held accountable and as publicly funded organisations. Government departments and their arm’s length bodies already set and report against targets to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in Greening Government Commitments. The updated Greening Government Commitments framework for 2021-25 will ensure the public estate continues to reduce its environmental footprint, align with commitments in our 25 Year Environment Plan and be consistent with a trajectory to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. 40.', 'The updated Greening Government Commitments framework for 2021-25 will ensure the public estate continues to reduce its environmental footprint, align with commitments in our 25 Year Environment Plan and be consistent with a trajectory to achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. 40. All public sector bodies should now be monitoring their energy use and have targets to reduce emissions, particularly, to reduce the direct emissions for which they are responsible. To ensure we are on track to reach net zero, emissions from the public sector should be reported and monitored on a consistent and coherent basis. We will provide guidance to make clear the government’s expectations in this regard. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener41.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener41. We will also legislate to enable us to require the reporting of public sector emissions on a consistent and coherent basis if this is not done on a voluntary basis, and, if insufficient progress is made on reducing emissions in the public sector, to require that all public sector organisations are working toward and reporting against a legally-binding target to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Capacity and capability 42. Reducing emissions requires specialist skills and expertise, as well as funding. Action at an unprecedented scale is required to reduce emissions from public sector estates in line with net zero, and organisations need the right skills and structures to deliver on this.', 'Action at an unprecedented scale is required to reduce emissions from public sector estates in line with net zero, and organisations need the right skills and structures to deliver on this. We will continue to work with partners across government and the wider public sector to understand these needs, and provide the support needed to address them. Delivering net zero through public procurement 43. The Government is determined to leverage public procurement to help achieve net zero. We will use our buying power to drive decarbonisation and to create the policy tools and training to enable public procurers to grasp this opportunity. 44. Clearly establishing the strategic importance of net zero at project design stage, as described above, will mean that it is easier to draw through this ‘golden thread’ when reaching procurement stage.', 'Clearly establishing the strategic importance of net zero at project design stage, as described above, will mean that it is easier to draw through this ‘golden thread’ when reaching procurement stage. The government has recently announced three distinct new policies that can all help public procurers fully embed net zero into their work. These all kick in at different stages of the commercial cycle, complementing each other in terms of their scope and their reach. 45. The National Procurement Policy Statement (NPPS), published in June 2021, sets out clear principles that contracting authorities should be following organisationally. Tackling climate change and achieving net zero is one of the key considerations established – this should then be woven through individual procurements (for qualifying procurements). 46.', 'Tackling climate change and achieving net zero is one of the key considerations established – this should then be woven through individual procurements (for qualifying procurements). 46. The Procurement Policy Note on Taking account of carbon reduction plans in the procurement of major government contracts comes into effect from Autumn 2021. This will impact over £50 billion of procurement spend. For qualifying contracts, it requires suppliers who are bidding on central government contracts (over £5 million p/a in value) to commit to achieving net zero by 2050 and to detail their organisation’s UK greenhouse gas emissions via the publication of a Carbon Reduction Plan. Failure to do so may mean exclusion at supplier selection stage.', 'Failure to do so may mean exclusion at supplier selection stage. Government will continue to take action to reduce emissions, and this policy is an important step in ensuring our supply chain is sharing this ambition and taking similar steps to reduce their emissions. 47. The Social Value Model requires government to expressly evaluate environmental, social and economic benefits, with these factors comprising a minimum of 10% of the evaluation score for 48. Throughout the development of these policy measures, government has been working with departments, suppliers and industry bodies to raise awareness of how environmental considerations can be brought into the commercial process, and to build capability in understanding and assessing suppliers’ commitments. Several thousand buyers across government have completed Social Value training to develop the skills required to embed environmental policy outcomes and improve the sustainability of government contracts.', 'Several thousand buyers across government have completed Social Value training to develop the skills required to embed environmental policy outcomes and improve the sustainability of government contracts. We will continue to Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economysupport the adoption and implementation of environmental policy measures to deliver the best commercial and environmental impact for the UK. 49. These measures provide a platform for even stronger action. We have embarked upon a programme of major domestic procurement reform. This will enable us to use flexibilities provided by our departure from the EU to give even greater consideration to environmental factors in our decision making. One specific example is the proposal to break the subject matter of contract link so that a company’s wider environmental proposals for the project can be factored into procurement decisions. 50.', 'One specific example is the proposal to break the subject matter of contract link so that a company’s wider environmental proposals for the project can be factored into procurement decisions. 50. Domestically we also want to make it easier for procurers to balance carbon against cost. We want to underpin our net zero target and COP26 ambitions by developing tools to help us decarbonise the government’s supply chains and stimulate innovation and growth in the UK’s green economy. This work also takes into account the Climate Change Committee’s (CCC) call for credible, quantifiable pathways for sectoral decarbonisation. We will also explore the possibility of establishing a new single unit for all sustainable procurement policy within government to strengthen performance, coordination, and oversight. 51.', 'We will also explore the possibility of establishing a new single unit for all sustainable procurement policy within government to strengthen performance, coordination, and oversight. 51. Our ambition is necessarily high – we are changing the expectations on ourselves when it comes to utilising £292 billion of annual procurement spend. In doing so we are also sending a clear signal to the market: data on carbon impact, and immediate ambition to reduce it, will be increasingly important in how we choose to do business with you. Showing leadership on domestic and international standards 52. The BSI, in its role as the UK’s national standards body, works across the sectors and topics that will be critical in achieving net zero, including greenhouse gas management, energy transition, biodiversity and sustainable finance.', 'The BSI, in its role as the UK’s national standards body, works across the sectors and topics that will be critical in achieving net zero, including greenhouse gas management, energy transition, biodiversity and sustainable finance. This work is helping the UK to take a global leadership role in net zero and influence change on a global scale. To this effect BSI and the International Organization Standardization have developed the London Declaration – a commitment to actively consider climate change in the development and revision of all international standards and to facilitate the involvement of civil society and those most vulnerable to climate change. 53. Through BSI’s international reach, the UK will be able to help stakeholders reach consensus in international climate change standards and lead change globally in support of net zero.', 'Through BSI’s international reach, the UK will be able to help stakeholders reach consensus in international climate change standards and lead change globally in support of net zero. Ensuring the right skills and talent in government 54. The government has established the Government Skills and Curriculum Unit (GSCU) to oversee the delivery of better training, knowledge and networks that the over 440,000 people working in the Civil Service will need today and in the future. 55. Net zero will continue to be a priority for the government until 2050 and beyond. To that end, BEIS and GCSU are reviewing the skills, training and networks that civil servants need to lead the UK’s future efforts to decarbonise (see infographic below). 56. We are expanding the curriculum for civil servants to include specific training on climate change.', 'We are expanding the curriculum for civil servants to include specific training on climate change. We are also establishing climate specific training within the Civil Service Fast Stream curriculum. 57. We have also embedded climate considerations in the Policy Profession Standards, the competency framework that supports professional development for all civil Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerservants developing policy. For the first time, this makes explicit that good policymaking requires an awareness of the potential for all policy areas to contribute or undermine our climate goals. 58. We are establishing a new climate focus within the Civil Service Fast Stream Generalist Scheme, which will focus on providing relevant skills and opportunities to some of the future leaders of the Civil Service.', 'We are establishing a new climate focus within the Civil Service Fast Stream Generalist Scheme, which will focus on providing relevant skills and opportunities to some of the future leaders of the Civil Service. Ambition for climate capabilities across Government Technical specialists: • Specialist and world-leading expertise in commercial, project delivery, climate science, law, and innovation. Everyone working on climate change: Advanced understanding of UK and international climate policy framework Able to understand, foresee, and manage the interaction between climate and other policy goals Essential capabilities for every Civil Servant, this will vary by profession, e.g.', 'Everyone working on climate change: Advanced understanding of UK and international climate policy framework Able to understand, foresee, and manage the interaction between climate and other policy goals Essential capabilities for every Civil Servant, this will vary by profession, e.g. everyone developing policy: Understands the potential of policy areas to support or undermine UK climate objectives (for example net zero by 2050) Understands where to seek further advice on these interactions All leaders in Government: Can challenge established truths about the interaction between climate and other policy priorities Can communicate the whole system interactions between climate and all policy activity. • • • • • • Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy4v. Local Climate Action Supporting decarbonisation and regeneration in our local areas and communities Key Commitments • Set clearer expectations on how central and local government interact in the delivery of net zero.', 'Local Climate Action Supporting decarbonisation and regeneration in our local areas and communities Key Commitments • Set clearer expectations on how central and local government interact in the delivery of net zero. • Build on existing engagement with local actors by establishing a Local Net Zero Forum to bring together national and local government senior officials on a regular basis to discuss policy and delivery options on net zero. • Continue the Local Net Zero Programme to support all local areas with their capability and capacity to meet net zero. This includes provisions to: • Continue the Local Net Zero Hubs (previously known as the local energy hubs) to support all areas of England to reach net zero, including those lacking capacity and capability, or those facing unique challenges.', 'This includes provisions to: • Continue the Local Net Zero Hubs (previously known as the local energy hubs) to support all areas of England to reach net zero, including those lacking capacity and capability, or those facing unique challenges. • Promote best practice and support local authorities to develop net zero projects that can attract commercial investment. • Increase knowledge sharing to demonstrate and share successful net zero system solutions. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe challenge 1. Devolved and local government play an essential role in meeting national net zero ambitions. Across the UK many places have already made great strides towards our net zero future, having set their own targets and strategies for meeting local net zero goals.', 'Across the UK many places have already made great strides towards our net zero future, having set their own targets and strategies for meeting local net zero goals. Taking a place-based approach to net zero is also vital to ensuring that the opportunities from the transition support the government’s levelling up agenda. 2. The combination of devolved, local, and regional authorities’ legal powers, assets, access to targeted funding, local knowledge, and relationships with stakeholders enables them to drive local progress towards net zero. Not only does local government drive action directly, but it also plays a key role in communicating with, and inspiring action by, local businesses, communities, and civil society. Of all UK emissions, 82% are within the scope of influence of local authorities.43 3.', 'Of all UK emissions, 82% are within the scope of influence of local authorities.43 3. Local leaders are well placed to engage with all parts of their communities and to understand local policy, political, social, and economic nuances relevant to climate action. The government currently works with the Core Cities Group, for instance, which undertakes a range of activities to promote climate change adaptation, raise awareness and foster leadership in cities. Local government decides how best to serve communities and is best placed to integrate activity on the ground so that action on climate change also delivers wider benefits – for fuel poor households, for the local economy, for the environment and biodiversity, as well as the provision of green jobs and skills. 4.', 'Local government decides how best to serve communities and is best placed to integrate activity on the ground so that action on climate change also delivers wider benefits – for fuel poor households, for the local economy, for the environment and biodiversity, as well as the provision of green jobs and skills. 4. Despite the excellent work already underway, we understand that there remain significant barriers to maximising place- based delivery on net zero. We know that some places are moving faster than others and that places and communities will face different challenges when meeting net zero commitments and adapting to climate change. 5.', 'We know that some places are moving faster than others and that places and communities will face different challenges when meeting net zero commitments and adapting to climate change. 5. There are significant regional variations in the level of emissions (see Figure 29 below) and some of the hardest hit local economies that face multiple development and growth challenges are proportionally home to a greater number of lower skilled workers. Many of these areas are also where high-carbon industries are located. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyFigure 29: Net emissions of carbon dioxide per capita by Local Authority (tonnes CO e per capita) in 2019 Source: ONS 6. We also recognise that certain types of communities, such as rural and coastal communities, face significant and unique challenges.', 'We also recognise that certain types of communities, such as rural and coastal communities, face significant and unique challenges. For example, the increased age of rural housing makes it both more difficult and expensive to introduce energy efficiency measures and rural communities also have greater reliance on cars. Similarly coastal communities face significant challenges as they may be vulnerable to more frequent flooding, rises in sea level, and accelerated coastal erosion which will have the potential to affect public services and infrastructure. However different types of localities may also have opportunities available to them that do not exist everywhere. For instance, coastal communities may be able to utilise tidal energy or industrial scale water source heat pumps, and rural areas may have access to sustainable biomass. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener7.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener7. There are currently no net zero statutory targets on local authorities or communities in the UK, and we do not believe that a new general statutory requirement is needed. This is because of the existing level of local commitment with the sector, and because it is difficult to create a uniform requirement that reflects the diversity of barriers and opportunities local places experience. However, we do understand that there is a real need to ensure local leaders across the board are supported by enhancing the capacity and capability of local areas to deliver net zero, coordinating engagement with local authorities, and clarifying expectations at a national level to accelerate local progress towards net zero. 8.', 'However, we do understand that there is a real need to ensure local leaders across the board are supported by enhancing the capacity and capability of local areas to deliver net zero, coordinating engagement with local authorities, and clarifying expectations at a national level to accelerate local progress towards net zero. 8. Central and local government will need to work closely together to deliver net zero and our interim carbon budgets. Government analysis suggests that over 30% of the emissions reductions needed across all sectors to deliver on our Carbon Budget 6 target, as set out in this strategy, rely on local authority involvement to some degree.44 Our goal 9. The government will continue to set UK- wide priorities for meeting carbon budgets and for assessing how each sector will help meet those budgets.', 'The government will continue to set UK- wide priorities for meeting carbon budgets and for assessing how each sector will help meet those budgets. Local government has a key role in integrating delivery at a local and regional level to deliver more cost-effective routes to net zero and derive local co-benefits that embed climate action in the heart of local places and services. By taking this approach, we can achieve even more for net zero and for the economy locally and nationally; we recognise that a one-size-fits-all approach will not work. We want to build strong partnership working between central, devolved, and local government, increase the co-ordination and better support all levels of government to utilise the influences available to them. 10.', 'We want to build strong partnership working between central, devolved, and local government, increase the co-ordination and better support all levels of government to utilise the influences available to them. 10. We want to continue to empower our local leaders to take the actions which will lead to the biggest gains in emissions reduction, including the potential opportunities in building back greener and meeting our ambitions to level up the country. While the COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted our communities, it has also reshaped how we think about place, community, and our natural and built environment. 11. Community empowerment, engagement, and action can play a role in supporting the UK’s transition to net zero and enable communities to access the benefits that it brings, from greener jobs to improved health.', 'Community empowerment, engagement, and action can play a role in supporting the UK’s transition to net zero and enable communities to access the benefits that it brings, from greener jobs to improved health. Communities are especially well placed to help raise awareness and engage people in adopting net zero behaviours. For example, community ownership of renewables and other assets, often in partnership with other organisations, can be an important driver of reducing local emissions. It can also enable people to learn more about climate change and build sustainable behaviours. 12. We will continue to provide support for public and private investment opportunities in local places that will enable the local delivery of emissions savings across the sectors.', 'We will continue to provide support for public and private investment opportunities in local places that will enable the local delivery of emissions savings across the sectors. In the sector chapters we have shown the range of programmes from building retrofit, heating, electric vehicle charging and many others where funding will go to local government to deliver action in their communities. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyEnabling local areas to deliver net zero 13. To support all local government in developing and delivering their net zero delivery plans, we need to act in three key areas: a.', 'To support all local government in developing and delivering their net zero delivery plans, we need to act in three key areas: a. Setting clearer expectations for local places, clarifying how the partnership with local government should work, and considering how action at national, regional, local, and community levels fits together to tackle the emission and climate risk challenges we face, and the wider benefits the transition brings. b. Providing resources for local places to deliver stronger contributions to national net zero targets, across dedicated funding streams for net zero and non-ringfenced funding, noting the number of broader priorities on which local government needs to deliver. c. Building capacity and capability at the local level to support ambition and share best practice, while also providing support in areas that may not have made as much progress to date. 14.', 'c. Building capacity and capability at the local level to support ambition and share best practice, while also providing support in areas that may not have made as much progress to date. 14. To act effectively across these areas, and for local government to translate national goals into local action, we will build on our existing engagement to improve the way local and national government collaborate on net zero. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) will take overall responsibility for improving coordination with local government and other local actors on the effective design and delivery of local net zero policies, as part of the Department’s overall responsibility and wider leadership on delivering net zero. Other departments will continue to lead on their specific policy areas such as Department for Transport on the decarbonisation of transport.', 'Other departments will continue to lead on their specific policy areas such as Department for Transport on the decarbonisation of transport. We intend to build on many of the existing ways of working together to provide more consistency and clarity over roles and responsibilities between national and local government. 15. We will do this by establishing a Local Net Zero Forum to ensure that there is direct input from local leaders. Chaired by BEIS, the Forum will be cross departmental and bring together national and local government senior officials on a regular basis to discuss policy and delivery options on net zero.', 'Chaired by BEIS, the Forum will be cross departmental and bring together national and local government senior officials on a regular basis to discuss policy and delivery options on net zero. The forum will build on our current engagement mechanisms through the representative bodies such as the Local Government Association (LGA), Association for Public Service Excellence (APSE), Core Cities and the Association of Directors of Environment, Economy, Planning & Transport (ADEPT). The creation of the Forum also draws on the recommendations for a policy framework put forward by member network UK100. The Forum will support the establishment of clearer delivery roles for local government and provide a single engagement route into HM Government in a coordinated and coherent way. 16.', 'The Forum will support the establishment of clearer delivery roles for local government and provide a single engagement route into HM Government in a coordinated and coherent way. 16. On adaptation, local actors will be supported through increased Environment Bill powers to take effective action, reduced financial burdens from waste management and stronger abilities to improve health and social outcomes for local citizens. 17. Achieving our aims requires national decision makers to have the right knowledge and awareness to understand the local impacts of decisions. BEIS will work with other departments and stakeholders to demonstrate successful net zero system solutions by creating a network of experience that amalgamates learning through case studies and non-spatial planning tools. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener18.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener18. We have already developed a Carbon Literacy toolkit for the delivery of Carbon Literacy training for local authorities. This training has been made available to all local authority staff and aims to increase awareness and ability to reduce emissions across all the policies and programmes local government work on. BEIS has created a sector course and places like Manchester and Sheffield are among the early adopters who have trained staff and councillors. Funding 19. Funding for local climate action comes from a combination of the Local Government Finance Settlement, other government grants and support schemes, borrowing, and private finance. Collectively, this means there is a range of funding available for local authorities to act on climate change. Some have chosen to explore community bonds and crowdfunding.', 'Some have chosen to explore community bonds and crowdfunding. A third of local authorities say their climate change plans will be cost- neutral by incorporating goals into existing service area strategies, drawing on the funding available for those services. 20. An important part of the funding landscape is the diverse range of grant funding schemes provided by HM Government to support local delivery. The recent National Audit Office (NAO) review into local government and net zero identified 22 dedicated grant schemes for net zero work from central to local government. We recognise that longer term and more co-ordinated funding streams can enhance innovation and investment, reduce bureaucracy, and encourage more efficient and integrated decision making.', 'We recognise that longer term and more co-ordinated funding streams can enhance innovation and investment, reduce bureaucracy, and encourage more efficient and integrated decision making. We will explore how we could simplify and consolidate funds which target net zero initiatives at the local level where this provides the best approach to tackling climate change. Building on the vision in the Prime Minister’s Ten Point Plan, we also will work across departments to explore how we can give certainty to investment in longer-term programmes supported by regeneration initiatives. 21. In addition to the above, the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) will lend to local authorities for strategic and high value projects and invest in projects alongside the private sector, crowding in private sector capital.', 'In addition to the above, the UK Infrastructure Bank (UKIB) will lend to local authorities for strategic and high value projects and invest in projects alongside the private sector, crowding in private sector capital. It has twin objectives of helping to tackle climate change, particularly meeting the UK’s net zero emissions targets and helping to support regional and local economic growth across the UK. The UKIB will offer loans to local authorities for high value and strategic projects of at least £5 million. To complement this investment activity, over time, the UKIB will develop an expert advisory service to help local authorities develop and finance projects. The UKIB will build partnerships across the UK including with government departments, government sponsored bodies, local authorities and relevant representative organisations to foster collaboration and drive value for money.', 'The UKIB will build partnerships across the UK including with government departments, government sponsored bodies, local authorities and relevant representative organisations to foster collaboration and drive value for money. As it engages with the market, the UKIB will continue to learn and adapt, which will ensure that its loans to local authorities are as effective as possible. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy22. The UKIB is currently operating in an interim form, as it expands its capability and capacity. It will continue to refine the Local Authority Lending Function over the coming months. 23. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy will continue to work with partners and the finance sector to develop new finance and business models to support local delivery.', 'The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy will continue to work with partners and the finance sector to develop new finance and business models to support local delivery. These business models will look to develop aggregated projects and portfolios of projects building up scale and spreading delivery risk more effectively for investors. Sectoral priorities at a local level 24. We understand that for local areas to deliver net zero they will need specific support to plan and identify priorities across different sectors of the economy. Local energy 25. Decarbonisation of our buildings, transport systems and energy system will require significant action at a regional and local level. Generation and storage are becoming increasingly decentralised, with solar and batteries being deployed in buildings, vehicles, and local communities.', 'Generation and storage are becoming increasingly decentralised, with solar and batteries being deployed in buildings, vehicles, and local communities. Heat and transport decarbonisation in particular needs to be delivered in a way that meets local needs and with the involvement of local decision makers. Decarbonisation will require strong co- ordination across electricity, heat, hydrogen, transport, and buildings. That means local actors can be strong drivers of change, enabling coordinated non-spatial planning and engagement with markets, and supporting cleaner, cheaper and more efficient energy whilst providing a significant contribution towards local economic strategy. 26. Better engagement and information sharing across organisations can enable better forward-planning and a more coordinated approach.', 'Better engagement and information sharing across organisations can enable better forward-planning and a more coordinated approach. BEIS has work underway with Ofgem to develop a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges presented by local area energy mapping and planning (LAEMP) and are considering the most appropriate policy options to take forward. This work could help to bring together key local stakeholders to explore the impact of decarbonisation choices across sectors and how different technology options may impact on local energy networks. 27. The Government has committed up to £102.5 million of funding through the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund to Prospering from the Energy Revolution. This is an innovation programme which develops smart local energy systems to provide investable, scalable local business models and finance mechanisms using integrated approaches to deliver cleaner, cheaper energy services.', 'This is an innovation programme which develops smart local energy systems to provide investable, scalable local business models and finance mechanisms using integrated approaches to deliver cleaner, cheaper energy services. The programme is supporting three places to demonstrate the use of this framework today and a further ten places to develop detailed plans and business cases to deliver whole place decarbonisation. 28. The programme is designed to work across a range of different areas including, big urban conglomerations, cities, towns, industrial regions, regeneration projects and rural communities. Each of these face different challenges and opportunities in reaching net zero and the programme seeks to identify the economic as well as the social and environmental benefits of delivering integrated Smart Local Energy Systems, not just for the place but also nationally. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener29.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener29. The government also provides funding to deliver programmes that support decarbonisation through the Local Net Zero Programme (previously known as the Local Energy Programme), which is supporting Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), local authorities, and communities in England to play a leading role in decarbonisation and clean growth. Almost £22 million has been invested in the Local Energy programme to date, including funding for the creation and continuing support of 5 Local Net Zero Hubs. The Hubs promote best practice and support local authorities to develop net zero projects that can attract commercial investment. The Hubs are currently supporting local authorities to develop projects with a potential capital value of over £2 billion and have identified further possible projects that take the potential capital value of the pipeline to over £3 billion.', 'The Hubs are currently supporting local authorities to develop projects with a potential capital value of over £2 billion and have identified further possible projects that take the potential capital value of the pipeline to over £3 billion. Heat and buildings 30. Local Authorities have been, and will continue to be, key delivery partners when it comes to improving the housing and building stock across the country, especially through integrating activity on energy efficiency, heating and retrofit. This has been recognised in recent years through their delivery of Green Home Grants, Home Upgrade Grant, and heat networks. As demonstrated in previous chapters (Heat and Buildings), local delivery of these schemes has been integral in reducing carbon emissions and supporting local economies.', 'As demonstrated in previous chapters (Heat and Buildings), local delivery of these schemes has been integral in reducing carbon emissions and supporting local economies. For example, over 200 local authorities have taken part in phase 1 of the Green Home Grants Local Authority Delivery Scheme (LAD) which is focussed on low- income households in homes that most need energy efficiency upgrades. Phases 1 and 2 of the Local Authority Delivery schemes aim to support around 50,000 households who will benefit from energy efficiency upgrades, making it easier and cheaper to heat their homes. Government has also delivered the Public Sector Decarbonisation scheme which provides grants for public sector bodies to fund heat decarbonisation and energy efficiency measures. Under Phase 1 of the scheme, over £500 million was awarded to local authorities. 31.', 'Under Phase 1 of the scheme, over £500 million was awarded to local authorities. 31. National planning policies already recognise the importance of sustainable development and make clear that reducing carbon emissions should be considered in planning and decision making. The National Model Design Code provides tools and guidance for local planning authorities to help ensure developments respond to the impacts of climate change, are energy efficient, embed circular economy principles, and reduce carbon emissions. The government is considering how the planning system can further support our commitment to reaching net zero. We will make sure that the reformed planning system supports our efforts to combat climate change and help bring greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.', 'We will make sure that the reformed planning system supports our efforts to combat climate change and help bring greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050. For example, as part of our programme of planning reform we intend to review the National Planning Policy Framework to make sure it contributes to climate change mitigation and adaptation as fully as possible. Local transport 32. To decarbonise the transport sector, in July, the government published its Transport Decarbonisation Plan, which sets out the commitments and the actions needed to decarbonise the entire UK transport system.', 'To decarbonise the transport sector, in July, the government published its Transport Decarbonisation Plan, which sets out the commitments and the actions needed to decarbonise the entire UK transport system. One of the six strategic priorities of the plan is developing solutions that consider the needs of different locations, highlighting the importance of tackling emissions at a local level to ensure that every place in the UK has its own net zero transport network by 2050, serving the unique needs of its communities. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy33. To support this, we will reform the way local transport infrastructure is funded to drive decarbonisation at a local level, engaging local areas about their investment priorities in the round, and making quantifiable carbon reductions a fundamental part of local transport planning.', 'To support this, we will reform the way local transport infrastructure is funded to drive decarbonisation at a local level, engaging local areas about their investment priorities in the round, and making quantifiable carbon reductions a fundamental part of local transport planning. Later this year we will also publish a Local Authority Toolkit to help local authorities reduce emissions from transport. It will provide local authorities with guidance and information to help them build business cases, develop innovative policies, secure funding, and deliver measures on the ground. Local green infrastructure and the environment 34. Government will launch a new National Framework of Green Infrastructure Standards in 2022. This will support local areas and regions to deliver well-designed green infrastructure where it is most needed to deliver multiple benefits.', 'This will support local areas and regions to deliver well-designed green infrastructure where it is most needed to deliver multiple benefits. These networks of green and blue spaces and other natural features, including trees, provide an opportunity to benefit local economies and bring about long-term improvements in people’s health and wellbeing. At the same time, it can help us to mitigate and adapt to climate change, through capturing and storing carbon, shading and cooling, and reducing flooding. 35. The Environment Bill is also creating a new system of spatial strategies called Local Nature Recovery Strategies to target action for nature and to drive the use of nature-based solutions to tackle environmental challenges like climate change. It is expected that there will be approximately 50 Local Nature Recovery Strategies covering the whole of England with no gaps and no overlaps.', 'It is expected that there will be approximately 50 Local Nature Recovery Strategies covering the whole of England with no gaps and no overlaps. Preparation of each Strategy will be locally led and collaborative, with local government taking a critical role. This will provide local government with a new tool through which they can work with local partners to identify where effort to create or restore habitat would have greatest benefit for climate mitigation, whilst also having positive benefits for nature and the wider environment. Between 2021 and 2027, we will be doubling our overall investment in flooding and coastal erosion to £5.2 billion. 36. In addition, £200 million will be invested in the Innovative Flood and Coastal Resilience Innovation Programme.', 'In addition, £200 million will be invested in the Innovative Flood and Coastal Resilience Innovation Programme. This will help over 25 local areas over six years to take forward wider innovative actions that improve their resilience to flooding and coastal erosion. The Environment Agency is also working with coastal authorities on a £1 million refresh of Shoreline Management Plans. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerA universal offer to harness opportunities across the UK 37. We are committed to supporting all local areas and communities, ensuring that none are left behind and creating net zero solutions which work for all of them. As we are reducing emissions across the economy, we must also ensure that the transition to net zero is a fair one. 38.', 'As we are reducing emissions across the economy, we must also ensure that the transition to net zero is a fair one. 38. As outlined above, BEIS has been successfully running the Local Programme (previously known as the Local Energy Programme) to support all local areas capability and capacity to meet net zero and government has committed to continuing the Programme. The programme has developed over time and now takes a place-based approach to tackling net zero in the round, covering all net zero issues. The programme will continue to help places make faster progress towards net zero, improve cost- effectiveness, and significantly increase the economic benefits of the green industrial revolution by attracting commercial investment and supporting green jobs. 39.', 'The programme will continue to help places make faster progress towards net zero, improve cost- effectiveness, and significantly increase the economic benefits of the green industrial revolution by attracting commercial investment and supporting green jobs. 39. The programme will focus on all areas of England, including those lacking capacity and capability, or those facing unique challenges, such as rural and coastal communities. The programme will ensure that all local areas can engage on issues relating to net zero. Case study: Investing in industrial heartlands The government has invested £95 million for two new offshore wind ports to be constructed in the Humber region and Teesside, boosting the UK’s world- leading industry, and creating thousands of new jobs in the North.', 'Case study: Investing in industrial heartlands The government has invested £95 million for two new offshore wind ports to be constructed in the Humber region and Teesside, boosting the UK’s world- leading industry, and creating thousands of new jobs in the North. Able Marine Energy Park, on the South Bank of the River Humber, will receive up to £75 million government investment, and Teesworks Offshore Manufacturing Centre, on the River Tees, will benefit from up to £20 million. Construction will begin later this year to upgrade the two ports with new infrastructure - helping to revitalise these historic industrial heartlands.', 'Construction will begin later this year to upgrade the two ports with new infrastructure - helping to revitalise these historic industrial heartlands. Together these new ports will have the capacity to house up to 7 manufacturers to support the development of the next-generation offshore wind projects, boosting the UK’s offshore wind manufacturing base while directly creating up to 3,600 new green jobs. 40. The Government has embedded a net zero principle in initiatives which target different types of places, such as the Levelling Up Fund, the Towns Fund, and the Community Renewal Fund. This is to ensure that all funded schemes have considered how to align with our net zero ambitions. We will continue to monitor the impacts of these schemes and strengthen these criteria if necessary.', 'We will continue to monitor the impacts of these schemes and strengthen these criteria if necessary. We will take the same approach with other new schemes and priority places such as Freeports. Investment into places through the UK Shared Prosperity Fund should also align with the government’s net zero objectives. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy41. This year we are working with local businesses on the future role of Local Enterprise Partnerships (LEPs), ensuring local businesses continue to have clear representation and support in their area to drive the green recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. LEPs have played a significant role in providing advice and incentives for businesses to reach net zero.', 'LEPs have played a significant role in providing advice and incentives for businesses to reach net zero. As part of the LEP review, we are committed to ensuring a strong local business voice is retained, particularly to support businesses to transition to net zero. 42. In England, the government works closely with local government, and Defra hosts the Local Adaptation Advisory Panel (LAAP), a forum for dialogue on climate change adaptation between local authorities, central government, and delivery bodies. This supported the production of a guide on adaptation for local government, published in 2019 by the Association of Directors of Environment, Economy, Planning and Transport (ADEPT). Case study: the Green Recovery Challenge Fund The government’s £80 million Green Recovery Challenge Fund is kickstarting over 150 nature projects across England.', 'Case study: the Green Recovery Challenge Fund The government’s £80 million Green Recovery Challenge Fund is kickstarting over 150 nature projects across England. For example, the Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust was awarded £1.58 million to create and restore 130 hectares of nature-rich wetland habitat along the Somerset coast. This habitat will help increase flood resilience, improve soil, water quality, and help absorb carbon, increasing the robustness of the county’s coastline overall. The GRCF is also support green jobs and is currently on track to support up to 2,000 jobs by the end of 2021, rising to up to 2,500 by the time all projects are completed in March 2023. Working with local communities 43.', 'The GRCF is also support green jobs and is currently on track to support up to 2,000 jobs by the end of 2021, rising to up to 2,500 by the time all projects are completed in March 2023. Working with local communities 43. To ensure that all parts of the UK benefit from the transition to net zero we also want local communities to take bold action that supports the transition. Local communities benefit from strong relationships and ties to their areas and their local authorities; these can be key to reducing emissions across the economy and making sure people stay engaged in the process. Where local authorities and communities work together effectively, we have already seen significant improvements in both delivery and in wider public engagement. 44.', 'Where local authorities and communities work together effectively, we have already seen significant improvements in both delivery and in wider public engagement. 44. Some very ambitious campaigns on food, recycling, water, and other areas critical to climate action, have been launched and run by pioneering local communities and activists. Community projects can also act as a catalyst for raising public awareness and promoting green choices. 45. Community groups can bring together people, finance, and ideas to have a real impact on the behaviours, infrastructure, and attitudes locally. Community cohesion and grassroots initiatives are also central to locally based resilience to climate change risks, such as flooding and heatwaves. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener46. Government understands the important role that communities have in the transition to net zero.', 'Government understands the important role that communities have in the transition to net zero. Through the introduction of UK-wide growth funding schemes, such as the Community Renewal Fund, the Levelling Up Fund, and the Towns Fund, Government is enabling local areas to tackle net zero goals in ways that best suit their needs. For example, under the Towns Fund, Clay Cross in Northeast Derbyshire developed a Town Investment Plan setting out their low carbon energy ambitions. Government also works with community groups, both geographic and communities of interest, such as sports clubs, faith groups, and youth groups, on key behaviour change strategies and communications. Case study: Clay Cross Clay Cross, in Northeast Derbyshire, was one of the 101 Towns invited to develop a Town Investment Plan.', 'Case study: Clay Cross Clay Cross, in Northeast Derbyshire, was one of the 101 Towns invited to develop a Town Investment Plan. The plan, submitted to Government in October 2020, set out their ambition to establish the town as an exemplar at the forefront of the low carbon revolution. This involved working with established local businesses, including the key local employer Worcester Bosch, to deliver innovation in clean energy and showing the potential to deliver a net zero economy. By 2030 they hope to be able to show significant reductions in the overall levels of emissions by ensuring clean growth principles underpin investment.', 'By 2030 they hope to be able to show significant reductions in the overall levels of emissions by ensuring clean growth principles underpin investment. These ambitions will be realised through a cohort of projects which include the development of a low carbon energy strategy for the town, a low carbon energy demonstrator project linked to the rebuilding of the local leisure centre, low carbon workspace and housing proposals, and a skills and enterprise training centre, which will have an emphasis on providing energy industry related skills. Community Energy 47. Community Energy is an example of how communities can come together to reach local and national net zero targets.', 'Community Energy is an example of how communities can come together to reach local and national net zero targets. Community Energy England’s 2021 State of the Sector Report outlined that there are 424 community energy organisations working across the UK to deliver a net zero future and with the appropriate support, they estimate that the community energy sector could contribute up to 5,270 MW, power 2.2 million homes, support 8,700 jobs and add £1.8 billion to the economy each year.45 48. Government has provided support to community energy projects through the Rural Community Energy Fund (RCEF), a £10 million fund to supporting community-run projects in England that benefit the energy transition to net zero. The fund has provided development stage grants to projects focusing on a variety of technologies including solar, wind, low carbon heating and electric vehicle charging.', 'The fund has provided development stage grants to projects focusing on a variety of technologies including solar, wind, low carbon heating and electric vehicle charging. Communities have predominantly financed their schemes commercially through share offers and borrowing. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy49. The Government has also supported Community Energy England to develop and maintain their knowledge sharing role which includes peer mentoring. This resource can help communities develop their own schemes across heat and power generation, transport, energy efficiency, and also wider approaches to net zero. Case Study: Cuckmere Community Solar – a world first Cuckmere Community Solar has an ambition to power the rail network in East Sussex with solar energy – a world first.', 'Case Study: Cuckmere Community Solar – a world first Cuckmere Community Solar has an ambition to power the rail network in East Sussex with solar energy – a world first. Working in collaboration with Riding Sunbeams, an innovator focused on decarbonising rail networks, the organisation aims to establish a template for similar projects. Cuckmere Community Solar plans to build a new 4 MW solar farm at Berwick, East Sussex. This will enable the local community to benefit from a higher income from renewable energy generation, and for the rail network to benefit from cheaper, low carbon power. The Rural Community Energy Fund has provided grant funding for the development stage of the project which includes the cost of studies, land agreements, investigation of the connection point, and legal work.', 'The Rural Community Energy Fund has provided grant funding for the development stage of the project which includes the cost of studies, land agreements, investigation of the connection point, and legal work. The project has also recently received capital funding support from the South East Local Enterprise Partnership‘s £85 million share of the government’s Getting Building Fund, which aims to help economic recovery. 50. Ofgem also supports community energy projects and following a consultation process has announced that from February 2022 it plans to welcome applications from community interest groups, co-operative societies, and community benefit societies to the Industry Voluntary Redress Scheme. This will allow groups to apply for funds to deliver energy related projects that support energy consumers in vulnerable situations, support decarbonisation, and will benefit people in England, Scotland, and Wales. 51.', 'This will allow groups to apply for funds to deliver energy related projects that support energy consumers in vulnerable situations, support decarbonisation, and will benefit people in England, Scotland, and Wales. 51. To build on our existing actions, we intend to continue to work closely with Community Energy England and will reintroduce the Community Energy Contact Group. Since 2017, this group has been merged in a wider Local Energy Contact Group, but given the scale and pace of work being taken forward, and with the development of the Local Net Zero Forum, we believe that it makes sense to strengthen our engagement with the community sector further by reintroducing a dedicated forum for community groups to engage across Government. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4vi.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener4vi. Empowering the Public and Business to Make Green Choices Moving towards a net zero society together Our Key Commitments • Explore how to improve and enhance public facing climate content and advice on gov.uk. We will also enhance our digitally-led Simple Energy Advice (SEA) service to provide homeowners with personal, tailored advice on improving and decarbonising their homes, including tailored retrofit advice in local areas, and links to local, accredited, trusted installers. • Continue supporting UK businesses to meet their net zero commitments, including exploring a government-led advice service that consolidates and simplifies advice and other support on net zero.', '• Continue supporting UK businesses to meet their net zero commitments, including exploring a government-led advice service that consolidates and simplifies advice and other support on net zero. • Increase awareness of net zero and empower businesses and the public to make green choices, by building on government communications and engagement, and exploring providing environmental impact labelling of products, goods, and services. • Make green choices affordable and easy by working with businesses and industry to set strong regulatory signals and collaborating to reduce costs and provide better quality, longer lasting and lower environmental impact products, and services. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyThe challenge 1. Together we are moving towards a net zero society, led by technological innovation.', 'Together we are moving towards a net zero society, led by technological innovation. We will see transformations to our economy, society, and the way we live and work: new low carbon technologies, infrastructure and job opportunities; cleaner air, greener spaces and reduced flooding; and changes to everyday life such as in the way we travel, heat our homes and save our money. To reach net zero, everyone will need to play their part.', 'To reach net zero, everyone will need to play their part. We know that public concern about climate change is high – with 80% in the UK either concerned or very concerned.46 We also know that people and businesses recognise that change must happen – 80% of respondents in a recent survey believe the way we live our lives will need to change to address climate change.47 Equally, however we know that the public is unsure of what net zero will mean in practice, what steps they can take, or they face barriers that stop them from acting.48 This chapter sets out how government will support individuals and businesses to make green choices – an act of choosing the more, or most, sustainable option from a range of possibilities, such as using an electric vehicle instead of a petrol or diesel vehicle when it is time to change your family car, replacing an old gas boiler with a heat pump, or switching to innovative green financial products.', 'We know that public concern about climate change is high – with 80% in the UK either concerned or very concerned.46 We also know that people and businesses recognise that change must happen – 80% of respondents in a recent survey believe the way we live our lives will need to change to address climate change.47 Equally, however we know that the public is unsure of what net zero will mean in practice, what steps they can take, or they face barriers that stop them from acting.48 This chapter sets out how government will support individuals and businesses to make green choices – an act of choosing the more, or most, sustainable option from a range of possibilities, such as using an electric vehicle instead of a petrol or diesel vehicle when it is time to change your family car, replacing an old gas boiler with a heat pump, or switching to innovative green financial products. Our Goal 2.', 'We know that public concern about climate change is high – with 80% in the UK either concerned or very concerned.46 We also know that people and businesses recognise that change must happen – 80% of respondents in a recent survey believe the way we live our lives will need to change to address climate change.47 Equally, however we know that the public is unsure of what net zero will mean in practice, what steps they can take, or they face barriers that stop them from acting.48 This chapter sets out how government will support individuals and businesses to make green choices – an act of choosing the more, or most, sustainable option from a range of possibilities, such as using an electric vehicle instead of a petrol or diesel vehicle when it is time to change your family car, replacing an old gas boiler with a heat pump, or switching to innovative green financial products. Our Goal 2. Our goal is to make the act of choosing green significantly easier, clearer and cheaper.', 'Our goal is to make the act of choosing green significantly easier, clearer and cheaper. We recognise that the best way to do this is to go with the grain of existing behaviour and trends and by working closely with partners like Local Authorities, voluntary sector organisations, social enterprise regulators, and businesses, who all play an important role in how we use and choose different services. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe role of green choices in meeting net zero 3. There are numerous individual actions – some one-off and some we take regularly – that people can take to contribute to our pathway to net zero. These individual actions combine to create wider systemic change required to meet net zero.', 'These individual actions combine to create wider systemic change required to meet net zero. New analysis on green choices,49 has helped us to identify choices and behaviours that impact on net zero, broadly falling into three categories: • Adopting new low carbon technologies, such as switching to zero emission vehicles. • Using energy, technologies, or services more efficiently, such as using smart meter-enabled ‘time of use’ tariffs which reward consumers financially for using energy at off-peak times, or when there is excess clean energy available. • Everyday business and consumer choices, such as choosing green financial products like the recently launched NS&I Green Savings Bond, or seeking more responsibly invested pension schemes. 4. We want to better understand the behavioural factors that need to be considered in the policies required to meet net zero.', 'We want to better understand the behavioural factors that need to be considered in the policies required to meet net zero. The Government Chief Scientific Adviser and Government Office for Science will be producing a scenario-based foresight report to understand the system wide implications of these factors, to be published in 2022. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyOur approach for supporting green choices 5. We know that people want to play their part in achieving net zero. Our approach for how government will empower everyone to make green choices is underpinned by six principles.50 Although they were developed with the public in mind, many of them equally apply to green choices taken by businesses, particularly medium or small enterprises. The principles reflects wider public engagement from across the country and Parliament. 6.', 'The principles reflects wider public engagement from across the country and Parliament. 6. Public engagement, including through communications campaigns such as Together for Our Planet, plays a significant role in driving green choices. We will deliver public engagement on net zero to: a. Communicate a vision of a net zero 2050, build a sense of collective action, improve understanding of the role different actors play in reaching net zero, and how and when choices can be made; b. Ensure there is trusted advice and support for people and businesses to make green choices; c. Mobilise a range of actors and stakeholders to increase and amplify their communication and action on net zero and green choices; and d. Give people opportunities to participate in and shape our plans for reaching net zero, thereby improving policy design, buy-in and uptake of policies.', 'Ensure there is trusted advice and support for people and businesses to make green choices; c. Mobilise a range of actors and stakeholders to increase and amplify their communication and action on net zero and green choices; and d. Give people opportunities to participate in and shape our plans for reaching net zero, thereby improving policy design, buy-in and uptake of policies. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPrinciples underpinning green public and business choices Principle 1: Minimise the ‘ask’ by sending clear regulatory signals 7. By targeting measures at an industry level, rather than at the individual consumer, we can make green choices much simpler for the consumer. This will also help grow a stronger market for low carbon goods and give businesses clear, early signals.', 'This will also help grow a stronger market for low carbon goods and give businesses clear, early signals. For example, the 2030 phase out date for petrol and diesel cars and vans sends a signal to industry and will improve the availability and quality of zero emission vehicles on the market. Similarly, as set out in the Heat and Buildings Strategy there are a range of policies we will introduce that will bolster the low carbon heating market, creating new opportunities for business, and better choice for the consumer. 8. We are taking action to ensure that products are more sustainable, both in relation to their energy efficiency during use and use of materials over their lifetime (resource efficiency) through developing proposals for new regulatory product standards and better consumer information.', 'We are taking action to ensure that products are more sustainable, both in relation to their energy efficiency during use and use of materials over their lifetime (resource efficiency) through developing proposals for new regulatory product standards and better consumer information. We are exploring updating and expanding ‘Ecodesign’ product regulation which sets minimum requirements to phase out the least energy and resource efficient products from the market. Principle 2: Make the green choice the easiest 9. By addressing all the major, practical barriers to individual behaviours we can make it easier for people to make green choices. We will ensure that we take a consumer‑centred approach to net zero policy design, removing frictions and minimising disruptions to people’s lives. 10.', 'We will ensure that we take a consumer‑centred approach to net zero policy design, removing frictions and minimising disruptions to people’s lives. 10. In our Transport Decarbonisation Plan, we have committed to better integrating transport modes, with more bus routes serving railway stations and improved integration of cycling and walking networks, so that opting to make a green travel choice is easier. This is in addition to delivering interventions to enable more people to walk and cycle for short journeys such as a national e-cycle support programme. Our vision is that half of all journeys in towns and cities will be cycled or walked by 2030. We are also committed to increasing road vehicle occupancy. This will help decarbonise and decongest our roads.', 'This will help decarbonise and decongest our roads. We will publish guidance for local authorities on support for shared car ownership and shared occupancy schemes and services and are continuing to build our evidence base to understand the barriers and potential policies to increase the uptake of shared mobility. 11. We are committed to removing inconvenience and increasing availability of green choices. Following the commitments made in our Resources and Waste Strategy, the Environment Bill will introduce powers that will allow us to require separate food waste collections in all local authorities in England, which will help people to reduce emissions from food waste with ease. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyPrinciple 3: Make the green choice affordable 12. We are already seeing the upfront cost of green choices, such as electric vehicles, drop.', 'We are already seeing the upfront cost of green choices, such as electric vehicles, drop. We are looking across all sectors to see how we can continue this trend and make green choices more affordable. 13. Through the Smart Export Guarantee (SEG) energy suppliers are moving to increasingly innovative tariffs which support electric vehicle deployment while continuing to enable households to access a market-led route for exporting and receiving payment for their unused electricity. As committed to in our Heat and Buildings Strategy, the Boiler Upgrade Scheme will provide grants to help households transition to low carbon heating. We are also supporting motorists through plug-in vehicle grants, which provide support towards the upfront purchase of eligible cars, vans, motorcycles, and trucks. 14.', 'We are also supporting motorists through plug-in vehicle grants, which provide support towards the upfront purchase of eligible cars, vans, motorcycles, and trucks. 14. We are supporting the public to both save and contribute towards public spending that helps the UK reduce its emissions through the NS&I Green Savings Bond. The Green Finance Institute and Abundance Investment, supported by UK100, Local Partnerships and Innovate UK, have also launched a national campaign to help local authorities issue a type of municipal finance investment – Local Climate Bonds. For citizens, the Local Climate Bond provides a low-risk and fixed return investment, and a way to mobilise their savings to help tackle the climate change in their area. Principle 4: Empower people and businesses to make their own choice. 15.', 'Principle 4: Empower people and businesses to make their own choice. 15. Consumer preference can shape producers’ decisions, but sometimes consumers and businesses lack clear information to make informed choices. As announced by the chancellor in his Mansion House speech in July 2021, we will work with the Financial Conduct Authority to introduce a sustainable investment label - a quality stamp - so that consumers and retail investors can clearly compare the impacts and sustainability of their investments for the first time. We plan to help empower people to make informed choices about the goods and products they buy and services they use by exploring how we better label these with their emission intensity and environmental impact.', 'We plan to help empower people to make informed choices about the goods and products they buy and services they use by exploring how we better label these with their emission intensity and environmental impact. We are also exploring the use of product labelling to show the durability, repairability and recyclability of products, as well as their environmental footprint with a view to stimulating demand for better quality items. We continue to explore the evidence base for environmental labelling within food production and disposal, including the most accurate methodologies to monitor and verify the carbon emissions, and environmental impact, of food items. 16. Our Transport Decarbonisation Plan outlines how we will explore the feasibility of a travel reward scheme that uses peer-driven motivation and encourages individuals to switch to, or continue to use, sustainable modes of travel. 17.', 'Our Transport Decarbonisation Plan outlines how we will explore the feasibility of a travel reward scheme that uses peer-driven motivation and encourages individuals to switch to, or continue to use, sustainable modes of travel. 17. We are providing tailored advice and support to homeowners on what they can do to improve their homes. Our Simple Energy Advice service has already had over 1.5 million users, providing homeowners with personal, tailored advice for improving and decarbonising their homes and links to local, accredited, trusted installers. Homeowners can also find out about government schemes Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerfor which they may be eligible. We will enhance the digitally led service and are considering options to support tailored retrofit advice in local areas, supported by tailored local advice.', 'We will enhance the digitally led service and are considering options to support tailored retrofit advice in local areas, supported by tailored local advice. This includes moving our Simple Energy Advice service to gov.uk, which will improve user experience, and supporting local advice provision. 18. We are also reviewing other existing digital information and advice services related to net zero and exploring how to improve wider existing public-facing net zero content and advice on gov.uk 19. We know that technologies can also improve public understanding of energy use and energy efficiency. In-Home Displays for smart meters give accurate information about energy consumption to help households easily understand how to use less energy and save money on their bills.', 'In-Home Displays for smart meters give accurate information about energy consumption to help households easily understand how to use less energy and save money on their bills. Building on this, the Smart Energy Savings initiative is trialling how innovative products and services can use smart meter data to provide consumers with advice on how to manage their energy use. At the end of June 2021, there were 25.2 million smart and advanced meters in homes and small businesses across Great Britain.51 Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyPrinciple 5: Motivate & build public acceptability for major changes 20. Achieving our net zero target must be a shared endeavour. It is therefore vital that we listen to the publics views on how to reach net zero.', 'It is therefore vital that we listen to the publics views on how to reach net zero. We already regularly invite the public to shape policies on net zero through consultations and deliberative dialogues. Since 2019, we have run, funded, or are still running deliberative dialogues on a range of net zero issues, such as green choices, homes, heating, transport decarbonisation, green savings, hydrogen, food, Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS) and Advanced Nuclear Technologies (ANT). 21. To ensure that the transition to net zero is fair and affordable, and does not negatively impact disadvantaged groups, we are committed to assessing the impact of our net zero policies.', 'To ensure that the transition to net zero is fair and affordable, and does not negatively impact disadvantaged groups, we are committed to assessing the impact of our net zero policies. We consult on policy changes and we will continue to make it easier for people and businesses, including those who are most marginalised, to feed into key policy decisions on net zero. 22. The Devolved Administrations have a range of initiatives aimed at engaging and motivating the public around net zero and climate action: a. The Scottish Government launched a draft Public Engagement Strategy for Climate Change in December 2020, and the final report of Scotland’s Climate Assembly was laid in Scottish Parliament in June 2021. b.', 'The Scottish Government launched a draft Public Engagement Strategy for Climate Change in December 2020, and the final report of Scotland’s Climate Assembly was laid in Scottish Parliament in June 2021. b. The Welsh Government Engagement Approach for Low Carbon Delivery Plan 2 was published in June 2021, encouraging collective action on climate change through four Calls to Action. c. In March 2021, the Northern Ireland Executive unveiled a new digital climate action campaign, delivered by MyNI in the run up to the COP26 conference. It aims to raise climate awareness, encourage change, enable action, and exemplify climate leadership.', 'It aims to raise climate awareness, encourage change, enable action, and exemplify climate leadership. Principle 6: Present a clear vision of how we will get to net zero and what the role of people and business will be Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy The role of business in delivering net zero Businesses have significant power to drive change towards achieving our domestic net zero goal. Our approach to supporting businesses to deliver this change will need to be differentiated by business size and sector, as these factors will influence the ease with which a net zero target and other relevant actions can be adopted. We have seen significant numbers of companies signing up to science based targets alongside sector- specific ambition being put forward already.', 'We have seen significant numbers of companies signing up to science based targets alongside sector- specific ambition being put forward already. For example, Water UK has launched the world’s first sector-wide plan to deliver net zero carbon emissions by 2030. We know that businesses account for 18% of UK territorial emissions and so encouraging them to take action to reduce their emissions is important.52 But just as vital is the role businesses are playing in designing the ground-breaking new technologies, world leading products and innovative approaches that we need to develop the low carbon economy and enable others to reach net zero. Collaboration across sectors and value chains will enable us to innovate faster, create stronger incentives for investment and drive down costs for low carbon alternatives through the global mechanisms laid out in the Paris Agreement.', 'Collaboration across sectors and value chains will enable us to innovate faster, create stronger incentives for investment and drive down costs for low carbon alternatives through the global mechanisms laid out in the Paris Agreement. To underline the importance of this area, the Prime Minister appointed a net zero Business Champion, Andrew Griffith MP, to spearhead business engagement nationwide in the year to COP26. Already over half of the FTSE100 companies have committed to Science-Based Targets by joining the global Race to Zero campaign. Alongside engaging large corporates, the Net Zero Business Champion has led a campaign targeting small and micro businesses across the UK. Over 1,900 have joined the Race to Zero to date by visiting the Business Climate Hub, developed in partnership with a global business coalition led by the International Chambers of commerce.', 'Over 1,900 have joined the Race to Zero to date by visiting the Business Climate Hub, developed in partnership with a global business coalition led by the International Chambers of commerce. Companies, particularly large businesses, once they have joined the Race to Zero, should work with others to drive breakthroughs in their sectors, regions, and support SMEs in their value chains to take action. We’re encouraging Business Representative Organisations (BROs) to become Race to Zero Accelerators by recruiting members into the Race to Zero. To be recognised officially as an Accelerator, businesses must recruit at least 20% of members not already in Race to Zero by COP26. Many businesses across the UK have said they want to tackle climate change, but that they don’t know where to start53.', 'Many businesses across the UK have said they want to tackle climate change, but that they don’t know where to start53. Through the small business campaign, government has taken an important step towards making net zero relevant to SMEs by helping them access the support they need. Beyond COP26 we will continue to support UK businesses to meet their net zero commitments, including exploring a government-led digital advice service that consolidates and simplifies advice, funding, and other support on net zero.For larger businesses, we want to ensure businesses are aware of their energy and carbon use so they can take action towards reaching net zero. Climate risks must be assessed and disclosed through the Task Force on Climate-related Finance Disclosures (TCFD).', 'Climate risks must be assessed and disclosed through the Task Force on Climate-related Finance Disclosures (TCFD). This is complemented by Streamlined Energy and Carbon Reporting, which requires energy and emissions reporting in all UK large businesses to improve awareness of energy costs. We also require large businesses and their corporate groups to carry out a broader assessment of their energy use from buildings, transport and industrial processes every 4 years under the Energy Savings Opportunity Scheme (ESOS), which is designed to identify practicable and cost-effective energy saving opportunities. In the future building users and decision makers will be able to compare the performance of their buildings to other similar buildings using a performance-based energy rating to support targeted investments.', 'In the future building users and decision makers will be able to compare the performance of their buildings to other similar buildings using a performance-based energy rating to support targeted investments. Government will work in partnership not just with businesses themselves, BROs, sector- based trade associations, business groups in the Devolved Administrations and local and regional organisations to translate the pathways within this strategy into business specific plans to reach net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener23. Supporting people to make green choices will be a collective effort between government, businesses, voluntary sector, social enterprise and community groups, local authorities, media organisations and others. However, we know that others look to Government to set the narrative on how we should get to net zero and what people’s role will be. 24.', 'However, we know that others look to Government to set the narrative on how we should get to net zero and what people’s role will be. 24. We will build on government communications and engagement on net zero to increase awareness of how we plan to deliver the net zero target in the UK. Building on the momentum of COP26, the Together for our Planet campaign is showcasing how people across the UK are going “One Step Greener” to tackle climate change - from the engineers working on the offshore wind farms now powering our homes and businesses, to local initiatives encouraging children and parents to walk to school.', 'Building on the momentum of COP26, the Together for our Planet campaign is showcasing how people across the UK are going “One Step Greener” to tackle climate change - from the engineers working on the offshore wind farms now powering our homes and businesses, to local initiatives encouraging children and parents to walk to school. The campaign demonstrates that taking a single step can have a positive impact on the environment, using the inspiring stories of 26 One Step Greener Ambassadors who are playing their part for the planet - be it by walking to work, repairing their clothes, or reducing their food waste - to encourage others to join them.', 'The campaign demonstrates that taking a single step can have a positive impact on the environment, using the inspiring stories of 26 One Step Greener Ambassadors who are playing their part for the planet - be it by walking to work, repairing their clothes, or reducing their food waste - to encourage others to join them. The ‘One Step Greener’ Ambassadors come from all walks of life in their pursuit of a greener future and demonstrate how going one green step can culminate in a large collective impact in helping to make the UK a more sustainable place. 25. We will build on the success of Together for Our Planet, through which the UK business community is demonstrating global leadership in efforts to combat climate change, with over 1,900 SMEs signed up to reach net zero by 2050.', 'We will build on the success of Together for Our Planet, through which the UK business community is demonstrating global leadership in efforts to combat climate change, with over 1,900 SMEs signed up to reach net zero by 2050. Up and down the country, local high street shops are proudly displaying their climate leadership by sharing their net zero journey on social media. Examples include Caribe Coffee, a family run coffee business in Northumbria, John Sankey, a sustainable furniture maker in Derbyshire, and SilverHare, a jewellery maker in West Cornwall. In doing so, they are acting as changemakers in their local communities. The focus of the campaign in the run-up to COP26 has been on encouraging business to make net zero pledges. After COP26, we commit to continuing to support businesses to meet their commitments whilst developing their climate resilience.', 'After COP26, we commit to continuing to support businesses to meet their commitments whilst developing their climate resilience. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy4vii. International Leadership and Collaboration Accelerating the global transition to a resilient net zero future Our Key Commitments • Increase global climate action through our push for global net zero, including our COP26 Presidency objective to keep 1.5˚C within reach. As part of this, strengthen international collaboration in key sectors including by working with others to accelerate the innovation and deployment of clean technology and continue to convene the Zero Emission Vehicle Transition Council, the Energy Transition Council, the FACT dialogue, and other flagship initiatives that will be announced at COP26.', 'As part of this, strengthen international collaboration in key sectors including by working with others to accelerate the innovation and deployment of clean technology and continue to convene the Zero Emission Vehicle Transition Council, the Energy Transition Council, the FACT dialogue, and other flagship initiatives that will be announced at COP26. • Deliver against net zero on a trajectory in line with the Paris Agreement, decreasing UK emissions by at least 68% by 2030 as set out in our Nationally Determined Contribution,54 78% by 2035 compared to 1990 levels in line with our Sixth Carbon Budget. • Double our International Climate Finance to at least £11.6 billion between 2021 and 2025 to support net zero support adaptation and build resilience internationally.', '• Double our International Climate Finance to at least £11.6 billion between 2021 and 2025 to support net zero support adaptation and build resilience internationally. Within this, invest at least £3 billion in solutions that protect and restore nature, and £200 million at a minimum to help countries access technical exprtise to limit emissions and build back greener. • Drive international innovation in key low carbon technologies through Mission Innovation, including co-leading the Green Powered Future and Clean Hydrogen Missions. • Lead by example internationally on inclusive climate policies, Action for Climate Empowerment and support for the UNFCCC Gender Action Plan.', '• Lead by example internationally on inclusive climate policies, Action for Climate Empowerment and support for the UNFCCC Gender Action Plan. • Set out a clear vision and priorities to guide UK international climate and nature action in the coming decade through a 2030 Strategic Framework, and publish a refreshed Export Strategy outlining HMG support for exporters in the low carbon economy. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerThe challenge 1. Meeting our shared objective of avoiding dangerous climate change requires a dramatic, global acceleration of progress towards net zero CO emissions by mid- century and net zero greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by around 2070.55 Over 2020-21 there has been considerable progress, with all G7 countries, over half of the G20, and around 75% of global emissions now covered by net zero targets.', 'Meeting our shared objective of avoiding dangerous climate change requires a dramatic, global acceleration of progress towards net zero CO emissions by mid- century and net zero greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) by around 2070.55 Over 2020-21 there has been considerable progress, with all G7 countries, over half of the G20, and around 75% of global emissions now covered by net zero targets. However, the world is still not on track to reach the Paris Agreement temperature goal, which aims to limit global warming to well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. More must be done to turn these targets into immediate action. 2.', 'More must be done to turn these targets into immediate action. 2. UK emissions account for about 1% of the global total.56 To accelerate progress towards a resilient net zero future, we need to play a prominent role in promoting collective global action, working together to ensure the transition is quicker, cheaper, and easier for all building on a strong foundation of domestic action. 3. The transition to net zero must be supported by a joined-up approach to halting biodiversity loss. The two are inextricably linked: the greatest drivers of biodiversity loss, land use change and agriculture are also responsible for approximately one fifth of global GHG emissions. Simultaneously, climate change itself is a direct driver of biodiversity loss, and terrestrial and marine ecosystems act as carbon sinks for human- driven CO Our goal 4.', 'Simultaneously, climate change itself is a direct driver of biodiversity loss, and terrestrial and marine ecosystems act as carbon sinks for human- driven CO Our goal 4. As set out in the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy (the Integrated Review), tackling climate change and biodiversity loss is the number one international priority for the UK for the 5. As the world recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic our actions must be aligned with the Paris Agreement to ensure a fair and inclusive ransition to net zero. This includes enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience, and reducing vulnerability to climate change. 6. The international emissions reductions required to keep 1.5 degrees warming within reach are only achievable if the international community works together.', 'The international emissions reductions required to keep 1.5 degrees warming within reach are only achievable if the international community works together. And by working together, we can create stronger incentives for investment, we can innovate faster, we can achieve economies of scale more quickly and we can create level playing fields. This international collaboration will make the transition to net zero cheaper, faster, and more accessible for all countries. This is not a matter of shouldering a burden between us, but of sharing an opportunity. It will support the UK’s own transition and stimulate UK jobs and prosperity.59 Over the past decade alone, we have seen over an 80% drop in the costs of clean energy technologies thanks to technology innovation, learning- by-doing, and greater deployment at scale domestically and globally.60 7.', 'It will support the UK’s own transition and stimulate UK jobs and prosperity.59 Over the past decade alone, we have seen over an 80% drop in the costs of clean energy technologies thanks to technology innovation, learning- by-doing, and greater deployment at scale domestically and globally.60 7. Collaboration across borders and society is a key aim for our COP26 and G7 Presidencies. Beyond these, we will continue to advocate for enhanced international collaboration, and coordinate action across science, innovation, finance, and trade. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyDelivering our Paris Agreement commitments Mitigation 8. Parties to the Paris Agreement shall communicate ambitious short-term targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and should strive to underpin these targets with credible pathways set out in Long Term Strategies (LTSs). 9.', 'Parties to the Paris Agreement shall communicate ambitious short-term targets to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and should strive to underpin these targets with credible pathways set out in Long Term Strategies (LTSs). 9. The UK’s NDC commits us to reducing our economy-wide GHG emissions by at least strategy sets out the UK’s plans to deliver on the NDC and reach net zero by 2050 and will be submitted to the UNFCCC as our revised LTS under the Paris Agreement. International Climate Finance (ICF) 10. The UK’s ICF helps over 100 developing countries mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change.', 'The UK’s ICF helps over 100 developing countries mitigate and adapt to the impacts of climate change. This includes supporting countries’ resilience to the damaging effects of climate change, accelerating the clean energy transition, supporting low carbon infrastructure, and investing in climate change solutions that protect and restore nature and biodiversity. 11. The UK has committed to doubling our ICF to at least £11.6 billion between 2021‑2025, including at least £3 billion for nature and biodiversity.62 This forms part of an ambition by developed countries to mobilise $100 billion in climate finance annually. We have also committed to aligning all UK Official Development Assistance (ODA) with the Paris Agreement and ensuring that all new UK bilateral aid spending does no harm to nature. This delivers on our Integrated Review objective of investing in a nature- positive economy.', 'This delivers on our Integrated Review objective of investing in a nature- positive economy. 2021 cumulative UK ICF Achieved results (2011-2021, last year’s in brackets) people supported to cope with the effects of climate change people improved access to clean energy people avoided or reduced tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions capacity of clean energy installed public finance mobilised for climate change private finance mobilised for climate change Source: BEIS analysis (2021) Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener12. UK ICF is stimulating a shift in private finance mobilisation for climate action from the billions to the trillions. Between 2011 and 2021, UK ICF mobilised £3.3 billion of private finance for climate change purposes in developing countries.63 We target investment in dveloping economies with the highest potential to accelerate the global transition to net zero, ensuring that everyone can share the opportunities of clean growth sooner. 13.', 'Between 2011 and 2021, UK ICF mobilised £3.3 billion of private finance for climate change purposes in developing countries.63 We target investment in dveloping economies with the highest potential to accelerate the global transition to net zero, ensuring that everyone can share the opportunities of clean growth sooner. 13. We support the work of key multilateral funds and have significant bilateral programming drawing on UK experience and expertise, enabled by the diplomatic work of our climate, energy and environment attaché network embedded in UK Embassies and High Commissions. UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions (UK PACT) is supporting developing countries with potential for high emissions reductions to build the knowledge and expertise required to both develop and implement the ambitious plans needed to limit emissions and realise the opportunities of clean growth. 14.', 'UK Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions (UK PACT) is supporting developing countries with potential for high emissions reductions to build the knowledge and expertise required to both develop and implement the ambitious plans needed to limit emissions and realise the opportunities of clean growth. 14. For all new and existing International Climate Finance programmes, we will ask delivery and monitoring partners to include analysis of the impacts of programmes on certain groups of people to manage any Case study: UK-Colombia Partnership for Sustainable Growth Through our Partnership for Sustainable Growth, the UK is working with Colombia to help drive real world emissions reductions and global climate ambition. The partnership and UK programmes are supporting Colombia to reduce deforestation, accelerate the energy transition, and conserve biodiversity.', 'The partnership and UK programmes are supporting Colombia to reduce deforestation, accelerate the energy transition, and conserve biodiversity. For example, UK technical assistance helped deliver Colombia’s first renewable energy auction in 2020 – which will increase solar and wind capacity in the country from 50 MW to nearly 2,500 MW – as well as the development of the country’s strategic planning for a low carbon energy sector through skill-shares with UK experts. Our strong climate partnership has also supported increased ambition in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement and a net-zero future, with Colombia committing in 2020 to cut 51% of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to a projected scenario. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy15.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy15. Climate change disproportionately affects the world’s poorest and can exacerbate economic and social disparities. However, local communities and indigenous knowledge systems can also play a key role in solutions. 16. As part of our incoming COP26 Presidency, the UK has developed a framework that aims to guide investment towards a global net zero transition that also supports the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. The framework will indicate how support for developing countries and emerging economies can accelerate climate ambition and enable a global green recovery in an inclusive way. This is the first time donor countries will have set out how they will support this transition, including through financial flows for quality local jobs in the most vulnerable communities. 17.', 'This is the first time donor countries will have set out how they will support this transition, including through financial flows for quality local jobs in the most vulnerable communities. 17. Low carbon transitions should be fair and affordable and not negatively impact disadvantaged groups.65 We are committed to monitoring the impacts of our climate and clean energy policies, and any disparities which arise, to assess the need for targeted support for disproportionately impacted groups, in line with the UNFCCC Gender Action Plan and domestic law. Influencing global action 18.', 'Low carbon transitions should be fair and affordable and not negatively impact disadvantaged groups.65 We are committed to monitoring the impacts of our climate and clean energy policies, and any disparities which arise, to assess the need for targeted support for disproportionately impacted groups, in line with the UNFCCC Gender Action Plan and domestic law. Influencing global action 18. The four goals of our COP26 Presidency are: (1) mitigation to secure global net zero by mid-century to keep 1.5°C within reach; (2) adapting to protect communities and natural habitats; (3) mobilising finance and (4) collaboration: working together to deliver, finalising the Paris Rulebook and accelerate action to tackle the climate crisis through collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society. 19.', 'The four goals of our COP26 Presidency are: (1) mitigation to secure global net zero by mid-century to keep 1.5°C within reach; (2) adapting to protect communities and natural habitats; (3) mobilising finance and (4) collaboration: working together to deliver, finalising the Paris Rulebook and accelerate action to tackle the climate crisis through collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society. 19. There will also be a renewed focus on accelerating near-term action in the top priority areas of coal phase out, zero- emission vehicles, climate finance and halting deforestation. We will ask countries to sign up to initiatives under each goal: • Coal: to push for an immediate end to new unabated coal power and international coal financing, and the scaling up of low carbon power to rapidly move away from existing coal.', 'We will ask countries to sign up to initiatives under each goal: • Coal: to push for an immediate end to new unabated coal power and international coal financing, and the scaling up of low carbon power to rapidly move away from existing coal. • Trees: to halt natural forest loss by 2030 and restoring millions of hectares of degraded landscapes and forestlands. This is alongside improving governance and increasing forest finance. • Cash: developed countries to make good on their promise to mobilise at least $100 billion in climate finance per year through to 2025. • Cars: to accelerate the shift to zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), pushing for all new car sales in leading markets to be ZEV by 2035. 20.', '• Cars: to accelerate the shift to zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), pushing for all new car sales in leading markets to be ZEV by 2035. 20. Our COP26 Presidency has defined five areas vital to a zero-carbon future: energy transitions, clean transport, nature-based solutions, adaptation and resilience, and, tying it all together, finance. We are working with those affected by climate change and with wider civil society to harness innovation and commitment in these areas and will continue this work throughout our COP26 Presidency year up to November 2022. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: 2020 Climate Ambition Summit A major milestone ahead of COP26 was the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit, co-convened by the UK, UN, and France, in partnership with Chile and Italy.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerCase study: 2020 Climate Ambition Summit A major milestone ahead of COP26 was the 2020 Climate Ambition Summit, co-convened by the UK, UN, and France, in partnership with Chile and Italy. This landmark event demonstrated how we can help drive collective ambition by combining major domestic commitments with diplomatic engagement, working closely with multilateral organisations and international partners. Achievements included more ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) from 45 leaders. We also saw 24 countries announce new commitments, plans or strategies to reach net zero, and a UK announcement on ending direct government support the for fossil fuel energy sector overseas.', 'We also saw 24 countries announce new commitments, plans or strategies to reach net zero, and a UK announcement on ending direct government support the for fossil fuel energy sector overseas. When the UK was confirmed as host of COP26, less than 30% of global GDP was signed up to net zero or carbon neutrality commitments. Again, thanks in part to UK leadership, that figure is now over 80% - and rising. We will continue to encourage all countries to set targets to get to net zero by 2050, and more ambitious 2030 emissions reduction targets to get us there. We are also encouraging countries to publish Adaptation Communications or National Adaptation Plans.', 'We are also encouraging countries to publish Adaptation Communications or National Adaptation Plans. We will use COP26 and our Presidency year to turn these commitments into action to make the next ten years the decade of delivery. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economycommitted to becoming ‘a net zero G7 by 2050 at the latest’; ensuring a green recovery from COVID-19 that is sustainable, resilient, and inclusive; phasing out new direct government support for international fossil fuel energy, and pursuing commitments to support those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. These have helped to lay the foundation for COP26. 22.', 'These have helped to lay the foundation for COP26. 22. As inclusivity was at the heart of the UK’s G7 Presidency, these commitments are underpinned by pledges to support affected workers and sectors so that no person, group, or geographic region is left behind. 23. As part of our G7 Presidency, the UK hosted several follow-up workshops including on Net Zero Sectors and the Industrial Decarbonisation Agenda (IDA). G7 members supported the idea of using the IDA to unlock market potential through high-level G7 government coordination and collaboration on ambitious industrial decarbonisation initiatives. Driving international cooperation on decarbonisation will help to diffuse ‘first mover’ risks and address carbon leakage risks at the outset. The IDA is due to be integrated into the rotating G7 Presidency with Germany taking ownership in 2022.', 'The IDA is due to be integrated into the rotating G7 Presidency with Germany taking ownership in 2022. During the rest of our G7 Presidency, we will work with our partners to consider how best to coordinate efforts on the pricing of carbon to mitigate emissions, and to explore international solutions to prevent carbon leakage, helping us deliver the transformational change required by the Paris Agreement.', 'During the rest of our G7 Presidency, we will work with our partners to consider how best to coordinate efforts on the pricing of carbon to mitigate emissions, and to explore international solutions to prevent carbon leakage, helping us deliver the transformational change required by the Paris Agreement. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerKey G7 climate commitments • Submitting net zero-aligned NDCs to 2030 and LTSs to 2050 ahead of COP26; • Reaffirming the collective developed country goal to jointly mobilise $100 billion per year through to 2025; • Increasing adaptation finance, including a commitment to submit adaptation communications ahead of COP26; • Accelerating the transition away from unabated coal capacity and to an overwhelmingly decarbonised power system in the 2030s; • Ending new direct government support for unabated international thermal coal power generation by the end of 2021, alongside phasing out new direct government support for international fossil fuel energy as soon as possible; • Increasing the pace of the global decarbonisation of the road transport sector throughout the 2020s and beyond; • Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors, including through a new UK-US-led Industrial Decarbonisation Agenda; • Launching a new partnership to modernise development finance tools to build back better for the world, including for resilient infrastructure and technologies to address the impacts of climate change; • Pledging cooperation on the risk of carbon leakage and to aligning trading practices with the Paris Agreement; and • Recognising the potential of carbon pricing to foster emission reductions, while ensuring environmental and social considerations are accounted for.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerKey G7 climate commitments • Submitting net zero-aligned NDCs to 2030 and LTSs to 2050 ahead of COP26; • Reaffirming the collective developed country goal to jointly mobilise $100 billion per year through to 2025; • Increasing adaptation finance, including a commitment to submit adaptation communications ahead of COP26; • Accelerating the transition away from unabated coal capacity and to an overwhelmingly decarbonised power system in the 2030s; • Ending new direct government support for unabated international thermal coal power generation by the end of 2021, alongside phasing out new direct government support for international fossil fuel energy as soon as possible; • Increasing the pace of the global decarbonisation of the road transport sector throughout the 2020s and beyond; • Decarbonising hard-to-abate sectors, including through a new UK-US-led Industrial Decarbonisation Agenda; • Launching a new partnership to modernise development finance tools to build back better for the world, including for resilient infrastructure and technologies to address the impacts of climate change; • Pledging cooperation on the risk of carbon leakage and to aligning trading practices with the Paris Agreement; and • Recognising the potential of carbon pricing to foster emission reductions, while ensuring environmental and social considerations are accounted for. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy24.', 'Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy24. The G20 includes both developed and developing nations. Its members are jointly responsible for approximately 80% of global emissions66 and more than 80% of global GDP67: it must play a leading role in global efforts to tackle climate change. In July 2021, UK Climate and Energy Ministers met with their G20 counterparts in Naples to agree to accelerate action in the 2020s, to submit ambitious 2030 targets by COP26, and to urge each other to develop long term strategies in line with keeping the 1.5°C temperature goal within reach. The UK will advocate for further action from the G20 to meet the commitments of the Paris Agreement.', 'The UK will advocate for further action from the G20 to meet the commitments of the Paris Agreement. The Leaders’ Summit in Rome in October, on the eve of COP26, will be a crucial moment to build consensus for urgent and ambitious action on climate change and the clean energy transition. Facilitating a global transition 25. The global move to a green and net zero economy will require accelerated transitions across all major emitting sectors – including power, transport, buildings, industry and agriculture, forests and land-use. All countries, including the UK, can benefit from greater collaboration to help achieve their net zero targets more quickly and more cheaply. 26. Across the global economy, different sectors are experiencing the transition at different speeds (see infographic below for one interpretation of the progress by sector).', 'Across the global economy, different sectors are experiencing the transition at different speeds (see infographic below for one interpretation of the progress by sector). International collaboration focused at the sector level can accelerate action towards our global goals, which is why it is a key focus for the UK. This includes delivering faster innovation through coordinating on research, development, and demonstration of clean technologies, as well as faster deployment of technologies, by coordinating on policy, finance, and trade measures to create new demand, economies of scale, and supply chains for clean technologies. 27. Collaborative action also sends clearer market signals to businesses and consumers about the global direction of travel.', 'Collaborative action also sends clearer market signals to businesses and consumers about the global direction of travel. This confidence in a credible global net zero pathway is especially important for the harder to abate sectors, such as heavy industry, where we know that the pace of emissions reduction will progress more slowly up to 2030. However, action is needed in these sectors now to lay the significant groundwork required to set the path for future emission reductions. 28. We will therefore continue to work with countries to accelerate sectoral technologies at COP26 and beyond – including continuing to convene the Zero Emission Vehicle Transition Council, the FACT Dialogue, and the Energy Transition Council – as well as working with partners to set a common vision for the next decade of clean technology innovation and deployment at COP26.', 'We will therefore continue to work with countries to accelerate sectoral technologies at COP26 and beyond – including continuing to convene the Zero Emission Vehicle Transition Council, the FACT Dialogue, and the Energy Transition Council – as well as working with partners to set a common vision for the next decade of clean technology innovation and deployment at COP26. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 30: The sectoral S-curve Agriculture & Land Use EMERGENCE Low or zero emission technology market share Time or cumulative production Source: Victor, D.G., Geels, F.W.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFigure 30: The sectoral S-curve Agriculture & Land Use EMERGENCE Low or zero emission technology market share Time or cumulative production Source: Victor, D.G., Geels, F.W. and Sharpe, S., 2019 Accelerating the Low Carbon Transition: The Case for Stronger, More Targeted and Coordinated International Action Coordinated development and testing of new technologies - to accelerate learning Cement Steel Shipping Aviation Coordinated policies to expand deployment - to increase economies of scale and improve performance Coordinated standards and incentives - to ensure change throughout the whole sector DIFFUSION RECONFIGURATION Plastics Trucks Buildings Cars Power Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyCase study: COP26 Energy Transition Campaign Our COP26 Energy Transition Campaign will help accelerate the global transition from coal to renewables, enabling the energy sector to achieve net zero.', 'and Sharpe, S., 2019 Accelerating the Low Carbon Transition: The Case for Stronger, More Targeted and Coordinated International Action Coordinated development and testing of new technologies - to accelerate learning Cement Steel Shipping Aviation Coordinated policies to expand deployment - to increase economies of scale and improve performance Coordinated standards and incentives - to ensure change throughout the whole sector DIFFUSION RECONFIGURATION Plastics Trucks Buildings Cars Power Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyCase study: COP26 Energy Transition Campaign Our COP26 Energy Transition Campaign will help accelerate the global transition from coal to renewables, enabling the energy sector to achieve net zero. The UK is working through the Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA) and the Energy Transition Council (ETC) up to, and beyond, COP26. This will strengthen the coalition of countries, sub-national governments, and businesses phasing out unabated coal power and reduce international coal finance.', 'This will strengthen the coalition of countries, sub-national governments, and businesses phasing out unabated coal power and reduce international coal finance. Solar and wind power are now cheaper than new coal and gas power plants in two-thirds of the world.68 The Energy Campaign will bring together countries, development banks, investors and civil society to strengthen low carbon power investment and assistance so that it is viable for every country. The UK has also worked with the IEA to launch a COP26 Product Efficiency Call to Action, to double the efficiency of four key products (air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial motors, and lighting) by 2030. These four products combined currently account for more than a third of global electricity consumption.', 'These four products combined currently account for more than a third of global electricity consumption. Global action to improve product efficiency will lead to a significant reduction in the energy sector’s carbon emissions. The UK driving inclusive climate action 29. We will drive forward our commitment under the ‘Equal by 30 Campaign’ to work towards equal pay, leadership, and opportunities for women in the global clean energy sector by 2030, and champion increased gender representation across the UK’s international organisations. 30. The UK remains committed to strengthening the evidence base and understanding of differentiated impacts of climate change on men and women, the role of women as agents of change and on equal opportunities for women.', 'The UK remains committed to strengthening the evidence base and understanding of differentiated impacts of climate change on men and women, the role of women as agents of change and on equal opportunities for women. We continue to support amongst other things, increasing the proportion of women and girls in decision- making and leadership positions, supporting their access to finance, education, building their resilience to climate change, and improving data on gender and inclusion. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerScience and innovation 31. Science and innovation are essential to achieve global climate goals. The UK will continue to work closely with countries to drive innovation, research, and aligned policy to ensure that clean technologies become cheaper and more readily available.', 'The UK will continue to work closely with countries to drive innovation, research, and aligned policy to ensure that clean technologies become cheaper and more readily available. The UK will also continue to promote the vital role of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific research, ensuring the best available science is accessible and understood by all, enabling informed decision-making across the world. 32. The UK will continue to use its world‑leading position in climate-related science and innovation to build global multidisciplinary networks and facilitate knowledge exchange to support effective global climate action through initiatives such as Mission Innovation, the Adaptation Research Alliance, and the Visions for a Net‑Zero Future project.', 'The UK will continue to use its world‑leading position in climate-related science and innovation to build global multidisciplinary networks and facilitate knowledge exchange to support effective global climate action through initiatives such as Mission Innovation, the Adaptation Research Alliance, and the Visions for a Net‑Zero Future project. Case study: Mission Innovation The UK has played a leading role in Mission Innovation (MI) since it launched at COP21 as the primary intergovernmental forum focused on clean energy innovation essential to achieving net zero. We have more than doubled our MI baseline clean energy innovation spend over the past five years, exceeding our MI commitment.', 'We have more than doubled our MI baseline clean energy innovation spend over the past five years, exceeding our MI commitment. The second phase of Mission Innovation (MI 2.0) was launched in June 2021, bringing together countries responsible for more than 90% of global R&D clean energy investment and committed to a decade of action and investment in innovation for clean energy solutions. Commitments included developing National Innovation Pathways describing enhanced ambition to pioneer clean energy technologies and sectors. The UK is co-leading two of the three Missions. Launched as part of MI 2.0, The Green Powered Future Mission is bringing together governments and businesses to enable the transition to variable renewable power. The Clean Hydrogen Mission aims to make clean hydrogen cost competitive.', 'The Clean Hydrogen Mission aims to make clean hydrogen cost competitive. The UK is also participating in the Zero-Emission Shipping Mission which aims for ships capable of running on zero-emission fuels to comprise at least 5% of the global deep sea fleet by 2030. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyTrade 33. The whole system shift that will be required for the UK to reach net zero will also mean changes to how and what we trade. Taking a leading role in the global shift to net zero presents a significant economic opportunity for the UK.', 'Taking a leading role in the global shift to net zero presents a significant economic opportunity for the UK. Estimates suggest the UK’s low carbon economy could deliver up to £170 billion of export sales of goods and services by 2030.69 The UK will seek to improve market access for green goods and services through our trade policy, our growing array of free trade agreements (FTAs) and our seat at the World Trade Organization (WTO). For example, when we exited the EU, we unilaterally removed tariffs on over 100 additional products used in renewable energy generation, energy efficiency, carbon capture, and the circular economy as part of the UK’s 34.', 'For example, when we exited the EU, we unilaterally removed tariffs on over 100 additional products used in renewable energy generation, energy efficiency, carbon capture, and the circular economy as part of the UK’s 34. We will seek to reaffirm our commitment to the Paris Agreement in all UK trade agreements and will ensure that they preserve our regulatory autonomy to pursue our climate targets including our Carbon Budgets, enhanced 2030 NDC and 2050 net zero commitment. We will use our multilateral fora to galvanise international partners to adopt climate-ambitious trade policy, and to promote global trade rules that are aligned to net zero and the Paris Agreement, for example through the WTO committees and the new Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions. 35.', 'We will use our multilateral fora to galvanise international partners to adopt climate-ambitious trade policy, and to promote global trade rules that are aligned to net zero and the Paris Agreement, for example through the WTO committees and the new Trade and Environmental Sustainability Structured Discussions. 35. While there are significant opportunities for UK trade to support our climate and nature ambitions as we transition to net zero, it is important we ensure that our policy interventions support global emissions reductions. The UK is at the forefront of measuring and publishing statistics of emissions generated overseas in the production of goods and services consumed by UK residents.', 'The UK is at the forefront of measuring and publishing statistics of emissions generated overseas in the production of goods and services consumed by UK residents. We recognise there is much more to do on consumption emissions globally which is why we are urging and supporting other countries to raise ambition on climate change, including on effectively pricing carbon, as well as considering this issue as we negotiate new FTAs. 36. Decisions on the liberalisation of partners goods must account for their environmental and climate impact. Where there is evidence that liberalisation could lead to significant carbon leakage the case for maintaining tariffs or pursuing conditional market access, through clauses on standards or eco/carbon intensity, should be carefully considered. 37. We will publish a refreshed Export Strategy by the end of 2021.', 'We will publish a refreshed Export Strategy by the end of 2021. The Strategy will help deliver jobs and growth and maximise export opportunities for green UK technologies and innovation. It will also support our transition to net zero, enabling the UK to take advantage of the window to boost UK competitiveness in key low carbon technologies, services and systems. The Strategy will also help developing countries mitigate and adapt to climate change and nature loss by reducing trade barriers to help them benefit from the green transition. 38. UK Export Finance is also expanding its suite of green products and published the UK Export Finance Climate Change Strategy in September 2021.', 'UK Export Finance is also expanding its suite of green products and published the UK Export Finance Climate Change Strategy in September 2021. The UK is also one of the founding signatories of the Export Finance for Future initiative, a coalition of countries which endorsed a statement of principles to better integrate climate in export finance. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFinance 39. At COP26 the UK is working to achieve the finance goal, agreed in Article 2.1.c of the Paris Agreement, to make finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate‑resilient development. The UK Presidency published our Priorities for Public Finance earlier in 2021, and Priorities for Private Finance in 2020.71 40. Following COP26, the UK will continue to strive for greater ambition on finance.', 'Following COP26, the UK will continue to strive for greater ambition on finance. Achieving the global transition requires renewed action from all stakeholders to support the needs of developing countries. From the global to the local level, we need to put in place the conditions for a sustainable recovery and climate action, creating the right investment environments and aligning national budgets and planning processes with the goals of the Paris Agreement and 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. 41. However, international public finance alone will never be enough to achieve the trillions of investment needed and put the world on a sustainable footing; the private sector will be key.', 'However, international public finance alone will never be enough to achieve the trillions of investment needed and put the world on a sustainable footing; the private sector will be key. Achieving net zero and our finance goals requires changes from the whole economy – we need every company, bank, insurer, and investor to adjust their business models, develop credible plans for the transition and implement them. UK global climate action beyond COP26 and the commitments outlined in this chapter, the UK will continue championing the fight against climate change and biodiversity loss internationally and at home in the decade to come. 43. The UK COP26 Presidency will formally begin at the Summit in November 2021 and run until COP27 in November 2022.', 'The UK COP26 Presidency will formally begin at the Summit in November 2021 and run until COP27 in November 2022. Throughout our Presidency year, we will build on the outcomes from COP26 and the COP26 campaigns, including further strengthening the architecture for collaboration in key sectors, and work with international partners to keep the 1.5°C temperature goal alive. This entails continuing to advocate for our four Presidency goals with a focus on progress against our agreed targets in critical sectors and building the conditions for further ambition and a successful Global Stocktake in 2023. 44. Building on our COP26 Presidency, we are developing a 2030 Strategic Framework due to be published in 2022. The Framework will provide a coordinated approach to deliver against the climate and biodiversity commitments set out in the Integrated Review.', 'The Framework will provide a coordinated approach to deliver against the climate and biodiversity commitments set out in the Integrated Review. It will also establish a common vision and clear priorities to guide UK international climate and nature action over the next decade. The UK will continue to play a leadership role in delivering the change needed by capitalising on our areas of strengths including diplomacy, finance, science, technology and innovation, trade, and domestic leadership. 45. On top of the 2030 Strategic Framework, we will aim to mobilise greater finance for nature, tackle the key drivers of biodiversity loss, and deliver against the targets contained in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. 46.', 'On top of the 2030 Strategic Framework, we will aim to mobilise greater finance for nature, tackle the key drivers of biodiversity loss, and deliver against the targets contained in the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. 46. The upcoming International Climate Finance Strategy will set out how we will use our £11.6 billion ICF to deliver transformational programmes in support of mitigation and adaptation action in developing countries across the four themes of clean energy, nature, resilience, and infrastructure. Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyEndnotes 1 Mission Innovation is a global initiative of 24 countries, including the UK and the European Commission, working to accelerate clean energy innovation. It was established in 2015.', 'It was established in 2015. 2 BEIS (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution 3 This includes legacy funding from government’s previous £505 million Energy Innovation Programme. 4 We recently published a Fusion Strategy and a Fusion Regulation Green Paper, recognising that fusion could be the ultimate clean power solution, representing a low carbon, safe, continuous and effectively unlimited source of energy. BEIS (2021), ‘Towards fusion energy: the UK government’s fusion strategy’, fusion-energy-proposals-for-a-regulatory-framework; BEIS (2021), ‘Towards fusion energy: proposals for a regulatory framework’ fusion-energy-proposals-for-a-regulatory-framework. 5 BEIS analysis based on the methodology used in the Energy Innovation Needs Assessments. BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessments’.', 'BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessments’. 6 The Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund (ISCF) aims to bring together our world-leading research base with Britain’s best businesses to address the biggest challenges society faces, including clean growth. The fund, which is part of government’s £4.7 billion investment in R&D over 4 years is delivered by UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and its partners. 7 Bank of England (2021), ‘A roadmap for increasing productive finance investment’, investment 8 Major projects are defined as those which: require spending over and above departmental expenditure limits; require primary legislation; and are innovative or contentious.', '7 Bank of England (2021), ‘A roadmap for increasing productive finance investment’, investment 8 Major projects are defined as those which: require spending over and above departmental expenditure limits; require primary legislation; and are innovative or contentious. More information can be found at 9 This diagram is not an entirely accurate representation of the stages of development at which these institutions and funds intervene and it is simplification of the varied programmes and impacts they have on different sectors, businesses and technologies. However, it demonstrates roughly where these government interventions have greatest impact and have a key role to play in delivering economy-wide net zero solutions.', 'However, it demonstrates roughly where these government interventions have greatest impact and have a key role to play in delivering economy-wide net zero solutions. 10 Mark Carney and the COP26 Private Finance Hub – in partnership with the UNFCCC Climate Actions Champions and the Race to Zero campaign and the COP26 Presidency- have launched a coalition that combines existing and new net zero finance initiatives into a wider strategic forum: The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ). GFANZ aims to raise ambition in the financial sector by allowing firms to demonstrate collective commitment to net zero. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener12 This diagram is only an approximation of the maturity of different sectors to illustrate potential public sector interventions.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener12 This diagram is only an approximation of the maturity of different sectors to illustrate potential public sector interventions. 13 Defra, Environment Agency, Natural England (2021), ‘Innovative nature projects awarded funding to drive private investment’, projects-awarded-funding-to-drive-private-investment 14 BEIS (2020), ‘Government launches new £40m Clean Growth Fund to supercharge green start-ups’, [Press release] 15 Chaired by Mark Carney, is bringing together over 160 firms from the leading net zero initiatives across the financial system to accelerate the transition to net zero emissions by 2050 at the latest.', '13 Defra, Environment Agency, Natural England (2021), ‘Innovative nature projects awarded funding to drive private investment’, projects-awarded-funding-to-drive-private-investment 14 BEIS (2020), ‘Government launches new £40m Clean Growth Fund to supercharge green start-ups’, [Press release] 15 Chaired by Mark Carney, is bringing together over 160 firms from the leading net zero initiatives across the financial system to accelerate the transition to net zero emissions by 2050 at the latest. 16 Chancellor sets out how UK financial services can create prosperity at home and project values abroad in first Mansion House speech: out-how-uk-financial-services-can-create-prosperity-at-home-and-project-values-abroad-in- first-mansion-house-speech 17 BEIS (2019), ‘Green Finance Strategy’, finance-strategy 18 Chancellor sets out how UK financial services can create prosperity at home and project values abroad in first Mansion House speech: out-how-uk-financial-services-can-create-prosperity-at-home-and-project-values-abroad-in- first-mansion-house-speech 19 LSE Grantham Institute (2021), ‘Green economy: how the transition to net-zero could affect UK jobs across the country’, the-transition-to-net-zero-could-affect-uk-jobs-across-the-country/ 20 BEIS (2021), ‘Wind of change for the Humber region’, [Press release] government/news/wind-of-change-for-the-humber-region 21 The World Bank, Climate-Smart Mining: Minerals for Climate Action,', '16 Chancellor sets out how UK financial services can create prosperity at home and project values abroad in first Mansion House speech: out-how-uk-financial-services-can-create-prosperity-at-home-and-project-values-abroad-in- first-mansion-house-speech 17 BEIS (2019), ‘Green Finance Strategy’, finance-strategy 18 Chancellor sets out how UK financial services can create prosperity at home and project values abroad in first Mansion House speech: out-how-uk-financial-services-can-create-prosperity-at-home-and-project-values-abroad-in- first-mansion-house-speech 19 LSE Grantham Institute (2021), ‘Green economy: how the transition to net-zero could affect UK jobs across the country’, the-transition-to-net-zero-could-affect-uk-jobs-across-the-country/ 20 BEIS (2021), ‘Wind of change for the Humber region’, [Press release] government/news/wind-of-change-for-the-humber-region 21 The World Bank, Climate-Smart Mining: Minerals for Climate Action, org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/climate-smart-mining-minerals-for-climate-action 22 BEIS (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution 23 CITB (2021), ‘Building Skills for Net Zero’, industry-research-reports/search-our-construction-industry-research-reports/building-skills-for- net-zero/ 24 Heat Pump Association (2020), ‘Building the Installer Base for Net Zero Heating’,', 'org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/climate-smart-mining-minerals-for-climate-action 22 BEIS (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution 23 CITB (2021), ‘Building Skills for Net Zero’, industry-research-reports/search-our-construction-industry-research-reports/building-skills-for- net-zero/ 24 Heat Pump Association (2020), ‘Building the Installer Base for Net Zero Heating’, 25 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce Report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report] 26 Forestry Skills Forum (2021) ‘Forestry Workforce Research’, Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy27 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 28 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 29 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 30 Building back better and greener, BEACON, 31 Industrial Strategy Council (2019), ‘UK Skills Mismatch 2030 – research paper’, 32 What Qualification Levels Mean, GOV.UK, levels-mean/list-of-qualification-levels 33 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 34 BEIS Analysis; NAEI (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2019’, “', '25 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce Report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report] 26 Forestry Skills Forum (2021) ‘Forestry Workforce Research’, Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy27 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 28 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 29 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 30 Building back better and greener, BEACON, 31 Industrial Strategy Council (2019), ‘UK Skills Mismatch 2030 – research paper’, 32 What Qualification Levels Mean, GOV.UK, levels-mean/list-of-qualification-levels 33 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 34 BEIS Analysis; NAEI (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2019’, “ DA_GHGI_1990-2019_Final_Issue1.2.xlsx&data=04%7C01%7CCarys.Parkinson%40beis.', '25 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce Report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report] 26 Forestry Skills Forum (2021) ‘Forestry Workforce Research’, Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy27 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 28 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 29 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 30 Building back better and greener, BEACON, 31 Industrial Strategy Council (2019), ‘UK Skills Mismatch 2030 – research paper’, 32 What Qualification Levels Mean, GOV.UK, levels-mean/list-of-qualification-levels 33 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Jobs Taskforce report’, green-jobs-taskforce-report 34 BEIS Analysis; NAEI (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Inventories for England, Scotland, Wales & Northern Ireland: 1990-2019’, “ DA_GHGI_1990-2019_Final_Issue1.2.xlsx&data=04%7C01%7CCarys.Parkinson%40beis. 35 ONS (2021), ‘Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions’, 1998 - 2019, “ domesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions 36 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 37 BEIS (2021), Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics.', '35 ONS (2021), ‘Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions’, 1998 - 2019, “ domesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions 36 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget’, budget/ 37 BEIS (2021), Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics. BEIS (2020), Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019. 38 Compared to 2018 baseline. 39 Where cycling activity is measured as the estimated total number of cycle stages made each year, from 0.8 billion stages in 2013 to 1.6 billion stages in 2025. 40 Where walking activity is measured as the total number of walking stages per person per year, to 300 stages per person per year in 2025 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener41 Collection Final UK Greenhouse gas emissions national statistics, BEIS, government/collections/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics 42 Government Commercial Function, ‘Guide to using the Social Value Model’.', '40 Where walking activity is measured as the total number of walking stages per person per year, to 300 stages per person per year in 2025 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener41 Collection Final UK Greenhouse gas emissions national statistics, BEIS, government/collections/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics 42 Government Commercial Function, ‘Guide to using the Social Value Model’. 3 December 2020. 43 This analysis excludes the LULUCF sector, which is a net sink of emissions in most local authorities, however the proportion is not sensitive to this approach. 44 Provisional assessment of policies and proposals. Savings cover only aspects of the policy package where it has been possible to determine the likely local authority role.', 'Savings cover only aspects of the policy package where it has been possible to determine the likely local authority role. 45 Community Energy England (2021), ‘Community Energy State of the Sector 2021’, 46 BEIS Public Attitudes Tracker: Wave 37 – Key Findings’, 47 BEIS Research Report Number: 2021/034, ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’, Annex 1: data tables, change-and-net-zero-public-awareness-and-perceptions 48 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public dialogue’, public-dialogue 49 Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project, Energy Systems Catapult Research, June 2021 50 This draws on work commissioned by BEIS from the Behavioural Insights Team ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, The Behavioural Insights Team.', '45 Community Energy England (2021), ‘Community Energy State of the Sector 2021’, 46 BEIS Public Attitudes Tracker: Wave 37 – Key Findings’, 47 BEIS Research Report Number: 2021/034, ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’, Annex 1: data tables, change-and-net-zero-public-awareness-and-perceptions 48 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public dialogue’, public-dialogue 49 Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project, Energy Systems Catapult Research, June 2021 50 This draws on work commissioned by BEIS from the Behavioural Insights Team ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, The Behavioural Insights Team. BIT conducted a rapid evidence review of relevant literature, compiled a total of 87 policy case studies from OECD countries and consulted with 10 experts from a range of behavioural and social sciences.', 'BIT conducted a rapid evidence review of relevant literature, compiled a total of 87 policy case studies from OECD countries and consulted with 10 experts from a range of behavioural and social sciences. 51 Smart metering statistics, Quarterly update June 2021, collections/smart-meters-statistics 52 ONS, Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 2020: 53 BEIS W11 Kantar Attitudes Tracker, Jan 2021 (Question: % agree that as a business we have a responsibility to reduce our carbon emissions to tackle climate change) 54 The 68% excludes International Aviation and Shipping 55 IPCC (2018), ‘Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C’, 56 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2020), ‘Trends in global CO and total greenhouse gas emissions’, 57 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2020), ‘Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions’, Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy58 Cabinet Office (2021), ‘Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy’, global-britain-in-a-competitive-age-the-integrated-review-of-security-defence-development- and-foreign-policy 59 IEA (2021), ‘Global Energy Related CO emissions in the net zero pathway and Low International Cooperation Case, 2010-2090’, 60 Rocky Mountain Institution (2019), ‘Seven Challenges for Energy Transformation’,', '51 Smart metering statistics, Quarterly update June 2021, collections/smart-meters-statistics 52 ONS, Provisional UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 2020: 53 BEIS W11 Kantar Attitudes Tracker, Jan 2021 (Question: % agree that as a business we have a responsibility to reduce our carbon emissions to tackle climate change) 54 The 68% excludes International Aviation and Shipping 55 IPCC (2018), ‘Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C’, 56 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2020), ‘Trends in global CO and total greenhouse gas emissions’, 57 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (2020), ‘Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas emissions’, Chapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the Economy58 Cabinet Office (2021), ‘Global Britain in a Competitive Age: the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy’, global-britain-in-a-competitive-age-the-integrated-review-of-security-defence-development- and-foreign-policy 59 IEA (2021), ‘Global Energy Related CO emissions in the net zero pathway and Low International Cooperation Case, 2010-2090’, 60 Rocky Mountain Institution (2019), ‘Seven Challenges for Energy Transformation’, org/seven-challenges-report/ 61 BEIS (2020), ‘The UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement’, communication-to-the-unfccc.', 'org/seven-challenges-report/ 61 BEIS (2020), ‘The UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement’, communication-to-the-unfccc. The 68% excludes International Aviation and Shipping.', 'The 68% excludes International Aviation and Shipping. 62 Prime Minister’s Office, 10 Downing Street (2021), ‘Prime Minister commits £3bn UK climate finance to supporting nature’ [Press release], 63 FCDO (2021), ‘UK Climate Finance results 2021’, [Corporate report] 64 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Equality Objectives’, [Corporate report], publications/beis-equality-objectives 65 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Equality Objectives’, [Corporate report], publications/beis-equality-objectives 66 UN Environnent Programme (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 67 UN Environment Programme (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 68 International Renewable Energy Agency (2021), ‘Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost’, [Press release], 69 CCC (2017), ‘UK business opportunities of moving to a low-carbon economy’, HYPERLINK research/ 70 DIT (2020), ‘UK Global Tariff backs UK businesses and consumers’, government/news/uk-global-tariff-backs-uk-businesses-and-consumers 71 Mark Carney, UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance and the Prime Minister’s Finance Adviser for COP26 (2021), ‘Priorities for Private Finance for COP26’,', '62 Prime Minister’s Office, 10 Downing Street (2021), ‘Prime Minister commits £3bn UK climate finance to supporting nature’ [Press release], 63 FCDO (2021), ‘UK Climate Finance results 2021’, [Corporate report] 64 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Equality Objectives’, [Corporate report], publications/beis-equality-objectives 65 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Equality Objectives’, [Corporate report], publications/beis-equality-objectives 66 UN Environnent Programme (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 67 UN Environment Programme (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 68 International Renewable Energy Agency (2021), ‘Majority of New Renewables Undercut Cheapest Fossil Fuel on Cost’, [Press release], 69 CCC (2017), ‘UK business opportunities of moving to a low-carbon economy’, HYPERLINK research/ 70 DIT (2020), ‘UK Global Tariff backs UK businesses and consumers’, government/news/uk-global-tariff-backs-uk-businesses-and-consumers 71 Mark Carney, UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance and the Prime Minister’s Finance Adviser for COP26 (2021), ‘Priorities for Private Finance for COP26’, Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyTechnical Annex Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTechnical Annex UK carbon budgets and international emissions targets Climate Change Act 1.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerChapter 4 – Supporting the Transition across the EconomyTechnical Annex Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTechnical Annex UK carbon budgets and international emissions targets Climate Change Act 1. Parliament passed the Climate Change Act1 (the Act) in 2008, establishing the UK’s 2050 target and the supporting framework of carbon budgets. The Act also established the Committee on Climate Change, now the Climate Change Committee (CCC), an independent statutory body, to advise the Government and the Devolved Administrations on setting and meeting carbon budgets. The CCC advises on the level of each budget, the respective contributions that different sectors could make and the extent to which carbon budgets could be met through the use of permitted “flexibilities” (such as surpluses from previous carbon budgets or the purchase of good quality international carbon credits). 2.', 'The CCC advises on the level of each budget, the respective contributions that different sectors could make and the extent to which carbon budgets could be met through the use of permitted “flexibilities” (such as surpluses from previous carbon budgets or the purchase of good quality international carbon credits). 2. Under the Act, the UK was legally required to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80 per cent by 2050 on 1990 levels. In 2019, on advice of the CCC2, the UK committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050 and consequently the target reduction in the Act was increased to at least 100%. 3.', 'In 2019, on advice of the CCC2, the UK committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050 and consequently the target reduction in the Act was increased to at least 100%. 3. To keep the UK on a pathway to achieving the 2050 target, the Government is obliged to set legally binding, five-year caps on emissions – carbon budgets – twelve years in advance and then to publish a report setting out policies and proposals for meeting that budget and those budgets previously set. 4. The Net Zero Strategy is the means by which we satisfy the requirements of the Act in relation to policies and proposals for meeting the current carbon budgets.3 Legislated carbon budgets 5. Six carbon budgets have been set to date, covering 2008 to 2037.', 'Six carbon budgets have been set to date, covering 2008 to 2037. The sixth carbon budget, the first to be decided under the UK’s new net zero target, was set in June 2021. The UK has already met, and overachieved, its first (2008-2012) and second (2013-2017) carbon budgets, and is on track to meet its current third (2018‑2022) carbon budget.4 6. To show how we will meet our climate targets, including legislated carbon budgets up to and including the sixth carbon budget, the Net Zero Strategy contains both an indicative delivery pathway and illustrative 2050 net zero scenarios. The pathway, which stretches to the end of the Sixth Carbon Budget period in 2037, provides an indicative trajectory of emissions reductions which we aim to achieve through the Strategy and through delivery of the policies and proposals outlined.', 'The pathway, which stretches to the end of the Sixth Carbon Budget period in 2037, provides an indicative trajectory of emissions reductions which we aim to achieve through the Strategy and through delivery of the policies and proposals outlined. It therefore indicates the timescales over which we expect those policies and proposals to take effect to deliver our targets. The pathway is designed to be broadly consistent with all three of the illustrative 2050 scenarios set out in the Journey to Net Zero chapter of the Net Zero Strategy. There is uncertainty associated with our decarbonisation pathway through to 2037 and the 2050 scenarios – the exact path we take to meet our climate targets is likely to differ and must respond flexibly to changes that arise over time. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerInternational emissions targets 7.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerInternational emissions targets 7. The 2015 Paris Agreement5 under the UN established the goal of keeping the global mean temperature rise to well below 2°C, whilst pursuing efforts to limit the rise to under 1.5°C. Under the Kigali amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the UK has also committed to reducing F-gas emissions by 85% on 2011- 2013 levels by 2036. 8. Under the Paris Agreement, the UK announced its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in December 2020, which commits the UK to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 reference year levels.6 This represents an increase of ambition on the fifth carbon budget, which covers the years 2028-2032. 9.', 'Under the Paris Agreement, the UK announced its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) in December 2020, which commits the UK to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 reference year levels.6 This represents an increase of ambition on the fifth carbon budget, which covers the years 2028-2032. 9. The UK will therefore need to overachieve on the fifth carbon budget to meet its international climate targets and stay on track for the sixth carbon budget. Accordingly, the policies and proposals, delivery pathway, deployment assumptions and any other analysis presented in the Net Zero Strategy for the fifth carbon budget period are consistent with the action required to meet the UK’s 2030 NDC. 10.', 'Accordingly, the policies and proposals, delivery pathway, deployment assumptions and any other analysis presented in the Net Zero Strategy for the fifth carbon budget period are consistent with the action required to meet the UK’s 2030 NDC. 10. The Net Zero Strategy also constitutes the UK’s updated Long-Term Low Greenhouse Gas Emission Development Strategy for the purposes of the Paris Agreement. Accounting for UK emissions The UK greenhouse gas inventory 11. The UK’s performance against its 2050 target and carbon budgets is assessed through the UK’s net carbon account,7 measured in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO e). The net carbon account comprises GHG emissions from the UK net of emissions which are captured and stored from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF). The UK greenhouse gas inventory8 is the basis for calculating the UK’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The UK greenhouse gas inventory8 is the basis for calculating the UK’s domestic greenhouse gas emissions. Performance against a carbon budget is assessed against the earliest GHG inventory that covers the whole of the carbon budget period, which is published two years after the carbon budget period in question ends. For example, the sixth carbon budget will be assessed in 2039 based on the 1990-2037 GHG inventory. 12. The net carbon account also includes the UK’s net purchases/sales of international carbon units, if any. Carbon units include allowances issued under cap-and-trade systems, and international carbon credits issued under international schemes.', 'Carbon units include allowances issued under cap-and-trade systems, and international carbon credits issued under international schemes. While the UK intends to meet its climate targets for each of carbon budgets 3 to 6 through reducing emissions domestically and the proposals and policies set out in this Strategy have been prepared on that basis, it reserves the right to use such voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. This could occur through linking the UK ETS to another emissions trading system, or through the use of international emissions reductions or removals units. Technical Annex13.', 'This could occur through linking the UK ETS to another emissions trading system, or through the use of international emissions reductions or removals units. Technical Annex13. The net carbon account for each budget is calculated according to rules set in Carbon Accounting Regulations.9 The accounting regulations that apply to each of the carbon budgets may not be in place until after the carbon budget periods are over, so assumptions are required on what accounting rules will apply. Some key assumptions are outlined in the remainder of this section. 14. The international science behind measuring emissions is continually evolving and the assumptions made here do not preclude future decisions on emissions accounting at both the domestic and international level.', 'The international science behind measuring emissions is continually evolving and the assumptions made here do not preclude future decisions on emissions accounting at both the domestic and international level. If future accounting decisions turn out to differ from the assumptions made here, this would not automatically lead to a change in the budget levels. The Climate Change Act allows for legislated carbon budget levels to be amended if the government believes that, since the budget level was originally set, there have been significant changes affecting the basis on which the previous decision was made. Where such changes happen but no reset occurs, significant policy changes may be needed to meet the carbon budget. Peatland emissions 15. Emissions from peatlands were only partially captured in the UK GHG inventory when the first five carbon budgets were set.', 'Emissions from peatlands were only partially captured in the UK GHG inventory when the first five carbon budgets were set. A major revision to the inventory was implemented in February 2021 for the 1990- 2019 inventory10 to represent these emissions with methodologies consistent with the IPCC Wetlands Supplement11, which will count towards all current and future carbon budgets. All analysis in this document includes peatland emissions in line with the updated inventory. This revision increased estimated emissions in 2019 by approximately 16 MtCO e relative to the methods used in the previous inventory. International aviation and shipping 16. The sixth carbon budget is the first that will include international aviation and shipping (IAS) emissions. Previous budgets have not included IAS emissions but were set such that headroom for IAS emissions was left.', 'Previous budgets have not included IAS emissions but were set such that headroom for IAS emissions was left. We have used bunker fuel sales to calculate IAS emissions for the sixth carbon budget. Under this method, IAS emissions are estimated from the amount of refuelling from bunkers at UK airports and ports, whether by UK or non-UK operators, for onward international journeys. Global warming potentials 17. Emissions of each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases) are expressed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO e), recognising the different global warming potentials (GWP) of the different gases. 18.', 'Emissions of each greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases) are expressed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO e), recognising the different global warming potentials (GWP) of the different gases. 18. The UK greenhouse gas inventory currently uses 100-year GWPs published in the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).12 However, it was agreed by the international community that GHG emissions would be reported under the Paris Agreement transparency framework using an updated set of 100-year GWPs from the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).13, 14 Two sets of values for 100-year AR5 GWPs were published (with and without climate-carbon feedbacks, which reflect more indirect effects of GHG emissions on the climate system - included in their methodologies) and it is not yet clear which will be used.', 'The UK greenhouse gas inventory currently uses 100-year GWPs published in the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).12 However, it was agreed by the international community that GHG emissions would be reported under the Paris Agreement transparency framework using an updated set of 100-year GWPs from the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).13, 14 Two sets of values for 100-year AR5 GWPs were published (with and without climate-carbon feedbacks, which reflect more indirect effects of GHG emissions on the climate system - included in their methodologies) and it is not yet clear which will be used. Therefore, to ensure that carbon budgets can still be met under either methodology, emissions pathways in the main body of the Net Zero Strategy are based on the higher AR5 GWPs with feedback methodology (consistent with the approach taken in setting the sixth carbon budget).', 'Therefore, to ensure that carbon budgets can still be met under either methodology, emissions pathways in the main body of the Net Zero Strategy are based on the higher AR5 GWPs with feedback methodology (consistent with the approach taken in setting the sixth carbon budget). However, this does not preclude any future decisions on which methodology will be used, and emissions pathways based on AR5 GWPs without feedback are also presented in this technical annex. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener19. The use of AR5 GWPs without feedback results in a lower CO -equivalent value for UK GHG emissions compared to AR5 GWPs with feedback, meaning that less abatement would be required to meet the same carbon budget.', 'The use of AR5 GWPs without feedback results in a lower CO -equivalent value for UK GHG emissions compared to AR5 GWPs with feedback, meaning that less abatement would be required to meet the same carbon budget. As a result, it may appear that the policies and proposals in this strategy overachieve on our carbon budgets when based on AR5 GWPs without feedback. However, these provide additional headroom with which the Government could seek to manage uncertainty in emissions projections. We would review the cost effectiveness of maintaining this headroom as the necessary policies and proposals are implemented.', 'We would review the cost effectiveness of maintaining this headroom as the necessary policies and proposals are implemented. Conversely, since the 2030 NDC is a percentage-based target and the base year to which that percentage relates comprises disproportionately high non‑CO emissions, slightly more abatement is actually required to meet the NDC under the lower AR5 GWPs without feedback compared to AR5 GWPs with feedback. 20. The Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6)15 was published in August 2021, which included updated estimates of 100-year AR6 GWPs. However, it is not yet certain if or when these will be used for GHG emissions reporting under the UNFCCC or Paris Agreement. UK GHG emissions based on AR6 GWPs would be closer to UK emissions based on AR5 GWPs without feedback than based on AR5 GWPs with feedback.', 'UK GHG emissions based on AR6 GWPs would be closer to UK emissions based on AR5 GWPs without feedback than based on AR5 GWPs with feedback. The UK Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) 21. Calculations of carbon emissions by HMG historically followed a net accounting framework16 that constructed the total carbon budget as a sum of two individual components: i) emissions covered by the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), known as traded sector emissions (around one third of all UK emissions); and ii) emissions outside the EU ETS known as non-traded sector emissions. When the UK was part of the EU ETS, the UK share of EU ETS allowances was used to calculate traded sector emissions, and emissions in the non-traded sector were measured as actually emitted. The sum of these was the net carbon account. 22.', 'The sum of these was the net carbon account. 22. Now that the UK is no longer participating in the EU ETS, UK operators are not trading emissions allowances with operators outside the UK. The new UK ETS came into operation on 1 January 2021, and it is only currently necessary to count emissions within the UK territory towards carbon budgets. We assume that all years from 2021 onwards will be accounted on this basis. If the UK ETS were later linked with another ETS it may be decided that an adjustment needs to be made to account for any trading of allowances.17 The UK’s 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution 23. Accounting for the UK’s nationally determined contribution is different from that for carbon budgets. In particular, the NDC is a fixed percentage-based target.', 'In particular, the NDC is a fixed percentage-based target. This means that any changes to the inventory in the baseline year will change the level of effort required to meet the NDC, while the carbon budgets are fixed targets in MtCO e. Accounting for UK climate targets 24. The above assumptions are summarised in Table 1, alongside the coverage and level of the UK’s climate targets. Technical AnnexTable 1: Accounting basis of UK climate targets Carbon Carbon Carbon Budget 5 NDC Carbon MtCO e limit (annual equivalent) % based target (estimated Accounting basis Traded/ non- traded split for Territorial for Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions International Aviation and Shipping (IAS) Excluded Excluded Excluded Excluded Included Base year emissions Percentage reduction on for carbon budgets)***** *The range of emissions required to meet the NDC reflects uncertainty over whether AR5 with or without feedback GWPs are used.', 'Technical AnnexTable 1: Accounting basis of UK climate targets Carbon Carbon Carbon Budget 5 NDC Carbon MtCO e limit (annual equivalent) % based target (estimated Accounting basis Traded/ non- traded split for Territorial for Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions Territorial UK emissions International Aviation and Shipping (IAS) Excluded Excluded Excluded Excluded Included Base year emissions Percentage reduction on for carbon budgets)***** *The range of emissions required to meet the NDC reflects uncertainty over whether AR5 with or without feedback GWPs are used. Uncertainty over baseline emissions in the 1990-2030 GHG inventory means the actual limit may lie outside this range. **Base year emissions are calculated as emissions of CO , N O and CH in 1990, and fluorinated gases in 1995. ***The baseline for the NDC will be determined by the GHG inventory 1990-2030, meaning that the abatement required to meet the NDC is dependent on future estimates of baseline emissions.', '***The baseline for the NDC will be determined by the GHG inventory 1990-2030, meaning that the abatement required to meet the NDC is dependent on future estimates of baseline emissions. Our estimate of that abatement is based on the UK 1990-2019 GHG inventory. ****The baseline for the sixth carbon budget includes 23.7 MtCO e for IAS, based on bunker fuel sales. *****Estimates of historic UK GHG emissions are revised annually to incorporate methodological improvements, updated data and changes to international guidelines. The percentage reductions implied by CB levels are therefore subject to change. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerBaseline emissions projections 25.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerBaseline emissions projections 25. While the GHG inventory is the source for historical emissions data, a combination of sector modelling and the BEIS Energy and Emissions Projections (EEP)18 are used to project future emissions. This section sets out the assumptions about the baseline used for the purpose of this analysis. These projections determine baseline emissions for the indicative delivery pathway, based on policies implemented, adopted, or planned as of August 2019, and thus the further total emissions savings required to meet the carbon budgets. The baseline does not include policies announced in the Ten Point Plan, Energy White Paper, Transport Decarbonisation Plan, or the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy. 26.', 'The baseline does not include policies announced in the Ten Point Plan, Energy White Paper, Transport Decarbonisation Plan, or the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy. 26. In some sectors, adjustments to the EEP 2019 reference case,19 published in October 2020, have been made to reflect developments in the evidence base since publication and to tailor it to ensure it is suitable as a baseline for the Net Zero Strategy. The adjusted EEP, referred to as the “baseline”, incorporates the Office for Budget Responsibility’s (OBR) central forecast of economic growth available in July 2020.20 The baseline also includes some planned methodological improvements and corrections brought forward from the forthcoming EEP 2020, but no updates to policies beyond those included in EEP 2019. Table 2 provides details of these changes, and Figure 1 compares the differences across the series.', 'Table 2 provides details of these changes, and Figure 1 compares the differences across the series. The uncertainty range is explained further in Figure 1: Net Zero Strategy baseline compared to EEP 201922 MtCO e Uncertainty (NZS) Adjusted EEP19 NZS Baseline (incl. IAS) Technical Annex27. In accordance with the accounting rules represented in Table 1, all baselines are adjusted where relevant to be consistent with accounting assumptions for the relevant carbon budget. Table 2: Differences between Net Zero Strategy baseline and EEP 2019 reference case Sector Change between EEP 2019 and Net Zero Strategy baseline Impact on total e) All Update of economic growth projections to the latest available OBR forecasts as of July 2020. All Conversion of GHGs to CO e using Global Warming Potentials from AR5 with feedback compared to AR4 in EEP 2019.', 'All Conversion of GHGs to CO e using Global Warming Potentials from AR5 with feedback compared to AR4 in EEP 2019. Buildings Improvement of energy demand projections for domestic buildings. EEP 2019 did not fully account for technology improvements in new build dwellings beyond those directly attributable to Building Regulations. Buildings, Industry and Agriculture Improvement to the methodology for alignment with UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory estimates for mobile machinery and other oil emissions. This results in lower emissions in agriculture and buildings, and higher emissions in industry. Negligible net impact. Buildings Inclusion of estimates of short-term behaviour change in 2020 on energy demand in public buildings. Impact limited to 2020- 2021. Buildings Inclusion of estimates of short-term behaviour change in 2020 on energy demand in domestic buildings. Impact limited to 2020- 2021.', 'Buildings Inclusion of estimates of short-term behaviour change in 2020 on energy demand in domestic buildings. Impact limited to 2020- 2021. Industry Improvement of energy demand projection methodology for chemicals and construction industry subsectors. Industry Alignment of projections of emissions from refineries with the Net Zero Industrial Pathways model to reflect the impact of UK and global decarbonisation under a net zero consistent world scenario. Fuel supply Alignment of projections for offshore oil and gas with projections from the Oil and Gas Authority (OGA). Power Power sector evidence base has been updated to latest data available. This includes a revision to Energy from Waste (EfW) emissions where EEP2019 underestimated these due to an error in the percentage of EfW that is renewable.', 'This includes a revision to Energy from Waste (EfW) emissions where EEP2019 underestimated these due to an error in the percentage of EfW that is renewable. In addition, some policies included in EEP2019 have been removed as these are considered to be pre-Energy White Paper, in particular further Nuclear beyond HPC, and building one Gas CCS plant. Offshore Wind capacity is 15 GW higher in 2035 than in EEP2019 as further CfD auctions and planning means more capacity is on track to be built. There is also more large solar capacity building due to lower costs for this technology in up to date evidence.', 'There is also more large solar capacity building due to lower costs for this technology in up to date evidence. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSector Change between EEP 2019 and Net Zero Strategy baseline Impact on total e) Transport Inclusion of estimates of short-term behaviour change in 2020 in road transport and domestic aviation. Impact limited to 2020-2021. Transport Correction of a calibration error in EEP 2019 which led to an underestimation of the amount of oil in the historic fuel mix for transport. Transport Closer alignment of national navigation and fishing emissions estimates with research commissioned by the Department for Transport. International Aviation and Shipping Inclusion of estimates of short-term behaviour change in 2020 on international aviation. Impact limited to 2020- 2021. International Aviation and Shipping Closer alignment of international shipping estimates with research commissioned by the Department for Transport. 28.', 'Impact limited to 2020- 2021. International Aviation and Shipping Closer alignment of international shipping estimates with research commissioned by the Department for Transport. 28. There is ongoing uncertainty over how the COVID-19 pandemic will affect emissions in the long term. In 2020, emissions fell,23 but it is not yet clear what the effect will be on future emissions. We have assumed that there is no long-term behavioural change due to the pandemic. However, as stated above, the baseline is adjusted for the reduction in economic growth and the short-term behaviour changes occurring due to the Sector definitions 29. The precise definition of the sectors used by the Net Zero Strategy, marked against IPCC categories, is published separately to this document.25 A summary of the coverage of each sector is shown in Table 3.', 'The precise definition of the sectors used by the Net Zero Strategy, marked against IPCC categories, is published separately to this document.25 A summary of the coverage of each sector is shown in Table 3. Where sector chapters cover more than one of these sectors, the below table shows which sectors are covered by which chapter. Technical AnnexTable 3: Net Zero Strategy sector definitions NZS Sector Sector chapter Sector definition Power Power Emissions from power stations (Major Power Producers only), including those generating energy from waste. Fuel Supply Fuel Supply and Hydrogen Emissions from the extraction, processing, and production of fuels (chiefly oil, coal, gas and hydrogen). Industry Industry Emissions from industrial processes, manufacturing, and production, including fuel combustion and product use in industrial buildings, as well as emissions from refineries and construction machinery.', 'Industry Industry Emissions from industrial processes, manufacturing, and production, including fuel combustion and product use in industrial buildings, as well as emissions from refineries and construction machinery. Includes emissions from non-Major Power Producers auto-generation and Combined Heat and Power. Heat and Buildings Heat and Buildings Emissions from public, commercial, and residential buildings, including domestic product use such as garden machinery and composting. Domestic Transport Transport Emissions from all forms of road and rail transport, domestic aviation and domestic shipping (including fishing vessels). International Aviation and Shipping Emissions from fuel used in international aviation and international shipping, as measured by UK bunker fuel. Agriculture Natural Resources, Waste and F- Gases Covers emissions from livestock, crop soils and agricultural machinery. Forestry and Other Land Use Emissions and removals from land use change, forestry, peatlands and other carbon stock change from land use (e.g.', 'Forestry and Other Land Use Emissions and removals from land use change, forestry, peatlands and other carbon stock change from land use (e.g. in the biomass pool). Resources and Waste Emissions from the treatment and disposal of solid and liquid waste and landfill, including emissions from incineration not used to generate energy (e.g. incineration of chemical waste). Fluorinated Gases (F-gases) Fluorinated gas emissions, primarily from refrigeration, air‑conditioning, heat pumps, aerosols, and high voltage switchgear. Greenhouse Gas Removals Greenhouse Gas Removals Negative emissions from engineered removal technologies, including direct air and bio-energy carbon capture and storage. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerIllustrative 2050 net zero scenarios 30. The Net Zero Strategy explores three possible net zero scenarios in 2050 in chapter 2, building on the pathways developed for the sixth carbon budget Impact Assessment.', 'The Net Zero Strategy explores three possible net zero scenarios in 2050 in chapter 2, building on the pathways developed for the sixth carbon budget Impact Assessment. These have been deliberately selected to illustrate a wide range of outcomes for the economy that are possible by 2050. However, different outcomes within this range or beyond this range are also possible. 31. This analysis has primarily two objectives: a. First, to examine three different scenarios of economy-wide decarbonisation to understand the range of possible long- term outcomes and therefore inform the short-term delivery pathways.', 'First, to examine three different scenarios of economy-wide decarbonisation to understand the range of possible long- term outcomes and therefore inform the short-term delivery pathways. Through previous modelling and research, BEIS has identified three areas of technology and resource uncertainty likely to have a substantial impact on the 2050 energy system.26 The scenarios have been developed in consultation with internal experts to illustrate feasible avenues to achieving net zero emissions based on: • The relative role of electrification and hydrogen in fuel switching; • The role of land-use and bioenergy to produce negative emissions; and • The role of further innovations to address the hardest to abate sectors of the economy. b. Second, it confirms that all three scenarios are consistent with the policies and proposals set out in the Strategy to meet the sixth carbon budget. 32.', 'Second, it confirms that all three scenarios are consistent with the policies and proposals set out in the Strategy to meet the sixth carbon budget. 32. This section explains the methodology that was used for this analysis and summarises the differences between the three scenarios. It also shows illustrative sectoral emissions in 2050 and accompanying deployment characteristics. Overview of the methodology used to develop the 2050 scenarios 33. The net zero scenario modelling primarily uses the UK TIMES Model (UKTM), a least- cost, optimisation model covering all UK emissions (including land use) and the UK energy system over the period 2010 to 2060.27 The model includes assumptions about technology costs, availability, performance, and build rates.28 It also includes assumptions for future fossil fuel prices and energy services demand by end-use sector.', 'The net zero scenario modelling primarily uses the UK TIMES Model (UKTM), a least- cost, optimisation model covering all UK emissions (including land use) and the UK energy system over the period 2010 to 2060.27 The model includes assumptions about technology costs, availability, performance, and build rates.28 It also includes assumptions for future fossil fuel prices and energy services demand by end-use sector. These inputs are pre-determined for each model run and do not vary with deployment. Based on the input assumptions, the model identifies the least- cost way of meeting a given GHG reduction trajectory while also meeting assumed end-use demand for energy services. Further information on the methodology and assumptions used in the UK TIMES model can be found in Annex A.2 of the sixth carbon budget impact assessment.29 34.', 'Further information on the methodology and assumptions used in the UK TIMES model can be found in Annex A.2 of the sixth carbon budget impact assessment.29 34. An extensive exercise has been undertaken to ensure UKTM is aligned with the latest evidence base and assumptions used across government. Where this was not possible, off-model adjustments have been made to the net zero scenarios. 35. A particular advantage of UKTM is that it identifies the least-cost technology pathway for a given set of assumptions, taking account of interactions across energy supply and end-use sectors over time. The model is therefore useful for identifying which technologies could be essential or important in the long run for achieving a low cost, net zero consistent energy system. It also helps identify the appropriate sequencing of abatement opportunities. Technical Annex36.', 'It also helps identify the appropriate sequencing of abatement opportunities. Technical Annex36. However, there are a number of limitations to the modelling: • The model does not directly take account of uncertainty of any kind over future technology costs and availability. Uncertainty is only displayed through the range of outputs given by the different scenarios. • Technology cost reductions over time are based on fixed assumptions and do not directly account for cost reductions through widescale deployment in the model. i.e. costs are not a function of deployment. • No additional barriers beside cost and technical build rates are considered, no potential industrial benefits from developing and deploying new low-carbon technologies are considered. Modelling does not consider any upside or downside risks to the economy arising from the transition.', 'Modelling does not consider any upside or downside risks to the economy arising from the transition. • Behavioural or other practical considerations that might make certain pathways more or less expensive to achieve are not accounted for (other than where they are reflected in costs or build rates). • The model varies in detail by sector. In some areas only high-level representations are provided and the model is not spatially disaggregated. 37. The three scenarios are summarised below: • High electrification: explores the impact of using widespread electrification to support transport, heating, and industry decarbonisation coupled with deep decarbonisation of electricity supply. • High resource: explores the impact of using low-carbon hydrogen more extensively, particularly for decarbonising buildings and heavy vehicles. It assumes higher levels of tree-planting are achievable, increasing the ‘negative emissions’ available from land-use sinks.', 'It assumes higher levels of tree-planting are achievable, increasing the ‘negative emissions’ available from land-use sinks. • High innovation: explores a world in which successful innovations, such as synthetic fuels and zero emission aircraft, enable lower residual emissions to be reached sooner in aviation. Higher capture rates – above baseline assumptions – increase the impact of carbon capture technologies, particularly higher deployment of direct air capture. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener38. The scenarios were constructed in the UKTM by varying input assumptions for: • The extent to which technologies can be rolled out. For example, in the high electrification scenario 100% of buildings are set to be heated by electricity in 2050, whereas in the high resource scenario heat pump deployment is constrained and this figure drops to 40%. • Availability of resources and technologies.', '• Availability of resources and technologies. For example, in the high resource scenario, we assume 50kha afforestation per annum by 2050 (compared to 30kha in the other scenarios). Higher efficiency capture technologies are only available in the high innovation scenarios (for example CCUS capture rates of 99% compared to 95% in most cases in the other scenarios). • For sectors such as industry and aviation, where the UKTM does not represent the full range of known abatement options, supplementary adjustments to emissions, energy demand, and key deployment requirements have been made. These have been taken into account in the optimisation of other sectors via the specification of the emission targets. 39. Other assumptions were kept the same across the scenarios.', 'Other assumptions were kept the same across the scenarios. For instance, projections of final demand for end-use sectors are consistent with those used in the central 2037 delivery pathway and are the same for each of the modelled 2050 scenarios. Technology and resource cost assumptions, including fossil fuel prices, are also the same across each scenario. Sensitivity analysis conducted as part of the sixth carbon budget Impact Assessment showed that the impact of economic growth and fossil fuel prices on the technology mix in 2050 is relatively small, therefore these effects were not considered further.30 Finally, sector emissions to 2037 were aligned to those in the delivery pathway described in the Strategy. For further key assumptions by sector see the evidence base section of this annex. 40.', 'For further key assumptions by sector see the evidence base section of this annex. 40. Table 4 shows the level of emissions in 2050 implied by each of the three illustrative scenarios. All scenarios meet net zero in 2050, with removals technologies compensating for any residual emissions. Technical AnnexTable 4: Illustrative total territorial emissions under the different scenarios Sectors (MtCO e) 2050 illustrative emissions (MtCO e) High electrification High resource High innovation Domestic Transport International Aviation and Shipping Agriculture and LULUCF Greenhouse Gas Removals 41. Given the long-term scientific uncertainty and to err on the side of caution, the analysis above assumes AR5 with feedback GWPs. On the basis of AR5 without feedback GWPs the scenarios would reach c.-9 MtCO e in 2050 as a result of primarily lower emissions from methane. This uncertainty represents less than 2% of the overall abatement requirement.', 'This uncertainty represents less than 2% of the overall abatement requirement. Because of this, detailed sensitivity analysis on GWPs has not been carried out for the purposes of this strategy. However, lower GWPs could allow less reliance on removals in 2050 thereby lowering the requirements for sustainable biomass, or alternatively slightly higher end-use sector emissions. Characteristics of the 2050 scenarios 42. To illustrate the assumptions underpinning the 2050 scenarios, Table 5 shows deployment characteristics for each sector. These are illustrative of the levels of deployment required for each of the three scenarios. Not all technology deployment required to meet net zero is represented.', 'Not all technology deployment required to meet net zero is represented. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 5: Illustrative characteristics in 2050 Sector Deployment assumptions Unit 2019 illustrative range Power Electricity generation TWh 320 610-690 Low carbon GB generation as a percentage of total projected generation Industry Low carbon fuel switching* TWh 110 190-210 Resource and energy efficiency savings MtCO Industry demand for industrial CCUS (not including BECCS) MtCO Fuel Supply Low carbon hydrogen production TWh 0 240-500 Steam methane reformation with CCS (as a percentage of total hydrogen generation) Electrolysis as a percentage of total hydrogen generation Biomass gassification with CCS as a percentage of total hydrogen generation Heat and Buildings Cumulative heat pumps installed domestically Million installations Cumulative homes converted to 100% hydrogen Million homes Demand reduction as a result of energy efficiency measures Low carbon fuels* consumption as a percentage of total fuel consumption in commercial buildings Heat supplied via heat networks TWh 14 70 Biomethane injected into gird TWh 3 0-20 Agriculture and LULUCF Total area of peatland under restoration kha n/a 380 Yearly area of afforestation UK kha 13.6 30-50 Yearly area of perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry planted Farmers engaging with low carbon farming practices as a percentage of total farmers Waste and F-gases Level of HFC consumption relative to a 2015 baseline level Technical AnnexSector Deployment assumptions Unit 2019 illustrative range Greenhouse Gas Removals BECCS (all technologies) MtCO DACCS MtCO Transport and IAS ZEVs as a percentage of total car fleet % 0.3% 96-97% ZEVs as a percentage of total van fleet % 0.2% 88-90% ZEVs as a percentage of total HGV fleet % 0% 95-97% ZEVs as a percentage of total bus and coach fleet Low carbon fuels* use in road transport as a percentage of total fuel use (in litres) SAF use in domestic and international aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels use in domestic and international shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Overall GDP carbon intensity tCO e/ GDP GDP energy intensity MWh/ GDP *The table includes several deployment assumptions covering relevant low carbon fuels in different sectors.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 5: Illustrative characteristics in 2050 Sector Deployment assumptions Unit 2019 illustrative range Power Electricity generation TWh 320 610-690 Low carbon GB generation as a percentage of total projected generation Industry Low carbon fuel switching* TWh 110 190-210 Resource and energy efficiency savings MtCO Industry demand for industrial CCUS (not including BECCS) MtCO Fuel Supply Low carbon hydrogen production TWh 0 240-500 Steam methane reformation with CCS (as a percentage of total hydrogen generation) Electrolysis as a percentage of total hydrogen generation Biomass gassification with CCS as a percentage of total hydrogen generation Heat and Buildings Cumulative heat pumps installed domestically Million installations Cumulative homes converted to 100% hydrogen Million homes Demand reduction as a result of energy efficiency measures Low carbon fuels* consumption as a percentage of total fuel consumption in commercial buildings Heat supplied via heat networks TWh 14 70 Biomethane injected into gird TWh 3 0-20 Agriculture and LULUCF Total area of peatland under restoration kha n/a 380 Yearly area of afforestation UK kha 13.6 30-50 Yearly area of perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry planted Farmers engaging with low carbon farming practices as a percentage of total farmers Waste and F-gases Level of HFC consumption relative to a 2015 baseline level Technical AnnexSector Deployment assumptions Unit 2019 illustrative range Greenhouse Gas Removals BECCS (all technologies) MtCO DACCS MtCO Transport and IAS ZEVs as a percentage of total car fleet % 0.3% 96-97% ZEVs as a percentage of total van fleet % 0.2% 88-90% ZEVs as a percentage of total HGV fleet % 0% 95-97% ZEVs as a percentage of total bus and coach fleet Low carbon fuels* use in road transport as a percentage of total fuel use (in litres) SAF use in domestic and international aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels use in domestic and international shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Overall GDP carbon intensity tCO e/ GDP GDP energy intensity MWh/ GDP *The table includes several deployment assumptions covering relevant low carbon fuels in different sectors. The low carbon fuels included are the following: electricity, biofuels, solid biomass, hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol.', 'The low carbon fuels included are the following: electricity, biofuels, solid biomass, hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol. All these deployment assumptions include electricity and hydrogen both in the numerator and denominator, with the exception of low carbon fuels used in road transport (from which electricity and hydrogen are completely excluded). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerMeeting the carbon budgets 43. This section sets out historic performance against carbon budgets and future performance implied by the delivery pathway, including emissions broken down by sector for each future carbon budget. Deployment assumptions that illustrate some of the real-world changes required to meet carbon budgets are also presented. 44. The UK has overperformed on its carbon budgets so far, by 37 Mt CO e for the first carbon budget and 384 Mt CO e for the second carbon budget.', 'The UK has overperformed on its carbon budgets so far, by 37 Mt CO e for the first carbon budget and 384 Mt CO e for the second carbon budget. Table 6 shows the current baseline projections for future carbon budgets (reflecting policies as of August 2019),31 and also the overall pathway for emissions as set out in the Net Zero Strategy. Table 6: Projected emissions implied by pathway against current and future carbon budgets NZS emissions pathway Performance against carbon budget Uncertainty over future emissions 45.', 'Table 6: Projected emissions implied by pathway against current and future carbon budgets NZS emissions pathway Performance against carbon budget Uncertainty over future emissions 45. Table 7 shows an indicative annual range over the sixth carbon budget period.32 The lower and upper ranges are based on Monte Carlo analysis of the EEP, conducted in 2018 and assessed to represent the best evidence of the uncertainty in the projections for the sixth carbon budget period.33 The analysis reflects a 95% confidence interval around the baseline to reflect uncertainty in future macro trends (such as GDP, and population size), uncertainty in the impacts of certain existing policies on emissions and uncertainty in the current evidence base on emissions (such as land use emissions). It also uses regression residuals to account for structural modelling uncertainty in the EEP.', 'It also uses regression residuals to account for structural modelling uncertainty in the EEP. The analysis does not capture uncertainty in the policies and proposals brought forward under the Strategy. Technical Annex46. Due to accounting changes, further emissions have recently come in scope of the sixth carbon budget period. The Monte Carlo analysis has therefore been augmented to include these emissions. The range around historical emissions for international aviation and shipping is estimated based on statistical volatility in historical emissions. Emissions added following the adoption of the Wetlands Supplement assume the uncertainty is proportional to the overall uncertainty in the 47.', 'Emissions added following the adoption of the Wetlands Supplement assume the uncertainty is proportional to the overall uncertainty in the 47. The pathway is highly ambitious meaning there are downside risks to the estimated policy savings (for example, delays to delivery), as well as upside risks (for example, no long-run behavioural impacts are assumed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic). Government will monitor progress against the pathway as set out in the Embedding net zero in Government chapter, and will prepare further proposals and policies to enable the carbon budgets to be met as necessary. Table 7: Provisional indicative range of the carbon account over the sixth carbon budget 48. Emissions across the period prior to the sixth carbon budget are also uncertain: the Government will provide further analysis in future Energy and Emissions Projections.', 'Emissions across the period prior to the sixth carbon budget are also uncertain: the Government will provide further analysis in future Energy and Emissions Projections. Sectoral emissions over the carbon budgets 49. Table 8 shows an indicative emissions pathway, broken down by sector across the fourth, fifth and sixth carbon budgets. The fifth carbon budget figures are aligned with the UK’s NDC, and 2030 values have been used for this column. To reflect uncertainty from macroeconomic trends and in underlying baseline emissions, emissions for each sector are shown as a range. These ranges are calibrated to the uncertainty range set out in the economy wide EEP Monte 50.', 'These ranges are calibrated to the uncertainty range set out in the economy wide EEP Monte 50. Whilst the ranges below represent our current assessment of the right trajectory to meet our carbon budgets, developments in climate science, accounting regulations, baseline emissions, technological progress and/or policy impacts may alter the expected impact of policies set out in the strategy, or the optimal distribution of policy effort across sectors. Future climate strategies will update this sectoral emissions pathway where necessary using the latest evidence. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 8: Sectoral emissions across the carbon budgets: MtCO e per year (using AR5 with feedback GWPs) Sector Current NDC Greenhouse Gas Removals Intl Aviation and Shipping* Total (incl. IAS) 520 192 *Figures in parentheses indicate that IAS is not counted towards that target 51.', 'IAS) 520 192 *Figures in parentheses indicate that IAS is not counted towards that target 51. As set out above, there is some uncertainty which set of Global Warming Potentials the UK will adopt. We have therefore also translated these pathways using alternative AR5 without feedback GWPs, assuming it were optimal in cost- and non‑cost terms to implement the same set of policies and proposals modelled in the AR5 with feedback pathways. Technical AnnexTable 9: Sectoral emissions across the carbon budgets: MtCO e per year (using AR5 without feedback GWPs) Sector Current NDC Greenhouse Gas Removals Intl Aviation and Shipping* Total incl. IAS 503 182 * Figures in parentheses indicate that IAS is not counted towards that target36 Illustrative deployment assumptions to meet the carbon budgets 52.', 'IAS 503 182 * Figures in parentheses indicate that IAS is not counted towards that target36 Illustrative deployment assumptions to meet the carbon budgets 52. To illustrate some of the deployment assumptions underpinning the emissions pathway, Table 10 below shows real-world deployment assumptions for each sector. Not all of the policies and proposals underlying the delivery pathway are represented by these assumptions. Ranges indicate where values differ between the electrification and hydrogen pathways set out in the strategy for the heat and buildings sector. In some cases, these assumptions represent early-stage assessments based on maximum technical potential. Given ongoing uncertainties, the policy mix that will meet carbon budgets, and related deployment assumptions, are subject to change; these are illustrative and should not be interpreted as government targets.', 'Given ongoing uncertainties, the policy mix that will meet carbon budgets, and related deployment assumptions, are subject to change; these are illustrative and should not be interpreted as government targets. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 10: Deployment assumptions underpinning pathway Sector Deployment Low carbon GB generation as a percentage of total projected generation required in 2035 Industry Low carbon fuel switchinga TWh 110 115 125 157 Resource and energy efficiency savings MtCO Industry demand for Industrial CCUS (not including BECCS)b MtCO Fuel Supply Low carbon hydrogen production Electrical power demand from offshore oil and gas installations as a percentage of their total power demand Heat and Buildings Cumulative heat pumps installed domestically Million installations Cumulative homes converted to 100% hydrogen for heat Million homes Yearly homes treated by new domestic energy efficiency measures Million homes Low carbon fuelsa consumption as a percentage of total fuel consumption in commercial buildings (excluding heat networks) Yearly heat supplied via heat networks Yearly biomethane injected into the grid Technical AnnexSector Deployment Agriculture and LULUCF Yearly area of peatland under restoration in England Yearly area of afforestation in the UK Yearly area of perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry planted Farmers engaging with low carbon farming practices as a percentage of total farmers Waste and F-gases Level of HFC consumption relative to a 2015 baseline level Greenhouse Gas Removals BECCS and DACCS MtCO Domestic transport ZEVs as a percentage of total car fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total van fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total HGV fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total bus and coach fleet Single track kilometres electrified per year Low carbon fuelsa use in road transport as a percentage of total fuel use (in litres) Journeys in towns and cities that are cycled and walk as a percentage of total journeys in towns and cities SAF use in domestic aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels usea in domestic shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSector Deployment International Aviation and Shipping (IAS) SAF use in international aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels*** use in international shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Overall GDP carbon intensity tCO e/ GDP GDP energy intensity MWh/ GDP * Reflects deployment in hydrogen pathway.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 10: Deployment assumptions underpinning pathway Sector Deployment Low carbon GB generation as a percentage of total projected generation required in 2035 Industry Low carbon fuel switchinga TWh 110 115 125 157 Resource and energy efficiency savings MtCO Industry demand for Industrial CCUS (not including BECCS)b MtCO Fuel Supply Low carbon hydrogen production Electrical power demand from offshore oil and gas installations as a percentage of their total power demand Heat and Buildings Cumulative heat pumps installed domestically Million installations Cumulative homes converted to 100% hydrogen for heat Million homes Yearly homes treated by new domestic energy efficiency measures Million homes Low carbon fuelsa consumption as a percentage of total fuel consumption in commercial buildings (excluding heat networks) Yearly heat supplied via heat networks Yearly biomethane injected into the grid Technical AnnexSector Deployment Agriculture and LULUCF Yearly area of peatland under restoration in England Yearly area of afforestation in the UK Yearly area of perennial energy crop and short rotation forestry planted Farmers engaging with low carbon farming practices as a percentage of total farmers Waste and F-gases Level of HFC consumption relative to a 2015 baseline level Greenhouse Gas Removals BECCS and DACCS MtCO Domestic transport ZEVs as a percentage of total car fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total van fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total HGV fleet ZEVs as a percentage of total bus and coach fleet Single track kilometres electrified per year Low carbon fuelsa use in road transport as a percentage of total fuel use (in litres) Journeys in towns and cities that are cycled and walk as a percentage of total journeys in towns and cities SAF use in domestic aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels usea in domestic shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSector Deployment International Aviation and Shipping (IAS) SAF use in international aviation as a percentage of total fuel use (in tonnes) Low carbon fuels*** use in international shipping as a percentage of total fuel use (in TWh) Overall GDP carbon intensity tCO e/ GDP GDP energy intensity MWh/ GDP * Reflects deployment in hydrogen pathway. ** Figure reflects hydrogen demand in the mid-2020s (rather than 2025 specifically).', '** Figure reflects hydrogen demand in the mid-2020s (rather than 2025 specifically). *** The 2019 range for peat reflects different estimates of peat restoration in England, including both public and externally funded work. a The table includes several deployment assumptions covering relevant low carbon fuels in different sectors. The low-carbon fuels included are the following: electricity, biofuels, solid biomass, hydrogen, ammonia and methanol. All of these deployment assumptions include electricity and hydrogen both in the numerator and denominator, with the exception of low-carbon fuels used in road transport (from which electricity and hydrogen are completely excluded). b Industrial carbon capture deployment starts in the mid-2020s, reaching a total of 6Mt in 2030 and 9Mt in 2035 including carbon capture from biomass use.', 'b Industrial carbon capture deployment starts in the mid-2020s, reaching a total of 6Mt in 2030 and 9Mt in 2035 including carbon capture from biomass use. Costs and economic impacts of the transition Costs of the transition 53. Table 11 shows the additional investment costs for the indicative delivery pathway in each of the future carbon budgets relative to a baseline of existing policies. These represent in-year capital expenditure requirements, excluding financing costs, and do not cover operational costs or savings, or policy costs. Costs are expressed in real 2020 prices as average annual values over the carbon budget periods. The costs of the delivery pathway remain highly uncertain and will depend on factors such as technology costs and fuel prices.', 'The costs of the delivery pathway remain highly uncertain and will depend on factors such as technology costs and fuel prices. Ranges, where given, represent the implication of higher or lower demand from end-use sectors consistent with the electrification and hydrogen scenarios. Technical AnnexTable 11: Estimates of additional investment requirements for Net Zero Strategy pathway (£bn pa, undiscounted, 2020 prices) Sector Carbon Budget Carbon Budget Carbon Budget Carbon Budget Heat and Buildings** Natural Resources, Waste, Greenhouse Gas Removals CCUS (T&S Infrastructure) *Figures exclude additional Transmission and Distribution Network investment requirements. **Costs represent a scenario where heat is predominantly decarbonised via electrification through heat pumps. 54. Table 11 excludes operating costs to avoid double counting (e.g. where CAPEX in an energy supply sector is OPEX in an end- use sector).', 'where CAPEX in an energy supply sector is OPEX in an end- use sector). Over the same period, we could see additional resource savings of around £180 billion as a result of our reduced use of oil/petroleum products and natural gas. This has been calculated by multiplying the change in energy demand (relative to the baseline) by the corresponding long-run variable cost of energy supply (LRVCs) from The Green Book. This is based on the central price and the savings could be higher or lower, depending on how future prices evolve. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerOther economic and fiscal considerations Economic considerations 55. There are many economic impacts of the transition to net zero to consider.', 'There are many economic impacts of the transition to net zero to consider. As shown above, there are significant capital investment requirements, and although the exact requirements are uncertain it is clear that patterns of investment will have to change. New jobs will also be created, and these jobs may require different skills and education. Consumption and production behaviours will shift towards greener choices, and different places and sectors in the UK could face different economic opportunities and challenges. 56. Previous cost benefit analysis of the sixth carbon budget showed that there are significant co-benefits to the transition to net zero.38 As well as the benefits from reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improvements to air quality were valued at £35 billion to 2050, fuel savings at £123 billion and other benefits to natural capital at £5 billion.', 'Previous cost benefit analysis of the sixth carbon budget showed that there are significant co-benefits to the transition to net zero.38 As well as the benefits from reduced greenhouse gas emissions, improvements to air quality were valued at £35 billion to 2050, fuel savings at £123 billion and other benefits to natural capital at £5 billion. The net present value of meeting the sixth carbon budget and net zero target, compared to no further action, was estimated as a net benefit of £266 billion.39 This calculation does not include many other potential co-benefits, such as reduced noise pollution from cars, improved health from walking and cycling and warmer homes from energy efficiency measures, nor indirect costs from macroeconomic impacts. 57.', 'The net present value of meeting the sixth carbon budget and net zero target, compared to no further action, was estimated as a net benefit of £266 billion.39 This calculation does not include many other potential co-benefits, such as reduced noise pollution from cars, improved health from walking and cycling and warmer homes from energy efficiency measures, nor indirect costs from macroeconomic impacts. 57. In terms of the macroeconomic impact of the transition to net zero, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) finds that the costs of failing to get climate change under control, which relies on global effort, would be much larger than those of bringing emissions down to net zero.40 In terms of transition costs, the OBR has presented scenarios in which the level of UK GDP changes relative to the baseline by between -4.6% and +1.6% by 2050, with a central estimate of -1.4% for early action on climate change compared to -4.6% for late action.', 'In terms of the macroeconomic impact of the transition to net zero, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) finds that the costs of failing to get climate change under control, which relies on global effort, would be much larger than those of bringing emissions down to net zero.40 In terms of transition costs, the OBR has presented scenarios in which the level of UK GDP changes relative to the baseline by between -4.6% and +1.6% by 2050, with a central estimate of -1.4% for early action on climate change compared to -4.6% for late action. These changes are small when set against expected growth of over 50% in real GDP to 2050 compared to today’s levels. Further information on the economic impacts of the transition to net zero are set out in the HMT Net Zero Review.41 Competitiveness 58.', 'Further information on the economic impacts of the transition to net zero are set out in the HMT Net Zero Review.41 Competitiveness 58. The transition to net zero can stimulate innovation that increases domestic competitiveness and global comparative advantage for some UK industries, providing potential export opportunities. Updated internal analysis based on the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment estimates that just over half of the £60 billion GVA potential from sectoral decarbonisation in 2050 comes from export related opportunities.42 However, there will also be risks to sectors and industries susceptible to competitiveness impacts, particularly those that are trade- exposed and/or carbon intensive. Where UK firms lose market share to international firms with lower environmental standards, there is a risk of carbon leakage. There is little empirical evidence of this occurring in the UK to date, but risks could increase as further policy is implemented.', 'There is little empirical evidence of this occurring in the UK to date, but risks could increase as further policy is implemented. 59. Historically, the UK’s approach to mitigating competitiveness impacts and carbon leakage risk has been through issuing free allowances under the EU ETS.43 This approach has been carried over to the UK ETS, and possible changes to free allowances are currently under review.44 BEIS also provides compensation to certain energy intensive industries for the indirect emission cost due to the UK ETS and some sectors receive a reduction in energy consumption tax via Climate Change Agreements. The eventual impact of decarbonisation on firms at risk will depend on future policy development, particularly relating to the UK ETS. Technical Annex60. The magnitude of competitiveness effects in international markets is dependent on global climate ambition as well as domestic policy.', 'The magnitude of competitiveness effects in international markets is dependent on global climate ambition as well as domestic policy. If other countries, particularly the UK’s trading partners, increase their industrial decarbonisation ambition in line with the UK’s, and face similar transition impacts, then competitiveness effects will be smaller. Similarly, where the UK’s path to net zero creates export opportunities for UK businesses, the size of these will depend on the actions of the rest of the world. High global climate ambition will result in a large market for decarbonisation technologies and services but may also result in more global competition in those markets. Fiscal considerations 61.', 'High global climate ambition will result in a large market for decarbonisation technologies and services but may also result in more global competition in those markets. Fiscal considerations 61. The overall fiscal impacts of the transition to net zero will depend on many as yet unknown factors, including the financing mechanisms used to fund the policies and proposals set out in the Net Zero Strategy, and the macroeconomic impacts of the transition, for example through changes in GDP growth or inflation. There are some known fiscal impacts, such as the erosion of direct tax receipts like fuel duty that depend on carbon intensive activity, and increased tax receipts from other policies, such as revenue from the UK ETS. 62.', 'There are some known fiscal impacts, such as the erosion of direct tax receipts like fuel duty that depend on carbon intensive activity, and increased tax receipts from other policies, such as revenue from the UK ETS. 62. HMT’s Net Zero Review45 and the OBR’s recent fiscal risks report46 provide a more detailed overview of the channels through which the net zero transition can impact the UK’s fiscal position, and the factors which will determine the overall magnitude of this impact. While noting uncertainties, the OBR concluded that there could be significant fiscal benefits from transitioning to net zero sooner rather than later. However, governments public spending will be dependent on the economic, fiscal and decarbonisation context of the time. Jobs 63.', 'However, governments public spending will be dependent on the economic, fiscal and decarbonisation context of the time. Jobs 63. The policies and sectoral ambitions across the Net Zero Strategy are estimated to support up to 190,000 jobs in low carbon and green sectors by the middle of the 2020s, and up to 440,000 by 2030. The breakdown of jobs by chapter is as follows. Information on the methodology used to calculate these numbers can be found in the evidence base section of this annex. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 12: Estimate of jobs supported in Net Zero Strategy pathways, by sector and date Sector Jobs supported by 2024/5 Jobs supported in 2030 Fuel Supply N/A 10,000 Heat and buildings 100,000 175,000 Natural resources, waste and F-gases (forestry only) Greenhouse Gas Removals N/A N/A 64.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerTable 12: Estimate of jobs supported in Net Zero Strategy pathways, by sector and date Sector Jobs supported by 2024/5 Jobs supported in 2030 Fuel Supply N/A 10,000 Heat and buildings 100,000 175,000 Natural resources, waste and F-gases (forestry only) Greenhouse Gas Removals N/A N/A 64. The Ten Point Plan for a Green industrial Revolution47 published in November 2019 set out plans to support up to 250,000 jobs by 2030, which was based on specific sectors included within the Ten Point Plan. The figures in this Net Zero Strategy include areas not covered by the Ten Point Plan, such as solar and onshore wind. In several cases, most notably around Heat and Buildings and Transport, figures have been updated since the Ten Point Plan was announced. 65.', 'In several cases, most notably around Heat and Buildings and Transport, figures have been updated since the Ten Point Plan was announced. 65. Government has also set out its ambition to pivot towards a green economy supporting up to 2 million green jobs by 2030. This is a wider ambition which includes areas of economic activity not included in the Net Zero Strategy but which support other environmental goals, such as climate adaptation and the circular economy. Wider impacts of the transition to net zero 66. Section 10 of the Climate Change Act lists various factors that must be taken into consideration by all decisions relating to carbon budgets, while Section 13 requires that the policies and proposals set out in the Net Zero Strategy as a whole contribute to sustainable development.', 'Section 10 of the Climate Change Act lists various factors that must be taken into consideration by all decisions relating to carbon budgets, while Section 13 requires that the policies and proposals set out in the Net Zero Strategy as a whole contribute to sustainable development. These factors have been taken into account in relation to proposals and policies that will enable the UK to meet its carbon budgets, as set out throughout this annex and in the main body of the Strategy. Technical AnnexTable 13: Summary of wider considerations Factor Consideration in Net Zero Strategy Conclusions Scientific knowledge See Climate Science Annex The scientific case for strong action on climate change remains definitive. Technology See Journey to Net Zero, sector chapters, Technical Annex The latest evidence on relevant climate technologies has been used for all analysis across the strategy.', 'Technology See Journey to Net Zero, sector chapters, Technical Annex The latest evidence on relevant climate technologies has been used for all analysis across the strategy. Economic See Technical Annex, Why Net Zero, Green Jobs, Skills, and Industries, Investment, Innovation, Green Choices and Local Climate Action chapters There are many economic and competitiveness impacts of the transition, some of which are positive and some negative. We make no overall conclusion. Fiscal See Technical Annex The full fiscal impact of the transition is not yet known and will depend on varied policy decisions and economic outcomes. Sustainable development See Reducing Emissions across the Economy chapters, Technical Annex, Embedding Net Zero chapter There are both positive and negative natural capital impacts associated with emissions reduction policies but the overall contribution to sustainable development is likely positive.', 'Sustainable development See Reducing Emissions across the Economy chapters, Technical Annex, Embedding Net Zero chapter There are both positive and negative natural capital impacts associated with emissions reduction policies but the overall contribution to sustainable development is likely positive. Other aspects of sustainable development are addressed in the economic, fiscal and social sections. Energy policy See Journey to Net Zero and Power chapters, and Technical Annex Delivering our carbon budgets has the potential to reduce demand for gas, coal, oil and transport fuels which could improve security of supply by diversifying away from primarily imported fossil fuels. Other measures will mean increases in electrification and the simultaneous deep decarbonisation of electricity supply, which carries security of supply risks. Estimations of the future energy and carbon intensity of the economy are presented in Table 10 of the Technical Annex.', 'Estimations of the future energy and carbon intensity of the economy are presented in Table 10 of the Technical Annex. Social See Technical Annex, Green Choices, and Buildings chapters Price and bill impacts will depend on electricity market developments and consumption patterns. Policies that improve energy efficiency of homes will reduce bills and benefit fuel poor households. IAS See Technical Annex, Transport chapter IAS emissions will be included from the sixth carbon budget onwards and will use the bunker fuel sales method to calculate emissions. Projected IAS emissions are set out in Table 8. International and European See International climate leadership and Why Net Zero chapters The UK has world leading ambition on climate change and is committed to advancing global climate action. The UK has now left the EU and is no longer bound by EU climate policies.', 'The UK has now left the EU and is no longer bound by EU climate policies. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFactor Consideration in Net Zero Strategy Conclusions Devolved circumstances See sector chapters and Technical Annex The NZS pathway analysis includes modelling of the scope to reduce emissions in each nation, considering their differing circumstances. These assumptions are broadly in line with the CCC’s distributions of abatement by nation. Key assumptions are outlined in the evidence base section below. 67. The following section considers two of these impacts in more detail: sustainable development, which is considered through analysis of the effects of policies and proposals on natural capital; and social considerations, including the potential impacts on energy bills and fuel poverty. Sustainable development and natural capital 68.', 'The following section considers two of these impacts in more detail: sustainable development, which is considered through analysis of the effects of policies and proposals on natural capital; and social considerations, including the potential impacts on energy bills and fuel poverty. Sustainable development and natural capital 68. Sustainable development concerns the stability and prosperity of society, and its capacity to provide for future generations. Sustainable development also incorporates social, economic, and environmental dimensions of sustainability. The Act requires carbon budget proposals and policies as a whole to contribute to sustainable development. The main outcomes of the policies and proposals in this Strategy will have a positive impact on the UK’s contribution to the global Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goal 7, targeting affordable and clean energy, and goal 13, targeting climate action. 69.', 'The main outcomes of the policies and proposals in this Strategy will have a positive impact on the UK’s contribution to the global Sustainable Development Goals, in particular goal 7, targeting affordable and clean energy, and goal 13, targeting climate action. 69. In this section, we assess the sustainability implications of the net zero transition in terms of its impact on the continuation and improvement of environmental functions, and stability and renewal of natural assets. This is most relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals 6, 14 and 15, which target protection of water and life on land and marine habitats. 70.', 'This is most relevant to the Sustainable Development Goals 6, 14 and 15, which target protection of water and life on land and marine habitats. 70. In line with HM Treasury Green Book, a natural capital perspective is taken to analyse these implications, whereby the impact of policies and proposals on the natural assets on which the economy depends is assessed.48 It is not yet possible to provide a complete assessment of the delivery implications of policies and proposals, as many are still subject to designs and implementations upon which the impacts are dependent. The extent that the natural capital impacts are mitigated will be dependent on the options considered in policy specific delivery analysis. 71.', 'The extent that the natural capital impacts are mitigated will be dependent on the options considered in policy specific delivery analysis. 71. To assess the potential natural capital impacts of a policy, a series of screening questions are used.49 Following this, the main benefits and risks associated with net zero policies are listed for different natural capital stocks. This is an indicative assessment of the natural capital impacts due to the limitations described above. As such, the large majority of measures in this strategy require further natural capital assessment. All policies will be assessed for natural capital benefits and risks in their impact assessments and business cases according to Green Book guidance. This includes considering the implications of policies for natural assets and any associated effects on wider economic welfare.', 'This includes considering the implications of policies for natural assets and any associated effects on wider economic welfare. More information on the natural capital approach can be found in the Green Book supplementary guidance and the Enabling a Natural Capital Approach guidance.50 Technical Annex72. Delivery of net zero policies and proposals will need to consider the UK’s other legally binding environmental commitments (for example, new legally binding targets stemming from the Environment Bill), and any trade-offs against these acknowledged and mitigated through careful planning policies and actions can be designed that deliver multiple outcomes in support of the UK’s net zero and 25 Year Environment Plan ambitions.', 'Delivery of net zero policies and proposals will need to consider the UK’s other legally binding environmental commitments (for example, new legally binding targets stemming from the Environment Bill), and any trade-offs against these acknowledged and mitigated through careful planning policies and actions can be designed that deliver multiple outcomes in support of the UK’s net zero and 25 Year Environment Plan ambitions. For instance, the planting of broadleaf trees and restoration of peatland or grassland can deliver carbon sequestration as well as environmental benefits including improved biodiversity and water quality, if done in the right way. Conversely, certain interventions such as planting of maize for biomass or food may risk soil health and water quality.', 'Conversely, certain interventions such as planting of maize for biomass or food may risk soil health and water quality. It will be important to assess the wider impacts of proposed net zero actions and seek synergies with environmental ambitions wherever possible, so that the twin challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change are tackled in an efficient way. 73.', 'It will be important to assess the wider impacts of proposed net zero actions and seek synergies with environmental ambitions wherever possible, so that the twin challenges of biodiversity loss and climate change are tackled in an efficient way. 73. The independent Natural Capital Committee defined natural capital as ‘those elements of the natural environment which provide valuable goods and services to people’.51 Nature underpins the UK’s economy and society: the energy, food, and water we consume; the air we breathe; our access to green space; and biodiversity, which is crucial in underpinning all our ecosystem and abiotic services, and in maintaining ecological function.52 Nature is a major economic sector in its own right – as a productive asset it provides market and non-market services of 74.', 'The independent Natural Capital Committee defined natural capital as ‘those elements of the natural environment which provide valuable goods and services to people’.51 Nature underpins the UK’s economy and society: the energy, food, and water we consume; the air we breathe; our access to green space; and biodiversity, which is crucial in underpinning all our ecosystem and abiotic services, and in maintaining ecological function.52 Nature is a major economic sector in its own right – as a productive asset it provides market and non-market services of 74. The policies and proposals taken together within the Net Zero Strategy are expected to have a significant net benefit to natural capital and thus sustainable development.', 'The policies and proposals taken together within the Net Zero Strategy are expected to have a significant net benefit to natural capital and thus sustainable development. Moving away from i) fossil fuels towards a greater share of renewable energy, ii) petrol and diesel cars towards green alternatives such as electric vehicles iii) gas boilers to lower carbon heating sources and iv) high carbon land uses towards afforestation and other land- based carbon dioxide removals, are just a few examples that will provide significant benefits. 75. However, some negative impacts to some natural capital stocks are likely to arise from realising climate targets; impacts will likely be specific and localised. For example, the development of BECCS technology could lead to a rise in PM2.5 released in these areas.', 'For example, the development of BECCS technology could lead to a rise in PM2.5 released in these areas. The direction of impact from the significant land use change required to meet net zero will depend on how and where this change is enacted, with a systemic and spatial approach more likely to deliver on net zero while providing natural capital benefits. Further in-depth exploration of the natural capital impacts of specific policies and policy mixes will need to be undertaken through the normal channels of Impact Assessments and Business Cases, to ensure trade-offs are managed and impacts mitigated. 76.', 'Further in-depth exploration of the natural capital impacts of specific policies and policy mixes will need to be undertaken through the normal channels of Impact Assessments and Business Cases, to ensure trade-offs are managed and impacts mitigated. 76. Air Quality: As climate change and air pollution have many of the same contributing emission sources, the decarbonisation of the UK economy offers major opportunities to significantly reduce air pollution and therefore improve human health and reduce the impact of some air pollutants on ecosystems. This is primarily driven through the reduction of petrol and diesel cars towards green alternatives, as well as the continual shift away from fossil fuels in heat and power generation.', 'This is primarily driven through the reduction of petrol and diesel cars towards green alternatives, as well as the continual shift away from fossil fuels in heat and power generation. However, some policies and proposals could result in significant negative air quality impacts at both regional and local scales, for example emissions of fine particulate matter from biomass combustion, ammonia from the use of anaerobic digestion, and NOx emissions Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greenerfrom hydrogen combustion in domestic or industrial settings. These are likely to impact our ability to reach statutory national emissions ceilings, increase exposure to harmful pollutants and cause some uneven health burdens. Furthermore, the impacts of air pollution can also impact the delivery of net zero.', 'Furthermore, the impacts of air pollution can also impact the delivery of net zero. For example, all of England’s forests and peatlands continue to be damaged by harmful emissions – particularly ammonia – which impact their ability to provide the ecosystem services required to meet net zero, including carbon sequestration and flood mitigation. Historic pollution loading across all habitats may also need to be ameliorated to maximise the potential of restoring them to meet the biodiversity targets in the Environment Bill. Further work will be undertaken to assess this and provide advice on tailoring our pathway to minimise these impacts. Continuous improvements in emission requirements and innovation in abatement technologies will also be necessary to deliver a pathway to net zero that maximises environmental benefits. 77.', 'Continuous improvements in emission requirements and innovation in abatement technologies will also be necessary to deliver a pathway to net zero that maximises environmental benefits. 77. Recreation: Achieving climate targets could have positive impacts for recreation and the provision of landscape amenity, with a transition to a low carbon economy providing spaces to enjoy nature. This will primarily be driven by new woodland creation for recreation and forestry more widely (where access permitted), woodland management and restoring peatlands. Green transport will also provide the opportunity to regularly access green spaces, parks and woodlands. Some policies may cause landscape issues for example, solar and onshore wind generation. 78. Biodiversity: In the long-term, net zero policies, for example, afforestation and peatland restoration, can be positive for biodiversity, preservation, connectivity, resilience and reducing ecological stress caused by climate change.', 'Biodiversity: In the long-term, net zero policies, for example, afforestation and peatland restoration, can be positive for biodiversity, preservation, connectivity, resilience and reducing ecological stress caused by climate change. However, biodiversity and habitats are spatially explicit, meaning locations and extent of future policies must seek to minimise any negative impacts, including displacement, air and noise pollution, and habitat loss, for example through housing or industry development. This could be minimised through further work on net gain principles which would seek to leave the environment in a better position. Other risks include ensuring land use changes (i.e. afforestation, biomass feedstocks, settlement expansion) do not lead to biodiversity loss. Mitigating actions and trade-offs will be considered when designing policies for reaching climate targets, including for low carbon technologies, greenhouse gas removals, marine policies, land management, and agricultural intensification. 79.', 'Mitigating actions and trade-offs will be considered when designing policies for reaching climate targets, including for low carbon technologies, greenhouse gas removals, marine policies, land management, and agricultural intensification. 79. Floods: Global temperature rise is leading to increased precipitation levels within the UK. There are a number of nature- based solutions such as the creation of new woodlands, planting of biomass crops such as willow, increased levels of upland peatland restoration, and strategically located natural flood management measures which can have positive impacts on flood risk management. For example, increased upland water storage improves the capacity of the UK’s waterbodies to prevent floods downstream. This will have varied benefits through reducing damages from floods to property, agricultural land and health, and reduced carbon emissions from floods.', 'This will have varied benefits through reducing damages from floods to property, agricultural land and health, and reduced carbon emissions from floods. Conversely, rewetting lowland peatlands may reduce the water storage capacity of those landscapes with possible impacts on local flood risk. Technical Annex80. Water availability and quality: Whilst many policies have positive impacts on water availability and quality, for example through upland peatland restoration and strategic planting of trees, some low carbon technologies are water-intensive and large- scale implementation could result in pressures on water demand. For example, nuclear power and hydrogen production require high levels of water input for cooling and electrolysis, respectively and certain biomass crops (for use in BECCS) have high water demand. This is set against a backdrop of increasing global water scarcity in a changing climate.', 'This is set against a backdrop of increasing global water scarcity in a changing climate. The UK is no exception, with increasing likelihood of warmer, drier summers. Therefore, water demand both regionally and nationally should be considered at a systems level, to ensure sustainable demand. 81. Raw materials: Resource efficiency policies will have a net benefit to pressures on raw material availability, reducing raw material demand and consumption. Reduced resource extraction and processing will also benefit other natural capital assets.', 'Reduced resource extraction and processing will also benefit other natural capital assets. For example, 90% of global biodiversity loss and water stress is caused by resource extraction and processing.54 Moving towards a circular economy, where priority is placed on extending the lifetime and lifecycle of a product through sharing, reusing, repairing, redesign and recycling, is likely to have a positive impact on a number of natural capital stocks, primarily water quality and availability, air quality and reducing pressures on land use. 82. Rare metals: Materials are finite. Some low carbon technologies are dependent on critical raw materials, many of which are rare, found in unique locations and in high demand globally, for example cobalt, lithium and nickel.', 'Some low carbon technologies are dependent on critical raw materials, many of which are rare, found in unique locations and in high demand globally, for example cobalt, lithium and nickel. Many of these rare metals are sourced internationally and extraction of them may place pressure on the natural capital stock in the country of origin. There are risks associated with overreliance on specific technologies where raw material scarcity may grow and geopolitics may determine access, for example, rare earth elements such as neodymium for use in magnets. These risks will be assessed in relevant policy delivery analysis. 83. Land Use: Land is finite. Meeting climate targets will require significant and competing demands from land, for example, for food, shelter, goods and service production, ecosystem services and greenhouse gas abatement. This will result in large changes to land use and management.', 'This will result in large changes to land use and management. The pathway in the Net Zero Strategy is reliant on land use change linked to tree planting, peat restoration and growing perennial energy crops or short rotation forestry for use as biomass. This change will impact on the extent and condition of natural capital assets and the ecosystem services they provide. The direction of impact (positive or negative) and its magnitude will depend on how and where land conversion happens. A systemic and spatial approach to land use, that considers net zero, socio- environmental objectives, and various socio- economic factors such as population and economic growth, is necessary to enact land use changes that delivers net zero as well as environmental outcomes in line with the 25 Year Environment Plan.', 'A systemic and spatial approach to land use, that considers net zero, socio- environmental objectives, and various socio- economic factors such as population and economic growth, is necessary to enact land use changes that delivers net zero as well as environmental outcomes in line with the 25 Year Environment Plan. Such an approach enables trade-offs to be managed among different objectives while facilitating win-win outcomes- for instance with flood protection and recreation. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSocial considerations 84. Over the last decade there have been changes in the underlying costs of energy bills, which have been mitigated through energy efficiency measures, helping consumers to use less energy. Electricity prices have trended upwards due to rising network costs and support for low carbon infrastructure and vulnerable households.', 'Electricity prices have trended upwards due to rising network costs and support for low carbon infrastructure and vulnerable households. Gas prices have fluctuated due to international wholesale gas prices, which in recent months have been particularly volatile. 85. Government energy saving schemes have been targeted towards low-income or vulnerable households, and the retail energy price cap has helped protect those customers on default energy tariffs. Steps have also been taken to protect industries most exposed to the UK’s relatively higher industrial electricity prices. 86. The policies set out in the Net Zero Strategy will help insulate consumers from the over-reliance on fossil fuels which they face today, and help to shield households, business, and the wider economy from the destabilising effects of this reliance. 87.', 'The policies set out in the Net Zero Strategy will help insulate consumers from the over-reliance on fossil fuels which they face today, and help to shield households, business, and the wider economy from the destabilising effects of this reliance. 87. How electricity and gas bills will change on the path to net zero depends on factors such as technology costs, patterns of consumer energy use and the government’s gradual approach to rebalancing where social and policy costs fall. The nature of costs in a smart, clean energy system will be different. The largest part of the electricity bill is currently the cost to energy suppliers from buying power. This cost has traditionally been determined by the underlying price of gas or coal, but this is changing.', 'This cost has traditionally been determined by the underlying price of gas or coal, but this is changing. Gas will continue to play a role in setting the electricity price for some years to come but, over time, will do so less frequently, as more and more low carbon generation (such as wind and solar) connect to the electricity system - consistent with the commitment to a fully decarbonised power system by 2035. This will help put downward pressured on wholesale electricity prices. 88. Patterns of energy consumption will also change. Most households and businesses are likely to increase their use of electricity, but reduce gas and petrol/diesel consumption, as they shift to low carbon forms of transport and heating (such as electric vehicles and heat pumps).', 'Most households and businesses are likely to increase their use of electricity, but reduce gas and petrol/diesel consumption, as they shift to low carbon forms of transport and heating (such as electric vehicles and heat pumps). It is essential to ensure that price incentives are fair and help support this transition away from relying on fossil fuel prices. 89. It will remain the case that households and businesses who install energy saving measures will reap significant savings. 90. As we progress towards net zero, the Government is committed to ensuring the costs of decarbonising the energy system are fair and affordable for all energy users. We are considering both the benefits and the costs of different pathways holistically across the economy and will work with industry and consumers to keep costs down. 91.', 'We are considering both the benefits and the costs of different pathways holistically across the economy and will work with industry and consumers to keep costs down. 91. The impact of decarbonisation on progress in tackling fuel poverty will be determined by changes in electricity and fuel prices, and higher energy efficiency in the housing stock. In particular, policies to improve energy efficiency in homes - such as the Social Housing Decarbonisation Fund, Home Upgrade Grant, Energy Company Obligation and proposals on Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards - will help to improve the building performance for the homes of those in or at risk of fuel poverty. The Warm Homes Discount will support fuel poor homes through reduced bill costs. Fuel poverty is a devolved matter.', 'Fuel poverty is a devolved matter. In England we are committed to our target for fuel poor households, as far as reasonably practicable, to be living in a home rated EPC Band C or better by 2030. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own fuel poverty targets and are also working to improve the energy efficiency of their building stock. Technical AnnexEvidence base Sectoral evidence Power BEIS’ Dynamic Dispatch Model (DDM) has been used to generate technically feasible pathways that are consistent with achieving the NDC in 2030, the sixth carbon budget in 2033-37 and net zero in 2050.55 This model was developed by BEIS and is used for all power sector analysis within the department.', 'Technical AnnexEvidence base Sectoral evidence Power BEIS’ Dynamic Dispatch Model (DDM) has been used to generate technically feasible pathways that are consistent with achieving the NDC in 2030, the sixth carbon budget in 2033-37 and net zero in 2050.55 This model was developed by BEIS and is used for all power sector analysis within the department. This includes the Modelling 2050 – Electricity System Analysis report that was published with the Energy White Paper and the Energy and Emissions projections.56 It was also used for the power sector analysis in the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget report although the CCC used their own assumptions and off-model adjustments for this.57 Assumptions for the Northern Ireland power sector demand and emission pathway are based on the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget advice.', 'This includes the Modelling 2050 – Electricity System Analysis report that was published with the Energy White Paper and the Energy and Emissions projections.56 It was also used for the power sector analysis in the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget report although the CCC used their own assumptions and off-model adjustments for this.57 Assumptions for the Northern Ireland power sector demand and emission pathway are based on the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget advice. The DDM relies on many exogenous assumptions and inputs, and results can be sensitive to changes in these assumptions.', 'The DDM relies on many exogenous assumptions and inputs, and results can be sensitive to changes in these assumptions. This includes using electricity demand from UKTM and other sectors analysis and evidence on different technologies costs and characteristics from BEIS’ generation costs report.58 Both full pathway runs and single year analysis is used to underpin the strategy set out in the power sector chapter. Distribution Network outcomes are modelled in the Distributions Networks Model (DNM). The DNM conducts electricity power flow analysis across 10 representative regional networks to estimate future distribution network constraints (thermal violations and voltage imbalances). The results of the constraint analysis are then fed into a separate investment model to calculate reinforcement costs up to 2050.', 'The results of the constraint analysis are then fed into a separate investment model to calculate reinforcement costs up to 2050. Investment costs for power plant generation capacity and flexible assets are calculated from the DDM based on technological costs assumptions. Transmission and Distribution Network costs have been calculated separately. The costs for networks provided are in Allowed Revenues terms. Allowed Revenue estimates are the costs that network operators will be allowed to recover annually – as decided by Ofgem as part of their RIIO price control process. These are therefore the network costs that will be passed through each year. They do not represent the total value of investment in assets. The 2050 illustrative scenarios represent the power sector at a less granular level than DDM.', 'The 2050 illustrative scenarios represent the power sector at a less granular level than DDM. Supplementary adjustments and results were validated by DDM but should not be read as predictive of the optimal technology mix in 2050. For a detailed assessment of potential scenarios for the 2050 electricity system please consult the Modelling 2050: electricity system analysis published alongside the Energy White Paper.59 The high electrification scenario assumes no hydrogen availability for power to illustrate an alternative power sector trajectory. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFuel Supply and Hydrogen Hydrogen: The hydrogen demand needed to meet the sixth carbon budget in industry, power, buildings and transport was estimated as set out in the evidence base sections for those sectors.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerFuel Supply and Hydrogen Hydrogen: The hydrogen demand needed to meet the sixth carbon budget in industry, power, buildings and transport was estimated as set out in the evidence base sections for those sectors. The hydrogen production capacity needed to meet this demand has been calculated assuming hydrogen production plants run at a 95% load factor. Evidence on hydrogen supply and demand has also been drawn from the Hydrogen Strategy: further detail can be found in the Hydrogen Strategy analytical annex.60, 61 Estimates of hydrogen production costs are based on the evidence set out in the hydrogen production Upstream Oil and Gas: The pathway for upstream oil and gas was developed using the OGA’s projected abatement from offshore electrification and flaring.', 'Evidence on hydrogen supply and demand has also been drawn from the Hydrogen Strategy: further detail can be found in the Hydrogen Strategy analytical annex.60, 61 Estimates of hydrogen production costs are based on the evidence set out in the hydrogen production Upstream Oil and Gas: The pathway for upstream oil and gas was developed using the OGA’s projected abatement from offshore electrification and flaring. Estimates of potential abatement from offshore electrification (scope 1 emissions only) were developed using the best available data provided to the OGA by industry as of August 2021, and assumes that there will be a mixture of some installations being partially electrified and some being fully electrified (the list of these installations was provided by industry).', 'Estimates of potential abatement from offshore electrification (scope 1 emissions only) were developed using the best available data provided to the OGA by industry as of August 2021, and assumes that there will be a mixture of some installations being partially electrified and some being fully electrified (the list of these installations was provided by industry). Fully electrified installations were estimated, in line with industry representatives’ assessment, to have 70% of power demand provided by electrification, while partially electrified ones have 43%. Additionally, it is assumed that project phasing is one year and that electrification of the installation would not affect previously reported economic cessation of production dates.', 'Additionally, it is assumed that project phasing is one year and that electrification of the installation would not affect previously reported economic cessation of production dates. The estimate of GHG emissions abatement via flaring reduction from offshore oil and gas infrastructure was developed assuming that zero routine flaring will be in place across all UKCS assets in 2030. Routine flaring is assumed to be broadly consistent with category 1 flaring (now defined by the OGA as category A flaring). Future expected flare volumes were calculated by subtracting the routine element of flaring from total anticipated flaring per facility after 2030, with data taken from the UK Stewardship Survey.', 'Future expected flare volumes were calculated by subtracting the routine element of flaring from total anticipated flaring per facility after 2030, with data taken from the UK Stewardship Survey. Flared gas values, in both mass and volume units, have been converted to CO2 emissions using emission factors observed in published datasets (e.g. EEMS).63 Capex assumptions for Upstream Oil and Gas abatement measures have been sourced from the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget advice. The overall cost profile has been calculated by BEIS and is aligned to the deployment trajectory underpinning the sector’s illustrative emissions pathway. This is an early analysis with significant uncertainties. Through discussion with the OGA BEIS is confident that these estimates are in the right order of magnitude, however actual costs might end up being higher.', 'Through discussion with the OGA BEIS is confident that these estimates are in the right order of magnitude, however actual costs might end up being higher. Hydrogen and other fuel supply assumptions for 2050 are aligned with those used in the Sixth Carbon Budget Impact Assessment. The level of curtailment available for electrolysis was taken directly from the power sector modelling. Technical AnnexIndustry A model of the UK industrial sector called Net Zero Industrial Pathways (NZIP) has been used to generate a technically feasible pathway to achieve a net zero industry sector by 2050.', 'Technical AnnexIndustry A model of the UK industrial sector called Net Zero Industrial Pathways (NZIP) has been used to generate a technically feasible pathway to achieve a net zero industry sector by 2050. The model was developed by Element Energy for BEIS and the Climate Change Committee (CCC)64 and was used to underpin the manufacturing and construction sector analysis in the CCC’s Sixth Carbon Budget report65 and the Government’s Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy (IDS),66 published in March 2021. The industry pathway required to reach net zero is based on the IDS National Networks scenario but achieves a faster trajectory through earlier decarbonisation of the Iron and Steel sector and increased CCS ambition by 2030.', 'The industry pathway required to reach net zero is based on the IDS National Networks scenario but achieves a faster trajectory through earlier decarbonisation of the Iron and Steel sector and increased CCS ambition by 2030. The model calculates the least cost pathway for a range of technologies, assessed on their capital and operating costs, along with cost reductions over time due to technology learning, and a number of key constraints impacting their deployment (e.g. technology readiness level, hydrogen and CO transport and storage availability, supply chain capacity). The 2050 scenario analysis includes supplementary adjustments to align the UKTM emissions, energy demands and CCS requirements with the evidence base in NZIP IDS 2050 scenarios.', 'The 2050 scenario analysis includes supplementary adjustments to align the UKTM emissions, energy demands and CCS requirements with the evidence base in NZIP IDS 2050 scenarios. In the high electrification and high resource scenarios these align with the National Networks scenario, whilst the high innovation scenario is more representative of the Cluster Networks scenario. Heat and Buildings Both heat and buildings scenarios are developed to be consistent with completely decarbonising buildings by 2050 to meet a net zero target. With the assumption that a typical heating appliance has a lifetime of 15 years, this implies that no new fossil fuel heating systems can be installed after 2035.', 'With the assumption that a typical heating appliance has a lifetime of 15 years, this implies that no new fossil fuel heating systems can be installed after 2035. The high electrification scenario assumes that hydrogen is not available as an option for heating buildings, so the level of heat pump deployment grows from its current level of around 35,000 in 2020 to be able to meet the turnover of fossil fuel systems in 2035. In scenarios involving hydrogen, heat pump deployment meets the common ambition of 600,000 heat pumps by 2028, and further growth is dependent on the level of hydrogen deployment to generate the same level of carbon savings between scenarios.', 'In scenarios involving hydrogen, heat pump deployment meets the common ambition of 600,000 heat pumps by 2028, and further growth is dependent on the level of hydrogen deployment to generate the same level of carbon savings between scenarios. Installation of energy efficiency measures and deployment of low carbon heat networks is assumed to be same in all scenarios.', 'Installation of energy efficiency measures and deployment of low carbon heat networks is assumed to be same in all scenarios. Domestic Energy Efficiency: The domestic energy efficiency modelling was carried out using the National Household Model.67 This model estimates the impact of installing different measures in different properties by applying the Standard Assessment Procedure68 to a representative sample of the housing stock based on the English Housing Survey.69 Further adjustments are made to modelled savings to account for factors such as the real-life performance of measures and people heating their homes to a more comfortable temperature when their energy bills are reduced.', 'Domestic Energy Efficiency: The domestic energy efficiency modelling was carried out using the National Household Model.67 This model estimates the impact of installing different measures in different properties by applying the Standard Assessment Procedure68 to a representative sample of the housing stock based on the English Housing Survey.69 Further adjustments are made to modelled savings to account for factors such as the real-life performance of measures and people heating their homes to a more comfortable temperature when their energy bills are reduced. Cost data for different measures comes from a variety of published sources, as well as some internal data.70, 71, 72 The deployment profile for measures was estimated based on current and planned policies and proposals.', 'Cost data for different measures comes from a variety of published sources, as well as some internal data.70, 71, 72 The deployment profile for measures was estimated based on current and planned policies and proposals. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerNon-Domestic Buildings - Commercial and public: The sixth carbon budget pathway for commercial and public sector buildings was created using BEIS Non-Domestic Buildings Model (NDBM). This models the deployment of low carbon heating and energy efficiency measures in non-domestic buildings.', 'This models the deployment of low carbon heating and energy efficiency measures in non-domestic buildings. The NDBM uses building stock characteristics and potential energy efficiency information from the Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) dataset.73 Data on energy consumption and emissions come from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Energy and Emissions Projections, and ECUK.74, 75, 76 The model has been supplemented with updated information on off-gas grid buildings from the Non- domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED); and updated cost and efficiency assumptions for Heating Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC) technologies in non- domestic buildings.77 Modelling assumptions for public sector buildings have been further refined through monitoring the on-going rollout of phase 1 and 2 of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme.', 'The NDBM uses building stock characteristics and potential energy efficiency information from the Building Energy Efficiency Survey (BEES) dataset.73 Data on energy consumption and emissions come from the Digest of UK Energy Statistics, Energy and Emissions Projections, and ECUK.74, 75, 76 The model has been supplemented with updated information on off-gas grid buildings from the Non- domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED); and updated cost and efficiency assumptions for Heating Ventilation and Cooling (HVAC) technologies in non- domestic buildings.77 Modelling assumptions for public sector buildings have been further refined through monitoring the on-going rollout of phase 1 and 2 of the Public Sector Decarbonisation Scheme. Products Policy: For products policies, as well as the sources listed above, additional data is taken from the ONS, consultation with trade associations and research provided by external contractors to develop the evidence base.', 'Products Policy: For products policies, as well as the sources listed above, additional data is taken from the ONS, consultation with trade associations and research provided by external contractors to develop the evidence base. The average energy consumption of products in the pathway are compared to the market average to calculate energy savings, taking into account product lifetime, usage and different technology types. Costs associated with products price increases, staff labour and training and installation costs are also taken into account, as well as interaction with EU and international trade and product regulations. Domestic Heat Pumps: Deployment of domestic heat pumps is based on simple analysis of the residential stock, segmenting homes by heating fuel, and considering natural replacement cycles.', 'Domestic Heat Pumps: Deployment of domestic heat pumps is based on simple analysis of the residential stock, segmenting homes by heating fuel, and considering natural replacement cycles. The trajectory of heat pumps is based on estimates of deployment from current and planned policies, supply chain growth required to meet phasing out of new fossil fuel heating systems, and use of the natural replacement cycle to remove all fossil fuel heating in homes by 2050.', 'The trajectory of heat pumps is based on estimates of deployment from current and planned policies, supply chain growth required to meet phasing out of new fossil fuel heating systems, and use of the natural replacement cycle to remove all fossil fuel heating in homes by 2050. Assumptions on appliance costs and performance, and on potential supply chain growth, are based on published research.78, 79, 80 Assumptions on the current building stock and heat demand are from the NHM and domestic NEED.81, 82 Assumptions on new build homes are based on DHLUC’s 2019 FHS Consultation stage Impact Assessment - these were produced externally by consultants and an independent consortium.83 These are for appraisal purposes only, and are not an official forecast of housing supply.', 'Assumptions on appliance costs and performance, and on potential supply chain growth, are based on published research.78, 79, 80 Assumptions on the current building stock and heat demand are from the NHM and domestic NEED.81, 82 Assumptions on new build homes are based on DHLUC’s 2019 FHS Consultation stage Impact Assessment - these were produced externally by consultants and an independent consortium.83 These are for appraisal purposes only, and are not an official forecast of housing supply. Hydrogen: Deployment of hydrogen for heat in buildings up to the sixth carbon budget has been modelled using a spatial analysis approach considering the metered gas demand from residential, commercial and public buildings within an expanding radius around potential industrial cluster sites producing hydrogen.', 'Hydrogen: Deployment of hydrogen for heat in buildings up to the sixth carbon budget has been modelled using a spatial analysis approach considering the metered gas demand from residential, commercial and public buildings within an expanding radius around potential industrial cluster sites producing hydrogen. Spatial gas demand has been derived from NEED data and assumptions on rollout rate have been taken from the CCC’s residential heat decarbonisation scenarios from their Sixth Carbon Budget advice.84, 85, 86 Additional assumptions on overall demand for scaling are from DUKES.87 Technical AnnexHeat Networks: Deployment of heat networks has been derived from the expected impact of capital support and regulation, informed by the heat network opportunity areas.88 The analysis appraises the impact of low-carbon heat network policies, and on fuel demand relative to a predominately gas-fired counterfactual, to estimate carbon savings.', 'Spatial gas demand has been derived from NEED data and assumptions on rollout rate have been taken from the CCC’s residential heat decarbonisation scenarios from their Sixth Carbon Budget advice.84, 85, 86 Additional assumptions on overall demand for scaling are from DUKES.87 Technical AnnexHeat Networks: Deployment of heat networks has been derived from the expected impact of capital support and regulation, informed by the heat network opportunity areas.88 The analysis appraises the impact of low-carbon heat network policies, and on fuel demand relative to a predominately gas-fired counterfactual, to estimate carbon savings. The costs technical assumption come from a AECOM report, but a number of assumptions have been updated since using learning from the Heat Network Investment Projects (HNIP).89, 90 Biomethane: Plant deployment scenarios are based on a combination of historic deployment under the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), and commercial intelligence.', 'The costs technical assumption come from a AECOM report, but a number of assumptions have been updated since using learning from the Heat Network Investment Projects (HNIP).89, 90 Biomethane: Plant deployment scenarios are based on a combination of historic deployment under the Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI), and commercial intelligence. Heat generated is estimated from plant deployment scenarios and using estimates for biomethane injection as proportion of capacity.91 The internal BEIS Biomass Heat Pathways Tool provides assumptions on biogeneration emissions, feedstock costs, capex and opex costs.92 These capex and opex costs have also been verified against cost information collected through market intelligence, the Non-Domestic RHI Evaluation, and a review of AD plant costs commissioned by BEIS and awarded to the National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC).', 'Heat generated is estimated from plant deployment scenarios and using estimates for biomethane injection as proportion of capacity.91 The internal BEIS Biomass Heat Pathways Tool provides assumptions on biogeneration emissions, feedstock costs, capex and opex costs.92 These capex and opex costs have also been verified against cost information collected through market intelligence, the Non-Domestic RHI Evaluation, and a review of AD plant costs commissioned by BEIS and awarded to the National Non-Food Crops Centre (NNFCC). Rothamsted Research has provided assumptions on upstream carbon savings, linked to diverting feedstocks from counterfactual uses to AD, and ammonia impacts.93 Downstream carbon savings, linked to the displacement of natural gas with biomethane, are estimated using emissions factors provided in the HMT Green Book supplementary guidance.94 Fertiliser savings are valued using the average of fertiliser prices published by the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board across multiple years.95 Full methodology and assumptions can be found in the final stage impact assessment for the Green Gas Support Scheme.96 The 2050 UKTM scenarios represent the housing stock at a less granular level but have been calibrated to the sectoral evidence base.', 'Rothamsted Research has provided assumptions on upstream carbon savings, linked to diverting feedstocks from counterfactual uses to AD, and ammonia impacts.93 Downstream carbon savings, linked to the displacement of natural gas with biomethane, are estimated using emissions factors provided in the HMT Green Book supplementary guidance.94 Fertiliser savings are valued using the average of fertiliser prices published by the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board across multiple years.95 Full methodology and assumptions can be found in the final stage impact assessment for the Green Gas Support Scheme.96 The 2050 UKTM scenarios represent the housing stock at a less granular level but have been calibrated to the sectoral evidence base. The high electrification scenario assumes no availability of hydrogen for heating, the high resource scenario limits the deployment of electric heating, whilst the high innovation scenario is left to optimise outcomes.', 'The high electrification scenario assumes no availability of hydrogen for heating, the high resource scenario limits the deployment of electric heating, whilst the high innovation scenario is left to optimise outcomes. Transport Domestic Transport: The pathway for domestic transport covers road transport, rail, domestic shipping and domestic aviation. The Net Zero Strategy pathway for road transport, rail and domestic aviation was developed using projections from the recently published Transport Decarbonisation Plan (TDP).97 These projections were produced using a range of models and analysis, including the National Transport Model (road transport), Traction Decarbonisation Network Strategy (rail), and the Aviation model, adjusted for decarbonising transport measures.98 The forecasts presented in the TDP considered a number of scenarios.', 'The Net Zero Strategy pathway for road transport, rail and domestic aviation was developed using projections from the recently published Transport Decarbonisation Plan (TDP).97 These projections were produced using a range of models and analysis, including the National Transport Model (road transport), Traction Decarbonisation Network Strategy (rail), and the Aviation model, adjusted for decarbonising transport measures.98 The forecasts presented in the TDP considered a number of scenarios. The Net Zero Strategy pathway for road transport, rail and domestic aviation assumes an ambitious policy package within the range of policy outcomes explored in the TDP. These emissions savings are applied to a central demand scenario. The Net Zero Strategy pathway for domestic shipping is based on research commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT) – see below for further details.', 'The Net Zero Strategy pathway for domestic shipping is based on research commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT) – see below for further details. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerInternational Aviation and Shipping: The Net Zero Strategy pathway for international aviation was developed using projections from the TDP and the Jet Zero Consultation.99 This uses the same Aviation model and assumptions as used for the domestic aviation projections. The DfT’s Aviation model is an established suite of interrelated components used to produce forecasts for aviation demand at the national level, and the associated passenger numbers, aircrafts and CO emissions from flights departing from UK airports.100 Three abatement measures are considered within the modelling; system efficiencies, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), and zero emission aircraft.', 'The DfT’s Aviation model is an established suite of interrelated components used to produce forecasts for aviation demand at the national level, and the associated passenger numbers, aircrafts and CO emissions from flights departing from UK airports.100 Three abatement measures are considered within the modelling; system efficiencies, sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), and zero emission aircraft. As with the Net Zero Strategy pathway for domestic shipping, the pathway for international shipping is based on research commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT).101 For both pathways, the estimates from this research have been adjusted to align them with the latest UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics.102 Therefore, the pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping are consistent with the definitions of domestic shipping and international shipping used in these national statistics.103 Given the emerging nature of zero emission shipping fuels, the NZS pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping should be interpreted as a possible scenario for meeting the government’s commitment to achieving net zero in maritime rather than estimates of the impact of specific policies.', 'As with the Net Zero Strategy pathway for domestic shipping, the pathway for international shipping is based on research commissioned by the Department for Transport (DfT).101 For both pathways, the estimates from this research have been adjusted to align them with the latest UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics.102 Therefore, the pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping are consistent with the definitions of domestic shipping and international shipping used in these national statistics.103 Given the emerging nature of zero emission shipping fuels, the NZS pathways for domestic shipping and international shipping should be interpreted as a possible scenario for meeting the government’s commitment to achieving net zero in maritime rather than estimates of the impact of specific policies. The illustrative 2050 scenarios rely on the same evidence base for transport as the Sixth Carbon Budget Impact Assessment with the exception of the high innovation scenarios, where modelling updates on aviation to reflect DfT’s Jet Zero consultation high ambition scenario, and the scenarios for shipping which have been aligned with the NZS pathways described above.', 'The illustrative 2050 scenarios rely on the same evidence base for transport as the Sixth Carbon Budget Impact Assessment with the exception of the high innovation scenarios, where modelling updates on aviation to reflect DfT’s Jet Zero consultation high ambition scenario, and the scenarios for shipping which have been aligned with the NZS pathways described above. To support the sustainable fuel production requirements additional assumptions have been taken from the Advanced Gasification Technology review.104 Natural Resources and Waste Agriculture: The agriculture emissions trajectory is based on estimates of maximum technical GHG mitigation potential (MTP) for each technology from the Clean Growth through Sustainable Intensification (CGSI) Project and building upon previous work by the CCC.', 'To support the sustainable fuel production requirements additional assumptions have been taken from the Advanced Gasification Technology review.104 Natural Resources and Waste Agriculture: The agriculture emissions trajectory is based on estimates of maximum technical GHG mitigation potential (MTP) for each technology from the Clean Growth through Sustainable Intensification (CGSI) Project and building upon previous work by the CCC. MTP quantifies the impact if all farms which could technically adopt a measure do so, whilst considering any current uptake to avoid double counting.105 MTP was derived from expert review of published literature and modelling to scale experimental data to national level. These estimates have been independently peer reviewed. CGSI used the MTP values to derive the trajectory based on ambitious but feasible deployment rates.', 'CGSI used the MTP values to derive the trajectory based on ambitious but feasible deployment rates. The trajectory was informed by academic, industry and policy experts to reflect barriers, technology readiness and R&D lead in times. Additional stretch options were modelled through Defra analysis using CGSI and CCC data, generally through adjustments to implementation rates. Additional modelling addressing agricultural mobile machinery aligned to CCC analysis in its Sixth Carbon Budget Report. England only data was scaled to a UK basis using the relative emission share between England and the Devolved Administrations as an estimator of Devolved Administration potential, pending publication of the Devolved Administrations pathways. Technical AnnexThe UKTM modelling for the 2050 scenarios uses the same evidence base as the agriculture emissions trajectory.', 'Technical AnnexThe UKTM modelling for the 2050 scenarios uses the same evidence base as the agriculture emissions trajectory. A set of crop and livestock measures are characterised by their cost and maximum technical potential to reduce emissions, and these assumptions are the same across the three scenarios. Biomass: The biomass analysis is an indicative technical assessment of potential carbon abatement assuming optimal species/site/climate matching and a relatively simplistic approach to modelling carbon removals. Five biomass crop categories were modelled, deployed in fixed proportions: exotic SRF (14%); conifer SRF (23%); broadleaf SRF (poplar, aspen) (12%); SRC willow (27%); miscanthus (25%). A high-level analysis of land availability has been undertaken, indicating that the Net Zero Strategy pathway deployment profile is feasible.', 'A high-level analysis of land availability has been undertaken, indicating that the Net Zero Strategy pathway deployment profile is feasible. To calculate carbon stocks, a simple linear approach to yield modelling has been adopted which could overestimate initial growth and thus abatement. For all crops, appropriate biomass expansion coefficients were applied to account for branches and/or roots, as appropriate. All biomass was converted to carbon, assuming carbon comprises 50% of biomass. Emissions savings are modelled as the time-averaged increase in biomass carbon stocks resulting from planting of the crop, assuming the land use change is permanent. In addition, the 2050 scenarios assume a maximum technical potential of 53 kha domestic bioenergy crop planting rate by 2050. Bioresource import assumptions in 2050 do not exceed current levels of imports.', 'Bioresource import assumptions in 2050 do not exceed current levels of imports. Forestry: Emissions/removals are estimated using output from Forest Research’s CSORT model, an off-line version of Carbine, the greenhouse gas accounting model used to calculate the forestry contribution to the UK LULUCF GHG inventory.106, 107 Three indicative woodland types are represented in the model: productive conifer, productive broadleaf, and unmanaged. The modelled abatement is for England only and adjusted to a UK basis to be broadly aligned to the CCC share of afforestation by country in the “Balanced Net Zero pathway” scenario.108 Linear expansion of deployment is assumed between 2025 and 2035.', 'The modelled abatement is for England only and adjusted to a UK basis to be broadly aligned to the CCC share of afforestation by country in the “Balanced Net Zero pathway” scenario.108 Linear expansion of deployment is assumed between 2025 and 2035. Non-market benefits are calculated using various research, compatible with the Enabling a Natural Capital Approach services data book.109 The 2050 scenarios vary the maximum afforestation/tree planting rate assumptions between 30 kha (in the high electrification/innovation scenario) and 50 kha pa (in the high resource scenario). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPeatland: The peatland trajectory covers restoration as well as technical potential modelling covering abatement from responsible management and the ending of peat extraction.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerPeatland: The peatland trajectory covers restoration as well as technical potential modelling covering abatement from responsible management and the ending of peat extraction. Emissions savings from peatland restoration are based on upland, lowland cropland and lowland grassland emissions factors, which are applied to the peatland restoration deployment profile, delivered via the Nature for Climate Fund and Blended finance up to 2050.110 The technical potential modelling covering responsible management measures (management activity that does not seek to re-establish peat habitats, but which significantly reduces the impact of using peatland for its current purpose) assumes abatement to be 1/3 of respective cropland/grassland restoration abatement.', 'Emissions savings from peatland restoration are based on upland, lowland cropland and lowland grassland emissions factors, which are applied to the peatland restoration deployment profile, delivered via the Nature for Climate Fund and Blended finance up to 2050.110 The technical potential modelling covering responsible management measures (management activity that does not seek to re-establish peat habitats, but which significantly reduces the impact of using peatland for its current purpose) assumes abatement to be 1/3 of respective cropland/grassland restoration abatement. Biodiversity and water quality benefits are monetized using central values, whilst upfront restoration costs are estimated using 2017 Defra grant scheme data.111, 112 The peatland modelling from Defra is England only, including an early stage assessment of how emissions factors from wasted peat may be revised in future inventories.', 'Biodiversity and water quality benefits are monetized using central values, whilst upfront restoration costs are estimated using 2017 Defra grant scheme data.111, 112 The peatland modelling from Defra is England only, including an early stage assessment of how emissions factors from wasted peat may be revised in future inventories. Abatement potential in DAs is assumed to be in line with CCC analysis. Peatland assumptions are the same across the three 2050 scenarios and there are two separate evidence bases – one that covers England, and one that covers Scotland. Both evidence bases consist of a set of restoration measures characterised by cost and maximum technical potential to reduce emissions.', 'Both evidence bases consist of a set of restoration measures characterised by cost and maximum technical potential to reduce emissions. Assumptions for England come from Defra but for Scotland, data comes from the Scottish TIMES model and are uplifted to account for Wales and Northern Ireland. Resources and Waste: For municipal wastewater, water companies use the Carbon Accounting Workbook developed by UK Water Industry Research to estimate operational GHG emissions across the industry. The workbook has been in place since 2004 and is updated annually to reflect the needs of the industry, including changes in carbon accounting practices with updated emission factors to align with the latest UK and international data.', 'The workbook has been in place since 2004 and is updated annually to reflect the needs of the industry, including changes in carbon accounting practices with updated emission factors to align with the latest UK and international data. There are no internal models for private or industrial emissions and there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the magnitude and main sources of these. The Water UK Routemap to 2030 sets out industry plans to achieve net zero by 2030.113 This routemap has been used as the basis for Defra to develop net zero consistent policies, for example, using assumptions from industry on cost and feasibility of policy deployment. For landfill emissions estimation, the Landfill Environmental and Financial (LEAF) model has been used.', 'For landfill emissions estimation, the Landfill Environmental and Financial (LEAF) model has been used. This was developed by Resource and Waste Solutions, and more detail can be found in their report.114 This is a high-level and strategic model of non-hazardous waste flows in England. LEAF allows the different scenarios to be described numerically and their effects on landfill emissions and costs of landfill to be calculated. The model considers the impacts of changes on landfill gas, leachate and void space consumption. The model is England only, but to provide an indication of Devolved Administration potential, emission savings are scaled to a UK level using relative emissions shares between England and the Devolved Administrations. It is assumed that there is a linear increase in diversion from landfill after 2021.', 'It is assumed that there is a linear increase in diversion from landfill after 2021. Technical AnnexF-Gases: The Net Zero Strategy pathway for F-gas Emissions was estimated primarily using the UK-Level HFC Outlook Model developed by Gluckman Consulting. Non-HFC F-gas emissions are estimated using the BEIS Energy and Emissions Projections. The level of ambition for metered dose inhalers is derived from the ambition within the NHS report ‘Delivering a ‘Net Zero’ National Health Service’.115 Costs were developed using the CCC report ‘Assessment of the potential to reduce UK F-gas emissions beyond the ambition of the F-gas Regulation and Kigali Amendment’.116 Uplift of HFC GWPs to AR5 with Carbon Cycle Feedback values was taken from BEIS Methodology.', 'The level of ambition for metered dose inhalers is derived from the ambition within the NHS report ‘Delivering a ‘Net Zero’ National Health Service’.115 Costs were developed using the CCC report ‘Assessment of the potential to reduce UK F-gas emissions beyond the ambition of the F-gas Regulation and Kigali Amendment’.116 Uplift of HFC GWPs to AR5 with Carbon Cycle Feedback values was taken from BEIS Methodology. Assumptions on maximum technical potential for resources, waste, and F-gases in the 2050 scenarios are aligned with the sectoral evidence base for the pathway analysis.', 'Assumptions on maximum technical potential for resources, waste, and F-gases in the 2050 scenarios are aligned with the sectoral evidence base for the pathway analysis. Greenhouse Gas Removals The engineered removals include the following technologies: Power Bionenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (Power BECCS), Industry BECCS, Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS), and BECCS applications based on advanced gasification technologies (Hydrogen generation with waste, Hydrogen generation with biomass, Biofuels, Biogas, and Biomethane generation with CCS). Other engineered removals solutions, such as enhanced weathering, carbon-negative cements, ocean carbon sequestration and biochar have not been included in the modelling at this stage given the underlying uncertainty and need for further development. The pathway was developed through a combination of bottom-up sectoral modelling, as well as UKTM whole-system modelling.', 'The pathway was developed through a combination of bottom-up sectoral modelling, as well as UKTM whole-system modelling. The pathway analysis (including build rates, energy demand, and costs) relied on assumptions from published sources on BECCS and DACCS, alongside a benchmarking study commissioned by BEIS.117, 118, 119, 120, 121 The study presented evidence based on an original review of the published literature, feedback received through the GGR Call for Evidence and additional stakeholder engagement.122 An investment lead-in time of four years is assumed for power BECCS, and five years for hydrogen BECCS and DACCS. Costs for power BECCS and hydrogen BECCS represent both the cost of generation (electricity/hydrogen) and of CO removal. Power and hydrogen generation with BECCS are assumed to operate at baseload.', 'Power and hydrogen generation with BECCS are assumed to operate at baseload. DACCS is assumed to rely on low carbon energy inputs. UKTM modelling for the 2050 scenarios uses the same technology assumptions as the pathway analysis where possible. In addition to the benchmarking study, assumptions on maximum technical potential and technology performance have been sourced from the sectoral models such as NZIP and from the Advanced Gasification Technology review.', 'In addition to the benchmarking study, assumptions on maximum technical potential and technology performance have been sourced from the sectoral models such as NZIP and from the Advanced Gasification Technology review. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSupporting the transition across the economy Green Jobs, Skills and Industries Skills evidence presented in the Net Zero Strategy is largely drawn from the work carried out by the Green Jobs Taskforce and found in the published Green Jobs Taskforce report.123 The joint BEIS and DfE Ministerially led independent Taskforce included representatives from across business, trade unions and the skills/education sector and it was supported by a secretariat comprised of civil servants from BEIS and the DfE.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerSupporting the transition across the economy Green Jobs, Skills and Industries Skills evidence presented in the Net Zero Strategy is largely drawn from the work carried out by the Green Jobs Taskforce and found in the published Green Jobs Taskforce report.123 The joint BEIS and DfE Ministerially led independent Taskforce included representatives from across business, trade unions and the skills/education sector and it was supported by a secretariat comprised of civil servants from BEIS and the DfE. The secretariat facilitated the drawing together of its evidence review and supported the Green Jobs Taskforce reviewing over 200 reports published by industry, academia, and government to form a robust evidence base upon which to build recommendations.', 'The secretariat facilitated the drawing together of its evidence review and supported the Green Jobs Taskforce reviewing over 200 reports published by industry, academia, and government to form a robust evidence base upon which to build recommendations. The Annex published alongside the Green Jobs Taskforce brings together a wide range of information about how certain sectors, occupations, skills requirements and qualification levels (L)1 will change as the UK transitions to a net zero economy gathered by the secretariat. Green Investment Research referenced in the Green Investment chapter is drawn from external sources.', 'Green Investment Research referenced in the Green Investment chapter is drawn from external sources. This includes the Climate Change Committee’s The Road to Net Zero Finance, which was a report prepared by the Advisory Group on Finance to critically assess the UK financial systems ability to deliver net zero.124 This report provides an estimate for the total amount of capital investment needed in technologies to achieve net zero and therefore does not deliver a full picture of investment needs given the exclusion of operational costs. Innovation for Net Zero The published Energy Innovation Needs Assessments (EINAs) are the main source of evidence base underlying the innovation chapter.125 It is a whole system analysis used in understanding the sectors and innovations of highest potential benefit to the UK energy system.', 'Innovation for Net Zero The published Energy Innovation Needs Assessments (EINAs) are the main source of evidence base underlying the innovation chapter.125 It is a whole system analysis used in understanding the sectors and innovations of highest potential benefit to the UK energy system. The analysis is based on cost optimisation modelling carried with the Energy System Modelling Environment (ESME), and extensive engagement with industry to shape input assumptions and guide technical specifications. The EINAs are split into twelve reports, each covering a group of similar technologies and exploring their potential impacts and current barriers to their innovation and deployment. Overall, the EINAs aid understanding of where innovation can help achieve the largest energy system cost reductions and business opportunities when on a net zero trajectory.', 'Overall, the EINAs aid understanding of where innovation can help achieve the largest energy system cost reductions and business opportunities when on a net zero trajectory. GVA figures used in this publication have been updated internally by BEIS using the same EINA methodology to reflect increased net zero ambition, as original EINA publications were on the basis of the previous 80% greenhouse gas reduction target. Technical AnnexLocal Climate Action Analysis of local based decarbonisation policies is based on the Local Net Zero Model. The model takes assumptions from the ELENA programme, an EU fund which leverages public money for local based decarbonisation projects.126 These assumptions include the expected level of private funding leveraged, energy savings of projects and additionality.', 'The model takes assumptions from the ELENA programme, an EU fund which leverages public money for local based decarbonisation projects.126 These assumptions include the expected level of private funding leveraged, energy savings of projects and additionality. The model estimates the public costs, private costs, carbon savings and energy savings of expected projects resulting from the programme. Empowering the Public and Businesses to Make Green Choices Much of the research contributing towards this chapter was part of BEIS’ Net Zero Societal Change Research Programme 2020-21.', 'Empowering the Public and Businesses to Make Green Choices Much of the research contributing towards this chapter was part of BEIS’ Net Zero Societal Change Research Programme 2020-21. Components of the research programme that have fed into this chapter include: ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’ (an online survey of circa 7,000 members of the UK public on public perceptions of climate change and net zero); ‘Net zero public dialogue’ (online workshops with the public exploring their understanding and perceptions of net zero); ‘Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project’ (analysis carried out by Energy Systems Catapult exploring the potential impact of different societal changes in reaching net zero); and a research note entitled ‘Net zero public engagement and participation’.127, 128, 129, 130 Within the chapter, the ‘Principles underpinning green public and business choices’ section is drawn from ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, a report BEIS commissioned from the Behavioural Insights Team.131 The chapter also uses findings from BEIS’ Public Attitudes Tracker surveys regarding people’s concern about Cross-cutting assumptions Fuel prices: Fossil fuel price assumptions are based on the BEIS Fossil Fuel Prices Assumptions 2020, with the exception of UKTIMES analysis which uses the BEIS Fossil Fuel Prices Assumptions 2016.133 Carbon values: Carbon values apply a monetary value to emissions in policy appraisal and are based on a target-consistent approach.', 'Components of the research programme that have fed into this chapter include: ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’ (an online survey of circa 7,000 members of the UK public on public perceptions of climate change and net zero); ‘Net zero public dialogue’ (online workshops with the public exploring their understanding and perceptions of net zero); ‘Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project’ (analysis carried out by Energy Systems Catapult exploring the potential impact of different societal changes in reaching net zero); and a research note entitled ‘Net zero public engagement and participation’.127, 128, 129, 130 Within the chapter, the ‘Principles underpinning green public and business choices’ section is drawn from ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, a report BEIS commissioned from the Behavioural Insights Team.131 The chapter also uses findings from BEIS’ Public Attitudes Tracker surveys regarding people’s concern about Cross-cutting assumptions Fuel prices: Fossil fuel price assumptions are based on the BEIS Fossil Fuel Prices Assumptions 2020, with the exception of UKTIMES analysis which uses the BEIS Fossil Fuel Prices Assumptions 2016.133 Carbon values: Carbon values apply a monetary value to emissions in policy appraisal and are based on a target-consistent approach. The latest 2021 HMG carbon values are consistent with the UK’s national and international climate commitments and represent an increase on previous values.134 Where cost benefit analysis of the sixth carbon budget from the Impact Assessment is quoted, the 2018 carbon values were used.', 'The latest 2021 HMG carbon values are consistent with the UK’s national and international climate commitments and represent an increase on previous values.134 Where cost benefit analysis of the sixth carbon budget from the Impact Assessment is quoted, the 2018 carbon values were used. These are consistent with the previous 80% emissions reduction target.', 'These are consistent with the previous 80% emissions reduction target. To compensate for subsequent increased climate ambition, the high rather than central 2018 carbon values were used in the cost benefit analysis.135 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEconomic growth and demography: The baseline for economic growth used for all analysis is consistent with the July 2020 OBR long term projections of economic growth.136 When calculating the GDP carbon intensity and GDP energy intensity deployment assumptions, projections from the March 2021 Economic and fiscal outlook were used, for both short and long-term GDP forecasts.137 Air quality: Where air quality impacts have been quantified, they have been monetised in line with the national values of the most recent air quality damage costs.138 Discount rates: Discount rates are used in line with Green Book guidance.139 For appraisal periods up to 2050 the discount rate is 3.5%.', 'To compensate for subsequent increased climate ambition, the high rather than central 2018 carbon values were used in the cost benefit analysis.135 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEconomic growth and demography: The baseline for economic growth used for all analysis is consistent with the July 2020 OBR long term projections of economic growth.136 When calculating the GDP carbon intensity and GDP energy intensity deployment assumptions, projections from the March 2021 Economic and fiscal outlook were used, for both short and long-term GDP forecasts.137 Air quality: Where air quality impacts have been quantified, they have been monetised in line with the national values of the most recent air quality damage costs.138 Discount rates: Discount rates are used in line with Green Book guidance.139 For appraisal periods up to 2050 the discount rate is 3.5%. A 2% cumulative annual health uplift is applied to air quality benefits prior to discounting, effectively reducing the discount rate to 1.5%.', 'A 2% cumulative annual health uplift is applied to air quality benefits prior to discounting, effectively reducing the discount rate to 1.5%. Estimating jobs: The estimate of jobs delivered since the Ten Point Plan announcement is based on internal HMG analysis of employment impacts across a range of policies and programmes within the 10 Points of the Plan. The method for estimating the number of jobs supported by Net Zero Strategy policies and proposals in 2025 and 2030 is as follows. This varies by sector and in some cases by the period of analysis.', 'This varies by sector and in some cases by the period of analysis. Power: Analysis aggregates projected employment across Power Networks, Offshore wind, Onshore wind, Solar, and Storage and demand side flexibility, all based on BEIS analysis using the EINA methodology and the technology deployment levels implied by the indicative delivery pathway (see Table 11). The 2030 figure also includes 10,000 jobs (peak employment) from the construction of a large nuclear plant. These estimates are based on the number employed directly in the power sector technologies, with the exception of offshore wind, which also includes indirect (supply chain) jobs based on a multiplier of 1 direct job to 1 indirect job.', 'These estimates are based on the number employed directly in the power sector technologies, with the exception of offshore wind, which also includes indirect (supply chain) jobs based on a multiplier of 1 direct job to 1 indirect job. Fuel supply: The 2025 analysis is an estimate of potential employment by that year in a UK industry in Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) (based on DfT analysis). The 2030 figure is an aggregation of anticipated employment by that year in SAF (based on DfT analysis), along with an estimate of potential employment in a UK hydrogen economy as set out in the Hydrogen Strategy.140 This is based on BEIS analysis of an updated model from the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment.', 'The 2030 figure is an aggregation of anticipated employment by that year in SAF (based on DfT analysis), along with an estimate of potential employment in a UK hydrogen economy as set out in the Hydrogen Strategy.140 This is based on BEIS analysis of an updated model from the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment. Industry: Analysis relates to estimated employment in the UK in Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS), calculated using the Energy Innovation Needs Assessments approach and pro-rated for 2025 based on the anticipated trajectory for the level of carbon captured through CCUS over the decade. These are high-level estimates and actual outturn of employment will depend on several factors, although the jobs estimate is considered broadly consistent with stated government policy for the development of the technology.', 'These are high-level estimates and actual outturn of employment will depend on several factors, although the jobs estimate is considered broadly consistent with stated government policy for the development of the technology. These estimates cover both power CCUS and CCUS for industrial purposes, but are included in the Industry chapter as the estimates do not directly overlap with any estimates included in the Power chapter. Technical AnnexHeat and Buildings: Analysis aggregates anticipated employment impacts from the decarbonisation of heating (calculated using an update of the Energy Innovation Needs Assessments applied to the deployment levels set out in Table 11) and total public and private spending on energy efficiency measures (based on BEIS analysis using a jobs/ capex multiplier).', 'Technical AnnexHeat and Buildings: Analysis aggregates anticipated employment impacts from the decarbonisation of heating (calculated using an update of the Energy Innovation Needs Assessments applied to the deployment levels set out in Table 11) and total public and private spending on energy efficiency measures (based on BEIS analysis using a jobs/ capex multiplier). These estimates are based on broad assumptions of the policy mix driving carbon savings from domestic buildings over the 2020s. As some of these policies are still not confirmed, there is large uncertainty over the exact timing and job numbers supported by them.', 'As some of these policies are still not confirmed, there is large uncertainty over the exact timing and job numbers supported by them. Transport: Both numbers are based on an aggregation of anticipated employment impacts from the Automotive Transformation Fund and the Advanced Propulsion Centre, along with anticipated levels of employment in active travel (cycling and walking), and rail decarbonisation. The active travel and rail decarbonisation estimates are based on DfT analysis of what policy ambitions for active travel and rail decarbonisation are likely to imply for employment in their respective sectors in these years. Natural Resources, Waste and F-gases: These numbers relate exclusively to direct employment in the UK forestry sector and are based on Defra analysis.', 'Natural Resources, Waste and F-gases: These numbers relate exclusively to direct employment in the UK forestry sector and are based on Defra analysis. These estimates exclude indirect jobs, such as those supported in tourism, the wider forestry supply chain or local farming. Employment in forestry will be supported by policies such as the Nature for Climate Fund. This number does not include potential employment in other areas covered in the chapter such as peat restoration, sustainable agriculture or waste recycling. Public and private investment estimates Public investment figures in the strategy refer to sums of government spend committed to a relevant Budgets and Spending Reviews, unless otherwise stated.', 'Public and private investment estimates Public investment figures in the strategy refer to sums of government spend committed to a relevant Budgets and Spending Reviews, unless otherwise stated. Private investment estimates are derived through analysis of how much private sector spend is likely to be leveraged from this public spend. Further public and private investment will be delivered as proposals are developed into firm policies. Analysis of the potential GVA generated by decarbonisation has been conducted for a subset of sectors: power, renewables, heat and buildings, industry, CCUS, hydrogen, smart systems and road transport.', 'Analysis of the potential GVA generated by decarbonisation has been conducted for a subset of sectors: power, renewables, heat and buildings, industry, CCUS, hydrogen, smart systems and road transport. The analysis follows the methodology developed by Vivid Economics for the Energy Innovation Needs Assessment in 2019.141 Where possible, it uses whole energy systems modelling to estimate domestic economic opportunities from achieving net zero in the UK in 2050 and, while export opportunities rely on a global scenario limiting global warming to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerEndnotes 1 UK Legislation (2008), ‘Climate Change Act 2008’, 2 CCC (2019), ‘Net Zero – The UK’s contribution to stopping global warming’, theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-the-uks-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming/ 3 See in particular sections 13, 14 and 15 of the Act.', 'theccc.org.uk/publication/net-zero-the-uks-contribution-to-stopping-global-warming/ 3 See in particular sections 13, 14 and 15 of the Act. 4 BEIS (2021), ‘2019 UK greenhouse gas emissions: final figures - statistical release’, assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ 5 UNFCCC (2015), ‘Paris Agreement’, agreement.pdf 6 Excluding international aviation and shipping emissions. 7 BEIS (2021), ‘Annual statements of emissions’, annual-statements-of-emissions 8 BEIS (2021), UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990-2019, 9 UK Legislation (2021), ‘The Carbon Accounting (Provision for 2019) Regulations 2021’, 10 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory’, 1990-2019, 11 IPCC (2013), ‘Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands’, Supplement_Entire_Report.pdf 13 IPCC (2013), ‘Assessment Report 5’ WGI Chapter 8, table 8.A.1 and 8.SM.16,', '7 BEIS (2021), ‘Annual statements of emissions’, annual-statements-of-emissions 8 BEIS (2021), UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990-2019, 9 UK Legislation (2021), ‘The Carbon Accounting (Provision for 2019) Regulations 2021’, 10 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory’, 1990-2019, 11 IPCC (2013), ‘Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands’, Supplement_Entire_Report.pdf 13 IPCC (2013), ‘Assessment Report 5’ WGI Chapter 8, table 8.A.1 and 8.SM.16, 14 UNFCCC (2018), ‘Modalities, procedures and guidelines’, Annex II, Metrics 16 UK Legislation (2016), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2016 impact assessment’, 17 The UK may also purchase international credits to contribute to its carbon budgets. We assume that no such credits are purchased for the purposes of this analysis.', 'We assume that no such credits are purchased for the purposes of this analysis. Technical Annex18 BEIS (2020), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019’, 2020, 19 BEIS (2020), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019’, Annex A: Greenhouse gas emissions by source, 2020, 20 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report’, Chapter 2, July 2020, 21 Figure 1 shows EEP 2019 which for comparability has been adjusted for accounting changes, namely including Wetlands brought in under the 2019 inventory (c.15 mt per year) and converting the projections into AR5 with Feedback 22 EEP19 has been adjusted for accounting changes, namely including Wetlands brought in under the 2019 inventory, including IAS emissions, and converting the projections into AR5 with feedback.', 'Technical Annex18 BEIS (2020), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019’, 2020, 19 BEIS (2020), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019’, Annex A: Greenhouse gas emissions by source, 2020, 20 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report’, Chapter 2, July 2020, 21 Figure 1 shows EEP 2019 which for comparability has been adjusted for accounting changes, namely including Wetlands brought in under the 2019 inventory (c.15 mt per year) and converting the projections into AR5 with Feedback 22 EEP19 has been adjusted for accounting changes, namely including Wetlands brought in under the 2019 inventory, including IAS emissions, and converting the projections into AR5 with feedback. 23 BEIS (2021), ‘2020 UK greenhouse gas emissions’, provisional figures, 2021, assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ 24 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report, July 2020’, 25 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 26 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 27 UCL, ‘UK TIMES’, 28 The model takes account of the direct cost of purchasing, installing, running and maintaining the abatement technologies.', '23 BEIS (2021), ‘2020 UK greenhouse gas emissions’, provisional figures, 2021, assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ 24 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report, July 2020’, 25 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 26 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 27 UCL, ‘UK TIMES’, 28 The model takes account of the direct cost of purchasing, installing, running and maintaining the abatement technologies. The cost of purchasing and installing includes assumed capital costs and the cost of borrowing to pay for the capital. Running costs include the cost of energy supplies, both domestic and any imports. 29 UK Legislation (2021), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2021 impact assessment’, 30 UK Legislation (2021), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2021 impact assessment’,', '30 UK Legislation (2021), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2021 impact assessment’, 31 BEIS (2020), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections: 2019’ Annex D: Policy savings in the projections (revised December 2020), 32 This range is provisional. The Secretary of State will lay before Parliament a report setting out a finalised indicative annual range as soon as is reasonably practicable. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener33 BEIS (2019), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections 2018’, Chapter 6 Uncertainty in emissions projections, 2019, 34 IAS emissions increase the width of the range by 7.1mt on average over CB6, and the additional LULUCF emissions increase the width by 11.8 mt. Both ranges are symmetrical.', 'Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener33 BEIS (2019), ‘Updated energy and emissions projections 2018’, Chapter 6 Uncertainty in emissions projections, 2019, 34 IAS emissions increase the width of the range by 7.1mt on average over CB6, and the additional LULUCF emissions increase the width by 11.8 mt. Both ranges are symmetrical. 35 Whilst sectors are characterised by different sources and magnitudes of uncertainty, we have made the simplifying assumption that uncertainty in 2020 is +3.7%/-3.5% in each sector, broadly in line with the economy wide average. The proportional up-/down-lift applied to produce the rage increases by +0.35%/-0.17% in each subsequent year, again in line with the economy wide average. 36 AR5 without feedback modelling undertaken for Agriculture, F-gases, Fuel Supply, LULUCF and Waste.', '36 AR5 without feedback modelling undertaken for Agriculture, F-gases, Fuel Supply, LULUCF and Waste. Heat & Buildings, International Aviation and Shipping, Industry, Power, Removals and Transport all contain very small amounts of non-CO2 gases and pathways are assumed invariant to GWP. 37 For the Natural Resources, Waste and F-gases sector, illustrative costs for Forestry, Peat and Wastewater in the Devolved Nations have been included by assuming they are line with those set out in CCC estimates. BEIS Analysis, CCC 6th Carbon Budget Report org.uk/publication/sixth-carbon-budget/ 38 UK Legislation (2021), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2021 impact assessment’,', 'org.uk/publication/sixth-carbon-budget/ 38 UK Legislation (2021), ‘Carbon Budget Order 2021 impact assessment’, 39 This figure was based on outdated 2018 carbon values, with the ‘high’ series used to compensated for anticipated increases in new carbon values: 41 HMT (2021), ‘Net Zero Review’ 42 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 43 European Commission Free allocation of allowances in the EU ETS, policies/ets/allowances_en 44 BEIS, Free allocation of allowances in the UK ETS, publications/participating-in-the-uk-ets/participating-in-the-uk-ets#free-allocation 45 HMT (2021), ‘Net Zero Review’ 46 OBR (2021), ‘Fiscal risks report, July 2021’, Chapter 3, 47 BEIS , Prime Minister’s office, 10 Downing Street, The Rt Hon Alok Sharma MP & The Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’,', '39 This figure was based on outdated 2018 carbon values, with the ‘high’ series used to compensated for anticipated increases in new carbon values: 41 HMT (2021), ‘Net Zero Review’ 42 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments 43 European Commission Free allocation of allowances in the EU ETS, policies/ets/allowances_en 44 BEIS, Free allocation of allowances in the UK ETS, publications/participating-in-the-uk-ets/participating-in-the-uk-ets#free-allocation 45 HMT (2021), ‘Net Zero Review’ 46 OBR (2021), ‘Fiscal risks report, July 2021’, Chapter 3, 47 BEIS , Prime Minister’s office, 10 Downing Street, The Rt Hon Alok Sharma MP & The Rt Hon Boris Johnson MP (2020), ‘The Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution’, gov.uk/government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution Technical Annex48 Natural Capital Committee (2020), ‘The Green Book guidance: embedding natural capital into public policy appraisal – November 2020 Update, 2020’,', 'gov.uk/government/publications/the-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution Technical Annex48 Natural Capital Committee (2020), ‘The Green Book guidance: embedding natural capital into public policy appraisal – November 2020 Update, 2020’, advice.pdf 49 HMT (2013), ‘The Green Book: appraisal and evaluation of central government’, paragraph in-central-governent 50 Defra (2021), ‘Enabling a Natural Capital Approach (ENCA)’, enabling-a-natural-capital-approach-enca 51 See The Natural Capital Committee is an independent advisory body, set up in 2012.', 'advice.pdf 49 HMT (2013), ‘The Green Book: appraisal and evaluation of central government’, paragraph in-central-governent 50 Defra (2021), ‘Enabling a Natural Capital Approach (ENCA)’, enabling-a-natural-capital-approach-enca 51 See The Natural Capital Committee is an independent advisory body, set up in 2012. It provides advice to the government on the state of England’s natural capital; our natural assets include forests, rivers, land, minerals and ocean 52 Cambridge Conservation Initiative, ‘Natural Capital Coalition’ (2016), low-res.pdf 53 ONS (2020), ‘UK natural capital accounts 2020’, 54 International Resource Panel (2020), ‘Global Resources Outlook 2019: Natural Resources for the Future We Want’, 55 For further background on the DDM, please see dynamic-dispatch-model-ddm 56 BEIS (2020), ‘Modelling 2050: electricity system analysis, 2020’, 57 CCC (2020), ‘The Sixth Carbon Budget: Electricity generation’, 58 BEIS (2020), Electricity Generation Costs, 2020, 59 BEIS (2020), ‘Modelling 2050: electricity system analysis’, 60 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy, 2021’, hydrogen-strategy 61 BEIS (2021), ‘Hydrogen analytical annex, 2021’, Annex.pdf 62 BEIS (2021), Hydrogen analytical annex, 2021, Annex.pdf Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener63 BEIS (2019), ‘Oil and gas: Environmental and Emissions Monitoring System database’, www.gov.uk/guidance/oil-and-gas-eems-database 64 Element Energy (2020), ‘Deep-Decarbonisation Pathways for UK Industry, Element Energy, element-energy/ 65 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget report’, carbon-budget/ 66 BEIS (2021), ‘Industrial decarbonisation strategy’, publications/industrial-decarbonisation-strategy 68 BRE Group (2012), ‘Standard Assessment Procedure’, 69 MHCLG (2021), ‘English Housing Survey’: housing-survey 70 BEIS (2017), ‘Domestic cost assumptions – what does it cost to retrofit homes’:', 'It provides advice to the government on the state of England’s natural capital; our natural assets include forests, rivers, land, minerals and ocean 52 Cambridge Conservation Initiative, ‘Natural Capital Coalition’ (2016), low-res.pdf 53 ONS (2020), ‘UK natural capital accounts 2020’, 54 International Resource Panel (2020), ‘Global Resources Outlook 2019: Natural Resources for the Future We Want’, 55 For further background on the DDM, please see dynamic-dispatch-model-ddm 56 BEIS (2020), ‘Modelling 2050: electricity system analysis, 2020’, 57 CCC (2020), ‘The Sixth Carbon Budget: Electricity generation’, 58 BEIS (2020), Electricity Generation Costs, 2020, 59 BEIS (2020), ‘Modelling 2050: electricity system analysis’, 60 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy, 2021’, hydrogen-strategy 61 BEIS (2021), ‘Hydrogen analytical annex, 2021’, Annex.pdf 62 BEIS (2021), Hydrogen analytical annex, 2021, Annex.pdf Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener63 BEIS (2019), ‘Oil and gas: Environmental and Emissions Monitoring System database’, www.gov.uk/guidance/oil-and-gas-eems-database 64 Element Energy (2020), ‘Deep-Decarbonisation Pathways for UK Industry, Element Energy, element-energy/ 65 CCC (2020), ‘Sixth Carbon Budget report’, carbon-budget/ 66 BEIS (2021), ‘Industrial decarbonisation strategy’, publications/industrial-decarbonisation-strategy 68 BRE Group (2012), ‘Standard Assessment Procedure’, 69 MHCLG (2021), ‘English Housing Survey’: housing-survey 70 BEIS (2017), ‘Domestic cost assumptions – what does it cost to retrofit homes’: gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-cost-assumptions-what-does-it-cost-to-retrofit- homes 71 (BEIS 2019), ‘Determining the costs of insulating non-standard cavity walls and lofts’: www.gov.uk/government/publications/determining-the-costs-of-insulating-non-standard- cavity-walls-and-lofts 72 BEIS (2016),’Building Energy Efficiency Survey’, building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees 73 BEIS (2016), ‘Building Energy Efficiency Survey’, building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees 74 BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes 75 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy and Emissions Projections’, energy-and-emissions-projections 76 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy Consumption in the UK’, energy-consumption-in-the-uk 77 BEIS (2021),’Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data Framework’, 78 BEIS (2020), ‘Cost of installing heating measures in domestic properties’, government/publications/cost-of-installing-heating-measures-in-domestic-properties 79 BEIS (2017), ‘Detailed analysis of data from heat pumps installed via the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme (RHPP)’, analysis-of-data-from-heat-pumps-installed-via-the-renewable-heat-premium-payment- scheme-rhpp Technical Annex80 BEIS (2020), ‘Heat pump manufacturing supply chain research project’, government/publications/heat-pump-manufacturing-supply-chain-research-project 82 BEIS (2021), ‘National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED)’, government/collections/national-energy-efficiency-data-need-framework 83 MHCLG (2019), ‘The Future Homes Standard consultation impact assessment’,', 'gov.uk/government/publications/domestic-cost-assumptions-what-does-it-cost-to-retrofit- homes 71 (BEIS 2019), ‘Determining the costs of insulating non-standard cavity walls and lofts’: www.gov.uk/government/publications/determining-the-costs-of-insulating-non-standard- cavity-walls-and-lofts 72 BEIS (2016),’Building Energy Efficiency Survey’, building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees 73 BEIS (2016), ‘Building Energy Efficiency Survey’, building-energy-efficiency-survey-bees 74 BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics’, digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes 75 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy and Emissions Projections’, energy-and-emissions-projections 76 BEIS (2020), ‘Energy Consumption in the UK’, energy-consumption-in-the-uk 77 BEIS (2021),’Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data Framework’, 78 BEIS (2020), ‘Cost of installing heating measures in domestic properties’, government/publications/cost-of-installing-heating-measures-in-domestic-properties 79 BEIS (2017), ‘Detailed analysis of data from heat pumps installed via the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme (RHPP)’, analysis-of-data-from-heat-pumps-installed-via-the-renewable-heat-premium-payment- scheme-rhpp Technical Annex80 BEIS (2020), ‘Heat pump manufacturing supply chain research project’, government/publications/heat-pump-manufacturing-supply-chain-research-project 82 BEIS (2021), ‘National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED)’, government/collections/national-energy-efficiency-data-need-framework 83 MHCLG (2019), ‘The Future Homes Standard consultation impact assessment’, gov.uk/government/publications/the-future-homes-standard-consultation-impact-assessment 84 BEIS (2021), ‘National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED)’, government/collections/national-energy-efficiency-data-need-framework 85 BEIS (2021), ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED)’, www.gov.uk/government/collections/non-domestic-national-energy-efficiency-data-framework- nd-need 86 Element Energy (2021), ‘Development of trajectories for residential heat decarbonisation to inform the Sixth Carbon Budget (Element Energy)’, development-of-trajectories-for-residential-heat-decarbonisation-to-inform-the-sixth-carbon- budget-element-energy/ 87 BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES)’, collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes 88 BEIS (2021), ‘Opportunity areas for district heating networks in the UK: second National Comprehensive Assessment, 2021’, areas-for-district-heating-networks-in-the-uk-second-national-comprehensive-assessment 89 BEIS (2015), ‘Assessment of the Costs, Performance and Characteristics of UK Heat Networks, 2015’, 90 BEIS (2019), ‘Heat Networks Investment Project (HNIP) pilot scheme, 2019’,', 'gov.uk/government/publications/the-future-homes-standard-consultation-impact-assessment 84 BEIS (2021), ‘National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (NEED)’, government/collections/national-energy-efficiency-data-need-framework 85 BEIS (2021), ‘Non-domestic National Energy Efficiency Data-Framework (ND-NEED)’, www.gov.uk/government/collections/non-domestic-national-energy-efficiency-data-framework- nd-need 86 Element Energy (2021), ‘Development of trajectories for residential heat decarbonisation to inform the Sixth Carbon Budget (Element Energy)’, development-of-trajectories-for-residential-heat-decarbonisation-to-inform-the-sixth-carbon- budget-element-energy/ 87 BEIS (2021), ‘Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES)’, collections/digest-of-uk-energy-statistics-dukes 88 BEIS (2021), ‘Opportunity areas for district heating networks in the UK: second National Comprehensive Assessment, 2021’, areas-for-district-heating-networks-in-the-uk-second-national-comprehensive-assessment 89 BEIS (2015), ‘Assessment of the Costs, Performance and Characteristics of UK Heat Networks, 2015’, 90 BEIS (2019), ‘Heat Networks Investment Project (HNIP) pilot scheme, 2019’, uk/government/publications/heat-networks-investment-project-hnip 91 This model is based on historic RHI data. 92 Assumptions for this model drawn from Bioenergy Heat Pathways to 2050 Rapid Evidence Assessment, Ecofys & E4Tech (for BEIS) 2018, unpublished.', '92 Assumptions for this model drawn from Bioenergy Heat Pathways to 2050 Rapid Evidence Assessment, Ecofys & E4Tech (for BEIS) 2018, unpublished. 93 These are consistent with those used to compile the 1990-2019 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI). 94 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: valuation of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for appraisal’, use-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-appraisal 95 AHDB (2021), ‘Great Britain fertiliser prices’, 96 BEIS (2020), ‘Future support for low carbon heat, 2021’, consultations/future-support-for-low-carbon-heat Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener97 DFT (2021), ‘Decarbonising transport: a better, greener Britain’, decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf 98 DFT (2020), ‘Transport appraisal and modelling tools’, collections/transport-appraisal-and-modelling-tools 99 DfT (2020), ‘Jet Zero consultation: Evidence and analysis’,', 'decarbonising-transport-a-better-greener-britain.pdf 98 DFT (2020), ‘Transport appraisal and modelling tools’, collections/transport-appraisal-and-modelling-tools 99 DfT (2020), ‘Jet Zero consultation: Evidence and analysis’, consultation-evidence-and-analysis.pdf 100 DfT (2017), ‘UK Aviation Forecasts’, 101 UMAS, E4Tech, Frontier Economics, CE Delft (2019), ‘Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution. Scenario Analysis: Take-up of Emissions Reduction Options and their Impacts on Emissions and Costs. A Report for the Department for Transport’ emissions-costs.pdf 102 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 1990 to 2019’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics- 103 For example, the estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping represent estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from fuel sold in the UK for use in international shipping.', 'A Report for the Department for Transport’ emissions-costs.pdf 102 BEIS (2021), ‘Final UK greenhouse gas emissions national statistics 1990 to 2019’, www.gov.uk/government/statistics/final-uk-greenhouse-gas-emissions-national-statistics- 103 For example, the estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping represent estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions from fuel sold in the UK for use in international shipping. 104 BEIS (2021), ‘Advanced Gasification Technologies Review and Benchmarking: summary report’, review-and-benchmarking 105 Defra (2021), ‘Delivering Clean Growth Througfh Sustainable Intensification Project’. To be published in 2021. 106 Morison et al. (2012), ‘Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain’, greenhouse-gas-balance-of-forests-in-britain/.', '(2012), ‘Understanding the carbon and greenhouse gas balance of forests in Britain’, greenhouse-gas-balance-of-forests-in-britain/. 107 Matthews, Broadmeadow (2009), ‘The potential of UK forestry to contribute to government’s emissions reduction commitments’, 108 CCC (2020),’Sixth carbon budget: Agriculture & land use, land-use change & forestry Agriculture-land-use-land-use-change-forestry.pdf 109 Defra (2021), ‘ENCA services databook’, capital-approach-enca#enca-services-databook 110 Evans et al. (2017), ‘Implementation of an Emissions Inventory for UK Peatlands’, Technical Annex111 Christie et al. (2011), ‘An economic assessment of the ecosystem service benefits derived from the SSSI biodiversity conservation policy in England and Wales’, 112 Morris, Camino (2011), ‘Economic Assessment of Freshwater, Wetland and Floodplain (FWF) Ecosystem Services’, 114 Resources and Waste Solutions (2019), ‘Financial Costs of Current and Future Landfill Operations’,', '114 Resources and Waste Solutions (2019), ‘Financial Costs of Current and Future Landfill Operations’, 115 NHS England (2020), ‘Delivery a Net Zero National Health Service’, service.pdf 116 Ricardo and Gluckman Consulting (2019), ‘Assessment of potential to reduce UK F-gas emissions’, gas-emissions-ricardo-and-gluckman-consulting/ 117 Gas Turbine World (2015), GTW 2014-2015 Handbook, Volume 31,', 'service.pdf 116 Ricardo and Gluckman Consulting (2019), ‘Assessment of potential to reduce UK F-gas emissions’, gas-emissions-ricardo-and-gluckman-consulting/ 117 Gas Turbine World (2015), GTW 2014-2015 Handbook, Volume 31, 118 Ricardo (2019), ‘Analysing the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture in the UK to 2050’, 119 BEIS & Wood Plc (2018), ‘Assessing the Cost Reduction Potential and Competitiveness of Novel (Next Generation) UK Carbon Capture Technology, Benchmarking State-of-the-art and Next Generation Technologies, Revision 4A’, 120 NAS (2018), ‘Negative Emission Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research sequestration-a-research-agenda 121 Element Energy and UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Removal Methods and Their Potential UK Deployment’, greenhouse-gas-removal-methods-technology-assessment-report 122 BEIS (2020), ‘Greenhouse gas removals: call for evidence’, consultations/greenhouse-gas-removals-call-for-evidence 123 Green Jobs Taskforce (2021), ‘Report to the Government, Industry and Skills Sectors’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/green-jobs-taskforce-report 124 CCC (2020), ‘The Road to Net-Zero Finance’, to-net-zero-finance-sixth-carbon-budget-advisory-group/ 125 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener126 European Investment Bank (2021), ‘ELENA – Completed Project Factsheets’,', '118 Ricardo (2019), ‘Analysing the potential of bioenergy with carbon capture in the UK to 2050’, 119 BEIS & Wood Plc (2018), ‘Assessing the Cost Reduction Potential and Competitiveness of Novel (Next Generation) UK Carbon Capture Technology, Benchmarking State-of-the-art and Next Generation Technologies, Revision 4A’, 120 NAS (2018), ‘Negative Emission Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research sequestration-a-research-agenda 121 Element Energy and UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (2021), ‘Greenhouse Gas Removal Methods and Their Potential UK Deployment’, greenhouse-gas-removal-methods-technology-assessment-report 122 BEIS (2020), ‘Greenhouse gas removals: call for evidence’, consultations/greenhouse-gas-removals-call-for-evidence 123 Green Jobs Taskforce (2021), ‘Report to the Government, Industry and Skills Sectors’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/green-jobs-taskforce-report 124 CCC (2020), ‘The Road to Net-Zero Finance’, to-net-zero-finance-sixth-carbon-budget-advisory-group/ 125 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessment’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener126 European Investment Bank (2021), ‘ELENA – Completed Project Factsheets’, org/en/products/advising/elena/completed-projects/index.htm 127 BEIS (2021), ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/climate-change-and-net-zero-public-awareness-and- perceptions 128 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public dialogue’, public-dialogue 129 BEIS, Defra (2021), ‘Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project’, government/publications/net-zero-societal-change-analysis-project 130 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public engagement and participation’, publications/net-zero-public-engagement-and-participation 131 Behavioural Insights Team (2021), ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, behaviour-change-initiatives 132 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Public Attitudes Tracker’, public-attitudes-tracking-survey 133 BEIS (2020), ‘Fossil fuel price assumptions’, fuel-price-assumptions 134 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: valuation of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for appraisal’, use-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-appraisal 135 BEIS (2018), ‘Update to traded carbon values: 2018’, 136 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report – July 2020’, 137 OBR (2021), ‘Economic and fiscal outlook report – March 2021’, 138 Defra (2021), ‘Air quality appraisal: damage cost guidance’, publications/assess-the-impact-of-air-quality 139 HMT (2013), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: discounting’, government/publications/green-book-supplementary-guidance-discounting 140 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy’, hydrogen-strategy 141 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessments’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments Technical AnnexClimate Science Annex Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerClimate Science Annex Why we must act Science is clear that the world is warming, that this is occurring because of human activity, and that left unchecked, continued warming would be deeply harmful, not just to the natural world, but also to human security and wellbeing.', 'org/en/products/advising/elena/completed-projects/index.htm 127 BEIS (2021), ‘Climate change and net zero: public awareness and perceptions’, www.gov.uk/government/publications/climate-change-and-net-zero-public-awareness-and- perceptions 128 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public dialogue’, public-dialogue 129 BEIS, Defra (2021), ‘Net Zero Societal Change Analysis Project’, government/publications/net-zero-societal-change-analysis-project 130 BEIS (2021), ‘Net zero public engagement and participation’, publications/net-zero-public-engagement-and-participation 131 Behavioural Insights Team (2021), ‘Net zero: principles for successful behaviour change initiatives’, behaviour-change-initiatives 132 BEIS (2021), ‘BEIS Public Attitudes Tracker’, public-attitudes-tracking-survey 133 BEIS (2020), ‘Fossil fuel price assumptions’, fuel-price-assumptions 134 BEIS (2021), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: valuation of energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for appraisal’, use-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-for-appraisal 135 BEIS (2018), ‘Update to traded carbon values: 2018’, 136 OBR (2020), ‘Fiscal sustainability report – July 2020’, 137 OBR (2021), ‘Economic and fiscal outlook report – March 2021’, 138 Defra (2021), ‘Air quality appraisal: damage cost guidance’, publications/assess-the-impact-of-air-quality 139 HMT (2013), ‘Green Book supplementary guidance: discounting’, government/publications/green-book-supplementary-guidance-discounting 140 BEIS (2021), ‘UK Hydrogen Strategy’, hydrogen-strategy 141 BEIS (2019), ‘Energy Innovation Needs Assessments’, publications/energy-innovation-needs-assessments Technical AnnexClimate Science Annex Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerClimate Science Annex Why we must act Science is clear that the world is warming, that this is occurring because of human activity, and that left unchecked, continued warming would be deeply harmful, not just to the natural world, but also to human security and wellbeing. Global average temperatures have already risen by around 1.1°C1 and 2020 concluded the earth’s warmest 10-year period on record.2 Without action to reduce the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emitted globally down to net zero, climate change is set to continue with increasing temperatures across the world.3 We are already seeing the impacts of climate change across all parts of the world, with many types of extreme weather becoming more frequent and more intense – causing droughts, wildfires and flooding.4 The North American heatwave in June 2021, which broke temperature records by over 4°C and reached 49.6°C in Canada, would have been virtually impossible without climate change.5 The melting of glaciers and ice sheets is accelerating, with sea levels currently rising at 3.7mm annually.6 In the UK we can see a trend towards warmer and wetter winters, along with hotter summers.7 These changes are damaging the land and oceans that support human society and the natural environment.', 'Global average temperatures have already risen by around 1.1°C1 and 2020 concluded the earth’s warmest 10-year period on record.2 Without action to reduce the level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions emitted globally down to net zero, climate change is set to continue with increasing temperatures across the world.3 We are already seeing the impacts of climate change across all parts of the world, with many types of extreme weather becoming more frequent and more intense – causing droughts, wildfires and flooding.4 The North American heatwave in June 2021, which broke temperature records by over 4°C and reached 49.6°C in Canada, would have been virtually impossible without climate change.5 The melting of glaciers and ice sheets is accelerating, with sea levels currently rising at 3.7mm annually.6 In the UK we can see a trend towards warmer and wetter winters, along with hotter summers.7 These changes are damaging the land and oceans that support human society and the natural environment. As a result, many species are being driven closer to extinction,8 food supplies are being disrupted,9 and the health and livelihood of people across the world are being affected.10 Climate change disproportionally affects poor and disadvantaged people, with rural, coastal, and indigenous communities facing greater risks from impacts such as rising sea levels, drought, and food shortages.11 There is still uncertainty over the responsiveness of global temperatures to GHG emissions; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimate that a doubling of pre-industrial CO levels would result in warming in a range of 2.5°C – 4°C.12 The higher that temperatures rise, the greater the risk of seeing dangerous low-likelihood, high-impact outcomes.', 'As a result, many species are being driven closer to extinction,8 food supplies are being disrupted,9 and the health and livelihood of people across the world are being affected.10 Climate change disproportionally affects poor and disadvantaged people, with rural, coastal, and indigenous communities facing greater risks from impacts such as rising sea levels, drought, and food shortages.11 There is still uncertainty over the responsiveness of global temperatures to GHG emissions; the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimate that a doubling of pre-industrial CO levels would result in warming in a range of 2.5°C – 4°C.12 The higher that temperatures rise, the greater the risk of seeing dangerous low-likelihood, high-impact outcomes. These could include abrupt responses and tipping points such as dieback of the Amazon Rainforest, melting of the polar ice sheets, and the collapse of key ocean currents controlling global weather, which cannot be ruled out.13, 14 To avoid these risks, strong and decisive action is needed to reduce GHG emissions.', 'These could include abrupt responses and tipping points such as dieback of the Amazon Rainforest, melting of the polar ice sheets, and the collapse of key ocean currents controlling global weather, which cannot be ruled out.13, 14 To avoid these risks, strong and decisive action is needed to reduce GHG emissions. Limiting further warming decreases the likelihood of more severe and potentially irreversible impacts on people and ecosystems. Action would also provide other co-benefits, such as limiting the rate of ocean acidification and improving air quality.', 'Action would also provide other co-benefits, such as limiting the rate of ocean acidification and improving air quality. Every additional fraction of a degree of global warming counts – with every 0.5°C of warming there are clearly discernible increases in the intensity of and frequency of impacts.15 This is why we should aim to reduce global emissions to net zero as quickly as is Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGlobal temperature goals and emissions pathways Rapid and deep cuts to emissions are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change.17 Greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperatures will continue to rise until we reduce GHG emissions to net zero.18 In 2015 the Paris Agreement was signed, where 196 parties committed to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below two degrees above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change”.', 'Every additional fraction of a degree of global warming counts – with every 0.5°C of warming there are clearly discernible increases in the intensity of and frequency of impacts.15 This is why we should aim to reduce global emissions to net zero as quickly as is Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerGlobal temperature goals and emissions pathways Rapid and deep cuts to emissions are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts of climate change.17 Greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperatures will continue to rise until we reduce GHG emissions to net zero.18 In 2015 the Paris Agreement was signed, where 196 parties committed to hold “the increase in the global average temperature to well below two degrees above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognising that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change”. The Agreement recognised that, to achieve this goal, global emissions of greenhouse gases would need to peak as soon as possible, reduce rapidly thereafter, and reach a net zero level in the second half of this century.', 'The Agreement recognised that, to achieve this goal, global emissions of greenhouse gases would need to peak as soon as possible, reduce rapidly thereafter, and reach a net zero level in the second half of this century. As part of the Paris Agreement, countries also committed to reduce or limit their greenhouse gas emissions. These commitments are contained in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). A number of studies have assessed how close these commitments bring us to staying below two degrees. It is worth noting that these assessments use different assumptions regarding both the extent to which countries will meet their NDCs and, crucially, the actions that will be taken by countries to reduce their emissions after 2030. The latter will be a key determinant of whether the world will meet the long-term global temperature goal.', 'The latter will be a key determinant of whether the world will meet the long-term global temperature goal. The Climate Action Tracker (CAT)19 estimates that if there were a continuation of the currently implemented global policies these set us on course for a global average temperature rise of 2.1°C to 3.9°C by the end of the century. But if currently pledged ambitions (i.e. those not yet implemented into tangible policies) are implemented this range decreases to 1.9°C to 3.0°C, with a mid-range estimate of 2.4°C. These estimates are also consistent with projections in the UN Environment Programme’s 2020 Emissions Gap Report.20 Whilst these assessments show that current NDCs can have a significant impact on projected temperature rises, greater action is still needed if we are to limit global temperature increases to well below two degrees.', 'These estimates are also consistent with projections in the UN Environment Programme’s 2020 Emissions Gap Report.20 Whilst these assessments show that current NDCs can have a significant impact on projected temperature rises, greater action is still needed if we are to limit global temperature increases to well below two degrees. Adaptation in the UK Responding to the complexity of climate change demands a multifaceted approach. Regardless of global success in reducing GHG emissions, some future temperature rises are already locked in by historical emissions up to the present day.', 'Regardless of global success in reducing GHG emissions, some future temperature rises are already locked in by historical emissions up to the present day. Even the most optimistic, ambitious emission reduction scenarios suggest approximately 0.5°C of further warming by mid-century compared to the present day.21 Furthermore, future global emissions pathways are highly uncertain, so it is essential that the UK’s adaptive capacity is rapidly developed to prepare for, and bolster our resilience to, the inevitable near-term and potential future impacts of climate change. To prepare for these eventualities, the UK is already considering climate risks and what actions will be required through its five- yearly policy cycle of a Climate Change Risk Assessment followed by a National Adaptation Programme (NAP).', 'To prepare for these eventualities, the UK is already considering climate risks and what actions will be required through its five- yearly policy cycle of a Climate Change Risk Assessment followed by a National Adaptation Programme (NAP). The Government’s Third Climate Change Risk Assessment will be published in January 2022 and will outline Government views on the key risks and opportunities the UK will face from climate change. The Climate Change Committee’s 2021 Independent Assessment of UK Climate Climate Science AnnexRisk identified eight risk areas that will require the most urgent attention in the next two years.22 These are applicable even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C.', 'The Climate Change Committee’s 2021 Independent Assessment of UK Climate Climate Science AnnexRisk identified eight risk areas that will require the most urgent attention in the next two years.22 These are applicable even if global warming is limited to 1.5°C. • Risks to the viability and diversity of terrestrial and freshwater habitats and species from multiple hazards • Risks to soil health from increased flooding and drought • Risks to natural carbon stores and sequestration from multiple hazards leading to increased emissions • Risks to crops, livestock and commercial trees from multiple hazards • Risks to supply of food, good and vital services due to climate-related collapse of supply chains and distribution networks • Risks to people and the economy from climate-related failure of the power system • Risks to human health, wellbeing and productivity from increased exposure to heat in homes and other buildings • Multiple risks to the UK from climate change impacts overseas The NAP is a cross-department collaboration, bringing together government’s policies on managing climate risks in one place.', '• Risks to the viability and diversity of terrestrial and freshwater habitats and species from multiple hazards • Risks to soil health from increased flooding and drought • Risks to natural carbon stores and sequestration from multiple hazards leading to increased emissions • Risks to crops, livestock and commercial trees from multiple hazards • Risks to supply of food, good and vital services due to climate-related collapse of supply chains and distribution networks • Risks to people and the economy from climate-related failure of the power system • Risks to human health, wellbeing and productivity from increased exposure to heat in homes and other buildings • Multiple risks to the UK from climate change impacts overseas The NAP is a cross-department collaboration, bringing together government’s policies on managing climate risks in one place. The second NAP sets out how we will address climate risks for the period 2018 to 2023, including risks to terrestrial, coastal, marine, and freshwater ecosystems, soils and biodiversity; and flooding and coastal change risks to communities, businesses and infrastructure.', 'The second NAP sets out how we will address climate risks for the period 2018 to 2023, including risks to terrestrial, coastal, marine, and freshwater ecosystems, soils and biodiversity; and flooding and coastal change risks to communities, businesses and infrastructure. Future developments in climate science In recent years the debate and focus of scientific research has shifted from whether climate change is happening and/or is being caused by human activity, to the range of the expected impacts and the level of action required to address climate change through a combination of adaptation and mitigation. We need to better understand the nature, magnitude and rate of climate change. Preparing for unavoidable changes to the climate will require more local analysis and more information on how global warming relates to local-scale changes in weather and climate extremes.', 'Preparing for unavoidable changes to the climate will require more local analysis and more information on how global warming relates to local-scale changes in weather and climate extremes. Further research is also needed around stronger mitigation actions to inform climate policy that can get us to net zero. Our knowledge has increased significantly but many key research priorities remain, including deepening our understanding around the four questions Government posed to the Met Office this year.23 • What current weather and climate risks and impacts are expected globally and in the UK? • What are the future risks and impacts from weather and climate that we need to avoid or need to adapt to? • What are the carbon budget and mitigation scenarios that will avoid the most dangerous impacts of global climate change?', '• What are the carbon budget and mitigation scenarios that will avoid the most dangerous impacts of global climate change? • What impacts and opportunities from mitigation and adaptation actions are needed to proceed towards a resilient and net zero future? The UK has also recently committed £1.2 billion of funding to develop a new state-of-the-art supercomputer for the Met Office. This will help ensure government, industry and communities are better prepared for the impacts from a changing climate through increased amounts of data. Examples include the provision of very detailed localised climate information to improve city planning and public transport infrastructure. Net Zero Strategy: Build Back GreenerClimate science continues to rapidly improve and develop. This year saw the publication of the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6).', 'This year saw the publication of the Working Group I (WGI) contribution to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). The report addresses the most up-to-date physical understanding of the climate system and climate change, bringing together the latest advances in climate science. WGII and WGIII contributions to AR6 will be published in 2022 and respectively cover the impacts of climate change on people and nature, and the options for reducing GHG emissions and removing GHG from the atmosphere. The main conclusions of WGI are a reinforcement of the consensus on climate science: that there is absolutely no doubt that human activities have warmed the planet and are causing widespread and rapid changes to the climate. Without immediate and drastic action, the impacts will be more severe and frequent.', 'Without immediate and drastic action, the impacts will be more severe and frequent. It shows that we are already feeling the effects of climate change and know that some changes to the planet are already irreversible on timescales of centuries to millennia. However, with immediate, concerted action to reduce emissions now, the worst impacts can still be averted. Technologies to remove CO directly from the atmosphere or ocean can also help, but to adhere to the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement ambitious action on emission reductions is still required, and is needed today. Climate Science AnnexEndnotes 1 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.1.2, Summary for Policymakers, 2 Met Office (2021), ‘2020 ends earth’s warmest 10 years on record’,', 'Climate Science AnnexEndnotes 1 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.1.2, Summary for Policymakers, 2 Met Office (2021), ‘2020 ends earth’s warmest 10 years on record’, years-on-record 3 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph D.1.1, Summary for Policymakers, 4 PCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.3.2 and A.3.5, Summary for 5 Philip, S. Y. et al (2021), ‘Rapid attribution analysis of the extraordinary heatwave on the Pacific Coast of the US and Canada’, 6 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.4.3 and A.1.7, Summary for 7 Kendon, M. et al (2021), ‘State of the UK Climate 2020’, 8 PCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Section 2.2.4, Chapter 2, Food Security, Land-Climate interactions, 9 IPCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Chapter 5 Executive Summary, 10 IPCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Chapter 5 Executive Summary, 11 IPCC (2018), IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, Chapter 3 Section 3.5.2.3 and Paragraph B5.1 Summary for Policymakers, 12 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.4.4 Summary for Policymakers, 13 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph C.3.2, Summary for Policymakers, Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener14 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Box TS.9, Technical Summary,', 'years-on-record 3 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph D.1.1, Summary for Policymakers, 4 PCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.3.2 and A.3.5, Summary for 5 Philip, S. Y. et al (2021), ‘Rapid attribution analysis of the extraordinary heatwave on the Pacific Coast of the US and Canada’, 6 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.4.3 and A.1.7, Summary for 7 Kendon, M. et al (2021), ‘State of the UK Climate 2020’, 8 PCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Section 2.2.4, Chapter 2, Food Security, Land-Climate interactions, 9 IPCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Chapter 5 Executive Summary, 10 IPCC (2019), Special Report on Climate Change and Land, Chapter 5 Executive Summary, 11 IPCC (2018), IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, Chapter 3 Section 3.5.2.3 and Paragraph B5.1 Summary for Policymakers, 12 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph A.4.4 Summary for Policymakers, 13 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph C.3.2, Summary for Policymakers, Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener14 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Box TS.9, Technical Summary, 15 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph B.2.2, Summary for Policymakers, 16 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph D.1, Summary for Policymakers, 17 Lowe, J. et al (2019), ‘Links between emissions pathways and time lags in Earth’s climate in-the-climate-system-Met-Office.pdf 18 PCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph B.1 and D.1 Summary for 19 Climate Action Tracker (2021), ‘Warming Projections Global Update May 2021’, Summit-Momentum.pdf 20 UNEP (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 21 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Box TS.1 and Table 1, Technical Summary, 22 CCC (2021), ‘Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk’, Executive Summary,', '15 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph B.2.2, Summary for Policymakers, 16 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph D.1, Summary for Policymakers, 17 Lowe, J. et al (2019), ‘Links between emissions pathways and time lags in Earth’s climate in-the-climate-system-Met-Office.pdf 18 PCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Paragraph B.1 and D.1 Summary for 19 Climate Action Tracker (2021), ‘Warming Projections Global Update May 2021’, Summit-Momentum.pdf 20 UNEP (2020), ‘Emissions Gap Report 2020’, 21 IPCC (2021), ‘Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC 6th Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis’, Box TS.1 and Table 1, Technical Summary, 22 CCC (2021), ‘Independent Assessment of UK Climate Risk’, Executive Summary, theccc.org.uk/publication/independent-assessment-of-uk-climate-risk/ 23 Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme, met-office-hadley-centre/climate-programme/index Climate Science Annex'] | en-US |
354 | GBR | United Kingdom | Updated NDC | 2022-09-22 00:00:00 | missing | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-09/UK%20NDC%20ICTU%202022.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 364.906495 | 116.215703 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/2a4aa9f9d81c06ae67ae3d2a220becfc4ac37207eb2d836abd5491374b2cab54.pdf | ['United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy by Command of His Majesty Updated: September 2022United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy by Command of His Majesty Updated: September 2022© Crown copyright 2022 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents.', 'This publication is available at www.gov.uk/official-documents. Printed on paper containing 40% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by HH Associates Ltd. on behalf of the Controller of His Majesty’s Stationery OfficeUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution The Paris Agreement provides for the international community to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. In December 2020, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) communicated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'In December 2020, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the UK) communicated its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In its NDC, the UK commits to reducing economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. At COP26 in November 2021, which the UK hosted in Glasgow, Parties resolved to pursue efforts to limit global temperature increase to 1.5°C. They recognised that this would require rapid, deep and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and accelerated action in this critical decade to 2030.', 'They recognised that this would require rapid, deep and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and accelerated action in this critical decade to 2030. Parties also agreed in paragraph 29 of the Glasgow Climate Pact to “revisit and strengthen the 2030 targets in their NDCs as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal by the end of 2022, taking into account different national circumstances"1. In light of the Glasgow Climate Pact and the urgency conveyed by the latest science, the UK has been through a process to revisit its NDC and ensure it is aligned with the Paris Agreement temperature goal, whilst exploring ways to strengthen it in line with best practice.', 'In light of the Glasgow Climate Pact and the urgency conveyed by the latest science, the UK has been through a process to revisit its NDC and ensure it is aligned with the Paris Agreement temperature goal, whilst exploring ways to strengthen it in line with best practice. This process involved analysis of a range of factors including the latest available science, expectations in the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Pact, the UK’s existing 2050 net zero commitment, and energy security, as well as advice and evidence from the Climate Change Committee and other independent commentators.', 'This process involved analysis of a range of factors including the latest available science, expectations in the Paris Agreement and the Glasgow Climate Pact, the UK’s existing 2050 net zero commitment, and energy security, as well as advice and evidence from the Climate Change Committee and other independent commentators. The UK has strengthened its NDC in several ways, and these updates are reflected in the information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) accompanying the NDC, in compliance with Decision 4/CMA.12.', 'The UK has strengthened its NDC in several ways, and these updates are reflected in the information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) accompanying the NDC, in compliance with Decision 4/CMA.12. In summary, these updates include: i) Clarifying how the UK’s target - which remains a commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels - aligns with the Paris Agreement temperature goal;UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 ii) Explaining more fully how the UK will deliver its NDC by 2030, taking account of policies and plans announced since the NDC was first submitted in December 2020; iii) Updating on the progress made in expanding the territorial scope of the NDC to include the UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; and iv) Improving other detailed aspects of the ICTU, for example information on the UK’s approach to levelling up, gender, green skills, public engagement, Just Transition and how the UK is supporting other countries with delivery of their NDCs.', 'In summary, these updates include: i) Clarifying how the UK’s target - which remains a commitment to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels - aligns with the Paris Agreement temperature goal;UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 ii) Explaining more fully how the UK will deliver its NDC by 2030, taking account of policies and plans announced since the NDC was first submitted in December 2020; iii) Updating on the progress made in expanding the territorial scope of the NDC to include the UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories; and iv) Improving other detailed aspects of the ICTU, for example information on the UK’s approach to levelling up, gender, green skills, public engagement, Just Transition and how the UK is supporting other countries with delivery of their NDCs. The UK submitted its updated Adaptation Communication3 to the UNFCCC in October 2021, ahead of COP26, in compliance with Decision 9/CMA.14.', 'The UK submitted its updated Adaptation Communication3 to the UNFCCC in October 2021, ahead of COP26, in compliance with Decision 9/CMA.14. The Adaptation Communication sets out the UK’s domestic and international ambition and action on adaptation and resilience. The UK submitted its first Finance Biennial Communication to the UNFCCC in 20205 in fulfilment of Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement. The UK will submit its second Finance Biennial Communication by the end of 2022. 3 UK’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC 5 UK’s Biennial Finance Communication to the UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding In line with Article 4, paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 4/CMA.1 the UK submits the following ICTU. 1.', '3 UK’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC 5 UK’s Biennial Finance Communication to the UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding In line with Article 4, paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 4/CMA.1 the UK submits the following ICTU. 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point a Reference year For carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the reference year is 1990. For hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) the reference year is 1995. These reference years are consistent with those used in the UK’s domestic emissions reduction targets under the Climate Change Act (2008).', 'These reference years are consistent with those used in the UK’s domestic emissions reduction targets under the Climate Change Act (2008). b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Net6 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in MtCO2e. The reference indicator (MtCO2e) in the reference years (1990 and 1995) will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. The value for the target year (2030) will be based on applying a 68% fixed percentage reduction target to the reference indicator value. 6 Net emissions means total anthropogenic emissions minus total anthropogenic removals of greenhouse gases.', '6 Net emissions means total anthropogenic emissions minus total anthropogenic removals of greenhouse gases. GHG sinks are defined by the UNFCCC as “any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere”.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable7. 2.', 'GHG sinks are defined by the UNFCCC as “any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere”.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable7. 2. Time Frame a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement 1 January 2021 - 31 December 2030. b Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target in 2030. 3.', 'Time Frame a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement 1 January 2021 - 31 December 2030. b Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target in 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a General description of the target An at least 68% economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to reference year levels.', 'Scope and coverage a General description of the target An at least 68% economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to reference year levels. 7 The use of not applicable acknowledges that certain guidelines are not always relevant to a Party’s NDC depending on the type of NDC target that has been set.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the UK’s NDC are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement.', '7 The use of not applicable acknowledges that certain guidelines are not always relevant to a Party’s NDC depending on the type of NDC target that has been set.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the UK’s NDC are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement. The UK also looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future.', 'The UK also looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. Sectors covered Energy (including transport); Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture; Land-use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); and Waste. Gases covered CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3. Pools covered All LULUCF pools are included in the NDC: above ground biomass, below ground biomass, litter, deadwood soil organic carbon and stocks of harvested wood products. c How paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 were taken into consideration The UK’s NDC includes all IPCC sectors and GHGs covered by the UK’s current reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter referred to as “the Convention”) and the Kyoto Protocol.', 'c How paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 were taken into consideration The UK’s NDC includes all IPCC sectors and GHGs covered by the UK’s current reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter referred to as “the Convention”) and the Kyoto Protocol. Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.', 'Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It also includes emissions and removals from the UK Crown Dependency of the Bailiwick ofUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Jersey and the Overseas Territory of Gibraltar, following the extension to them of the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement (and hence the territorial scope of the UK’s NDC). Extension of the UK ratification of the Paris Agreement to the Crown Dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey and to the Isle of Man is in progress and expected to be completed shortly.', 'Extension of the UK ratification of the Paris Agreement to the Crown Dependencies of the Bailiwick of Guernsey and to the Isle of Man is in progress and expected to be completed shortly. The UK Government (here on referred to as “His Majesty’s (HM) Government”) is consulting with other UK Overseas Territories on extension to them of the UK’s ratification of the Paris Agreement. In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK reports emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which are covered by the UK’s ratification of the Convention.', 'In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK reports emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which are covered by the UK’s ratification of the Convention. Collectively, emissions from these Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories currently constitute approximately 1% of total UK emissions 8. International Aviation and Shipping emissions Emissions from International Aviation and Shipping are not included in the scope of this NDC, in line with advice from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent advisors.', 'Collectively, emissions from these Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories currently constitute approximately 1% of total UK emissions 8. International Aviation and Shipping emissions Emissions from International Aviation and Shipping are not included in the scope of this NDC, in line with advice from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent advisors. The UK currently reports these emissions as a memo item in the UK’s GHG Inventory,9 and is supportive of efforts to reduce these emissions through action under the International Civil Aviation Organisation and the International Maritime Organisation. 8 Under the UK’s Climate Change Act the scope of emissions covered is limited to those emitted in the UK and UK coastal waters.', '8 Under the UK’s Climate Change Act the scope of emissions covered is limited to those emitted in the UK and UK coastal waters. Therefore, emissions from UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in UK carbon budgets. 9 UK National Inventory Submission 2022: Common Reporting Format (CRF) (Convention) tables Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable. 4.', '9 UK National Inventory Submission 2022: Common Reporting Format (CRF) (Convention) tables Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable. 4. Planning processes a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner Domestic institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', 'Planning processes a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner Domestic institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The UK’s NDC represents a single, economy-wide emissions reduction target for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and for those Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that the Paris Agreement has been extended to (See section 3c).', 'The UK’s NDC represents a single, economy-wide emissions reduction target for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and for those Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that the Paris Agreement has been extended to (See section 3c). The UK employs a range of institutional structures – at national, sub- national and local level - to enable economy-wide emissions mitigation, as well as numerous policies and measures to underpin delivery. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is responsible for the strategic oversight of the UK’s international climate and energy policy, and for HMUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Government’s domestic climate and energy policy.', 'The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is responsible for the strategic oversight of the UK’s international climate and energy policy, and for HMUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Government’s domestic climate and energy policy. The Devolved Administrations10 in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories have control over certain policy areas to deliver emissions reductions, while HM Government retains control over a number of other policy areas. The approach taken by each government will differ, drawing on the range of powers at their disposal. The legally binding Climate Change Act 2008 sets a framework for the UK to reduce GHG emissions and build capacity to adapt and strengthen resilience to climate risks11.', 'The legally binding Climate Change Act 2008 sets a framework for the UK to reduce GHG emissions and build capacity to adapt and strengthen resilience to climate risks11. The Act originally committed the UK to cut its emissions by at least 80% below the 1990 baseline level by 205012. On 27 June 2019, this target was amended, committing the UK to a legally- binding target of net zero emissions by 2050, set on a whole-economy basis. The Climate Change Act introduced carbon budgets for the UK, which cap emissions over successive five-year periods and must be set 12 years in advance. The first six carbon budgets cover the period from 2008-37.', 'The first six carbon budgets cover the period from 2008-37. The Act also established the Climate Change Committee (CCC) – the independent statutory body that advises HM Government and Devolved Administrations on climate change mitigation and adaptation, including emissions reduction targets. When providing advice, the CCC considers a wide range of factors including the UK’s international obligations under the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. As climate change policy is devolved, the Devolved Administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have their own statutory emissions reduction targets. The Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are also responsible for setting their own emission 10 The Devolved Administrations refers to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive.', 'The Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are also responsible for setting their own emission 10 The Devolved Administrations refers to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive. 11 The UK’s Adaptation Communication provides further detail on UK domestic and international adaptation ambition and action.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 reduction targets. HM Government and the Devolved Administrations have established governance arrangements at ministerial and official level to co-ordinate the approach to meeting net zero. HM Government will work on delivery of the UK NDC with the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that have had the Paris Agreement extended to them.', 'HM Government will work on delivery of the UK NDC with the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories that have had the Paris Agreement extended to them. Scotland has its own distinct framework of statutory climate change targets, set under the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 200913 and amended by the Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 201914. This legislation includes targets for Scotland to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, and interim targets of 75% and 90% reductions in emissions by 2030 and 2040 respectively, relative to a 1990-95 baseline. To help ensure delivery of the long-term targets, the Scottish framework also includes statutory annual targets for every year to net zero. Wales’ emission targets are set through the Environment (Wales) Act (2016)15.', 'Wales’ emission targets are set through the Environment (Wales) Act (2016)15. In March 2021, the Senedd increased its ambition and formally committed Wales to achieving net zero emissions by 2050. Alongside the net zero target, the Act was updated to reflect the revised interim targets and the second and third carbon budgets, which are now set as: • Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25): 37% average reduction (without the use of international offsets) • Carbon Budget 3 (2026-30): 58% average reduction • 2050: at least 100% reduction (net zero) 14 Climate Change (Emissions Reductions Targets) (Scotland) Act (2019) Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 The Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 202216 received Royal Assent on 6 June 2022.', 'Alongside the net zero target, the Act was updated to reflect the revised interim targets and the second and third carbon budgets, which are now set as: • Carbon Budget 2 (2021-25): 37% average reduction (without the use of international offsets) • Carbon Budget 3 (2026-30): 58% average reduction • 2050: at least 100% reduction (net zero) 14 Climate Change (Emissions Reductions Targets) (Scotland) Act (2019) Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 The Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 202216 received Royal Assent on 6 June 2022. This provides a basis for setting targets for the reduction of emissions. The Act includes a target of 100% reduction in emissions by 2050, against the 1990-95 baseline.', 'The Act includes a target of 100% reduction in emissions by 2050, against the 1990-95 baseline. For more information on the UK s and Devolved Administrations’ approach to tackling climate change, please see Chapter 3 in the UK’s Eighth National Communication17 and the CCC’s Insight Briefings18. The UK s NDC was informed by the UK’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, the UK’s legally binding net zero commitment and guidance from the CCC, amongst other factors. The ICTU was prepared in collaboration with HM Government departments and the Devolved Administrations.', 'The ICTU was prepared in collaboration with HM Government departments and the Devolved Administrations. The process to revisit and strengthen the UK’s NDC in line with the Glasgow Climate Pact was led by BEIS and agreed through HM Government governance structures at official and Ministerial level, including through the Climate Action Implementation Cabinet Committee (see Section 6 for more on the process followed). Policies and measures Delivery of the UK’s NDC will draw on a range of policies and measures already in place, as well as policies and measures that will be developed in the future.', 'Policies and measures Delivery of the UK’s NDC will draw on a range of policies and measures already in place, as well as policies and measures that will be developed in the future. The UK’s Net Zero Strategy, published in 2021, sets out how the UK will deliver on Carbon 16 Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) (2022) 17 UK’s Eighth National Communication to the UNFCCC 18 CCC Insight Briefings: Sharing the UK approach to addressing climate change to-addressing- climate-change/UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Budgets 4, 5 and 6 and the Nationally Determined Contribution, and keep us on track to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 205019.', 'The UK’s Net Zero Strategy, published in 2021, sets out how the UK will deliver on Carbon 16 Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) (2022) 17 UK’s Eighth National Communication to the UNFCCC 18 CCC Insight Briefings: Sharing the UK approach to addressing climate change to-addressing- climate-change/UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Budgets 4, 5 and 6 and the Nationally Determined Contribution, and keep us on track to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 205019. It includes policies and proposals to reduce emissions for each sector of the economy, and cross-cutting action to support the transition to net zero by 2050.', 'It includes policies and proposals to reduce emissions for each sector of the economy, and cross-cutting action to support the transition to net zero by 2050. The Net Zero Strategy was submitted to the UNFCCC in October 2021 as the UK’s revised Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy under Article 4, paragraph 19 of the Paris Agreement. Since publishing the Net Zero Strategy, economic conditions have changed significantly, due primarily to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Energy prices and inflation have risen sharply, the former to record levels. The UK Prime Minister has therefore announced an independent review of the Government’s approach to meeting its net zero 2050 target, to ensure it is delivered in a way that is pro-business and pro-growth.', 'The UK Prime Minister has therefore announced an independent review of the Government’s approach to meeting its net zero 2050 target, to ensure it is delivered in a way that is pro-business and pro-growth. Underpinning the Net Zero Strategy the UK has also published a range of sectoral strategies, which will support delivery of the NDC by 2030. These include the Energy White Paper20, the North Sea Transition Deal21, the Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy22, the Transport Decarbonisation Plan23, the Hydrogen Strategy24 and the Heat and Buildings Strategy25. Most recently, the British Energy Security Strategy26 sets out how Great Britain will accelerate homegrown power for greater energy independence 27.', 'Most recently, the British Energy Security Strategy26 sets out how Great Britain will accelerate homegrown power for greater energy independence 27. As COP Presidency the UK also built international support for, and signed up to, a range of 19 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener 20 Energy White Paper: Powering our Net Zero Future 21 North Sea Transition Deal 22 Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy 23 Transport Decarbonisation Plan 24 UK Hydrogen Strategy 25 Heat and Buildings Strategy 26 British Energy Security Strategy 27 Energy Policy is devolved to Northern Ireland, and as such the British Energy Security Strategy applies to England, Scotland and Wales (Great Britain).UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 sectoral pledges announced at COP26 in November 2021.', 'As COP Presidency the UK also built international support for, and signed up to, a range of 19 Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener 20 Energy White Paper: Powering our Net Zero Future 21 North Sea Transition Deal 22 Industrial Decarbonisation Strategy 23 Transport Decarbonisation Plan 24 UK Hydrogen Strategy 25 Heat and Buildings Strategy 26 British Energy Security Strategy 27 Energy Policy is devolved to Northern Ireland, and as such the British Energy Security Strategy applies to England, Scotland and Wales (Great Britain).UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 sectoral pledges announced at COP26 in November 2021. These include the Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement28, the Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition29, the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use30, the Glasgow Breakthroughs Agenda on clean energy, road transport, steel, hydrogen and agriculture31, the Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) Declaration32, the Product Efficiency Call to Action33, and the Global Methane Pledge34.', 'These include the Global Coal to Clean Power Transition Statement28, the Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition29, the Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use30, the Glasgow Breakthroughs Agenda on clean energy, road transport, steel, hydrogen and agriculture31, the Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEVs) Declaration32, the Product Efficiency Call to Action33, and the Global Methane Pledge34. Since its NDC was first communicated in December 2020, the UK has made progress on a range of specific policies and measures that will support delivery of the NDC.', 'Since its NDC was first communicated in December 2020, the UK has made progress on a range of specific policies and measures that will support delivery of the NDC. For example, as of September 2022, when the UK submitted its updated NDC, the UK has: • Invested substantially in clean energy, committing up to £1.7 billion to increase the UK’s nuclear energy production and over £1.6 billion to advance offshore wind capacity to meet the UK’s 50GW target by 2050; • Published the first three investor roadmaps for automotive, hydrogen and carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS).', 'For example, as of September 2022, when the UK submitted its updated NDC, the UK has: • Invested substantially in clean energy, committing up to £1.7 billion to increase the UK’s nuclear energy production and over £1.6 billion to advance offshore wind capacity to meet the UK’s 50GW target by 2050; • Published the first three investor roadmaps for automotive, hydrogen and carbon capture, usage and storage (CCUS). These are the first in a series of roadmaps to be published over the course of 2022 for each sector of the Government’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, showcasing how the UK is delivering on its green commitments; • Launched the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund to drive the industry forward and developed plans for the next stage of the Hydrogen Village trial, where 2,000 occupied 28 Global Coal to Clean Power Transition statement 29 Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition 30 Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use 31 Glasgow Breakthroughs Agenda and-vans 33 Product efficiency call to action 34 Global Methane Pledge Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 homes, offices and other buildings will all use 100% hydrogen for a period of at least • Committed to phase out unabated coal power by 2024 and to fully decarbonise the power system by 2035; • Committed to ending HM Government’s direct support for the fossil fuel energy sector overseas; • Committed to ending the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030, and for all new cars and vans to be fully zero emission at the tailpipe by 2035 - and launched a consultation on this in April 202235; • Undertaken to explore updating and expanding ‘Ecodesign’ product regulation which sets minimum requirements to phase out the least energy and resource efficient products from the market; and • Begun considering the recommendations from the Climate Change Committee to set targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near zero emissions by 2035.', 'These are the first in a series of roadmaps to be published over the course of 2022 for each sector of the Government’s Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution, showcasing how the UK is delivering on its green commitments; • Launched the £240 million Net Zero Hydrogen Fund to drive the industry forward and developed plans for the next stage of the Hydrogen Village trial, where 2,000 occupied 28 Global Coal to Clean Power Transition statement 29 Statement on international public support for the clean energy transition 30 Glasgow Leaders Declaration on Forests and Land Use 31 Glasgow Breakthroughs Agenda and-vans 33 Product efficiency call to action 34 Global Methane Pledge Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 homes, offices and other buildings will all use 100% hydrogen for a period of at least • Committed to phase out unabated coal power by 2024 and to fully decarbonise the power system by 2035; • Committed to ending HM Government’s direct support for the fossil fuel energy sector overseas; • Committed to ending the sale of new petrol and diesel vehicles by 2030, and for all new cars and vans to be fully zero emission at the tailpipe by 2035 - and launched a consultation on this in April 202235; • Undertaken to explore updating and expanding ‘Ecodesign’ product regulation which sets minimum requirements to phase out the least energy and resource efficient products from the market; and • Begun considering the recommendations from the Climate Change Committee to set targets for ore-based steelmaking to reach near zero emissions by 2035. Additionally, the UK’s agriculture sector will contribute towards the UK’s NDC, and HM Government will support farmers to take up low carbon practices and technologies, simultaneously helping to improve business productivity and profitability gains.', 'Additionally, the UK’s agriculture sector will contribute towards the UK’s NDC, and HM Government will support farmers to take up low carbon practices and technologies, simultaneously helping to improve business productivity and profitability gains. As highlighted in the Net Zero Strategy, one of the ways the UK will do this is through supporting actions that produce environmental benefits. The Net Zero Strategy built on the detail set out in the England Tree Action Plan36 and England Peat Action Plan37, on how the UK will use nature-based solutions (including peatlands and trees), to tackle climate change and help avert its impacts.', 'The Net Zero Strategy built on the detail set out in the England Tree Action Plan36 and England Peat Action Plan37, on how the UK will use nature-based solutions (including peatlands and trees), to tackle climate change and help avert its impacts. Initiatives include: 35 Policy design features for the car and van zero emission vehicle mandate: mandate 37 England Peat Action Plan Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 • The £750m Nature for Climate Fund, which is helping to protect, restore, expand and support the resilience of habitats such as peat bogs and woodlands; • Support for farmers and landowners to create woodland and restore peatlands; and • Exploration of setting a long-term tree planting target through the UK’s Environmental Targets.', 'Initiatives include: 35 Policy design features for the car and van zero emission vehicle mandate: mandate 37 England Peat Action Plan Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 • The £750m Nature for Climate Fund, which is helping to protect, restore, expand and support the resilience of habitats such as peat bogs and woodlands; • Support for farmers and landowners to create woodland and restore peatlands; and • Exploration of setting a long-term tree planting target through the UK’s Environmental Targets. Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the UK is taking ambitious action to phase down the UK’s use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). As committed to in the Net Zero Strategy, HM Government will conduct a review of the F-gas Regulation38 and publish a report in due course.', 'As committed to in the Net Zero Strategy, HM Government will conduct a review of the F-gas Regulation38 and publish a report in due course. This will set out any further measures the UK can take to reduce HFC use in favour of climate friendly, energy efficient alternatives. Collectively, these strategies, pledges, policies and measures will support delivery of the UK’s NDC by 2030, as well as the UK’s domestic carbon budgets and net zero by 2050. The Climate Change Committee’s Progress Report to Parliament, published in June 2022, included a range of recommendations on how the UK can make further progress in delivering against its emissions reduction targets including the NDC39.', 'The Climate Change Committee’s Progress Report to Parliament, published in June 2022, included a range of recommendations on how the UK can make further progress in delivering against its emissions reduction targets including the NDC39. HM Government will respond to the Committee’s report, and update on the progress made on the delivery pathway to Net Zero in due course. The UK’s Adaptation Communication contains more details on the UK’s adaptation plans. The UK will submit its Methane Memorandum at COP27 in November 2022.', 'The UK will submit its Methane Memorandum at COP27 in November 2022. 39 CCC 2022 Progress Report to Parliament Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Devolved Administrations Under Scotland’s statutory framework, a Climate Change Plan setting out policies and proposals to meet the emissions reduction targets must be published at least every five years and prepared with reference to a set of statutory Just Transition and Climate Justice principles. In March 2021, the Scottish Government updated its Climate Change Plan40 (which should be read alongside the original 2018 Plan41), setting out over 200 policies and proposals to cut greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors of the Scottish economy over the period to 2032.', 'In March 2021, the Scottish Government updated its Climate Change Plan40 (which should be read alongside the original 2018 Plan41), setting out over 200 policies and proposals to cut greenhouse gas emissions across all sectors of the Scottish economy over the period to 2032. The updated Plan reflects the increase in target ambition from the Climate Change (Emissions Reductions Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019, in response to the global goals of the Paris Agreement. Under the Environment (Wales) Act, each new administration is required to set out a plan containing policies and proposals to meet the carbon budget. The Welsh Government has taken the first step towards a net zero pathway for 2050 in publishing Net Zero Wales42, in October 2021, covering Wales’s second carbon budget period 2021–25.', 'The Welsh Government has taken the first step towards a net zero pathway for 2050 in publishing Net Zero Wales42, in October 2021, covering Wales’s second carbon budget period 2021–25. It contains 123 policies and proposals across all ministerial portfolios and looks beyond to start building the foundations for Wales’s third carbon budget and 2030 target, as well as net zero by 2050. The plan focuses on the need to “outperform” this second carbon budget of 37% average reduction in emissions, in line with the Climate Change Committee’s recommendation. This is because Wales’s third carbon budget (2026–30) requires an average reduction of 58%, reflecting the huge step change Wales needs to make if its actions are to have time to take effect.', 'This is because Wales’s third carbon budget (2026–30) requires an average reduction of 58%, reflecting the huge step change Wales needs to make if its actions are to have time to take effect. 40 Securing a green recovery on a path to net zero: climate change plan 2018–32 - update 41 Climate Change Plan: third report on proposals and policies 2018-32 42 Net Zero Wales Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 In October 2021, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs launched a public consultation on a Green Growth Strategy for Northern Ireland43. The Green Growth Strategy is the Northern Ireland Executive’s multi-decade strategy, balancing climate, environment and the economy in Northern Ireland.', 'The Green Growth Strategy is the Northern Ireland Executive’s multi-decade strategy, balancing climate, environment and the economy in Northern Ireland. It sets out the long-term vision for tackling the climate crisis and will be underpinned by the provisions of the recently passed Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 with which it closely aligns. This longer-term Strategy will be delivered through a series of Climate Action Plans aligned to carbon budget periods, the first of which is to be developed by the end of 2023 and which will set out a series of policies and proposals to achieve the first carbon budget for the period 2023-27. The Green Growth Strategy is currently awaiting sign off by the NI Executive.', 'The Green Growth Strategy is currently awaiting sign off by the NI Executive. Additionally, The Path to Net Zero44 is Northern Ireland’s current energy strategy and sets a long-term vision of net zero carbon and affordable energy for Northern Ireland by 2050. Local authorities Local authorities play an essential role in driving action to tackle climate change with significant influence in energy, housing and transport. Across the UK, local authorities are actively driving progress on net zero. Local Government can also attract net zero private sector investment, which complements national approaches to attracting net zero investment. HM Government works closely with local government and has provided support to help them contribute to delivering net zero.', 'HM Government works closely with local government and has provided support to help them contribute to delivering net zero. This includes: • Establishing five Local Net Zero Hubs, each covering a region of England. The Hubs promote best practice and support local authorities to develop net zero projects and 43 Consultation on the draft Green Growth Strategy for Northern Ireland 44 Northern Ireland Energy Strategy - Path to Net Zero Energy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 attract commercial investment; • Funding work to develop business models to increase private sector investment in local net zero; and • Running the Local Net Zero Forum for national and local senior government officials to discuss local net zero policy and delivery issues.', 'The Hubs promote best practice and support local authorities to develop net zero projects and 43 Consultation on the draft Green Growth Strategy for Northern Ireland 44 Northern Ireland Energy Strategy - Path to Net Zero Energy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 attract commercial investment; • Funding work to develop business models to increase private sector investment in local net zero; and • Running the Local Net Zero Forum for national and local senior government officials to discuss local net zero policy and delivery issues. Gender-responsive action The UK recognises that women and girls – alongside other marginalised people – are disproportionately impacted by climate change and are also critical leaders and agents of change in climate action.', 'Gender-responsive action The UK recognises that women and girls – alongside other marginalised people – are disproportionately impacted by climate change and are also critical leaders and agents of change in climate action. The UK is dedicated to promoting equality and inclusion, including women’s empowerment, gender equality and the implementation of the UNFCCC Gender Action Plan. Public authorities must fulfil responsibilities set out under the UK’s Equality Act (2010)45, which covers a range of protected characteristics. The UK has agreed nuclear46 and offshore wind sector47 deals with specific targets established to increase workforce diversity. The UK also supports industry-led initiatives like POWERful women48 in order to address the lack of gender diversity in the green economy.', 'The UK also supports industry-led initiatives like POWERful women48 in order to address the lack of gender diversity in the green economy. The UK signed up to the Clean Energy Ministerial Clean Energy Education and Empowerment (C3E) Initiative49 in 2020. This initiative aims to advance women’s participation in the clean energy revolution and enable greater gender diversity in the clean energy professions.', 'This initiative aims to advance women’s participation in the clean energy revolution and enable greater gender diversity in the clean energy professions. Under the UK’s G7 Presidency, G7 countries reaffirmed and strengthened their commitments under the Equal by 30 Campaign, the Clean Energy 46 Nuclear Sector Deal 47 Offshore Wind Sector Deal 48 POWERful women Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Ministerial campaign under which countries have committed to working towards equal pay, equal leadership and equal opportunities for women in the clean energy sector by 203050. The UK joined the International Energy Agency (IEA) Gender Advisory Council in 2021, which is intended to guide work on gender diversity and improve equal opportunities in the energy sector.', 'The UK joined the International Energy Agency (IEA) Gender Advisory Council in 2021, which is intended to guide work on gender diversity and improve equal opportunities in the energy sector. It will help to take forward the IEA Gender Diversity Initiative and will strengthen collaboration with C3E and Equal by 30. During its COP26 Presidency, the UK sought to advance gender equality in its own climate action, to urge others to enhance gender-responsive climate action in their national contexts, and to learn from and amplify the good practices of other countries and observer organisations. The Glasgow Climate Pact resulted in strengthened language on gender and inclusion.', 'The Glasgow Climate Pact resulted in strengthened language on gender and inclusion. The UK has provided funding and support to widen participation including the full, meaningful, and equal participation and leadership of women in all aspects of the UNFCCC. The UK continues to work with delivery partners to capture the impacts of International Climate Finance (ICF) programmes on certain groups of people and to embed gender mainstreaming into every stage of the programme cycle. The UK’s Climate Ambition Support Alliance (CASA)51 has provided funding for the active participation of women from Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in negotiations and has supported the European Capacity Building Initiative’s (ecbi) Women Negotiator Mentoring Initiative. The UK PACT (Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions)52 programme has developed gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) guidance53.', 'The UK PACT (Partnering for Accelerated Climate Transitions)52 programme has developed gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) guidance53. This includes a requirement for applicants to state how their projects could support women and/or marginalised groups. As part of its commitments under 51 CASA 52 UK PACT 53 UK PACT GESI Guidance Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 the Generation Equality Forum’s Action Coalition on Feminist Action for Climate Justice54, the UK will strengthen collection and use of data on gender, inclusion and climate. Just Transition The UK is dedicated to supporting workers, communities and businesses to transition to net zero.', 'Just Transition The UK is dedicated to supporting workers, communities and businesses to transition to net zero. HM Government convened the Green Jobs Taskforce55 to advise on the actions that government, industry and the education sector can take to create the skilled workforce to deliver net zero while supporting workers in high carbon sectors with the transition. It will also look to explore what actions can be taken across industry to improve diversity in the green economy, including improving data collection and transparency. Signed by over 30 major donor countries under the UK’s COP Presidency, the International Just Transition Declaration56 commits, for the first time, to embedding labour and human rights principles into overseas funding in developing and emerging economies.', 'Signed by over 30 major donor countries under the UK’s COP Presidency, the International Just Transition Declaration56 commits, for the first time, to embedding labour and human rights principles into overseas funding in developing and emerging economies. This supports a range of activities, from supporting social dialogues to investing in new, decent jobs for all. The Declaration also commits countries to ensuring that workers and communities in outgoing high-carbon supply chains are supported, and that procurement is made from green supply chains that adhere to minimum labour standards. The UK recognises the critical need to work in partnership with high emitting developing countries who want to take ambitious climate action and accelerate their clean energy transitions.', 'The UK recognises the critical need to work in partnership with high emitting developing countries who want to take ambitious climate action and accelerate their clean energy transitions. Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JETPs) tailor international support to individual countries’ plans focused on the many thousands of people who still rely on fossil fuels for their livelihoods. The UK is leading efforts to deliver the ground-breaking South 54 Gender Equality Forum’s Action Coalition on Feminist Action for Climate Justice 55 Green Jobs Taskforce 56 Supporting the conditions for a Just Transition Internationally Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 African JETP announced at COP26 and is working together with G7 and other partners to support further JETPs57.', 'The UK is leading efforts to deliver the ground-breaking South 54 Gender Equality Forum’s Action Coalition on Feminist Action for Climate Justice 55 Green Jobs Taskforce 56 Supporting the conditions for a Just Transition Internationally Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 African JETP announced at COP26 and is working together with G7 and other partners to support further JETPs57. Public participation and engagement As agreed at COP26, the Glasgow Work Programme on Action for Climate Empowerment highlights the key role that a broad range of stakeholders - such as national, regional and local governments, non-governmental organisations, scientists, youth, women and indigenous peoples - play in fostering greener economies.', 'Public participation and engagement As agreed at COP26, the Glasgow Work Programme on Action for Climate Empowerment highlights the key role that a broad range of stakeholders - such as national, regional and local governments, non-governmental organisations, scientists, youth, women and indigenous peoples - play in fostering greener economies. The UK is a Party to the Aarhus Convention, a United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Treaty which provides for access to information, public participation in decision making and access to justice in environmental matters. The UK’s NDC has been informed by guidance from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), in the context of the UK’s legally binding net zero commitment. In producing its advice the CCC relies on a range of evidence, including expert and stakeholder sources.', 'In producing its advice the CCC relies on a range of evidence, including expert and stakeholder sources. For example, the CCC has in the past run public calls for evidence, roundtables and workshops with non- governmental organisations (NGOs), industry stakeholders and trade associations, and held more than 200 meetings with individual stakeholders across all sectors. More information on this can be found in the CCC’s Insight Briefings58. The approach towards the UK’s NDC was discussed in meetings with NGOs, civil society and business groups, and covered in correspondence with representatives of these groups 57 Six-month update on progress in advancing the Just Energy Transition Partnership 58 Advising on the level of the UK’s carbon budgets, CCC (2020) budgets.pdfUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 and interested Parliamentarians.', 'The approach towards the UK’s NDC was discussed in meetings with NGOs, civil society and business groups, and covered in correspondence with representatives of these groups 57 Six-month update on progress in advancing the Just Energy Transition Partnership 58 Advising on the level of the UK’s carbon budgets, CCC (2020) budgets.pdfUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 and interested Parliamentarians. A copy of the UK’s updated NDC will be laid in the UK’s Houses of Parliament. The Net Zero Strategy is a key element of how HM Government informs the public about achieving the UK’s carbon commitments. A wide range of stakeholders were engaged to support the development of the strategy, including organisations that represent business interests, NGOs, local sectors, and public facing bodies.', 'A wide range of stakeholders were engaged to support the development of the strategy, including organisations that represent business interests, NGOs, local sectors, and public facing bodies. In 2020, BEIS invited a diverse group of 93 members of the public to join deliberative dialogues on net zero, to get an insight into their understanding and views of net zero, their perceptions on what role the public should play in reaching net zero and how we can best bring the public along with us. The findings of these dialogues were considered and informed the development of the Net Zero Strategy.', 'The findings of these dialogues were considered and informed the development of the Net Zero Strategy. HM Government has also run and funded public workshops and deliberative dialogues on a range of net zero issues such as net zero homes, heating, transport decarbonisation, hydrogen, food, Carbon Capture Use and Storage (CCUS), Advanced Nuclear Technologies (ANT), energy, and the environment. HM Government also ran a public consultation on the approach to the UK Emissions Trading Scheme59 in March 2022. The Welsh Government’s Engagement approach around Climate Change 2022-26 60 was published in June 2022 and provides a framework for working with Team Wales partners around the delivery of Net Zero Wales (Carbon Budget 2) 61.', 'The Welsh Government’s Engagement approach around Climate Change 2022-26 60 was published in June 2022 and provides a framework for working with Team Wales partners around the delivery of Net Zero Wales (Carbon Budget 2) 61. A new draft Strategy for Public Engagement and Action on Climate Change 2022-26 will be published for consultation in October 2022. The Scottish Government launched a new Public Engagement Strategy for Climate Change 59 Developing the UK Emissions Trading Scheme 60 Welsh Government’s Engagement approach around Climate Change (2022-26) 61 Net Zero Wales (Carbon Budget 2) Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 in September 202162. The Strategy recognises the vital role of public and community engagement in facilitating a societal transition to a net zero and climate resilient nation.', 'The Strategy recognises the vital role of public and community engagement in facilitating a societal transition to a net zero and climate resilient nation. Scotland’s Climate Assembly brought together over 100 people, broadly representative of the Scottish population, to learn about, discuss and make recommendations on how Scotland should change to tackle the climate emergency in a fair and effective way. The full report of Scotland’s Climate Assembly was laid in Scottish Parliament in June 2021, with the Scottish Government issuing a detailed response to their recommendations in December 2021.', 'The full report of Scotland’s Climate Assembly was laid in Scottish Parliament in June 2021, with the Scottish Government issuing a detailed response to their recommendations in December 2021. The Northern Ireland Executive, in developing and bringing forward policies and strategies such as the Green Growth Strategy, the Path to Net Zero Energy Strategy63 and the recently passed Climate Change Act (Northern Ireland) 2022 have undertaken extensive engagement with a wide range of stakeholders. This engagement will continue with the development of the first Climate Action Plan for Northern Ireland and other key deliverables arising out of the new legislation.', 'This engagement will continue with the development of the first Climate Action Plan for Northern Ireland and other key deliverables arising out of the new legislation. The UK will continue to carry out a wide range of engagement with a cross-section of society including experts, industry, non-governmental organisations, trade bodies and the wider public, helping to shape plans and policies for reaching net zero emissions by 2050. Youth and Children The Glasgow Climate Pact urges Parties and stakeholders to ensure meaningful youth participation and representation in multilateral, national and local decision-making processes. The UK will continue to ensure that young people are engaged in both the design and implementation of climate-related policies where relevant.', 'The UK will continue to ensure that young people are engaged in both the design and implementation of climate-related policies where relevant. For example, the UK Department 62 Scottish Government’s Public Engagement Strategy: 63 Northern Ireland’s Path to Net Zero Energy Strategy: Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 for Education (DfE) engaged Civil Society, NGOs, educators and young people to develop a sustainability and climate change strategy for the education and children services system. This included a youth panel so young people could share their views and inform the development of the strategy. a(ii) Contextual matters, including: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication For the UK’s national circumstances, including climate, population and economy, please see the UK’s Eighth National Communication.', 'a(ii) Contextual matters, including: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication For the UK’s national circumstances, including climate, population and economy, please see the UK’s Eighth National Communication. Sustainable development and poverty eradication The UK is committed to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For more information about the UK’s approach to the SDGs, please see the UK’s Voluntary National Review64. a(ii)b Best practice and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution The UK’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in Decision 4/CMA.1. As described in Section 4a(i), development of the NDC has been closely linked with the UK’s domestic processes for delivery of the net zero commitment under the framework of the Climate Change Act.', 'As described in Section 4a(i), development of the NDC has been closely linked with the UK’s domestic processes for delivery of the net zero commitment under the framework of the Climate Change Act. It also takes into account best available science and evidence, as well as guidance from the CCC65. A range of HM Government departments were involved in setting the UK’s economy-wide emissions reduction target. This is crucial, given that ownership of the policies required to 64 UK’s Voluntary National Review of the Sustainable Development Goals 65 CCC advice on the UK’s 2030 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 reduce emissions is spread across government.', 'This is crucial, given that ownership of the policies required to 64 UK’s Voluntary National Review of the Sustainable Development Goals 65 CCC advice on the UK’s 2030 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 reduce emissions is spread across government. Going forward, the UK will continue to follow UNFCCC guidelines and use domestic governance and engagement to track progress against the NDC. For more information on the UK’s domestic institutional structures and GHG inventory governance, see Section 4a(i).', 'For more information on the UK’s domestic institutional structures and GHG inventory governance, see Section 4a(i). For more information on the UK’s process in reviewing its NDC in line with the Glasgow Climate Pact, see Section 6. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Beyond the communication of an NDC, the UK continues to make progress on priority policy areas that are crucial to the UK’s overall approach to climate action. Food security and policy The UK’s Agriculture Act66 obligates HM Government to produce a domestic and international food security report every three years. The UK published its first Food Security report under the Agriculture Act in December 202167. The UK is committed to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goal 2 on ending hunger.', 'The UK is committed to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including Goal 2 on ending hunger. Scotland’s National Performance Framework (NPF)68, which integrates the SDGs alongside National Outcomes, is an important part of Scotland’s localisation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ensuring that these objectives are increasingly located at the centre of policymaking and delivery. The NPF has a focus on tackling inequalities so that no one in Scotland is left behind when progressing the SDGs and National Outcomes simultaneously. 67 United Kingdom Food Security Report (2021) 68 Scotland’s National Performance Framework Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Ocean and marine environment The UK’s vision for the marine environment is for clean, healthy, safe, and biologically diverse ocean and seas.', '67 United Kingdom Food Security Report (2021) 68 Scotland’s National Performance Framework Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Ocean and marine environment The UK’s vision for the marine environment is for clean, healthy, safe, and biologically diverse ocean and seas. The sustainable use, protection and restoration of the UK’s marine environment is underpinned by the UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009)69, the Environment Act (2021) 70 and Fisheries Act (2020) 71, UK Marine Policy Statement72, Marine Strategy73, commitment to an ecologically coherent well-managed network of Marine Protected Areas, and Joint Fisheries Statement. Through the UK Marine Strategy, HM Government and Devolved Administrations are working closely together to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in the UK’s seas.', 'Through the UK Marine Strategy, HM Government and Devolved Administrations are working closely together to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in the UK’s seas. The UK’s National Adaptation Programme74 outlines how the UK will address marine climate risks by introducing a Sustainable Fisheries policy, giving consideration to climate change in marine planning, building ecological resilience at sea. The Scottish Government has set out a new Blue Economy vision for the sustainable management of Scotland’s seas, establishing long term outcomes to 2045 and including a dedicated climate outcome to support ecosystem health, improved livelihoods, economic prosperity, social inclusion and wellbeing.', 'The Scottish Government has set out a new Blue Economy vision for the sustainable management of Scotland’s seas, establishing long term outcomes to 2045 and including a dedicated climate outcome to support ecosystem health, improved livelihoods, economic prosperity, social inclusion and wellbeing. New actions to increase protection of the marine environment include; delivery of a network of highly protected marine areas by 2026, fishery management measures across the Marine Protected Areas network by 2024 and introduction of a Scottish Wild Salmon Strategy.', 'New actions to increase protection of the marine environment include; delivery of a network of highly protected marine areas by 2026, fishery management measures across the Marine Protected Areas network by 2024 and introduction of a Scottish Wild Salmon Strategy. New evidence is also being delivered 69 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) 72 UK Marine Policy Statement 73 UK Marine Strategy: UK updated assessment and Good Environmental Status 74 UK’s National Adaptation Programme Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 through the Scottish Blue Carbon Forum, building upon actions set out in the second Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme75 to address Scotland’s marine climate risks. In November 2019 the Welsh Government published the first Welsh National Marine Plan76.', 'In November 2019 the Welsh Government published the first Welsh National Marine Plan76. This sets out policy for the next 20 years to achieve healthy and resilient seas and marine ecosystems, in support of a thriving, sustainable economy. The Plan provides the strategic framework to enable renewable energy generation at sea. The draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland77, published in April 2018, supports the UK Marine Policy Statement, the UK Marine Strategy and the UK’s vision for the marine environment. The sustainable development of Northern Ireland’s marine area is further underpinned by the Marine Act (Northern Ireland) 201378 and the Marine and Coastal Access Act 200979. The Plan represents the first step in sustainably managing Northern Ireland’s marine area in supporting economic, environmental and social objectives.', 'The Plan represents the first step in sustainably managing Northern Ireland’s marine area in supporting economic, environmental and social objectives. A second iteration of the Plan is currently being drafted which will take account of the advancements in science, technology, policy and legislation, particularly in relation to climate change mitigation and adaption including Blue Carbon, Sustainable Fisheries and Offshore Renewable Energy. The Marine Plan for Northern Ireland is expected to be finalised, adopted and published in 2023.', 'The Marine Plan for Northern Ireland is expected to be finalised, adopted and published in 2023. Terrestrial biodiversity Given the mutually reinforcing effects of climate change and biodiversity loss on people and 75 Climate Ready Scotland: Climate Change Adaptation Programme 2019-24 (2019) 76 Welsh National Marine Plan (2019) 77 Draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland 79 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 the planet, an integrated approach is the only way to address these issues. HM Government is developing a 2030 strategic framework for international climate and nature action that will set out the UK’s integrated approach to tackling both challenges.', 'HM Government is developing a 2030 strategic framework for international climate and nature action that will set out the UK’s integrated approach to tackling both challenges. The UK will fulfil its responsibilities under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)80, the Ramsar Convention81 and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature82 - including implementation of the CBD vision that by 2050 biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintains ecosystem services, sustains a healthy planet and delivers benefits essential for all people. This will provide significant climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. UK domestic biodiversity policy is devolved. In England, the UK’s 25 Year Environment Plan (25YEP)83 set out the aim to support nature’s recovery and restore historical losses, including for the marine environment.', 'In England, the UK’s 25 Year Environment Plan (25YEP)83 set out the aim to support nature’s recovery and restore historical losses, including for the marine environment. Since then, HM Government has introduced the Environment Act 2021 that introduces ambitious measures to address the biggest environmental priorities of our age, including restoring nature. The Act requires a new, legally binding and world-leading target to be set to halt the decline in species abundance by 2030. This is in addition to setting at least one long-term legally binding target for biodiversity. In England, the original plan was to publish a standalone strategy to replace Biodiversity 2020.', 'In England, the original plan was to publish a standalone strategy to replace Biodiversity 2020. The delays to the development of the CBD Global Framework however have provided an opportunity to integrate ambitions and approach to nature recovery into a refreshed Environmental Improvement Plan (EIP), set to be published by January 2023. This will link together the different objectives, plans and mechanisms for achieving biodiversity targets and recovering nature.', 'This will link together the different objectives, plans and mechanisms for achieving biodiversity targets and recovering nature. 80 UK Country Profile, Convention on Biological Diversity 81 UK Profile, Ramsar Convention 82 Leaders’ Pledge for Nature 83 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment environment-plan.pdfUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 The Scottish Government is committed to delivering improved and enduring benefits to the natural environment through the Environment Strategy for Scotland84. Sitting beneath this, the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy85 will take account of the new post-2020 global biodiversity framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision.', 'Sitting beneath this, the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy85 will take account of the new post-2020 global biodiversity framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision. The Scottish Biodiversity Programme86 has been created to coordinate all activity on biodiversity including the development of a future strategic framework for biodiversity that compromises both terrestrial and marine aspects. The Nature Recovery Action Plan (NRAP) is the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Wales87. It sets out how the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets are addressed in Wales. The NRAP has been refreshed for 2020-21 to prioritise the maintenance and improvement of resilient ecological networks and transformative change.', 'The NRAP has been refreshed for 2020-21 to prioritise the maintenance and improvement of resilient ecological networks and transformative change. Relevant actions include developing the new Sustainable Land Management scheme and the National Forest for Wales, work to improve the condition of Protected Sites Network, and the National Peatland Action Programme. The NRAP will be realigned to address the post-2020 framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity in line with commitments made under the Edinburgh Declaration88 and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature. In Northern Ireland, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) completed a public consultation on a future Environment Strategy for Northern Ireland in January 202289.', 'In Northern Ireland, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) completed a public consultation on a future Environment Strategy for Northern Ireland in January 202289. This will be Northern Ireland’s first overarching Environment Strategy and subject to the approval of the Northern Ireland Executive, it will be adopted as Northern 84 The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes 85 Scottish Biodiversity Strategy 86 Scottish Biodiversity Programme 87 Nature Recovery Action Plan, Welsh Government (2015) 88 Edinburgh Declaration on post-2020 global biodiversity framework 89 Environment Strategy Consultation Northern Ireland Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Ireland’s Environmental Improvement Plan under the Environment Act 2021.', 'This will be Northern Ireland’s first overarching Environment Strategy and subject to the approval of the Northern Ireland Executive, it will be adopted as Northern 84 The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes 85 Scottish Biodiversity Strategy 86 Scottish Biodiversity Programme 87 Nature Recovery Action Plan, Welsh Government (2015) 88 Edinburgh Declaration on post-2020 global biodiversity framework 89 Environment Strategy Consultation Northern Ireland Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 Ireland’s Environmental Improvement Plan under the Environment Act 2021. A new Biodiversity Strategy for Northern Ireland is being developed to take account of the post-2020 framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision.', 'A new Biodiversity Strategy for Northern Ireland is being developed to take account of the post-2020 framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision. This strategy will commit Northern Ireland to relevant actions on a number of important issues, including implementing nature-based solutions for tackling climate change and reversing biodiversity loss in line with the commitments made under the Edinburgh Declaration and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature.', 'This strategy will commit Northern Ireland to relevant actions on a number of important issues, including implementing nature-based solutions for tackling climate change and reversing biodiversity loss in line with the commitments made under the Edinburgh Declaration and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature. Education and skills The UK is strengthening awareness of and building consensus in tackling climate change through various education initiatives at all stages of life, including: a new education course on climate science for 16- to 18-year-olds; a Green Home Grant Skills Training competition to support training for installation of energy efficient and low carbon heating measures; and initiatives as part of the UK s Offshore Wind Sector Deal.', 'Education and skills The UK is strengthening awareness of and building consensus in tackling climate change through various education initiatives at all stages of life, including: a new education course on climate science for 16- to 18-year-olds; a Green Home Grant Skills Training competition to support training for installation of energy efficient and low carbon heating measures; and initiatives as part of the UK s Offshore Wind Sector Deal. The UK also supports gender balance in physics and computing to increase Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) take up amongst girls. For example, the UK is funding the Institute of Physics to deliver the Improving Gender Balance research trial.', 'For example, the UK is funding the Institute of Physics to deliver the Improving Gender Balance research trial. This randomised control trial will scale up an approach that has shown significant early promise in increasing girls’ uptake of A level physics. Since 2010, there has been a 31% increase in girls’ entries to STEM A levels in England, and there are now one million women working in core STEM occupations. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of women accepted onto full-time STEM undergraduate courses also increased by 34% in the UK. The Net Zero Strategy sets out HM Government’s plans to work with industry to create the skilled workforce to deliver net zero.', 'The Net Zero Strategy sets out HM Government’s plans to work with industry to create the skilled workforce to deliver net zero. This includes green apprenticeships, retrainingUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 bootcamps, publishing a climate and sustainability strategy for education and children services, and establishing the Green Jobs Delivery Group with industry. The Green Jobs Delivery Group is the central forum through which government, industry and other key stakeholders work together to ensure the UK has the workforce needed to deliver a green industrial revolution.', 'The Green Jobs Delivery Group is the central forum through which government, industry and other key stakeholders work together to ensure the UK has the workforce needed to deliver a green industrial revolution. Additionally, HM Government is proud to have published the Department for Education’s Strategy for Sustainability and Climate Change for Education and Children’s Services in April 2022.The strategy sets out key actions in climate education and green skills which will equip children, young people and adult learners with the knowledge and skills needed to contribute to the green economy. This includes the development of a new GCSE in Natural History, to be taught in schools by 2025.', 'This includes the development of a new GCSE in Natural History, to be taught in schools by 2025. This GCSE will give young people a further opportunity to engage with and develop a deeper knowledge and understanding of the natural world. The Scottish Government’s Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan provides a framework for skills planning, development and investment across sectors of the economy known to be crucial to achieving net zero. As part of this, the Green Jobs Workforce Academy was launched in August 2021 and is an invaluable step in preparing Scotland’s current and future workforce for green careers.', 'As part of this, the Green Jobs Workforce Academy was launched in August 2021 and is an invaluable step in preparing Scotland’s current and future workforce for green careers. For workers in high carbon sectors, the Scottish Government has committed to launch a Skills Guarantee – to ensure that individuals who are making the move to employment in new, green jobs, have access to career guidance and retraining opportunities. In addition, Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence90 incorporates an emphasis on the cross-cutting theme of Learning for Sustainability – a term that brings together sustainable development education, global citizenship and outdoor learning.', 'In addition, Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence90 incorporates an emphasis on the cross-cutting theme of Learning for Sustainability – a term that brings together sustainable development education, global citizenship and outdoor learning. A refreshed and 90 Scotland’s curriculum – Curriculum for Excellence Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 strengthened Learning for Sustainability Action Plan91 will help to ensure that all children and young people in Scotland have the opportunity to experience this vital area of education. The Welsh Government is investing in people to develop the skills needed for a low-carbon, circular economy, including reskilling workers in existing industries.', 'The Welsh Government is investing in people to develop the skills needed for a low-carbon, circular economy, including reskilling workers in existing industries. The Welsh Government will seek to exploit the opportunities of this transition to secure greater added value in sectors like energy and housing (timber in construction and modular housing). In Northern Ireland, the Department for Economy’s 10X Economy92 sets out the vision for the 2020s as a decade of innovation bringing opportunity and growth. The Energy Strategy discusses the substantial and underpinning role of skills development in delivering on Northern Ireland’s commitment to a net zero carbon future – and the focus on innovation, research and development is reinforced in the Green Growth Strategy.', 'The Energy Strategy discusses the substantial and underpinning role of skills development in delivering on Northern Ireland’s commitment to a net zero carbon future – and the focus on innovation, research and development is reinforced in the Green Growth Strategy. The Skills Strategy consultation93 recognises that a transformational change in skills is required to take advantage of Northern Ireland’s scale, yet whilst addressing the challenges in the skills sector. A Skills Audit to identify the skills and training needs for energy decarbonisation is planned for 2022-23. Skill Up, a flexible skills programme, also provides a range of opportunities in the green technologies area, with courses and qualifications available in hydrogen, heat pumps, retrofitting, solar and electrical vehicles across the further and higher education sectors in 2022 and 2023.', 'Skill Up, a flexible skills programme, also provides a range of opportunities in the green technologies area, with courses and qualifications available in hydrogen, heat pumps, retrofitting, solar and electrical vehicles across the further and higher education sectors in 2022 and 2023. Sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production The UK is committed to delivering a sustainable food system, ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious and healthier food, while meeting our commitment to broadly maintain 91 Learning for sustainability: action plan (2019) 92 10X Economy - an economic vision for a decade of innovation 93 A Skills Strategy for Northern Ireland – Skills for a 10x Economy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 food production94.', 'Sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production The UK is committed to delivering a sustainable food system, ensuring that everyone has access to nutritious and healthier food, while meeting our commitment to broadly maintain 91 Learning for sustainability: action plan (2019) 92 10X Economy - an economic vision for a decade of innovation 93 A Skills Strategy for Northern Ireland – Skills for a 10x Economy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 food production94. The Resources and Waste Strategy95 sets out England’s plans to move away from a linear economy, towards a more circular and sustainable economy in which natural resources are used efficiently and waste is minimised.', 'The Resources and Waste Strategy95 sets out England’s plans to move away from a linear economy, towards a more circular and sustainable economy in which natural resources are used efficiently and waste is minimised. The UK Environment Act 2021 further provides the powers to significantly change the way that waste is managed and take forward a number of the proposals from the Resources and Waste Strategy and the Net Zero Strategy. The Scottish Government recognises the transition to net zero will require significant lifestyle changes. Scotland’s Heat in Buildings Strategy96 sets out the pathway to achieving net-zero emissions from Scotland’s buildings, and making them warmer, greener and more efficient, by 2045.', 'Scotland’s Heat in Buildings Strategy96 sets out the pathway to achieving net-zero emissions from Scotland’s buildings, and making them warmer, greener and more efficient, by 2045. Scotland’s National Transport Strategy97 embeds the sustainable travel hierarchy in decision making, enabling people to make sustainable travel choices and improve the lives of future generations by promoting health and wellbeing. Scotland’s Making Things Last Strategy98 sets out priorities for achieving a move towards a more circular economy – where products and materials are kept in high value use for as long as possible. The Scottish Government has recently consulted on proposals for a Circular Economy Bill99 which includes proposals for a duty to publish a Scottish Circular Economy Strategy every five years.', 'The Scottish Government has recently consulted on proposals for a Circular Economy Bill99 which includes proposals for a duty to publish a Scottish Circular Economy Strategy every five years. The Welsh Government has consulted on a new Circular Economy Strategy100. This proposed a range of actions which seek to keep resources in use for longer and avoid waste. The final Strategy will be published in the coming months.', 'The final Strategy will be published in the coming months. The Welsh Government is 94 National food strategy (2022) 95 Resources and Waste Strategy for England (2018) 96 Scotland’s Heat in Buildings Strategy 97 Scotland’s National Transport Strategy – second Delivery Plan 2022-23 98 Making Things Last: a circular economy strategy for Scotland (2016) 99 Delivering Scotland s circular economy - proposed Circular Economy Bill: consultation economy-bill/ 100 Circular economy strategy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 also stimulating innovation through its Circular Economy Funds, awarding around £40m to businesses and publicly funded bodies to date. Northern Ireland published the second iteration of the national Waste Prevention Programme Stopping Waste in its Tracks101 in 2019.', 'Northern Ireland published the second iteration of the national Waste Prevention Programme Stopping Waste in its Tracks101 in 2019. The programme aims to decouple waste from growth and the actions contained within are designed to help Northern Ireland transition to a low-carbon circular economy. A Northern Ireland Circular Economy Strategy is being developed that proposes to design out waste and manage resources to preserve value. It is scheduled to go out for consultation in autumn 2022. Health and air pollution Air pollution is the top environmental risk to human health in the UK. The UK’s Clean Air Strategy102 sets out how the UK will tackle all types of air pollution, making the air healthier to breathe and protecting nature.', 'The UK’s Clean Air Strategy102 sets out how the UK will tackle all types of air pollution, making the air healthier to breathe and protecting nature. This will save lives and reduce health inequalities, in line with protecting the right to health as set out in the Paris Agreement. The Scottish Government published its Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy103 in 2015 setting out a series of actions for improving air quality across a wide range of policy areas. Following an independent review of the strategy in 2019104, which made recommendations for additional action on air pollution, a new strategy - Cleaner Air for Scotland 2: Towards a Better Place for Everyone - was published in July 2021105.', 'Following an independent review of the strategy in 2019104, which made recommendations for additional action on air pollution, a new strategy - Cleaner Air for Scotland 2: Towards a Better Place for Everyone - was published in July 2021105. This sets out Scotland’s air quality policy framework for the period 2021 to 2026 with a continued focus on delivery of co-benefits for air pollutant and greenhouse gas reductions.', 'This sets out Scotland’s air quality policy framework for the period 2021 to 2026 with a continued focus on delivery of co-benefits for air pollutant and greenhouse gas reductions. 101 Northern Ireland Waste Prevention Programme (2019) 102 UK Clean Air Strategy 103 Cleaner air for Scotland: the road to a healthier future (2015) 104 Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy: independent review (2019) 105 Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - Towards a Better Place for Everyone Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales sets the Welsh Government’s commitment and long-term ambition to improve air quality, and the steps it will take to deliver this106.', '101 Northern Ireland Waste Prevention Programme (2019) 102 UK Clean Air Strategy 103 Cleaner air for Scotland: the road to a healthier future (2015) 104 Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy: independent review (2019) 105 Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - Towards a Better Place for Everyone Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales sets the Welsh Government’s commitment and long-term ambition to improve air quality, and the steps it will take to deliver this106. In 2020, Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs issued a Discussion Document on Northern Ireland’s first Clean Air Strategy to public consultation107.', 'In 2020, Department for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs issued a Discussion Document on Northern Ireland’s first Clean Air Strategy to public consultation107. A synopsis of the responses has now been published and an inter-departmental working group has been established to further develop proposals and identify policies for cross-departmental consideration. The Draft Clean Air Strategy will be subject to further public consultation which is planned for December 2022, in advance of seeking NI Executive approval. b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable.', 'b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 106 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales (2020) 107 Northern Ireland’s Clean Air Strategy Discussion Document Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the Global Stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement In Paris, 2015, it was agreed that Parties would take stock of their collective efforts in a Facilitative Dialogue in 2018, later called the Talanoa Dialogue.', '106 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales (2020) 107 Northern Ireland’s Clean Air Strategy Discussion Document Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the Global Stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement In Paris, 2015, it was agreed that Parties would take stock of their collective efforts in a Facilitative Dialogue in 2018, later called the Talanoa Dialogue. It was decided that the Talanoa Dialogue would play a role in informing the next round of NDCs, and this was reinforced in Decision 1/CP.24108. Several Talanoa events took place in the UK in 2018, including one involving the Fijian COP23 Presidency.', 'Several Talanoa events took place in the UK in 2018, including one involving the Fijian COP23 Presidency. The UK found this process valuable thanks to the rich and open exchanges and learnt from the experiences and solutions shared by others, which alongside the latest science, informed UK approaches on the way forward. Following the Talanoa Dialogue, the UK took note alongside other Parties of the Call for Action109 which Parties were invited to consider when preparing their NDCs. The UK recognises the need for the global community to go further to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change.', 'The UK recognises the need for the global community to go further to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. The UK’s NDC has been prepared using the best available science, in the spirit of the Talanoa Dialogue, including the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C110 and the 6th Assessment Report111. The UK is actively engaged in the first Global Stocktake and looks forward to considering its outcomes in the implementation of its NDC in due course.', 'The UK is actively engaged in the first Global Stocktake and looks forward to considering its outcomes in the implementation of its NDC in due course. d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 109 Talanoa Dialogue Call to Action 110 IPCC Special Report on Global Warming 1.5c Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution Not applicable.', 'd Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: 109 Talanoa Dialogue Call to Action 110 IPCC Special Report on Global Warming 1.5c Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution Not applicable. d(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries Not applicable.', 'd(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries Not applicable. 5.', 'd(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries Not applicable. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removalsUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA In accordance with the modalities, procedures and guidelines outlined in Decisions 4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 of the Paris Rulebook, the UK will publish an annual National Inventory Report and Biennial Transparency Report by 31 December 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter, to the UNFCCC.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removalsUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA In accordance with the modalities, procedures and guidelines outlined in Decisions 4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 of the Paris Rulebook, the UK will publish an annual National Inventory Report and Biennial Transparency Report by 31 December 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter, to the UNFCCC. The National Inventory Report will account for UK anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals, and the Biennial Transparency Report will report on progress towards the UK’s NDC through the use of a structured summary.', 'The National Inventory Report will account for UK anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals, and the Biennial Transparency Report will report on progress towards the UK’s NDC through the use of a structured summary. To account for the UK’s NDC, the UK will compare achieved net GHG emissions (in MtCO2e values) with the UK’s NDC target for 2030. The UK will comply with future UNFCCC reporting guidelines on tracking, and reporting on, progress against the UK’s NDC. This will help inform future Global Stocktakes. For the IPCC methodologies and metrics that will be used to account for the UK’s NDC, see Section 5(d). Final accounting towards the target will take place in 2032.', 'Final accounting towards the target will take place in 2032. It will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory, and compare 2030 net GHG emissions to a 1990 reference year for CO2, CH4 and N2O and a 1995 reference year for HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3112. The UK intends to meet its NDC target through domestic emissions reductions. If the UK were to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, such use would be accounted for in accordance with relevant decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (the “CMA”).', 'If the UK were to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, such use would be accounted for in accordance with relevant decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (the “CMA”). 112 As stated in Section 1(a), these reference years are consistent with the UK’s Climate Change Act (2008), domestic carbon budgets and the UK’s Kyoto Protocol commitment. In 2020, F- gases made up 3% of UK net emissions (based on 1990-2020 inventory).UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies used in the nationally determined contribution Not applicable.', 'In 2020, F- gases made up 3% of UK net emissions (based on 1990-2020 inventory).UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies used in the nationally determined contribution Not applicable. c Information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement. The UK’s current GHG Inventory is submitted in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and utilises the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement. The UK looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future.', 'The UK looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement will be used for estimating GHG emissions and removals for the UK’s NDC. The UK looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. Values listed in table 8.A.1 of the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report on the Global Warming Potentials for a 100-year time horizon (without climate-carbon feedback) will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents of GHG emissions.', 'Values listed in table 8.A.1 of the IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report on the Global Warming Potentials for a 100-year time horizon (without climate-carbon feedback) will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents of GHG emissions. e Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, including, as applicable:UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 e(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands All emissions and removals reported in the UK GHG Inventory are included in the NDC, with no specific approach to exclude emissions from natural disturbances. e(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The UK will reflect emissions and removals resulting from changes in the carbon pool of harvested wood products using a production approach.', 'e(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The UK will reflect emissions and removals resulting from changes in the carbon pool of harvested wood products using a production approach. e(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable. f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: f(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used Final reference year and target year emissions will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032.', 'f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: f(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used Final reference year and target year emissions will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. Emissions estimates in the UK GHG Inventory are made using methodologies outlined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and subsequent IPCC guidelines (see Section 5(d)).', 'Emissions estimates in the UK GHG Inventory are made using methodologies outlined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and subsequent IPCC guidelines (see Section 5(d)). The Inventory is revised annually and undergoes extensive review processes.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 f(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable Not applicable. f(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated Not applicable. f(iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable.', 'f(iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable. g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement While the UK intends to meet its NDC target through reducing emissions domestically, it reserves the right to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Such use could occur through the linking of the UK emissions trading scheme to another emissions trading system or through the use of emissions reductions or removals units.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 6.', 'Such use could occur through the linking of the UK emissions trading scheme to another emissions trading system or through the use of emissions reductions or removals units.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances In its NDC the UK commits to reducing economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. This requires the fastest rate of reduction in greenhouse gases between 1990 and 2030 of all major economies. It remains a fair and ambitious contribution to global action on climate change.', 'It remains a fair and ambitious contribution to global action on climate change. In determining the target level and revisiting it in light of the Glasgow Climate Pact, BEIS led work across HM Government departments to identify the UK’s highest possible ambition, taking account of a range of factors including the temperature goal and principle of equity in the Paris Agreement, the latest available science, robust analysis of domestic decarbonisation potential, the UK’s legally binding net zero commitment and guidance from the Climate Change Committee (CCC).', 'In determining the target level and revisiting it in light of the Glasgow Climate Pact, BEIS led work across HM Government departments to identify the UK’s highest possible ambition, taking account of a range of factors including the temperature goal and principle of equity in the Paris Agreement, the latest available science, robust analysis of domestic decarbonisation potential, the UK’s legally binding net zero commitment and guidance from the Climate Change Committee (CCC). In guidance published in December 2020, the CCC stated that a 2030 target of at least 68% below base year levels “would constitute a decisive commitment to a net zero emissions trajectory, consistent with the Paris Agreement” and “would place the UK among the leading countries in climate ambition.” 113 In its Progress Report to Parliament in June 2022, the Climate Change Committee reiterated that “the UK NDC is ambitious and consistent with the Paris temperature goal.”114 The CCC did not recommend a change to the headline target but recommended that the UK should focus on delivery of the current NDC.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The UK’s NDC target was determined taking account of the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and in particular the principles of equity and “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances”.', 'In guidance published in December 2020, the CCC stated that a 2030 target of at least 68% below base year levels “would constitute a decisive commitment to a net zero emissions trajectory, consistent with the Paris Agreement” and “would place the UK among the leading countries in climate ambition.” 113 In its Progress Report to Parliament in June 2022, the Climate Change Committee reiterated that “the UK NDC is ambitious and consistent with the Paris temperature goal.”114 The CCC did not recommend a change to the headline target but recommended that the UK should focus on delivery of the current NDC.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The UK’s NDC target was determined taking account of the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and in particular the principles of equity and “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances”. There is no international consensus on which indicators should be used, and so the UK considered a range of internationally recognised effort sharing metrics and took into account other independent assessments of the level of ambition of the UK’s NDC.', 'There is no international consensus on which indicators should be used, and so the UK considered a range of internationally recognised effort sharing metrics and took into account other independent assessments of the level of ambition of the UK’s NDC. The Glasgow Climate Pact recognises the need for deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions. The UK’s previous NDC submission referred to evidence set out in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, including the need for global greenhouse gas emissions to fall by around 45% by 2030 relative to the 2010 level.', 'The UK’s previous NDC submission referred to evidence set out in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, including the need for global greenhouse gas emissions to fall by around 45% by 2030 relative to the 2010 level. Based on estimates set out in the UK’s latest (1990- 2020) GHG inventory, the NDC target would achieve a reduction of around 57% over the same period. In its more recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group III, the IPCC highlighted global emissions reductions between 2019 and 2030, with the median 1.5ºC pathway showing a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 41% by 2030 on 2019 levels 115.', 'In its more recent Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) Working Group III, the IPCC highlighted global emissions reductions between 2019 and 2030, with the median 1.5ºC pathway showing a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of at least 41% by 2030 on 2019 levels 115. The UK’s NDC is estimated to imply a reduction of around 42% over this period, following significant reductions already achieved between 2010 and 2019.', 'The UK’s NDC is estimated to imply a reduction of around 42% over this period, following significant reductions already achieved between 2010 and 2019. Based on latest estimates, the UK’s NDC suggests that emissions per person in 2030 would be below 4tCO2e, which is of a comparable level (3.5-4 tCO2e) to estimates for the global 115 This estimate is based on the C1a subset of global emissions pathways which limit warming by 2100 to 1.5⁰C with limited or no overshoot and which achieve net zero GHG emissions before 2100, aligning with the goal of the Paris Agreement.', 'Based on latest estimates, the UK’s NDC suggests that emissions per person in 2030 would be below 4tCO2e, which is of a comparable level (3.5-4 tCO2e) to estimates for the global 115 This estimate is based on the C1a subset of global emissions pathways which limit warming by 2100 to 1.5⁰C with limited or no overshoot and which achieve net zero GHG emissions before 2100, aligning with the goal of the Paris Agreement. The wider C1 set of 1.5ºC with limited or no overshoot pathways imply a similar reduction of 43% over 2019-30UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 average implied by the IPCC’s median pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 degrees116.', 'The wider C1 set of 1.5ºC with limited or no overshoot pathways imply a similar reduction of 43% over 2019-30UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 average implied by the IPCC’s median pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 degrees116. The NDC is also on the trajectory to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, which the Climate Change Committee and other independent external commentators consider to be aligned with a least-cost global pathway to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5⁰C.', 'The NDC is also on the trajectory to net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050, which the Climate Change Committee and other independent external commentators consider to be aligned with a least-cost global pathway to keep the global temperature rise below 1.5⁰C. c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement The UK’s NDC target was determined taking account of the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and in particular the principles of equity and “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances”.', 'c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement The UK’s NDC target was determined taking account of the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and in particular the principles of equity and “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances”. HM Government has a well-established process involving all relevant departments to regularly review domestic greenhouse gas abatement potential, as part of the framework to deliver on carbon budgets and net zero under the Climate Change Act. Having revisited its NDC through this process in line with the Glasgow Climate Pact, HM Government has determined that the target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels represents its highest possible ambition.', 'Having revisited its NDC through this process in line with the Glasgow Climate Pact, HM Government has determined that the target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030 on 1990 levels represents its highest possible ambition. As set out in the UK’s previous NDC communication, the target in the UK’s NDC represents a significant progression on the UK’s previous contribution to the EU’s then joint Intended NDC (INDC) from 2015, which was estimated by the CCC to imply a 53% reduction in UK emissions by 2030 on 1990 levels. In line with the Glasgow Climate Pact, the UK has been through a process to revisit its NDC and ensure it remains aligned with the Paris Agreement temperature goal.', 'In line with the Glasgow Climate Pact, the UK has been through a process to revisit its NDC and ensure it remains aligned with the Paris Agreement temperature goal. The UK has also strengthened its NDC in several ways, including by clarifying how the NDC will be delivered by 2030, by updating on the progress made in expanding the territorial scope of the NDC to 116 Global population projections from 2022 Revision of World Population Prospects, UK population projections from 2020 based Interim principal projectionUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 include the UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories, and by including more information on the UK’s approach to gender, green skills, Just Transition and public engagement.', 'The UK has also strengthened its NDC in several ways, including by clarifying how the NDC will be delivered by 2030, by updating on the progress made in expanding the territorial scope of the NDC to 116 Global population projections from 2022 Revision of World Population Prospects, UK population projections from 2020 based Interim principal projectionUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 include the UK’s Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories, and by including more information on the UK’s approach to gender, green skills, Just Transition and public engagement. d How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The UK’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in compliance with Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'd How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The UK’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in compliance with Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. During its COP Presidency, the UK has been encouraging all Parties to revisit and strengthen their NDCs as necessary to align with the Paris Agreement temperature goal, in line with the Glasgow Climate Pact. The UK recognises the importance of supporting developing country parties in implementing the Paris Agreement. The UK is a core funder and, alongside Jamaica, 2021-22 co-chair of the Nationally Determined Contributions Partnership (NDC Partnership). The UK has committed £27m to the NDC Partnership from 2019–25, supporting developing country members to turn NDCs from stand-alone documents into national policies and plans.', 'The UK has committed £27m to the NDC Partnership from 2019–25, supporting developing country members to turn NDCs from stand-alone documents into national policies and plans. As set out in the UK’s International Development Strategy117 (May 2022), the UK has doubled its total International Climate Finance (ICF) to £11.6 billion between 2021/22 and 2025/26, ensuring a balanced split between mitigation and adaptation finance. A major focus of ICF programming will be on accelerating the clean energy transition in developing countries and 117 UK International Development Strategy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 at least £3bn of ICF between 2021-22 and 2025-26 will be invested in climate change and poverty reduction solutions that protect, restore, and sustainably manage nature.', 'A major focus of ICF programming will be on accelerating the clean energy transition in developing countries and 117 UK International Development Strategy Nationally Determined Contribution – updated September 2022 at least £3bn of ICF between 2021-22 and 2025-26 will be invested in climate change and poverty reduction solutions that protect, restore, and sustainably manage nature. In line with expectations in the Paris Agreement and UNFCCC, the UK’s International Climate Finance contributions are explained in detail in the UK’s 8th National Communication, 5th Biennial Report and Finance Biennial Communication. The UK will submit its second Finance Biennial Communication by the end of 2022. e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 7.', 'The UK will submit its second Finance Biennial Communication by the end of 2022. e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The UK’s NDC represents the UK’s contribution to the objectives of Article 2 of the Convention to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Sections 4 and 6 detail the UK’s mitigation ambition that will contribute to achieving Article 2 of the Convention.', 'Sections 4 and 6 detail the UK’s mitigation ambition that will contribute to achieving Article 2 of the Convention. b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement See Section 4 and 6 on the UK’s legislated commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and how the UK’s NDC contributes to that goal.'] | en-US |
355 | GBR | United Kingdom | Updated NDC | 2020-12-12 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/UK%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Europe | 0 | 364.906495 | 116.215703 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/a45eb98c8de805c023a3e9691bc638571e6656db79ee6fd841d4f0d0b6324040.pdf | ['United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution© Crown copyright 2020 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@beis.gov.ukUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution The Paris Agreement provides for the international community to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C.', 'Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@beis.gov.ukUK’s Nationally Determined Contribution United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s Nationally Determined Contribution The Paris Agreement provides for the international community to keep the increase in global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C. This submission communicates the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland’s (the UK’s) Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. In its NDC, the UK is committing to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels.', 'In its NDC, the UK is committing to reduce economy-wide greenhouse gas emissions by at least 68% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. The UK has prepared accompanying information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the UK’s NDC in compliance with Decision 4/CMA.1.1 The UK is submitting its Adaptation Communication2 to the UNFCCC in parallel with its NDC and in compliance with Decision 9/CMA.1.3 The Adaptation Communication sets out the UK’s domestic and international ambition and action on adaptation and resilience. The UK also intends to submit its Finance Biennial Communication by the end of 2020 in fulfilment of Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement.', 'The UK also intends to submit its Finance Biennial Communication by the end of 2020 in fulfilment of Article 9.5 of the Paris Agreement. 2 UK’s Adaptation Communication to the UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contribution Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding In line with Article 4, paragraph 8 of the Paris Agreement and Decision 4/CMA.1 the UK submits the following ICTU. 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point a Reference year For carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), the reference year is 1990. For hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) the reference year is 1995. These reference years are consistent with those used in the UK’s domestic emissions reduction targets under the Climate Change Act (2008).', 'These reference years are consistent with those used in the UK’s domestic emissions reduction targets under the Climate Change Act (2008). b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year Reference indicator: Net4 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in MtCO2e. The reference indicator (MtCO2e) in the reference years (1990 and 1995) will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. The value for the target year (2030) will be based on applying a 68% fixed percentage reduction target to the reference indicator value.', 'The value for the target year (2030) will be based on applying a 68% fixed percentage reduction target to the reference indicator value. c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and 4 Net emissions means total anthropogenic emissions minus total anthropogenic removals of greenhouse gases.', 'c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and 4 Net emissions means total anthropogenic emissions minus total anthropogenic removals of greenhouse gases. GHG sinks are defined by the UNFCCC as ‘any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.’ 5 The use of not applicable acknowledges that certain guidelines are not always relevant to a Party’s NDC depending on the type of NDC target that has been set.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d Target relative to the reference indicator An economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions of at least 68% by 2030 compared to reference year levels.', 'GHG sinks are defined by the UNFCCC as ‘any process, activity or mechanism which removes a greenhouse gas from the atmosphere.’ 5 The use of not applicable acknowledges that certain guidelines are not always relevant to a Party’s NDC depending on the type of NDC target that has been set.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information d Target relative to the reference indicator An economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions of at least 68% by 2030 compared to reference year levels. e Sources of data used in quantifying the reference point Estimates will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the value of the reference indicator The UK GHG Inventory is reviewed regularly by UN technical experts and is revised each year to incorporate methodological improvements, changes to international reporting guidelines and new data where necessary.', 'e Sources of data used in quantifying the reference point Estimates will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the value of the reference indicator The UK GHG Inventory is reviewed regularly by UN technical experts and is revised each year to incorporate methodological improvements, changes to international reporting guidelines and new data where necessary. Reference year and target year emissions will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. Information on updates will be included in the UK’s Biennial Transparency Reports. 2.', 'Information on updates will be included in the UK’s Biennial Transparency Reports. 2. Time frame a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the 1 January 2021 - 31 December 2030.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement b Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable Single-year target in 2030. 3. Scope and coverage a General description of the target An at least 68% economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to reference year levels.', 'Scope and coverage a General description of the target An at least 68% economy-wide net reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to reference year levels. b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines The sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the UK’s NDC are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, the 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and the 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement. The UK also looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. Sectors covered Energy (including transport); Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture; Land-use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); and Waste. Gases covered CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3.', 'Gases covered CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and NF3. Pools covered All LULUCF pools are included in the NDC: above ground biomass, below ground biomass, litter, deadwood soil organic carbon and stocks of harvested wood products.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution c How paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 were taken into consideration The UK’s NDC includes all sectors and GHGs covered by the UK’s current reporting obligations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereafter referred to as “the Convention”) and the Kyoto Protocol. Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.', 'Territorial scope of the UK’s NDC The NDC for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the UK’s NDC”) encompasses emissions and removals from England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It does not include emissions and removals from the UK’s Crown Dependencies or Overseas Territories. The UK Government will consult with UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories on extending the Paris Agreement and the UK’s NDC to cover their emissions at an appropriate point in the future. In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK will continue to report emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which have joined the UK’s instrument of ratification of the Convention.', 'In the UK GHG Inventory submission to the UNFCCC, the UK will continue to report emissions on behalf of the Crown Dependencies (Jersey, Guernsey, Isle of Man) and the Overseas Territories (Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar) which have joined the UK’s instrument of ratification of the Convention. These emissions currently constitute approximately 1% of the UK emissions total.6 International Aviation and Shipping emissions Emissions from International Aviation and Shipping are not included in the scope of this NDC, in line with advice from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent advisors.', 'These emissions currently constitute approximately 1% of the UK emissions total.6 International Aviation and Shipping emissions Emissions from International Aviation and Shipping are not included in the scope of this NDC, in line with advice from the Climate Change Committee (CCC), the UK’s independent advisors. The UK currently reports these emissions as a memo item in the UK’s GHG 6 Under the UK’s Climate Change Act the scope of emissions covered is limited to those emitted in the UK and UK coastal waters. Therefore, emissions from UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in UK carbon budgets.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution Inventory,7 and is supportive of efforts to reduce these emissions through action under the International Civil Aviation Organisation and the International Maritime Organisation.', 'Therefore, emissions from UK Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories are not included in UK carbon budgets.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution Inventory,7 and is supportive of efforts to reduce these emissions through action under the International Civil Aviation Organisation and the International Maritime Organisation. d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans Not applicable. 4. Planning processes a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner Domestic institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', 'Planning processes a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner Domestic institutional arrangements The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a Party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. The UK’s NDC represents a single, economy-wide emissions reduction target for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK employs a range of institutional structures – at national, sub-national and local level - to enable economy-wide emissions mitigation, as well as numerous policies and measures to underpin delivery.', 'The UK employs a range of institutional structures – at national, sub-national and local level - to enable economy-wide emissions mitigation, as well as numerous policies and measures to underpin delivery. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) is responsible for the strategic oversight of the UK’s international climate and energy policy, and for the UK Government’s domestic climate and energy policy. The Devolved Administrations8 in 7 Final UK GHG emissions national statistics (1990 to 2018), Table 8 gas-emissions-national-statistics 8 The Devolved Administrations refers to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have control over certain policy areas to deliver emissions reductions, while the UK Government retains control over a number of other policy areas.', 'The Devolved Administrations8 in 7 Final UK GHG emissions national statistics (1990 to 2018), Table 8 gas-emissions-national-statistics 8 The Devolved Administrations refers to the Scottish Government, Welsh Government and Northern Ireland Executive.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have control over certain policy areas to deliver emissions reductions, while the UK Government retains control over a number of other policy areas. The approach taken by each government will differ, drawing on the range of powers at their disposal.', 'The approach taken by each government will differ, drawing on the range of powers at their disposal. The legally binding Climate Change Act (2008) sets a framework for the UK to reduce GHG emissions and build capacity to adapt and strengthen resilience to climate risks.9 The Act originally committed the UK to cut its emissions by at least 80% below the 1990 baseline level by 2050.10 In 27 June 2019, this target was amended, committing the UK to a legally- binding target of net zero emissions by 2050, set on a whole-economy basis. The Climate Change Act introduced carbon budgets for the UK Government, which cap emissions over successive five-year periods and must be set 12 years in advance.', 'The Climate Change Act introduced carbon budgets for the UK Government, which cap emissions over successive five-year periods and must be set 12 years in advance. The first five carbon budgets cover the period from 2008-32, with the sixth carbon budget (2033-38) due to be set by mid-2021. The Act also established the CCC – the independent statutory body that advises the UK Government and Devolved Administrations on climate change mitigation and adaptation, including emissions reduction targets. When providing advice, the CCC considers the UK’s international obligations under the Paris Agreement and the UNFCCC. As climate change policy is devolved, the Devolved Administrations in Scotland and Wales have their own statutory emissions reduction targets. Progress towards these targets also contributes to achievement of UK-wide targets.', 'Progress towards these targets also contributes to achievement of UK-wide targets. The Climate Change (Emissions Reduction Targets) (Scotland) Act 2019 amends the Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009, raising the ambition of Scotland’s domestic targets. This sets in law Scotland’s target to reach net zero GHG emissions by 2045, and interim 9 The UK’s Adaptation Communication provides further detail on UK domestic and international adaptation ambition and action.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution targets of 56%, 75% and 90% reductions in emissions by 2020, 2030 and 2040 respectively, relative to a 1990/1995 baseline. Scotland sets annual targets, in contrast to the five-yearly carbon budgets set by the UK and Welsh Governments.', 'Scotland sets annual targets, in contrast to the five-yearly carbon budgets set by the UK and Welsh Governments. The Environment (Wales) Act (2016)11 requires Welsh Ministers to reduce all emissions in Wales by at least 80% by 2050, against a 1990/1995 baseline. In 2018 the Senedd endorsed the CCC’s recommendations and set Wales’s targets for 2020 (27%), 2030 (45%) and 2040 (67%), as well as Wales’s first two carbon budgets (2016-20 and 2021-25). Following further advice from the CCC, in 2021 the Welsh Government will ask the Senedd to legislate more ambitious targets to 2050, including for 2030. Northern Ireland contributes to UK-wide carbon budgets.', 'Northern Ireland contributes to UK-wide carbon budgets. Northern Ireland’s current energy strategy is set out in the Strategic Energy Framework for the period 2010-20.12 Northern Ireland’s Department for the Economy is progressing the development of a new longer-term energy strategy to cover the period 2020 to 2050 within the context of achieving net zero emissions by 2050. For more information on the UK and Devolved Administrations approach to tackling climate change, please see Sections 3.1, 3.2 and 4 of the UK’s Fourth Biennial Report13 and the CCC’s Insight Briefings.14 The decision on the UK’s NDC headline target was led by BEIS and agreed through UK Government governance structures at official and ministerial levels.', 'For more information on the UK and Devolved Administrations approach to tackling climate change, please see Sections 3.1, 3.2 and 4 of the UK’s Fourth Biennial Report13 and the CCC’s Insight Briefings.14 The decision on the UK’s NDC headline target was led by BEIS and agreed through UK Government governance structures at official and ministerial levels. The target level in the UK s NDC was informed by the UK’s commitments under the Paris Agreement, the legally- 12 Northern Ireland Strategic Energy Framework 13 UK’s Fourth Biennial Report to the UNFCCC 14CCC Insight Briefings: Sharing the UK approach to addressing climate change to-addressing-climate-change/UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution binding net zero commitment, and guidance from the CCC. The ICTU was prepared in collaboration with UK Government departments and the Devolved Administrations.', 'The ICTU was prepared in collaboration with UK Government departments and the Devolved Administrations. Policies and measures Delivery of the UK’s NDC will draw on a range of policies and measures already in place, as well as policies and measures that will be developed in the future. For example, in November 2020, the UK Prime Minister set out his ambitious Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution.', 'For example, in November 2020, the UK Prime Minister set out his ambitious Ten Point Plan for a green industrial revolution. Spanning clean energy, buildings, transport, nature and innovative technologies, the plan will mobilise £12 billion of government investment to create and support up to 250,000 highly-skilled green jobs in the UK, and unlock three times as much private sector investment by 2030.15 More broadly, the Clean Growth Strategy16 describes the UK Government’s current policies and measures to decarbonise all sectors of the UK economy through the 2020s and beyond. Ahead of COP26, the UK intends to publish a comprehensive Net Zero Strategy, setting out the government’s vision for transitioning to a net zero economy by 2050, making the most of new growth and employment opportunities across the UK.', 'Ahead of COP26, the UK intends to publish a comprehensive Net Zero Strategy, setting out the government’s vision for transitioning to a net zero economy by 2050, making the most of new growth and employment opportunities across the UK. The Net Zero Strategy will constitute the UK’s revised Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy to the UNFCCC. The UK also intends to publish ambitious individual plans across key sectors of the economy, including an Energy White Paper, Transport Decarbonisation Plan, England Peat Strategy and Heat and Buildings Strategy ahead of COP26. The UK is dedicated to promoting equality and inclusion, including women’s empowerment and gender equality. Public authorities must fulfil responsibilities set out under the UK’s Equality Act (2010),17 which covers a range of protected characteristics.', 'Public authorities must fulfil responsibilities set out under the UK’s Equality Act (2010),17 which covers a range of protected characteristics. The UK continues to consider equality issues in domestic decarbonisation policies. For example, specific policies 15 The UK Government’s 10 Point Plan 16 UK’s Clean Growth Strategy Nationally Determined Contribution and targets have been established to enhance diversity, gender equality and women’s participation in the offshore wind and nuclear sectors. These have been set out in the Offshore Wind and Nuclear Sector Deals. The Scottish Government is committed to delivering a green recovery after the impact of Covid-19, and plans outlined in the Programme for Government 2020/2118 are among a range of measures to protect biodiversity, create green jobs and accelerate a just transition to net zero.', 'The Scottish Government is committed to delivering a green recovery after the impact of Covid-19, and plans outlined in the Programme for Government 2020/2118 are among a range of measures to protect biodiversity, create green jobs and accelerate a just transition to net zero. Scotland’s climate change legislation requires the preparation of regular strategic delivery plans for meeting Scotland’s statutory emissions reduction targets. An update to the 2018 Climate Change Plan19 - which covers the period to 2032 - to deliver the new and more ambitious statutory climate change targets in the 2019 Act (including a 75% reduction by 2030), and as part of a green recovery from Covid-19, will be published in December 2020.', 'An update to the 2018 Climate Change Plan19 - which covers the period to 2032 - to deliver the new and more ambitious statutory climate change targets in the 2019 Act (including a 75% reduction by 2030), and as part of a green recovery from Covid-19, will be published in December 2020. In March 2019, the Welsh Government published Prosperity for All: A Low Carbon Wales,20 setting out 100 policies and proposals from all emissions sectors and Ministerial portfolios for meeting the first Welsh carbon budget (2016-20). Many policies, for example achieving a zero-emission bus fleet by 2028, have a longer lifespan and will therefore feature in the plan for the second Welsh carbon budget (2021-25). This is due to be published in autumn 2021.', 'This is due to be published in autumn 2021. The Welsh Government is keen to ensure a fair and equitable transition to a decarbonised society and is working with the Wales Centre for Public Policy to develop governance options for achieving this goal.21 Northern Ireland’s current energy strategy is set out in the Strategic Energy Framework for the period 2010-20. Northern Ireland’s Department for the Economy is currently progressing 18 Protecting Scotland, Renewing Scotland: The Government s Programme for Scotland 2020-2021 (2020) 19 Climate Change Plan: third report on proposals and policies 2018-2032 (2018) 20 Prosperity for All: A Low Carbon Wales, Welsh Government (2019) 21 Why a ‘Just Transition’?', 'Northern Ireland’s Department for the Economy is currently progressing 18 Protecting Scotland, Renewing Scotland: The Government s Programme for Scotland 2020-2021 (2020) 19 Climate Change Plan: third report on proposals and policies 2018-2032 (2018) 20 Prosperity for All: A Low Carbon Wales, Welsh Government (2019) 21 Why a ‘Just Transition’? Decarbonisation and economic justice (2019) justice/UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution the development of a new longer-term energy strategy to cover the period 2020 to 2050 within the context of net-zero emissions by 2050. Public participation and engagement The level of the UK’s NDC has been informed by guidance from the CCC, in the context of the UK’s legally-binding net zero commitment.', 'Public participation and engagement The level of the UK’s NDC has been informed by guidance from the CCC, in the context of the UK’s legally-binding net zero commitment. In producing its advice for government the CCC relies on a range of evidence, including expert and stakeholder sources. For example, the CCC has in the past run public calls for evidence, roundtables and workshops with non- governmental organisations (NGOs), industry stakeholders and trade associations, and held more than 200 meetings with individual stakeholders across all sectors.', 'For example, the CCC has in the past run public calls for evidence, roundtables and workshops with non- governmental organisations (NGOs), industry stakeholders and trade associations, and held more than 200 meetings with individual stakeholders across all sectors. More information on this can be found in the CCC’s Insight Briefings.22 The UK Government sought views on the approach to decarbonising the economy in 2017, recognising that clean growth has to be a shared endeavour between government, individuals, companies from different sectors, academia, trade associations, NGOs and local government.', 'More information on this can be found in the CCC’s Insight Briefings.22 The UK Government sought views on the approach to decarbonising the economy in 2017, recognising that clean growth has to be a shared endeavour between government, individuals, companies from different sectors, academia, trade associations, NGOs and local government. This included several specific public consultations that were launched in 2017 and 2018.23 Since the publication of the Clean Growth Strategy, the government has also run many other public consultations and calls for evidence relevant to the UK’s climate The approach to the UK’s NDC was discussed in meetings with NGOs, civil society and business groups, and covered in correspondence with representatives of these groups and 22 Advising on the level of the UK’s carbon budgets, CCC (2020) level-of-the-UKs-carbon-budgets.pdf 23 These included consultations on the strategic approach to the aviation sector, on the design of a new industrial heat recovery programme, measures to help businesses use energy more productively, an improved energy and carbon reporting framework for businesses, and on improving energy efficiency regulations and performance standards in private and social rented housing.', 'This included several specific public consultations that were launched in 2017 and 2018.23 Since the publication of the Clean Growth Strategy, the government has also run many other public consultations and calls for evidence relevant to the UK’s climate The approach to the UK’s NDC was discussed in meetings with NGOs, civil society and business groups, and covered in correspondence with representatives of these groups and 22 Advising on the level of the UK’s carbon budgets, CCC (2020) level-of-the-UKs-carbon-budgets.pdf 23 These included consultations on the strategic approach to the aviation sector, on the design of a new industrial heat recovery programme, measures to help businesses use energy more productively, an improved energy and carbon reporting framework for businesses, and on improving energy efficiency regulations and performance standards in private and social rented housing. 24 These have covered the proposed closure of unabated coal power stations, electric vehicle charging, the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme, improving building Energy Performance Certificates, carbon capture usage and storage, new nuclear power projects, incentivising small-scale low-carbon generation, energy efficiency measures for low income and vulnerable households, and a new Government fund to help industry improve energy efficiency and shift to lower carbon energy.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution interested Parliamentarians.', '24 These have covered the proposed closure of unabated coal power stations, electric vehicle charging, the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme, improving building Energy Performance Certificates, carbon capture usage and storage, new nuclear power projects, incentivising small-scale low-carbon generation, energy efficiency measures for low income and vulnerable households, and a new Government fund to help industry improve energy efficiency and shift to lower carbon energy.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution interested Parliamentarians. A copy of the UK’s NDC will be laid in the UK’s Houses of Parliament.', 'A copy of the UK’s NDC will be laid in the UK’s Houses of Parliament. Ahead of COP26 and beyond, the UK will continue to carry out a wide range of engagement with a cross-section of society including experts, industry, non-governmental organisations, trade bodies and the wider public, which will help shape plans and policies for reaching net zero emissions by 2050. For example, the UK intends to consult next year on a net zero consistent trajectory for the cap on emissions allowances under the new UK Emissions Trading System, and plan to consult shortly on the approach to aviation in the context of the UK’s net zero ambition.', 'For example, the UK intends to consult next year on a net zero consistent trajectory for the cap on emissions allowances under the new UK Emissions Trading System, and plan to consult shortly on the approach to aviation in the context of the UK’s net zero ambition. a(ii) Contextual matters, including: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication For the UK’s national circumstances, including climate, population and economy, please see the UK’s Seventh National Communication.25 Sustainable development and poverty eradication The UK is committed to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).', 'a(ii) Contextual matters, including: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication For the UK’s national circumstances, including climate, population and economy, please see the UK’s Seventh National Communication.25 Sustainable development and poverty eradication The UK is committed to the implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). For more information about the UK’s approach to the SDGs, please see the UK’s Voluntary National Review.26 a(ii)b Best practice and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution The UK’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in Decision 4/CMA.1.', 'For more information about the UK’s approach to the SDGs, please see the UK’s Voluntary National Review.26 a(ii)b Best practice and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution The UK’s NDC follows the rules for transparency and understanding set out in Decision 4/CMA.1. As described in Section 4a(i), development of the NDC has been closely linked with the UK’s domestic processes for delivery of the net zero commitment under the framework of the 25 The UK’s Seventh National Communication to the UNFCCC Nationally Determined Contribution Climate Change Act. It also takes into account best available science and evidence, as well as guidance from the CCC.27 A range of UK Government departments were involved in setting the UK’s economy-wide emissions reduction target.', 'It also takes into account best available science and evidence, as well as guidance from the CCC.27 A range of UK Government departments were involved in setting the UK’s economy-wide emissions reduction target. This is crucial, given that ownership of the policies required to reduce emissions is diffuse. Going forward, the UK will continue to follow UNFCCC guidelines and use domestic governance and engagement to track progress against the NDC. For more information on the UK’s domestic institutional structures and GHG inventory governance, see Section 4a(i) of the UK’s NDC. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Beyond the communication of an NDC, the UK continues to make progress on priority policy areas that are crucial to the UK’s overall approach to climate action.', 'a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement Beyond the communication of an NDC, the UK continues to make progress on priority policy areas that are crucial to the UK’s overall approach to climate action. Food security and policy The UK’s Agriculture Act28 obligates the UK Government to produce a domestic and international food security report every three years. The UK looks forward to publishing the first report by the end of 2021. Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the UK is taking ambitious action to phase down the UK’s use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including in refrigeration equipment for food storage and distribution and promoting the uptake of sustainable refrigeration and cold chain technologies domestically and internationally.', 'Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the UK is taking ambitious action to phase down the UK’s use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), including in refrigeration equipment for food storage and distribution and promoting the uptake of sustainable refrigeration and cold chain technologies domestically and internationally. The UK Government will conduct a review of the F-gas Regulation,29 and publish a report by the end of 2022, which will set out 27 CCC advice on the UK’s 2030 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution any further measures the UK can take to reduce HFC use in favour of climate friendly, energy efficient alternatives. The Scottish Government has committed to achieving the UN SDGs, including Goal 2 on ending hunger.', 'The Scottish Government has committed to achieving the UN SDGs, including Goal 2 on ending hunger. The SDGs are incorporated in Scotland’s National Performance Framework,30 ensuring that these objectives are increasingly located at the centre of policy- making and delivery. Ocean and marine environment The UK Government’s vision for the marine environment is for clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse ocean and seas. The sustainable use, protection and restoration of the UK’s marine environment is underpinned by the UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009),31 the Environment Bill32 and Fisheries Act,33 UK Marine Policy Statement,34 UK Marine Strategy,35 commitment to an ecologically coherent well-managed network of Marine Protected Areas, and Joint Fisheries Statement. The UK Government and Devolved Administrations work together closely on the UK Marine Strategy.', 'The UK Government and Devolved Administrations work together closely on the UK Marine Strategy. The UK Government’s National Adaptation Programme36 outlines how the UK will address marine climate risks by introducing a Sustainable Fisheries policy, giving consideration to climate change in marine planning, building ecological resilience at sea and protecting natural carbon stores through the UK’s network of Marine Protected Areas. 30 Scotland’s National Performance Framework 31 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) 34 UK Marine Policy Statement 35 UK Marine Strategy: UK updated assessment and Good Environmental Status 36 UK’s National Adaptation Programme Nationally Determined Contribution The second Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme37 responds to the main climate risks for Scotland.', '30 Scotland’s National Performance Framework 31 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) 34 UK Marine Policy Statement 35 UK Marine Strategy: UK updated assessment and Good Environmental Status 36 UK’s National Adaptation Programme Nationally Determined Contribution The second Scottish Climate Change Adaptation Programme37 responds to the main climate risks for Scotland. One of seven outcomes of the Programme relates to the marine environment, and sets out actions aimed at achieving the long-term outcome that coastal and marine environments are valued, enjoyed, protected and enhanced, and has increased resilience to climate change.', 'One of seven outcomes of the Programme relates to the marine environment, and sets out actions aimed at achieving the long-term outcome that coastal and marine environments are valued, enjoyed, protected and enhanced, and has increased resilience to climate change. In November 2019 the Welsh Government published the first Welsh National Marine Plan.38 This sets out policy for the next 20 years to achieve healthy and resilient seas and marine ecosystems, in support of a thriving, sustainable economy. The Plan provides the strategic framework to enable renewable energy generation at sea. The draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland,39 published in April 2018, supports the UK Marine Protection Strategy and the UK Government’s vision for the marine environment.', 'The draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland,39 published in April 2018, supports the UK Marine Protection Strategy and the UK Government’s vision for the marine environment. The sustainable development of Northern Ireland’s marine area is further underpinned by the Marine Act (Northern Ireland) 201340 and the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009.41 The Plan represents the first step in sustainably managing Northern Ireland’s marine area in supporting economic, environmental and social objectives.', 'The sustainable development of Northern Ireland’s marine area is further underpinned by the Marine Act (Northern Ireland) 201340 and the Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009.41 The Plan represents the first step in sustainably managing Northern Ireland’s marine area in supporting economic, environmental and social objectives. Terrestrial biodiversity The UK will fulfil its responsibilities under the Convention on Biological Diversity, 42 the Ramsar Convention43 and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature;44 and implement the Convention 37 Climate Ready Scotland: climate change adaptation programme 2019-2024 (2019) 38 Welsh National Marine Plan (2019) 39 Draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland 41 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) 42 UK Country Profile, Convention on Biological Diversity 43 UK Profile, Ramsar Convention 44 Leaders’ Pledge for Nature Nationally Determined Contribution on Biological Diversity’s vision that by 2050 biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintains ecosystem services, sustains a healthy planet and delivers benefits essential for all people.', 'Terrestrial biodiversity The UK will fulfil its responsibilities under the Convention on Biological Diversity, 42 the Ramsar Convention43 and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature;44 and implement the Convention 37 Climate Ready Scotland: climate change adaptation programme 2019-2024 (2019) 38 Welsh National Marine Plan (2019) 39 Draft Marine Plan for Northern Ireland 41 UK Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) 42 UK Country Profile, Convention on Biological Diversity 43 UK Profile, Ramsar Convention 44 Leaders’ Pledge for Nature Nationally Determined Contribution on Biological Diversity’s vision that by 2050 biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintains ecosystem services, sustains a healthy planet and delivers benefits essential for all people. This will provide significant climate mitigation and adaptation benefits. UK domestic biodiversity policy is devolved.', 'UK domestic biodiversity policy is devolved. In England, the UK Government’s 25 Year Environment Plan (25YEP)45 set out the aim to support nature’s recovery and restore historical losses, including for the marine environment. Since then, the government has brought forward the Environment Bill, with measures to restore and enhance nature in England, and is developing a new Environmental Land Management scheme to achieve the 25YEP goals for nature and the net zero target. In England, the government will publish a new strategy for nature following agreement of new global biodiversity targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity, expected in 2021.', 'In England, the government will publish a new strategy for nature following agreement of new global biodiversity targets under the Convention on Biological Diversity, expected in 2021. The Scottish Government is committed to delivering improved and enduring benefits to the natural environment through the Environment Strategy for Scotland.46 Sitting beneath this, the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy47 will take account of the new post-2020 global biodiversity framework and targets for the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 2050 vision. The Scottish Biodiversity Programme48 has been created to coordinate all activity on biodiversity including the development of a future strategic framework for biodiversity in Scotland.', 'The Scottish Biodiversity Programme48 has been created to coordinate all activity on biodiversity including the development of a future strategic framework for biodiversity in Scotland. The Nature Recovery Action Plan (NRAP) is the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Wales.49 It sets out how the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the associated Aichi Biodiversity Targets are addressed in Wales. The NRAP has been refreshed for 2020-21 to prioritise the maintenance and improvement of 45 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment 46 The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes 47 Scottish Biodiversity Strategy 48 Scottish Biodiversity Programme 49 Nature Recovery Action Plan, Welsh Government (2015) Nationally Determined Contribution resilient ecological networks and transformative change.', 'The NRAP has been refreshed for 2020-21 to prioritise the maintenance and improvement of 45 A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment 46 The Environment Strategy for Scotland: vision and outcomes 47 Scottish Biodiversity Strategy 48 Scottish Biodiversity Programme 49 Nature Recovery Action Plan, Welsh Government (2015) Nationally Determined Contribution resilient ecological networks and transformative change. Relevant actions include developing the new Sustainable Land Management scheme and the National Forest for Wales, work to improve the condition of Protected Sites Network, and the National Peatland Action Programme. The NRAP will be realigned to address the post-2020 framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity in line with commitments made under the Edinburgh Declaration and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature.', 'The NRAP will be realigned to address the post-2020 framework for the Convention on Biological Diversity in line with commitments made under the Edinburgh Declaration and the Leaders’ Pledge for Nature. In Northern Ireland, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) completed a public discussion exercise on a future Environment Strategy for Northern Ireland in February 2020. This will be Northern Ireland’s first overarching Environment Strategy and the findings of the public discussion will inform its development. The Department intends to issue the draft strategy for public consultation in spring 2021.', 'The Department intends to issue the draft strategy for public consultation in spring 2021. Education and skills The UK Government is strengthening awareness and building consensus in tackling climate change through various education initiatives at all stages of life, including: a new education course on climate science for 16 to 18 year olds; a Green Home Grant Skills Training competition to support training for installation of energy efficient and low carbon heating measures; and initiatives as part of the UK s Sector Deal on Offshore Wind. The UK also supports gender balance programmes in physics and computing to increase Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) take up amongst girls. For example, the UK Government is funding the Institute of Physics to deliver the Improving Gender Balance research trial.', 'For example, the UK Government is funding the Institute of Physics to deliver the Improving Gender Balance research trial. This randomised control trial will scale up an approach that has shown significant early promise in increasing girls’ uptake of A level physics. Since 2010, there has been a 31% increase in girls’ entries to STEM A levels in England, and there are now one million women working in core STEM occupations. Between 2010UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution and 2019, the number of women accepted onto full-time STEM undergraduate courses also increased by 34% in the UK.', 'Between 2010UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution and 2019, the number of women accepted onto full-time STEM undergraduate courses also increased by 34% in the UK. In December 2020, the Scottish Government will publish a Climate Emergency Skills Action Plan (CESAP) to set out long term skills opportunities and how to manage the challenge of a just transition to net zero. In addition, Scotland’s Curriculum for Excellence,50 incorporates an emphasis on the cross-cutting theme of Learning for Sustainability – a term that brings together sustainable development education, global citizenship and outdoor learning. The Learning for Sustainability Action Plan51 will help to ensure that all children and young people in Scotland have the opportunity to experience this vital area of education.', 'The Learning for Sustainability Action Plan51 will help to ensure that all children and young people in Scotland have the opportunity to experience this vital area of education. The Welsh Government is investing in people to develop the skills needed for a low-carbon, circular economy, including reskilling workers in existing industries. The Welsh Government will seek to exploit the opportunities of this transition to secure greater added value in sectors like energy and housing (timber in construction and modular housing).', 'The Welsh Government will seek to exploit the opportunities of this transition to secure greater added value in sectors like energy and housing (timber in construction and modular housing). Sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production The UK is committed to delivering a national shift to healthy diets supported by a sustainable food system which contributes towards a reduction in GHG emissions.52 The Resources and Waste Strategy53 sets out England’s plans to move away from a linear economy, towards a more circular and sustainable economy in which natural resources are used efficiently and waste is minimised.', 'Sustainable lifestyles and sustainable patterns of consumption and production The UK is committed to delivering a national shift to healthy diets supported by a sustainable food system which contributes towards a reduction in GHG emissions.52 The Resources and Waste Strategy53 sets out England’s plans to move away from a linear economy, towards a more circular and sustainable economy in which natural resources are used efficiently and waste is minimised. 50 Scotland’s curriculum – Curriculum for Excellence 51 Learning for sustainability: action plan (2019) 52 National Food Strategy terms of reference (2019) 53 Resources and Waste Strategy for England (2018) Nationally Determined Contribution The Scottish Government recognises the transition to net zero will require significant lifestyle changes.', '50 Scotland’s curriculum – Curriculum for Excellence 51 Learning for sustainability: action plan (2019) 52 National Food Strategy terms of reference (2019) 53 Resources and Waste Strategy for England (2018) Nationally Determined Contribution The Scottish Government recognises the transition to net zero will require significant lifestyle changes. Scotland’s Energy Efficient Scotland Route Map54 sets out the vision that by 2040 Scotland’s buildings will be warmer, greener and more energy efficient. Scotland’s National Transport Strategy55 sets out the commitment to implement a sustainable travel hierarchy, where people make travel choices that minimise the long term impacts on the climate and improve the lives of future generations by promoting health and wellbeing.', 'Scotland’s National Transport Strategy55 sets out the commitment to implement a sustainable travel hierarchy, where people make travel choices that minimise the long term impacts on the climate and improve the lives of future generations by promoting health and wellbeing. Scotland’s Making Things Last strategy56 sets out priorities to achieving its commitment to moving towards a more circular economy – where products and materials are kept in high value use for as long as possible. In the 2020 Programme for Government,57 Scotland has committed to developing a local food strategy. The Welsh Government has consulted on a new Circular Economy Strategy.58 This proposed a range of actions which seek to keep resources in use for longer and avoid waste. The final strategy will be published in the coming months.', 'The final strategy will be published in the coming months. The Welsh Government is also stimulating innovation through its Circular Economy Funds, awarding around £40m to businesses and publicly-funded bodies to date. Northern Ireland published the second iteration of the national Waste Prevention Programme Stopping Waste in its Tracks59 in 2019. The programme aims to decouple waste from growth and the actions contained within are designed to help Northern Ireland transition to a low- carbon circular economy.', 'The programme aims to decouple waste from growth and the actions contained within are designed to help Northern Ireland transition to a low- carbon circular economy. Health and air pollution 54 Energy Efficient Scotland: route map (2018) 55 Scotland’s National Transport Strategy 56 Making Things Last: a circular economy strategy for Scotland (2016) 57 Protecting Scotland, Renewing Scotland: The government’s Programme for Scotland 2020-2021 (2020): 59 Northern Ireland Waste Prevention Programme (2019) Nationally Determined Contribution The UK recognises the potential for carbon emission reduction policies to improve air quality, but also the risk that some approaches can increase human exposure to air pollution.', 'Health and air pollution 54 Energy Efficient Scotland: route map (2018) 55 Scotland’s National Transport Strategy 56 Making Things Last: a circular economy strategy for Scotland (2016) 57 Protecting Scotland, Renewing Scotland: The government’s Programme for Scotland 2020-2021 (2020): 59 Northern Ireland Waste Prevention Programme (2019) Nationally Determined Contribution The UK recognises the potential for carbon emission reduction policies to improve air quality, but also the risk that some approaches can increase human exposure to air pollution. The UK’s support decarbonisation approaches that strive to improve air quality and minimise adverse impacts on human health, balanced with action to achieve reductions in carbon emissions.', 'The UK’s support decarbonisation approaches that strive to improve air quality and minimise adverse impacts on human health, balanced with action to achieve reductions in carbon emissions. Air pollution is the top environmental risk to human health in the UK, which is why the UK’s Clean Air Strategy60 sets out how the UK will tackle all types of air pollution, making the air healthier to breathe and protecting nature. This will save lives and reduce health inequalities, in line with protecting the right to health as set out in the Paris Agreement.', 'This will save lives and reduce health inequalities, in line with protecting the right to health as set out in the Paris Agreement. The Scottish Government published its Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy61 in 2015 setting out a series of actions for improving air quality across a wide range of policy areas, including co- ordinated action for delivering co-benefits for both air pollutant and GHG reductions.', 'The Scottish Government published its Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy61 in 2015 setting out a series of actions for improving air quality across a wide range of policy areas, including co- ordinated action for delivering co-benefits for both air pollutant and GHG reductions. Following an independent review of the strategy in 2019, which made recommendations for additional action on air pollution over the period 2021-2025,62 a consultation on a draft new air quality strategy for Scotland is taking place between 30 October 2020 and 22 January The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales sets the Welsh Government’s commitment and long-term ambition to improve air quality, and the steps it will take to deliver The approach in Northern Ireland is similar to that adopted by the UK Government.', 'Following an independent review of the strategy in 2019, which made recommendations for additional action on air pollution over the period 2021-2025,62 a consultation on a draft new air quality strategy for Scotland is taking place between 30 October 2020 and 22 January The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales sets the Welsh Government’s commitment and long-term ambition to improve air quality, and the steps it will take to deliver The approach in Northern Ireland is similar to that adopted by the UK Government. Officials within DAERA recognise the policy synergies and tensions surrounding air quality and other policy areas such as climate change, energy and fuel usage and have been working collaboratively with other Northern Ireland Government Departments, on the development of 60 UK Clean Air Strategy 61 Cleaner air for Scotland: the road to a healthier future (2015) 62 Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy: independent review (2019) 63 Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - a consultation on a draft new air quality strategy for Scotland 64 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales (2020) Nationally Determined Contribution a Discussion Document on the first Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland.', 'Officials within DAERA recognise the policy synergies and tensions surrounding air quality and other policy areas such as climate change, energy and fuel usage and have been working collaboratively with other Northern Ireland Government Departments, on the development of 60 UK Clean Air Strategy 61 Cleaner air for Scotland: the road to a healthier future (2015) 62 Cleaner Air for Scotland strategy: independent review (2019) 63 Cleaner Air for Scotland 2 - a consultation on a draft new air quality strategy for Scotland 64 The Clean Air Plan for Wales: Healthy Air, Healthy Wales (2020) Nationally Determined Contribution a Discussion Document on the first Clean Air Strategy for Northern Ireland. The Discussion Document was launched for public consultation on 23 November 2020.65 b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable.', 'The Discussion Document was launched for public consultation on 23 November 2020.65 b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the Global Stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement In Paris, 2015, it was agreed that Parties would take stock of their collective efforts in a Facilitative Dialogue in 2018, later called the Talanoa Dialogue.', 'c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the Global Stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement In Paris, 2015, it was agreed that Parties would take stock of their collective efforts in a Facilitative Dialogue in 2018, later called the Talanoa Dialogue. It was decided that the Talanoa Dialogue would play a role in informing the next round of NDCs, and this was reinforced in Decision 1/CP.24. Several Talanoa events took place in the UK in 2018, including one involving the Fijian COP23 Presidency.', 'Several Talanoa events took place in the UK in 2018, including one involving the Fijian COP23 Presidency. The UK found this process valuable thanks to the rich and open exchanges, and learnt from the experiences and solutions shared by others, which alongside the latest science, informed UK approaches on the way forward. 65 Northern Ireland Clean Air Strategy Discussion Document Nationally Determined Contribution Following the Talanoa Dialogue, the UK took note, alongside other Parties, of the Call for Action,66 which Parties were invited to consider when preparing their NDCs. The UK has responded by raising its ambition in its NDC. The UK recognises the need for the global community to go further to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change.', 'The UK recognises the need for the global community to go further to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change. The UK’s NDC has been prepared using the best available science, including recent IPCC assessments such as the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5C, as suggested in the Talanoa Call for Action. The UK is looking forward to participating in the first Global Stocktake in 2023, which will inform future NDCs.', 'The UK is looking forward to participating in the first Global Stocktake in 2023, which will inform future NDCs. d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution Not applicable. d(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, Not applicable.', 'd(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, Not applicable. 66 Talanoa Dialogue Call to Action Nationally Determined Contribution which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5.', '66 Talanoa Dialogue Call to Action Nationally Determined Contribution which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph In accordance with the modalities, procedures and guidelines outlined in Decisions 4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 of the Paris Rulebook, the UK will publish an annual National Inventory Report and Biennial Transparency Report by 31 December 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter, to the UNFCCC.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph In accordance with the modalities, procedures and guidelines outlined in Decisions 4/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 of the Paris Rulebook, the UK will publish an annual National Inventory Report and Biennial Transparency Report by 31 December 2024 at the latest, and biennially thereafter, to the UNFCCC. The National Inventory Report will account for UK anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals and the Biennial Transparency Report will report on progress towards the UK’s NDC through the use of a structured summary.', 'The National Inventory Report will account for UK anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals and the Biennial Transparency Report will report on progress towards the UK’s NDC through the use of a structured summary. To account for the UK’s NDC, the UK will compare achieved net GHG emission reductions (in MtCO2e values) with the UK’s NDC target for 2030. The UK will comply with future UNFCCC reporting guidelines on tracking, and reporting on, progress against the UK’s NDC. This will help inform future Global Stocktakes.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA For the IPCC methodologies and metrics that will be used to account for the UK’s NDC, see Section 5(d). Final accounting towards the target will take place in 2032.', 'Final accounting towards the target will take place in 2032. It will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory, and compare 2030 net GHG emissions to a 1990 reference year for CO2, CH4 and N2O and a 1995 reference year for HFCs, PFCs, SF6 and The UK intends to meet its NDC target through domestic emissions reductions. If the UK were to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, such use would be accounted for in accordance with relevant decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (the “CMA”). b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies used in the nationally determined contribution Not applicable.', 'b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies used in the nationally determined contribution Not applicable. c Information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement. The UK’s current GHG Inventory is submitted in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and utilises the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and the 2013 Revised Supplementary Methods and Good Practice Guidance Arising from the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC 2013 Kyoto Protocol Supplement). The UK’s NDC will also adopt the 2013 Wetlands Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'The UK’s NDC will also adopt the 2013 Wetlands Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 67 As stated in Section 1(a), these reference years are consistent with the UK’s Climate Change Act (2008), domestic carbon budgets and the UK’s Kyoto Protocol commitment. In 2018 F-gases made up 3% of UK net emissions (based on 1990-2018 inventory).UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution The UK looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement will be used for estimating GHG emissions and removals for the UK’s NDC.', 'The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2013 IPCC Kyoto Protocol Supplement and 2013 IPCC Wetlands Supplement will be used for estimating GHG emissions and removals for the UK’s NDC. The UK looks forward to implementing methodologies introduced by the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines in the future. The IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report on the Global Warming Potentials for a 100-year time horizon will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents of GHG emissions.', 'The IPCC’s 5th Assessment Report on the Global Warming Potentials for a 100-year time horizon will be used to calculate CO2 equivalents of GHG emissions. e Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, including, as applicable: e(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands All emissions and removals reported in the UK GHG Inventory are included in the NDC, with no specific approach to exclude emissions from natural disturbances. e(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products The UK will reflect emissions and removals resulting from changes in the carbon pool of harvested wood products using a production approach. e(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable.', 'e(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests Not applicable. f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including:UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution f(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used Final reference year and target year emissions will be based on the 1990-2030 UK GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. Emissions estimates in the UK GHG Inventory are made using methodologies outlined in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and subsequent IPCC guidelines (see Section 5(d)). The Inventory is revised annually and undergoes extensive review processes.', 'The Inventory is revised annually and undergoes extensive review processes. f(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable Not applicable. f(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated Not applicable. f(iv) Further technical information, as necessary Not applicable.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement While the UK intends to meet its NDC target through reducing emissions domestically, it reserves the right to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Such use could occur through the linking of a potential UK emissions trading system to another emissions trading system or through the use of emissions reductions or removals units. 6.', 'Such use could occur through the linking of a potential UK emissions trading system to another emissions trading system or through the use of emissions reductions or removals units. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The UK’s NDC represents a step forward for the UK’s ambition to tackle climate change over the next ten years, as the UK accelerates towards meeting the legally binding commitment to net zero by 2050.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances a How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances The UK’s NDC represents a step forward for the UK’s ambition to tackle climate change over the next ten years, as the UK accelerates towards meeting the legally binding commitment to net zero by 2050. It is a significant increase from the UK’s previous contribution to the EU’s Intended NDC of 40% by 2030, which was estimated to be a 53% UK reduction on reference levels. The level of the NDC is consistent with advice from the CCC.', 'The level of the NDC is consistent with advice from the CCC. The CCC stated that an NDC of at least 68% ‘would constitute a decisive commitment to a net zero emissions trajectory, consistent with the Paris Agreement’ and ‘would place the UK among the leading countries in climate ambition.’ 68 BEIS led work across UK Government departments to identify the UK’s highest possible ambition, taking account of robust analysis of domestic decarbonisation potential, guidance from the CCC, the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and the equity principles identified in the IPCC 5th Assessment Report. b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The UK’s NDC target level was set taking into account the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and a range of IPCC recognised equity principles.', 'b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity The UK’s NDC target level was set taking into account the temperature goal of the Paris Agreement and a range of IPCC recognised equity principles. The IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C sets out global pathways which are consistent with limiting warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels with limited or no overshoot. These 68 CCC advice on the UK’s 2030 NDC Nationally Determined Contribution show a reduction in global net anthropogenic GHG emissions of around 45% (40-60% interquartile range) by 2030 compared with 2010 levels. The UK’s NDC targets a more rapid reduction than these global pathways: current estimates suggest that the UK’s NDC would reduce GHG emissions by approximately 58% on 2010 levels.', 'The UK’s NDC targets a more rapid reduction than these global pathways: current estimates suggest that the UK’s NDC would reduce GHG emissions by approximately 58% on 2010 levels. By reducing emissions by at least 68% on reference year levels (1990/1995), UK emissions per person will fall from around 14 tCO2e in 1990 to fewer than 4 tCO2e in 2030.69 The CCC has advised that an NDC of at least 68% ‘would align with the published pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for a 1.5°C goal.’ c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement The target in the UK’s NDC is an ambitious and continued enhancement in the UK’s mitigation efforts.', 'By reducing emissions by at least 68% on reference year levels (1990/1995), UK emissions per person will fall from around 14 tCO2e in 1990 to fewer than 4 tCO2e in 2030.69 The CCC has advised that an NDC of at least 68% ‘would align with the published pathways from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for a 1.5°C goal.’ c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3 of the Paris Agreement The target in the UK’s NDC is an ambitious and continued enhancement in the UK’s mitigation efforts. It represents a progression beyond the UK’s estimated contribution to the Intended NDC previously communicated by the European Union.', 'It represents a progression beyond the UK’s estimated contribution to the Intended NDC previously communicated by the European Union. In 2015, the European Commission and the then Council Presidency communicated a Joint Intended NDC on behalf of the European Union and its Member States (then including the UK) of an at least 40% domestic reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990. In its advice on the fifth carbon budget, the CCC estimated that this target implied a reduction in UK emissions of around 53% below 1990 levels.70 The UK NDC commits the UK to reducing economy-wide GHG emissions by at least 68% by 2030 compared to reference year levels.', 'In its advice on the fifth carbon budget, the CCC estimated that this target implied a reduction in UK emissions of around 53% below 1990 levels.70 The UK NDC commits the UK to reducing economy-wide GHG emissions by at least 68% by 2030 compared to reference year levels. d How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement The UK’s NDC is an economy-wide absolute emissions reduction target in compliance with Article 4.4 of the Paris Agreement. 69 These estimates are subject to change in line with ongoing improvements to the UK’s national GHG Inventory. Final reference year and target year emissions will be based on the UK 1990-2030 GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032.', 'Final reference year and target year emissions will be based on the UK 1990-2030 GHG Inventory submitted to the UNFCCC in 2032. 70 This reflects estimates for the UK’s emissions allocations in the traded and non-traded sectors.UK’s Nationally Determined Contribution e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The UK’s NDC represents the UK’s contribution to the objectives of Article 2 of the Convention to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its The UK’s NDC represents the UK’s contribution to the objectives of Article 2 of the Convention to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Sections 4 and 6 detail the UK’s mitigation ambition that will contribute to achieving Article 2 of the Convention.', 'Sections 4 and 6 detail the UK’s mitigation ambition that will contribute to achieving Article 2 of the Convention. b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement See Section 4 and 6 on the UK’s legislated commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and how the UK’s NDC contributes to that goal.This publication is available from: www.gov.uk/beis If you need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email enquiries@beis.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.'] | en-US |
356 | TZA | United Republic of Tanzania | 1st NDC | 2018-05-18 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/The%20United%20Republic%20of%20Tanzania%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 13.343088 | 6.657953 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/03161c86e7df7fa1d388927a392818fadd06b38ba9d58106b6039eafcc3c9098.pdf | ['UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTIONS (INDCs) The United Republic of Tanzania, which comprises of Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar, brings forth her Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) guided by both national and international contexts. These INDCs were prepared in consistence with decision 1/CP.20, and will be implemented by 2030. Tanzania is already experiencing adverse impacts of climate change. Current climate variability and change resulting in extreme weather events already lead to major economic costs in Tanzania. Every annual event has economic costs in excess of 1% of GDP, and occurs frequently, reducing long-term growth and affecting millions of people and their livelihoods. The net economic costs of addressing climate change impacts could be equivalent to a further 1 to 2% of GDP per year by 2030.', 'The net economic costs of addressing climate change impacts could be equivalent to a further 1 to 2% of GDP per year by 2030. Climate change impacts are affecting coastal zones, public health, energy supply and demand, infrastructure, water resources, agricultural production and availability of ecosystem goods and services. Potentially, there will be high economic costs across these sectors. Current climate vulnerability and future climate change adverse impacts are significant to curtail Tanzania from achieving key economic growth, development and poverty reduction targets for reaching middle income developing country status. Tanzania has been undertaking various efforts towards addressing climate change in accordance with her national context. The National Climate Change Strategy (2012) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014) comprehensively elaborate adaptation and mitigation actions.', 'The National Climate Change Strategy (2012) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014) comprehensively elaborate adaptation and mitigation actions. The strategies aim to, among others, enhance adaptive capacity to climate change thereby ensuring long term resilience; resilience of ecosystems to climate change; and enhanced participation in climate change mitigation activities to contribute to international efforts while ensuring sustainable development. The two climate change strategies and other national climate change and development related documents and processes were the basis for the identification of adaptation and mitigation priorities along with detailed consultations with sectoral experts and other stakeholders. In addition, Tanzania has adopted and implements various other policies, legislations, strategies, plans and programmes in the course of addressing climate change.', 'In addition, Tanzania has adopted and implements various other policies, legislations, strategies, plans and programmes in the course of addressing climate change. Some of these are: the National Communications (2003 and 2015); the National Adaptation Programme of Action (2007); Natural Gas Policy (2013); the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2014); the Renewable Energy Strategy (2014); the Natural Gas Act (2015); the National Forestry Policy(1998); the National Transport Master Plan (2013); the National Environmental Policy (1997); the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2013); the National Environmental Action Plan (2012 – 2017); the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan (2013) and the National Environment Management Act (2004).', 'Some of these are: the National Communications (2003 and 2015); the National Adaptation Programme of Action (2007); Natural Gas Policy (2013); the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2014); the Renewable Energy Strategy (2014); the Natural Gas Act (2015); the National Forestry Policy(1998); the National Transport Master Plan (2013); the National Environmental Policy (1997); the Zanzibar Environmental Policy (2013); the National Environmental Action Plan (2012 – 2017); the National REDD+ Strategy and Action Plan (2013) and the National Environment Management Act (2004). The Economics of Climate Change reports for Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar (2012) provide indicative costs of Business-as-Usual (BAU) and a good basis for estimating adaptation and mitigation costs required to enhance adaptive capacity and long term resilience in Tanzania.', 'The Economics of Climate Change reports for Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar (2012) provide indicative costs of Business-as-Usual (BAU) and a good basis for estimating adaptation and mitigation costs required to enhance adaptive capacity and long term resilience in Tanzania. Accessing financial resources to meet the estimated costs is necessary in supporting Tanzania’s efforts to meet socio-economic development goals while contributing to the international climate change agenda. An initial estimate of immediate and start-up financing needs for enhancing adaptive capacity is about USD 150 million. In addition, about USD 500 million per year is needed to address climate change adaptation and building resilience up to 2020, increasing up to USD 1 billion per year by 2030. These costs are likely to increase further depending on global mitigation efforts.', 'These costs are likely to increase further depending on global mitigation efforts. Estimated costs are up to US$ 60 billion by 2030 in mitigation investments in Tanzania. 2. Principles and Assumptions The implementation of these INDCs will be guided by the principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change particularly the Principle of Equity and that of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. In this context, it is assumed that the identified INDCs will: a) Contribute to building adaptive capacity and enhancing long-term resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change. b) Contribute to greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention while achieving sustainable development consistent with national development agenda and priorities. c) Be implemented in a participatory and voluntary manner.', 'c) Be implemented in a participatory and voluntary manner. d) Be implemented, as Tanzania’s incremental contributions beyond our current efforts and upon availability of adequate and predictable financial and technological support from the international community. 3. Methodological approach The INDCs were prepared in a consultative and inclusive manner through technical and policy dialogues. A national technical team was established, with representatives from various sectors and relevant institutions. Broad based national and sub-national stakeholders’ consultative workshops were held during the process. The consultations brought together Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Academic and Research institutions, the Private sector, and government institutions from across the country. National policies, legislations, strategies, programmes and action plans together with UNFCCC decisions guided the preparation of these INDCs.', 'National policies, legislations, strategies, programmes and action plans together with UNFCCC decisions guided the preparation of these INDCs. Priority sectors on both adaptation and mitigation were identified through a review of various climate change and economic development relevant documents. Adaptation priority sectors are: Agriculture, Livestock, Coastal and Marine Environment, Fisheries, Water resources, Forestry, Health, Tourism, Human Settlement and Energy. Identified mitigation priority sectors are: Energy, Transport, Forestry and Waste management.The mitigation scenario analysis utilized data from the Initial National Communication (INC) and Second National Communication (SNC) and other data was from secondary sources. The year 2000 was used as a base year for calculating the baseline (business-as-usual) projection scenario. High and low ambition projections provided a range of deviation against the BAU baseline.', 'High and low ambition projections provided a range of deviation against the BAU baseline. The data to develop accurate bottom-up estimates of the contributions of the INDCs were not adequate to provide a sector-by-sector emissions reduction between 2020 and 2030. 4. Planning process The INDCs are in line with the Tanzania Development Vision (2025), Zanzibar Vision (2020), Tanzania Five Year Development Plan (2011/12-2015/16), and are anchored in the National Climate Change Strategy (2012) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014). 5. Intended Contributions Tanzania has negligible emissions of greenhouse gases (total and per capita), whereby per capita emissions are estimated at 0.2 tCO2e1.', 'Intended Contributions Tanzania has negligible emissions of greenhouse gases (total and per capita), whereby per capita emissions are estimated at 0.2 tCO2e1. On the other hand, the country has a total of 88 million hectares of land areas, of which 48.1 million are forested land and under different management regimes, with a current estimated total of 9.032 Trillion tones of carbon stock. The estimates are based on the present stocks from limited studies. This implies that Tanzania is a net sink. 5.1 Adaptation contributions Climate change projections in Tanzania indicate a consistent change in key climate variables, including warming from 0.50C in 2025 up to around 40C in 2100, with more warming over the South Western part of the country.', '5.1 Adaptation contributions Climate change projections in Tanzania indicate a consistent change in key climate variables, including warming from 0.50C in 2025 up to around 40C in 2100, with more warming over the South Western part of the country. Mean seasonal rainfall is projected to decrease consistently and progressively for the most parts of the country, but more significantly over the North-eastern highlands, where rainfall is projected to decrease by up to 12% in 2100. In this context, the frequency and severity of extreme climate change related events will increase. In the last 40 years Tanzania has experienced severe and recurring droughts with devastating effects to agriculture, water and energy sectors.', 'In the last 40 years Tanzania has experienced severe and recurring droughts with devastating effects to agriculture, water and energy sectors. Currently more than 70% of all natural disasters in Tanzania are climate change related and are linked to recurrent droughts and floods. 2 Forest Resource Assessment 2015 – Country Report, United Republic of Tanzania, (FAO, 2015) Tanzania will embark on a climate resilient development pathway. In doing so the adaptation contributions will reduce climate related disasters from 70% to 50%, and significantly reduce the impacts of spatial and temporal variability of declining rainfall, frequent droughts and floods which have long term implications to all productive sectors and ecosystems, particularly the agricultural sector.', 'In doing so the adaptation contributions will reduce climate related disasters from 70% to 50%, and significantly reduce the impacts of spatial and temporal variability of declining rainfall, frequent droughts and floods which have long term implications to all productive sectors and ecosystems, particularly the agricultural sector. Access to clean and safe water will be increased from 60% to 75% and, based on a conservative and a worst-case scenario of 50cm and 1m sea-level rise, the contributions will verifiably reduce the impacts of sea level rise to the island and coastal communities, infrastructure and ecosystems.Sector Intended Contributions Agriculture a) Up-scaling the level of improvement of agricultural land and water management. b) Increasing yields through inter alia climate smart agriculture. c) Protecting smallholder farmers against climate related shocks, including through crop insurance.', 'c) Protecting smallholder farmers against climate related shocks, including through crop insurance. d) Strengthening the capacity of Agricultural research institutions to conduct basic and applied research. e) Strengthening knowledge, extension services and agricultural infrastructures to target climate actions. Livestock a) Promoting climate change resilient traditional and modern knowledge on sustainable pasture and range management systems. b) Enhancing development of livestock infrastructures and services. c) Promoting livelihood diversification of livestock keepers. d) Promoting development of livestock insurance strategies. Forestry a) Enhancing efficiency in wood fuel utilization, b) Enhancing participatory fire management. c) Enhancing forest governance and protection of forest resources. d) Enhancing Sustainable forest management. Energy a) Exploring and investing in energy diversification system. b) Promoting use of energy efficient technologies and behaviour.', 'b) Promoting use of energy efficient technologies and behaviour. c) Enhancing integrated basin catchment and upstream land management for hydro sources. d) Enhancing the use of renewable energy potential across the country (hydro, solar, wind, biomass and geothermal). Coastal, Marine Environment and Fisheries a) Strengthening management of coastal resources and beach erosion/sea level rise control systems. b) Promoting livelihood diversification for coastal communities. c) Improving monitoring and early warning systems of both sea level rise impacts and extreme weather events for building adaptive capacity. d) Enhancing programme for management of saltwater inundation and intrusion. e) Mangrove & shoreline restoration programme. f) Enhancing conservation & fishery resource management. g) Strengthening key fisheries management services for sound development and management of the fishery sector for resilience creation.', 'g) Strengthening key fisheries management services for sound development and management of the fishery sector for resilience creation. Water Resources a) Promoting integrated water resources development and management practices. b) Investment in protection and conservation of water catchments including flood control and rainwater harvesting structures. c) Promoting waste water reuse and recycling technologies; d) Development and exploitation of groundwater resources.Tourism a) Promoting sustainable tourism to consolidate growth and ensure climate resilient tourism. b) Promoting diversified tourist attractions (e.g., eco-tourism and cultural tourism). Human settlements a) Promoting sustainable land management systems and climate sensitive human settlement developments. b) Facilitating provision of, and access to adequate, affordable and climate sensitive shelter to all income groups. c) Enhancing awareness on the impacts of climate change in the context of human settlements.', 'c) Enhancing awareness on the impacts of climate change in the context of human settlements. d) Construction and rehabilitation of drainage systems in respond to frequent and high intensity floods. Health a) Promoting sustainable and climate sensitive health and sanitation infrastructure. b) Conducting vulnerability assessment for a comprehensive action plan in health sector. c) Integrating climate change adaptation action into health sector policies, plans and programmes.5.2 Mitigation contributions For the global effort to avoid dangerous anthropogenic climate change, a below 2oC scenario requires serious mitigation actions including a “substantial deviation from baseline” by 2050 in all developing countries. Tanzania continues to undertake various efforts, which contribute to the global mitigation agenda.', 'Tanzania continues to undertake various efforts, which contribute to the global mitigation agenda. Beyond enhancing carbon sinks through forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation, the country is embarking on enhanced use of natural gas with 53.28 trillion cubic feet discovered reserves of which to-date over 100 million cubic feet are exploited to produce 501 MW. There is also expanded use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal (with a potential of 5 GW); solar with average sunshine of more than 9 hours per day; hydro with a potential of 4.7 GW (while the installed capacity is 561 MW); and wind with speed of 0.9 – 9.9 m/s across many parts of the country.', 'There is also expanded use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal (with a potential of 5 GW); solar with average sunshine of more than 9 hours per day; hydro with a potential of 4.7 GW (while the installed capacity is 561 MW); and wind with speed of 0.9 – 9.9 m/s across many parts of the country. In the transport sector, Tanzania has a total railway track length of 3,687 km and a tarmac road network of 17,742 km that promote mass transport. In addition, the rapid transport and mass marine transport systems are being improved.', 'In addition, the rapid transport and mass marine transport systems are being improved. Waste management systems in the country are being enhanced by encouraging private sector and community involvement in waste to energy management approaches; enhancing management of waste disposal sites; encouraging waste recycling and re-use; mapping and identifying informal dump sites; and implementing landfill gas recovery as well as electricity generation programmes. The intended contributions in the sectors of energy, transport, forestry and waste management will enable the country to achieve low emission growth pathway while achieving the desired sustainable development. These sectors are among the top contributors towards economic development in Tanzania. The intended contributions by these sectors are considered fair and ambitious in light of Tanzania’s national circumstances and for achieving the UNFCCC objective.', 'The intended contributions by these sectors are considered fair and ambitious in light of Tanzania’s national circumstances and for achieving the UNFCCC objective. Tanzania will reduce greenhouse gas emissions economy wide between 10-20% by 2030 relative to the BAU scenario of 138 - 153 Million tones of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)- gross emissions, depending on the baseline efficiency improvements, consistent with its sustainable development agenda. The emissions reduction is subject to review after the first Biennial Update Report (BUR).Years) BAU# Baseline# Low# Ambi:on# High# Ambi:on# Fig. 1: Projected emission reduction from BAU3 with low and high ambition by 2030.', '1: Projected emission reduction from BAU3 with low and high ambition by 2030. Therefore, Tanzania will meet its contribution by implementing the following mitigation actions: - Sector Intended Contributions Energy a) Exploring and investing in the energy diversification system to ensure overall energy security for economic development through enhanced availability, affordability and reliability while contributing towards energy emissions intensity reduction over time. b) Promotion of clean technologies for power generation; and diverse renewable sources such as geothermal, wind, solar and renewable biomass. c) Expanding the use of natural gas for power production, cooking, transport and thermal services through improvement of natural gas supply systems throughout the country. d) Promoting energy efficient technologies for supply, transmission/transportation and demand side as well as behavioral change in energy use. e) Promoting rural electrification.', 'd) Promoting energy efficient technologies for supply, transmission/transportation and demand side as well as behavioral change in energy use. e) Promoting rural electrification. Transport Promoting low emission transport systems through deployment of Mass Rapid Transport Systems and investments in air, rail, marine and road infrastructures. 3 This implies national efforts without support for the intended contributionsWaste management a) Application of modern and practical way of managing waste including the enhanced use of engineered/sanitary landfills. b) Promotion of waste to energy programmes. c) Promoting co-generation activities. Forest sector a) Enhancing and up-scaling implementation of participatory forest management programmes. b) Facilitating effective and coordinated implementation of actions that will enhance contribution of the entire forest sector including Forest policies, National Forest Programmes and REDD+ related activities.', 'b) Facilitating effective and coordinated implementation of actions that will enhance contribution of the entire forest sector including Forest policies, National Forest Programmes and REDD+ related activities. c) Strengthening national wide tree planting programmes and initiatives. d) Strengthening protection and conservation of natural forests to maintain ecological integrity and continued benefiting from service provisions of the sector. e) Enhancement and conservation of forest carbon stocks. 6. Means of Implementation Tanzania will continue its adaptation efforts to enhance resilience, strive to achieve Vision 2025 and contribute more towards global greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts. Effectively implementing mitigation and adaptation contributions will require timely access to adequate and predictable financial resources; access to appropriate technologies; access to appropriate knowledge and skills; and institutional capacity building.', 'Effectively implementing mitigation and adaptation contributions will require timely access to adequate and predictable financial resources; access to appropriate technologies; access to appropriate knowledge and skills; and institutional capacity building. Tanzania’s capacity to undertake strong adaptation and mitigation actions beyond national efforts depend on support for implementation. In addition, enhancing capacity in early- warning systems across sectors, improved research and systematic observations, improved climate change institutional capacity and coordination as well as awareness will be critical in addressing climate change. As indicated in section 1, the total amount of financial resources needed for implementation of the identified adaptation contributions is about USD 500 million to 1billion per annum, and a total of USD 60 billion for mitigation contributions.', 'As indicated in section 1, the total amount of financial resources needed for implementation of the identified adaptation contributions is about USD 500 million to 1billion per annum, and a total of USD 60 billion for mitigation contributions. Therefore, implementation of the identified INDCs will strongly depend on how the international community meets its commitments in terms of financial and technological support. 7. Review processes The implementation of INDCs is based on the country’s various policies, development vision programmes, strategies and action plans, which are set to be reviewed regularly.', '7. Review processes The implementation of INDCs is based on the country’s various policies, development vision programmes, strategies and action plans, which are set to be reviewed regularly. Therefore, the submitted INDCs will be reviewed in a participatory manner to reflect the emerging needs, changes and decisions, particularly the outcome of the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP 21) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, December 2015.'] | en-US |
357 | TZA | United Republic of Tanzania | Updated NDC | 2021-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/TANZANIA_NDC_SUBMISSION_30%20JULY%202021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 13.343088 | 6.657953 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/3afe53018940c589f8b42fec93a7c4537cf99cfe9382042a3a480c866c8bd72b.pdf | ['iii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution FOREWORD Tanzania is already affected by climate change and variabilities, with extreme events such as droughts and floods causing major economic costs, reducing long-term growth, and disrupting livelihoods of both rural and urban communities. Climate change impacts are affecting agricultural production, water resources, marine and coastal zones, public health, energy supply and demand, infrastructure, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Current climate vulnerability and future climate change impacts are significant enough to curtail Tanzania from achieving key economic growth, sustainable development, and poverty reduction targets. This Tanzania’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) provides a set of interventions on adaptation and mitigation, which are expected to build country resilience to the impacts of climate change and contribute to the global effort of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission.', 'This Tanzania’s nationally determined contribution (NDC) provides a set of interventions on adaptation and mitigation, which are expected to build country resilience to the impacts of climate change and contribute to the global effort of reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emission. This NDC is in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, which establishes a 2oC above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature to 1.5oC. Also, it builds on the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021), the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014), and other national climate change and development frameworks.', 'Also, it builds on the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021), the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014), and other national climate change and development frameworks. The two strategies are aimed to give guidance to stakeholders in the effort to enhance adaptive capacity to climate change in order to support long-term climate resilience of social systems and ecosystems, and to enhance participation in climate change mitigation activities to contribute to international efforts while ensuring sustainable development.', 'The two strategies are aimed to give guidance to stakeholders in the effort to enhance adaptive capacity to climate change in order to support long-term climate resilience of social systems and ecosystems, and to enhance participation in climate change mitigation activities to contribute to international efforts while ensuring sustainable development. An extensive consultative process involving relevant sectors and stakeholders, under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office, Division of Environment has been crucial in developing country’s commitments presented in this NDC.iii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution The NDC will be implemented as Tanzania’s incremental contribution beyond the current efforts and upon availability of adequate and predictable financial and technological support from the international community.', 'An extensive consultative process involving relevant sectors and stakeholders, under the coordination of the Vice President’s Office, Division of Environment has been crucial in developing country’s commitments presented in this NDC.iii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution The NDC will be implemented as Tanzania’s incremental contribution beyond the current efforts and upon availability of adequate and predictable financial and technological support from the international community. The United Republic of Tanzania is committed to effectively meet the objectives of the NDC and engage in national and international processes to fast-track its implementation. The United Republic of Tanzania commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide between 30-35% relative to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030. I therefore, call upon all stakeholders to participate effectively in implementing the commitments in this NDC. Hon.', 'I therefore, call upon all stakeholders to participate effectively in implementing the commitments in this NDC. Hon. Selemani Said Jafo (MP) Minister of State, Vice President’s Office, Union and Environmentiv Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this nationally determined contribution (NDC) would have not been successful without participation, cooperation, commitment and hard work of many stakeholders and experts in both public and private sectors, and we would like to acknowledge their collective efforts and dedications. We would like to thank all the relevant ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs), local government authorities (LGAs), research and academic institutions, and civil society organizations (CSOs) for their active participation throughout the process.', 'We would like to thank all the relevant ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs), local government authorities (LGAs), research and academic institutions, and civil society organizations (CSOs) for their active participation throughout the process. Their proactive commitment to contribute in the collection of the baseline information, in the consultations, and in building a national consensus captures the national interest towards addressing the challenges of climate change. On a special note, we would like to register our heartfelt thanks for the NDC Task Team for the tireless efforts in coordinating this critical exercise despite challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic.', 'On a special note, we would like to register our heartfelt thanks for the NDC Task Team for the tireless efforts in coordinating this critical exercise despite challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic. We wish also to thank the development partners, especially the European Union through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ), Climate Action Network (CAN), and Forum for Climate Change (ForumCC) for their financial and technical contributions that led to the finalization of this NDC document.', 'We wish also to thank the development partners, especially the European Union through the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ), Climate Action Network (CAN), and Forum for Climate Change (ForumCC) for their financial and technical contributions that led to the finalization of this NDC document. Ms. Mary N. Maganga Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office, Union and Environmentv Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BAU Business-As-Usual BUR Biennial Update Report CDM Clean Development Mechanism COP CSOs Conference of the Parties Civil Society Organizations DPs Development Partners ForumCC FVPO Forum for Climate Change First Vice President’s Office (Zanzibar) GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GIZ Germany Corporation for International Cooperation GWPs Global Warming Potentials HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LDCEG Least Developed Countries Expert Group LGAs Local Government Authorities LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry.', 'Ms. Mary N. Maganga Permanent Secretary, Vice President’s Office, Union and Environmentv Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BAU Business-As-Usual BUR Biennial Update Report CDM Clean Development Mechanism COP CSOs Conference of the Parties Civil Society Organizations DPs Development Partners ForumCC FVPO Forum for Climate Change First Vice President’s Office (Zanzibar) GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gases GIZ Germany Corporation for International Cooperation GWPs Global Warming Potentials HDI Human Development Index INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use LDCEG Least Developed Countries Expert Group LGAs Local Government Authorities LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee NCCTC National Climate Change Technical Committee NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally Determined Contribution REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradationvi Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change URT United Republic of Tanzania VPO Vice President’s Officevii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURESviii 2.', 'M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification NAMAs Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCSC National Climate Change Steering Committee NCCTC National Climate Change Technical Committee NDA National Designated Authority NDC Nationally Determined Contribution REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradationvi Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution SDGs Sustainable Development Goals UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change URT United Republic of Tanzania VPO Vice President’s Officevii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURESviii 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 3. NDC FAIRNESS AND AMBITION5 4. NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION. 7 4.4 NDC Institutional Arrangement and Governance 19 Governance and institutional arrangements 19 5. FINANCING MECHANISMS OF THE NDC. 22 6.', 'NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION. 7 4.4 NDC Institutional Arrangement and Governance 19 Governance and institutional arrangements 19 5. FINANCING MECHANISMS OF THE NDC. 22 6. NDC MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION25viii Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Relative contribution of sectors to national GHG emissions, historic (1990, 2010) and projected (BAU, 2030). Note: Transport is included in the energy sector. IPPU is Industrial Processes and Product Use. LULUCF is Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Livestock is included in the Agriculture sector. 14 Figure 2: Projected emission reductions from BAU with low and high ambition scenarios by 203016 Figure 3: Institutional arrangements for NDC implementation.22 Figure 4: Overview of climate change financing 24ix Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Mitigation Elements.16x Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF BOXES Box 1 .', 'Livestock is included in the Agriculture sector. 14 Figure 2: Projected emission reductions from BAU with low and high ambition scenarios by 203016 Figure 3: Institutional arrangements for NDC implementation.22 Figure 4: Overview of climate change financing 24ix Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Mitigation Elements.16x Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution LIST OF BOXES Box 1 . Tanzania’s climate change adaptation targets by 20307 Box 2. Estimated lower and upper GHG emission economy-wide reduction targets by 2030.13Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 1 1.1 Background information Climate change presents unprecedented threat on social, economic, ecological, and physical environment at local, national, regional, and global levels. Global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty require concerted efforts at different levels1.', 'Global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty require concerted efforts at different levels1. Article 4.2 of the Paris Agreement sets an obligation which requires “each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contribution (NDC) that it intends to achieve”. Furthermore, Article 7.10 of the Paris Agreement underlines that “Party should submit and update periodically an adaptation communication, which may include its priorities, implementation and support needs, plans, and actions, without creating any additional burden for developing country. 1.2 Rationale for Preparation of Tanzania NDC The United Republic of Tanzania is Party to the United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement (PA), which it ratified in 1996 and 2018, respectively.', '1.2 Rationale for Preparation of Tanzania NDC The United Republic of Tanzania is Party to the United Nations Framework Convention (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement (PA), which it ratified in 1996 and 2018, respectively. Moreover, Tanzania is highly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and therefore needs to put in place adaptation actions in order to safeguard development gains and achieve its development targets2. Existing studies and reports reveal that extreme weather conditions such as increased seasonal variation in observed rainfall and temperature have been significant in most parts of Tanzania3. For example, frequent and 1 IPCC, 2018: Summary for Policymakers. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C.', 'In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. 2 Tanzania’s high climate vulnerability in all parts of the country was confirmed through a stocktaking analysis involving all local governments as part of the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) process. nap-process/ 3 Osima, S. et al. 2018. Projected climate over the Greater Horn of Africa under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming.', 'Projected climate over the Greater Horn of Africa under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming. Environmental Research Letters,Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 2 prolonged droughts have led to the drying out of some water bodies, with a consequent loss of biodiversity and grazing lands and a reduction in hydropower capacity4. On the other hand, anomalies of rainfall intensity and distribution have been witnessed as record-breaking events from 2015 to2020. Such extreme weather conditions affect national economic growth, due to a large dependency growth domestic product (GDP) on climate-sensitive activities, particularly agriculture, tourism, fishing, and livestock keeping. For example, droughts and floods have already caused major economic costs, reducing long-term growth, and disrupting livelihoods of both rural and urban communities.', 'For example, droughts and floods have already caused major economic costs, reducing long-term growth, and disrupting livelihoods of both rural and urban communities. The Economics of Climate Change reports for Mainland Tanzania (2011) and Zanzibar (2011) provide indicative costs for enhancing adaptive capacity and long-term resilience in Tanzania. According to these reports, an initial cost estimate of addressing current climate change risks is about USD 500 million per year5. This cost is projected to increase rapidly in the future, with an estimate of up to USD 1 billion per year by 20305. The net economic costs of addressing climate change impacts is estimated to be equivalent to 1 to 2% of GDP per year by 20305.', 'The net economic costs of addressing climate change impacts is estimated to be equivalent to 1 to 2% of GDP per year by 20305. Similarly, Tanzania would require an investment of approximately USD 160 billion for mitigation activities aimed at achieving 100% renewable energy for electricity, buildings, and industry by 2050. In sum, climate change adverse impacts in Tanzania affect almost all economic sectors in the country, including agricultural production, water resources, marine and coastal zones, public health, human settlement, land use planning, energy supply and demand, infrastructure, biodiversity and ecosystem services. Current climate variability and future climate change impacts are projected to be significant enough to curtail Tanzania from achieving key economic growth, sustainable development, and poverty reduction targets.', 'Current climate variability and future climate change impacts are projected to be significant enough to curtail Tanzania from achieving key economic growth, sustainable development, and poverty reduction targets. 4 URT Fifth National report on the implementation of the convention on biological diversity (2014). Available from: 5 The Economics of Climate change in the United Republic of Tanzania, January 2011Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 3 Despite Tanzania’s very low GHG emissions, the country is committed to embark on a sustainable development pathway and undertake mitigation measures based on national circumstances and capabilities. Tanzania has been undertaking various efforts towards addressing climate change in accordance with its national context.', 'Tanzania has been undertaking various efforts towards addressing climate change in accordance with its national context. The National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014) comprehensively elaborate adaptation measures and mitigation actions that are deemed necessary to address climate change in the country. The strategies aim to enhance adaptive capacity to climate change and promote adaptation action in order to support long-term climate resilience of social systems and ecosystems, and to enhance participation in climate change mitigation activities to contribute to international efforts while ensuring sustainable development. These two strategies were instrumental in the formulation of this Tanzania NDC. In addition, other national development programmes, strategies, plans and initiatives informed identification of adaptation and mitigation priorities outlined in this NDC.', 'In addition, other national development programmes, strategies, plans and initiatives informed identification of adaptation and mitigation priorities outlined in this NDC. Moreover, Tanzania is facing several challenges related to weak institutional, financial; poor access to appropriate technologies; weak climate knowledge management, inadequate participation of key stakeholders, and low public awareness have significantly affected effective implementation of various strategies, programmes, and plans. Therefore, the updated NDC is expected to address such challenges through successful implementation of identified adaptation and mitigation contributions.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 4 2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) 2.1 NDC Planning and Alignment This document is an update of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that was submitted in 2015 by the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).', 'DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) 2.1 NDC Planning and Alignment This document is an update of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) that was submitted in 2015 by the United Republic of Tanzania to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Formulation of this NDC was undertaken and guided by the national policies, goals, vision, programme, plans and initiatives. The NDC is in line with the Tanzania Development Vision (2025) and Zanzibar Development Vision (2050), and the Third Five Year Development Plan (FYDP III). The NDC is also anchored in the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014).', 'The NDC is also anchored in the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014). It also reflects and embraces other national development initiatives and frameworks such as blue economy, industrialization, implementation of county’s strategic projects and plans including Standard Gauge Railway network, Julius Nyerere hydropower project, and construction and improvement of transport systems and networks across the country. Moreover, this NDC is aligned with the Paris Agreement, UN 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) (2015) in particular SDG 13, and other closely related SDGs such as SDGs 1, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the New Urban Agenda (2016), agenda 2063 on the Future Africa We Want and Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015).', 'Moreover, this NDC is aligned with the Paris Agreement, UN 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs) (2015) in particular SDG 13, and other closely related SDGs such as SDGs 1, 7, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17, the New Urban Agenda (2016), agenda 2063 on the Future Africa We Want and Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk Reduction (2015). The priority sectors for both adaptation and mitigation were identified through a review of national policies, legislations, strategies, programmes, action plans, informative reports, UNFCCC decisions, global goals and other initiatives and concepts that foster development and take into account gender equality and good governance as well as nature-based solutions.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 5 2.2 Stakeholders’ Engagement in the Preparation of NDC This NDC was developed in a consultative and inclusive manner with series of workshops being undertaken in the Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar.', 'The priority sectors for both adaptation and mitigation were identified through a review of national policies, legislations, strategies, programmes, action plans, informative reports, UNFCCC decisions, global goals and other initiatives and concepts that foster development and take into account gender equality and good governance as well as nature-based solutions.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 5 2.2 Stakeholders’ Engagement in the Preparation of NDC This NDC was developed in a consultative and inclusive manner with series of workshops being undertaken in the Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar. These workshops brought together representatives from the ministries, departments, and agencies (MDAs); local government authorities (LGAs); development partners (DPs); civil society organizations (CSOs); academic and research institutions; and the private sector. Several technical sessions were held to finalize the NDC before the submission of the document for approval. 3.', 'Several technical sessions were held to finalize the NDC before the submission of the document for approval. 3. NDC FAIRNESS AND AMBITION Tanzania achieved a low middle-income status in July, 2020 and is still characterised with low emissions and high vulnerability to the impacts of climate change that are common in most least development countries (LDCs) as well as other developing countries. The per capita emissions of the United Republic of Tanzania were estimated at 0.22 tCO2 e in 2014 6 , which is significantly below global average of 7.58 tCO2 e7 recorded in the same year. However, given the disproportional effect of climate change, adaptation to the adverse impacts continues to be a topmost priority in the implementation of the NDC.', 'However, given the disproportional effect of climate change, adaptation to the adverse impacts continues to be a topmost priority in the implementation of the NDC. On the other hand, Tanzania underlines the importance of harnessing opportunities and benefits available in mitigating climate change through pursuing a sustainable, low-carbon development pathway in the context of sustainable development. Thus, the NDC takes into account global ambition of keeping temperature increase well below 2°C as per the Paris Agreement. Nevertheless, cognizant of the unequal global share of carbon space, mitigation efforts to be undertaken will adhere to article 3 of the PA “The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future 6 National Climate Change Strategy, Vice President’s Office, United Republic of Tanzania.', 'Nevertheless, cognizant of the unequal global share of carbon space, mitigation efforts to be undertaken will adhere to article 3 of the PA “The Parties should protect the climate system for the benefit of present and future 6 National Climate Change Strategy, Vice President’s Office, United Republic of Tanzania. 7 Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), Joint Research Centre (JRC).Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 6 generations of humankind, on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”. In view of this, Tanzania has put forward its mitigation targets that are likely to support low emission development pathway and economic growth while contributing to reduction of the greenhouse gases.', 'In view of this, Tanzania has put forward its mitigation targets that are likely to support low emission development pathway and economic growth while contributing to reduction of the greenhouse gases. Considering the national circumstances, Tanzania’s national contribution is considered fair and ambitious for achieving the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement. 3.1 Principles and Assumptions The implementation of this NDC is guided by the principles of the UNFCCC, particularly the principle of equity and that of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.', '3.1 Principles and Assumptions The implementation of this NDC is guided by the principles of the UNFCCC, particularly the principle of equity and that of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities. Furthermore, the implementation will be guided by the Paris Agreement Work Programme adopted at the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP24) focusing on the following actions: a) Contributing to reductions in climate vulnerability and enhance long- term resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change, b) Contributing to greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention, while achieving sustainable development consistent with the national development agenda and priorities, c) Implementing the NDC in a transparent and participatory manner in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement, and d) Implementing the NDC as Tanzania’s incremental contribution beyond the current efforts and upon availability of adequate and predictable financial and technological support from the international community.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 Tanzania will embark on a climate resilient development pathway.', 'Furthermore, the implementation will be guided by the Paris Agreement Work Programme adopted at the 24th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP24) focusing on the following actions: a) Contributing to reductions in climate vulnerability and enhance long- term resilience to the adverse impacts of climate change, b) Contributing to greenhouse gas emissions reduction efforts to meet the ultimate objective of the Convention, while achieving sustainable development consistent with the national development agenda and priorities, c) Implementing the NDC in a transparent and participatory manner in accordance with the provisions of the Paris Agreement, and d) Implementing the NDC as Tanzania’s incremental contribution beyond the current efforts and upon availability of adequate and predictable financial and technological support from the international community.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 7 Tanzania will embark on a climate resilient development pathway. In doing so, it will reduce the impacts of climate change variability and associated extremes such as droughts and floods, which have long-term implications to all productive sectors and ecosystems, particularly the agricultural sector.', 'In doing so, it will reduce the impacts of climate change variability and associated extremes such as droughts and floods, which have long-term implications to all productive sectors and ecosystems, particularly the agricultural sector. The adaptation measures are expected to significantly reduce the risks of climate related disasters compared to the current situation. Access to clean and safe water for total population in urban and rural areas will be increased from 86% and 67.7% respectively in 2015 to 100% by 2030. Based on a conservative and a worst-case scenario of 50cm and 1m sea-level rise by 2100, the contribution will verifiably reduce the impacts of sea level rise to the island and coastal communities, infrastructure and ecosystems including mangroves.', 'Based on a conservative and a worst-case scenario of 50cm and 1m sea-level rise by 2100, the contribution will verifiably reduce the impacts of sea level rise to the island and coastal communities, infrastructure and ecosystems including mangroves. To achieve these targets, the government will consider the impacts of climate change in development planning at all levels and will pursue adaptation measures as outlined in this NDC. 4. NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 4.1 Adaptation Contributions The adaptation contributions in this NDC have been informed by the emission trend, present and future sectoral vulnerabilities, and impacts of COVID-19, which has tragically exposed unprecedented level of unpreparedness. Box 1 summarizes country’s climate change adaptation targets by 2030. Box 1.', 'Box 1 summarizes country’s climate change adaptation targets by 2030. Box 1. Tanzania’s climate change adaptation targets by 2030 Changes in key climate variables have already been observed in Tanzania. According to the Second National Communication (URT, 2015), trend analysis results for the period 1961 – 2013 show a significantly increasing trend in mean annual maximum and minimum temperature with temperature rises of above 1°C in average maximum temperature. The increase in mean annual minimum temperature was found to occur much faster than for mean annual maximum temperature. Marked drying areas have been observed in parts ofTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 8 northeast and much of southern Tanzania between 1981 and 2016 with devastating effects to agriculture, water resources and energy production and demand.', 'Marked drying areas have been observed in parts ofTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 8 northeast and much of southern Tanzania between 1981 and 2016 with devastating effects to agriculture, water resources and energy production and demand. Currently, a significant proportion (about 70%) of all types of natural disasters in Tanzania are climate change related and are linked to recurrent droughts and floods8. The most recent projections for climate change in Tanzania (Future Climate for Africa, 2017)9 show a strong agreement on continued future warming in the range of 0.8°C to 1.8°C by the 2040s, evenly distributed across Tanzania.', 'The most recent projections for climate change in Tanzania (Future Climate for Africa, 2017)9 show a strong agreement on continued future warming in the range of 0.8°C to 1.8°C by the 2040s, evenly distributed across Tanzania. The warming trend leads to a corresponding increase in the number of days above 30°C by 20-50 days in the central and eastern parts and up to 80 additional days in the coastal area of Tanzania. Warming until 2090 is projected in the range of 1.6°C to 5.0°C depending on the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Rainfall in Tanzania is increasingly variable. Projections indicate that rainfall will decrease during dry seasons and increase during wet seasons which translates to higher risks for drought and flooding.', 'Projections indicate that rainfall will decrease during dry seasons and increase during wet seasons which translates to higher risks for drought and flooding. In addition, the southern half of Tanzania is expected to experience a slight decrease in average annual rainfall by 2030, whilst the north western region around Lake Vitoria is projected to observe a slightly higher amount of annual average rainfall. By 2090 these changes can reach up to 10% of current annual rainfall averages (Future Climate for Africa, 2017)12. As a result of these projected climate changes, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are expected to increase and with it the impacts on climate-sensitive sectors, in particular agriculture and water resources, as well as impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems.', 'As a result of these projected climate changes, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are expected to increase and with it the impacts on climate-sensitive sectors, in particular agriculture and water resources, as well as impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems. Together with major socio- economic trends, such as population growth and urbanization, climate change 8 The method to assess climate risks for the purpose of the NDC still needs to be developed 9 Future Climate for Africa (2017). Future climate projections for Tanzania: se . ac. u k/Gran th amI nsti tu te /pu blic ati on/fu ture - climate-projections-for-tanzania/Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 9 will negatively affect the ability to achieve Tanzania’s development goals.', 'u k/Gran th amI nsti tu te /pu blic ati on/fu ture - climate-projections-for-tanzania/Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 9 will negatively affect the ability to achieve Tanzania’s development goals. Adaptation is therefore vital for reducing the impacts from climate change and for realizing a climate resilient development pathway. Adaptation interventions will further be elaborated in the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The following adaptation measures will therefore be pursued by the United Republic of Tanzania in various sectors: Agriculture a) Upscaling the level of improvement of agricultural land and water resourcesmanagement. b) Increasing productivity in an environmentally sustainable way through, inter alia, climate-smart agriculture interventions. c) Promoting accessible mechanisms for smallholder farmers against climate related shocks, including crop insurances. d) Strengthening agricultural research and development.', 'd) Strengthening agricultural research and development. e) Strengthening knowledge systems, extension services and agricultural infrastructure to target climate actions, including using climate services and local knowledge. Livestock a) Promoting local and modern climate resilience knowledge for sustainable pasture and rangeland management systems and practices. b) Enhancing climate resilience livestock infrastructures and services. c) Promoting livelihood diversification of livestock keepers. d) Promoting accessible mechanisms for livestock keepers against climate- related shocks, including livestock insurances. e) Enhancing livestock productivity through climate-smart interventions. f) Strengthening livestock research and development. ForestryTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 10 a) Enhancing participatory sustainable forest and wildlife management and protection. b) Safeguarding the ecosystem services, including through the promotion of alternative livelihood options to forest dependent communities.', 'b) Safeguarding the ecosystem services, including through the promotion of alternative livelihood options to forest dependent communities. c) Strengthening forestry research and development to promote resilience to climate stress. Energy a) Promoting climate resilient energy systems. b) Exploring options for energy diversification. c) Promoting climate-smart rural electrification. Coastal, Marine Environment and Fisheries a) Strengthening management of coastal and marine resources and monitoring systems. b) Promoting sustainable livelihood diversification for coastal communities. c) Improving early warning systems of both sea level rise impacts and extreme weather events. d) Increasing productivity in an environmentally sustainable way through inter alia climate-smart fisheries and aquaculture interventions. e) Promoting accessible mechanisms for small-holder fishers and farmers against climate related shocks, including insurances. f) Strengthening fisheries and aquatic resources research and development.', 'f) Strengthening fisheries and aquatic resources research and development. g) Strengthening extension services and technologies for fisheries and aquaculture development. h) Enhancing area-based management systems for sustainable blue economy. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene a) Promoting climate-smart integrated water resources management.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 11 b) Promoting sustainable wastewater management and innovations. c) Promoting climate resilience investment and suitable water supply technologies and infrastructure for sanitation and hygiene services. d) Developing and managing sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources. e) Promoting and supporting development, management, and equitable utilization of trans- boundary water resources. f) Establishing programmes and mechanisms for assessment, monitoring and management of water and wastewater quality. Tourism a) Promoting sustainable tourism Land Use and Human Settlements Development a) Promoting resilient land use planning and management. b) Promoting climate resilient human settlements development.', 'b) Promoting climate resilient human settlements development. Health a) Promoting climate-resilient public health system. b) Improving early warning systems for climate-sensitive disease outbreaks. c) Strengthening monitoring, climate sensitive diseases surveillance and reporting systems. d) Promoting vulnerability and risk assessment of climate change risks on human health. a) Promoting climate proofing of existing and new critical infrastructure for energy, transport, water supply, health, and other relevant sectors. b) Promoting the use of climate service during the designing and development of new infrastructure. 10 FYDPII includes the expected result of “Climate change impacts on key infrastructure and settlements addressed by 2020” (p. 170).Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 12 c) Mainstreaming of climate change in the engineering and architecture curricula. d) Strengthening early warning system and weather forecasting and dissemination infrastructure.', 'd) Strengthening early warning system and weather forecasting and dissemination infrastructure. Disaster Risk Reduction a) Promoting integrated disaster risk management. b) Strengthening early warning systems for extreme weather events and other climate-related hazards. c) Enhancing emergency response capacities in line with climate risk profiles. d) Promoting public awareness on managing disaster risks. Gender Mainstreaming a) Enhancing gender equity in climate change adaptation actions. b) Promoting measures to address negative impacts of climate change on young people, women, old and other groups facing inequality, including people with disabilities. Capacity Building a) Building internal capacity for climate modeling in terms of training and acquisition of technology. b) Building internal capacity for national adaptation and mitigation cost analysis.', 'b) Building internal capacity for national adaptation and mitigation cost analysis. Research and Systematic Observation a) Strengthening and promoting research on climate change adaptation and mitigation, and on Systematic Observation across sectors. Technology Development and Transfer a) Promoting acquisition and installation of appropriate technology for across sectors for climate-resilient production.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 13 Tanzania will reduce greenhouse gas emissions economy-wide between 30 - 35% relative to the Business-As-Usual (BAU) scenario by 2030, whereby about 138 - 153 Million tons of Carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e)-gross emissions is expected to be reduced, depending on the baseline efficiency improvements, consistent with its sustainable development agenda. The emissions reduction is subject to review after the First Biennial Update Report (BUR) and Updated GHG inventory in the country.', 'The emissions reduction is subject to review after the First Biennial Update Report (BUR) and Updated GHG inventory in the country. b) Promoting transfer of technologies through South-South and North-South cooperation and triangulation. 4.2 Mitigation Contributions The United Republic of Tanzania puts forward four priority sectors for climate change mitigation in this NDC due to their significant potential in greenhouse gas emissions reduction. Box 2 below summarizes estimated lower and upper targets of GHG reduction from business as usual (BAU). Box 2. Estimated lower and upper GHG emission economy-wide reduction targets by 2030 For the global effort to avoid dangerous anthropogenic climate change, a below 2°C scenario requires serious mitigation actions including a substantial deviation from baseline emissions by 2050 in all developing countries.', 'Estimated lower and upper GHG emission economy-wide reduction targets by 2030 For the global effort to avoid dangerous anthropogenic climate change, a below 2°C scenario requires serious mitigation actions including a substantial deviation from baseline emissions by 2050 in all developing countries. Tanzania continues to undertake various efforts, which contribute to the global mitigation agenda. Priority mitigation sectors are energy, transport, forestry, and waste management. These are amongst the sectors that contribute to GHG emissions in Tanzania currently, and are expected to continue to increase, as shown in Figure 1. Reducing emissions in these sectors will enable the country to embark on a low emission growth pathway, while achieving the desired sustainable development.', 'Reducing emissions in these sectors will enable the country to embark on a low emission growth pathway, while achieving the desired sustainable development. Tanzania is aiming for a greater use of natural gas and harnessing renewableTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 14 energy sources. There are an estimated 57 trillion cubic feet of discovered reserves of which to-date over 100 million cubic feet have been exploited to produce 527 MW10. Whilst natural gas is a fossil fuel, and therefore contributes to increasing climate change, it results in half the CO2 emissions as charcoal11, which is a current large fuel source.', 'Whilst natural gas is a fossil fuel, and therefore contributes to increasing climate change, it results in half the CO2 emissions as charcoal11, which is a current large fuel source. Carbon-free options include: expanding the use of renewable energy sources such as geothermal (with a potential of 650 MW); solar, with average sunshine of more than 9 hours per day; hydro, with a potential of 4.7 GW (while the installed capacity is 562 MW); and wind with speed of 0.9 – 9.9 m/s across many parts of the country12. Figure 1: Relative contribution of sectors to national GHG emissions, historic (1990, 2010) and projected (BAU, 2030). Note: Transport is included in the energy sector. IPPU is Industrial Processes and Product Use. LULUCF is Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry.', 'LULUCF is Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Livestock is included in the Agriculture sector. (Source: Tanzania GHGs Inventory Report and MRV System, 2018) In the transport sector, Tanzania is expanding its rail and road networks that promote the use of public transport. In addition, the rapid transport and mass marine transport systems are being improved, this will significantly contribute to emission reduction. Tanzania is aiming at reducing emissions from 11 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. 12 African Development Bank Group, Renewable Energy in Africa: Tanzania Country Profile (2015).Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 15 deforestation and forest degradation through strengthening forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation.', '12 African Development Bank Group, Renewable Energy in Africa: Tanzania Country Profile (2015).Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 15 deforestation and forest degradation through strengthening forest conservation, afforestation and reforestation. Waste management systems in the country have a large potential for enhancement by: encouraging private sector and community involvement in waste to energy management approaches; enhancing management of waste disposal sites; encouraging waste recycling and re-use; mapping and identifying informal dump sites; and implementing landfill gas recovery as well as electricity generation programmes The summary of mitigation actions is as shown in table 1 below. Element Information Type Emissions reduction as a percentage reduction from a BAU scenario. Reduction level 30-35% reduction on national BAU emissions by 2030. Sectors Economy-wide reductions, prioritising actions in energy, transport, forestry, and waste management sectors.', 'Sectors Economy-wide reductions, prioritising actions in energy, transport, forestry, and waste management sectors. Coverage Mainland Tanzania and Zanzibar Greenhouse gases (GHG) The NDC includes the following GHG: Carbon dioxide (СО2 ) Methane (СН4 ) Nitrous oxide (N2 O) Reference year 2000 Timeframe By 2030 Estimated quantified impact on GHG emissions Low ambition scenario, 30% reduction, would result in approximately 138 Million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) reduction from the BAU scenario by 2030. High ambition scenario, 35% reduction, would result in approximately 153 Million tones of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) reduction from the BAU scenario by 2030.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 16 Intention to use market- and non- market-based mechanisms to meet contribution There is huge potential for market and non-market- based mechanisms that can contribute to significant reduction in Greenhouse gases emissions.', 'High ambition scenario, 35% reduction, would result in approximately 153 Million tones of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO2e) reduction from the BAU scenario by 2030.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 16 Intention to use market- and non- market-based mechanisms to meet contribution There is huge potential for market and non-market- based mechanisms that can contribute to significant reduction in Greenhouse gases emissions. The projects can be developed and implemented as Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) especially in the areas of renewable energy and energy efficiency, forestry, transport and waste management. Metrics and methodology Tanzania used the IPCC 2006 Guidelines, the 100- year Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and considering country circumstances. Table 1: Summary of Mitigation Elements Figure 2: Projected emission reductions from BAU with low and high ambition scenarios by 2030.', 'Table 1: Summary of Mitigation Elements Figure 2: Projected emission reductions from BAU with low and high ambition scenarios by 2030. (Source: Tanzania INDC, 2015) The uncertainty range of the BAU projection is also shown, representing the uncertainty of economic and political factors, reaching 5% uncertainty in 2030.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 17 The mitigation scenario analysis utilized data from Tanzania’s 2000 greenhouse gas inventory and projections, which were updated to include the impact of the 2016 Power System Master Plan13. The year 2000 was used as a base year for calculating the BAU baseline projection scenario. The high and low ambition scenario projections provided a range of deviation (30-35% reduction) against the BAU baseline.', 'The high and low ambition scenario projections provided a range of deviation (30-35% reduction) against the BAU baseline. It was not possible to develop accurate projected sector emissions estimates and therefore there remains some uncertainty in BAU and low and high ambition scenarios. It is expected that Third National Communication (TNC) and First Biennial Update Report (BUR) under preparation will provide more recent estimates of GHG emission that will be used in the subsequent NDC submissions. The United Republic of Tanzania has prioritized four mitigation sectors in this NDC. These sectors are energy, transport, forestry, and waste. Whether the low or high ambition scenario is realized ultimately depends on the level of international support. Energy a) Exploring options for improved clean power interconnection with neighbouring countries.', 'Energy a) Exploring options for improved clean power interconnection with neighbouring countries. b) Promoting clean technologies for power generation and diverse renewable sources such as geothermal, wind, hydro, solar and bioenergy14. c) Expanding the use of natural gas 15 for power production, cooking, transportation, and thermal services through improvement of natural gas supply systems throughout the country. d) Promoting climate-smart rural electrification, including development of micro and mini-grid renewable generation for improved rural 13 GIZ & IISD in collaboration with the UNFCCC LDC Expert Group and the Adaptation Committee (2015). Guidebook for the development of national adaptation monitoring and evaluation systems. 14 The Five Year Development Plan II (FYDPII) states as targets for “Proportion of energy derived from renewable green Energy” 50% by 2020/21 and 70% by 2025/26.', '14 The Five Year Development Plan II (FYDPII) states as targets for “Proportion of energy derived from renewable green Energy” 50% by 2020/21 and 70% by 2025/26. However, under the plan this includes liquified petroleum gas. 15 As outlined in the Power System Master Plan (2016).Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 18 electrification. e) Reducing the consumption of charcoal in urban and rural areas by promoting affordable alternative energy sources through a regulation policy for charcoal production and use. Transport a) Promoting low emission transport systems through deployment of mass rapid transport system and investments in rail, maritime and road infrastructures, including high quality transport system and expansion/scaling up of BRT infrastructures. b) Promoting the use of renewable (clean) energy in transportation systems.', 'b) Promoting the use of renewable (clean) energy in transportation systems. c) Introduction and promotion of Non-Motorized Transport system and facilities and networks in both mega cities and metropolitan cities by 2030. Forestry a) Enhancing and upscaling implementation of participatory forest management programmes. b) Facilitating effective and co-ordinated implementation of actions that will enhance the contribution from the entire forest sector. c) Promote nationwide forest landscape restoration programmes and initiatives. Waste Management a) Promoting environmentally sound waste management practices that support reuse, reduce and recycle. b) Promoting waste to energy technologies.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 19 4.3 NDC Transparency A national MRV (Measurement, Reporting and Verification) system is essential in implementation of NDC, in particular mitigation efforts. A national MRV system has been established.', 'A national MRV system has been established. This system will be vital in tracking implementation of NDC in a transparent manner. 4.4 NDC Institutional Arrangement and Governance In order to achieve the NDC targets, Tanzania has committed to strong leadership by putting in place five components to ensure effective governance and institutional arrangement; presence of technical team of experts; data management; effective co-ordination, systems and tools; and participatory approaches involving public. These components are discussed below. Governance and institutional arrangements Governance and institutional arrangements include sectoral policies and national laws relevant for ensuring effective delivery of stipulated commitments, as well as institutional arrangement that mandate organisations to engage with financial, technological, and capacity building suppliers to enable the actions to be implemented.', 'Governance and institutional arrangements Governance and institutional arrangements include sectoral policies and national laws relevant for ensuring effective delivery of stipulated commitments, as well as institutional arrangement that mandate organisations to engage with financial, technological, and capacity building suppliers to enable the actions to be implemented. To track progress of implementation, the government has put in place a GHG inventory and MRV system that will be updated regularly to allowing assessment of the impact of mitigation actions. Tracking the progress of implementation of the adaptation actions across sectors, a regular vulnerability assessment will be conducted to allow assessment of the impact of adaptation. This will be linked with the existing national monitoring and evaluation frameworks including the guidelines for monitoring and evaluation framework for climate change adaptation (2012).', 'This will be linked with the existing national monitoring and evaluation frameworks including the guidelines for monitoring and evaluation framework for climate change adaptation (2012). For the GHG inventory system, emission estimates will be compiled at the national level and then disaggregated to the Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 20 The institutional arrangement for implementation of the NDC (Figure 3) is in alignment with the National Climate Change Response Strategy (2021) and the Zanzibar Climate Change Strategy (2014), and links closely to the GHG inventory and MRV system. The arrangement provides for transparency in data supply, processing, approval, and reporting.', 'The arrangement provides for transparency in data supply, processing, approval, and reporting. The institutional arrangement comprises of the following key institutions: a) The Vice President’s Office (VPO) is responsible for (Environment) Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the overall implementation of the NDC. b) National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) and Zanzibar Climate Change Steering Committee (ZCCSC) are responsible for guiding the coordination and implementation of the NDC and providing policy guidance and ensure coordination of actions as well as cross sectoralparticipation. c) National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) and Zanzibar Climate Change Technical Committee (ZCCTC) are responsible for providing technical advice to the National Designated Authority (NDA) office after receiving and perusal of the information from National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC).', 'c) National Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) and Zanzibar Climate Change Technical Committee (ZCCTC) are responsible for providing technical advice to the National Designated Authority (NDA) office after receiving and perusal of the information from National Carbon Monitoring Centre (NCMC). d) Sector Ministries are responsible for implementing the adaptation and mitigation interventions, in collaboration with Local Government Authorities (LGAs). e) National Carbon Monitoring Centre at the Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA) is responsible for overall planning, coordination, and management of MRV system, which include adaptation information. Each of the sectoral ministries in collaboration with respective local government authority will prepare sector specific initiatives.', 'Each of the sectoral ministries in collaboration with respective local government authority will prepare sector specific initiatives. Each initiative should consist details on specific actions to be undertaken and how they will be achieved; time frame for implementing the initiative; the GHG emission reduction to be achieved; means to tracking progress; source of funding; and where appropriate the development of Nationally Appropriate MitigationTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 21 Actions (NAMA), the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as well as REDD+ implementation in order to attract international climate finance. Technical experts For effective delivery of intended output, each sector ministry will identify a technical team of experts capable of gathering and processing the required data as well as tracking and quantifying the mitigation and adaptation actions and associated financial flows.', 'Technical experts For effective delivery of intended output, each sector ministry will identify a technical team of experts capable of gathering and processing the required data as well as tracking and quantifying the mitigation and adaptation actions and associated financial flows. The team will have a suitable back-up expertise and appropriate training. Data flows For an effective implementation and tracking of progress of the mitigation and adaptation actions, sector ministries in collaboration with local government authorities will play a role in the collection of high-quality information and data as well as reporting. For efficient and effective data flow, specific aspects of data management, gathering and quality in the MRV System will be considered.', 'For efficient and effective data flow, specific aspects of data management, gathering and quality in the MRV System will be considered. Co-ordination systems and tools There will be an effective system, for managing the production and archiving of data and analysis for GHG inventories, mitigation and adaptation actions and financial flows, which will include tools and co-ordination systems that range from Excel spread sheets to project management systems to extensive database tools such as the MRV Portal. The tools will depend on the expertise, resources, and available circumstances in order to support the process.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 22 Figure 3: Institutional arrangements for NDC implementation.', 'The tools will depend on the expertise, resources, and available circumstances in order to support the process.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 22 Figure 3: Institutional arrangements for NDC implementation. (Source: Tanzania GHGs Inventory Report and MRV System, 2018) 5. FINANCING MECHANISMS OF THE NDC This NDC implementation plan depends largely on climate finance mechanism under UNFCCC, bilateral and multilateral Climate Financing sources. To ensure that there are sustainable financial arrangements, in collaboration with the ministries of finance and planning, both VPO and FVPO (Zanzibar) will work closely with relevant sectoral ministries, LGAs, private sectors, civil societies, faith-based organisations, and other stakeholders in resource mobilization for the implementation of key actions stipulated in the NDC. Possible sources of funding are explained below.', 'Possible sources of funding are explained below. Multilateral funds Under multilateral funding (Figure 4), the operationalization of the Financial Mechanism is entrusted to several international entities, like the GlobalTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 23 Environment Facility (GEF), which are for instance hosting the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) and the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF). The Adaptation Fund is linked to Article 11 of the Convention as well. Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) typically provide funding through their own lending programs and funding channels.', 'Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) typically provide funding through their own lending programs and funding channels. Figure 4 provides an overview of the multilateral funds and programs that have been established under the UNFCCC, as part of the foreseen financial assistance from Parties with more resources to those less endowed and more vulnerable (Articles 11 of the Convention), as well lists some of the main dedicated multilateral climate funds and programs that are being managed by the major Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs). Bilateral funds and programmes Besides their conventional (climate) development aid funding, some key bilateral donor funders have established dedicated climate initiatives to support the development and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation activities internationally.', 'Bilateral funds and programmes Besides their conventional (climate) development aid funding, some key bilateral donor funders have established dedicated climate initiatives to support the development and implementation of climate change mitigation and adaptation activities internationally. These dedicated bilateral programs and funds are also less concerned about incremental costs or additionality of climate change interventions. They mostly apply specific, dedicated climate- change/environmental project selection and general investment criteria. These include co-funding and expertise, and management and financial capabilities of implementing organizations. Figure 4 provide details of main bilateral climate funds and programmes.Tanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 24 Figure 4: Overview of climate change financing. (Source: Tanzania GHGs Inventory Report and MRV System, 2018) Private investors This includes portfolio investors, corporations and private banks that make investments primarily in the form of either debt or equity.', '(Source: Tanzania GHGs Inventory Report and MRV System, 2018) Private investors This includes portfolio investors, corporations and private banks that make investments primarily in the form of either debt or equity. Life insurance companies, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds and endowments are among potential sources of domestic and foreign private-sector climate finance. Non-governmental, philanthropic, and social investors Many national and international NGOs or civil society organizations, as well as foundations and other philanthropic (charitable) organizations either apply for public adaptation funding or use resources they otherwise raised to finance adaptation projects. These funds are attractive for developing countries because, unlike traditional private finance, the investors may accept lowerTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25 returns as a trade-off for delivering a social impact.', 'These funds are attractive for developing countries because, unlike traditional private finance, the investors may accept lowerTanzania’s Nationally Determined Contribution 25 returns as a trade-off for delivering a social impact. Foundations and NGOs even provide, albeit in smaller amounts, grant funding without any expectations of returns on the investment. Some of these organizations have been instrumental in involving private-sector companies in pilot projects related to climate change. 6. NDC MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION This NDC estimates a total budget of USD 19,232,170,000 for its implementation. However, Tanzania’s effective capacity to undertake strong adaptation and mitigation actions requires resources beyond domestic resources, thus NDC implementation depends largely on support from the international community.', 'However, Tanzania’s effective capacity to undertake strong adaptation and mitigation actions requires resources beyond domestic resources, thus NDC implementation depends largely on support from the international community. Moreover, effective implementation of the identified mitigation and adaptation components to the United Republic of Tanzania’s GHG reduction and climate resilient development efforts will require timely access to adequate and predictable financial resources, access to appropriate technologies, availability of appropriate knowledge and skills, institutional linkages, and capacity building. The NDC Implementation Plan provides costed prioritized actions per sector to guide stakeholders in supporting the implementation of this NDC in Tanzania Mainland and Zanzibar. 7. NDC REVIEW PROCESSES The implementation of the NDC is based on the country’s various policies, development programmes, strategies, and action plans, which are set to be reviewed regularly.', 'NDC REVIEW PROCESSES The implementation of the NDC is based on the country’s various policies, development programmes, strategies, and action plans, which are set to be reviewed regularly. Therefore, the NDC will be reviewed in a participatory manner and in accordance with the Article 4 of the Paris Agreement to reflect the emerging needs, changes, and ambition level.'] | en-US |
358 | USA | United States of America | LTS | 2016-11-16 00:00:00 | null | null | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/application/pdf/mid_century_strategy_report-final_red.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Northern America | 0 | 5,107.261077 | 1,788.255032 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/84e6b1ea0247a3a8999983feb4c47dff42d0f1d16680df17e4d1b3728e883066.pdf | ['United States Mid-Century Strategy FOR DEEP DECARBONIZATIONContents ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 Benefits of Limiting Climate Change 22 Developing a Mid-Century Strategy 23 2. U.S. GHG EMISSIONS AND TRENDS 24 Progress to Date 25 The MCS Analysis 29 Overview of The MCS Scenarios 30 Central Elements of the U.S. MCS Vision 33 The Role of Public Policy 34 The Mid-Century Strategy and the U.S. Economy 37 4. DECARBONIZING THE U.S. ENERGY SYSTEM 40 Cross-Cutting Priorities 43 Electric Power Sector 45 Transportation Sector 53 Buildings Sector 59 Industrial Sector 63 5.', 'DECARBONIZING THE U.S. ENERGY SYSTEM 40 Cross-Cutting Priorities 43 Electric Power Sector 45 Transportation Sector 53 Buildings Sector 59 Industrial Sector 63 5. STORING CARBON AND REDUCING EMISSIONS WITH U.S. LANDS 68 Croplands and Grazing Lands 77 Urban and Settlement Areas 80 Priorities for Policy, Innovation, and Research 82 Methane from Fossil Fuel Systems 89 Methane and Nitrous Oxide from Agriculture 90 Methane and Nitrous Oxide from Waste Streams 91 HFCs from Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 92 The Need for Global Action 94 Benefits of the World Acting Together on Climate 95 Role of Mid-Century Strategies in Coordinating Global Action 96Abbreviations & Acronyms ARPA-E Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy BAU business as usual BECCS \x07 Carbon beneficial forms of biomass used for bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage BEV battery electric vehicle BLM Bureau of Land Management BR Biennial Report BT Billion-Ton Report Btu British thermal unit CAFE corporate average fuel economy CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition CCS carbon capture and storage CCUS carbon capture, utilization, and storage CEQ Council on Environmental Quality methane CHP combined heat and power carbon dioxide e carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of the Parties DOD United States Department of Defense DOE United States Department of Energy DOI United States Department of the Interior DOS United States Department of State DOT United States Department of Transportation EC-LEDS Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies EIA United States Energy Information Administration EOP Executive Office of the President EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EV electric vehicle FCEV fuel cell electric vehicle FIA Forest Inventory and Analysis FWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service GCAM Global Change Assessment ModelGDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GTM global timber model GW gigawatts GWP global warming potential HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon HDV heavy-duty vehicle HFC hydrofluorocarbon HUD United States Department of Housing and Urban Development HWP harvested wood products IFM improved forest management IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kt kiloton kWh kilowatt-hour LDV light-duty vehicle LEDS low emission development strategies LULUCF land use, land-use change, and forestry MAC marginal abatement cost MCS Mid-Century Strategy MELs miscellaneous electric loads mpg miles per gallon MSW municipal solid waste Mt million metric tons MW megawatts O nitrous oxide NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDC nationally determined contribution NEMS National Energy Modeling System NEPA National Environmental Policy Act nitrogen trifluoride PFC perfluorocarbon R&D research and development RD&D research, development, and demonstration RDD&D research, development, demonstration, and deployment REDD+ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ROOTS rhizosphere observations optimizing terrestrial sequestration RPS renewable portfolio standard sulfur hexafluoride SNAP Significant New Alternatives Policy TERRA Transportation Energy Resources from Renewable Agriculture UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change U.S. United States USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFAS United States Forest Assessment System USFS United States Forest Service USGCRP United States Global Change Research Program USGS United States Geological SurveyExecutive Summary Executive SummaryExecutive Summary Human activities, particularly CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, have driven atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration levels higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (IPCC 2013).', 'STORING CARBON AND REDUCING EMISSIONS WITH U.S. LANDS 68 Croplands and Grazing Lands 77 Urban and Settlement Areas 80 Priorities for Policy, Innovation, and Research 82 Methane from Fossil Fuel Systems 89 Methane and Nitrous Oxide from Agriculture 90 Methane and Nitrous Oxide from Waste Streams 91 HFCs from Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 92 The Need for Global Action 94 Benefits of the World Acting Together on Climate 95 Role of Mid-Century Strategies in Coordinating Global Action 96Abbreviations & Acronyms ARPA-E Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy BAU business as usual BECCS \x07 Carbon beneficial forms of biomass used for bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage BEV battery electric vehicle BLM Bureau of Land Management BR Biennial Report BT Billion-Ton Report Btu British thermal unit CAFE corporate average fuel economy CCAC Climate and Clean Air Coalition CCS carbon capture and storage CCUS carbon capture, utilization, and storage CEQ Council on Environmental Quality methane CHP combined heat and power carbon dioxide e carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of the Parties DOD United States Department of Defense DOE United States Department of Energy DOI United States Department of the Interior DOS United States Department of State DOT United States Department of Transportation EC-LEDS Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies EIA United States Energy Information Administration EOP Executive Office of the President EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency EV electric vehicle FCEV fuel cell electric vehicle FIA Forest Inventory and Analysis FWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service GCAM Global Change Assessment ModelGDP gross domestic product GHG greenhouse gas GTM global timber model GW gigawatts GWP global warming potential HCFC hydrochlorofluorocarbon HDV heavy-duty vehicle HFC hydrofluorocarbon HUD United States Department of Housing and Urban Development HWP harvested wood products IFM improved forest management IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change kt kiloton kWh kilowatt-hour LDV light-duty vehicle LEDS low emission development strategies LULUCF land use, land-use change, and forestry MAC marginal abatement cost MCS Mid-Century Strategy MELs miscellaneous electric loads mpg miles per gallon MSW municipal solid waste Mt million metric tons MW megawatts O nitrous oxide NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NDC nationally determined contribution NEMS National Energy Modeling System NEPA National Environmental Policy Act nitrogen trifluoride PFC perfluorocarbon R&D research and development RD&D research, development, and demonstration RDD&D research, development, demonstration, and deployment REDD+ reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ROOTS rhizosphere observations optimizing terrestrial sequestration RPS renewable portfolio standard sulfur hexafluoride SNAP Significant New Alternatives Policy TERRA Transportation Energy Resources from Renewable Agriculture UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change U.S. United States USDA United States Department of Agriculture USFAS United States Forest Assessment System USFS United States Forest Service USGCRP United States Global Change Research Program USGS United States Geological SurveyExecutive Summary Executive SummaryExecutive Summary Human activities, particularly CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion, have driven atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) concentration levels higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (IPCC 2013). As a result, the Earth has warmed at an alarming rate over the past century, with average temperatures increasing by more than 0.8°C (1.5°F) (NCA 2014).', 'As a result, the Earth has warmed at an alarming rate over the past century, with average temperatures increasing by more than 0.8°C (1.5°F) (NCA 2014). The consequences are already severe. Heat waves and droughts are more common, wildfire seasons are longer and fires larger and more costly, and extreme weather is becoming more intense and unpredictable. Left unchecked, from 2000 to 2100, global average temperature increases of 2 to 5°C (3.6 to 9°F) and sea level rise of two to four feet are likely, and much larger increases are possible (USGCRP 2014, IPCC 2013). Climate change will reduce long-run economic growth and jeopardize national security.', 'Climate change will reduce long-run economic growth and jeopardize national security. With the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, the world took a decisive step toward avoiding the most dangerous impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Consistent with this objective, Parties aim to balance GHG emissions sources and sinks in the second half of this century or, in effect, achieve net-zero global GHG emissions. Countries have submitted near-term targets to address GHG emissions, called “nationally determined contributions” or NDCs, and will review and extend these targets every five years.', 'Countries have submitted near-term targets to address GHG emissions, called “nationally determined contributions” or NDCs, and will review and extend these targets every five years. The Paris Agreement further invited countries to develop by 2020 “mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies.” This document answers that call, laying out a strategy to deeply decarbonize the U.S. economy by 2050. THE UNITED STATES MID-CENTURY STRATEGY As the world’s largest economy and second largest GHG emitter, the United States plays an important role in the global response to climate change. Before President Obama entered office, forecasts projected that U.S. emissions would grow indefinitely. Instead, carbon pollution from energy is down 9 percent since 2008.', 'Instead, carbon pollution from energy is down 9 percent since 2008. The economy has grown by 10 percent over this period, proving that emissions reductions can co-exist with a strongly growing economy. The United States has set targets to reduce GHG emissions in the range of 17 percent in 2020 and 26-28 percent in 2025, with both goals defined relative to 2005 levels. As described in the U.S. Second Biennial Report (DOS 2016), the United States is on track to achieve its 2020 target and has laid the foundation for achieving its 2025 target.', 'As described in the U.S. Second Biennial Report (DOS 2016), the United States is on track to achieve its 2020 target and has laid the foundation for achieving its 2025 target. Individual U.S. states have also taken important actions to reduce GHG emissions, such as California’s economy-wide Global Warming Solutions Act and the nine-state Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative that addresses power sector emissions in the Northeast, as well as renewable portfolio standards in 29 states and energy efficiency resource standards in 20 states. At the same time, the United States recognizes the need for deeper emissions reductions to constrain global temperature increases.', 'At the same time, the United States recognizes the need for deeper emissions reductions to constrain global temperature increases. In 2009, the United States joined the “Group of Eight” nations in calling for global emissions reductions of 50 percent by 2050, including reductions of 80 percent or more by developed countries. The U.S. NDC to the Paris Agreement noted that a 26-28 percent reduction in 2025 is consistent with a straight-line emissions reduction pathway to economy-wide emission reductions of 80 percent or more by 2050. In keeping with these previously stated objectives, the United States is presenting a mid-century strategy (MCS) that envisions economy-wide net GHG emissions reductions of 80 percent or more below 2005 levels by 2050.', 'In keeping with these previously stated objectives, the United States is presenting a mid-century strategy (MCS) that envisions economy-wide net GHG emissions reductions of 80 percent or more below 2005 levels by 2050. The United States MCS charts a path that is achievable, consistent with the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement, and an acceleration of existing market trends. It will require increasingly ambitious decarbonization policies and support for continued innovation. The pace of emissions reductions will need to double after 2020 to achieve the 2025 target, and the United States will need to sustain that accelerated pace through 2050.', 'The pace of emissions reductions will need to double after 2020 to achieve the 2025 target, and the United States will need to sustain that accelerated pace through 2050. The MCS demonstrates how the United States can meet the growing demands on its energy system and lands while achieving a low-emissions pathway, maintaining a thriving economy, and ensuring a just transition for Americans whose livelihoods are connected to fossil fuel production and use. It also shows how the momentum of technological progress created by global commitments to low-carbon innovation and policies will enable increasingly ambitious climate action from all countries.DEVELOPING A VISION FOR 2050 The mid-century vision described in this report is grounded in decades of research and analysis by the U.S. government.', 'It also shows how the momentum of technological progress created by global commitments to low-carbon innovation and policies will enable increasingly ambitious climate action from all countries.DEVELOPING A VISION FOR 2050 The mid-century vision described in this report is grounded in decades of research and analysis by the U.S. government. It draws heavily on peer-reviewed academic literature and is informed by a wealth of studies on the decarbonization of energy systems and land sector carbon dynamics. The MCS was informed by the input received at a series of stakeholder listening sessions with non-governmental and private sector organizations in the summer of 2016 and by ongoing collaboration with Canada, Mexico, and other nations that are developing mid-century strategies.', 'The MCS was informed by the input received at a series of stakeholder listening sessions with non-governmental and private sector organizations in the summer of 2016 and by ongoing collaboration with Canada, Mexico, and other nations that are developing mid-century strategies. Underpinning the MCS vision is a set of low-GHG pathways developed using up-to-date data and modeling of the energy and land sectors. We explore numerous pathways due to uncertainties related to technologies, economic conditions, and social dynamics over the coming decades. We envision flexible policies that support a broad portfolio of existing and emerging low- GHG technologies and enable shifts in course as technologies evolve over time.', 'We envision flexible policies that support a broad portfolio of existing and emerging low- GHG technologies and enable shifts in course as technologies evolve over time. The purpose of the MCS analysis is not to predict near-term policymaking, model the future U.S. energy and land sectors with precision, or encompass the full range of possible low-GHG pathways, but rather to describe key opportunities and challenges associated with our illustrative pathways, and highlight findings that are robust across scenarios.', 'The purpose of the MCS analysis is not to predict near-term policymaking, model the future U.S. energy and land sectors with precision, or encompass the full range of possible low-GHG pathways, but rather to describe key opportunities and challenges associated with our illustrative pathways, and highlight findings that are robust across scenarios. The MCS scenarios include numerous pathways to an 80 percent reduction below 2005 levels in 2050 (including an “MCS Benchmark” scenario that we use as a basis for discussion and comparison throughout this report), and a “Beyond 80” scenario that shows deeper emissions reductions enabled by the innovation prompted by greater global climate action. DRIVING DOWN NET GHG EMISSIONS Achieving deep economy-wide net GHG emissions reductions will require three major categories of action: I.', 'DRIVING DOWN NET GHG EMISSIONS Achieving deep economy-wide net GHG emissions reductions will require three major categories of action: I. \x07 Transitioning to a low-carbon energy system, by cutting energy waste, decarbonizing the electricity system and deploying clean electricity and low carbon fuels in the transportation, buildings, and industrial sectors; II. \x07 Sequestering carbon through forests, soils, and CO2 removal technologies, by bolstering the amount of carbon stored and sequestered in U.S. lands (“the land sink”) and deploying CO2 removal technologies like carbon beneficial bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS),1 which can provide “negative emissions”; and III. \x07 Reducing non-CO2 emissions, such as methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, which result mainly from fossil fuel production, agriculture, waste, and refrigerants.', '\x07 Reducing non-CO2 emissions, such as methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, which result mainly from fossil fuel production, agriculture, waste, and refrigerants. Figure E1 displays three illustrative pathways for achieving 80 percent GHG emissions reductions by 2050. All three portray the transformation to a low-carbon energy system, with reductions in energy system CO2 emissions of 74 to 86 percent across scenarios. Greater success in delivering negative emissions through the land sector sink and CO2 removal technologies eases the burden on GHG emissions reductions in other sectors. However, since the potential for increased land sector carbon sequestration remains uncertain and the economic viability of negative emissions technologies remains to be demonstrated, we also plan for outcomes in which our ability to achieve negative emissions is limited.', 'However, since the potential for increased land sector carbon sequestration remains uncertain and the economic viability of negative emissions technologies remains to be demonstrated, we also plan for outcomes in which our ability to achieve negative emissions is limited. The success of the MCS is therefore not contingent upon the successful emergence of BECCS or any other single technology. In this report, we outline the critical technologies and strategies required for achieving at least 80 percent reductions by 2050, highlighting in each area how the United States can cost-effectively accelerate innovation, drive down emissions, and maintain and enhance the land sink.', 'In this report, we outline the critical technologies and strategies required for achieving at least 80 percent reductions by 2050, highlighting in each area how the United States can cost-effectively accelerate innovation, drive down emissions, and maintain and enhance the land sink. A significant portion of this report is devoted to the actions needed in the land sector, including the development of carbon-beneficial forms of biomass and negative emissions technologies, because they have not received as much in-depth treatment elsewhere.', 'A significant portion of this report is devoted to the actions needed in the land sector, including the development of carbon-beneficial forms of biomass and negative emissions technologies, because they have not received as much in-depth treatment elsewhere. Executive Summary Throughout this and other chapters when we refer to biomass or bioenergy used under the Mid-Century Strategy, we are indicating only those sources of biomass that result in net reductions of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, or “carbon beneficial forms of biomass.”TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ENERGY SYSTEM The energy system—including electricity, residential and commercial buildings, industry, and transportation—is responsible for about 80 percent of U.S. GHG emissions.', 'Executive Summary Throughout this and other chapters when we refer to biomass or bioenergy used under the Mid-Century Strategy, we are indicating only those sources of biomass that result in net reductions of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, or “carbon beneficial forms of biomass.”TRANSITION TO A LOW-CARBON ENERGY SYSTEM The energy system—including electricity, residential and commercial buildings, industry, and transportation—is responsible for about 80 percent of U.S. GHG emissions. The MCS envisions deep emission reductions through the following three levers: • \x07 Cutting energy waste: Energy efficiency improvements enable the energy system to provide the services we need with fewer resources and emissions.', 'The MCS envisions deep emission reductions through the following three levers: • \x07 Cutting energy waste: Energy efficiency improvements enable the energy system to provide the services we need with fewer resources and emissions. Over the past several years, the United States has demonstrated that programs and standards to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, appliances and vehicles can cost-effectively cut carbon pollution and lower energy bills, while maintaining significant support from U.S. industry and consumers. Technological advancements will further expand the opportunities for cost-effective energy efficiency improvements. “Smart growth” strategies can also reduce the country’s structural energy needs, for example, through improved urban design that supports alternative transit options. In the MCS Benchmark scenario, primary energy use declines by over 20 percent between 2005 and 2050.', 'In the MCS Benchmark scenario, primary energy use declines by over 20 percent between 2005 and 2050. • \x07 Decarbonizing the electricity system: By 2050, nearly all fossil fuel electricity production can be replaced by low carbon technologies, including renewables, nuclear, and fossil fuels or bioenergy combined with carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Current electricity grids can handle near-term rapid expansion of variable energy sources like solar and wind, and with additional flexibility through, for example, demand response, electricity storage, and transmission improvements, variable renewables have the potential to provide the majority of our electricity by mid-century (NREL 2012). Figure E2 shows the annual average additions in electricity generating capacity in the MCS Benchmark scenario.', 'Figure E2 shows the annual average additions in electricity generating capacity in the MCS Benchmark scenario. The corresponding electricity generation mix in 2050 includes significant contributions from renewables (55 percent), nuclear (17 percent), and fossil fuels with CCUS (20 percent). While public policies will help to achieve this mix, existing market trends toward lower cost clean electricity will also play a critical role. • \x07 Shifting to clean electricity and low-carbon fuels in transportation, buildings, and industry: The vast majority of energy for transportation is currently provided by petroleum, while the industry and buildings sectors are powered by a mix of fuels including natural gas, coal, petroleum, and electricity.', '• \x07 Shifting to clean electricity and low-carbon fuels in transportation, buildings, and industry: The vast majority of energy for transportation is currently provided by petroleum, while the industry and buildings sectors are powered by a mix of fuels including natural gas, coal, petroleum, and electricity. With a clean electricity system comes opportunities to reduce fossil fuel usage in these sectors: for example, electric vehicles displace petroleum use and electric heat pumps avoid the use of natural gas and oil for space and water heating in buildings. The electricity generating capacity additions displayed in Figure E2 are therefore needed not only to decarbonize the electricity sector but also to electrify the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors.', 'The electricity generating capacity additions displayed in Figure E2 are therefore needed not only to decarbonize the electricity sector but also to electrify the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors. Other low-carbon fuels like hydrogen and carbon-beneficial forms Executive Summary E Technologies Removal Land Sink Net GHG Multiple pathways to 80 percent GHG reductions by 2050 are achievable through large reductions in energy CO2 emissions, smaller reductions in non-CO2 emissions, and delivering negative emissions from land and CO2 removal technologies. Note: “No CO2 removal tech” assumes no availability of negative emissions technologies like BECCS. FIGURE E1: U.S. NET GHG EMISSIONS UNDER THREE MCS SCENARIOSof biomass will also play an important role, particularly for energy uses that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, long-haul trucking, and heat production in certain industrial sectors.', 'FIGURE E1: U.S. NET GHG EMISSIONS UNDER THREE MCS SCENARIOSof biomass will also play an important role, particularly for energy uses that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, long-haul trucking, and heat production in certain industrial sectors. In the MCS Benchmark scenario, direct fossil fuel use (i.e., not including electricity generated using fossil fuels) decreases by 58 percent, 55 percent, and 63 percent in buildings, industry, and transportation, respectively, from 2005 to 2050. The United States will achieve this energy transformation by (1) rapidly scaling investment in low-carbon innovation to deliver lower-cost technology options and (2) implementing decarbonization policies that continue to drive the deployment of efficient, low-carbon energy technologies.', 'The United States will achieve this energy transformation by (1) rapidly scaling investment in low-carbon innovation to deliver lower-cost technology options and (2) implementing decarbonization policies that continue to drive the deployment of efficient, low-carbon energy technologies. U.S. government-funded research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) has played a foundational role in spurring technological advances throughout the last century. With the full power of U.S. RD&D efforts unleashed on clean energy technologies, consistent with the Mission Innovation commitment to double clean energy RD&D spending, we can develop new technologies that will increase the pace and reduce the costs of decarbonization.', 'With the full power of U.S. RD&D efforts unleashed on clean energy technologies, consistent with the Mission Innovation commitment to double clean energy RD&D spending, we can develop new technologies that will increase the pace and reduce the costs of decarbonization. In addition, potential high impact technologies such as CCUS, advanced nuclear, and second generation biofuels are in early stages of development or commercial deployment; to achieve meaningful scale by mid-century, deployment programs may be needed to bring the first set of commercial-scale facilities to market.', 'In addition, potential high impact technologies such as CCUS, advanced nuclear, and second generation biofuels are in early stages of development or commercial deployment; to achieve meaningful scale by mid-century, deployment programs may be needed to bring the first set of commercial-scale facilities to market. Figure E3 shows that energy CO2 emissions under current near-term policies2 (blue shading) are not yet on a pathway to 80 percent reductions in net GHG emissions (red shading), confirming that longer-term and more ambitious policies are needed to achieve our mid-century goals.', 'Figure E3 shows that energy CO2 emissions under current near-term policies2 (blue shading) are not yet on a pathway to 80 percent reductions in net GHG emissions (red shading), confirming that longer-term and more ambitious policies are needed to achieve our mid-century goals. Modeling tools commonly utilize carbon prices as a proxy for a range of potential decarbonization policies.3 An analysis of the U.S. energy system by the Department of Energy shows that combined with successful innovation policies (including the Mission Innovation commitment), an effective carbon price that starts at $20 per metric ton in 2017 and increases steadily over time would be sufficient to put energy CO2 emissions on a pathway largely consistent with the MCS vision (Figure E3).', 'Modeling tools commonly utilize carbon prices as a proxy for a range of potential decarbonization policies.3 An analysis of the U.S. energy system by the Department of Energy shows that combined with successful innovation policies (including the Mission Innovation commitment), an effective carbon price that starts at $20 per metric ton in 2017 and increases steadily over time would be sufficient to put energy CO2 emissions on a pathway largely consistent with the MCS vision (Figure E3). The actual costs of emissions reductions could be higher or lower, depending on the rate of technological progress, the deployment of complementary policies, and numerous other factors.', 'The actual costs of emissions reductions could be higher or lower, depending on the rate of technological progress, the deployment of complementary policies, and numerous other factors. Executive Summary The range of projections under current policies is from the U.S. EIA’s Annual Energy Outlook 2016, which only includes policies finalized as of late 2015. For example, it includes vehicle GHG emissions/fuel economy standards through 2025. EIA’s model is currently being updated to include years 2040 to 2050. The technological progress embedded in the model inputs also assumes sustained investment in RDD&D and other complementary policies to bring down technology costs.', 'The technological progress embedded in the model inputs also assumes sustained investment in RDD&D and other complementary policies to bring down technology costs. GIGAWATTS/YEAR Geothermal Solar Wind Hydro Nuclear Biomass w/CCUS Biomass Gas w/CCUS Coal w/CCUS Gas Coal 20 GW projected about 2/3 of MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO HISTORICAL & 2016 Note: 2016 data are AEO 2016 reference case projections (EIA 2016a; MCS analysis). FIGURE E2: AVERAGE ANNUAL CAPACITY ADDITIONS BY FUEL, HISTORICAL AND MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOCombined with market trends, federal sector-specific regulations such as emissions standards for power plants, fuel economy standards, and appliance efficiency standards have achieved substantial emissions reductions. Future administrations have authority under existing statutes to continue using similar tools with increasing ambition which, along with expanded action at the local, state and regional level, could build a pathway to 80 percent emissions reductions or more.', 'Future administrations have authority under existing statutes to continue using similar tools with increasing ambition which, along with expanded action at the local, state and regional level, could build a pathway to 80 percent emissions reductions or more. A key priority for future policymakers is a transition to efficient carbon pricing over time, either by further optimizing an increasingly ambitious state/ local/sectoral approach, or by moving to an economy-wide policy mechanism. Carbon pricing will enable cost-effective emission reductions through market forces that encourage the development and deployment of the most cost-effective low carbon solutions across the economy.', 'Carbon pricing will enable cost-effective emission reductions through market forces that encourage the development and deployment of the most cost-effective low carbon solutions across the economy. In any scenario, the United States will need complementary policies as well, including programs and standards that encourage cost-effective energy efficiency improvements and infrastructure investments that support the emergence of low carbon solutions. SEQUESTERING CARBON THROUGH FORESTS, SOILS, AND CO2 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES U.S. landscapes will play an increasingly important role in supporting economy-wide decarbonization over the next 30 years. Some land uses and activities emit CO2 to the atmosphere and others remove it by sequestering CO2 in trees, plants, soils, and products.', 'Some land uses and activities emit CO2 to the atmosphere and others remove it by sequestering CO2 in trees, plants, soils, and products. In aggregate, U.S. lands have been a net “carbon sink” (more CO2 is sequestered than emitted) for the last three decades, largely due to millions of acres shifting into forest from other uses and the continued growth of trees on already forested lands (Oswalt et al. 2014). In 2014, the U.S. land carbon sink sequestered nearly 0.8 Gt of CO2 , offsetting 11 percent of economy-wide GHG emissions (EPA 2016). With early and sustained effort, maintaining and enhancing the land carbon sink beyond today’s levels could offset up to 45 percent of economy-wide emissions in 2050, with U.S. forests playing a central role.', 'With early and sustained effort, maintaining and enhancing the land carbon sink beyond today’s levels could offset up to 45 percent of economy-wide emissions in 2050, with U.S. forests playing a central role. Using three distinct land sector models and multiple scenarios, we find that this objective could be achieved by expanding U.S. forests by 40-50 million acres over the next 20-35 years. This would recover one-third of U.S. forestland lost since 1850. U.S. forests expanded by nearly 1 million acres annually over 1987-2012 (Figure E4), with federal agencies supporting tree planting on over 300,000 acres annually over 2006-2011 (Oswalt et al. 2014).', 'U.S. forests expanded by nearly 1 million acres annually over 1987-2012 (Figure E4), with federal agencies supporting tree planting on over 300,000 acres annually over 2006-2011 (Oswalt et al. 2014). An expansion of resources for these efforts will be needed if the country is to maintain the Executive Summary EMISSIONS (MMT) HISTORY STRETCH TECHNOLOGY + POLICY STRAIGHT-LINE PATHWAYS TO 74 - 86% REDUCTIONS IN 2050 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY + NO ADDITIONAL POLICY RANGE OF PROJECTIONS IN CASES Modeling by the U.S. Department of Energy in National Energy Modeling System. “Advanced Technology + No Additional Policy” assumes technologies achieve current DOE program goals. “Stretch Technology + Policy” assumes (1) carbon price of $20 per metric ton, starting in 2017 and increasing at 5 percent per year; (2) additional support for technological progress (such as through Mission Innovation).', '“Stretch Technology + Policy” assumes (1) carbon price of $20 per metric ton, starting in 2017 and increasing at 5 percent per year; (2) additional support for technological progress (such as through Mission Innovation). MCS scenarios in GCAM that achieve 80 percent reductions in economy-wide net GHG emissions show energy CO2 reductions of 74 to 86 percent. EMISSIONS UNDER CURRENT AND EXPANDED AMBITION POLICIEScurrent strength of its annual forest carbon sink. Additional forestry activities also contribute to emissions reductions, like increasing carbon storage levels in working forests and using wood to offset fossil fuel-intensive products. Emerging research also points to the opportunity to significantly increase carbon stored in cropland and grassland soils, creating potential to enhance agricultural productivity while generating a carbon sink of hundreds of millions of tons annually by 2050.', 'Emerging research also points to the opportunity to significantly increase carbon stored in cropland and grassland soils, creating potential to enhance agricultural productivity while generating a carbon sink of hundreds of millions of tons annually by 2050. Breakthrough innovations to increase soil mass and depth of commodity crops could massively expand U.S. soil carbon sink potential to multiple gigatons of carbon sequestration by mid-century, while also helping to improve soil quality, water and nutrient retention, and crop yields, all with minimal competition for land use. U.S. cropland, pasture, and forests can also support biomass supply to help decarbonize the energy sector, including delivering negative emissions through BECCS.', 'U.S. cropland, pasture, and forests can also support biomass supply to help decarbonize the energy sector, including delivering negative emissions through BECCS. New policies and programs will be required to ensure that biomass production is balanced with other critical priorities, including a robust land carbon sink, thriving wildlife habitat, sufficient food production, and other key land-based services. For the U.S. MCS, we find that biomass production in the range of 1 billion dry tons can be consistent with all of our land sector objectives, assuming efficient land management. Carbon accounting protocols based on the most up-to-date science Executive Summary MILLION ACRES 40‐50 million acres of forest expansion over the next 20‐35 years, where feasible for U.S. landowners, could sustain a robust land carbon sink. This would recover one‐third of forestland lost since 1850.', 'This would recover one‐third of forestland lost since 1850. MILLION ACRES Long‐term forestland trends Note: Historic data from 1800 to 2007 based on Kellogg (1909) and Oswalt et al. (2014). To account for uncertainty in observed forest expansion after 2007, this figure shows an average annual increase in forest area from 2007-2012 that reflects a longer-term average trend based on three separate data sources, including the FIA (1987-2007) as found in Oswalt 2014, the 2007 USDA Major Land Use Database (1992-2007) (Nickerson et al. 2011), and the 2015 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (1990-2015) (FAO 2016). The resulting average annual increase for the 2007-2012 period is 1.2 million acres/year. 2017-2035 projection based on analysis of forest expansion that could support the MCS Benchmark scenario.', '2017-2035 projection based on analysis of forest expansion that could support the MCS Benchmark scenario. Forest expansion is assumed to occur before 2035 in order to achieve desired 2050 carbon sink levels. HISTORICAL FOREST EXPANSION COMPARED TO POTENTIAL MCS FOREST EXPANSION BOX E1: THE ROLE OF CO2 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES In addition to the land carbon sink, CO2 removal technologies can capture atmospheric CO2 and either sequester it permanently in geologic formations or convert it for use in products. There are many potential methods, including pairing carbon-beneficial forms of bioenergy plus carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air capture, and accelerated rock weathering (Clarke et al. 2014). There is currently no large-scale deployment of these net carbon-negative technologies, and many questions remain regarding their potential costs, adverse side effects, and co- benefits.', 'There is currently no large-scale deployment of these net carbon-negative technologies, and many questions remain regarding their potential costs, adverse side effects, and co- benefits. However, most IPCC scenarios rely on CO2 removal technologies to stay below 2 °C of warming (IPCC 2014). BECCS is the most mature and well-understood CO2 removal technology to date, making it a useful representation of CO2 removal technologies in the MCS analysis; other options may ultimately prove to be less expensive or more scalable. Many removal technologies are still nascent and may require substantial RD&D before they would be ready for mass deployment.', 'Many removal technologies are still nascent and may require substantial RD&D before they would be ready for mass deployment. Investments in RD&D today can help to identify key negative emissions opportunities and provide an “insurance policy” in the event that emissions reductions are needed more rapidly than envisioned or if alternative mitigation strategies are difficult to achieve. The development of CO2 removal technologies is not a justification to continue emitting freely. They represent a suite of strategies that complement rather than substitute for emissions reductions.', 'They represent a suite of strategies that complement rather than substitute for emissions reductions. Even with extensive RD&D, we expect to have many years of cheaper emissions reduction opportunities to exploit in the energy and land sectors before needing to mobilize these technologies at scale.can ensure carbon beneficial forms of biomass, or only those sources that result in net reductions of CO2 to the atmosphere, are utilized to support U.S. decarbonization. An illustrative 2050 land use scenario consistent with MCS goals, which could entail 50 million acres of forest expansion and 40 million acres of biomass production from 2015 areas, would need to be managed carefully (Figure E5).', 'An illustrative 2050 land use scenario consistent with MCS goals, which could entail 50 million acres of forest expansion and 40 million acres of biomass production from 2015 areas, would need to be managed carefully (Figure E5). However, these changes can be made ecologically and economically feasible by focusing on opportunities to deliver multiple products and services on the same acre, including agroforestry, precision agriculture, and bioenergy crop-pasture rotational strategies. For example, in Iowa alone, an estimated 27 percent of cropland, or 7 million acres, may not be profitable in commodity crop production but could be well-suited to perennial grasses or agroforestry (Brandes et al. 2016).', 'For example, in Iowa alone, an estimated 27 percent of cropland, or 7 million acres, may not be profitable in commodity crop production but could be well-suited to perennial grasses or agroforestry (Brandes et al. 2016). Focusing nationally on such areas could minimize land use competition and help increase rural landowner incomes while delivering environmental benefits like improved soil health and reduced nutrient runoff. Taking greater climate action in the land sector requires incentive structures to encourage farmers, ranchers, and forest owners to sequester more carbon, along with appropriate policy and carbon accounting frameworks to ensure these incentives are consistent with our long-term climate goals.', 'Taking greater climate action in the land sector requires incentive structures to encourage farmers, ranchers, and forest owners to sequester more carbon, along with appropriate policy and carbon accounting frameworks to ensure these incentives are consistent with our long-term climate goals. This can create new revenue streams for rural communities, bolstering economic vitality in U.S. farming, ranching, and forestry sectors and creating new job opportunities for young farmers, ranchers, and foresters. The ability to support land carbon outcomes at the scale required for our 2050 goals will depend on both budgetary resources for incentives and innovative, science-based policy frameworks.', 'The ability to support land carbon outcomes at the scale required for our 2050 goals will depend on both budgetary resources for incentives and innovative, science-based policy frameworks. An important step in this direction, consistent with previous Administration proposals, is to continue improving crop insurance and related programs in order to further incentivize producers to choose production practices that minimize climate change impacts and that achieve multiple strategic carbon, conservation, and water goals for every dollar of federal investment. Looking ahead, comprehensive climate policy could provide additional resources for land carbon and related conservation incentives. REDUCING NON-CO EMISSIONS Methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases are powerful heat-trapping gases, currently responsible for 20 percent of total U.S. GHG emissions on a CO2 e) basis.', 'REDUCING NON-CO EMISSIONS Methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases are powerful heat-trapping gases, currently responsible for 20 percent of total U.S. GHG emissions on a CO2 e) basis. Absent ambitious climate action, they are projected to increase rapidly through 2050. The Obama Administration has already taken action to reduce non-CO2 emissions, providing an important foundation for future reductions. For example, the United States has promulgated policies to reduce methane leaks that can be costly to industry, and has collaborated with stakeholders on opportunities to reduce coalbed and agricultural emissions.', 'For example, the United States has promulgated policies to reduce methane leaks that can be costly to industry, and has collaborated with stakeholders on opportunities to reduce coalbed and agricultural emissions. LAND AREA (MILLION ACRES) Biomass Other land Settlement Wetlands Cropland Grasslands/Pasture Forest The results presented here exemplify a potential future U.S. land use scenario that could be consistent with the U.S. MCS vision, reflecting 50 million acres of forest expansion, 40 million acres of biomass production, 17 million acres of developed land expansion, and constant cropland levels compared to 2015 areas. Such a future would need to go hand in hand with strategies to minimize impacts to natural grasslands, natural forests, wetlands, and other high-value conservation areas.', 'Such a future would need to go hand in hand with strategies to minimize impacts to natural grasslands, natural forests, wetlands, and other high-value conservation areas. POTENTIAL 2050 LAND USE CHANGES CONSISTENT WITH THE MCS Executive SummaryHowever, there is much more to be done. The MCS envisions enhanced actions to further drive down non-CO2 emissions. This includes new and more stringent standards and incentives to reduce methane from oil and gas production and from landfills. In 2016 EPA took the first steps in the process of developing emissions standards for existing sources in the oil and gas sector. New technology and improved agricultural practices will support farmers and ranchers in reducing methane and N2 O from livestock operations and crop production.', 'New technology and improved agricultural practices will support farmers and ranchers in reducing methane and N2 O from livestock operations and crop production. In addition to current domestic and international programs to phase down HFCs, there are additional opportunities to address existing stock through new disposal and recycling programs and by bringing cost-effective alternative products to market. Even with ambitious action, non-CO2 emitting sectors remain a major source of emissions in 2050, due to challenges in monitoring emissions, lack of cost-effective substitutes, and increases in food production and other drivers of emissions (Figure E6). The MCS analysis does not account for any major technological advances that may be achievable with continued innovation and policy over the next few decades.', 'The MCS analysis does not account for any major technological advances that may be achievable with continued innovation and policy over the next few decades. The MCS envisions increased support for RD&D to identify and pursue these opportunities at scale. ACHIEVING DEEP DECARBONIZATION IN 2050 Figure E7 shows how the three major categories of actions described above—transitioning to a low-carbon energy system, sequestering carbon through forests, soils, and CO2 removal technologies, and reducing non-CO2 emissions—can all contribute to delivering reductions in net GHG emissions of at least 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. Figure E7 portrays the results of the MCS Benchmark scenario, just one of many different pathways to 80 percent reductions.', 'Figure E7 portrays the results of the MCS Benchmark scenario, just one of many different pathways to 80 percent reductions. The MCS envisions achieving the decarbonization displayed in Figure E7 through a broad suite of cost-effective public policies and investments, discussed in detail throughout the report and summarized in Box E2. The Obama Administration has taken action across all three categories of emissions, but achieving deep decarbonization will require longer-term and increasingly ambitious policy action.', 'The Obama Administration has taken action across all three categories of emissions, but achieving deep decarbonization will require longer-term and increasingly ambitious policy action. Executive Summary Livestock & Natural Gas, 6% O, Refrigeration & Air Fire Extinguishing & Other F‐Gas, 2% NO MITIGATION MCS BENCHMARK EMISSIONS (MT CO2 E) F‐gas Nitrous Oxide Methane Note: “MCS Benchmark” emissions are scaled to be consistent with EPA projections data used in the Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases report (EPA Report 2014) in order to reflect emissions consistent with U.S. GHG Inventory data. These projections include distinct activity assumptions from those used in GCAM model results displayed in other figures. “No Mitigation” scenarios estimates are per Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (Williams et al. 2014).', '“No Mitigation” scenarios estimates are per Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (Williams et al. 2014). MITIGATION BY 2050, COMPARED TO “NO MITIGATION” SCENARIOFIGURE E7: COMPONENTS OF 80 PERCENT GHG REDUCTIONS IN MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO III. REDUCE EMISSIONS II. SEQUESTER CARBON I. TRANSFORM THE ENERGY SYSTEM NO MITIGATION NET EMISSIONS (GIGATONS CO2 E) Transportation Buildings Industry Renewables Low Carbon Fuels Electrification F‐Gas O F‐Gas O Fossil Fuels w/CCUS NuclearExecutive Summary BOX E2: LONG-TERM U.S. MID-CENTURY STRATEGY POLICY PRIORITIES I. TRANSFORM TO A LOW- CARBON ENERGY SYSTEM II. SEQUESTER CARBON THROUGH FORESTS, SOILS, AND REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES III. REDUCE EMISSIONS \x86 \x86 \x07 Double clean energy innovation investment to yield new scaled-up solutions before mid-century for even the most challenging energy uses. \x86 \x86 \x07 Extend state/local policies and sectoral emissions regulations to continue driving deployment of clean technologies, shifting to economy-wide carbon pricing over time. \x86 \x86 \x07 Implement complementary policies to overcome barriers to the deployment of cost-effective energy efficiency and clean energy technologies.', '\x86 \x86 \x07 Implement complementary policies to overcome barriers to the deployment of cost-effective energy efficiency and clean energy technologies. \x86 \x86 \x07 Modernize electricity regulatory structures and markets to encourage flexible, reliable, cost-effective, and clean electricity generation. \x86 \x86 \x07 Scale up targeted support, including economic and workforce development, to ensure all Americans benefit from the low-carbon energy transition. \x86 \x86 \x07 Ramp up durable private land carbon incentives to support forest carbon- enhancing activities and soil carbon sequestration, underpinned by science- based carbon accounting protocols and policy frameworks. \x86 \x86 Quickly scale up forest restoration and expansion on federal lands. \x86 \x86 \x07 Reduce land use competition and land use change through research and policies to increase working land productivity and promote smart urban development.', '\x86 \x86 \x07 Reduce land use competition and land use change through research and policies to increase working land productivity and promote smart urban development. \x86 \x86 \x07 Support data collection and research to inform future policy, including mitigation “hot spot” mapping, quantification and breakthroughs for soil carbon potential, and improved U.S. GHG Inventory capabilities. \x86 \x86 \x07 Support development and deployment of CO2 removal technologies, including demonstrations and early-stage commercial deployment of carbon-beneficial BECCS. \x86 \x86 Support RD&D to measure and monitor diffuse methane sources. \x86 \x86 \x07 Enhance regulations to drive down methane emissions from waste and oil and gas. \x86 \x86 \x07 Scale up RD&D, technical assistance, and incentives for reducing nitrogen fertilizer application through precision agriculture, slow-release fertilizer, and other alternatives.', '\x86 \x86 \x07 Scale up RD&D, technical assistance, and incentives for reducing nitrogen fertilizer application through precision agriculture, slow-release fertilizer, and other alternatives. \x86 \x86 \x07 Scale up RD&D, technical assistance, and incentives to reduce livestock-related methane and methane capture strategies like anaerobic digesters and innovations like diet additives. \x86 \x86 \x07 Implement policies to phase down HFC use and properly dispose of HFC-using appliances and support RD&D for HFC alternatives.NET GHG EMISSIONS (MMT CO2 E) MCS VISION U.S. NDC: BEYOND 80 PERCENT: OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE HIGHER AMBITION Reducing net U.S. GHG emissions to 80 percent below 2005 levels will require a concerted and comprehensive effort to transform the energy system, bolster the land carbon sink, and reduce non-CO2 emissions in an economy experiencing strong and consistent growth.', '\x86 \x86 \x07 Implement policies to phase down HFC use and properly dispose of HFC-using appliances and support RD&D for HFC alternatives.NET GHG EMISSIONS (MMT CO2 E) MCS VISION U.S. NDC: BEYOND 80 PERCENT: OPPORTUNITY TO ACHIEVE HIGHER AMBITION Reducing net U.S. GHG emissions to 80 percent below 2005 levels will require a concerted and comprehensive effort to transform the energy system, bolster the land carbon sink, and reduce non-CO2 emissions in an economy experiencing strong and consistent growth. While these goals are ambitious, continued rapid clean energy technology development and deployment around the world will create a virtuous cycle in which ambition drives down costs, in turn eliciting greater ambition (Trancik 2015). A prime example of this global virtuous cycle is the recent rapid growth of the international solar energy market.', 'A prime example of this global virtuous cycle is the recent rapid growth of the international solar energy market. Policies in Germany and RD&D investments in the United States prompted manufacturing advances in China and elsewhere that significantly reduced solar panel costs, stimulating further increases in global demand (Graichen et al. 2016, Cox et al. 2015, CPI 2011). Now, solar energy is increasingly cost-competitive and is being deployed at a pace (over 10 GW per year in the United States) that would have been unthinkable a decade ago (Figure E9). A recent MIT study showed how the costs of solar and wind energy are likely to fall precipitously through 2030 due to the increased deployments that come out of the Paris Agreement pledges (Trancik 2015).', 'A recent MIT study showed how the costs of solar and wind energy are likely to fall precipitously through 2030 due to the increased deployments that come out of the Paris Agreement pledges (Trancik 2015). Compared to the MIT study, the MCS Benchmark scenario conservatively assumes a slower pace of cost reductions in solar energy through 2030, despite larger global deployments. Moreover, global capacity of solar energy triples between 2030 and 2050 in the MCS Benchmark scenario, underscoring the potential for deeper cost reductions by mid-century. Replicating this cycle across a broad portfolio of clean energy technologies could accelerate the pace of a cost-effective low carbon energy transition.', 'Replicating this cycle across a broad portfolio of clean energy technologies could accelerate the pace of a cost-effective low carbon energy transition. To plan for this outcome, we developed an illustrative “Beyond 80” scenario (Figure E8), in which emissions reductions greater than 80 percent by 2050 are made possible by the accelerated global diffusion of low carbon solutions. Such technological progress would significantly reduce the costs of decarbonization and enable all countries, including the United States, to ratchet up policy ambition and achieve deeper emissions reductions by 2050. The Beyond 80 pathway would entail even deeper and more rapid GHG reductions across all sectors and increase the importance of negative emissions.', 'The Beyond 80 pathway would entail even deeper and more rapid GHG reductions across all sectors and increase the importance of negative emissions. For example, an additional 5 GW per year of clean electricity generation capacity is needed in the Beyond 80 scenario compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, or a 9 percent increase in annual capacity additions. However, due to greater technological progress, the total costs of building and operating power plants are roughly the same in both scenarios. MCS PATHWAY Executive SummaryExecutive Summary THE MID-CENTURY STRATEGY AND THE U.S. ECONOMY The United States can achieve rapid emissions reductions while maintaining robust economic growth. The link between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the United States has weakened significantly over recent decades (Figure E10).', 'The link between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the United States has weakened significantly over recent decades (Figure E10). During the Obama Administration, the United States has experienced a sustained period of decreasing emissions and strong economic growth for the first time in history. From 2008 to 2015, energy CO2 emissions fell nine percent while the U.S. economy grew by 10 percent. Globally, there is evidence that this trend could be taking root as well. Over the last two years, the global economy grew by over six percent while energy emissions stayed flat. Ambitious and sustained global action on climate change is not just an environmental priority, it is also a pro-growth economic strategy.', 'Ambitious and sustained global action on climate change is not just an environmental priority, it is also a pro-growth economic strategy. Pursuing high-carbon strategies (or business as usual) will lead to large and possibly catastrophic damages to the future U.S. and global economies. Economic damages from climate change will arise from a range of impacts, including effects on human health, agriculture, sea level rise, and increasingly severe storms, droughts, and wildfires, among many others. Economists’ estimates of the magnitude of damages (in terms of reduced consumption) of a do-nothing strategy (resulting in about 4°C warming by 2100) range from about 1 to 5 percent of global gross domestic product, incurred every year (Nordhaus 2013).', 'Economists’ estimates of the magnitude of damages (in terms of reduced consumption) of a do-nothing strategy (resulting in about 4°C warming by 2100) range from about 1 to 5 percent of global gross domestic product, incurred every year (Nordhaus 2013). Other recent studies have projected significantly larger economic consequences of unmitigated climate change (Burke et al. 2015). Such a do-nothing approach will disproportionately harm the most vulnerable Americans, including children, the sick, the poor, and the elderly (USGCRP 2014, 2016). Of course, the transition to a low-GHG economy will require substantial shifts in resources.', 'Of course, the transition to a low-GHG economy will require substantial shifts in resources. The electric power sector is a prime example, where we need to invest in decarbonizing the electricity system and increasingly shift to using electricity in the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors over time. The MCS analysis finds annual average investments in electricity generating capacity of 0.4 to 0.6 percent of GDP from 2016 to 2050, which compares to 0.2 percent of GDP from 2000 to 2013 (IEA 2014). At the same time, expenditures on fossil fuels will decline considerably.', 'At the same time, expenditures on fossil fuels will decline considerably. GW $/WATT MEDIAN UTILITY‐SCALE PV INSTALLED COST TOTAL CAPACITY FIGURE E9: SOLAR ENERGY COSTS AND DEPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Clean energy innovation and global ambition create a virtuous cycle of technology cost reductions, enabling emissions reductions greater than 80 percent by 2050. Source: U.S. Department of Energy (2016b). Note: Costs in real 2015 dollars.The following principles can help to ensure that decarbonization policies create and preserve economic opportunities for all Americans: • \x07 Implement market-based policies that reward outcomes. Market-based policies encourage emissions reductions where and when they are most cost-effective, and they provide opportunities for all industries to contribute to a low- GHG economy.', 'Market-based policies encourage emissions reductions where and when they are most cost-effective, and they provide opportunities for all industries to contribute to a low- GHG economy. This leverages the ingenuity of U.S. businesses, which have repeatedly met stringent environment and safety standards with cost-saving innovations that often improved businesses’ bottom lines. • \x07 Act as quickly as possible. Increasing policy ambition sooner rather than later will benefit the U.S. economy. The MCS envisions an energy system transition over many decades, sending early signals to investors and workers and thus avoiding abrupt shifts in employment. Investing quickly in a lower-carbon infrastructure will ease the long-term transition and avoid the early retirement of productive assets later on.', 'Investing quickly in a lower-carbon infrastructure will ease the long-term transition and avoid the early retirement of productive assets later on. Similarly, in the land sector, taking swift action to increase carbon sequestration now will deliver much larger dividends by mid-century than if we delay. According to a recent Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) report, every decade of delayed climate policy increases the costs of meeting a given emissions target by about 40 percent. • \x07 Support Americans vulnerable to a low-GHG transition. By implementing the MCS over many decades, most American workers and businesses will have ample time to adjust to a changing economy, as they would need to do over any 34-year period.', 'By implementing the MCS over many decades, most American workers and businesses will have ample time to adjust to a changing economy, as they would need to do over any 34-year period. However, additional support may be needed for low-income households and for Americans who are particularly reliant on a high carbon economy. A prime example is President Obama’s proposed Power Plus Plan, a package of investments in economic and workforce development targeted to coal communities and workers, abandoned coal mine reclamation, and health and retirement security for coal miners and their families.', 'A prime example is President Obama’s proposed Power Plus Plan, a package of investments in economic and workforce development targeted to coal communities and workers, abandoned coal mine reclamation, and health and retirement security for coal miners and their families. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON CLIMATE Keeping global temperature increases well below 2°C in accord with the Paris Agreement is likely to require global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions no later than 2030, with rapid reductions thereafter to achieve net-zero GHG emissions as soon as possible.', 'INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON CLIMATE Keeping global temperature increases well below 2°C in accord with the Paris Agreement is likely to require global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions no later than 2030, with rapid reductions thereafter to achieve net-zero GHG emissions as soon as possible. Figure E11 shows that if all countries follow emissions pathways implied by their NDCs under the Paris Agreement and then implement rapid reductions starting in 2030, reaching net-zero global GHG emissions in 2080 would mean a roughly two-thirds chance of limiting warming to below 2°C in 2100.', 'Figure E11 shows that if all countries follow emissions pathways implied by their NDCs under the Paris Agreement and then implement rapid reductions starting in 2030, reaching net-zero global GHG emissions in 2080 would mean a roughly two-thirds chance of limiting warming to below 2°C in 2100. This MCS puts the United States on a trajectory to achieve net-zero Executive Summary ENERGY GDP RECESSION OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Since 2008, GDP has increased over 10% while energy CO2 has decreased more GDP Long-term GDP and CO2 trends Sources: GDP data per U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; emissions data per Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and U.S. Energy Information Administration.', 'This MCS puts the United States on a trajectory to achieve net-zero Executive Summary ENERGY GDP RECESSION OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Since 2008, GDP has increased over 10% while energy CO2 has decreased more GDP Long-term GDP and CO2 trends Sources: GDP data per U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; emissions data per Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and U.S. Energy Information Administration. U.S. ENERGY CO2 EMISSIONS AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTANNUAL GHG EMISSIONS (GT CO2 E) NET ZERO EMISSIONS SCENARIOS UNITED STATES 80% PROJECTED EMISSIONS INCLUDING PARIS TARGETS * PERCENT CHANCE OF GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN 2100 NET ZERO YEAR The United States MCS puts the nation on a path consistent with a successful global outcome. Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals will require increasing global ambition leading to 2030 and steep reductions to net-zero global GHG emissions following 2030.', 'Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals will require increasing global ambition leading to 2030 and steep reductions to net-zero global GHG emissions following 2030. We show the probability of staying below 2°C and 1.5°C across global scenarios by 2100. While there could be an overshoot of the Paris Agreement temperature objectives before 2100, achieving net-zero GHG emissions globally could bring temperatures below peak levels in 2100 and beyond. FIGURE E11: GLOBAL TRAJECTORIES TO NET-ZERO GHG EMISSIONS AND PROBABILITY OF GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES emissions decades before that. If all other countries adopted the 2020-2050 rate of U.S. decarbonization starting in 2030, global net-zero GHG emissions could be achieved by 2070.', 'If all other countries adopted the 2020-2050 rate of U.S. decarbonization starting in 2030, global net-zero GHG emissions could be achieved by 2070. Figure E11 also shows that if all countries follow their current NDCs, global emissions must sharply decline after 2030 to put the Paris Agreement temperature goals within reach. This underscores the importance of increasing global action between now and 2030, as reflected by the shaded triangle on the figure. The United States is releasing its MCS now in concert with two of its largest trading partners and economically integrated neighbors, Canada and Mexico.', 'The United States is releasing its MCS now in concert with two of its largest trading partners and economically integrated neighbors, Canada and Mexico. Both countries are implementing ambitious domestic actions, including a new Canadian carbon price rising to $50 per metric ton of CO2 by 2022 and Mexico’s Energy Transition Law, which will increase the share of clean electricity from 20 percent to 35 percent by 2024. The other major trading partners of the United States have set ambitious targets as well (Figure E12), underscoring the economic opportunities of a low carbon economy.', 'The other major trading partners of the United States have set ambitious targets as well (Figure E12), underscoring the economic opportunities of a low carbon economy. Germany is also releasing its MCS this week and many other countries, including China, India, the United Kingdom, and Norway, have either announced intentions to develop mid-century strategies or are already developing them, with plans to release in the coming months and years. We urge all nations to join in developing ambitious and transparent mid-century low-GHG emissions strategies and releasing them by 2018. Long-term planning is an iterative process; this report should not be viewed as a final, fixed product, but rather the beginning of an ongoing effort.', 'Long-term planning is an iterative process; this report should not be viewed as a final, fixed product, but rather the beginning of an ongoing effort. We encourage all countries to undertake similar ongoing efforts and to revisit their mid-century strategies at least every five years to assess progress and increase ambition wherever possible.', 'We encourage all countries to undertake similar ongoing efforts and to revisit their mid-century strategies at least every five years to assess progress and increase ambition wherever possible. We hope the U.S. MCS serves as a useful template for other countries undertaking long-term climate strategies and look forward to continued engagement on the development of our visions for a low-carbon future.Executive Summary OTHER U.S. TRADING PARTNERS EUROPEAN UNION CANADA CHINA MEXICO JAPAN SOUTH KOREA INDIA BRAZIL Emissions intensity of GDP below 2005 levels: 175 GW renewable energy generation by 2020 levels by 2030 37% below business as usual by 2030 25‐40% below baseline by 2030; Energy Transition Law: 25% clean energy by 2018, emissions around 2030 and make best efforts to peak early; Decrease carbon intensity 60‐65% below 2005 levels by 2030; Increase share of non‐fossil fuels in primary energy to around 20% by 2030; Increase forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters from 2005 Carbon price floor starting at $7.60/ton in Emissions below 1990 levels: Emissions below 2005 levels: Achieving 45% renewables by 2030 Note: Segment size represents country’s contribution to U.S. total trade volume (U.S. Census Bureau 2016).', 'We hope the U.S. MCS serves as a useful template for other countries undertaking long-term climate strategies and look forward to continued engagement on the development of our visions for a low-carbon future.Executive Summary OTHER U.S. TRADING PARTNERS EUROPEAN UNION CANADA CHINA MEXICO JAPAN SOUTH KOREA INDIA BRAZIL Emissions intensity of GDP below 2005 levels: 175 GW renewable energy generation by 2020 levels by 2030 37% below business as usual by 2030 25‐40% below baseline by 2030; Energy Transition Law: 25% clean energy by 2018, emissions around 2030 and make best efforts to peak early; Decrease carbon intensity 60‐65% below 2005 levels by 2030; Increase share of non‐fossil fuels in primary energy to around 20% by 2030; Increase forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters from 2005 Carbon price floor starting at $7.60/ton in Emissions below 1990 levels: Emissions below 2005 levels: Achieving 45% renewables by 2030 Note: Segment size represents country’s contribution to U.S. total trade volume (U.S. Census Bureau 2016). Total trade equals the value of imports from country plus U.S. exports to country.', 'Total trade equals the value of imports from country plus U.S. exports to country. Remainder of circle is comprised of other trading partners, the large majority of which have also developed NDCs. Aspirational goals are indicated in italics. FIGURE E12: CLIMATE COMMITMENTS OF MAJOR U.S. TRADE PARTNERSIntroductionIn the 1800s, scientists discovered that carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere affect Earth’s temperature through “the greenhouse effect.” By 1957, careful measurements confirmed that CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and global temperatures were gradually increasing in tandem.', 'FIGURE E12: CLIMATE COMMITMENTS OF MAJOR U.S. TRADE PARTNERSIntroductionIn the 1800s, scientists discovered that carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and other heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere affect Earth’s temperature through “the greenhouse effect.” By 1957, careful measurements confirmed that CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere and global temperatures were gradually increasing in tandem. By the turn of the 21st century, overwhelming scientific evidence had documented the existence and cause of global warming—the climate is changing at a rate not seen before by human civilization, caused by releases of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests and grasslands.', 'By the turn of the 21st century, overwhelming scientific evidence had documented the existence and cause of global warming—the climate is changing at a rate not seen before by human civilization, caused by releases of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests and grasslands. Recognizing the need for global action, countries around the world came together at the First World Climate Conference in 1979, calling on all governments “to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well- being of humanity.” In 1992, countries adopted an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with the objective of “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Despite these efforts, GHG emissions have continued to climb, and temperatures have increased along with them.', 'Recognizing the need for global action, countries around the world came together at the First World Climate Conference in 1979, calling on all governments “to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well- being of humanity.” In 1992, countries adopted an international treaty, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), with the objective of “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.” Despite these efforts, GHG emissions have continued to climb, and temperatures have increased along with them. Fifteen of the sixteen warmest years on record occurred between 2000 and 2015, and periods of extreme heat occur more regularly.', 'Fifteen of the sixteen warmest years on record occurred between 2000 and 2015, and periods of extreme heat occur more regularly. The warming of the oceans and melting of glaciers is causing sea levels to rise, making flooding more common when storms hit (U.S. Global Change Research Program 2014). Galvanized by over a century of science and growing international concern, in December 2015 more than 190 countries came together in Paris to adopt the most ambitious climate change agreement in history.', 'Galvanized by over a century of science and growing international concern, in December 2015 more than 190 countries came together in Paris to adopt the most ambitious climate change agreement in history. To avoid the worst effects of climate change, Parties to the Paris Agreement aim to undertake the rapid reductions in GHG emissions needed to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions and removals by sinks by the second half of this century, or “net-zero” GHG emissions before 2100. The Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C.', 'The Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C. At the core of the Paris Agreement are country-specific targets or “nationally determined contributions” (NDCs) for 2025 or 2030, and intentions to update these targets in five-year cycles. In addition to these near-term contributions, countries are also asked to engage in long-term planning. To this end, the Paris Agreement invites Parties to develop mid-century, long term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies.', 'To this end, the Paris Agreement invites Parties to develop mid-century, long term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies. These mid- century strategies will help to ensure that short-term targets are not designed as ends in themselves, but rather as means to more ambitious long-term actions to limit net GHG emissions in order to meet the Paris Agreement temperature objectives. This report presents the United States’ mid-century low-GHG emissions strategy (MCS), providing an ambitious vision to reduce net GHG emissions by 80 percent or more below 2005 levels by 2050.', 'This report presents the United States’ mid-century low-GHG emissions strategy (MCS), providing an ambitious vision to reduce net GHG emissions by 80 percent or more below 2005 levels by 2050. BENEFITS OF LIMITING CLIMATE CHANGE Left unchecked, from 2000 to 2100, global average temperature increases of 2 to 5°C (3.6 to 9°F) and sea level rise of two to four feet are likely, and much larger increases are possible (USGCRP 2014, IPCC 2013). Climate change will reduce long-run economic growth and jeopardize national security. Effects will include more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, floods and extreme weather events, degraded air quality, changing rainfall patterns, and disrupted ecosystems, all of which pose risks to human health and welfare.', 'Effects will include more frequent and severe heat waves, droughts, floods and extreme weather events, degraded air quality, changing rainfall patterns, and disrupted ecosystems, all of which pose risks to human health and welfare. Changes to the climate will disproportionately harm the most vulnerable Americans, including children, the sick, the poor, and the elderly (USGCRP 2014, 2016). According to the Pentagon, conflicts over natural resources and refugee flows are likely to increase around the world, and impediments to political stability such as poverty, environmental degradation, and weak political institutions will be heightened, making climate change an urgent and growing national security risk (DOD 2015a, 2015b).', 'According to the Pentagon, conflicts over natural resources and refugee flows are likely to increase around the world, and impediments to political stability such as poverty, environmental degradation, and weak political institutions will be heightened, making climate change an urgent and growing national security risk (DOD 2015a, 2015b). If the international community fails to take additional strong action to combat climate change, the damages from climate change will increase as temperatures rise, and scientists warn of critical thresholds (or “tipping points”) beyond which abrupt and/or irreversible changes to the climate or the biosphere could occur with catastrophic consequences for human civilization (Kopp et al. 2014). Such risks include mass extinctions (Kopp et al.', 'Such risks include mass extinctions (Kopp et al. 2014), dramatic changes in ocean currents, and the rapid melting of the Antarctic ice sheet (DeConto and Pollard 2016). The exact conditions that would lead to such global catastrophic consequences are poorly understood because they are so far outside the range of conditions of the readily observable past. IntroductionBut uncertainty is no reason for inaction. Just as we take precautions to avoid major risks in our own lives, and just as we expect governments to take precautions to avoid major risks to their citizens, deep decarbonization will protect Americans against the extreme risks of climate change. The benefits of decarbonizing the U.S. economy are not limited to avoided climate change.', 'The benefits of decarbonizing the U.S. economy are not limited to avoided climate change. In addition to CO2 , the combustion of fossil fuels emits harmful air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter. Air pollution is linked to premature mortality and a range of harmful health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular problems. In the United States, the number of particulate matter and ozone-related deaths attributed to emissions from power plants and mobile sources alone is 36,000 per year (Fann, Fulcher, and Baker 2013).4 With a decarbonized energy system would come cleaner air, and thus a healthier and more productive workforce (EPA 2011).', 'In the United States, the number of particulate matter and ozone-related deaths attributed to emissions from power plants and mobile sources alone is 36,000 per year (Fann, Fulcher, and Baker 2013).4 With a decarbonized energy system would come cleaner air, and thus a healthier and more productive workforce (EPA 2011). The continued development of cost-effective clean transportation fuels can help shield the U.S. economy from the economic harm caused by oil market volatility (Hamilton 1983, 2009; Kilian and Vigfusson 2014) and reduce our reliance on oil from foreign governments. Any serious strategy to achieve long-term decarbonization necessarily involves sustained reductions in oil consumption and thus the transition to sources of energy with less volatile prices (DOE 2016).', 'Any serious strategy to achieve long-term decarbonization necessarily involves sustained reductions in oil consumption and thus the transition to sources of energy with less volatile prices (DOE 2016). The world’s largest economies recognize that scaling up low-carbon technologies is not only essential to meeting the Paris Agreement, but also an economic opportunity. We are already seeing accelerated investment in low-carbon technologies— for example, global 2015 investment in renewable energy reached a record $286 billion (BNEF 2016). The International Energy Agency estimates that the Paris pledges could lead to $7.4 trillion in cumulative global investment in renewable energy through 2040 (IEA 2015). By investing in low-carbon solutions, American companies and workers can lead the clean energy and low carbon global economy of the 21st century.', 'By investing in low-carbon solutions, American companies and workers can lead the clean energy and low carbon global economy of the 21st century. The Paris Agreement signals a new era of prominence for climate change on the international stage, including the expectation of ambitious U.S. actions. Going forward, ambitious domestic action on climate change will be a prerequisite for credible leadership on the international stage, influencing multilateral and bilateral relationships with our most important political and economic allies. DEVELOPING A MID-CENTURY STRATEGY President Obama announced in March 2016 that the United States would complete a mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy and submit it to the UNFCCC secretariat before the end of the year.', 'DEVELOPING A MID-CENTURY STRATEGY President Obama announced in March 2016 that the United States would complete a mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy and submit it to the UNFCCC secretariat before the end of the year. Following that announcement, the President directed an interagency group led by the White House to assist with the development of the U.S. MCS. The MCS stands on the shoulders of decades of work across government agencies. It is based on robust literature related to U.S. decarbonization from peer-reviewed journal articles and studies conducted by private, public, and non-profit organizations.', 'It is based on robust literature related to U.S. decarbonization from peer-reviewed journal articles and studies conducted by private, public, and non-profit organizations. The MCS was further informed by the input received at a series of stakeholder listening sessions with non-governmental and private sector organizations, and by ongoing collaboration with other nations that are developing mid-century strategies, including Canada and Mexico. Finally, the MCS is supported by original analysis and modeling that portrays pathways to a low-GHG economy by 2050. The MCS analysis combines economy-wide modeling that encapsulates all sources and sinks of GHG emissions with more granular sector- specific models. We reference the results of this analysis throughout the remainder of this report, as we describe our vision for a mid-century low-GHG pathway.', 'We reference the results of this analysis throughout the remainder of this report, as we describe our vision for a mid-century low-GHG pathway. Introduction The estimate is for premature deaths in 2016, but it does not include regulations promulgated since the study was conducted in 2013, and therefore does not account for the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards or the Clean Power Plan, which will result in reduced reliance on fossil fuels and will therefore support MCS objectives of reducing GHG emissions as well as lowering premature mortality.U.S.', 'Introduction The estimate is for premature deaths in 2016, but it does not include regulations promulgated since the study was conducted in 2013, and therefore does not account for the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards or the Clean Power Plan, which will result in reduced reliance on fossil fuels and will therefore support MCS objectives of reducing GHG emissions as well as lowering premature mortality.U.S. GHG EMISSIONS AND TRENDSAnnual emissions of greenhouse gases in the United States increased throughout the 20th century, primarily due to the combustion of coal, natural gas, and petroleum to meet growing demand for energy services, but also due to agricultural activities, industrial processes, and changes in land use. U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions peaked in 2007 and have steadily declined since then.', 'U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions peaked in 2007 and have steadily declined since then. This trend is expected to continue over the next decade, in large part due to the policies finalized under the Obama Administration. However, additional ambitious policies are necessary to put the United States on a pathway to achieving the MCS. In this chapter, we describe current U.S. GHG emissions and near-term projections. PROGRESS TO DATE Since peaking in 2007, U.S. GHG emissions have declined. In 2014, net GHG emissions were 9 percent below 2005 levels (Figure 2.1). The United States has achieved even deeper reductions in energy-related CO2 emissions since 2014 (EIA 2016d).', 'The United States has achieved even deeper reductions in energy-related CO2 emissions since 2014 (EIA 2016d). Analysis by the Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) shows that while some of the decline in emissions since 2008 is due to lower- than-expected economic growth caused by the Great Recession of 2008-2009, major drivers include improvements in energy efficiency and the deployment of lower emissions technologies, including renewables and natural gas (EOP/CEA 2016). Much of this deployment occurred as a result of market trends toward lower cost clean energy.', 'Much of this deployment occurred as a result of market trends toward lower cost clean energy. Under President Obama’s leadership, the United States has implemented an ambitious suite of policies and measures intended to cut GHG emissions, including: • Tax incentives, RD&D, and loan guarantee programs to spur investments in clean energy; • First-ever federal carbon pollution standards for power plants; • Greenhouse gas and fuel economy standards for cars and trucks; • Energy efficiency standards in buildings and appliances; • Standards to reduce methane emissions from landfills and new and modified sources in the oil and gas sector; • \x07 Domestic and international actions to phase down hydrofluorocarbon production and use; and • Programs to promote federal government sustainability MILLION METRIC TONS CO2 E Residential Commercial Agriculture Industry Transportation Electricity Generation Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry Note: End-use sector totals exclude emissions from electricity.', 'Under President Obama’s leadership, the United States has implemented an ambitious suite of policies and measures intended to cut GHG emissions, including: • Tax incentives, RD&D, and loan guarantee programs to spur investments in clean energy; • First-ever federal carbon pollution standards for power plants; • Greenhouse gas and fuel economy standards for cars and trucks; • Energy efficiency standards in buildings and appliances; • Standards to reduce methane emissions from landfills and new and modified sources in the oil and gas sector; • \x07 Domestic and international actions to phase down hydrofluorocarbon production and use; and • Programs to promote federal government sustainability MILLION METRIC TONS CO2 E Residential Commercial Agriculture Industry Transportation Electricity Generation Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry Note: End-use sector totals exclude emissions from electricity. Source: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2016.', 'Source: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2016. U.S. GHG Emissions and Trends U.S. NET GHG EMISSIONS BY SECTORThese federal actions are complemented by policies and measures at the state and local levels. California, home to over 12 percent of Americans, passed ambitious climate legislation requiring emissions reductions to 1990 emissions levels by 2020, and 40 percent below 1990 levels by 2030 (SB 32 2016). The nine states participating in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative established a cap on power sector CO2 emissions, and have invested billions in complementary programs that accelerate the deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies. In addition, 29 states and the District of Columbia require a minimum level of electricity to be generated from renewable or alternative energy sources.', 'In addition, 29 states and the District of Columbia require a minimum level of electricity to be generated from renewable or alternative energy sources. Some states, such as New York, have or are considering expanding these mandates to include all non- emitting sources, including nuclear power plants. Twenty states require a minimum level of energy savings from energy efficiency measures. Driven in part by these energy efficiency requirements, utility investment in energy efficiency programs has increased more than 60 percent in the last 6 years, from $3.9 billion to $6.3 billion (ACEEE 2016).', 'Driven in part by these energy efficiency requirements, utility investment in energy efficiency programs has increased more than 60 percent in the last 6 years, from $3.9 billion to $6.3 billion (ACEEE 2016). Also contributing to the trend of declining emissions are technological advancements in renewable energy (Figure 2.2), assisted in part by federal research, development, and deployment through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, as well as ongoing sustained investments and programs at DOE, EPA, USDA, and other agencies. Private sector investments played a critical role as well. Since 2008, the installed costs of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have declined by about 60 percent, the levelized cost of wind power by 40 percent, and the cost of LED bulbs by over 90 percent.', 'Since 2008, the installed costs of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have declined by about 60 percent, the levelized cost of wind power by 40 percent, and the cost of LED bulbs by over 90 percent. At the same time, electric generation from wind has tripled and solar generation increased more than thirtyfold. Advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have led to a major increase in natural gas generation, primarily replacing higher carbon coal generation (EIA 2016c). Federal R&D and tax credits for unconventional gas production laid the foundation for this recent success.', 'Federal R&D and tax credits for unconventional gas production laid the foundation for this recent success. $/MWH (ADJUSTED TO 2015 DOLLARS) ONSHORE WIND LCOE range across regions in AEO Reference cases NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE SOLAR PV AEO PROJECTION YEAR LCOE range across AEO2016 high and low oil & gas resource cases and regions CONVENTIONAL COAL U.S. GHG Emissions and Trends FIGURE 2.2: U.S. EIA LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY (LCOE) PROJECTIONS FOR SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES, AVERAGE, AND RANGE Note: Each LCOE projection is for plants having start dates five years after the projection year (e.g., 2013 for AEO2008, 2021 for AEO2016).', '$/MWH (ADJUSTED TO 2015 DOLLARS) ONSHORE WIND LCOE range across regions in AEO Reference cases NATURAL GAS COMBINED CYCLE SOLAR PV AEO PROJECTION YEAR LCOE range across AEO2016 high and low oil & gas resource cases and regions CONVENTIONAL COAL U.S. GHG Emissions and Trends FIGURE 2.2: U.S. EIA LEVELIZED COST OF ELECTRICITY (LCOE) PROJECTIONS FOR SELECTED TECHNOLOGIES, AVERAGE, AND RANGE Note: Each LCOE projection is for plants having start dates five years after the projection year (e.g., 2013 for AEO2008, 2021 for AEO2016). Ranges represent the minimum and maximum LCOE across regions in EIA’s AEO Reference cases; the extended ranges shown for AEO2016 represent the range of LCOE’s across regions from the AEO2016 High Oil and Gas Resource and Technology and Low Oil and Gas Resource and Technology cases.', 'Ranges represent the minimum and maximum LCOE across regions in EIA’s AEO Reference cases; the extended ranges shown for AEO2016 represent the range of LCOE’s across regions from the AEO2016 High Oil and Gas Resource and Technology and Low Oil and Gas Resource and Technology cases. “Conventional coal” values are for EIA’s pulverized coal (without CCS) model technology type; AEO2016 does not contain LCOE estimates for coal plants without CCS. “Natural gas combined cycle” values are for EIA’s “advanced combined cycle” model technology type.', '“Natural gas combined cycle” values are for EIA’s “advanced combined cycle” model technology type. In addition, the LCOE values shown reflect EIA’s assumptions for new plant costs at the time of each projection; do not reflect the impact of production tax credits or investment tax credits; and are adjusted to 2015 dollars using a GDP price deflator index reflecting AEO2016 macroeconomic indicators and historical inflation. Sources: U.S. Energy Information Administration, National Energy Modeling System.MEETING 2020 AND 2025 TARGETS Before President Obama took office, U.S. GHG emissions were projected to increase indefinitely. Now, emissions are projected to decline for the foreseeable future.', 'Now, emissions are projected to decline for the foreseeable future. As demonstrated in the Second Biennial Report of the United States of America, projected emissions are considerably lower than the projections from comparable analyses completed in previous years (Figure 2.3). The Second Biennial Report further demonstrates that the United States is on track to meet its 2020 target (net GHG emissions in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020) and is laying the foundation to reach its 2025 target (26-28 percent reductions by 2025). As shown in Figure 2.3, and in keeping with UNFCCC guidelines, the report projects emissions both under Current Measures and Additional Measures.', 'As shown in Figure 2.3, and in keeping with UNFCCC guidelines, the report projects emissions both under Current Measures and Additional Measures. The Current Measures scenario incorporates policies and measures that were finalized by mid- 2015, including the Clean Power Plan,5 light-duty vehicle fuel efficiency standards, and consumer appliance efficiency standards. The Additional Measures scenario assumes the implementation of all policy actions from the Current Measures scenario and additional policies consistent with the President’s Climate Action Plan. Notably, the Additional Measures scenario is based on a range of actions including, but not limited to, policies that were proposed but not finalized by the date of publication.', 'Notably, the Additional Measures scenario is based on a range of actions including, but not limited to, policies that were proposed but not finalized by the date of publication. The United States has subsequently finalized heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy standards, standards to reduce methane emissions from landfills and new and modified sources in the oil and gas sector, and additional appliance and equipment efficiency standards.6 The impact of policies finalized under President Obama will grow in magnitude over time as they take full effect.', 'The United States has subsequently finalized heavy-duty vehicle fuel economy standards, standards to reduce methane emissions from landfills and new and modified sources in the oil and gas sector, and additional appliance and equipment efficiency standards.6 The impact of policies finalized under President Obama will grow in magnitude over time as they take full effect. For instance, before the Clean Power Plan takes full effect, the United States is projected to deploy 100 GW of additional wind and solar generation over the next six years, in part due to bipartisan tax incentives renewed in 2015 (Mai et al. 2016).', 'For instance, before the Clean Power Plan takes full effect, the United States is projected to deploy 100 GW of additional wind and solar generation over the next six years, in part due to bipartisan tax incentives renewed in 2015 (Mai et al. 2016). 2016 Biennial Report Current Measures with Optimistic Sink 2014 Current Measures with Optimistic Sink 2006 Current Measures 2010 Current Measures U.S. NET EMISSIONS (MMT CO2 E) LULUCF Uncertainty LULUCF Uncertainty 2016 Biennial Report Additional Measures Policy Range with Optimistic Sink Implementation of the Clean Power Plan has been stayed by the U.S. Supreme Court during the pendency of a set of legal challenges. The Obama Administration is confident that the Plan will be upheld by the courts as it is based on a strong legal and technical foundation.', 'The Obama Administration is confident that the Plan will be upheld by the courts as it is based on a strong legal and technical foundation. For more information on the Additional Measures scenario, see Appendix 2: Methodologies for Current Measures and Additional Measures of BR2. U.S. GHG Emissions and Trends FIGURE 2.3: U.S. EMISSIONS PROJECTIONS WITH CURRENT MEASURES AND ADDITIONAL MEASURES CONSISTENT WITH OBAMA ADMINISTRATION’S CLIMATE ACTION PLAN (U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 2016)A VISIONAchieving greenhouse gas emissions reductions of at least 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050 will entail balancing many challenges. How will we continue to satisfy the demands of a growing economy for energy and lands? What is the scale and pace of investments required?', 'What is the scale and pace of investments required? What are the most important sectors and emissions sources to focus on, and what are the key opportunities and challenges going forward? By answering these and other questions, the MCS provides a strategic framework to guide policies and investments that will put the United States on a low-GHG pathway. This chapter provides a high-level overview of the vision for the U.S. MCS, describing the characteristics of low-GHG energy and land systems in 2050, important interactions among sectors, and robust actions needed to get from here to there. In the chapters that follow, we provide additional detail on the strategies for decarbonizing the U.S. energy system, sequestering carbon in U.S. lands, and reducing non-CO2 emissions.', 'In the chapters that follow, we provide additional detail on the strategies for decarbonizing the U.S. energy system, sequestering carbon in U.S. lands, and reducing non-CO2 emissions. THE MCS ANALYSIS Quantitative projections are one important ingredient of a long-term strategy, allowing for internally consistent accounting across energy sub-sectors and land use options as well as interactions across the energy and land use sectors. The MCS analysis brings together state- of-the-art modeling tools and the best available data on the evolution of the energy and land sectors (see Box 3.1). The Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), an economy-wide model that captures important interactions across energy and land sectors and additional sources of non-CO2 emissions, is central to our MCS development.', 'The Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), an economy-wide model that captures important interactions across energy and land sectors and additional sources of non-CO2 emissions, is central to our MCS development. Additional analysis by DOE, EPA, and USDA complemented the GCAM analysis by providing many of the input assumptions and enabling a more granular understanding of dynamics within the energy and land sectors. For example, DOE performed detailed energy sector modeling to support the energy inputs and analysis in GCAM. While the MCS analysis outlines possible pathways to a lower-GHG future, our scenarios also draw and build on a robust existing literature on U.S. and global decarbonization pathways (Box 3.2).', 'While the MCS analysis outlines possible pathways to a lower-GHG future, our scenarios also draw and build on a robust existing literature on U.S. and global decarbonization pathways (Box 3.2). 7 \x07While the DOE inputs for its “Advanced Technology Case” attempt to represent DOE program goals, not all goals are of equal ambition, probability, or timescale, and these results therefore should not be taken as DOE’s prediction of what will happen, but are simply one illustrative scenario. A Vision for 2050 BOX 3.1: U.S. MCS MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SOURCES • \x07 Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) – Dynamic recursive model representing energy and land sectors linked with a climate model; used to explore the interactions of emissions-reducing investments and activities across the U.S. and global economy.', 'A Vision for 2050 BOX 3.1: U.S. MCS MODELING TOOLS AND DATA SOURCES • \x07 Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) – Dynamic recursive model representing energy and land sectors linked with a climate model; used to explore the interactions of emissions-reducing investments and activities across the U.S. and global economy. The MCS scenarios were produced in GCAM by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). • \x07 Global Timber Model (GTM) – Intertemporal optimization economic model that can reflect afforestation and land use change, forest management, and forest products activity in response to policies and markets; models all regions of the world, including global market interactions; used to assess forest dynamics under various demand and land carbon sink scenarios.', '• \x07 Global Timber Model (GTM) – Intertemporal optimization economic model that can reflect afforestation and land use change, forest management, and forest products activity in response to policies and markets; models all regions of the world, including global market interactions; used to assess forest dynamics under various demand and land carbon sink scenarios. • \x07 U.S. Forest Assessment System Service Model (USFAS, USFS Model) – A forest-inventory model embedded within partial equilibrium assessments of timber, agriculture, and land markets; used to assess forest dynamics under various land carbon sink scenarios. • \x07 U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis Database – provided historic input data for forestry models (GTM, USFAS Model). • \x07 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) – A granular model of the U.S. energy markets created by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).', '• \x07 National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) – A granular model of the U.S. energy markets created by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). NEMS is used to generate projections of energy production, demand, imports, and prices through the year 2040. • \x07Advanced Technology Case7 – Energy sector inputs to the MCS analysis, developed by U.S. DOE with the use of NEMS and refined by PNNL for use in GCAM; assumes all current DOE program goals are achieved, including cost, performance, and deployment goals. • \x07 Stretch Technology Case – Energy sector inputs to the MCS analysis, developed by U.S. DOE with the use of NEMS and refined by PNNL for use in GCAM.', '• \x07 Stretch Technology Case – Energy sector inputs to the MCS analysis, developed by U.S. DOE with the use of NEMS and refined by PNNL for use in GCAM. Assumes additional funding for RD&D (such as through Mission Innovation) and enables a greater level of technological progress, including reduced costs and increased performance. • \x07 U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory – An annual report developed by the U.S. EPA that tracks total annual U.S. emissions and removals by source, economic sector, and greenhouse gas going back to 1990. • \x07 U.S. EPA Non-CO2 Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Model and Report – A bottom-up engineering cost model that evaluates the cost and abatement potential of non-CO2 mitigation technologies.', '• \x07 U.S. EPA Non-CO2 Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Model and Report – A bottom-up engineering cost model that evaluates the cost and abatement potential of non-CO2 mitigation technologies. The associated non-CO2 mitigation report provides a comprehensive economic analysis on the costs of technologies to reduce non-CO2 gases and the potential to reduce them by sector.Like all long-term projections, the MCS analysis is limited in its ability to depict the complexity of real-world markets and uncertainties, and the intention is not to predict with precision the long-term evolution of the energy and land sectors, but instead to provide a basis for understanding the key opportunities and challenges related to achieving the MCS vision.', 'The associated non-CO2 mitigation report provides a comprehensive economic analysis on the costs of technologies to reduce non-CO2 gases and the potential to reduce them by sector.Like all long-term projections, the MCS analysis is limited in its ability to depict the complexity of real-world markets and uncertainties, and the intention is not to predict with precision the long-term evolution of the energy and land sectors, but instead to provide a basis for understanding the key opportunities and challenges related to achieving the MCS vision. OVERVIEW OF THE MCS SCENARIOS It is important for the United States to have a clear vision for how to decarbonize our economy. The MCS analysis uses a scenario approach to explore multiple low-GHG pathways consistent with the MCS vision.', 'The MCS analysis uses a scenario approach to explore multiple low-GHG pathways consistent with the MCS vision. We model numerous pathways due to the uncertainties surrounding the evolution of technologies, economic conditions, and social dynamics over the coming decades. BOX 3.2: U.S. LITERATURE ON DEEP DECARBONIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES A number of studies have explored pathways to “deep decarbonization” of the U.S. energy sector. Two studies are particularly helpful for our purposes: (1) the Energy Modeling Forum 24 model intercomparison study (EMF 24) (Fawcett et al. 2014) and (2) the Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States report (DD Pathways) (Williams et al. 2014).', '2014) and (2) the Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States report (DD Pathways) (Williams et al. 2014). The following broad insights emerge from the literature: There are many pathways to deep decarbonization, and they do not require major technological breakthroughs. Both the EMF 24 and DD Pathways studies portray multiple pathways for the United States to achieve domestic emission reductions of 80 percent or more by mid-century, while continuing to meet American demand for electricity, transportation, manufacturing, and other energy services. Both studies rely solely on technologies that either are in commercial use today or can reasonably be expected to be commercialized by the time of their deployment in the model.', 'Both studies rely solely on technologies that either are in commercial use today or can reasonably be expected to be commercialized by the time of their deployment in the model. That said, technological breakthroughs can significantly increase the pace and reduce the costs of decarbonization. Nearly all deep decarbonization scenarios show large increases in the deployment of certain technologies and strategies, including energy efficiency, electrification, wind, solar, and biomass.', 'Nearly all deep decarbonization scenarios show large increases in the deployment of certain technologies and strategies, including energy efficiency, electrification, wind, solar, and biomass. All scenarios in the EMF 24 and DD Pathways studies show large increases in: (1) energy efficiency, causing energy use to decline by at least 30 percent in all DD Pathways scenarios and roughly 20 percent in EMF 24, compared to respective business-as-usual scenarios in 2050; (2) electrification, with electricity generation increasing by 60 to 113 percent between 2005 and 2050 across the DD Pathways scenarios due to increased electricity usage in transportation, buildings, and industry; (3) wind and solar energy, with solar generation increasing by 21 to 83 times and wind generation increasing 4 to 25 times over 2014 levels by 2050 in the DD Pathways scenarios; and (4) bioenergy, with biomass use increasing by over four times today’s levels in both the DD Pathways and EMF 24 scenarios.', 'All scenarios in the EMF 24 and DD Pathways studies show large increases in: (1) energy efficiency, causing energy use to decline by at least 30 percent in all DD Pathways scenarios and roughly 20 percent in EMF 24, compared to respective business-as-usual scenarios in 2050; (2) electrification, with electricity generation increasing by 60 to 113 percent between 2005 and 2050 across the DD Pathways scenarios due to increased electricity usage in transportation, buildings, and industry; (3) wind and solar energy, with solar generation increasing by 21 to 83 times and wind generation increasing 4 to 25 times over 2014 levels by 2050 in the DD Pathways scenarios; and (4) bioenergy, with biomass use increasing by over four times today’s levels in both the DD Pathways and EMF 24 scenarios. Deep decarbonization will not be achieved without ambitious climate policies.', 'Deep decarbonization will not be achieved without ambitious climate policies. A transformation to a low-carbon energy system is unlikely to occur absent a strong policy commitment. Even with optimistic assumptions across low-carbon technology costs, the EMF 24 results show emissions increasing above 2005 levels by 2050 absent climate policies. Costs of deep decarbonization depend on technological progress and policy structures. Estimates of the costs of deep decarbonization vary widely, but certain insights are robust across studies. First, greater technological progress lowers the costs of decarbonization. The EMF 24 results indicate that the costs of achieving 50 percent emission reductions are about twice as high with pessimistic technology cost assumptions than with optimistic assumptions. Second, the use of flexible, comprehensive, market-based policies lowers the costs of decarbonization.', 'Second, the use of flexible, comprehensive, market-based policies lowers the costs of decarbonization. EMF 24 explored a pathway that involved only increasingly stringent electricity and transportation regulations, and found costs that were two to five times higher than an economy-wide carbon price that achieved the same emissions reductions. Finally, the sooner policy action is implemented, the cheaper it is to achieve a given emissions target. The land sector can play an important role in offsetting emissions sources difficult to address by mid-century. To date, deep decarbonization studies have devoted significantly more attention to the energy sector than to land.', 'To date, deep decarbonization studies have devoted significantly more attention to the energy sector than to land. However, there is a growing body of literature that looks at the scale of potential for increasing carbon sequestration on U.S. landscapes, indicating that significant carbon sequestration is possible through expanding and enhancing U.S. forests and modifying agricultural practices to sequester carbon in cropland and grassland soils. A Vision for 2050The MCS analysis highlights findings that are robust across scenarios, which provide a strong basis for immediate action. All low-GHG pathways require ambitious actions across the economy. We envision flexible policies and institutions that promote a broad portfolio of existing and emerging low-GHG technologies. Flexibility promotes cost-effectiveness, and it enables shifts in course as technologies evolve over time.', 'Flexibility promotes cost-effectiveness, and it enables shifts in course as technologies evolve over time. The MCS scenarios differ in regard to their reliance on key low carbon technologies and decarbonization strategies. Each will have different implications for societal priorities, including limiting climate change, the costs of decarbonization, environmental impacts, energy security, and safety. They are not intended to span the full range of possible low-GHG pathways consistent with the MCS vision. MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO The MCS scenarios are organized around a MCS Benchmark scenario, which should be interpreted as a starting point for the analysis and a basis for comparison, and not as a “most likely” pathway.', 'MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO The MCS scenarios are organized around a MCS Benchmark scenario, which should be interpreted as a starting point for the analysis and a basis for comparison, and not as a “most likely” pathway. Underpinning this scenario are energy technology assumptions developed by DOE (its Advanced Technology Case), which assumes continued innovation spurred by decarbonization policies and current levels of RD&D funding (i.e., not including the Mission Innovation commitment to double such funding). The scenario also assumes a maintained land carbon sink and the availability of a broad range of low-GHG technologies, including CO2 removal technologies that contribute negative emissions by 2050. A Vision for 2050 Primary Energy declines over time with a growing economy as a result of improved energy efficiency across sectors.', 'A Vision for 2050 Primary Energy declines over time with a growing economy as a result of improved energy efficiency across sectors. The electricity system is nearly decarbonized by 2050, and electricity production increases to support electrification across transportation, buildings, and industry. Efficiency increases markedly in the transportation sector, largely through the deployment of electric vehicles, which consume 1.6 to 3.7 times less energy per mile than conventional vehicles. Bioenergy Coal/Gas CCUS Gas Oil Coal PRIMARY ENERGY [EJ/YR] Low Carbon PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] TRANSPORTATION Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION [EJ/YR] ELECTRICITY Low Carbon Coal/Gas CCUS Gas Oil Coal ELECTRICITY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] BUILDINGS Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] INDUSTRY Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal BUILDINGS INDUSTRY FIGURE 3.1: U.S. ENERGY SYSTEM TRANSITION BY SECTOR IN MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOThe MCS Benchmark scenario portrays a pathway to net GHG emissions of 80 percent below 2005 levels in 2050.', 'Bioenergy Coal/Gas CCUS Gas Oil Coal PRIMARY ENERGY [EJ/YR] Low Carbon PRIMARY ENERGY PRIMARY ENERGY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] TRANSPORTATION Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil TRANSPORTATION ELECTRICITY GENERATION [EJ/YR] ELECTRICITY Low Carbon Coal/Gas CCUS Gas Oil Coal ELECTRICITY ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] BUILDINGS Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] INDUSTRY Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal BUILDINGS INDUSTRY FIGURE 3.1: U.S. ENERGY SYSTEM TRANSITION BY SECTOR IN MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOThe MCS Benchmark scenario portrays a pathway to net GHG emissions of 80 percent below 2005 levels in 2050. Figure 3.1 shows the associated transition of the U.S. energy system. While the MCS Benchmark scenario portrays one plausible pathway to 80 percent reductions, additional scenarios explore important uncertainties associated with that pathway. Two are focused on success in generating negative emissions, three show different pathways to a low-carbon energy system, and one explores the potential for greater emissions reductions by 2050.', 'Two are focused on success in generating negative emissions, three show different pathways to a low-carbon energy system, and one explores the potential for greater emissions reductions by 2050. NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SCENARIOS Two alternative scenarios illustrate the implications of achieving different levels of negative emissions in 2050. Given uncertainty around land sector dynamics and the ability to economically scale negative emissions technologies, anticipating scenarios in which negative emissions are limited is important. • \x07In the No CO2 Removal Technology scenario, we assume that engineered CO2 removal technologies like BECCS are unavailable. Instead, a larger emphasis is placed on enhancing the land sink and achieving a low carbon energy transition more rapidly than in the MCS Benchmark scenario.', 'Instead, a larger emphasis is placed on enhancing the land sink and achieving a low carbon energy transition more rapidly than in the MCS Benchmark scenario. • \x07The Limited Sink scenario assumes not only limited availability of CO2 removal technologies but also limited success in maintaining and enhancing the land sink. With far fewer negative emissions in 2050, this scenario requires an even greater emphasis on rapidly reducing energy CO2 emissions. Figure 3.2 shows how greater success in delivering negative emissions through the land sector and CO2 removal technologies results in less pressure to mitigate the most challenging energy sector and non-CO2 emissions in achieving 80 percent reductions.', 'Figure 3.2 shows how greater success in delivering negative emissions through the land sector and CO2 removal technologies results in less pressure to mitigate the most challenging energy sector and non-CO2 emissions in achieving 80 percent reductions. emissions from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes decrease by 74, 79 and 86 percent in the MCS Benchmark, No Removal Technology and Limited Sink scenarios, respectively E Technologies Removal Land Sink Net GHG Multiple pathways to 80 percent GHG reductions by 2050 are achievable through large reductions in CO2 emissions, smaller reductions in non-CO2 emissions, and delivering negative emissions from land and CO2 removal technologies. Note: “No CO2 Removal Tech” assumes no availability of negative emissions technologies like BECCS but does include CCUS for fossil fuels.', 'Note: “No CO2 Removal Tech” assumes no availability of negative emissions technologies like BECCS but does include CCUS for fossil fuels. A Vision for 2050 FIGURE 3.2: U.S. NET GHG EMISSIONS UNDER THREE MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOENERGY TECHNOLOGY SCENARIOS Three additional scenarios explore challenges and opportunities associated with the low carbon energy transition (the implications of these three scenarios are explored in greater detail in Chapter 4): • \x07The No CCUS scenario achieves 80 percent reductions by 2050 without the use of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies8 for both fossil energy and bioenergy. Similar to the No CO2 Removal Technology scenario, a greater emphasis is placed on enhancing the land carbon sink to produce negative emissions.', 'Similar to the No CO2 Removal Technology scenario, a greater emphasis is placed on enhancing the land carbon sink to produce negative emissions. Without fossil CCUS, a more rapid phase-out of coal and natural gas is required, and thus a greater reliance on alternative low carbon energy sources. Compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, coal and natural gas use in the No CCUS scenario are 97 and 28 percent lower, respectively, in 2050. • \x07The Smart Growth scenario portrays a different pathway to decarbonization in the transportation and buildings sectors. In transportation, vehicle travel increases only moderately over the next few decades, despite a growing economy, as a result of smart growth strategies like improved urban planning and well-developed mass transit systems.', 'In transportation, vehicle travel increases only moderately over the next few decades, despite a growing economy, as a result of smart growth strategies like improved urban planning and well-developed mass transit systems. To reflect the uncertainty surrounding the growth of clean vehicles, this scenario also assumes less adoption of electric vehicles compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario.9 This scenario places greater emphasis on increasing the energy efficiency of appliances and building materials, along with retrofits to consume less electricity. Overall primary energy consumption in the Smart Growth scenario is 9 percent lower than in the MCS Benchmark scenario in 2050. • \x07The Limited Biomass scenario explores an alternative to the MCS Benchmark scenario with lower bioenergy consumption and no deployment of BECCS.', '• \x07The Limited Biomass scenario explores an alternative to the MCS Benchmark scenario with lower bioenergy consumption and no deployment of BECCS. Our ability to produce carbon-beneficial forms of biomass has broad implications for the U.S. MCS due to the versatility of bioenergy. Biomass can serve as an alternative to fossil fuels in transport, industry, and building applications, as well as support negative emissions through BECCS. The degree to which the U.S. strategy relies on biomass will therefore have key implications on the transition in the transportation sector, on the manner in which the U.S. produces electricity and liquid fuels, and on the potential size of the CO2 sink.', 'The degree to which the U.S. strategy relies on biomass will therefore have key implications on the transition in the transportation sector, on the manner in which the U.S. produces electricity and liquid fuels, and on the potential size of the CO2 sink. In 2050, the U.S. consumes about half as much bioenergy in the Limited Biomass scenario compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, but still more than double today’s consumption of bioenergy. Each of the six scenarios described above display a pathway to 80 percent reductions below 2005 levels in 2050. In the Beyond 80 scenario (described in detail later in this chapter), a virtuous cycle between stronger global action to reduce emissions and more rapid advances in low-carbon technologies leads to deeper reductions by 2050.', 'In the Beyond 80 scenario (described in detail later in this chapter), a virtuous cycle between stronger global action to reduce emissions and more rapid advances in low-carbon technologies leads to deeper reductions by 2050. CENTRAL ELEMENTS OF THE U.S. MCS VISION The MCS analysis points to a set of robust elements for the transition to a low-GHG pathway that can guide our national strategy for achieving deep decarbonization. Additional detail on how these elements could be implemented in practice is provided in the chapters that follow. Element 1: Increasing efficiency across the energy system.', 'Element 1: Increasing efficiency across the energy system. By continuing to take advantage of widespread opportunities to cost-effectively improve the efficiency of energy consumption and production, we can achieve economic growth without increasing energy use, thus easing the challenges of a low-carbon energy transition. Key opportunities include “smart-grid” technologies that reduce electricity use, greater fuel economy in vehicles, and more efficient industrial processes, among many others. Technological advancements will enable even greater levels of cost-effective efficiency improvements. In addition, pursuing “smart growth” strategies such as better urban and transportation planning can drive structural reductions in the country’s energy needs. In the MCS Benchmark scenario, primary energy use declines by over 20 percent between 2005 and 2050.', 'In the MCS Benchmark scenario, primary energy use declines by over 20 percent between 2005 and 2050. Note that in this report we refer to “carbon capture, utilization and storage,” or “CCUS,” to reflect the fact that captured carbon dioxide can be recycled and utilized. The technology is also commonly referred to as “carbon capture and storage,” or “CCS.” In reality, smart growth strategies and electric vehicle penetration may be positively correlated. We are not suggesting a negative correlation with this scenario formulation, but rather using these assumptions to portray a markedly different pathway to decarbonization in the transportation sector. A Vision for 2050Element 2: Electricity produced almost entirely from clean generation sources by 2050.', 'A Vision for 2050Element 2: Electricity produced almost entirely from clean generation sources by 2050. Nuclear and renewable energy generation sources are widely used today, and with continued innovation, these and other low carbon technologies will play a greater role in the electricity system going forward. The MCS Benchmark scenario shows 92 percent of generation in 2050 coming from a diverse portfolio of clean sources, including significant contributions from solar, wind, nuclear, hydro, and CCUS. Nearly all fossil fuel power plants without CCUS are phased out by 2050. A wide range of potential electricity system configurations are possible in 2050, depending on advancements in technologies, public acceptance, and regulatory support for the emergence of key low carbon resources.', 'A wide range of potential electricity system configurations are possible in 2050, depending on advancements in technologies, public acceptance, and regulatory support for the emergence of key low carbon resources. Regardless of its configuration, the new electricity system will look very different from that of today, requiring new grid infrastructure and operational approaches. Element 3: Broad utilization of clean electricity and low-carbon fuels across the buildings, industry, and transportation sectors. A low carbon electricity system can provide energy to an increasing number of uses, including in vehicles, for heating and cooling, and for steam and heat production in certain industries. For example, in the MCS Benchmark scenario, nearly 60 percent of light-duty vehicle miles traveled are supported by electric vehicles by 2050.', 'For example, in the MCS Benchmark scenario, nearly 60 percent of light-duty vehicle miles traveled are supported by electric vehicles by 2050. Other low carbon fuels (e.g., carbon beneficial forms of biomass) will play an important role as well, particularly for energy needs that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, heavy-duty vehicles, and many industrial processes. In the MCS Benchmark scenario, direct fossil fuel use (i.e., not including electricity generated using fossil fuels) decreases by 58 percent, 55 percent, and 63 percent in buildings, industry, and transportation, respectively, from 2005 to 2050. Element 4: Maintain and potentially enhance the land carbon sink, ensuring that U.S. landscapes continue to sequester substantial amounts of carbon.', 'Element 4: Maintain and potentially enhance the land carbon sink, ensuring that U.S. landscapes continue to sequester substantial amounts of carbon. A robust land carbon sink in 2050 can help reduce the costs of decarbonization and create flexibility for meeting our GHG reduction goals. The MCS analysis shows that the land sector could sequester 23 to 45 percent of economy-wide emissions in 2050. We can continue to sequester carbon across U.S. landscapes through forest expansion, improved forest management, and other forestry opportunities in addition to increasing carbon stored in croplands and grasslands through enhanced agricultural practices and agroforestry. removal technologies that sequester and store carbon. While not currently deployed at scale, removal technologies like BECCS have the potential to bolster negative emissions.', 'While not currently deployed at scale, removal technologies like BECCS have the potential to bolster negative emissions. Developing these technologies may be necessary in the long run to constrain global average temperature increases to well below 2°C. If they become cost-effective, removal technologies can significantly reduce the costs of decarbonization. However, the United States can achieve the MCS vision with or without these technologies. While some of the illustrative scenarios explored here rely on significant BECCS deployment, we also explore futures in which CO2 removal technologies are unavailable. GHG emissions, despite growth in the activity levels of major sources. Sustained action to mitigate emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases are needed to avoid a significant increase in these emissions by 2050.', 'Sustained action to mitigate emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases are needed to avoid a significant increase in these emissions by 2050. The MCS analysis shows reductions in non-CO2 emissions of approximately 10 to 30 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. Deeper reductions are difficult to achieve without considerable innovation and creative policies, particularly in the agricultural sector, where increased food production is likely to drive emissions upward. However, the MCS envisions RD&D investments to identify and pursue additional opportunities to drive down non-CO2 emissions beyond those reductions portrayed in the MCS analysis. THE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICY The MCS envisions a suite of ambitious and cost-effective decarbonization policies. Many different policies can serve this purpose, including market-based incentives and regulations at all levels of government.', 'Many different policies can serve this purpose, including market-based incentives and regulations at all levels of government. Major policy priorities across the energy system, lands, and sources of non-CO2 emissions include the following: • \x07Expanding local/state policies and sectoral regulations and shifting to economy-wide GHG emissions pricing over time. Putting a price on GHG emissions serves the dual purposes of promoting cost-effective emissions reductions and encouraging private sector investments in low carbon energy supply technologies. A GHG price also encourages a level playing field for all low carbon technologies and produces a stream of revenue that can be used in productive ways. Some of these same benefits can be achieved by expanding and harmonizing local/state policies and sectoral regulations emissions regulations.', 'Some of these same benefits can be achieved by expanding and harmonizing local/state policies and sectoral regulations emissions regulations. A Vision for 2050• \x07 Increased support for public and private RDD&D. Increased support for innovation in low-GHG technologies will reduce the costs of emissions reductions. With different sectors and technologies come different priorities and needs with respect to research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D), as well as different approaches for government support. For certain technologies at early stages of commercial deployment like carbon capture and storage, second generation biofuels, and emerging advanced nuclear energy, support programs can bring the first set of commercial-scale facilities to market, driving cost reductions through learning and economies-of-scale.', 'For certain technologies at early stages of commercial deployment like carbon capture and storage, second generation biofuels, and emerging advanced nuclear energy, support programs can bring the first set of commercial-scale facilities to market, driving cost reductions through learning and economies-of-scale. Supporting a broad range of technologies is likely to lower the costs of decarbonization because we do not know today how technologies will progress over many decades. • \x07 Support for energy efficiency. Various market barriers may inhibit consumers from fully taking advantage of cost- effective opportunities to improve end-use energy efficiency, even in the presence of market-based approaches for pricing carbon.', 'Various market barriers may inhibit consumers from fully taking advantage of cost- effective opportunities to improve end-use energy efficiency, even in the presence of market-based approaches for pricing carbon. Efficiency standards for appliances, vehicle fuel economy standards, building codes, and programs that encourage consumers to use more energy efficient technologies can provide cost-effective emissions reductions. • \x07 Infrastructure and regulatory support for low-GHG technologies. Investments in infrastructure and regulatory systems enable the widespread deployment of many low-GHG technologies. For example, high penetration of wind and solar power generation in some regions may require investments in transmission, storage, and grid management technologies, and refueling stations are needed for widespread penetration of electric- or hydrogen-powered vehicles.', 'For example, high penetration of wind and solar power generation in some regions may require investments in transmission, storage, and grid management technologies, and refueling stations are needed for widespread penetration of electric- or hydrogen-powered vehicles. Power sector regulations and market designs should appropriately compensate both generation and distributed energy resources (including energy efficiency, distributed generation, and demand response) for their full contribution to reliable and affordable electricity. • \x07 Incentives for negative emission technologies or strategies. The effective and economically efficient use of land carbon sinks and CO2 removal technologies requires incentives, preferably equivalent to the economy-wide carbon price.', 'The effective and economically efficient use of land carbon sinks and CO2 removal technologies requires incentives, preferably equivalent to the economy-wide carbon price. Additionally, negative emissions technologies need enabling policies and safeguards to ensure carbon reductions, such as appropriate carbon accounting frameworks for land carbon sinks (discussed further in Chapter 5) and a long-term liability and stewardship regime for geologic storage. Innovation and policies that reduce net GHG emissions are mutually reinforcing, because policies spur investments in low-GHG technologies, and innovation improves the cost-effectiveness of policies. Where possible, policy makers should also capitalize on correlations between GHG emissions reductions and other societal objectives, like increased standards of living and reduced air and water pollution.', 'Where possible, policy makers should also capitalize on correlations between GHG emissions reductions and other societal objectives, like increased standards of living and reduced air and water pollution. INCREASING 2050 AMBITION Reducing net U.S. GHG emissions to 80 percent below 2005 levels will require a concerted and comprehensive effort to transform the energy system with an economy experiencing strong and consistent growth. While these goals are ambitious, even greater emissions reductions can be achieved if continued rapid progress in clean energy technologies around the world creates a virtuous cycle in which ambition drives down costs, in turn allowing more ambition (Trancik 2015). A prime example of this global virtuous cycle is the recent rapid growth of the international solar energy market.', 'A prime example of this global virtuous cycle is the recent rapid growth of the international solar energy market. Policies in Germany and R&D investments in the United States prompted manufacturing advances in China (and elsewhere) that significantly reduced solar panel costs, stimulating further increases in global demand (Graichen et al. 2016, Cox et al. 2015, CPI 2011). Now, solar energy is increasingly cost-competitive and is being deployed at a pace (over 10 GW per year in the United States) that would have been unthinkable a decade ago. Replicating this cycle across a broad portfolio of clean energy technologies could accelerate the pace of a cost-effective low carbon energy transformation.', 'Replicating this cycle across a broad portfolio of clean energy technologies could accelerate the pace of a cost-effective low carbon energy transformation. To develop a deeper understanding of this outcome as part of the vision for this MCS, we developed a Beyond 80 scenario (Figure 3.4) in which emissions reductions exceed 80 percent below 2005 levels by 2050. A Vision for 2050Several factors are important in making the Beyond 80 scenario realistic. The first is clean energy innovation.', 'The first is clean energy innovation. While the technology assumptions in the MCS Benchmark scenario assume current policies and RD&D funding levels going forward, the Beyond 80 scenario envisions increased ambition of decarbonization policies and funding for RD&D, not only in the United States but also in countries around the world, consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement and the Mission Innovation commitment to double government RD&D investments in low-carbon energy technologies. To enable planning for this future, DOE has developed a set of technological assumptions that reflect significant additional progress across all energy sectors, referred to as the “Stretch Technology” assumptions.', 'To enable planning for this future, DOE has developed a set of technological assumptions that reflect significant additional progress across all energy sectors, referred to as the “Stretch Technology” assumptions. With the Stretch Technology assumptions, achieving any emissions target is more feasible and less Second, the Beyond 80 pathway requires faster and more widespread clean energy deployments across all sectors. In this pathway, clean technologies provide 98 percent of electricity generation in 2050, which will require the deployment of an additional 5 GW of capacity per year compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario. However, due to the greater technological progress in the Beyond 80 scenario, the total costs of building and operating power plants are roughly the same in both scenarios.', 'However, due to the greater technological progress in the Beyond 80 scenario, the total costs of building and operating power plants are roughly the same in both scenarios. Third, the Beyond 80 scenario depends more heavily on negative emissions compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario. This increases the importance of cost-effective strategies to bolster the land sink and develop CO2 removal technologies, for example, through innovations like larger, deeper crop roots and increasing forest carbon sequestration and storage. Finally, the Beyond 80 scenario requires more ambitious global adoption of clean technologies. In addition to globally coordinated investments in RD&D, the increased ambition in this scenario is propelled by more rapid deployment of clean energy and negative emissions technologies.', 'In addition to globally coordinated investments in RD&D, the increased ambition in this scenario is propelled by more rapid deployment of clean energy and negative emissions technologies. Such deployment has feedback effects on costs and policy ambition, as described in a recent MIT study that showed how the costs of solar and wind energy are likely to fall through 2030 due to the increased deployments that come out of the Paris Agreement pledges (Trancik 2015).', 'Such deployment has feedback effects on costs and policy ambition, as described in a recent MIT study that showed how the costs of solar and wind energy are likely to fall through 2030 due to the increased deployments that come out of the Paris Agreement pledges (Trancik 2015). Compared to the MIT study, the MCS Benchmark scenario conservatively assumes a slower pace of cost reductions in solar energy through 2030, despite larger A Vision for 2050 GW $/WATT MEDIAN UTILITY‐SCALE PV INSTALLED COST TOTAL CAPACITY FIGURE 3.3: SOLAR ENERGY COSTS AND DEPLOYMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Clean energy innovation and global ambition create a virtuous cycle of technology cost reductions, enabling emissions reductions greater than 80 percent by 2050. Source: U.S. Department of Energy (2016b). Note: Costs in real 2015 dollars.', 'Note: Costs in real 2015 dollars. The Beyond 80 scenario portrays the technological progress associated with Stretch Technology enabling deeper emissions reductions compared to the other MCS scenarios. Of course, the same technological progress would also increase the feasibility and reduce the costs of any emissions objective, including 80 percent.global deployments. Moreover, global capacity of solar energy triples between 2030 and 2050 in the MCS Benchmark scenario, underscoring the potential for deeper cost reductions after 2030. This virtuous cycle of technology development and deployment can allow for the more rapid global GHG reductions required in the second half of the century, particularly in order to meet the more ambitious end of the Paris Agreement temperature goals.', 'This virtuous cycle of technology development and deployment can allow for the more rapid global GHG reductions required in the second half of the century, particularly in order to meet the more ambitious end of the Paris Agreement temperature goals. These topics are discussed in further detail in Chapter 7. THE MID-CENTURY STRATEGY AND THE U.S. ECONOMY The United States can achieve rapid emissions reductions while maintaining robust economic growth. The link between economic growth and CO2 emissions in the United States has significantly weakened in recent decades. During the Obama Administration, the United States has experienced a sustained period of strong economic growth and decreasing emissions for the first time in history (Figure 3.5).', 'During the Obama Administration, the United States has experienced a sustained period of strong economic growth and decreasing emissions for the first time in history (Figure 3.5). From 2008 to 2015, energy CO2 emissions fell 9 percent while the U.S. economy grew by 10 percent. Globally, there is evidence that this trend could be taking root as well. Over the last two years, the global economy grew by over 6 percent while energy emissions stayed flat. Ambitious and sustained global action on climate change is not just an environmental priority, it is also a pro-growth strategy. Pursuing high-carbon strategies (or business as usual) will lead to large and possibly catastrophic damages across the future U.S. and global economies.', 'Pursuing high-carbon strategies (or business as usual) will lead to large and possibly catastrophic damages across the future U.S. and global economies. Economic damages from climate change will arise from a range of sources, including effects on human health, agriculture, sea level rise, and increasingly severe storms, droughts, and wildfires, among many others. According to the President’s Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), warming of an additional 1°C above the 2°C target called for in the Paris Agreement could increase economic damages by approximately 0.9 percent of global output. This is the equivalent of reducing U.S. GDP by about $150 billion each year (2014).', 'This is the equivalent of reducing U.S. GDP by about $150 billion each year (2014). Economists’ estimates of the magnitude of the damages (in terms of reduced consumption) from a do-nothing strategy (resulting in about 4°C warming by 2100) range from about 1 to 5 percent of global GDP (Nordhaus 2013), incurred every year; other recent studies have projected significantly larger economic consequences of unmitigated climate change (Burke et al. 2015). A Vision for 2050 E Removal Land Sink Technologies FIGURE 3.4: COMPONENTS OF ILLUSTRATIVE “BEYOND 80” SCENARIOSources: GDP data per U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis; emissions data per Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center and U.S. Energy Information Administration. Such a do-nothing approach will disproportionately harm the most vulnerable Americans, including children, the sick, the poor, and the elderly (U.S.', 'Such a do-nothing approach will disproportionately harm the most vulnerable Americans, including children, the sick, the poor, and the elderly (U.S. Global Change Research Program 2014, 2016). Existing health disparities and other inequities increase vulnerability to climate health impacts like heat waves, degraded air quality, and extreme weather. Low-income families are the most vulnerable to disruptive events that cause the household breadwinners to miss work. Of course, decarbonization will require substantial resources to shift away from GHG-intensive activities. The electric power sector is an important example, where we need to decarbonize the electricity system and increasingly electrify the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors.', 'The electric power sector is an important example, where we need to decarbonize the electricity system and increasingly electrify the buildings, transportation, and industrial sectors. The MCS analysis finds annual average investments in electricity generating capacity of 0.4 to 0.6 percent of GDP from 2016 to 2050, which compares to 0.2 percent of GDP from 2000 to 2013. At the same time, expenditures on fossil fuels will decline considerably. The transition will benefit the U.S. economy in multiple ways as well, as described in Chapter 1. Improved air quality will mean a healthier and more productive workforce. Developing alternative transportation fuels will diversify our energy portfolio, helping to shield the U.S. economy from adverse economic consequences of oil market volatility.', 'Developing alternative transportation fuels will diversify our energy portfolio, helping to shield the U.S. economy from adverse economic consequences of oil market volatility. Finally, the Paris Agreement signals a sustained shift in the global economy towards low carbon investment, which creates economic opportunity for American businesses. The MCS envisions a suite of public policies that maximize the economic benefits and minimize the economic costs of the low-GHG transition. The following principles can help to ensure that decarbonization policies create and preserve economic opportunities for all Americans: • \x07 Implement market-based policies that reward outcomes. Market-based policies encourage emissions reductions where and when they are most cost-effective, and they provide opportunities for all industries to contribute to a low- GHG economy.', 'Market-based policies encourage emissions reductions where and when they are most cost-effective, and they provide opportunities for all industries to contribute to a low- GHG economy. This leverages the ingenuity of U.S. businesses, which have repeatedly proven their ability to meet stringent environment and safety standards, often with innovations that would not have been predicted by regulators. • \x07Act as quickly as possible. Increasing policy ambition sooner rather than later will benefit the U.S. economy. The MCS envisions an energy system transition over many decades; sending early signals to investors will avoid abrupt shifts in employment, capital, and other materials. Every year, the United States builds and deploys new power plants, vehicles, and buildings that will produce and consume energy for decades into the future.', 'Every year, the United States builds and deploys new power plants, vehicles, and buildings that will produce and consume energy for decades into the future. Investing soon in a lower-carbon A Vision for 2050 ENERGY GDP RECESSION OBAMA ADMINISTRATION Since 2008, GDP has increased over 10% while energy CO2 has decreased more GDP Long-term GDP and CO2 trends U.S. ENERGY CO2 EMISSIONS AND GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCTinfrastructure will ease the long-term transition. In contrast, investing in high-carbon infrastructure today would lock in a higher emissions pathway and thus increase the costs of achieving our targets later on. Similarly, in the land sector, taking swift action to increase carbon sequestration now will deliver much larger dividends by mid-century than if we delay.', 'Similarly, in the land sector, taking swift action to increase carbon sequestration now will deliver much larger dividends by mid-century than if we delay. According to a recent CEA report, every decade of delayed climate policy increases the costs of meeting a given emissions target by about 40 percent. • \x07 Support Americans vulnerable to a low-GHG transition. By implementing the MCS over many decades, most American workers and businesses will have ample time to adjust to a changing economy, as they would need to do over any 34-year period.', 'By implementing the MCS over many decades, most American workers and businesses will have ample time to adjust to a changing economy, as they would need to do over any 34-year period. However, additional support may be needed for low-income households and Americans who are particularly reliant on a high carbon economy—a prime example is President Obama’s proposed Power Plus Plan, a package of investments in economic and workforce development targeted to coal communities and workers, abandoned coal mine reclamation, and health and retirement security for coal miners and their families.', 'However, additional support may be needed for low-income households and Americans who are particularly reliant on a high carbon economy—a prime example is President Obama’s proposed Power Plus Plan, a package of investments in economic and workforce development targeted to coal communities and workers, abandoned coal mine reclamation, and health and retirement security for coal miners and their families. A Vision for 2050 BOX 3.3: THE ROLE OF CO2 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES Along with land carbon sequestration, engineered CO2 removal technologies offer another opportunity for “negative emissions.” While typically more expensive than land carbon sequestration, CO2 removal technologies offer various advantages compared to land carbon sequestration, including the capability to store CO2 on geological time scales and fewer limits to scaling the technologies once they are available and economic, due to massive amounts of technical geologic storage potential (NETL 2015).', 'A Vision for 2050 BOX 3.3: THE ROLE OF CO2 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES Along with land carbon sequestration, engineered CO2 removal technologies offer another opportunity for “negative emissions.” While typically more expensive than land carbon sequestration, CO2 removal technologies offer various advantages compared to land carbon sequestration, including the capability to store CO2 on geological time scales and fewer limits to scaling the technologies once they are available and economic, due to massive amounts of technical geologic storage potential (NETL 2015). There are several recognized CO2 removal technologies, including (Clarke et al. 2014): Carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy plus carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Any facility that combusts biomass for electricity or converts biomass to fuel and captures resulting CO2 for utilization (e.g., enhanced oil recovery) or storage in underground reservoirs.', '2014): Carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy plus carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Any facility that combusts biomass for electricity or converts biomass to fuel and captures resulting CO2 for utilization (e.g., enhanced oil recovery) or storage in underground reservoirs. Direct Air Capture (DAC): The capturing of CO2 from ambient air and either utilizing it or storing it underground. The energy intensity of DAC is much greater than that required for CCUS because CO2 is more dispersed in ambient air. DAC is therefore unlikely to be economically competitive before all major CO2 point sources utilize CCUS. Accelerated rock weathering: An approach that speeds up natural reactions of magnesium or calcium silicates with atmospheric or dissolved CO2 to create carbonate solids.', 'Accelerated rock weathering: An approach that speeds up natural reactions of magnesium or calcium silicates with atmospheric or dissolved CO2 to create carbonate solids. Suggestions for scaling this option include finely crushing highly reactive minerals like olivine and distributing them in the open ocean, allowing for carbon storage in the deep sea (Hartmann et al. 2013). removal technology has been deployed at scale to date, and many important questions remain regarding potential costs, unintended consequences, and co-benefits. Currently, BECCS is the most mature and well-understood, making it a useful representation of a CO2 removal technology for the MCS analysis. BECCS can be utilized across power generation, industrial applications, and biofuel production.', 'BECCS can be utilized across power generation, industrial applications, and biofuel production. Early BECCS projects, like the Decatur Project in Illinois, have captured the pure CO2 stream from ethanol production and stored it at pilot scale in a saline aquifer; there are other examples of ethanol production plus CCUS for enhanced oil recovery (Finley 2014, Sanchez and Kammen 2016). BECCS for power production has not yet been tested at scale, and its full negative emissions potential depends on the upstream land carbon effects of biomass production, an issue discussed further in Chapter 5. In the future, other CO2 removal technologies may prove cost-competitive, but significant RD&D and incentives for negative emissions may be required before they are ready for mass deployment.', 'In the future, other CO2 removal technologies may prove cost-competitive, but significant RD&D and incentives for negative emissions may be required before they are ready for mass deployment. Pilot, demonstration, and first-of-kind commercial projects are needed to demonstrate viability and to identify challenges as well as opportunities for cost reductions (Lomax et al. 2015). In its Fifth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds that “BECCS forms an essential component of the response strategy for climate change in the majority of scenarios in the literature” for achieving long-term global outcomes that are likely to constrain warming below 2°C (IPCC 2014).', 'In its Fifth Assessment Report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) finds that “BECCS forms an essential component of the response strategy for climate change in the majority of scenarios in the literature” for achieving long-term global outcomes that are likely to constrain warming below 2°C (IPCC 2014). Indeed, the vast majority of the projections used by IPCC with e concentration targets of 450ppm (roughly a 2°C scenario) or less by 2100 overshoot this target at some point, and then rely on negative emissions from BECCS to return to it.', 'Indeed, the vast majority of the projections used by IPCC with e concentration targets of 450ppm (roughly a 2°C scenario) or less by 2100 overshoot this target at some point, and then rely on negative emissions from BECCS to return to it. Even if developed and deployed successfully, CO2 removal technologies should not be seen as justification to continue emitting freely—they represent a suite of strategies that complement rather than substitute for emissions reductions.DECARBONIZING THE U.S. ENERGY SYSTEMPETROLEUM AND OTHER LIQUIDS NATURAL GAS COAL Cooking Electronics Lighting Space Cooling Appliances Water Heating Other Space Heating Water Heating Office Equipment Refrigeration Space Cooling Ventilation Space Heating Lighting Other Aluminum Cement and Lime Paper Products Food Products Construction Mining Iron and Steel Bulk Chemicals Refining Other Rail Other Shipping Aircraft Heavy Trucks and Buses Cars and Light Trucks RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORTATION Note: Includes all CO2 emissions from these sectors, including end-use energy use (EIA 2016a) and process emissions for the industrial sector (EPA 2016) attributed to EIA sub-sectors.', 'Even if developed and deployed successfully, CO2 removal technologies should not be seen as justification to continue emitting freely—they represent a suite of strategies that complement rather than substitute for emissions reductions.DECARBONIZING THE U.S. ENERGY SYSTEMPETROLEUM AND OTHER LIQUIDS NATURAL GAS COAL Cooking Electronics Lighting Space Cooling Appliances Water Heating Other Space Heating Water Heating Office Equipment Refrigeration Space Cooling Ventilation Space Heating Lighting Other Aluminum Cement and Lime Paper Products Food Products Construction Mining Iron and Steel Bulk Chemicals Refining Other Rail Other Shipping Aircraft Heavy Trucks and Buses Cars and Light Trucks RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS INDUSTRIAL TRANSPORTATION Note: Includes all CO2 emissions from these sectors, including end-use energy use (EIA 2016a) and process emissions for the industrial sector (EPA 2016) attributed to EIA sub-sectors. The “discrepancy” categories from the EIA data have been omitted. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.1: U.S. EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL, 2015 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR AND END USE WITH ELECTRICITY EMISSIONS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS END-USE The U.S. energy system is essential to our economic growth and prosperity.', 'EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FUEL, 2015 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR AND END USE WITH ELECTRICITY EMISSIONS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS END-USE The U.S. energy system is essential to our economic growth and prosperity. We use energy to power our homes and businesses, to transport people and goods, and to build our infrastructure. Our energy system is also highly carbon-intensive and is the primary source of U.S. GHG emissions. Today, fossil fuels supply about 80 percent of the nation’s energy consumption (EIA 2016d). Petroleum products are the largest contributor to emissions, supplying the vast majority of energy for transportation. Coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel, supplying energy for electricity and industrial uses.', 'Coal is the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel, supplying energy for electricity and industrial uses. Natural gas is less carbon-intensive than coal or petroleum, but is still a major contributor to energy GHG emissions due to its widespread use in the electricity, buildings and industrial sectors. Recent policies and market forces have stimulated a shift towards a cleaner and more efficient energy sector. The MCS envisions an accelerated transition to a low-carbon U.S. energy system that maintains reliability and affordability while improving human health and satisfying the demands for transportation, industrial output, and building services (Figure 4.2) that come with a growing economy. This chapter focuses on the key opportunities and challenges associated with decarbonizing the U.S. energy system.', 'This chapter focuses on the key opportunities and challenges associated with decarbonizing the U.S. energy system. We begin with a high-level overview of cross-cutting priorities, and then examine the four major energy sectors in turn: (1) electric power, (2) transportation, (3) buildings, and (4) industry.Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System BOX 4.1: THE MCS VISION FOR A LOW-CARBON U.S. ENERGY SYSTEM IN 2050 The MCS envisions a low-carbon energy system achieved through significant reductions in both the energy required to power the economy and the carbon-intensity of energy production. This involves three fundamental changes to the U.S. energy system: Improving energy efficiency, including smart growth. Cost-effective energy efficiency opportunities that lower both pollution and energy bills are widely available, and further innovation and policy will expand these opportunities.', 'Cost-effective energy efficiency opportunities that lower both pollution and energy bills are widely available, and further innovation and policy will expand these opportunities. Improved urban and transportation planning and low energy use buildings can drive structural reductions in the country’s energy needs. Improving energy efficiency will limit growth in the need for electricity generation and fuels, making the energy transition easier and less costly to achieve. Near-complete decarbonization of electricity. Nearly all fossil fuel electricity generation is replaced with low-carbon generation by 2050.', 'Nearly all fossil fuel electricity generation is replaced with low-carbon generation by 2050. The MCS envisions large and sustained investments in low-carbon generation, and the type of generation deployed (e.g., renewables, nuclear, fossil fuels, or bioenergy with CCUS) will have important ramifications for infrastructure, regulatory structures, and the need for enabling technologies such as energy storage and enhanced demand response markets to better match supply and demand over different time scales. Switching to electricity and other low-carbon fuels in transportation, buildings, and industry. A clean electricity system creates opportunities to reduce emissions by powering an increasing number of energy end-uses with electricity instead of direct fossil fuel use (vehicles, heating, etc.).', 'A clean electricity system creates opportunities to reduce emissions by powering an increasing number of energy end-uses with electricity instead of direct fossil fuel use (vehicles, heating, etc.). Carbon beneficial forms of biomass and other energy carriers such as hydrogen could also play an important role, particularly for energy end-uses that are difficult to electrify. The figure below shows the direct emissions (i.e., electricity from end-uses is presented as a separate category) from the U.S. energy system in 2005 and in the MCS Benchmark scenario in 2050, omitting the negative emissions from BECCS. While the majority of residual 2050 emissions are from the transportation sector in this scenario, other plausible decarbonization pathways could show deeper reductions in transportation emissions.', 'While the majority of residual 2050 emissions are from the transportation sector in this scenario, other plausible decarbonization pathways could show deeper reductions in transportation emissions. Commercial Buildings Residential Buildings Industry Transportation Electricity The 2050 chart does not account for the negative emissions generated by CO2 removal technologies, resulting in 963 MMT CO2 of net emissions in the energy sector. U.S. ENERGY CO2 EMISSIONS IN 2005 AND 2050 IN THE MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO BY SECTORCROSS-CUTTING PRIORITIES We do not know precisely what the energy sector will look like in 2050, but we do know how to spur a cost-effective low- carbon energy transformation. The MCS analysis points to two cross-cutting priorities: (1) support for clean energy innovation and (2) strong decarbonization policies. Support for clean energy innovation.', 'Support for clean energy innovation. Clean energy innovation, including incremental advancements in existing technologies and fundamental breakthroughs that introduce entirely new options, can reduce the costs and increase the pace of the low-carbon energy transition. Innovation will also propel deeper emissions reductions outside of the United States, which is critical for limiting global climate change. According to the National Research Council’s Rising to the Challenge, “The capacity to innovate is fast becoming the most important determinant of economic growth and a nation’s ability to compete and prosper in the 21st century global economy” (2015). Numerous studies have found large public returns on research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) in energy.', 'Numerous studies have found large public returns on research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) in energy. For example, a retrospective analysis by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine found a 20 to 1 return (in direct economic benefits) on public investment in energy efficiency RDD&D from 1978 to 2000 (National Research Council 2001). Clean energy innovation is likely to pay large dividends as well, since U.S. consumers spend $1 trillion per year on energy, and the external (non-market) costs of pollution add hundreds of billions more (National Research Council 2010; Muller, Mendelsohn, and Nordhaus 2016; Shindell 2015; DOE 2016a; DOE 2016b).', 'Clean energy innovation is likely to pay large dividends as well, since U.S. consumers spend $1 trillion per year on energy, and the external (non-market) costs of pollution add hundreds of billions more (National Research Council 2010; Muller, Mendelsohn, and Nordhaus 2016; Shindell 2015; DOE 2016a; DOE 2016b). Still corporate investments in RDD&D in the energy sector are low (Nemet and Kammen 2007), and although venture capital firms invested substantially in clean energy technologies from roughly 2007 to 2012, those investments have subsequently declined (American Energy Innovation Council 2015; Gaddy, Sivaram, and O’Sullivan 2016).', 'Still corporate investments in RDD&D in the energy sector are low (Nemet and Kammen 2007), and although venture capital firms invested substantially in clean energy technologies from roughly 2007 to 2012, those investments have subsequently declined (American Energy Innovation Council 2015; Gaddy, Sivaram, and O’Sullivan 2016). Contributing factors include high- investment requirements and risks, long timeframes for returns on investment, low margins (for example, electricity and fuels are low-cost commodities), market structures, and the lack of a price on CO2 emissions. Adding to the challenge, despite large national expenditures for energy, federal spending on R&D for energy is small compared to the amounts devoted to R&D in other areas, such as health and defense (WRI 2014).', 'Adding to the challenge, despite large national expenditures for energy, federal spending on R&D for energy is small compared to the amounts devoted to R&D in other areas, such as health and defense (WRI 2014). The MCS envisions sustained investment in clean energy technologies, from both the public and private sectors, including: • \x07 Research conducted by the government, as well as support and incentives for R&D from nongovernment organizations. • \x07 Support for the demonstration and deployment of clean energy technologies in situations where the private sector is likely to underinvest. • \x07 Strong and stable market incentives that encourage private sector investors to make long-term investments in clean energy.', '• \x07 Strong and stable market incentives that encourage private sector investors to make long-term investments in clean energy. An important step is to follow through on the Mission Innovation commitment by the United States and 19 other governments in 2015 to double their respective public sector clean energy RD&D investments over five years. In the MCS analysis, the Beyond 80 scenario explores the potential effects of an expanded level of funding consistent with Mission Innovation, whereas the other scenarios contemplate only current levels of funding (a conservative assumption). BOX 4.2: HOW TO ACHIEVE A LOW- CARBON ENERGY TRANSITION: • \x07 Double clean energy innovation investment to yield new scaled-up solutions before mid- century for even the most challenging energy uses.', 'BOX 4.2: HOW TO ACHIEVE A LOW- CARBON ENERGY TRANSITION: • \x07 Double clean energy innovation investment to yield new scaled-up solutions before mid- century for even the most challenging energy uses. • \x07 Extend state, local and sectoral emissions policies to continue driving deployment of clean technologies, shifting towards economy-wide carbon pricing over time. • \x07 Implement complementary policies to overcome barriers to the deployment of cost-effective energy efficiency and clean energy technologies. • \x07 Modernize electricity regulatory structures and markets to encourage flexible, reliable, cost- effective, and clean electricity generation. • \x07 Scale up targeted support, including economic and workforce development, to ensure all Americans benefit from the low-carbon energy transition. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemStrong decarbonization policies. Well-designed policies shift the costs of carbon pollution into the activity of creating it.', 'Well-designed policies shift the costs of carbon pollution into the activity of creating it. Such policies send market signals that motivate early and sustained investment in innovation and the deployment of clean energy technologies. The MCS envisions an ambitious and sustained suite of policies to decarbonize the energy system. Under President Obama’s Climate Action Plan, the United States has acted under existing laws to cut emissions with sector- specific policies, including: emissions regulations; tax incentives for clean energy technologies; standards for energy-efficient appliances, buildings, and vehicles; and voluntary partnership programs to address market barriers to low-carbon strategies. Future administrations can use similar authorities to continue on the pathway forged by the Obama Administration.', 'Future administrations can use similar authorities to continue on the pathway forged by the Obama Administration. Along with expanded state and local climate policies, these actions can put the country on a pathway to emissions reductions of 80 percent or more. A key priority for future policymakers over time should be aligning the U.S. approach with efficient carbon pricing—either through further optimizing an increasingly ambitious state/sectoral approach or by moving to an economy-wide policy mechanism. A carbon price encourages emissions reductions however they can be achieved most cost-effectively, putting the market to work to identify the cheapest emission reduction opportunities and most effective technologies. A strong, comprehensive, predictable, and equitable carbon price can be achieved through direct carbon taxes or emissions limits with tradable permits (i.e., cap-and-trade).', 'A strong, comprehensive, predictable, and equitable carbon price can be achieved through direct carbon taxes or emissions limits with tradable permits (i.e., cap-and-trade). By itself, a price signal is insufficient to cost-effectively achieve emissions reductions in all markets. A comprehensive suite of energy decarbonization policies should include complementary non-price policies to overcome the multiple barriers to the deployment of cost-effective energy efficiency and clean energy technologies, discussed in further detail below. Finally, across all sectors, support for innovation and policy actions to transform the energy sector should be undertaken as soon as possible. While 2050 may seem far in the future, a cost-effective energy transition requires nearer-term actions to overcome technical and structural barriers.', 'While 2050 may seem far in the future, a cost-effective energy transition requires nearer-term actions to overcome technical and structural barriers. The innovation process can be iterative, requiring early deployment and technology learning over time. New clean energy technologies may require long gestation periods before achieving significant deployment (Figure 4.3). By ramping up clean energy innovation now, consistent with Mission Innovation, and focusing on solutions for the energy uses that we are least likely to decarbonize in the near term (e.g., certain industrial emissions), the United States can transition to a low-carbon energy system more rapidly and cost-effectively. Energy infrastructure also have long lifetimes (Figure 4.4).', 'Energy infrastructure also have long lifetimes (Figure 4.4). Large infrastructure investments will be needed in the next few decades to replace aging infrastructure, which presents a vital opportunity to increase the pace and lower the costs of the energy transition with early low-carbon investments. Moreover, the deployment of innovative low-carbon technologies today drives down costs through economies-of-scale and learning-by-doing, building momentum towards a low-carbon future. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemELECTRIC POWER SECTOR Generating the electricity we use in our homes and businesses without producing GHG emissions is perhaps the most pivotal element to achieving the MCS vision. The electric power sector has historically been the largest source of GHG emissions in the United States (EPA 2016).', 'The electric power sector has historically been the largest source of GHG emissions in the United States (EPA 2016). Coal and natural gas provide about two-thirds of U.S. electricity generation (see Figure 4.5). Due mainly to its high carbon content, coal is responsible for over three-quarters of electric power sector CO2 emissions (EPA 2016). In recent years, the United States has made considerable progress in producing electricity with fewer GHG emissions. Reduced electricity demand growth and increased deployment of natural gas and renewable generation have contributed to a 21 percent decline in electricity sector CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2015 (EIA 2016d). Even as technology cost trends and policies continue to drive emissions reductions in the coming decades, additional actions are needed over time.', 'Even as technology cost trends and policies continue to drive emissions reductions in the coming decades, additional actions are needed over time. Analysis by DOE for the MCS indicates that without further innovation and additional policies that drive down emissions, over half of U.S. electricity generation in 2040 will come from fossil fuels without CCUS. THE MCS VISION FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR Along with a modernized electricity grid and an expanded role for energy storage and flexibility, numerous low-carbon technologies can contribute to decarbonizing the sector.', 'THE MCS VISION FOR THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR Along with a modernized electricity grid and an expanded role for energy storage and flexibility, numerous low-carbon technologies can contribute to decarbonizing the sector. The MCS analysis shows large increases in total electricity generation provided by the following low carbon generation sources (Figure 4.6): Decision to Invest in RDD&D Research & Development Demonstration: Scale-up of the Technology and System Demonstration of Commercial Production Model Resolution of Regulatory Issues Financing Manufacturing Facilities or Energy Plants Market Penetration Note that RDD&D is not a linear process; there can be substantial interaction and iteration across these various activities. URBAN FORM BUILDINGS POWER PLANTS INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT CARS BUILDING APPLIANCES APPROXIMATE LIFETIME (YEARS) Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.3: APPROXIMATE GESTATION TIME RANGES FOR RDD&D FIGURE 4.4: APPROXIMATE LIFETIME RANGES FOR VARIOUS CAPITAL STOCKS Source: Lutz et al.', 'URBAN FORM BUILDINGS POWER PLANTS INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT CARS BUILDING APPLIANCES APPROXIMATE LIFETIME (YEARS) Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.3: APPROXIMATE GESTATION TIME RANGES FOR RDD&D FIGURE 4.4: APPROXIMATE LIFETIME RANGES FOR VARIOUS CAPITAL STOCKS Source: Lutz et al. 2011; Davis, Diegel, & Boundy 2015; EIA 2011; O’Connor 2004.BOX 4.3: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY ANALYSIS IN NEMS The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) performed its own original analysis in support of the MCS using a version of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS), a detailed model of the U.S. energy system with projections through 2040. Unlike the GCAM analysis discussed elsewhere in this report, the DOE analysis was not designed to achieve any specific emissions objective (such as 80 percent reductions by 2050 in the MCS Benchmark scenario).', 'Unlike the GCAM analysis discussed elsewhere in this report, the DOE analysis was not designed to achieve any specific emissions objective (such as 80 percent reductions by 2050 in the MCS Benchmark scenario). The analysis looked at two GHG pathways: An “Advanced Technology + No Additional Policy” scenario, a proxy for achieving current DOE program energy goals (including technology cost and performance goals), and no additional policies are used to drive down emissions. A “Stretch Technology + Policy” scenario with an economy-wide carbon price used as a proxy for comprehensive policy action to drive down energy CO2 emissions. The carbon price starts at $20 per metric ton in 2017 and increases by 5 percent per year (in real terms).', 'The carbon price starts at $20 per metric ton in 2017 and increases by 5 percent per year (in real terms). In this scenario, the combination of additional support for technological progress (such as through Mission Innovation) and the carbon price leads to further emissions reductions compared to the “Advanced Technology + No Additional Policy” scenario. The DOE analysis shows that combined with successful innovation, the carbon price puts energy CO2 emissions on a pathway consistent with the MCS vision. A key finding of the DOE analysis is that the combination of technology advances and additional policies can drive greater emission reductions than the sum of each approach on its own.', 'A key finding of the DOE analysis is that the combination of technology advances and additional policies can drive greater emission reductions than the sum of each approach on its own. EMISSIONS (MMT) HISTORY STRETCH TECHNOLOGY + POLICY STRAIGHT-LINE PATHWAYS TO 74 - 86% REDUCTIONS IN 2050 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY + NO ADDITIONAL POLICY RANGE OF PROJECTIONS IN CASES Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System MCS scenarios in GCAM that achieve 80 percent reductions in economy-wide net GHG emissions show energy CO2 reductions of 74 to 86 percent.• \x07 Renewable energy, primarily solar and wind energy. Although currently only 6 percent of the electric generation mix (EIA 2016d), wind and solar are the fastest-growing generation sources due to technology improvements, federal tax credits, net metering policies, and state-level policies (e.g., renewable portfolio standards).', 'Although currently only 6 percent of the electric generation mix (EIA 2016d), wind and solar are the fastest-growing generation sources due to technology improvements, federal tax credits, net metering policies, and state-level policies (e.g., renewable portfolio standards). In 2015, wind and solar accounted for 68 percent of all new electricity generating capacity additions in the United States (EIA 2016e). Technological advances and an increasingly flexible electricity grid will support a continued rapid pace of deployment for solar and wind energy, and the share for these technologies is expected to double to 12 percent by 2021 even in the absence of additional policies and before the Clean Power Plan is fully in effect. (EIA 2016a). • \x07Nuclear energy.', '(EIA 2016a). • \x07Nuclear energy. While nuclear energy provides about 60 percent of U.S. carbon-free electricity today, since 2013 five nuclear reactors have shut down and closure announcements have been made for another nine reactors. While five new nuclear reactors are scheduled to come online by 2019, building new nuclear plants in the United States remains a challenge due to high investment costs and risks, lengthy licensing and construction periods, and a decline in market competitiveness in certain regions of the country. Continued investments are necessary to extend the lifetimes of the current fleet while also investing in advanced Light Water Reactors and next-generation nuclear plants. • \x07Fossil fuels and carbon-beneficial forms of bioenergy with CCUS.', '• \x07Fossil fuels and carbon-beneficial forms of bioenergy with CCUS. Coal and natural gas power plants can continue to play a major role in the U.S. electricity system if their associated CO2 emissions are captured and prevented from being released into the atmosphere. CCUS technology can significantly reduce or eliminate emissions from coal or natural gas plants, but it is not widely used in the United States today due to high costs and the lack of sufficient market incentives to invest in and deploy CCUS. That said, the first two power plants with CCUS in the United States are scheduled to begin commercial operation by early 2017.', 'That said, the first two power plants with CCUS in the United States are scheduled to begin commercial operation by early 2017. In addition, combining carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy with CCUS offers an important opportunity for negative emissions, by capturing CO2 as the biomass is grown and storing CO2 underground after combustion. Other decarbonization scenarios could show greater contributions from additional sources like hydro, geothermal, and wave energy. BILLION KILOWATT‐HOURS/YEAR Low Carbon Gas (w/o CCS) Oil (w/o CCS) Coal (w/o CCS) MCS BENCHMARK HISTORICAL Source: EIA 2016d, MCS analysis. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.5: NET GENERATION IN THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR, HISTORICAL AND MCSFigure 4.6 shows 2050 electricity generation mixes for four of the MCS scenarios, and it portrays two major challenges facing the sector: Near-complete decarbonization.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.5: NET GENERATION IN THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR, HISTORICAL AND MCSFigure 4.6 shows 2050 electricity generation mixes for four of the MCS scenarios, and it portrays two major challenges facing the sector: Near-complete decarbonization. Electricity is generated almost entirely from low-carbon sources by 2050. The decarbonization of the electric power sector is likely to proceed more rapidly than in end-use sectors due to the cost- effectiveness and widespread potential of many low-carbon electricity sources already available in the marketplace, centralized decision-making by regulators and utilities about large central-station generation assets, and the increasing ability of consumers to switch to low-carbon distributed options such as solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity.', 'The decarbonization of the electric power sector is likely to proceed more rapidly than in end-use sectors due to the cost- effectiveness and widespread potential of many low-carbon electricity sources already available in the marketplace, centralized decision-making by regulators and utilities about large central-station generation assets, and the increasing ability of consumers to switch to low-carbon distributed options such as solar photovoltaic (PV) electricity. By combining coal and natural gas with CCUS technology, the electricity system continues to use considerable amounts of fossil fuels in some MCS scenarios, but the vast majority of fossil fuel electricity generation without CCUS is phased out by mid- century. A major expansion of generation resources.', 'A major expansion of generation resources. Generation from electricity expands considerably to satisfy both a growing economy and the increasing electrification of the transportation, buildings, and industrial sectors. Larger efficiency improvements in the production and consumption of electricity or a greater reliance on other low carbon fuels in end-use sectors could ease the pace of the expansion of the electricity system. There are major benefits to supporting a wide range of electricity generation technologies. First, decarbonizing the electricity system does not depend on the success of any single technology, and the capacity additions required from any single technology are lessened due to what other technologies can contribute.', 'First, decarbonizing the electricity system does not depend on the success of any single technology, and the capacity additions required from any single technology are lessened due to what other technologies can contribute. Second, supporting a wide range of technologies today through a portfolio approach is likely to lower the costs of decarbonization in the long run, because we do not know today how technologies will progress over many decades; policies should be designed to enable the lowest cost technologies to emerge (while ensuring reliability). Figure 4.7 shows average annual capacity additions for the MCS Benchmark scenario, with historical capacity additions (and 2016 projections) provided for comparison.', 'Figure 4.7 shows average annual capacity additions for the MCS Benchmark scenario, with historical capacity additions (and 2016 projections) provided for comparison. Solar and wind energy account for the majority of capacity additions, with deployments of roughly 30 GW per year between 2016 and 2035 and over 50 GW per year between 2035 and 2050. This will require an increase in annual gigawatts of capacity additions of about 6 percent per year from 2020-2050 from the current expected pace of roughly 20 GW per year between 2016 and 2020. The other three scenarios displayed in Figure 4.6 show different pathways to a decarbonized electricity sector, and many more are possible.', 'The other three scenarios displayed in Figure 4.6 show different pathways to a decarbonized electricity sector, and many more are possible. The “No CCUS” scenario shows how the sector might be decarbonized without the usage of CCUS, an important ELECTRICITY GENERATION [EJ/YR] Geothermal Solar Wind Nuclear Hydro Biomass w/CCUS Biomass w/o CCUS Oil w/CCUS Gas w/CCUS Coal w/CCUS Oil w/o CCUS Gas w/o CCUS Coal w/o CCUS Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.6: ELECTRICITY GENERATION ACROSS MCS SCENARIOScontingency given that this technology is not yet widely used today. In this scenario, 2050 generation from solar and wind increase by over 30 percent compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, and generation from nuclear energy increases by over 60 percent—nuclear capacity additions are roughly 6 GW per year between 2016 and 2050, similar to the deployment pace of nuclear energy in the 1970s.', 'In this scenario, 2050 generation from solar and wind increase by over 30 percent compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, and generation from nuclear energy increases by over 60 percent—nuclear capacity additions are roughly 6 GW per year between 2016 and 2050, similar to the deployment pace of nuclear energy in the 1970s. Similarly, the “Low Biomass” scenario portrays the 2050 electricity sector with a reduced reliance on electricity generated from biomass (including BECCS). Finally, the “Smart Growth” scenario portrays a pathway to decarbonization with a lower burden on the electricity system, due to strategies like improved urban planning and more efficient buildings that reduce electricity demand. The evolution of technology costs, technology performance, and system reliability needs will influence the ultimate configuration of the electricity system.', 'The evolution of technology costs, technology performance, and system reliability needs will influence the ultimate configuration of the electricity system. The result will have important ramifications for necessary infrastructure and regulations, and will depend on the co-development of key enabling technologies such as energy storage and grid management technologies, as well as the design of electricity markets that reward innovative low-cost grid services. For example, as the demand for electricity from electric vehicles grows, ensuring that customers can choose to charge their vehicles when rates are low (i.e., the wind is blowing and/or the sun is shining) will make a renewables-intensive power grid cheaper for all customers. A MODERNIZED ELECTRICITY GRID The MCS envisions a U.S. electricity system that is reliable, resilient, secure, and affordable.', 'A MODERNIZED ELECTRICITY GRID The MCS envisions a U.S. electricity system that is reliable, resilient, secure, and affordable. Historically, the grid was designed for large-scale generation located remotely from consumers and centrally controlled to serve passive loads. However, the grid is experiencing a period of transformation due to a variety of factors, including increasing penetration of variable generation resources, distributed generation (e.g., solar PV systems on residential rooftops, energy storage), advanced communications and control systems, and increasingly dynamic and interactive demand-side resources. The power system has many thousands of generation facilities and millions of miles of power lines serving consumers. It is owned and operated by more than 3,000 utilities—private as well as public—and is overseen by municipal, state, and federal officials, each with different authorities.', 'It is owned and operated by more than 3,000 utilities—private as well as public—and is overseen by municipal, state, and federal officials, each with different authorities. The modern grid must continue to balance supply and demand for electricity while enabling the GIGAWATTS/YEAR Geothermal Solar Wind Hydro Nuclear Biomass w/CCUS Biomass Gas w/CCUS Coal w/CCUS Gas Coal 20 GW projected about 2/3 of MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO HISTORICAL & 2016 Note: 2016 data are AEO 2016 reference case projections. Source: EIA 2016a; MCS analysis. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.7: AVERAGE ANNUAL CAPACITY ADDITIONS BY FUEL, HISTORICAL AND MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOlarge-scale integration of renewable generation, dynamically optimizing operations and resource use, rapidly detecting and mitigating disturbances, enabling consumers to manage their electricity use and participate in markets, and providing strong protection against physical and cyber risks.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.7: AVERAGE ANNUAL CAPACITY ADDITIONS BY FUEL, HISTORICAL AND MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIOlarge-scale integration of renewable generation, dynamically optimizing operations and resource use, rapidly detecting and mitigating disturbances, enabling consumers to manage their electricity use and participate in markets, and providing strong protection against physical and cyber risks. Grid operators must continuously and nearly instantaneously match electricity supply with demand. This is primarily accomplished today by ramping up and down the output of dispatchable generation sources like natural gas. As the share of variable resources such as wind and solar increase, a more flexible power system becomes increasingly important to enable electricity supply to match demand (Figure 4.8).', 'As the share of variable resources such as wind and solar increase, a more flexible power system becomes increasingly important to enable electricity supply to match demand (Figure 4.8). On the supply side, energy storage technologies (e.g., batteries, pumped hydropower, compressed air energy) enable electricity to be generated now and used later, and upgrades in our transmission networks enable larger amounts of electricity to be moved over longer distances. Demand-side management (including demand response, storage, and energy efficiency) can enable flexible demand, and time-varying electricity pricing can encourage consumers to use electricity at times when it can be supplied most affordably. Improved forecasting for wind and solar generation and better communications between grid operators can also help facilitate the integration of more solar and wind energy.', 'Improved forecasting for wind and solar generation and better communications between grid operators can also help facilitate the integration of more solar and wind energy. With a more flexible electricity system, variable renewable generation could supply over 50 percent of our electricity generation (Hand et al. 2012, Mai et al. 2014). With technological advancements and the increased usage of electricity storage, solar and wind could account for an ever larger share of total generation—whether this outcome is cost-effective depends on how other generation technologies progress as well. Electricity markets on the modernized grid should provide accurate price signals and recognize the full value of flexible resources, thereby encouraging efficient investment in and deployment of these resources.', 'Electricity markets on the modernized grid should provide accurate price signals and recognize the full value of flexible resources, thereby encouraging efficient investment in and deployment of these resources. In addition, expanding the size of regions over which the grid is managed can assist with the management of variable renewable resources in a modernized grid. For instance, wide-area energy imbalance markets can help to efficiently address variability by leveraging geographic diversity and dispatching across a broad set of resources (Milligan et al. 2013). Finally, during times of high renewables generation and low demand, wind and solar energy could also be used to produce low-carbon fuels (e.g., hydrogen or synthetic natural gas) (Melania and Eichman 2015).', 'Finally, during times of high renewables generation and low demand, wind and solar energy could also be used to produce low-carbon fuels (e.g., hydrogen or synthetic natural gas) (Melania and Eichman 2015). To ensure continued reliability, a modern grid will benefit from innovations in a host of technical and institutional areas to manage diverse and dynamic electricity supplies and loads, and to protect against outages. Current costs of power system disruptions have been estimated at roughly $20 billion to $50 billion per year, not including damage due to extreme weather (Campbell 2012). Without investments in resilience, costs will increase as climate change increasingly impacts the power sector.', 'Without investments in resilience, costs will increase as climate change increasingly impacts the power sector. Higher temperatures can reduce the efficiency of thermal electricity production, reduce transmission capacity, and increase demand for electricity to cool buildings (DOE 2013, DOE 2016d, EPA 2015). Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemFIGURE 4.8: GRID FLEXIBILITY MEASURES TO ENABLE INCREASED VARIABLE WIND AND SOLAR PENETRATION INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR Clean energy technologies are widely commercialized today. Still, further innovation in low-carbon generation sources, electricity storage, and a modernized U.S. electricity grid will reduce the costs and increase the pace of decarbonization. The table below displays numerous innovation opportunities in the electric power sector.', 'The table below displays numerous innovation opportunities in the electric power sector. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System Note: Flexibility measures can reduce the need to rapidly ramp dispatchable generation to meet load net of variable wind and solar generation. Flexibility measures include demand response, targeted energy efficiency, peak-oriented renewables, storage, better forecasting and planning especially for variable renewable energy, inter-regional power exchange, and replacement of inflexible generating units with flexible generating units. Source: Adapted from Lazar 2016, Figure 5.', 'Source: Adapted from Lazar 2016, Figure 5. M E G A W A T T S H O U R S TOTAL LOAD LOAD NET OF WIND AND SOLAR MEGAWATTS H O U R S Implement demand response, electricity storage, and various other measures to promote grid flexibility NEW NET LOAD INITIAL LOAD PATTERN MODIFIED LOAD PATTERNDecarbonizing the U.S. Energy System CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS LOW-CARBON GENERATION Fossil fuels w/ CCUS • Improved efficiency of CO2 capture and transport • \x07 Advancement of technologies that improve the cost-effectiveness of safe and permanent storage • Development and large-scale demonstrations • Ensuring flexibility to follow load and support variable generation • \x07 Natural gas CCUS (e.g., to manage higher oxygen content, lower CO2 concentration, higher flue gas temperatures) utilization (e.g., enhanced oil recovery, chemical transformation to carbon-based products such as fuels, structural materials, and high-value chemicals) Nuclear energy • Reduced costs and improved performance/safety of advanced nuclear • Demonstration and deployment (e.g., small modular reactors and advanced reactors) • \x07 Demonstration and deployment of nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems with increased flexibility and process heat for industrial applications • Demonstration and deployment of a spent fuel management system Wind energy • \x07 Taller towers to access higher wind speeds and enable new markets.', 'M E G A W A T T S H O U R S TOTAL LOAD LOAD NET OF WIND AND SOLAR MEGAWATTS H O U R S Implement demand response, electricity storage, and various other measures to promote grid flexibility NEW NET LOAD INITIAL LOAD PATTERN MODIFIED LOAD PATTERNDecarbonizing the U.S. Energy System CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS LOW-CARBON GENERATION Fossil fuels w/ CCUS • Improved efficiency of CO2 capture and transport • \x07 Advancement of technologies that improve the cost-effectiveness of safe and permanent storage • Development and large-scale demonstrations • Ensuring flexibility to follow load and support variable generation • \x07 Natural gas CCUS (e.g., to manage higher oxygen content, lower CO2 concentration, higher flue gas temperatures) utilization (e.g., enhanced oil recovery, chemical transformation to carbon-based products such as fuels, structural materials, and high-value chemicals) Nuclear energy • Reduced costs and improved performance/safety of advanced nuclear • Demonstration and deployment (e.g., small modular reactors and advanced reactors) • \x07 Demonstration and deployment of nuclear-renewable hybrid energy systems with increased flexibility and process heat for industrial applications • Demonstration and deployment of a spent fuel management system Wind energy • \x07 Taller towers to access higher wind speeds and enable new markets. Focus areas include: longer blades, advanced generator topologies, and hybrid material tower systems • \x07 Advanced generator technologies that use affordable and widely available materials (e.g., develop substitutes for neodymium magnets) • Advanced power electronics technologies • \x07 High-performance computational modeling for plant optimization and wake dynamics • \x07 Offshore floating foundation and installation, operations and maintenance innovation and strategies Solar PV • Higher efficiency systems • \x07 Reducing the cost of the balance of systems • Development of thin-film solar PVs that use earth-abundant materials • High-durability PV system materials and components with 50+ year lifetimes • Advanced functionality inverters Concentrated solar power • Supercritical CO2 turbine cycles • \x07 Production of fuels and other chemicals along with electricity (e.g., thermally-assisted electrolysis, direct thermochemical conversion cycles) • \x07 Lower cost materials for solar fields (e.g., heliostat systems), and for high temperature heat transfer systems and optimized storage Bioenergy • \x07 Reduced costs of biomass production and collection, including higher yield bioenergy crops and advanced biomass like algae • \x07 Improved performance and reduce costs of BECCS, especially for cleanup of hot gases in the system and CO2 separation • Pilot and large-scale demonstration projects Geothermal (conventional and enhanced geothermal systems) • \x07 Technologies for faster, cheaper drilling and borehole integrity for conventional and enhanced geothermal systems • \x07 Improved resource identification for conventional geothermal power production, including remote characterization of potential resources deep underground • \x07 Improved ability to develop and maintain effective, large underground thermal reservoirs for significant heat extraction • Characterizing and controlling subsurface stress and induced seismicity TABLE 1.', 'Focus areas include: longer blades, advanced generator topologies, and hybrid material tower systems • \x07 Advanced generator technologies that use affordable and widely available materials (e.g., develop substitutes for neodymium magnets) • Advanced power electronics technologies • \x07 High-performance computational modeling for plant optimization and wake dynamics • \x07 Offshore floating foundation and installation, operations and maintenance innovation and strategies Solar PV • Higher efficiency systems • \x07 Reducing the cost of the balance of systems • Development of thin-film solar PVs that use earth-abundant materials • High-durability PV system materials and components with 50+ year lifetimes • Advanced functionality inverters Concentrated solar power • Supercritical CO2 turbine cycles • \x07 Production of fuels and other chemicals along with electricity (e.g., thermally-assisted electrolysis, direct thermochemical conversion cycles) • \x07 Lower cost materials for solar fields (e.g., heliostat systems), and for high temperature heat transfer systems and optimized storage Bioenergy • \x07 Reduced costs of biomass production and collection, including higher yield bioenergy crops and advanced biomass like algae • \x07 Improved performance and reduce costs of BECCS, especially for cleanup of hot gases in the system and CO2 separation • Pilot and large-scale demonstration projects Geothermal (conventional and enhanced geothermal systems) • \x07 Technologies for faster, cheaper drilling and borehole integrity for conventional and enhanced geothermal systems • \x07 Improved resource identification for conventional geothermal power production, including remote characterization of potential resources deep underground • \x07 Improved ability to develop and maintain effective, large underground thermal reservoirs for significant heat extraction • Characterizing and controlling subsurface stress and induced seismicity TABLE 1. ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIESHydropower • Improving the performance, efficiency, and flexibility of existing hydropower plants • \x07 Development of new generation at non-powered dams using standardized modular technologies • Address concerns regarding environmental impacts of hydropower technologies • New run-of-river system technologies Marine and hydrokinetic • Reducing technology costs and risks for wave, tidal, and ocean current • Addressing deployment barriers Fossil- or bioenergy-fueled combined heat and power (CHP) • Reduced costs and improved performance of advanced CHP systems • Demonstration and deployment in residential and commercial buildings • Bioenergy-fueled CHP in industrial applications using onsite waste streams • Advanced CHP with CCUS in targeted industrial applications GRID MODERNIZATION • \x07 Improved, lower-cost power flow controllers, transformers, and converters using advanced power electronics • \x07 Devices and integrated system testing to enable the use of intelligent devices at the edge of the system to provide grid services • Sensing and measurement to provide complete visibility on the system • \x07 System operations, power flow, and controls to enable the control of potentially millions of new devices on the system • \x07 Design and planning tools to enable better long-term investment in the grid of the future • Cybersecurity tools ELECTRICITY STORAGE Pumped hydropower storage (PHS) • Further development of advanced and variable-speed PHS systems • Quantify the value of energy services provided to the grid by PHS Energy storage (e.g., battery) • Reduced manufacturing costs • Increased storage capacity (e.g., advanced battery chemistries) • Elongated battery lifetimes through advances in materials and design • \x07 New materials (e.g., aluminum ion batteries) that enable electricity to be produced one day and used another • \x07 Lower cost energy storage systems located on the transmission and distribution system as well as for the customer TRANSPORTATION SECTOR The transportation sector provides mobility for people and goods with on-road vehicles, planes, trains, ships, and other modes.', 'ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIESHydropower • Improving the performance, efficiency, and flexibility of existing hydropower plants • \x07 Development of new generation at non-powered dams using standardized modular technologies • Address concerns regarding environmental impacts of hydropower technologies • New run-of-river system technologies Marine and hydrokinetic • Reducing technology costs and risks for wave, tidal, and ocean current • Addressing deployment barriers Fossil- or bioenergy-fueled combined heat and power (CHP) • Reduced costs and improved performance of advanced CHP systems • Demonstration and deployment in residential and commercial buildings • Bioenergy-fueled CHP in industrial applications using onsite waste streams • Advanced CHP with CCUS in targeted industrial applications GRID MODERNIZATION • \x07 Improved, lower-cost power flow controllers, transformers, and converters using advanced power electronics • \x07 Devices and integrated system testing to enable the use of intelligent devices at the edge of the system to provide grid services • Sensing and measurement to provide complete visibility on the system • \x07 System operations, power flow, and controls to enable the control of potentially millions of new devices on the system • \x07 Design and planning tools to enable better long-term investment in the grid of the future • Cybersecurity tools ELECTRICITY STORAGE Pumped hydropower storage (PHS) • Further development of advanced and variable-speed PHS systems • Quantify the value of energy services provided to the grid by PHS Energy storage (e.g., battery) • Reduced manufacturing costs • Increased storage capacity (e.g., advanced battery chemistries) • Elongated battery lifetimes through advances in materials and design • \x07 New materials (e.g., aluminum ion batteries) that enable electricity to be produced one day and used another • \x07 Lower cost energy storage systems located on the transmission and distribution system as well as for the customer TRANSPORTATION SECTOR The transportation sector provides mobility for people and goods with on-road vehicles, planes, trains, ships, and other modes. The sector is responsible for about a third of all U.S. CO2 emissions (EIA 2016a, Table A19), and the decarbonization of transportation is a critical element of the MCS vision.', 'The sector is responsible for about a third of all U.S. CO2 emissions (EIA 2016a, Table A19), and the decarbonization of transportation is a critical element of the MCS vision. Oil remains the dominant fuel used in the transportation sector, and about three-fourths of the oil used in the United States is consumed for transportation. Although U.S. oil imports have fallen dramatically with the domestic production of shale oil and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles, U.S. producers remain vulnerable to global oil market crashes and consumers to price spikes.11 Petroleum-based transportation fuels are also a primary source of air pollution, with serious health impacts.', 'Although U.S. oil imports have fallen dramatically with the domestic production of shale oil and increasingly fuel efficient vehicles, U.S. producers remain vulnerable to global oil market crashes and consumers to price spikes.11 Petroleum-based transportation fuels are also a primary source of air pollution, with serious health impacts. Rail Other Shipping and Boating Aircraft Heavy Trucks and Buses Cars and Light Trucks TRANSPORTATION SECTOR TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS BY END USE: TRANSPORTATION Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System A Federal Reserve Bank review found oil price spikes associated with U.S. economic downturns. See Kilian and Vigfusson (2014).The United States has established fuel economy and GHG emissions standards for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles, which have reduced transportation GHG emissions significantly in recent years.', 'See Kilian and Vigfusson (2014).The United States has established fuel economy and GHG emissions standards for both light- and heavy-duty vehicles, which have reduced transportation GHG emissions significantly in recent years. Assuming oil prices are stable or increasing from recent low levels, current policies will reduce emissions for years to come as vehicle fuel economy and GHG emissions standards continue to tighten, older inefficient vehicles are replaced, and technologies improve due to long-term investments in developing lower- emissions vehicles. Figure 4.11 shows that if the current expected trajectory of emissions intensity improvements due to fuel economy and GHG emissions standards is sustained through 2050, fleet-wide emissions intensity would decline 76 percent between 2015 and 2050.', 'Figure 4.11 shows that if the current expected trajectory of emissions intensity improvements due to fuel economy and GHG emissions standards is sustained through 2050, fleet-wide emissions intensity would decline 76 percent between 2015 and 2050. In the MCS Benchmark scenario, emissions intensity declines 86 percent over the same period. Thus, with only a slight acceleration compared to current trends, fuel economy and GHG emissions standards have the potential to achieve carbon pollution reductions consistent with a deeply decarbonized energy system. Of course, improvements in emissions intensity of the magnitude displayed in Figure 4.11 will require more than just improvements in the fuel efficiency of conventional internal combustion vehicles.', 'Of course, improvements in emissions intensity of the magnitude displayed in Figure 4.11 will require more than just improvements in the fuel efficiency of conventional internal combustion vehicles. Accordingly, there has been considerable federal and state support for the development of alternative fuels and vehicles and their infrastructure, including programs for EV charging deployment through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, and the Renewable Fuel Standard Program that requires renewable fuels to replace or reduce petroleum. Nine states have followed California’s lead in implementing “Zero Emissions Vehicles” standards that require automakers to produce cars and light trucks that release zero emissions during operation. Remarkable progress has been made in electric vehicles in recent years, including both performance improvements and cost reductions.', 'Remarkable progress has been made in electric vehicles in recent years, including both performance improvements and cost reductions. New passenger battery electric vehicles (BEV) on the market have ranges of over 200 miles on a single charge, far more than nearly all drivers need in their daily lives, and deployment of charging infrastructure on interstates has begun to scale up. Still, alternative fuel vehicles account for only a small portion of U.S. vehicle sales today; widespread market penetration will require additional innovation and policy support. EXAJOULES/YEAR Electricity (low carbon) Electricity (high carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil MCS BENCHMARK HISTORICAL Values reported in final energy terms. Conversion losses and transmission losses are not included in this chart.12 Source: EIA 2016d, MCS analysis.', 'Conversion losses and transmission losses are not included in this chart.12 Source: EIA 2016d, MCS analysis. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.10: TRANSPORTATION SECTOR ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL AND MCS Energy values for direct fuel consumption are reported in lower heating value. Lower heating value to higher heating value conversion factors used are 1.05 for coal, 1.07 for oil, 1.11 for gas, and 1.05 for bioenergy (PNNL 2016).THE MCS VISION FOR THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR With the combination of continued technological advancements and strong policies and standards, significant progress can be achieved in decarbonizing the transportation sector by 2050. The MCS analysis points to the following three strategies: Increasing fuel efficiency. Continuing to increase vehicle efficiency and fuel production efficiency will drive down energy use and emissions.', 'Continuing to increase vehicle efficiency and fuel production efficiency will drive down energy use and emissions. Efficiency improvements may be particularly important for transportation modes that are the most difficult to electrify, such as airplanes, ships, and long-haul trucks. In addition to providing emissions reductions, transportation efficiency measures save money for individuals and businesses over the lifetimes of their equipment and reduce our reliance on oil imports. Developing low-carbon transportation fuels and vehicles. Decarbonization of the transportation sector requires investments in low-carbon fuels and vehicles, including the following three technologies: • \x07 Electric vehicles (EVs): With a decarbonized electric power sector, EVs are effectively carbon-free vehicles.', 'Decarbonization of the transportation sector requires investments in low-carbon fuels and vehicles, including the following three technologies: • \x07 Electric vehicles (EVs): With a decarbonized electric power sector, EVs are effectively carbon-free vehicles. In addition, the electric drive in an EV is far more efficient than a conventional engine and transmission, meaning EVs consume less energy to drive a given distance than gasoline-powered vehicles. As technologies improve, allowing these vehicles to travel farther on a single charge, the vehicle types and uses will diversify, leading to greater market penetration. Both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles provide unique opportunities.', 'Both battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and plug-in electric vehicles provide unique opportunities. • \x07 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs): Like BEVs, FCEVs are low-carbon alternatives when powered by hydrogen generated from low-carbon sources, and they have much higher efficiencies than gasoline/diesel-powered vehicles, as well as a comparable range of driving distance. • \x07 Biomass-fueled vehicles: When combined with carbon beneficial forms of biomass, “drop-in” biofuels would have a key advantage in that they can be deployed without major changes to existing vehicles or fuel infrastructure (DOE 2015a).', '• \x07 Biomass-fueled vehicles: When combined with carbon beneficial forms of biomass, “drop-in” biofuels would have a key advantage in that they can be deployed without major changes to existing vehicles or fuel infrastructure (DOE 2015a). Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System MCS Benchmark Scenario AEO 2016 (Reference case) linear fit FIGURE 4.11: FLEET-WIDE EMISSIONS INTENSITY FOR LIGHT-DUTY VEHICLES UNDER THE MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO RELATIVE TO A STRAIGHT-LINE EXTENSION OF NEAR-TERM PROJECTIONS TO 2025 Note: Emissions intensities were calculated for each year by dividing fleet-wide LDV emissions by total vehicle miles traveled. Since existing light-duty vehicle fuel economy and GHG emissions standards only extend to 2025, this figure linearly extrapolates Annual Energy Outlook 2016 reference case projections through 2025 out to 2050.', 'Since existing light-duty vehicle fuel economy and GHG emissions standards only extend to 2025, this figure linearly extrapolates Annual Energy Outlook 2016 reference case projections through 2025 out to 2050. The fleet-wide emissions intensity of light- duty vehicles declines 76 percent between 2015 and 2050, relative to 86 percent in the MCS Benchmark scenario.All of these vehicle types are available on the market today. To achieve widespread penetration in upcoming decades, clean vehicles and fuels will require cost reductions, performance improvements, improved consumer acceptance, and development of infrastructure for recharging or fueling. Reducing vehicle miles traveled. Transportation energy demand is influenced not only by available technology but also by societal trends.', 'Transportation energy demand is influenced not only by available technology but also by societal trends. Improved and highly utilized mass transit, higher-density and mixed-use development, increased and efficient ridesharing, and walkable and bikeable neighborhoods can reduce the usage of passenger vehicles. An analysis by DOE finds that these changes to the built environment alone could reduce GHG emissions from urban light- duty vehicles by as much as 16 to 18 percent by 2050, corresponding to a transportation sector emissions reduction of 10 percent (Porter et al. 2013). State transportation departments and metropolitan planning organizations are taking the first steps to include GHG targets and performance measures as they develop their long-term transportation plans and transportation improvement programs.', 'State transportation departments and metropolitan planning organizations are taking the first steps to include GHG targets and performance measures as they develop their long-term transportation plans and transportation improvement programs. Further, advances in IT and the sharing economy are initiating a shift from a vehicle ownership society to one of shared mobility, where mobility is purchased by the mile rather than by the vehicle. Smart urban planning can capitalize on this shift, freeing up land that is now needed to house vehicles for alternative and more societally beneficial uses, including more compact, walkable cities. Finally, improved freight logistics and modal shifting of freight from long-haul trucks to rail have the potential to drive down the distance traveled and corresponding emissions from heavy-duty vehicles.', 'Finally, improved freight logistics and modal shifting of freight from long-haul trucks to rail have the potential to drive down the distance traveled and corresponding emissions from heavy-duty vehicles. The MCS analysis highlights two pathways to a lower-GHG transportation sector. The MCS Benchmark scenario portrays a rapid deployment pathway for clean vehicles, driven by a combination of technology improvements, policy support, and increasing consumer acceptance. By 2035, roughly half of light-duty vehicle sales are clean vehicles. Due to slow stock-turnover (light-duty vehicles can be on the road for 15-20 years), the composition of the vehicle fleet lags behind, but by 2050, clean vehicles account for over 60 percent of light-duty vehicle miles traveled, and significant (though lesser) progress is also made in clean heavy-duty vehicles.', 'Due to slow stock-turnover (light-duty vehicles can be on the road for 15-20 years), the composition of the vehicle fleet lags behind, but by 2050, clean vehicles account for over 60 percent of light-duty vehicle miles traveled, and significant (though lesser) progress is also made in clean heavy-duty vehicles. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System Biofuel Vehicles Natural Gas Vehicles Gasoline/Diesel Vehicles PASSENGER KMs TRAVELED PER YEAR Electric/Hydrogen Vehicles MCS analysis highlights two pathways to a low-GHG transportation sector, with an aggressive deployment pathway for clean vehicles in the MCS Benchmark scenario and the “Smart Growth” scenario focusing on improved mass transit and urban planning.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System Biofuel Vehicles Natural Gas Vehicles Gasoline/Diesel Vehicles PASSENGER KMs TRAVELED PER YEAR Electric/Hydrogen Vehicles MCS analysis highlights two pathways to a low-GHG transportation sector, with an aggressive deployment pathway for clean vehicles in the MCS Benchmark scenario and the “Smart Growth” scenario focusing on improved mass transit and urban planning. FIGURE 4.12: U.S. LIGHT- DUTY PASSENGER VEHICLES KILOMETERS TRAVELED IN THE MCSIn the “Smart Growth” scenario, the primary approach for achieving transportation sector emissions reductions is through strategies that limit the increases of vehicle miles traveled as the U.S. population and economy grow. This includes improved mass transit and urban planning.', 'This includes improved mass transit and urban planning. The deployment of clean vehicles is less rapid over the next 34 years, yet deployment of alternative fuel vehicles is still significant, with clean vehicles accounting for roughly one-third of light-duty vehicle sales in 2035 and over 40 percent of VMT in 2050.13 Compared to the MCS Benchmark scenario, the Smart Growth scenario involves a greater reliance on gasoline and diesel vehicles. Smart growth strategies achieve emissions reductions in other sectors (e.g., buildings) so achieving 80% requires less ambition in clean vehicle penetration. However, deploying smart growth strategies in parallel with electric drive vehicles has the opportunity to contribute to reductions beyond 80 percent.', 'However, deploying smart growth strategies in parallel with electric drive vehicles has the opportunity to contribute to reductions beyond 80 percent. Additional strategies to reduce transportation sector emissions (not modeled in this MCS) include advances in connected and automated vehicles. With well-crafted policies that direct these emerging trends in a way that accelerates decarbonization, increasing automation and connectivity can reduce GHG emissions through smoother driving, vehicle platooning, right-sizing, lightweighting, accelerated vehicle turnover, reduced congestion, and lower VMT. Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Transportation took an important first step, issuing a set of guidelines for vehicle developers that will help to ensure the safe testing and deployment of autonomous vehicles.', 'Earlier this year, the U.S. Department of Transportation took an important first step, issuing a set of guidelines for vehicle developers that will help to ensure the safe testing and deployment of autonomous vehicles. INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR In the MCS analysis, despite major progress in decarbonizing the sector, the majority of total residual emissions in the energy sector in 2050 are from the transportation sector, which points to the importance of continued innovation. This includes cleaner and more efficient vehicles, as well as smart urban design that would reduce vehicle miles traveled. Advances in vehicle automation and connectivity could contribute to both, making efficient vehicles more cost-effective and freeing up urban space used for parking for other uses.', 'Advances in vehicle automation and connectivity could contribute to both, making efficient vehicles more cost-effective and freeing up urban space used for parking for other uses. For certain transportation modes—particularly those that are difficult to electrify like long-haul trucks and aircrafts—far more RDD&D is needed to uncover the most cost-effective ways to reduce GHG emissions. BOX 4.3: ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN A MODERNIZED ELECTRICITY SYSTEM A growing fleet of electric vehicles implies a larger electricity system with an increased need for low-carbon generation. However, EVs may also present an important opportunity to add flexibility to a modern electricity grid. Policies, rate structures, and other regulations should strategically encourage battery charging at certain times, such as when demand for electricity is low or when variable electricity generation from renewable energy is high.', 'Policies, rate structures, and other regulations should strategically encourage battery charging at certain times, such as when demand for electricity is low or when variable electricity generation from renewable energy is high. Additionally, “Vehicle-to-Grid EVs” could provide a bi- directional flow of power, providing energy storage and supplying electricity to the grid when it is needed most. Similar to other “demand-side management” efforts, EVs would thus reduce the need for relatively expensive power plants to provide generation when demand for electricity is high, and enable increased penetration of variable generation sources like solar and wind.', 'Similar to other “demand-side management” efforts, EVs would thus reduce the need for relatively expensive power plants to provide generation when demand for electricity is high, and enable increased penetration of variable generation sources like solar and wind. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System In reality, smart growth strategies may well lead to the increased penetration of electric vehicles, and we do not mean to imply that there is a negative correlation between smart growth and electric vehicle penetration.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System In reality, smart growth strategies may well lead to the increased penetration of electric vehicles, and we do not mean to imply that there is a negative correlation between smart growth and electric vehicle penetration. Instead, the objective of this scenario is to show a markedly different pathway for achieving emissions reductions in the transportation sector.CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Battery electric vehicles • \x07 Battery chemistries with higher energy densities, lower costs, and longer lifetimes • Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery technology for long-haul heavy-duty vehicles • Faster recharge times • Ability to withstand higher temperatures associated with rapid recharging • \x07 New materials and methods for battery terminals (i.e., anodes and cathodes) for longer lifetimes and higher capacities • Optimal integration with the electric power system Fuel cell electric vehicles • \x07 Improved performance and reduced costs of producing hydrogen with clean energy (e.g., advanced electrolysis, thermally-assisted electrolysis, thermochemical processes, direct solar water splitting from renewable, nuclear, fossil-CCUS sources) • More affordable materials in the fuel cell • \x07 Reduced energy needs for hydrogen compression and increased durability of storage • Hydrogen power trucks and buses • \x07 Improved performance and reduced costs of producing hydrogen using clean energy (advanced water splitting using renewables/low carbon sources, biomass, waste, thermochemical processes, etc.)', 'Instead, the objective of this scenario is to show a markedly different pathway for achieving emissions reductions in the transportation sector.CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Battery electric vehicles • \x07 Battery chemistries with higher energy densities, lower costs, and longer lifetimes • Hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and battery technology for long-haul heavy-duty vehicles • Faster recharge times • Ability to withstand higher temperatures associated with rapid recharging • \x07 New materials and methods for battery terminals (i.e., anodes and cathodes) for longer lifetimes and higher capacities • Optimal integration with the electric power system Fuel cell electric vehicles • \x07 Improved performance and reduced costs of producing hydrogen with clean energy (e.g., advanced electrolysis, thermally-assisted electrolysis, thermochemical processes, direct solar water splitting from renewable, nuclear, fossil-CCUS sources) • More affordable materials in the fuel cell • \x07 Reduced energy needs for hydrogen compression and increased durability of storage • Hydrogen power trucks and buses • \x07 Improved performance and reduced costs of producing hydrogen using clean energy (advanced water splitting using renewables/low carbon sources, biomass, waste, thermochemical processes, etc.) • \x07 Reduced cost and improved durability of fuel cell materials (catalysts, membrane, etc.)', '• \x07 Reduced cost and improved durability of fuel cell materials (catalysts, membrane, etc.) • \x07 Improved energy efficiency and reliability of hydrogen compression, storage, and dispensing • \x07 Fuel cells in medium- and heavy-duty transportation markets (delivery vans, short- haul freight trucks, etc.)', '• \x07 Improved energy efficiency and reliability of hydrogen compression, storage, and dispensing • \x07 Fuel cells in medium- and heavy-duty transportation markets (delivery vans, short- haul freight trucks, etc.) Biofuels • Reduced biofuel production costs • Improved production efficiency • \x07 Development of “drop in” fuels that can be used in existing transport and require no changes to existing fuel infrastructure • \x07 Co-optimization of engines with low-carbon fuel to maximize performance and GHG reductions • \x07 Ensure biomass is produced and used in ways that are carbon beneficial (see Improved vehicle efficiency • \x07 Reduced costs and improved performance of lightweight materials (e.g., advanced high-strength steels, magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, and carbon fiber composites) • Vehicle automation and connectivity • Advances in engine efficiency • Advanced transmission systems • Improved waste heat recovery • Improved aerodynamics • Improved heating and cooling systems for passenger space • Reduced tire rolling resistance Aircraft • Jet fuels using feedstocks from carbon-beneficial forms of biomass • Airframe technology • Propulsion technology • Systems integration • Fuel cell technology • Hybrid technology Modal shifting • Improved deployment and utilization of mass transit • Smarter urban planning • More walkable/bikable cities • Shift long-distance freight transport to rail TABLE 2.', 'Biofuels • Reduced biofuel production costs • Improved production efficiency • \x07 Development of “drop in” fuels that can be used in existing transport and require no changes to existing fuel infrastructure • \x07 Co-optimization of engines with low-carbon fuel to maximize performance and GHG reductions • \x07 Ensure biomass is produced and used in ways that are carbon beneficial (see Improved vehicle efficiency • \x07 Reduced costs and improved performance of lightweight materials (e.g., advanced high-strength steels, magnesium alloys, aluminum alloys, and carbon fiber composites) • Vehicle automation and connectivity • Advances in engine efficiency • Advanced transmission systems • Improved waste heat recovery • Improved aerodynamics • Improved heating and cooling systems for passenger space • Reduced tire rolling resistance Aircraft • Jet fuels using feedstocks from carbon-beneficial forms of biomass • Airframe technology • Propulsion technology • Systems integration • Fuel cell technology • Hybrid technology Modal shifting • Improved deployment and utilization of mass transit • Smarter urban planning • More walkable/bikable cities • Shift long-distance freight transport to rail TABLE 2. TRANSPORTATION POWER SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemBOX 4.4: BIOENERGY USE ACROSS THE ENERGY SECTOR Carbon-beneficial forms of biomass are a versatile decarbonization tool because they can be processed in multiple forms (liquid, gas, or solid) and utilized to displace fossil fuels in many parts of the economy without large-scale infrastructure changes.', 'TRANSPORTATION POWER SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemBOX 4.4: BIOENERGY USE ACROSS THE ENERGY SECTOR Carbon-beneficial forms of biomass are a versatile decarbonization tool because they can be processed in multiple forms (liquid, gas, or solid) and utilized to displace fossil fuels in many parts of the economy without large-scale infrastructure changes. The MCS analysis shows bioenergy consumption in 2050 ranging from 4.1 to 6.6 exajoules, and a significant portion of biomass consumption could occur in the transportation sector (see figure below), where it supplies energy for end-uses that are difficult to electrify, including heavy-duty vehicles, aviation, and shipping. Another potentially significant source of biomass demand in 2050 is for industrial use.', 'Another potentially significant source of biomass demand in 2050 is for industrial use. Finally, bioenergy plus carbon capture and storage (BECCS) provides a unique opportunity for generating negative emissions. As discussed further in Chapter 5, carbon accounting frameworks must be put in place to ensure biomass use does not come at the expense of the domestic land carbon sink or cause deforestation or other adverse land use changes abroad. The biomass supply estimates used in the MCS are based on assessments and modeling of types and volumes of biomass that could be available by 2050 while meeting many other demands on U.S. landscapes, including growing global food demand, increasing carbon storage in forests and soils, and preserving habitat and high-value conservation areas.', 'The biomass supply estimates used in the MCS are based on assessments and modeling of types and volumes of biomass that could be available by 2050 while meeting many other demands on U.S. landscapes, including growing global food demand, increasing carbon storage in forests and soils, and preserving habitat and high-value conservation areas. MCS BENCHMARK LOW BIOMASS EXAJOULES Industry w/CCUS Industry w/o CCUS Buildings w/CCUS Buildings w/o CCUS Transport w/CCUS Transport w/o CCUS Electricity w/CCUS Electricity w/o CCUS Bioenergy (EJ) in the MCS analysis across electricity, transport, industry, and buildings, 2050. Note that the Low Biomass scenario includes no BECCS by assumption. BUILDINGS SECTOR Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for over one-third of the CO2 emissions from the U.S. energy system (EIA 2016b).', 'BUILDINGS SECTOR Residential and commercial buildings are responsible for over one-third of the CO2 emissions from the U.S. energy system (EIA 2016b). Over 70 percent of building sector emissions come from electricity use, with the remainder from direct fuel use for space heating, water heating, and other services (EIA 2016d, Tables 12.2 and 12.3). Buildings currently consume the majority of electricity in the United States, accounting for about three- quarters of electricity sales in 2015 (EIA 2016c). Space heating and cooling, lighting, water heating, and refrigeration consume the most energy of U.S. building end- uses, and account for over half of building emissions.', 'Space heating and cooling, lighting, water heating, and refrigeration consume the most energy of U.S. building end- uses, and account for over half of building emissions. The intensity of energy use in U.S. buildings has declined markedly in recent years due to energy efficiency policies, including federal efficiency standards for most major end- uses, voluntary partnership programs such as ENERGY STAR, Cooking Electronics Lighting Space Cooling Appliances Water Heating Other Space Heating Water Heating 1% Office Equipment Refrigeration Space Cooling Ventilation Space Heating Lighting Other RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS BUILDINGS SECTOR EMISSIONS BY END USE: BUILDINGS Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy Systemstate and local building energy codes, and demand-side energy efficiency programs across all 50 states and including “energy efficiency resource standards” in 20 states that require a minimum level of demonstrated energy savings each year, among many others.', 'The intensity of energy use in U.S. buildings has declined markedly in recent years due to energy efficiency policies, including federal efficiency standards for most major end- uses, voluntary partnership programs such as ENERGY STAR, Cooking Electronics Lighting Space Cooling Appliances Water Heating Other Space Heating Water Heating 1% Office Equipment Refrigeration Space Cooling Ventilation Space Heating Lighting Other RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS BUILDINGS SECTOR EMISSIONS BY END USE: BUILDINGS Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy Systemstate and local building energy codes, and demand-side energy efficiency programs across all 50 states and including “energy efficiency resource standards” in 20 states that require a minimum level of demonstrated energy savings each year, among many others. Consequently, building CO2 emissions have decreased 16 percent since 2005 (EIA 2016d) even while building space has increased substantially.', 'Consequently, building CO2 emissions have decreased 16 percent since 2005 (EIA 2016d) even while building space has increased substantially. DOE projections indicate these trends are likely to continue and have the potential to save consumers and businesses approximately 1 billion MWh of electricity between 2013 and 2030, and reduce energy costs in the process (DOE 2016h). However, deep reductions in building sector emissions require further investments in energy efficiency technologies and systems, coupled with expanded use of proven policies to support the shift to cleaner fuels. THE MCS VISION FOR THE BUILDINGS SECTOR The MCS analysis points to two primary strategies for transitioning to a low-carbon buildings sector: 1. \x07Energy efficiency.', 'THE MCS VISION FOR THE BUILDINGS SECTOR The MCS analysis points to two primary strategies for transitioning to a low-carbon buildings sector: 1. \x07Energy efficiency. The continuation of recent trends toward increased energy efficiency in the building sector can reduce costs for consumers, increase system flexibility, and reduce the required buildout of clean power systems (or other low-carbon fuels), making the energy sector transition less costly and easier to achieve. For example, continued efficiency improvements in lighting, building shells, and building energy systems will yield significant benefits. More compact and efficient building designs will lower the energy demands of new buildings. Electrification of end-uses. Further electrifying building end-uses—combined with the near-complete decarbonization of the grid—is an important strategy to reduce building emissions.', 'Further electrifying building end-uses—combined with the near-complete decarbonization of the grid—is an important strategy to reduce building emissions. A key opportunity for electrification in buildings lies in space heating and hot water heating appliances. About half of U.S. floor space is currently heated with systems that directly burn fuels. Increased electrification represents an acceleration in current trends for residential and commercial space heating in certain regions of the country (see Box 4.5). EXAJOULES/YEAR Electricity (low carbon) Electricity (high carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal MCS BENCHMARK HISTORICAL Note: Values reported in final energy terms. Conversion losses and transmission losses are not included in this chart.14 Source: EIA 2016d, MCS analysis. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.14: BUILDINGS SECTOR ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL AND MCS Energy values for direct fuel consumption are reported in lower heating value.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System FIGURE 4.14: BUILDINGS SECTOR ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL AND MCS Energy values for direct fuel consumption are reported in lower heating value. Lower heating value to higher heating value conversion factors used are 1.05 for coal, 1.07 for oil, 1.11 for gas, and 1.05 for bioenergy (PNNL 2016).BOX 4.5: ELECTRIC HEAT PUMPS15 Unlike typical gas furnaces, which generate heat by combusting natural gas, heat pumps move heat energy from one place to another to achieve optimal temperature inside a house. In the summer, heat pumps cool houses by removing excess heat energy from air inside the house to outside, while in the winter, heat pumps transfer outside heat energy indoors to warm the home.', 'In the summer, heat pumps cool houses by removing excess heat energy from air inside the house to outside, while in the winter, heat pumps transfer outside heat energy indoors to warm the home. By transferring rather than generating heat, heat pumps require substantially less energy, run on electricity rather than natural gas, and can provide the same space heating or cooling capacity at as little as one-third the cost of conventional equipment. Additionally, some high-efficiency heat pumps recover heat waste from cooling operations, channeling that heat towards heating water two to three times more efficiently than a conventional water heater. Recent technological advancements in heat pumps have expanded their use across the United States, including to efficiently meet heating needs in colder regions.', 'Recent technological advancements in heat pumps have expanded their use across the United States, including to efficiently meet heating needs in colder regions. Current limitations of heat pumps are very similar to the challenges being faced by air conditioning technology in general: the transition to low-GWP refrigerants, dehumidification performance (latent load performance), heat exchanger performance, and weight and size constraints. Ongoing research is addressing these challenges. The acceleration of these trends can significantly reduce the costs and increase the pace of decarbonization in the buildings sector. Indeed, a recent study on achieving 80 percent emissions reductions by 2050 in San Francisco finds that “Market adoption of electric heat pumps for 80 percent of citywide heat consumption is the single most impactful lever considered” (SF Environment 2016).', 'Indeed, a recent study on achieving 80 percent emissions reductions by 2050 in San Francisco finds that “Market adoption of electric heat pumps for 80 percent of citywide heat consumption is the single most impactful lever considered” (SF Environment 2016). Heat pumps are also used in industry, predominantly for low-temperature applications such as drying lumber and food products, and for distillation of petrochemical products. Industrial heat pumps may be used to increase the temperature of waste heat, capturing an energy resource that was previously unused. In addition to efficiency benefits, heat pumps may offer non-energy benefits of process productivity and product quality improvement. Current limitations of industrial heat pumps include the maximum temperature of heat they can provide. Ongoing research seeks to increase the upper temperature limit to expand use in higher temperature processes.', 'Ongoing research seeks to increase the upper temperature limit to expand use in higher temperature processes. The MCS envisions reductions in building energy use (even in the context of a growing population and economy) and the near-complete decarbonization of the sector. Two pathways are highlighted in Figure 4.15. Both scenarios rely heavily on electrification and efficiency improvements. The “Smart Growth” scenario relies somewhat less on electrification and more on reduced energy demand. Changes on the scale envisioned in either scenario will require ambitious policies to reduce emissions from the electricity sector, to promote energy efficiency in buildings, and to support the development and deployment of technologies that enable increased electrification.', 'Changes on the scale envisioned in either scenario will require ambitious policies to reduce emissions from the electricity sector, to promote energy efficiency in buildings, and to support the development and deployment of technologies that enable increased electrification. Decarbonized energy from electricity and, perhaps to a more limited extent, carbon beneficial forms of biomass or hydrogen, are critical to reducing GHG emissions in buildings because CCUS is impractical in the small-scale and widely distributed applications found in the buildings sector. On-site clean electricity generation (e.g., with distributed solar, wind, or geothermal) will contribute to the decarbonization of the buildings sector as well. The slow stock turnover of buildings is a key consideration in achieving deep emissions reductions in the sector.', 'The slow stock turnover of buildings is a key consideration in achieving deep emissions reductions in the sector. Building lifetimes are often 50 to 100 years or more, and the existing stock is large and generally less efficient than new buildings. Building features that impact energy use last for decades (e.g., windows, insulation, air- sealing, and large appliances such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and washing machines). This slow stock turnover elevates the importance of ensuring that starting today, new buildings and buildings features are designed for optimal efficiency and low carbon emissions. Retrofitting existing buildings (at a low cost and with minimal disruption) is also critical for capturing near- to mid- term energy savings and emissions benefits (Wilson et al. 2016).', 'Retrofitting existing buildings (at a low cost and with minimal disruption) is also critical for capturing near- to mid- term energy savings and emissions benefits (Wilson et al. 2016). Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] Electricity (low carbon) Electricity (high carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal FIGURE 4.15: ENERGY USE IN U.S. BUILDINGS IN THE MCS ANALYSIS For more on electric heat pumps, see DOE (2016c).INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE BUILDINGS SECTOR Innovation in the buildings sector will increase the effectiveness and lower the costs of achieving deep emissions reductions. In particular, we need investments in RDD&D for the decarbonization of emissions sources that are difficult to electrify. Key innovation opportunities are described below.16 BOX 4.6: ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES Programs and policies that promote energy efficiency are highly effective at reducing energy usage.', 'Key innovation opportunities are described below.16 BOX 4.6: ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMS AND POLICIES Programs and policies that promote energy efficiency are highly effective at reducing energy usage. Energy efficiency programs are commonly funded by electric and natural gas utilities and their customers, and can avoid the need for these utilities to procure or generate additional, higher-cost electricity. Energy efficiency programs commonly save consumers a significant amount of money over the lifetime of the installed measures. For example, the 44 new or updated appliance standards (in part enabled by RDD&D) put in place since 2009 are projected to cumulatively save by 2030 over $550 billion for consumers and 42 quads of energy (DOE 2016d).', 'For example, the 44 new or updated appliance standards (in part enabled by RDD&D) put in place since 2009 are projected to cumulatively save by 2030 over $550 billion for consumers and 42 quads of energy (DOE 2016d). Despite these substantial savings, consumers commonly do not take advantage of economic energy efficiency opportunities in the absence of programs and standards, due to market barriers that include: - \x07Information failures and asymmetries. Consumers may have insufficient or inaccurate information regarding their energy use reduction opportunities, the energy efficiency characteristics of goods and services, the comparative cost-effectiveness of product choices, or available incentives for efficient equipment and appliances. - \x07Split incentives.', 'Consumers may have insufficient or inaccurate information regarding their energy use reduction opportunities, the energy efficiency characteristics of goods and services, the comparative cost-effectiveness of product choices, or available incentives for efficient equipment and appliances. - \x07Split incentives. Those purchasing major appliances (e.g., landlords) may not be the same people as those who pay the electricity bills (e.g., tenants). - \x07Shortsightedness. Consumers may place a high value on near-term financial consequences; public policies should take and incent a longer view. - \x07Lack of investment capital. Some consumers cannot afford the upfront costs required to make smart long-term investments in energy efficient equipment.', 'Some consumers cannot afford the upfront costs required to make smart long-term investments in energy efficient equipment. Policy support for improving the efficiency of buildings and overcoming the barriers mentioned above take many forms, and existing policies and programs include building energy codes, appliance standards, RDD&D, weatherization programs, energy benchmarking programs, energy efficiency tax credits, targeted incentives, market transformation programs, and workforce training programs. Additional and strengthened market-focused programs can help accelerate the adoption of more energy-efficient and cost-effective technologies, and ensure an adequate workforce for designing, building, and operating new energy-efficient systems. For additional examples and detail, see Chapter 5 of the Quadrennial Technology Review (DOE 2015).', 'For additional examples and detail, see Chapter 5 of the Quadrennial Technology Review (DOE 2015). Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemCATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS SPACE AND WATER HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS Electric heat pump for heating and cooling • Reduce technology costs and improve overall system efficiencies • Enable improved operation at low ambient temperatures • Provide same or better level of space heating and cooling services as alternatives • \x07 Develop heat pumps using solid-state materials (e.g., using magnetic, electric, elastic, or other properties) or other advanced cycles Refrigerants • \x07 End the use of conventional refrigerants that have a high GWP (Global Warming Potential) and improve the performance and reduce the cost of alternative refrigerants that can be used in conventional systems Renewable alternatives • Reduce the cost and improve the performance of geothermal heat pump systems • \x07 Reduce the cost and improve the performance of solar water heating, particularly for systems in climates with winter freezing OTHER BUILDING Building shell • \x07 Advance building envelope technologies to further reduce thermal loads and control flow of air and moisture • Improve windows for highly insulating properties • \x07 Reduce the cost and improve the performance of dynamic solar controls for windows Lighting and miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) • Reduce costs and improve performance of LEDs • Advanced lighting system controls and integration • \x07 Increased efficiency of MELs (including small devices that are widely used, such as cellphone chargers, large devices that are not widely used, etc.)', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemCATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS SPACE AND WATER HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS Electric heat pump for heating and cooling • Reduce technology costs and improve overall system efficiencies • Enable improved operation at low ambient temperatures • Provide same or better level of space heating and cooling services as alternatives • \x07 Develop heat pumps using solid-state materials (e.g., using magnetic, electric, elastic, or other properties) or other advanced cycles Refrigerants • \x07 End the use of conventional refrigerants that have a high GWP (Global Warming Potential) and improve the performance and reduce the cost of alternative refrigerants that can be used in conventional systems Renewable alternatives • Reduce the cost and improve the performance of geothermal heat pump systems • \x07 Reduce the cost and improve the performance of solar water heating, particularly for systems in climates with winter freezing OTHER BUILDING Building shell • \x07 Advance building envelope technologies to further reduce thermal loads and control flow of air and moisture • Improve windows for highly insulating properties • \x07 Reduce the cost and improve the performance of dynamic solar controls for windows Lighting and miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) • Reduce costs and improve performance of LEDs • Advanced lighting system controls and integration • \x07 Increased efficiency of MELs (including small devices that are widely used, such as cellphone chargers, large devices that are not widely used, etc.) Building systems • \x07 Enhanced integration of building energy systems (e.g., lighting control through window controls, occupancy detectors, etc.)', 'Building systems • \x07 Enhanced integration of building energy systems (e.g., lighting control through window controls, occupancy detectors, etc.) • \x07 Advanced demand-side management (DSM) technologies and development of DSM aggregation tools and their integration to the grid • \x07 Coordination of building energy system performance, on-site generation from renewables or combined heat and power (CHP), and energy storage • Improved collection of building performance data TABLE 3. BUILDINGS SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES INDUSTRIAL SECTOR The industrial sector is responsible for about 30 percent of emissions from the U.S. energy system. The sector groups together a diverse set of industries, including chemicals, steel, and cement production. In addition to CO2 emissions, industrial sector GHG emissions include nitrous oxide, methane, and fluorinated gas emissions, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6.', 'In addition to CO2 emissions, industrial sector GHG emissions include nitrous oxide, methane, and fluorinated gas emissions, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter 6. As displayed in Figure 4.17, industrial sector fuel consumption is dominated by onsite-fuel usage, which mainly consists of natural gas and oil. Electricity was responsible for 14 percent of industrial fuel consumption in 2014 (EIA 2016a). Aluminum Cement and Lime Paper Products Food Products Construction Mining Iron and Steel Bulk Chemicals Refining Other INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS BY END USE: INDUSTRIAL Note: Includes energy and process emissions. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemTHE MCS VISION FOR THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR Due to its heterogeneity, decarbonization of the industrial sector will likely be industry- and process-specific.', 'Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemTHE MCS VISION FOR THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR Due to its heterogeneity, decarbonization of the industrial sector will likely be industry- and process-specific. Cross-cutting themes for reducing industrial sector emissions are likely to include: (1) efficiency improvements and new materials and methods, and (2) fuel switching: Efficiency improvements and new materials and methods. Due to the high-energy intensities of many industrial processes, cost-effective improvements in energy efficiency are an important strategy to achieve emission reductions in this sector. Improving the efficiency of heating and motors will be particularly important because they account for approximately 30 percent of total industry energy use.', 'Improving the efficiency of heating and motors will be particularly important because they account for approximately 30 percent of total industry energy use. Other strategies include intensification (i.e., multiple processes on the same machine or use of higher process temperatures), the use of improved controls and sensors including using information technology (i.e., “smart manufacturing”), and new, more efficient industrial processes (DOE 2015a). Cross-sectoral impacts tied to the manufacturing sector are also important to consider. New materials and production methods (e.g., additive manufacturing and advanced composites) have the potential to reduce energy use within the industrial sector, and can also enable improvements in other economic sectors (DOE 2015a). For example, in vehicle manufacturing, new manufacturing methods can produce components that achieve the same function with less material.', 'For example, in vehicle manufacturing, new manufacturing methods can produce components that achieve the same function with less material. These optimized parts can enable lightweight vehicles with improved fuel efficiency, reducing energy consumption in the transportation sector. Switching to low-carbon fuels and feedstocks, including clean electricity. With the decarbonization of the electricity system, the increased electrification of industrial energy uses will reduce emissions. With current technologies, a key opportunity is in iron and steel production, where many basic oxygen furnaces can be converted to electric arc furnaces. Where electrification is challenging for physical or economic reasons, certain industrial sub-sectors may be a high-value use for carbon beneficial forms of biomass. EXAJOULES/YEAR Electricity (low carbon) Electricity (high carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal MCS BENCHMARK HISTORICAL Note: Values reported in final energy terms.', 'EXAJOULES/YEAR Electricity (low carbon) Electricity (high carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal MCS BENCHMARK HISTORICAL Note: Values reported in final energy terms. Conversion losses and transmission losses are not included in this chart. EIA data adjusted to remove non-manufacturing and refining from the industrial sector to align with GCAM definition.17 Source: EIA 2016a, MCS analysis. Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System Energy values for direct fuel consumption are reported in lower heating value. Lower heating value to higher heating value conversion factors used are 1.05 for coal, 1.07 for oil, 1.11 for gas, and 1.05 for bioenergy (PNNL 2016). FIGURE 4.17: INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL AND MCSIn addition to the cross-cutting themes described above, industrial CCUS can play an important role in decarbonizing certain sub-sectors.', 'FIGURE 4.17: INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ENERGY USE, HISTORICAL AND MCSIn addition to the cross-cutting themes described above, industrial CCUS can play an important role in decarbonizing certain sub-sectors. Cost-effective opportunities for CCUS may arise in parts of the chemical industry (e.g., ammonia production), since emissions contain high concentrations of CO2 (up to 85 percent). In many industrial processes (such as hydrogen production from steam methane reforming, ethanol production, and processing of natural gas, among others), the separation of CO2 is an inherent part of the fuel production process. Capture from these high-purity sources is less capital intensive in comparison to capture from diffuse sources of CO2 , such as power generation.', 'Capture from these high-purity sources is less capital intensive in comparison to capture from diffuse sources of CO2 , such as power generation. These industrial CCUS opportunities could provide valuable early experience with permitting, infrastructure deployment, and market opportunities, which in turn could lower the cost of future CCUS projects (IEA 2013). Combined heat and power (CHP) can also contribute emissions reductions in the industrial sector. With today’s electricity generation mix, electricity and process heat generated from CHP use 25 to 35 percent less primary energy than electricity from the grid together with separate production of process heat. However, overall growth in CHP capacity has stalled since the early 2000s due to high equipment costs, technical complexity, and policy changes.', 'However, overall growth in CHP capacity has stalled since the early 2000s due to high equipment costs, technical complexity, and policy changes. Although most industrial CHP today is fueled by natural gas, CHP can contribute to the deep decarbonization of the industrial sector to the extent that waste heat or low carbon fuels are used. The MCS envisions all of the above-mentioned strategies contributing to a decarbonized industrial sector. As displayed in Figure 4.18 below, even in the context of a growing economy, efficiency increases in the industrial sector cause energy use to decline over time. By 2050, a significantly larger portion of industrial energy demand is met with electricity compared to today.', 'By 2050, a significantly larger portion of industrial energy demand is met with electricity compared to today. Such changes will require the combination of innovation and ambitious policies that combine to accelerate the adoption of electrification, CCUS, efficiency, and other emissions-reducing alternatives, and make these approaches increasingly cost- effective. ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal Despite a growing economy, the MCS envisions declining energy use over time due to increased efficiency and increasing electricity use.', 'ENERGY CONSUMPTION [EJ/YR] Electricity (high carbon) Electricity (low carbon) Bioenergy Gas Oil Coal Despite a growing economy, the MCS envisions declining energy use over time due to increased efficiency and increasing electricity use. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION, MCS BENCHMARK Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemAside from the need for further innovation, additional barriers to the decarbonization of the industrial sector include low costs of direct fuel use relative to electricity under current policy and market conditions, and the potential exposure of U.S. businesses to competition from foreign companies without comparable regulations. A price on carbon emissions would increase the attractiveness of electrification in the sector, and could include measures that would ensure domestic industries compete fairly with foreign competition.', 'A price on carbon emissions would increase the attractiveness of electrification in the sector, and could include measures that would ensure domestic industries compete fairly with foreign competition. Other important strategies for accelerating industrial decarbonization include workforce and education initiatives, peer-learning networks,18 and federal assistance programs.19 INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR Compared to other energy sectors, there has been less attention on low-carbon solutions in the industrial sector. Perhaps for that reason (and due to the need for sub-sector and process-specific solutions), it is less clear how deep reductions in industrial sector emissions will be achieved. Innovation is critical. The table below shows key RDD&D opportunities in fuel-switching, energy efficiency, advanced process technologies, industrial CCUS, and industrial CHP.', 'The table below shows key RDD&D opportunities in fuel-switching, energy efficiency, advanced process technologies, industrial CCUS, and industrial CHP. CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Fuel-switching and alternative feedstocks • \x07 Increased technical potential and cost-effectiveness of process-heating using clean electricity, carbon beneficial forms of biomass, or advanced nuclear, targeting economic-parity with existing fuels and feedstocks Energy efficiency • \x07 Improved heat exchange and utilization efficiencies through better insulation, heat capture, novel geometries, and exchange between hot and cold gases and fluids • \x07 Use of exhaust heat as an economically-effective input to processes with low-heat requirements • \x07 High Performance Computing-based modeling and related information technology to identify and implement energy efficiency in manufacturing Advanced processes Process intensification • \x07 More precise and efficient process approaches and enabling process technologies (e.g., combining separate unit reactions such as reaction and separation into a single piece of equipment) • \x07 Improved tools and capabilities enabling scaled implementation of low-carbon intensified processes at economic parity with existing processes Improved process heating technologies • \x07 Lower-energy processing methods that concentrate, intensify, and deliver heat directly to the material instead of the surrounding environment (e.g., microwave, radio frequency, ultraviolet, other electromagnetic), or alternative non-thermal processes Improved materials efficiency • \x07 Improved accuracy and performance of additive manufacturing (building objects layer-by-layer from a computer model instead of cutting away material) • \x07 Reuse of materials (“circular economy”) with improvements in separation and purification of used materials to renewable remanufacture with no performance loss, as well as design and development of alloys for reuse • \x07 Advanced materials manufacturing tools and approaches enabling accelerated scale- up from discovery to adoption in energy applications TABLE 4.', 'CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Fuel-switching and alternative feedstocks • \x07 Increased technical potential and cost-effectiveness of process-heating using clean electricity, carbon beneficial forms of biomass, or advanced nuclear, targeting economic-parity with existing fuels and feedstocks Energy efficiency • \x07 Improved heat exchange and utilization efficiencies through better insulation, heat capture, novel geometries, and exchange between hot and cold gases and fluids • \x07 Use of exhaust heat as an economically-effective input to processes with low-heat requirements • \x07 High Performance Computing-based modeling and related information technology to identify and implement energy efficiency in manufacturing Advanced processes Process intensification • \x07 More precise and efficient process approaches and enabling process technologies (e.g., combining separate unit reactions such as reaction and separation into a single piece of equipment) • \x07 Improved tools and capabilities enabling scaled implementation of low-carbon intensified processes at economic parity with existing processes Improved process heating technologies • \x07 Lower-energy processing methods that concentrate, intensify, and deliver heat directly to the material instead of the surrounding environment (e.g., microwave, radio frequency, ultraviolet, other electromagnetic), or alternative non-thermal processes Improved materials efficiency • \x07 Improved accuracy and performance of additive manufacturing (building objects layer-by-layer from a computer model instead of cutting away material) • \x07 Reuse of materials (“circular economy”) with improvements in separation and purification of used materials to renewable remanufacture with no performance loss, as well as design and development of alloys for reuse • \x07 Advanced materials manufacturing tools and approaches enabling accelerated scale- up from discovery to adoption in energy applications TABLE 4. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System 18 An example of peer learning is EPA’s large industry peer network and partnership under ENERGY STAR for Industry that disseminates extensive energy information to industry.', 'INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INNOVATION OPPORTUNITIES Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System 18 An example of peer learning is EPA’s large industry peer network and partnership under ENERGY STAR for Industry that disseminates extensive energy information to industry. The Department of Energy funds Industrial Assessment Centers (IACs), where universities are available to perform basic energy efficiency assessments for small- and medium-sized plants.', 'The Department of Energy funds Industrial Assessment Centers (IACs), where universities are available to perform basic energy efficiency assessments for small- and medium-sized plants. EPA produces industrial sector-specific ENERGY STAR plant energy performance indicators that educate and enable manufacturing plant managers to determine how to invest and improve their plants’ energy performance.CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Process optimization • \x07 Advanced controls and sensors (e.g., high-performance metrology for real-time in- situ process control) • \x07 “Smart manufacturing” driven by information technology, communications, and real-time systems Advanced materials Materials for harsh service conditions • \x07 Heat exchanger alloys and power conversion materials for use in corrosive, high-flow- rate, and/or high-temperature flue gases for waste heat recovery • \x07 Higher-temperature and pressure-stable alloys and coatings to enable turbines/ turbomachinery to operate more efficiently Critical materials • \x07 Diversification of supply, development of substitutes, and enhanced reuse and recycling of critical materials Accelerate materials development • \x07 New computational, experimental, and data tools to reduce the time and cost to develop and deploy new materials Industrial CCUS Existing carbon separation processes • \x07 CCUS on existing industrial processes that involve separation of CO2 (e.g., hydrogen, ethanol, and natural gas production) New industrial applications • \x07 Improved ability to handle lower CO2 concentrations and higher oxygen concentrations in flue gas • Improved ability to manage a wide range of industrial contaminants in the flue gas • Improved ability to operate on diverse systems Industrial CHP • Development of low-cost low-carbon fuels • Improve fuel cell system for use in CHP Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemSTORING CARBON AND REDUCING EMISSIONS WITH U.S. LANDSU.S.', 'EPA produces industrial sector-specific ENERGY STAR plant energy performance indicators that educate and enable manufacturing plant managers to determine how to invest and improve their plants’ energy performance.CATEGORY/TECHNOLOGY REPRESENTATIVE OPPORTUNITIES FOR RDD&D INVESTMENTS Process optimization • \x07 Advanced controls and sensors (e.g., high-performance metrology for real-time in- situ process control) • \x07 “Smart manufacturing” driven by information technology, communications, and real-time systems Advanced materials Materials for harsh service conditions • \x07 Heat exchanger alloys and power conversion materials for use in corrosive, high-flow- rate, and/or high-temperature flue gases for waste heat recovery • \x07 Higher-temperature and pressure-stable alloys and coatings to enable turbines/ turbomachinery to operate more efficiently Critical materials • \x07 Diversification of supply, development of substitutes, and enhanced reuse and recycling of critical materials Accelerate materials development • \x07 New computational, experimental, and data tools to reduce the time and cost to develop and deploy new materials Industrial CCUS Existing carbon separation processes • \x07 CCUS on existing industrial processes that involve separation of CO2 (e.g., hydrogen, ethanol, and natural gas production) New industrial applications • \x07 Improved ability to handle lower CO2 concentrations and higher oxygen concentrations in flue gas • Improved ability to manage a wide range of industrial contaminants in the flue gas • Improved ability to operate on diverse systems Industrial CHP • Development of low-cost low-carbon fuels • Improve fuel cell system for use in CHP Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy SystemSTORING CARBON AND REDUCING EMISSIONS WITH U.S. LANDSU.S. lands supply a variety of goods and services essential to maintaining our economic prosperity, environmental health, national security, and overall quality of life.', 'lands supply a variety of goods and services essential to maintaining our economic prosperity, environmental health, national security, and overall quality of life. Our agricultural lands, including cropland, pasture, and rangeland, provide the food and fiber that feed and clothe hundreds of millions of people in the United States and around the world. Urban and other developed areas provide the space where we live and work. Forests produce the wood products we use to build houses and other structures and the paper products we use in almost every aspect of our lives.', 'Forests produce the wood products we use to build houses and other structures and the paper products we use in almost every aspect of our lives. Wetlands and other natural areas, including protected landscapes as well as many areas associated with agriculture and forestry uses, provide a host of vital environmental goods such as clean air, clean water, healthy soil, wildlife habitat, and biodiversity protection. Some land uses and management practices emit CO2 to the atmosphere and others remove it by sequestering carbon in trees, plants, soils, and products.', 'Some land uses and management practices emit CO2 to the atmosphere and others remove it by sequestering carbon in trees, plants, soils, and products. In aggregate, U.S. lands have been sequestering much more carbon than they emit (a net “carbon sink”) for the last three decades, due to millions of acres shifting into forest from other uses—a slow reversal of the extensive agriculture and settlement expansion over the last several centuries—and the continued secondary growth of trees on already forested lands (Oswalt et al. 2014). In 2014, the U.S. land carbon sink sequestered a net 762 million metric tons of CO2 , offsetting 11 percent of economy-wide GHG emissions (EPA 2016b).', 'In 2014, the U.S. land carbon sink sequestered a net 762 million metric tons of CO2 , offsetting 11 percent of economy-wide GHG emissions (EPA 2016b). How we manage our land resources, both in the near term and over the next several decades, will determine whether U.S. lands can remain a robust carbon sink while delivering across a suite of other objectives, including needs for additional food, fiber, forest products, carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy, living space, recreation, and the suite of environmental goods essential to healthy ecosystems and human well-being. The MCS analysis estimates 2050 land sector and CO2 removal technologies could sequester 30 to 50 percent of economy-wide GHG emissions (Figure 5.1).', 'The MCS analysis estimates 2050 land sector and CO2 removal technologies could sequester 30 to 50 percent of economy-wide GHG emissions (Figure 5.1). The MCS Benchmark scenario shows a relatively constant annual land carbon sink combined with scaled deployment of negative emissions technologies, like the use of carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). In the No CO2 Removal Technologies scenario, U.S. landscapes may be managed to deliver more than current annual sink levels, especially if soil carbon sinks can be mobilized. The Limited Sink scenario results in increasing pressure to address challenging parts of the energy system and non-CO2 emissions.', 'The Limited Sink scenario results in increasing pressure to address challenging parts of the energy system and non-CO2 emissions. These scenarios suggest that the greater our ability to reduce emissions through lower-cost land sector options compared to CO2 removal technologies and difficult-to-decarbonize sectors, the more we can reduce overall costs. This finding is reinforced by the literature (Van Winkle et al. in press, Rose et al. 2012, Wise et al. 2009, Murray et al. 2005). Land Sink Removal Tech MILLION METRIC TONS CO2 E 1990-2014 land sink levels compared to 2050 projections for MCS Benchmark, No CO2 Removal Technologies, and Limited Sink scenarios (GCAM). Historical data based on U.S. GHG Inventory (EPA 2016a).', 'Historical data based on U.S. GHG Inventory (EPA 2016a). FIGURE 5.1: MCS NEGATIVE EMISSIONS SCENARIOS Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsDeveloped Areas F B D K I Improved forest management can increase carbon sequestration in existing forests. D Tall wood buildings will store carbon and reduce the need for fossil fuel-intensive construction materials. E Carbon dioxide from all sectors of the economy is captured and stored by forests, agricultural lands, and urban trees. A Avoided forest conversion will preserve forest carbon. C B Reforestation and afforestation will play a large role in enhancing the carbon sink. Wetlands I F J L Carbon Emissions Forests Perennial grasses grown on marginal or underutilized land and other carbon-beneficial forms of biomass will help us meet renewable energy demand. F Carbon storage in cropland and pasture can be increased through practices like no-till, cover crops, management intensive grazing, agroforestry, and other innovations.', 'F Carbon storage in cropland and pasture can be increased through practices like no-till, cover crops, management intensive grazing, agroforestry, and other innovations. G U.S. lands will continue to provide recreation opportunities for the American public. K H Planting urban trees can increase carbon sequestration, even in developed areas. I Protecting natural landscapes and avoiding disturbances will be key to maintaining carbon sinks and providing habitats for wildlife. J Federal lands will play an important role in preserving carbon stocks and providing early action. L Water considerations will grow increasingly important as we weigh carbon sequestration options, with some parts of the country predicted to get drier and others wetter under a changing climate.', 'L Water considerations will grow increasingly important as we weigh carbon sequestration options, with some parts of the country predicted to get drier and others wetter under a changing climate. A C E G G H I Cropland I K D L L B C Pasture FIGURE 5.2: ROLE OF U.S. LANDS IN THE MID-CENTURY STRATEGY Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsIn this chapter, we discuss how U.S. lands can help us achieve our deep decarbonization goals by storing more carbon in forests and soils and delivering carbon beneficial forms of biomass feedstocks for low-carbon energy generation (with or without CCUS), while also continuing to support key products like food, fiber, and wood products and creating economic opportunities for farmers, ranchers, and foresters. We look at these issues through four key landscapes: forests, croplands and grazing lands, developed areas, and wetlands.', 'We look at these issues through four key landscapes: forests, croplands and grazing lands, developed areas, and wetlands. Finally, we identify policy and programmatic priorities that would: (1) bolster incentives for land carbon sequestration, (2) quickly mobilize federal lands, (3) increase land use efficiency and protect sensitive landscapes, and (4) fill key research and data gaps policy makers and stakeholders need to inform future climate and energy policy. These key issues and their connections are highlighted in Figure 5.2. A set of principles found throughout this chapter are important to highlight at the outset: • \x07 Mirroring the incentive to reduce carbon in the energy sector, finding efficient ways to structure carbon-based incentives in the land sector will be important.', 'A set of principles found throughout this chapter are important to highlight at the outset: • \x07 Mirroring the incentive to reduce carbon in the energy sector, finding efficient ways to structure carbon-based incentives in the land sector will be important. For example, carbon-based payments to farmers, ranchers, and forest owners would incentivize many of the activities described below. Funding these incentives will be an important consideration for future climate action, as well as putting in place the appropriate institutions to administer such incentives to ensure they are efficiently supporting our long-term climate goals. • \x07 U.S. lands are managed by a diverse group of stakeholders for a wide variety of objectives.', '• \x07 U.S. lands are managed by a diverse group of stakeholders for a wide variety of objectives. Achieving the land sector goals of the MCS will require developing partnerships and other forms of close cooperation with millions of private landowners, private sector corporations, and non-governmental organizations, as well as tribal, local, state, and federal government agencies. • \x07 Using carbon reporting, accounting, and monitoring tools can help ensure we are supporting the most cost-effective land-based mitigation investments, while maximizing flexibility for stakeholders to make decisions about what strategies will work for them. • \x07 Timing of land sector action is critical. Delivering significant land carbon sequestration by 2050 requires initiating investments soon. • \x07 Some aspects of the MCS vision have the potential for large-scale land use changes.', '• \x07 Some aspects of the MCS vision have the potential for large-scale land use changes. Putting in place policy “check points” over time that assess the effects of deep decarbonization activities in the land sector can help further tailor climate policies to ensure we are avoiding unintended impacts and appropriately modifying incentives and policies to reflect the latest science. Climate action in the land sector can build upon existing policies and programs like the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Building Blocks for Climate Smart Agriculture and Forestry. The USDA Building Blocks, launched in 2015, are designed to help farmers, ranchers, forest landowners, and rural communities respond to climate change.', 'The USDA Building Blocks, launched in 2015, are designed to help farmers, ranchers, forest landowners, and rural communities respond to climate change. The ten Building Blocks span a range of technologies and practices to reduce GHG emissions, increase carbon storage, and generate clean energy, including actions to promote: Through the suite of existing USDA programs and authorities, the Building Blocks look to reduce emissions by more than 120 million tons of CO2 annually by 2025, with half of this supported through renewables and energy efficiency in rural areas, a quarter from reducing agricultural non-CO2 emissions, and the remainder through bolstering the carbon sink. The Building Blocks are an important first step towards achieving our 2050 goals.', 'The Building Blocks are an important first step towards achieving our 2050 goals. Realizing these goals will, like the other programs and priorities outlined in this chapter, require an increasing commitment of resources, research and development support, outreach, and partnering with farmers, ranchers, forest owners, commodity groups, environmental organizations, and others. • Soil Health • Nitrogen Stewardship • Livestock Partnerships • Conservation of Sensitive Lands • Grazing and Pasture Lands • Private Forest Growth and Retention • Stewardship of Federal Forests • Promotion of Wood Products • Urban Forests • Energy Generation and Efficiency Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsFORESTS Forests account for more than 90 percent of today’s U.S. carbon sink (EPA 2016b).', '• Soil Health • Nitrogen Stewardship • Livestock Partnerships • Conservation of Sensitive Lands • Grazing and Pasture Lands • Private Forest Growth and Retention • Stewardship of Federal Forests • Promotion of Wood Products • Urban Forests • Energy Generation and Efficiency Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsFORESTS Forests account for more than 90 percent of today’s U.S. carbon sink (EPA 2016b). Opportunities to increase GHG benefits of U.S. forests include afforestation and reforestation; avoided conversion of forests to other land uses; improved forest management; increasing resilience to natural disturbances; and wood products to offset fossil fuel-intensive construction materials. AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION Forests comprise one-third of total U.S. land area, down from covering half the country prior to European settlement (Oswalt et al. 2014).', 'AFFORESTATION AND REFORESTATION Forests comprise one-third of total U.S. land area, down from covering half the country prior to European settlement (Oswalt et al. 2014). Through this historical lens, much of the U.S. forest expansion opportunity will be “reforestation.” To capture both terms, we simplify to “forest expansion.” The scale of potential and economic feasibility of forest expansion is well-studied (Van Winkle et al. in press). For example, Monge et al. indicates that 60 million acres of afforestation is economically feasible at $20 per ton CO2 price (2016), while a 2005 EPA assessment indicated that at a $30 CO2 price, 75 million acres could be converted to forest (Murray et al. 2005).', 'indicates that 60 million acres of afforestation is economically feasible at $20 per ton CO2 price (2016), while a 2005 EPA assessment indicated that at a $30 CO2 price, 75 million acres could be converted to forest (Murray et al. 2005). Figure 5.3 explores the relationship between levels of net forest expansion and average annual forest sink levels out to 2050 from three different models, informing the level of effort required to maintain and possibly enhance the U.S. land carbon sink.', 'Figure 5.3 explores the relationship between levels of net forest expansion and average annual forest sink levels out to 2050 from three different models, informing the level of effort required to maintain and possibly enhance the U.S. land carbon sink. While these models—GCAM, the Global Timber Model (GTM), and the U.S. Forest Assessment System (USFAS)—differ in terms of model type and function (economy-wide integrated assessment model, a dynamic partial equilibrium global timber model, and a set of interlinking models that consider biophysical and economic drivers, respectively), there is a linear trend between higher cumulative forested acres and greater annual CO2 sequestration.', 'While these models—GCAM, the Global Timber Model (GTM), and the U.S. Forest Assessment System (USFAS)—differ in terms of model type and function (economy-wide integrated assessment model, a dynamic partial equilibrium global timber model, and a set of interlinking models that consider biophysical and economic drivers, respectively), there is a linear trend between higher cumulative forested acres and greater annual CO2 sequestration. Note that average annual carbon stock changes represented on the y-axis are driven by other factors in addition to cumulative forest expansion, including reduced forest conversion to developed land uses, forest management intensification, and regular management practices, such as replanting after harvest. Nonetheless, Figure 5.3 shows a strong correlation between the extent of net forest expansion and total forest carbon outcomes.', 'Nonetheless, Figure 5.3 shows a strong correlation between the extent of net forest expansion and total forest carbon outcomes. MILLION TONS CO2 E MILLIONS OF ACRES OF FOREST EXPANSION Approximately 40‐50 million acres of forest expansion could support our MCS Benchmark scenario, combined with other land activities. MCS BENCHMARK LAND SINK This figure shows cumulative net forest expansion by 2050 (x-axis) and the average annual CO2 stock change between 2015 and 2050 (y-axis) across three models used to assess MCS land sector dynamics (GCAM, GTM, and USFAS). Each dot represents a distinct land carbon sink scenario developed by one of the three models, with nine scenarios developed in total. These estimates do not reflect all possible forest sink projections.', 'These estimates do not reflect all possible forest sink projections. FIGURE 5.3: CUMULATIVE AFFORESTATION AND AVERAGE ANNUAL CO2 STOCK CHANGE Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsMILLION ACRES 40‐50 million acres of forest expansion over the next 20‐35 years, where feasible for U.S. landowners, could sustain a robust land carbon sink. This would recover one‐third of forestland lost since 1850. MILLION ACRES Long‐term forestland trends Historic data from 1630 to 2007 based on Kellogg (1909) and Oswalt et al. 2014. To account for uncertainty in observed forest expansion after 2007, this figure shows an average annual increase in forest area from 2007-2012 that reflects a longer-term average trend based on three separate data sources, including the FIA (1987-2007) as found in Oswalt et al.', 'To account for uncertainty in observed forest expansion after 2007, this figure shows an average annual increase in forest area from 2007-2012 that reflects a longer-term average trend based on three separate data sources, including the FIA (1987-2007) as found in Oswalt et al. 2014, the 2007 USDA Major Land Use Database (1992-2007) (Nickerson et al. 2011), and the 2015 FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment (1990-2015) (FAO 2016). The resulting average annual increase for the 2007-2012 period is 1.2 million acres/year. 2017-2035 projection based on analysis of forest expansion that could support the MCS Benchmark scenario. MCS forest expansion is estimated to occur before 2035 in order to achieve desired 2050 carbon sink levels.', 'MCS forest expansion is estimated to occur before 2035 in order to achieve desired 2050 carbon sink levels. FIGURE 5.4: RECENT HISTORICAL FOREST EXPANSION COMPARED TO MCS FOREST EXPANSION Based on the Figure 5.3 trend line, approximately 40-50 million acres of cumulative net forest expansion could support the 2050 land sink levels reflected in the MCS Benchmark scenario. Trees planted before 2035 will sequester and store more carbon by 2050 than trees planted after 2035. This means tree planting efforts need to begin quickly to influence 2050 sink levels. An estimated 2.7 million acres of forest expansion annually up to 2035 could be consistent with achieving the MCS Benchmark forest expansion estimates in Figure 5.3.', 'An estimated 2.7 million acres of forest expansion annually up to 2035 could be consistent with achieving the MCS Benchmark forest expansion estimates in Figure 5.3. This forest expansion rate will require additional effort in order to scale up beyond recent historical levels (Figure 5.4). U.S. forests expanded by approximately 1 million acres annually over 1987 to 2012. This trend has been driven by changing markets and policies, as well as federal programs, which supported tree planting on over 300,000 acres annually over 2006-2011.20 An increase of resources for these efforts will be needed to scale up forest expansion rates and help achieve MCS goals.', 'This trend has been driven by changing markets and policies, as well as federal programs, which supported tree planting on over 300,000 acres annually over 2006-2011.20 An increase of resources for these efforts will be needed to scale up forest expansion rates and help achieve MCS goals. Pursuing forest expansion as a carbon mitigation strategy will require addressing a variety of issues related to land use competition, site suitability, and water and fertilization requirements. Some stakeholders have expressed concerns that a forest expansion program could create competition for agricultural production. Other stakeholders are concerned about potential ecological, economic, and social impacts of such land use changes. Designing an appropriate strategy will require careful consideration of appropriate scale and location of forest expansion.', 'Designing an appropriate strategy will require careful consideration of appropriate scale and location of forest expansion. Existing USDA programs have laid an important foundation for this cooperation, including the Agricultural Conservation Easement Program, the Conservation Reserve Program, and the Forest Legacy Program, as well as forward-looking Building Blocks that seek to support millions of acres of tree planting and forest retention on public and private lands by 2025. As discussed below, there are a number of additional options to further enhance land carbon sequestration, such as agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. The implementation of these options could reduce the need for forest expansion to some degree.', 'The implementation of these options could reduce the need for forest expansion to some degree. For example, research indicates the potential for creating tree cover on over 50 million acres of agricultural land through agroforestry practices without impacting existing agricultural production (Nair and Nair 2003, Udawatta and Jose 2011). These opportunities are discussed further in the agroforestry section below. Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands 20 Based on internal analysis by USFS and NRCSAVOIDED FOREST CONVERSION While U.S. forests on balance are a net emissions sink, conversions to other land uses could result in reduced forest carbon sequestration and greater emissions from release of stored carbon.', 'Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands 20 Based on internal analysis by USFS and NRCSAVOIDED FOREST CONVERSION While U.S. forests on balance are a net emissions sink, conversions to other land uses could result in reduced forest carbon sequestration and greater emissions from release of stored carbon. The largest driver of forest loss in the United States in recent decades has been residential development, with a smaller role played by conversion of forest to cropland and pasture (Coulston et al. 2015). Nationwide, more than 57 million acres of rural forestland are projected to experience a substantial increase in housing density from 2000 to 2030 (Stein et al. 2009).', 'Nationwide, more than 57 million acres of rural forestland are projected to experience a substantial increase in housing density from 2000 to 2030 (Stein et al. 2009). USFAS modeling for the MCS indicates that reducing land development by 13 million acres compared to a future higher development scenario could avoid the loss of approximately 40 million metric tons of annual sequestration by 2050, in addition to avoiding the loss of existing forest carbon stocks.', 'USFAS modeling for the MCS indicates that reducing land development by 13 million acres compared to a future higher development scenario could avoid the loss of approximately 40 million metric tons of annual sequestration by 2050, in addition to avoiding the loss of existing forest carbon stocks. IMPROVED FOREST MANAGEMENT Improved forest management (IFM) encompasses a variety of practices that can result in higher rates of forest carbon sequestration, including replanting following harvest (especially in areas that rely on natural regeneration) or natural disturbance, denser tree planting, increased fertilization and irrigation to increase forest growth rates, controlling competing vegetation, and using faster-growing tree species or varieties, including species developed through breeding (Fox et al. 2007).', 'IMPROVED FOREST MANAGEMENT Improved forest management (IFM) encompasses a variety of practices that can result in higher rates of forest carbon sequestration, including replanting following harvest (especially in areas that rely on natural regeneration) or natural disturbance, denser tree planting, increased fertilization and irrigation to increase forest growth rates, controlling competing vegetation, and using faster-growing tree species or varieties, including species developed through breeding (Fox et al. 2007). For example, tree breeding has increased southern pine wood growth by 10-30 percent from 1950 to 2000 (McKinley et al. 2011). All of these options should be assessed for potential impacts on biodiversity, N2 O emissions, and water resources.', 'All of these options should be assessed for potential impacts on biodiversity, N2 O emissions, and water resources. Managing harvest rotation lengths and intensity in commercial forests can also be a tool for increasing the forest carbon sink (McKinley et al. 2011). However, the overall effect of changing harvest intensity or rotation lengths on net CO2 sequestered depends on other management practices employed, forest growth rates, end use of harvested material, risk of increased harvesting in other areas (leakage), and other considerations (see Box 5.2). There have been fewer assessments that attempt to quantify IFM mitigation potential compared to forest expansion, likely due to the complexity of analysis and the variety of IFM practices (Van Winkle et al. in press).', 'There have been fewer assessments that attempt to quantify IFM mitigation potential compared to forest expansion, likely due to the complexity of analysis and the variety of IFM practices (Van Winkle et al. in press). Most available estimates indicate the scale of mitigation potential is likely lower for IFM than for forest expansion at a given carbon price, while other studies indicate IFM potential could be more than double that of forest expansion (Van Winkle et al. in press, Jackson and Baker 2010, Alig et al. 2010, Im et al. 2010). Differences in modeling methodologies impact these estimates.', 'Differences in modeling methodologies impact these estimates. MINIMIZE CARBON LOSS DUE TO NATURAL DISTURBANCES As climate change impacts increasingly manifest, public and private lands in the United States are likely to be progressively impacted by related natural disturbances such as wildfire, flood, drought, pest and disease infestation, and extreme weather events. Natural disturbance may have already reduced carbon sequestration rates in the more arid regions of the West (Coulston 2015). However, studies indicate that in other parts of the United States and globally, carbon sequestration rates may increase due to CO2 fertilization (Norby et al. 2005, Boisvenue and Running 2006, Thomas et al. 2010). These effects could nonetheless be dampened by water constraints or other limiting factors (Reich et al. 2014).', 'These effects could nonetheless be dampened by water constraints or other limiting factors (Reich et al. 2014). Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands BOX 5.1: BALANCING LAND SECTOR CLIMATE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION Deep decarbonization strategies in the land sector must be adaptive to future climate impacts. While increasing temperatures and CO2 levels might expand the growing season and increase plant productivity, changes in precipitation, extreme events, plant pests and diseases, and sea level rise could severely impact U.S. landscapes (Gill et al. 2013, EPA 2016a). When undertaking land sector mitigation efforts, stakeholders must consider the range of climate risks that could arise in the coming decades and plan accordingly.', 'When undertaking land sector mitigation efforts, stakeholders must consider the range of climate risks that could arise in the coming decades and plan accordingly. Priorities include developing resilient crop breeds, wisely choosing tree species for forest expansion efforts, and promoting genetic diversity in forests and other landscapes that allow plants to adapt to changing environments. Water in particular could become a growing challenge, especially in drier areas of the western United States. Land carbon mitigation can also help to increase resiliency in the face of increasing climate impacts. Maintaining larger, more contiguous natural areas can support genetic resilience in the face of climate change while also preserving high- carbon landscapes (Gill et al. 2013).', 'Maintaining larger, more contiguous natural areas can support genetic resilience in the face of climate change while also preserving high- carbon landscapes (Gill et al. 2013). Urban forests can help to reduce flooding by increasing uptake of water into soil and preventing runoff (Oberndorfer et al. 2007). Farmers and ranchers taking up agroforestry or perennial crops to increase carbon storage can also increase water retention in drought- prone areas (FAO 2013). Taking advantage of mitigation opportunities that boost climate resilience will be key to delivering robust carbon sequestration in 2050 and beyond.Treatments to reduce the severity of disturbances in forest systems include mechanical tree thinning, prescribed burning, and pesticide application.', 'Taking advantage of mitigation opportunities that boost climate resilience will be key to delivering robust carbon sequestration in 2050 and beyond.Treatments to reduce the severity of disturbances in forest systems include mechanical tree thinning, prescribed burning, and pesticide application. The net carbon impacts of these treatment decisions could be positive, neutral, or negative depending on their effectiveness in mitigating disturbances, their immediate carbon emissions (if any) ensuing effects on biomass regrowth potential, and many other variables. For example, there is significant debate on the net carbon effects of thinning trees in fire- prone areas to reduce wildfire severity (Stephens et al. 2012, Loudermilk et al. 2013, Hurteau et al. 2016, Law et al. 2013, Mitchell 2015).', '2016, Law et al. 2013, Mitchell 2015). When managing to minimize ecological, social, and economic impacts from climate-related disturbances, land managers should include carbon as a consideration for maintaining and enhancing landscape health in order to avoid undermining carbon mitigation efforts elsewhere. WOOD PRODUCTS TO OFFSET FOSSIL FUEL-INTENSIVE CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL Harvested wood products (HWP) can help reduce net CO2 emissions by substituting for carbon-intensive products such as steel and concrete (Sathre and O’Connor 2010). In the United States, new HWPs can be deployed in place of carbon-intensive concrete, steel, and aluminum products in non-residential and high-rise construction. Cross-laminated timber and other innovative wood products have enabled the construction of tall wood buildings over 10 stories, which are starting to be deployed in several U.S. cities (Bowyer et al. 2016).', 'Cross-laminated timber and other innovative wood products have enabled the construction of tall wood buildings over 10 stories, which are starting to be deployed in several U.S. cities (Bowyer et al. 2016). Buildings like shopping malls and hospitals could also begin to utilize wood products to reduce steel, concrete, and aluminum use. USDA has set a goal to increase the number of wood building projects supported annually through technical assistance from 440 in 2015 to 900 in 2025 as part of its Promotion of Wood Products Building Block (USDA 2016).', 'USDA has set a goal to increase the number of wood building projects supported annually through technical assistance from 440 in 2015 to 900 in 2025 as part of its Promotion of Wood Products Building Block (USDA 2016). BOX 5.2: SETTING CONSISTENT CARBON PRICE SIGNALS FOR LAND SECTOR MITIGATION OPTIONS To ensure climate policies are achieving intended outcomes and maximizing efficiency of any carbon credit or payment program, economic actors should face the same incentive per unit of GHG reduction across land management and market options. This means, whether it is planting trees on marginal pasture, lengthening harvest rotation periods, or selling material into bioenergy or wood products markets, stakeholders can make management choices with consistent carbon values.', 'This means, whether it is planting trees on marginal pasture, lengthening harvest rotation periods, or selling material into bioenergy or wood products markets, stakeholders can make management choices with consistent carbon values. Carbon accounting frameworks are needed to calculate net carbon effects from land-based activities in order to promote consistency and reliability. For example, the California cap-and-trade program has established offset protocols for measurement, monitoring, and verification of emissions reductions from afforestation, improved forest management, and avoided forest conversion, with additional protocols under development. Landowners and project developers use these protocols to generate emissions reductions credits (ARB 2016).', 'Landowners and project developers use these protocols to generate emissions reductions credits (ARB 2016). In another example, the U.S. EPA’s Draft Framework for Assessing Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources outlines an approach for calculating the net CO2 emissions from utilizing diverse biomass feedstocks for energy (EPA 2014). Policymakers can use tools like the EPA Framework to assess net carbon implications of using biomass for energy. To ensure that protocols or frameworks reflect our best assessment of the total CO2 emissions or removals associated with various land uses and land management practices, the most up-to-date scientific understanding, data, and quantitative tools must be utilized.', 'To ensure that protocols or frameworks reflect our best assessment of the total CO2 emissions or removals associated with various land uses and land management practices, the most up-to-date scientific understanding, data, and quantitative tools must be utilized. Accounting principles in these frameworks should include, but need not be limited to: • Time and spatial scales over which carbon dynamics are being measured. • \x07 Effects of management and harvesting practices. Any loss and regrowth of carbon should be accounted for accordingly, including timing between loss and regrowth, and across major carbon pools (living biomass, dead biomass, litter, soil organic matter, and HWP).', 'Any loss and regrowth of carbon should be accounted for accordingly, including timing between loss and regrowth, and across major carbon pools (living biomass, dead biomass, litter, soil organic matter, and HWP). • \x07 Direct land use change or emissions from converting land use to or from a higher carbon density (such as forest) to lower carbon density (such as cropland). • \x07 Indirect land use change or leakage. For example, converting land away from food crop production to energy crop production can result in higher food crop prices and incentivize land conversion in other areas to support crop production, creating potential for carbon losses.', 'For example, converting land away from food crop production to energy crop production can result in higher food crop prices and incentivize land conversion in other areas to support crop production, creating potential for carbon losses. • \x07 For activities that result in a product, such as paper or timber, the type of product needs to be considered in order to understand how quickly carbon could return to the atmosphere. • \x07 Market dynamics. For example, increasing demand for forest products has the potential to drive increasing productivity and afforestation to support greater supply.', 'For example, increasing demand for forest products has the potential to drive increasing productivity and afforestation to support greater supply. The application of such carbon accounting frameworks or protocols within policies and programs should be done with consideration of other existing policies or carbon credit programs to avoid double counting of emissions or sequestration across sectors.Increasing wood product demand also has the potential to stimulate increased tree planting and afforestation, which can result in a larger carbon sink over the longer term (Lubowski et al. 2006, Beach et al. 2002, Alig et al. 2010, Miner et al. 2014).', '2010, Miner et al. 2014). Additional analysis of the direction and scale of this management response, looking at empirical regional and market-specific effects, can provide further insights into forest carbon mitigation potential with stronger wood products markets. Additional research on the potential of tall wood buildings and low-rise commercial buildings to achieve state-of-the-art energy efficiency can also support these efforts. BIOMASS FOR ENERGY Biomass can be an important option for decarbonizing the energy sector, with higher biomass availability generally allowing for lower-cost mitigation than if biomass is restricted (IPCC 2014).', 'BIOMASS FOR ENERGY Biomass can be an important option for decarbonizing the energy sector, with higher biomass availability generally allowing for lower-cost mitigation than if biomass is restricted (IPCC 2014). Efforts to promote biomass should focus on those sources of biomass that result in net reductions of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, or “carbon beneficial forms of biomass.” Policies that promote biomass use for energy should have safeguards to ensure actual emissions reductions to the atmosphere, based on the most up-to-date science and in accordance with the accounting principles described in Box 5.2, and must be managed with consideration of many land sector objectives, including maintaining and enhancing the carbon sink, minimizing competition with food crops and other commodities, and protecting wildlife habitat, ecosystem health, and high-value conservation areas.', 'Efforts to promote biomass should focus on those sources of biomass that result in net reductions of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, or “carbon beneficial forms of biomass.” Policies that promote biomass use for energy should have safeguards to ensure actual emissions reductions to the atmosphere, based on the most up-to-date science and in accordance with the accounting principles described in Box 5.2, and must be managed with consideration of many land sector objectives, including maintaining and enhancing the carbon sink, minimizing competition with food crops and other commodities, and protecting wildlife habitat, ecosystem health, and high-value conservation areas. For MCS analysis, we applied constraints on 2050 biomass consumption in an attempt to reflect these factors.', 'For MCS analysis, we applied constraints on 2050 biomass consumption in an attempt to reflect these factors. We see multiple pathways to deliver the amounts of carbon beneficial forms of biomass envisioned in the MCS, with Figure 5.5 showing two assessments of potential 2050 biomass supply. The U.S. Department of Energy recently estimated 2040 U.S. biomass availability in the Billion-Ton Report (BT16) (2016). BT16 projections indicate the United States can produce between 1.2 and 1.5 billion dry short tons of biomass by 2040 (DOE 2016), while the MCS Benchmark scenario uses less than 1 billion dry short tons. There are differences in how BT16 and MCS scenarios were constructed and in the models and assumptions used.', 'There are differences in how BT16 and MCS scenarios were constructed and in the models and assumptions used. The BT16 analysis was based on individual sectoral analysis of biomass feedstock categories (energy crops, agricultural residues, forestry resources) using specific assumptions about land use change and considering scale of supply under various biomass prices, yield improvements, and competing markets. It did not consider the net biogenic emissions effects of various feedstocks or a particular climate policy context. Conversely, the MCS analysis utilized GCAM to assess feasible biomass consumption in a deep decarbonization policy context, considering competing opportunities on landscapes to support forests for carbon sequestration, food production, biomass production, and other options. GCAM does not allow for converting forestland or natural grassland for biomass production.', 'GCAM does not allow for converting forestland or natural grassland for biomass production. Both BT16 and MCS analyses were constructed to meet demand for timber, food, and other crop commodities as priorities before production of biomass for energy. The BT16 found an estimated 31 million acres, or about 7 percent, of existing U.S. pasture, could be used to produce energy crops (DOE 2016), while GCAM estimates 40 million acres of pasture and idle agricultural land could deliver energy crops in 2050. Supporting energy crop production in ways that align with improved agricultural practices and minimize land use conversion, including pasture-energy crop rotational approaches, grazing intensification, restoration of degraded lands, and precision agriculture on croplands, will be important.', 'Supporting energy crop production in ways that align with improved agricultural practices and minimize land use conversion, including pasture-energy crop rotational approaches, grazing intensification, restoration of degraded lands, and precision agriculture on croplands, will be important. Additional assessment of the scalability of each of these approaches can increase confidence in the ability to deliver energy crops without impacting existing agriculture, forestlands, natural grasslands, and high- value conservation areas. This is an area where periodic policy “check points” can ensure innovative agricultural strategies are being employed in a way that is both ecologically and economically sustainable. Much of the energy crops utilized in 2050 are projected to be perennial grasses.', 'Much of the energy crops utilized in 2050 are projected to be perennial grasses. Perennial grasses can support multiple environmental co-benefits including increased soil carbon storage and avoided soil loss, improved water quality, reduced pollution and emissions from fertilizer, wildlife habitat, and beneficial insect and pollinator habitat (Meehan et al. 2013, Blanco- Canqui et al. 2004, Morandin et al. 2015), especially on marginal or underutilized cropland and pasture. While not shown in Figure 5.5, results generated by GTM and USFAS models using MCS scenarios point to additional opportunities to deliver various sources of forest biomass for energy while maintaining and enhancing U.S. forest carbon sink levels.', 'While not shown in Figure 5.5, results generated by GTM and USFAS models using MCS scenarios point to additional opportunities to deliver various sources of forest biomass for energy while maintaining and enhancing U.S. forest carbon sink levels. Particularly if bioenergy markets can help bolster incentives to expand forests and increase forest productivity, using forest biomass could Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsprovide an important opportunity for meeting multiple land use and carbon reduction objectives at once (Tian et al. 2016, Lubowski et al. 2006, Beach et al. 2002, Alig et al. 2010, Miner et al. 2014, Abt et al. 2014). As noted above, this market effect should be further assessed with empirical data to guide future policy.', 'As noted above, this market effect should be further assessed with empirical data to guide future policy. The biomass amounts and types ultimately utilized in the coming decades will depend on the economics of delivering various biomass feedstocks, the competitiveness of bioenergy compared to alternative low carbon technologies across sectors, and the ability to minimize land carbon impacts and other potential environmental impacts of biomass production. As noted in Box 5.2, carbon accounting approaches, such as the U.S. EPA Draft Framework for Assessing Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources, can help ensure that net carbon effects of using different biomass feedstocks for energy are taken into account, and inform future efforts to create carbon pricing signals that incentivize bringing carbon beneficial forms of biomass to market.', 'As noted in Box 5.2, carbon accounting approaches, such as the U.S. EPA Draft Framework for Assessing Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources, can help ensure that net carbon effects of using different biomass feedstocks for energy are taken into account, and inform future efforts to create carbon pricing signals that incentivize bringing carbon beneficial forms of biomass to market. CROPLANDS AND GRAZING LANDS The U.S. GHG Inventory shows agricultural lands to be a net source of carbon emissions from soils, reaching over 66 million tons in 2014 (EPA 2016b). Substantial additional emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from other agricultural practices on these lands are discussed in Chapter 6.', 'Substantial additional emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from other agricultural practices on these lands are discussed in Chapter 6. However, the potential to reduce GHG emissions and increase carbon sequestration on U.S. croplands and grasslands is substantial through practices that increase soil organic carbon and employ agroforestry. SOIL CARBON Agricultural management and land use changes have substantially reduced soil carbon levels on U.S. lands (Chambers et al. 2016, Smith 2012, Eagle et al. 2012). Reversing this trend and increasing carbon sequestration on cropland and grazing lands represents a potentially large mitigation opportunity.', 'Reversing this trend and increasing carbon sequestration on cropland and grazing lands represents a potentially large mitigation opportunity. Importantly, due to modeling constraints and uncertainty, soil carbon storage is not included in MCS modeling results, so these activities can deliver additional emissions reductions even beyond those envisioned in the MCS Benchmark and other scenarios. Increasing uptake of key soil carbon-enhancing practices to more than 70 percent of U.S. cropland and ensuring that the practices are implemented to maximize carbon storage benefits could result in an increased soil carbon sink of over 270 million metric tons CO2 e per year by 2050 (Chambers et al. 2016). Additional sequestration could be achieved by mobilizing pasture and rangeland (Bosch et al. 2008, Oates and Jackson 2014, Eagle et al. 2012).', '2008, Oates and Jackson 2014, Eagle et al. 2012). MILLION DRY TONS Algae Waste Soy/corn first gen Energy crops ‐ pasture, idle Energy crops ‐ cropland Agriculture residues Forest resources and residues BT16 BASE CASE MCS BENCHMARK Biomass supply estimates from DOE s Billion Ton Report 2016 (BT16) and MCS Benchmark scenario outputs from GCAM, with 2014 biomass consumption levels estimated in BT16 provided for additional context on potential increase under MCS. FIGURE 5.5: FUTURE BIOMASS SUPPLY ESTIMATES Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsStoring Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands Sequestering carbon in cropland soils can be achieved through a wide variety of activities, including no till or reduced till, cover crops, residue management, planting field borders and other areas with perennial grasses and other native plants, and crop rotations (Smith 2012, Eagle et al.', 'FIGURE 5.5: FUTURE BIOMASS SUPPLY ESTIMATES Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsStoring Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands Sequestering carbon in cropland soils can be achieved through a wide variety of activities, including no till or reduced till, cover crops, residue management, planting field borders and other areas with perennial grasses and other native plants, and crop rotations (Smith 2012, Eagle et al. 2012). No till, which causes the least soil disturbance and likely the highest soil carbon benefits of all tillage practices, involves drilling seeds directly through crop residues into untilled soil. Combining no till with the use of cover crops can further increase sequestration opportunities (Smith 2012, Eagle et al. 2012).', 'Combining no till with the use of cover crops can further increase sequestration opportunities (Smith 2012, Eagle et al. 2012). Management of intensive grazing is one activity that may increase soil carbon storage on working pasture lands (Bosch et al. 2008, Oates and Jackson 2014). Livestock are frequently rotated in small paddocks to prevent overgrazing and increase grass productivity. It also provides unoccupied paddocks longer “rest” periods for regrowth. Further research is needed to better understand the scale of mitigation potential, though early results indicate positive outcomes (Eagle et al. 2012). On drier rangelands, rotational grazing may be less effective due to precipitation constraints.', 'On drier rangelands, rotational grazing may be less effective due to precipitation constraints. However, reducing stocking rates (i.e., reducing the number of animals) on overgrazed rangeland, avoiding grazing during drought conditions, and improving the timing and frequency of grazing can increase rangeland soil carbon sequestration (Conant and Paustian 2002, Follett et al. 2001, Zhang et al. 2010, Svejcar et al. 2008). Soil carbon dynamics vary across regions and even within a single field, depending on soil type, moisture, temperature, and many other issues (Post et al. 2012). Likewise, uncertainties remain regarding carbon sequestration dynamics at different soil depths (Eagle et al. 2012, Powlson et al. 2014, Baker et al. 2007).', '2014, Baker et al. 2007). Additional research is needed to increase certainty of soil carbon gains across practices and reduce costs of verifying soil carbon improvements. Minimizing reversal is key to lasting soil carbon mitigation. For example, it can take four to six years to improve soil structure and up to 10 years to see an increase in soil carbon sequestration from conservation or no till practices, but conventionally tilling untilled land even once can quickly reverse years of carbon sequestration gains (Eagle et al. 2012, Grandy and Robertson 2006, Smith 2012). Looking ahead, agricultural innovation can support even greater soil carbon improvements. The potential for soil carbon storage is very large if roots access deeper soil profiles (Kell 2011, Kell 2012).', 'The potential for soil carbon storage is very large if roots access deeper soil profiles (Kell 2011, Kell 2012). The Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy (ARPA-E) recently modeled potential for deep carbon storage if major commodity crops were able to double their root mass and shift root mass deeper in the soil. If these new crop breeds were taken up across the 400 million acres of U.S. cropland, the carbon sequestration potential ranges from 0.25-1.2 Gt CO2 by mid-century (Figure 5.6). In order to realize this large carbon sink, ARPA-E is launching two programs: Transportation Energy Resources from Renewable Agriculture (TERRA) and Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS).', 'In order to realize this large carbon sink, ARPA-E is launching two programs: Transportation Energy Resources from Renewable Agriculture (TERRA) and Rhizosphere Observations Optimizing Terrestrial Sequestration (ROOTS). The goals of these programs are to drive rapid increases in sustainable farm productivity by increasing the accuracy and quantity of genetic tools to drive crop improvement. Researchers are also looking at the potential to develop perennial breeds of traditional food crops like wheat, with the potential to revolutionize cropland ecology and vastly reduce tillage and other agricultural inputs (Glover et al. 2010). More research to assess and develop these and other innovations should be a component of U.S. deep decarbonization.', 'More research to assess and develop these and other innovations should be a component of U.S. deep decarbonization. AGROFORESTRY Agroforestry refers to any land management approach that integrates trees, shrubs, or other woody plants with agricultural crops or livestock (FAO 2015). This includes forested conservation borders and buffers along crop fields, forested waterways and wind barriers, and tree plantings on underutilized farmland. In diversifying plant species and processes above- and belowground and reducing soil disturbance, agroforestry systems enhance soil structure, soil carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, water quality, and nutrient cycling (Nair 2011, Schoeneberger et al. 2012, Udawatta and Jose 2011). Agroforestry near crop fields can also improve air quality by capturing airborne soil particles and reducing wind-driven soil erosion.', 'Agroforestry near crop fields can also improve air quality by capturing airborne soil particles and reducing wind-driven soil erosion. While agroforestry is not currently included in the U.S. GHG Inventory, several analyses indicate both current agroforestry and the scale of additional potential are quite large, with the potential to create tree cover on over 50 million acres without impacting agricultural production (Nair and Nair 2003, Udawatta and Jose 2011). Creatively integrating agroforestry into cropland and pasture, where ecologically and economically viable, can help avoid land use competition sometimes associated with forest expansion.U.S. ECONOMY‐WIDE EMISSIONS (GT CO2 ) Business as usual Intake: 1 Gton Str Depth, 50% C Intake: 3 Gtons Ext Depth, 99% C Intake: 8 Gtons Increased root mass and depth in commodity crops generate significant emissions reductions by mid-century.', 'ECONOMY‐WIDE EMISSIONS (GT CO2 ) Business as usual Intake: 1 Gton Str Depth, 50% C Intake: 3 Gtons Ext Depth, 99% C Intake: 8 Gtons Increased root mass and depth in commodity crops generate significant emissions reductions by mid-century. Note: A simulation of soil carbon sequestration after stochastic state-by-state adoption of indicated crops was done based on the results presented in Paustian et al. 2016. If 100 percent national adoption were to occur by 2050, cropland would reach a new soil carbon equilibrium in the second half of the century, resulting in decreasing annual fluxes over time. FIGURE 5.6: ANNUAL IMPACT OF ARPA-E "ROOTS" SCENARIOS ON U.S. EMISSIONS Agroforestry also has benefits for climate change adaptation.', 'EMISSIONS Agroforestry also has benefits for climate change adaptation. The co-benefits of incorporating trees in agricultural systems— namely, increased water infiltration and water and nutrient retention—include greater resilience to droughts or floods. Trees also create microclimates that can keep soils cooler and create more favorable conditions for crops and livestock (Schoeneberger et al. 2012). Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands BOX 5.3: U.S. FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN 2050 UN estimates indicate global food crop demand could increase by 60 percent by 2050, while other estimates indicate demand could double from current levels, driven by increasing global population, economic growth, and dietary preferences (FAO 2009, Tilman et al. 2011).', 'Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands BOX 5.3: U.S. FOOD CROP PRODUCTION IN 2050 UN estimates indicate global food crop demand could increase by 60 percent by 2050, while other estimates indicate demand could double from current levels, driven by increasing global population, economic growth, and dietary preferences (FAO 2009, Tilman et al. 2011). Keeping cropland area constant, yield increases consistent with historical growth rates would deliver only a 50 percent increase in global crop production across primary crops (corn, rice, wheat, and soy) by 2050 (Ray et al. 2013). Minimizing conversion of forests and grasslands to cropland can support MCS goals by maintaining carbon storage while freeing up land for other productive uses and conservation.', 'Minimizing conversion of forests and grasslands to cropland can support MCS goals by maintaining carbon storage while freeing up land for other productive uses and conservation. A number of policy and research priorities can help ensure that U.S. food production continues to increase for growing domestic and international consumers, while keeping cropland expansion to a minimum, including: • \x07 Renewed investment in ambitious food crop yield improvement programs within the federal government, universities, and the private sector, particularly in order to increase the climate resiliency of key commodity crops; • \x07 Support for other countries in improving crop yields and climate resilience, especially in areas exhibiting the largest yield gaps; • \x07 Reductions in food waste, which accounts for over one-third of global calories, requiring both better infrastructure to transport and store food as well as shifting social perceptions (FAO 2016); and • \x07 Reductions in pollution like tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, which significantly impact crop yields (Shindell et al.', 'A number of policy and research priorities can help ensure that U.S. food production continues to increase for growing domestic and international consumers, while keeping cropland expansion to a minimum, including: • \x07 Renewed investment in ambitious food crop yield improvement programs within the federal government, universities, and the private sector, particularly in order to increase the climate resiliency of key commodity crops; • \x07 Support for other countries in improving crop yields and climate resilience, especially in areas exhibiting the largest yield gaps; • \x07 Reductions in food waste, which accounts for over one-third of global calories, requiring both better infrastructure to transport and store food as well as shifting social perceptions (FAO 2016); and • \x07 Reductions in pollution like tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, which significantly impact crop yields (Shindell et al. 2012).', 'A number of policy and research priorities can help ensure that U.S. food production continues to increase for growing domestic and international consumers, while keeping cropland expansion to a minimum, including: • \x07 Renewed investment in ambitious food crop yield improvement programs within the federal government, universities, and the private sector, particularly in order to increase the climate resiliency of key commodity crops; • \x07 Support for other countries in improving crop yields and climate resilience, especially in areas exhibiting the largest yield gaps; • \x07 Reductions in food waste, which accounts for over one-third of global calories, requiring both better infrastructure to transport and store food as well as shifting social perceptions (FAO 2016); and • \x07 Reductions in pollution like tropospheric ozone and particulate matter, which significantly impact crop yields (Shindell et al. 2012). Looking ahead, growing demand for organic and locally produced foods, developments in vertical and urban agriculture, and other innovations and trends are quickly emerging.', 'Looking ahead, growing demand for organic and locally produced foods, developments in vertical and urban agriculture, and other innovations and trends are quickly emerging. Identifying how these developments can align with growing global food demand and deep decarbonization goals will be important.URBAN AND SETTLEMENT AREAS Over the coming decades, expansion of developed land will be driven by a growing U.S. population, increasing economic growth, and infrastructure development. USDA’s projections of developed area growth by 2050 range from 17 million acres under a low development scenario to 49 million acres under high development (USDA 2016). Other estimates put this number even higher; for example, the USFS Resource Planning Act Assessment suggests 69 million acres of developed area expansion is possible by 2060 (Oswalt et al. 2014).', 'Other estimates put this number even higher; for example, the USFS Resource Planning Act Assessment suggests 69 million acres of developed area expansion is possible by 2060 (Oswalt et al. 2014). Using smart growth and zoning policies to intensify urban development can reduce conversions of forestland, cropland, and grassland (Ewing et al. 2008). Furthermore, improved urban planning can enable multi-use neighborhoods, higher quality of life, reduced transportation demand, and other co-benefits that support deep decarbonization (Marcotullio et al. 2013, Gudipudi et al. 2016). The most well-documented co-benefit is decreases in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) when residences and businesses are closer together (Sullivan and Yeh 2013).', 'The most well-documented co-benefit is decreases in vehicle miles traveled (VMT) when residences and businesses are closer together (Sullivan and Yeh 2013). Compact development has the potential to reduce VMT by 20 to 40 percent, saving on commute times and reducing transport-related CO2 by 10 percent or more by mid-century (Ewing et al. 2008, Cambridge Systematics Inc. 2009). Urban and settlement areas can also contribute to carbon sink goals through urban trees and urban forests. U.S. urban trees currently sequester 90 million metric tons CO2 annually, more than 10 percent of the annual carbon sink, yet urban tree cover is currently on the decline (Nowak et al. 2013).', 'U.S. urban trees currently sequester 90 million metric tons CO2 annually, more than 10 percent of the annual carbon sink, yet urban tree cover is currently on the decline (Nowak et al. 2013). Studies indicate the potential for delivering additional mitigation may be limited by activities like mowing and intensive management requirements (Nowak et al. 2013). The impacts of individual trees can be maximized through careful selection of species, giving preference to species with long lifespans, high wood density, and high tolerance to stresses which may be experienced in urban settings, a practice which is not currently widespread (Scharenbroch 2012). In the coming years, urban trees can help reduce the carbon impacts of urbanization.', 'In the coming years, urban trees can help reduce the carbon impacts of urbanization. WETLANDS Large stocks of carbon accumulate within wet organic soils, where they can be held in place for hundreds to thousands of years; however, if disturbed, these areas can become emissions sources (EPA 2016c). In 1989, the United States adopted an overarching policy of “no net-loss” of wetlands to mitigate future losses by restoring or creating wetlands. This policy, largely implemented under the Clean Water Act, is now the cornerstone of U.S. wetland conservation (Mitsch and Gosselink 2015). Nevertheless, future development and land use change can impact the ability of wetlands to store and sequester carbon.', 'Nevertheless, future development and land use change can impact the ability of wetlands to store and sequester carbon. Inland wetlands cover over 97 million acres of the conterminous United States and 144 million acres in Alaska (Bridgham et al. 2007). Other than those areas used for rice cultivation and peat production, and some seasonally wet areas that are used predominately for crop production and grazing, many of these wetlands have not yet been fully integrated in the U.S. GHG Inventory. Efforts are underway to include all managed wetlands in the future. When wetlands are drained for agriculture or other development, stored carbon stock in the soil undergoes rapid decomposition and is released to the atmosphere as CO2 (IPCC 2006).', 'When wetlands are drained for agriculture or other development, stored carbon stock in the soil undergoes rapid decomposition and is released to the atmosphere as CO2 (IPCC 2006). When wetlands are restored, long-term carbon storage resumes, reversing impacts of wetland drainage (Wickland et al. 2014). However, for freshwater wetlands, this can also increase methane emissions, depending on water levels, temperature, and vegetation (Badiou et al. 2011, Tangen et al. 2015, Macdonald et al. 1998, Bridgham et al. 2013, Bansal et al. 2016). This dynamic creates complexity surrounding the net GHG effects of freshwater wetland restoration (Waddington and Price 2000, Gleason et al. 2008, Gleason et al. 2009).', '2008, Gleason et al. 2009). Given the ecological significance of freshwater wetlands in supporting water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, and other benefits, better understanding this complexity can inform methods of freshwater wetland restoration that provide climate benefits. Nearly half of all continental U.S. wetlands are in coastal zones (C-CAP 2010), and of these, nearly 10 percent are tidally influenced. Though a small percentage of the U.S. land base, the tidally influenced wetlands—specifically seagrasses, marshes, and mangroves—are some of the most efficient carbon sinks in the world (McLeod et al. 2011, Morris et al. 2012).', '2011, Morris et al. 2012). Saline wetlands are a particularly robust carbon sink as the presence of seawater limits the production of methane, thus avoiding substantial GHG emissions that limit the carbon sequestration benefits in freshwater wetlands (Poffenbarger et al. 2011). As we work to include coastal wetland dynamics in the U.S. GHG Inventory, initial estimates suggest intact coastal wetlands sequester 8 million tons of Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsannually, after accounting for existing methane emissions (Crooks et al. 2016). Currently, this annual carbon sequestration capacity of U.S. coastal wetlands is largely negated by annual emissions from already drained or eroded coastal wetlands (Crooks et al. 2016).', 'Currently, this annual carbon sequestration capacity of U.S. coastal wetlands is largely negated by annual emissions from already drained or eroded coastal wetlands (Crooks et al. 2016). Left unaddressed, human impacts, particularly in the Mississippi Delta, are projected to continue to erode coastal wetlands (Couvillion et al. 2013). Preliminary estimates indicate that nationwide conservation and restoration of coastal wetlands could avoid emissions and increase sequestration by 6-11 million metric tons of CO2 per year through 2050 (Crooks et al. 2016). BOX 5.4: EVOLVING LANDSCAPES TOWARDS 2050 There will be multiple drivers of land use change over the coming decades, with population and GDP growth stimulating more demand for housing and developed land, greater food production, and possibly cropland expansion.', 'BOX 5.4: EVOLVING LANDSCAPES TOWARDS 2050 There will be multiple drivers of land use change over the coming decades, with population and GDP growth stimulating more demand for housing and developed land, greater food production, and possibly cropland expansion. At the same time, our deep decarbonization efforts could be supported by continued forest investments and afforestation to bolster the carbon sink and biomass production for carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy and BECCS. To give a broader perspective on the different possible land use outcomes in the future as a result of these drivers, we evaluated different estimates across the literature and the MCS analytical outputs (see Figure A).', 'To give a broader perspective on the different possible land use outcomes in the future as a result of these drivers, we evaluated different estimates across the literature and the MCS analytical outputs (see Figure A). This evaluation shows there are a wide range of estimates on the degree of land use change that could occur as a result of these drivers by 2050, with some estimates illustrating the potential for large-scale impacts if we do not prioritize efforts to minimize land use change. Achieving 2050 land use outcomes that allow us to meet our MCS goals will need to be managed carefully.', 'Achieving 2050 land use outcomes that allow us to meet our MCS goals will need to be managed carefully. However, there is reason to believe that land use outcomes like the one reflected in Figure B are ecologically and economically feasible. For example, between 1950 and 1990 forestland area declined by approximately 50 million acres (Alig et al. 2003)—recovery of a similar scale of forest cover over a similar time period could occur with the right set of policies and incentives. Between 1920 and 1950, 70 million acres of agricultural cropland was diverted from feeding work animals, which powered the early-20th century economy, as fossil-powered machinery took over (Baker 1937, U.S. Census 1950).', 'Between 1920 and 1950, 70 million acres of agricultural cropland was diverted from feeding work animals, which powered the early-20th century economy, as fossil-powered machinery took over (Baker 1937, U.S. Census 1950). Once again devoting a portion of our agricultural landscape to support the energy sector would be well within the range of historical land use. An estimated 27 percent of cropland, or 7 million acres, in Iowa alone may be economically marginal in crop production but well suited to perennial grasses (Brandes et al. 2016). Additional potential suitable areas include field borders, riparian strips, and highly erodible acres.', 'Additional potential suitable areas include field borders, riparian strips, and highly erodible acres. Focusing on these areas nationally to produce carbon beneficial forms of biomass for energy or grow trees can potentially increase farm and forest owner income and value, deliver environmental benefits (such as reduced nutrient and sediment runoff), and reduce potential trade-offs between alternative land uses. MILLION ACRES BIOMASS CROPLAND FOREST DEVELOPED GLOBAL, U.S. POPULATION AND GDP GROWTH DEEP DECARBONIZATION Range of 2050 land use change estimates produced by different research and modeling exercises for four key land use change drivers: carbon beneficial biomass production to decarbonize the energy sector, forestland expansion to increase carbon sequestration, cropland expansion in response to growing global food demand assumptions, and developed land expansion due to U.S. population growth.', 'MILLION ACRES BIOMASS CROPLAND FOREST DEVELOPED GLOBAL, U.S. POPULATION AND GDP GROWTH DEEP DECARBONIZATION Range of 2050 land use change estimates produced by different research and modeling exercises for four key land use change drivers: carbon beneficial biomass production to decarbonize the energy sector, forestland expansion to increase carbon sequestration, cropland expansion in response to growing global food demand assumptions, and developed land expansion due to U.S. population growth. Note that not all four elements are represented in each model/study included here. Each dot represents a single literature or model-based estimate of additional cumulative acreage of the respective land use type by 2050. It is important to note that these scenarios and models contain different parameters, input data, and assumptions so the results are not directly comparable.', 'It is important to note that these scenarios and models contain different parameters, input data, and assumptions so the results are not directly comparable. They are compiled here to illustrate the range of possible outcomes in 2050 using different analytic approaches and assumptions. The estimates represented here were generated across 10 studies and modeling exercises with 24 distinct scenarios (USDA 2016, Radeloff et al. 2012, Oswalt et al. 2014, Sands et al. 2014, DOE 2016, EPA 2009, MCS, including GCAM, USFAS, and GTM). LAND AREA (MILLION ACRES) Biomass Other land Settlement Wetlands Cropland Grasslands/Pasture Forest Potential land use outcome in 2050 as drawn from the evaluation of the broader selection of different studies and analyses discussed in Figure A.', 'LAND AREA (MILLION ACRES) Biomass Other land Settlement Wetlands Cropland Grasslands/Pasture Forest Potential land use outcome in 2050 as drawn from the evaluation of the broader selection of different studies and analyses discussed in Figure A. The results presented here exemplify a potential future U.S. land use scenario that could be consistent with the U.S. MCS vision. The illustrative results above—reflecting 50 million acres of net afforestation to maintain and enhance the land sink and 40 million acres of biomass production to support carbon beneficial forms of bioenergy, all compared to 2015 areas—are consistent with estimates from Figures 5.3 and 5.5 above. This figure further reflects 17 million acres of developed land expansion from 2015, consistent with USDA estimates for low developed land expansion (2016), and constant cropland levels.', 'This figure further reflects 17 million acres of developed land expansion from 2015, consistent with USDA estimates for low developed land expansion (2016), and constant cropland levels. Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands FIGURE A: FIGURE B:PRIORITIES FOR POLICY, INNOVATION, AND RESEARCH Achieving our 2050 goals will require implementing a number of policy, innovation, and research priorities which span four components: (1) bolstering incentives for land carbon sequestration; (2) quickly mobilizing federal lands; (3) supporting efficient land use through increasing productivity of forests, crops, and carbon beneficial forms of biomass, promoting smart urban growth, and protecting wetlands; and (4) identifying research and data priorities to inform policy and stakeholders.', 'Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands FIGURE A: FIGURE B:PRIORITIES FOR POLICY, INNOVATION, AND RESEARCH Achieving our 2050 goals will require implementing a number of policy, innovation, and research priorities which span four components: (1) bolstering incentives for land carbon sequestration; (2) quickly mobilizing federal lands; (3) supporting efficient land use through increasing productivity of forests, crops, and carbon beneficial forms of biomass, promoting smart urban growth, and protecting wetlands; and (4) identifying research and data priorities to inform policy and stakeholders. The first two components are key drivers of ambitious carbon reductions, while the latter two components ensure deep decarbonization efforts are aligned with broader environmental priorities, are based in the latest science, and have manageable impacts on land use.', 'The first two components are key drivers of ambitious carbon reductions, while the latter two components ensure deep decarbonization efforts are aligned with broader environmental priorities, are based in the latest science, and have manageable impacts on land use. BOLSTERING INCENTIVES FOR LAND CARBON SEQUESTRATION Policies that drive deep decarbonization in the energy sector will impose an implicit or explicit price on carbon emissions, whether through an economy-wide carbon price, sector-specific regulation, or both. It will be difficult to fully integrate the land sector into such a system, due to the scale, complexity, and non-point source nature of U.S. land-based economic sectors.', 'It will be difficult to fully integrate the land sector into such a system, due to the scale, complexity, and non-point source nature of U.S. land-based economic sectors. However, it will be important to harmonize the economy-wide cost of carbon emissions with incentive structures to encourage farmers, ranchers, and forest owners to take up the activities discussed throughout this chapter. Ensuring land carbon sequestration opportunities are being taken up efficiently across the economy will help maximize the net economic benefits of deep decarbonization. Supporting land sector carbon outcomes at a scale that can support our 2050 goals will require additional financial resources.', 'Supporting land sector carbon outcomes at a scale that can support our 2050 goals will require additional financial resources. An important next step in this direction, consistent with previous Administration proposals, is to continue improving crop insurance and related programs in order to further incentivize producers to choose production practices that minimize climate change impacts and that achieve multiple strategic carbon, conservation, and water goals for every dollar of federal investment. Looking ahead, comprehensive climate policy can provide additional resources for land carbon incentives. An economy-wide carbon price can raise funds that in turn can be used to fund pay-for-performance programs or practice-based payments in the land sector as well as negative emissions technologies like BECCS.', 'An economy-wide carbon price can raise funds that in turn can be used to fund pay-for-performance programs or practice-based payments in the land sector as well as negative emissions technologies like BECCS. Appropriately implementing and guiding land sector incentives will also require the right policy and administrative structures to ensure that payments are having the desired impact for lasting, additional carbon sequestration consistent with our long-term climate goals. Putting in place the carbon accounting protocols discussed in Box 5.2 and administrative support for monitoring and verifying carbon outcomes against those protocols will be important. Carbon incentives for the land sector can be structured in different ways.', 'Carbon incentives for the land sector can be structured in different ways. One approach, practice-based payments, is already used under USDA conservation programs, including the Environmental Quality Incentives Program, the Regional Conservation Partnership Program, the Conservation Reserve Program, and other Farm Bill programs. These programs provide landowners technical assistance along with a portion of the funding required to implement a wide variety of voluntary conservation practices. While not an objective of existing conservation programs, they are estimated to support 50 million tons of CO2 sequestration annually (U.S. Department of State 2016). These and other existing agricultural programs could be further leveraged by prioritizing and rewarding activities that generate carbon benefits.', 'These and other existing agricultural programs could be further leveraged by prioritizing and rewarding activities that generate carbon benefits. Another approach is pay-for-performance or market-based payments, wherein landowners are compensated on the basis of how much carbon they can sequester, in some cases generating tradeable carbon credits. This can be implemented through crediting or offsetting programs like the California GHG cap-and-trade system, wherein landowners can sell carbon credits generated on their land to fossil fuel-emitting sectors. Alternatively, direct payments can be made to landowners through pay-for-performance structures, if appropriate funding sources can be developed.', 'Alternatively, direct payments can be made to landowners through pay-for-performance structures, if appropriate funding sources can be developed. As new policies and programs are developed, it will be important to consult with diverse stakeholders and identify the range of complementary policy structures that can combine to most efficiently and effectively deliver carbon outcomes at scale. In the coming years, USDA conservation programs can do more to increase soil health and forest growth, helping to scale carbon sequestration with more effective incentives and technical assistance for farmers, ranchers, and forest owners. Additionally, these efforts can link landowners to emerging carbon markets and programs.', 'Additionally, these efforts can link landowners to emerging carbon markets and programs. USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service, for Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsexample, is currently testing many of these approaches through the Conservation Innovation Grant and Regional Conservation Partnership Program, with potential to scale up support in the coming years. These efforts can inform evolution of existing federal support programs, to advance more pay-for-performance approaches and ensure conservation dollars are advancing key strategic priorities.', 'These efforts can inform evolution of existing federal support programs, to advance more pay-for-performance approaches and ensure conservation dollars are advancing key strategic priorities. QUICKLY MOBILIZING FEDERAL LANDS Covering 28 percent of U.S. land and comprising nearly 20 percent of the annual U.S. carbon sink, federal lands provide an important opportunity to quickly sequester carbon at scale while programs to support carbon sequestration on private lands are gaining momentum (Zhu and McGuire 2016; Zhu, Zhiliang, and Reed 2012, 2014). Building on important progress over the past several years, federal agencies can both begin to track carbon dynamics on federal lands as part of their agency-wide GHG inventories and put in place management guidance to increase carbon sequestration potential.', 'Building on important progress over the past several years, federal agencies can both begin to track carbon dynamics on federal lands as part of their agency-wide GHG inventories and put in place management guidance to increase carbon sequestration potential. Federal grassland and forest carbon fluxes are reported in the U.S. GHG Inventory, and federal agencies have begun to incorporate carbon sequestration and emissions estimates into land management plans. The Council on Environmental Quality has also issued updated guidance for assessing greenhouse gas impacts as part of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis, ensuring federal agencies account for and consider mitigation options for greenhouse gas and carbon sequestration outcomes for project-level decision-making and planning processes on federal lands (CEQ 2016).', 'The Council on Environmental Quality has also issued updated guidance for assessing greenhouse gas impacts as part of National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis, ensuring federal agencies account for and consider mitigation options for greenhouse gas and carbon sequestration outcomes for project-level decision-making and planning processes on federal lands (CEQ 2016). Agencies are also required to track their GHG emissions under Executive Order 13693 – Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade, which requires all agencies to reduce GHG emissions by 40 percent by 2025.', 'Agencies are also required to track their GHG emissions under Executive Order 13693 – Planning for Federal Sustainability in the Next Decade, which requires all agencies to reduce GHG emissions by 40 percent by 2025. Using existing data from USFS, USGS, and other agencies, the five land management agencies (USFS, FWS, NPS, DOD, BLM) can include land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) reporting consistent with our national GHG Inventory to allow for annual tracking of land carbon on federal lands. These data and federal processes can provide the foundation for developing and implementing guidance to include land carbon sequestration as one of the management priorities for federal lands.', 'These data and federal processes can provide the foundation for developing and implementing guidance to include land carbon sequestration as one of the management priorities for federal lands. Research and data-supported management practices for carbon sequestration and resilience can be integrated into long-term strategic plans, such as BLM Resource Management Plans and National Forest System Land Management Planning. Management priorities could include replanting understocked forests, promoting forest expansion where ecologically sound, and promoting agroforestry in federal grassland and pasture where appropriate. Federal lands could also support carbon beneficial forms of biomass production, such as energy crops. Western federal lands are also at risk for increasing natural disturbances like wildfire.', 'Western federal lands are also at risk for increasing natural disturbances like wildfire. As wildfire risk and other disturbances increase, regional and local strategies are needed for managing public safety, potential economic impacts, ecological viability, and long-term carbon storage on disturbance-prone lands. Land managers should include carbon as a consideration for maintaining and enhancing landscape health in order to avoid undermining carbon mitigation efforts elsewhere. New resources will be required to implement this work at a scale sufficient to meet the MCS goals. Forest restoration work needed on federal lands far exceeds current budgets. In addition, the current funding model for fighting wildfires pulls money from restoration work in years with high firefighting costs, with severe wildfire seasons expected to increase as a result of climate change.', 'In addition, the current funding model for fighting wildfires pulls money from restoration work in years with high firefighting costs, with severe wildfire seasons expected to increase as a result of climate change. To meet MCS goals, we will need to address these budget challenges to ensure federal agencies have the resources to fight wildfires and other natural disturbances as well as to implement restoration work that will increase forest resilience and carbon sequestration capacity. Addressing these budget constraints can also support research and monitoring to ensure our wildfire risk reduction and forest restoration efforts are aligned with our climate goals based on the best available science. To date, there has not been an assessment of additional carbon sequestration potential on federal lands.', 'To date, there has not been an assessment of additional carbon sequestration potential on federal lands. As management guidance is developed, assessing the full potential contribution of federal lands to our 2050 goals can help guide future policy priorities. SUPPORTING EFFICIENT LAND USE AND PROTECTING SENSITIVE LANDS Managing land use and land use change will make it easier to achieve our climate goals, reduce impacts to natural landscapes and high-value conservation areas, and reduce risk of impacting global forests through agriculture and forest commodity “leakage.” There are a number of policy, innovation, and research priorities that can help our working lands increase productivity, Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsensure smart urban growth, and protect sensitive areas like wetlands.', 'SUPPORTING EFFICIENT LAND USE AND PROTECTING SENSITIVE LANDS Managing land use and land use change will make it easier to achieve our climate goals, reduce impacts to natural landscapes and high-value conservation areas, and reduce risk of impacting global forests through agriculture and forest commodity “leakage.” There are a number of policy, innovation, and research priorities that can help our working lands increase productivity, Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsensure smart urban growth, and protect sensitive areas like wetlands. Increasing forest productivity and assessing supportive markets Enhancing forest productivity, including IFM practices, genetic tree breeding, targeted fertilization, more rapid planting following harvest, and other strategies, could be an important component of maintaining and growing our carbon sink.', 'Increasing forest productivity and assessing supportive markets Enhancing forest productivity, including IFM practices, genetic tree breeding, targeted fertilization, more rapid planting following harvest, and other strategies, could be an important component of maintaining and growing our carbon sink. While some forestry models include the potential for productivity improvements, there has been less discussion about what these activities would look like in practice and how we can guide forest management in this direction, especially in ways that protect and promote healthy working lands. A renewed focus on research is needed to better understand the potential for increased forest productivity, assess the potential advantages and negative impacts, and develop recommendations for further RD&D and policy support.', 'A renewed focus on research is needed to better understand the potential for increased forest productivity, assess the potential advantages and negative impacts, and develop recommendations for further RD&D and policy support. Of key importance is better understanding the role that forest products markets, including the production and use of carbon beneficial forms of woody biomass for energy and the potential for non-residential low-rise and high-rise wood buildings deployment, can play in incentivizing enhanced forest productivity and increased carbon storage. New research can take advantage of emerging market dynamics, providing real-world data on the effects of forest products markets on forest management decisions and planting activity.', 'New research can take advantage of emerging market dynamics, providing real-world data on the effects of forest products markets on forest management decisions and planting activity. Improving food crop yield and delivery Increasing crop yields beyond historic rates, which will be important for avoiding conversion of forests and grasslands to cropland, requires renewed RD&D investment. Research that indicates across 24–39 percent of global crop-growing areas, yields are not improving or declining (Ray et al. 2013). Increasing U.S. crop yield research support and developing a strategic global plan can help deliver on global climate goals and increase access to affordable nutrition. Reducing food waste is another tremendous opportunity to increase food supply without impacting land use.', 'Reducing food waste is another tremendous opportunity to increase food supply without impacting land use. Led by USDA and EPA, with a full range of partners, the U.S. Food Waste Challenge has set a goal to reduce food waste in the U.S. by 50 percent by 2030. Major global efforts by governments, the private sector, and civil society are striving to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 to halve food waste globally by 2030 (UN 2016). Progress in this area would significantly reduce the land, fertilizer, energy, and water required for food production and reduce emissions from agriculture, transportation, and landfills.', 'Progress in this area would significantly reduce the land, fertilizer, energy, and water required for food production and reduce emissions from agriculture, transportation, and landfills. Investing in energy crop yields and advanced biomass supplies Increasing energy crop yields is an important strategy for reducing land use impacts of dedicated biomass production and increasing supplies of carbon beneficial forms of biomass. The DOE Sun Grant Initiative has to date focused on building a database of energy crop yield measurements from around the country, informing our understanding of yield potential. New RD&D efforts through USDA and DOE can support continued improvement in energy crop yields, innovative biomass production approaches, and emerging biomass opportunities like micro- and macroalgae.', 'New RD&D efforts through USDA and DOE can support continued improvement in energy crop yields, innovative biomass production approaches, and emerging biomass opportunities like micro- and macroalgae. There are also opportunities for using cropland and pasture more efficiently to allow for growing energy crops without increasing land use competition and land use change. A significant percentage of national cropland may be economically marginal in crop production due to poor hydrology, poor soils, or operational constraints. These acres are important candidates for supporting production of energy crops (Muth 2016). While quantification of these types of “marginal” acres has been undertaken at the state level in Iowa (Brandes et al.', 'While quantification of these types of “marginal” acres has been undertaken at the state level in Iowa (Brandes et al. 2016), which indicates up to 27 percent of cropland acres are under-producing or unprofitable, a more detailed analysis of national availability is needed. Expanding use of precision agriculture technology, which helps to track inputs and production on a fine spatial scale across fields, can empower farmers to identify these areas themselves. Policies that encourage markets for carbon beneficial forms of biomass would help create a higher value use for these acres.', 'Policies that encourage markets for carbon beneficial forms of biomass would help create a higher value use for these acres. Advances in micro- and macroalgae and other emerging forms of biomass can also significantly increase biomass supplies with minimal land use pressures, generating significantly higher yields than land-based energy crops per unit of area and time (DOE 2016). Ongoing RD&D will be needed to address logistical challenges and lower costs. Smart urban planning Cities around the United States, including Portland, Seattle, and Denver, are already implementing policies to promote smart development, utilizing market-based approaches through urban growth limits and tradeable development rights.', 'Smart urban planning Cities around the United States, including Portland, Seattle, and Denver, are already implementing policies to promote smart development, utilizing market-based approaches through urban growth limits and tradeable development rights. These market incentives for smart planning can simultaneously support our land preservation and carbon sink goals, reduce emissions from Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landstransportation, and enable higher urban quality of life through mixed-use neighborhoods (Marcotullio et al. 2013, Gudipudi et al. 2016). Complementary policies for appropriate zoning, mixed-used neighborhoods, and provision of low-income housing are needed to avoid undesired consequences of limiting urban expansion, such as increasing land prices and rental rates.', 'Complementary policies for appropriate zoning, mixed-used neighborhoods, and provision of low-income housing are needed to avoid undesired consequences of limiting urban expansion, such as increasing land prices and rental rates. Additional financial signals in the form of conservation easements, forest products markets, preferential current use taxation policy, and cost-share incentives can also help to maintain undeveloped areas and forests. The federal government already supports urban planning through programs like Housing and Urban Development (HUD) regional planning grants and the HUD-DOT-EPA Partnership for Sustainable Communities. Looking ahead, additional federal incentives are needed to support communities in managing urban expansion and promoting conservation easements and other tools. Targeting smart planning efforts in areas at highest risk of forest loss can enhance the carbon mitigation potential of these programs.', 'Targeting smart planning efforts in areas at highest risk of forest loss can enhance the carbon mitigation potential of these programs. Maintaining intact wetlands Protecting existing wetlands and restoring previously degraded wetlands can help maintain and grow carbon benefits from U.S. natural lands. Programs should look to maximize natural ecosystem resilience to climate change, implement strong adaptation measures allowing for wetland restoration and migration, and limit future development in areas at risk, currently or in the future from coastal flooding. Continued attention to data needs while also considering issues of scale will help refine and support the implementation of these strategies.', 'Continued attention to data needs while also considering issues of scale will help refine and support the implementation of these strategies. Future federal research should focus on (1) providing regional- and local-scale GHG emissions estimates for coastal wetlands to help coastal managers better manage the carbon stocks, and (2) innovative, low-cost approaches to measuring and modeling GHG fluxes for linking climate mitigation and adaptation through wetland conservation and restoration. Better quantification of U.S. seagrass beds is another research priority, as these habitats are thought to provide substantial carbon sequestration benefits (Fourqurean et al. 2012).', 'Better quantification of U.S. seagrass beds is another research priority, as these habitats are thought to provide substantial carbon sequestration benefits (Fourqurean et al. 2012). RESEARCH AND DATA FOR INFORMING POLICY AND STAKEHOLDERS The United States has taken great strides in improving our knowledge of U.S. land carbon dynamics, improving the land use, land- use change, and forestry (LULUCF) component of our national GHG Inventory, and developing new projections of the U.S. carbon sink (EOP 2015). As we seek to guide policy that can support our 2050 climate goals, future research, inventory improvements, and data collection efforts will provide policy makers with a strengthened foundation for decision making.', 'As we seek to guide policy that can support our 2050 climate goals, future research, inventory improvements, and data collection efforts will provide policy makers with a strengthened foundation for decision making. Mitigation hot spot mapping Avoided forest conversion, forest expansion, and other forest management practices will play a significant role in maintaining and growing the U.S. carbon sink. Programmatic funding for these activities should be targeted in areas where it will have the largest mitigation impact. Developing “hot spot” maps for areas at high risk of forest loss, areas in need of reforestation or restoration, and those capable of supporting highly productive forests would allow for targeting incentives to high-priority areas.', 'Developing “hot spot” maps for areas at high risk of forest loss, areas in need of reforestation or restoration, and those capable of supporting highly productive forests would allow for targeting incentives to high-priority areas. When carbon pricing or carbon markets drive mitigation activities, hot spot maps could support private sector project developers in targeting high carbon potential regions. This mapping effort could build on existing forest monitoring and inventory programs like the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) database and Landsat data, translating data on forest loss, forest regeneration failure, and forest productivity into spatially explicit geographic areas qualifying for priority forest carbon incentives. Expanding this approach to agroforestry and soil carbon-enhancing strategies should also be considered.', 'Expanding this approach to agroforestry and soil carbon-enhancing strategies should also be considered. This effort can feed into decision- support tools that allow stakeholders to apply this data to project development and investment decisions. Increasing certainty, decreasing costs, and innovation for soil carbon projects Scaling up soil carbon sequestration on cropland and grassland through carbon incentives could be challenging for multiple reasons, including regional and local uncertainty of sequestration potential, cost of verification of soil carbon sequestration, and concerns regarding the permanence of stored soil carbon and risk of reversal. There are also potential opportunities to incentivize enhanced soil carbon in forests, but similar scientific and methodological uncertainties present barriers to program design and measurement of performance.', 'There are also potential opportunities to incentivize enhanced soil carbon in forests, but similar scientific and methodological uncertainties present barriers to program design and measurement of performance. Additional research, data collection, and monitoring frameworks can help improve existing measurement and estimation tools and models and reduce verification costs. Through federal research efforts such as USDA’s Soil Health Initiative, the federal government can support a national research Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Landsprogram to significantly improve the ability of soil carbon models and satellite data to estimate current and potential future soil carbon gains across variable soils, climates, and activities. This program would fund consistent implementation and monitoring of soil carbon activities across the country using high-accuracy measurement systems.', 'This program would fund consistent implementation and monitoring of soil carbon activities across the country using high-accuracy measurement systems. Such a research program can help increase certainty of soil carbon gains and lower execution risk for landowners and the private sector, reducing barriers to soil carbon mitigation. Innovative research programs to massively expand soil carbon potential, like ARPA-E’s ROOTS and TERRA programs, and efforts to develop perennial commodity crops should also be an ongoing priority. These efforts can unlock previously unimagined mitigation opportunities with minimal impacts to land use competition and natural landscapes. Monitoring and data improvements for U.S. GHG Inventory We need a full understanding of emissions and removals to target mitigation policies and incentives most effectively, and to track the results of our actions.', 'Monitoring and data improvements for U.S. GHG Inventory We need a full understanding of emissions and removals to target mitigation policies and incentives most effectively, and to track the results of our actions. The United States continues to improve its ability to quantify its land sector emissions and removals, including as part of its GHG inventory submission to the UNFCCC. In the coming years, we will do even more to improve inventory accuracy, including incorporating remote sensing input with ground plot data, reconciling definitions and metrics in different federal datasets, using new data to better estimate and represent the carbon benefits of our conservation programs, enhancing estimates of carbon in aboveground grassland biomass, and more fully integrating data from wetlands and from interior Alaska.', 'In the coming years, we will do even more to improve inventory accuracy, including incorporating remote sensing input with ground plot data, reconciling definitions and metrics in different federal datasets, using new data to better estimate and represent the carbon benefits of our conservation programs, enhancing estimates of carbon in aboveground grassland biomass, and more fully integrating data from wetlands and from interior Alaska. However, there is still significant uncertainty and variability in our land sector estimates. Looking ahead to mid-century, we can envision growing use of satellite data and remote sensing to provide more detailed, real- time, and accurate data. Greater coordination across federal agencies, including USGS, USDA, USFS, and EPA, will be necessary, along with continued Federal investments.', 'Greater coordination across federal agencies, including USGS, USDA, USFS, and EPA, will be necessary, along with continued Federal investments. LAND SECTOR “CHECKPOINTS” Most policies and programs are naturally subject to “checkpoints” throughout their implementation, or moments when the policy’s effectiveness and impacts are assessed and decisions are made about whether to continue on the same path or to change course. The large-scale land-sector changes envisioned in the MCS, as with any long-term policy process, warrant checkpoints at which policy makers can assess climate and land policy effectiveness in achieving intended outcomes and avoiding negative or unintended impacts. The appropriate timing and structure for such checkpoints should be policy-specific and they should not be so rapidly paced as to undermine the ability for policies to function.', 'The appropriate timing and structure for such checkpoints should be policy-specific and they should not be so rapidly paced as to undermine the ability for policies to function. Putting in place these processes can allow us to act quickly in the face of future uncertainty, while allowing for important adjustments over time to improve policy effectiveness. Both of these elements will support achieving deep carbon reductions by mid-century. Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsREDUCING EMISSIONSaccounts for four-fifths of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the remainder are highly potent heat- trapping gases, many of which have near-term climate impacts due to their shorter “lifetimes” in the atmosphere.', 'Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. LandsREDUCING EMISSIONSaccounts for four-fifths of U.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the remainder are highly potent heat- trapping gases, many of which have near-term climate impacts due to their shorter “lifetimes” in the atmosphere. Figure 6.1 shows the contribution of non-CO2 U.S. GHG emissions and their major sources, including methane (CH4 ) (55 percent), nitrous oxide (N2 O) (31 percent), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (13 percent), and other fluorinated gases such as PFCs, SF6 , and NF3 (1 percent) (EPA 2016a). Absent significant innovation and policy, non-CO2 GHG emissions are projected to increase rapidly. For example, growing global demand for food would drive broader use of nitrogen fertilizer and increased livestock production, resulting in greater O and methane emissions.', 'For example, growing global demand for food would drive broader use of nitrogen fertilizer and increased livestock production, resulting in greater O and methane emissions. A growing global population will also increase demand for energy and refrigerants, leading to greater emissions of methane and HFCs in the coming decades. Additional challenges to mitigating non-CO2 GHG emissions include the diffuse nature of their sources such as individual cattle or air conditioners and the difficulty of detecting and monitoring leaks. Increased research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) is needed to address these challenges. GHG emissions to the 2050 MCS Benchmark scenario21 as well as to projected 2050 emissions absent mitigation efforts (i.e., new policies and innovation). Figure 6.2 also displays the residual 2050 emissions consistent with the MCS Benchmark scenario.', 'Figure 6.2 also displays the residual 2050 emissions consistent with the MCS Benchmark scenario. While total non-CO2 emissions decline modestly compared to 2005 levels, they are 50 percent lower than a 2050 No Mitigation scenario. The MCS analysis of non-CO2 mitigation potential does not account for major technological advances that may be achievable with increased RD&D investment. The cost estimates used in the analysis assume only minor technological progress over the next few decades. With continued innovation and well-designed policies, we can achieve even deeper non-CO2 reductions than those displayed in the MCS analysis. NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS PETROLEUM SYSTEMS COAL MINING REFRIGERATION/AC OTHER FLUORINATED GASES O SOIL MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK ENTERIC MANURE MANAGEMENT LANDFILLS Petroleum Systems Refrigeration/AC (HFCs) Other Fluorinated Gases ) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Other Fluorinated Gases (PFCs, SF6 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Note: These calculations use the U.S. GHG Inventory for 1990-2014 that assumes a 100-year GWP based on IPCC AR4 estimates.', 'NATURAL GAS SYSTEMS PETROLEUM SYSTEMS COAL MINING REFRIGERATION/AC OTHER FLUORINATED GASES O SOIL MANAGEMENT LIVESTOCK ENTERIC MANURE MANAGEMENT LANDFILLS Petroleum Systems Refrigeration/AC (HFCs) Other Fluorinated Gases ) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Other Fluorinated Gases (PFCs, SF6 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2 O) Note: These calculations use the U.S. GHG Inventory for 1990-2014 that assumes a 100-year GWP based on IPCC AR4 estimates. Source: EPA 2016a. FIGURE 6.1: SOURCES OF U.S. NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS BY GAS, 2014 (MMT CO2 E) Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissions In generating these estimates, the MCS analysis relied on the Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases report (EPA Report 430R13011) to calculate country-level marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves for all non-CO2 greenhouse gases by sector. The EPA MAC analysis is a bottom-up engineering cost analysis that constructs MAC curves from estimated abatement potential and average breakeven price calculations for each mitigation option.', 'The EPA MAC analysis is a bottom-up engineering cost analysis that constructs MAC curves from estimated abatement potential and average breakeven price calculations for each mitigation option. The mitigation options are ordered producing a stepwise curve, where each point reflects the average cost and reduction potential if a mitigation technology were applied across the sector within a given region. Cost and abatement potential data used in the EPA report are drawn from a variety of public sources and the peer-reviewed literature.', 'Cost and abatement potential data used in the EPA report are drawn from a variety of public sources and the peer-reviewed literature. In determining whether to undertake non-CO2 reduction actions, the GCAM model used to generate the MCS compares the costs from the EPA MAC curves to the costs of other opportunities to reduce net GHG emissions, such as reductions in CO2 from the energy sector.Livestock & Natural Gas, 6% O, Refrigeration & Air Fire Extinguishing & Other F‐Gas, 2% NO MITIGATION MCS BENCHMARK EMISSIONS (MT CO2 E) F‐gas Nitrous Oxide Methane Emissions are down only modestly compared to 2005 emissions levels but are considerably lower than a projection of emissions in 2050 without mitigation efforts.', 'In determining whether to undertake non-CO2 reduction actions, the GCAM model used to generate the MCS compares the costs from the EPA MAC curves to the costs of other opportunities to reduce net GHG emissions, such as reductions in CO2 from the energy sector.Livestock & Natural Gas, 6% O, Refrigeration & Air Fire Extinguishing & Other F‐Gas, 2% NO MITIGATION MCS BENCHMARK EMISSIONS (MT CO2 E) F‐gas Nitrous Oxide Methane Emissions are down only modestly compared to 2005 emissions levels but are considerably lower than a projection of emissions in 2050 without mitigation efforts. Note: “MCS Benchmark” emissions are scaled to be consistent with EPA projections data used in the Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases report (EPA Report 430R13011) in order to reflect residual non-CO2 emissions consistent with U.S. GHG Inventory data.', 'Note: “MCS Benchmark” emissions are scaled to be consistent with EPA projections data used in the Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases report (EPA Report 430R13011) in order to reflect residual non-CO2 emissions consistent with U.S. GHG Inventory data. These projections include distinct activity assumptions from those used in GCAM non-CO2 results displayed in previous chapters. Source: “No Mitigation” estimates for each non-CO2 gas are sourced from the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project, with historical data from the U.S. GHG Inventory (Williams et al. 2014, EPA 2016a). EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS IN 2050 WITH MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissions BOX 6.1: GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL In order to compare the climate impacts of each greenhouse gas, scientists use a “global warming potential” (GWP) factor to convert the warming impacts from gas into carbon dioxide- e).', 'EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS IN 2050 WITH MCS BENCHMARK SCENARIO Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissions BOX 6.1: GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL In order to compare the climate impacts of each greenhouse gas, scientists use a “global warming potential” (GWP) factor to convert the warming impacts from gas into carbon dioxide- e). A GWP assumes a given time period, since different gases have different lifetimes in the atmosphere. greenhouse gases are more potent than CO2 at trapping heat within the atmosphere, and thus have high GWPs. Using the IPCC AR5 GWP estimates for a 100-year time scale, methane is 28- 36 times more powerful than CO2 , nitrous oxide is 265-298 times more powerful, and hydrofluorocarbons have GWPs as high as thousands or tens of thousands (EPA 2016b). Because methane and HFCs cycle out of the atmosphere more quickly than , their 10 and 20-year GWPs are even higher.', 'Because methane and HFCs cycle out of the atmosphere more quickly than , their 10 and 20-year GWPs are even higher. This also means that near-term global actions on non-CO2 GHG emissions can effectively reduce the rate of near- term warming. As seen in Figure 6.2, the largest share of residual emissions in 2050 is methane from livestock, landfills, and fossil fuel production. Other major sources in 2050 include HFCs from existing equipment and appliances and N2 O emissions from crop production. METHANE FROM FOSSIL FUEL SYSTEMS Fossil fuels are not only the primary source of CO2 emissions but also a major source of methane emissions. Methane is released across the supply chain as part of fossil fuel production, processing, transmission, storage, and distribution. These emissions are both intentional (venting) and unintentional (leaks).', 'These emissions are both intentional (venting) and unintentional (leaks). Current estimates attribute nearly one-third of total U.S. methane emissions to oil and natural gas systems. Coal mining also releases methane trapped in coal seams, accounting for 9 percent of U.S. methane emissions (EPA 2016a). Decarbonizing the energy sector, including transitioning away from fossil fuels to low-carbon energy, will not only reduce CO2 but will also reduce methane emissions associated with fossil fuel extraction and processing. However, fossil fuels will continue to play a role in the U.S. energy mix for some time. The MCS therefore envisions additional measures to reduce methane from oil and gas, including increasing the stringency of current standards and enhancing investments to improve methane emissions measurement, capture, and repair technology.', 'The MCS therefore envisions additional measures to reduce methane from oil and gas, including increasing the stringency of current standards and enhancing investments to improve methane emissions measurement, capture, and repair technology. Some of these methane reductions can be achieved highly cost- effectively with the recovery and sale of captured methane.The United States has already taken action to better identify and reduce methane emissions from the energy sector. In 2014, President Obama released a national methane strategy targeting the largest sources of methane, including from oil and gas production and coal mines. The strategy also identifies opportunities to reduce methane from agriculture and landfills, which are discussed in subsequent sections.', 'The strategy also identifies opportunities to reduce methane from agriculture and landfills, which are discussed in subsequent sections. In 2015, the Obama Administration set a goal of reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas sector 40 to 45 percent below 2012 levels by 2025. Canada and Mexico have since also committed to this goal. In recent years, new information from studies of the U.S. oil and gas industry have indicated that methane emissions are much higher than previously understood. EPA updated the U.S. GHG Inventory with this information, resulting in a large increase in its estimates.', 'EPA updated the U.S. GHG Inventory with this information, resulting in a large increase in its estimates. In May of 2016, EPA finalized the first-ever standards for methane emissions from new and modified oil and gas facilities, and took the first steps in the process of developing emissions standards for existing sources. Federal agencies are also coordinating a range of voluntary programs and supporting industry efforts and research initiatives to reduce methane emissions by recognizing leaders, through efforts like the Methane Challenge Program and the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition.', 'Federal agencies are also coordinating a range of voluntary programs and supporting industry efforts and research initiatives to reduce methane emissions by recognizing leaders, through efforts like the Methane Challenge Program and the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership of the Climate and Clean Air Coalition. Additional federal programs are improving measurement and monitoring of oil and gas sector emissions, such as ARPA-E’s MONITOR program, which has invested $30 million to help reduce the cost of detecting and quantifying natural gas leaks (DOE 2014). Recent evidence indicates that a small fraction of sources may be responsible for a large portion of total oil and gas methane emissions (Brandt, Heath, and Cooley 2016; Zavala-Araiza et al. 2015).', 'Recent evidence indicates that a small fraction of sources may be responsible for a large portion of total oil and gas methane emissions (Brandt, Heath, and Cooley 2016; Zavala-Araiza et al. 2015). Therefore, developing and deploying monitoring capabilities to identify these sources may be particularly effective for targeting mitigation actions. However, doing so is currently challenging due to the fact that these high-emitting sources are dispersed across the United States and may emit intermittently. Continuous monitoring at a large spatial scale via remote sensing technologies could help identify these sources. Use of new satellite, aircraft, and drone capabilities coupled with on-site continuous monitoring and automated infrared imaging have the potential to greatly improve leak detection, monitoring, and repairs.', 'Use of new satellite, aircraft, and drone capabilities coupled with on-site continuous monitoring and automated infrared imaging have the potential to greatly improve leak detection, monitoring, and repairs. In coal mining, commercially available technologies can recover and reduce methane emissions. These mitigation technologies include drainage and recovery systems to remove methane from the coal seam before mining or from the area post-mining, destruction of ventilation air-methane, and end-use application for recovered gas (e.g., electricity generation or use as a process fuel for on-site heating). METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FROM AGRICULTURE Agricultural production contributes over 40 percent of U.S. non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the form of N2 O and methane.', 'METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FROM AGRICULTURE Agricultural production contributes over 40 percent of U.S. non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in the form of N2 O and methane. Agriculture, in particular the use of nitrogen-rich fertilizers to increase crop yields, is the source of three-fourths of annual U.S. O emissions. Agricultural methane emissions are largely driven by livestock manure and enteric fermentation (EPA 2016a). As discussed previously, global demand for food is projected to lead to greater global agricultural-related methane and N2 O emissions. In spite of this growth, the MCS analysis points to potential actions to reduce N2 O emissions significantly from 2005 levels by 2050. Still, without additional technological innovation, agricultural methane emissions will likely remain a significant GHG source in 2050.', 'Still, without additional technological innovation, agricultural methane emissions will likely remain a significant GHG source in 2050. Many technologies and practices are currently available that can reduce methane and N2 O emissions associated with agricultural operations. Farmers, ranchers, and land managers across the United States are already using many of these techniques. Through the Department of Agriculture and programs such as the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), the United States has promoted increased education, dissemination of online tools, and technical assistance to help farmers manage livestock herds, improve manure management, modify animal diets, and adopt alternative techniques to fertilizer applications. These actions reduce emissions while also maintaining yields and decreasing costs.', 'These actions reduce emissions while also maintaining yields and decreasing costs. In 2015, the USDA announced its Building Blocks for Climate Smart Agriculture and Forestry, previously discussed in Chapter 5. Through the Building Blocks, USDA is working closely with farmers, ranchers, and rural communities to implement voluntary, incentive-based practices that improve environmental conditions while also preparing communities for the impacts of climate change. To address N2 O, USDA promotes efficient nitrogen stewardship to reduce over-application and nitrogen runoff into waterways through the principles of right timing, right fertilizer type, right placement, and right quantity. Adopting these techniques will enable farmers to maintain yield while Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissionsdecreasing expenses on fertilizer.', 'Adopting these techniques will enable farmers to maintain yield while Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissionsdecreasing expenses on fertilizer. Another Building Block supports livestock partnerships that use cost-share support and technical assistance to encourage broader deployment of anaerobic digesters, lagoon covers, composting, and solids separators to reduce methane emissions from cattle, dairy, and swine operations. Building on these actions, greater emissions reductions can be achieved through broader uptake of these existing techniques, greater incentives to promote climate-smart practices, and technological innovation. Investments in animal genetics and breeding could improve the health and value of livestock while reducing feed demand and decreasing livestock-related emissions. Safe food additives like certain types of algae have the potential to significantly reduce methane production in livestock (Kinley and Fredeen 2014).', 'Safe food additives like certain types of algae have the potential to significantly reduce methane production in livestock (Kinley and Fredeen 2014). Small-scale anaerobic digesters can capture methane from waste and supply renewable energy for electricity and on-farm equipment. Slow-release fertilizers and other precision agriculture techniques can reduce the amount of nitrogen that is applied to a field. USDA estimates that we can reduce non-CO2 emissions from agriculture by 25 percent or more from current levels by 2050 by successfully expanding existing mitigation options, making new technologies standard practice, and expanding outreach and technical assistance efforts.22 Over time, many of these mitigation solutions can lead to economic gains for farmers and ranchers, including lower fertilizer costs, and increasing health and productivity of livestock.', 'USDA estimates that we can reduce non-CO2 emissions from agriculture by 25 percent or more from current levels by 2050 by successfully expanding existing mitigation options, making new technologies standard practice, and expanding outreach and technical assistance efforts.22 Over time, many of these mitigation solutions can lead to economic gains for farmers and ranchers, including lower fertilizer costs, and increasing health and productivity of livestock. Addressing methane and N2 O from agricultural production will continue to be challenging. Risk aversion, highly competitive agricultural markets, and growing impacts from climate change can make new practices unattractive for farmers and ranchers.', 'Risk aversion, highly competitive agricultural markets, and growing impacts from climate change can make new practices unattractive for farmers and ranchers. Achieving widespread adoption of these practices could require putting in place economic incentives to help overcome potential concerns about lower yields, lower profits, and any costs associated with new technologies and practices. Improved approaches for capturing these emissions reductions in the U.S. GHG Inventory are also needed. By no means are the opportunities laid out in this report exhaustive. The MCS envisions additional focus on policies, incentives, and innovative technologies to scale up mitigation from agriculture. METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FROM WASTE STREAMS Landfills are the third largest source of methane emissions in the United States, contributing 11 percent of non-CO2 emissions.', 'METHANE AND NITROUS OXIDE FROM WASTE STREAMS Landfills are the third largest source of methane emissions in the United States, contributing 11 percent of non-CO2 emissions. As seen in Figure 6.2, landfill methane remains a significant share of non-CO2 emissions in 2050 under the MCS Benchmark scenario. When organic materials, such as food waste, decompose in the absence of oxygen, methane is produced. Methane emissions are similarly generated from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment activities, although centralized aerobic wastewater treatment facilities limit the amount of methane released. Municipal wastewater is also a source of N2 O emissions—human sewage emits N2 O during both the nitrification and denitrification of urea, ammonia, and proteins.', 'Municipal wastewater is also a source of N2 O emissions—human sewage emits N2 O during both the nitrification and denitrification of urea, ammonia, and proteins. In July 2016, EPA finalized stringent standards to reduce methane emissions from new and existing landfills that will result in reductions of 8 million metric tons annually in 2025. The standard requires the installation of gas collection systems that capture methane to either flare or put to productive use, such as powering on-site equipment. EPA also supports smaller landfills in implementing landfill gas capture through voluntary programs like the Landfill Methane Outreach Program. The efficiency of biogas collection systems is currently around 85 percent (EPA 2008).', 'The efficiency of biogas collection systems is currently around 85 percent (EPA 2008). This may be improved with technological advances and as new landfills are designed with gas collection in mind. Some of the remaining fugitive emissions from landfills could be reduced by installing and maintaining bio-based systems such as bio covers or bio filters that oxidize methane emissions. While these measures can reduce methane once created, other actions can help prevent methane production entirely. For example, food waste reduction and diversion programs cut the amount of organic waste decomposing in landfills.', 'For example, food waste reduction and diversion programs cut the amount of organic waste decomposing in landfills. Approximately 133 billion pounds of food end up in landfills because it is either deemed cosmetically unfit or will not stay fresh long enough to be shipped far distances, making it the single greatest contributor to municipal landfills (USDA 2015). In addition to exacerbating methane emissions, food waste contributes to excess fossil fuel and water use, while also putting increasing pressures on 22 Based on internal USDA analysis. Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissionscropland as global food demand grows.', 'Driving Down Non-CO2 Emissionscropland as global food demand grows. In September 2015, USDA and EPA, along with many private sector and food bank partners, announced a national target to reduce food waste 50 percent by 2030, including through encouraging farmers to donate more of their imperfect produce to the hungry (USDA 2015). Multiple states, including Massachusetts, Vermont, and Connecticut, have implemented regulations to reduce food waste from commercial sources (Perry 2014). Scaling up these waste diversion programs would help significantly reduce landfill emissions in the future. Finally, methane emissions in wastewater treatment could be significantly reduced by 2050 through currently available mitigation options, such as anaerobic biomass digesters and centralized wastewater treatment facilities.', 'Finally, methane emissions in wastewater treatment could be significantly reduced by 2050 through currently available mitigation options, such as anaerobic biomass digesters and centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Improved operational practices, such as controlling dissolved oxygen levels during treatment or limiting operating system upsets, can also help reduce N2 O emissions from wastewater treatment. HFCs FROM REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING Fluorinated gases are man-made and used in a range of applications. They are highly potent greenhouse gases, trapping hundreds to thousands of times more heat than carbon dioxide. The vast majority of fluorinated gases emitted are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A substitute for ozone-depleting substances, HFCs are primarily used for refrigeration and air conditioning.', 'A substitute for ozone-depleting substances, HFCs are primarily used for refrigeration and air conditioning. Absent regulation, emissions of HFCs in the United States and globally were expected to double between 2015 and 2030, due both to the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances under the Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances and the overall growth of air conditioning and refrigeration around the world (EPA 2012, Velders et al. 2009). Fortunately, HFC emissions reductions are achievable by preventing or reducing leaks and transitioning to the use of low-GWP alternatives. The Obama Administration has reduced HFCs through both international diplomacy and domestic actions. Over the past several years, the Obama Administration announced a series of executive actions to address HFCs.', 'Over the past several years, the Obama Administration announced a series of executive actions to address HFCs. Under the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP), EPA lists acceptable alternatives used in aerosols, foam-blowing, refrigeration, and other sectors. In 2015 and 2016, EPA finalized two regulations to prohibit the use of certain HFCs and HFC-containing blends across a variety of end-uses where safer and more climate-friendly alternatives are available. In September 2016, EPA also finalized a regulation that would strengthen existing refrigerant management requirements and extend safe handling, reuse, and disposal requirements to HFCs. Along with these regulatory measures, the White House announced a series of private-sector commitments to cut HFC usage.', 'Along with these regulatory measures, the White House announced a series of private-sector commitments to cut HFC usage. The combination of private-sector commitments and executive actions in the United States is estimated to reduce domestic reliance on HFCs and contribute to a reduction in cumulative global consumption by more than 1 billion MtCO2 e through 2025. Significant progress has also been made this year on the international front. In October 2016, the United States worked with nearly 200 other countries to adopt an amendment under the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs.', 'In October 2016, the United States worked with nearly 200 other countries to adopt an amendment under the Montreal Protocol to phase down the production and consumption of HFCs. Under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the United States and other countries listed under Article 2 of the Montreal Protocol committed to phase down production and consumption of HFCs by 85 percent by 2036, while the rest of the world committed to 80 to 85 percent reductions by 2047. The United States is also working with partners in the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC), launched in 2012, to promote climate-friendly alternatives and standards for HFCs.', 'The United States is also working with partners in the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants (CCAC), launched in 2012, to promote climate-friendly alternatives and standards for HFCs. Achieving HFC reductions beyond those shown in Figure 6.2 will depend on addressing the existing stock of refrigerators and air conditioners, which already contain HFCs and have potential to leak into the atmosphere over the coming decades. For example, EPA can help to reduce or eliminate the leaking of HFCs from various types of refrigerant-containing equipment through targeted partnership programs such as its GreenChill program, which partners with food retailers to, among other things, lower refrigerant charge sizes and eliminate leaks.', 'For example, EPA can help to reduce or eliminate the leaking of HFCs from various types of refrigerant-containing equipment through targeted partnership programs such as its GreenChill program, which partners with food retailers to, among other things, lower refrigerant charge sizes and eliminate leaks. EPA can also scale up partnership programs such as the Responsible Appliance Disposal Program to prevent emissions through the proper disposal of appliances by ensuring recovery and reclamation or destruction of refrigerants and foam. Additional RD&D support to ensure new alternatives to HFCs continue to enter the market may also be important, including both new molecules and new uses for existing alternatives, though private sector players are already leading the way on this front.', 'Additional RD&D support to ensure new alternatives to HFCs continue to enter the market may also be important, including both new molecules and new uses for existing alternatives, though private sector players are already leading the way on this front. Driving Down Non-CO2 EmissionsINTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Photo credit: UNFCCCWhile this report focuses on the United States’ mid-century strategy (MCS), climate change is a global problem requiring a global solution. To this end, 195 countries, including all major economies, have adopted the Paris Agreement, which entered into force on November 4, 2016. The Paris Agreement aims to hold the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.', 'The Paris Agreement aims to hold the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Consistent with this objective, Parties also aim to balance greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions sources and sinks in the second half of this century or, in effect, achieve net-zero global GHG emissions before 2100. The U.S. MCS is consistent with these global objectives, but strong international action will be critical to achieving them. International cooperation can also significantly lower the costs of decarbonization and create economic opportunities for people and businesses, all while reducing the risks and impacts of climate change.', 'International cooperation can also significantly lower the costs of decarbonization and create economic opportunities for people and businesses, all while reducing the risks and impacts of climate change. THE NEED FOR GLOBAL ACTION Achieving the long-term goals of the Paris Agreement will require ambitious action across the international community. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014), a pathway to limit warming below 2°C will require global annual GHG emissions to decline between 40 and 70 percent below 2010 levels by 2050, equivalent to lowering annual emissions by 20 to 35 billion metric tons of CO2 e). The United States is the world’s second largest emitter of GHGs, but its total net emissions were just 6 billion tons CO2 e in 2014 (EPA 2016).', 'The United States is the world’s second largest emitter of GHGs, but its total net emissions were just 6 billion tons CO2 e in 2014 (EPA 2016). Under the Paris Agreement, all countries have put forward strategies for domestic action. Specifically, each party will prepare and implement successive NDCs that chart a course for emissions reductions over time. To date, the vast majority of countries, including all major economies, have set their contributions for 2025 or 2030, with the U.S. NDC setting a target of 26-28 percent GHG reductions in 2025 from 2005 levels. The largest trading partners of the U.S. have all set near-term targets and have undertaken serious actions to deliver against them (Figure 7.1).', 'The largest trading partners of the U.S. have all set near-term targets and have undertaken serious actions to deliver against them (Figure 7.1). For example, China’s targets include expanding total energy consumption coming from non-fossil sources to around 20 percent by 2030. To achieve this goal, China will need to deploy more clean electricity generating capacity than all the coal-fired power plants that exist in China today and close to the total electricity generation capacity in the United States today.', 'To achieve this goal, China will need to deploy more clean electricity generating capacity than all the coal-fired power plants that exist in China today and close to the total electricity generation capacity in the United States today. OTHER U.S. TRADING PARTNERS EUROPEAN UNION CANADA CHINA MEXICO JAPAN SOUTH KOREA INDIA BRAZIL Emissions intensity of GDP below 2005 levels: 175 GW renewable energy generation by 2020 levels by 2030 37% below business as usual by 2030 25‐40% below baseline by 2030; Energy Transition Law: 25% clean energy by 2018, emissions around 2030 and make best efforts to peak early; Decrease carbon intensity 60‐65% below 2005 levels by 2030; Increase share of non‐fossil fuels in primary energy to around 20% by 2030; Increase forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters from 2005 Carbon price floor starting at $7.60/ton in Emissions below 1990 levels: Emissions below 2005 levels: Achieving 45% renewables by 2030 Note: Segment size represents country’s contribution to U.S. total trade volume (U.S. Census Bureau 2016).', 'OTHER U.S. TRADING PARTNERS EUROPEAN UNION CANADA CHINA MEXICO JAPAN SOUTH KOREA INDIA BRAZIL Emissions intensity of GDP below 2005 levels: 175 GW renewable energy generation by 2020 levels by 2030 37% below business as usual by 2030 25‐40% below baseline by 2030; Energy Transition Law: 25% clean energy by 2018, emissions around 2030 and make best efforts to peak early; Decrease carbon intensity 60‐65% below 2005 levels by 2030; Increase share of non‐fossil fuels in primary energy to around 20% by 2030; Increase forest stock volume by around 4.5 billion cubic meters from 2005 Carbon price floor starting at $7.60/ton in Emissions below 1990 levels: Emissions below 2005 levels: Achieving 45% renewables by 2030 Note: Segment size represents country’s contribution to U.S. total trade volume (U.S. Census Bureau 2016). Total trade equals the value of U.S. imports from a given country plus the value of U.S. exports to that country.', 'Total trade equals the value of U.S. imports from a given country plus the value of U.S. exports to that country. Other trading partners, the majority of which have also developed NDCs, make up the remainder of the pie, of other trading partners, the large majority of which have also developed NDCs. Aspirational goals are indicated in italics. FIGURE 7.1: CLIMATE COMMITMENTS OF MAJOR U.S. TRADE PARTNERS International ContextAt the same time, the international community will not achieve its climate goals without the United States. As the world’s largest economy and the pacesetter in so many areas of international cooperation, the United States’ continued leadership on climate change is needed to galvanize the international community.', 'As the world’s largest economy and the pacesetter in so many areas of international cooperation, the United States’ continued leadership on climate change is needed to galvanize the international community. Indeed, the United States has been a key driving force behind the strong recent momentum toward global action on climate change, including rapid entry into force of the Paris Agreement. The U.S. MCS is consistent with the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement and puts the United States on track to achieve net-zero GHG emissions well before the rest of the world will need to. Figure 7.2 displays multiple pathways to global net-zero emissions this century, and the resulting probabilities of constraining global average temperature increases to 2°C and 1.5°C by 2100.', 'Figure 7.2 displays multiple pathways to global net-zero emissions this century, and the resulting probabilities of constraining global average temperature increases to 2°C and 1.5°C by 2100. If all countries follow the long-term emissions pathways implied by their NDCs under the Paris Agreement and implement rapid reductions starting in 2030, reaching net-zero global GHG emissions in 2080 would mean a roughly two-thirds chance of limiting warming to below 2°C. This MCS puts the United States on a trajectory to achieve net-zero emissions decades before that. Furthermore, applying the rate of U.S. decarbonization between 2020 and 2050 globally would allow for global net-zero GHG emissions by 2070 if rapid reductions begin in 2030.', 'Furthermore, applying the rate of U.S. decarbonization between 2020 and 2050 globally would allow for global net-zero GHG emissions by 2070 if rapid reductions begin in 2030. Figure 7.2 also shows that following current NDCs will require extremely sharp reductions in global emissions after 2030 to put the Paris Agreement temperature goals within reach. This underscores the importance of increasing global action between now and 2030, as illustrated by the shaded triangle in the figure. BENEFITS OF THE WORLD ACTING TOGETHER ON CLIMATE Strong international action and coordination on climate change will directly benefit Americans and the global community in multiple ways, including reducing the costs of deep decarbonization and creating economic opportunities for U.S. businesses and entrepreneurs.', 'BENEFITS OF THE WORLD ACTING TOGETHER ON CLIMATE Strong international action and coordination on climate change will directly benefit Americans and the global community in multiple ways, including reducing the costs of deep decarbonization and creating economic opportunities for U.S. businesses and entrepreneurs. Economists have long pointed to the benefits of internationally linked decarbonization policies in minimizing mitigation costs and maximizing advantageous trade opportunities, but ambitious domestic actions implemented separately by all countries will provide crucially important benefits as well, including (1) accelerating innovation in clean technologies and (2) avoiding emissions leakage.', 'Economists have long pointed to the benefits of internationally linked decarbonization policies in minimizing mitigation costs and maximizing advantageous trade opportunities, but ambitious domestic actions implemented separately by all countries will provide crucially important benefits as well, including (1) accelerating innovation in clean technologies and (2) avoiding emissions leakage. ANNUAL GHG EMISSIONS (GT CO2 E) NET ZERO EMISSIONS SCENARIOS UNITED STATES 80% PROJECTED EMISSIONS INCLUDING PARIS TARGETS * PERCENT CHANCE OF GLOBAL TEMPERATURE CHANGES IN 2100 NET ZERO YEAR The United States MCS puts the nation on a path consistent with a successful global outcome. Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals will require increasing ambition leading to 2030 and steep reductions to net-zero global GHG emissions following 2030.', 'Achieving the Paris Agreement temperature goals will require increasing ambition leading to 2030 and steep reductions to net-zero global GHG emissions following 2030. This figure shows the probability of staying below 2°C and 1.5°C across global scenarios by 2100. While there could be an overshoot of the Paris Agreement temperature objectives before 2100, achieving net-zero GHG emissions globally could bring temperatures below peak levels in 2100 and beyond. FIGURE 7.2: GLOBAL GHG EMISSIONS AND TEMPERATURE CHANGES UNDER DIFFERENT NET-ZERO EMISSIONS SCENARIOS International ContextAccelerating innovation in clean technologies. Support for innovation is a core pillar of the United States’ MCS because it will reduce the costs and increase the pace of emissions reductions.', 'Support for innovation is a core pillar of the United States’ MCS because it will reduce the costs and increase the pace of emissions reductions. For the same reason, countries around the world will make similar investments to improve low-carbon technologies, which are traded and deployed globally. The United States can greatly benefit from such “spillovers” of technological progress. Innovation both at home and abroad will increase the cost-effectiveness of emissions reduction efforts. More effort and more experience researching and deploying a technology typically leads to more efficient technologies (commonly referred to as the “learning-by-doing” effect), and rapid deployment also lowers costs through economies-of-scale (Duke 2002, Duke and Kammen 2000, Ueno 2007, Lacerda and van den Bergh 2014, Swanson 2006).', 'More effort and more experience researching and deploying a technology typically leads to more efficient technologies (commonly referred to as the “learning-by-doing” effect), and rapid deployment also lowers costs through economies-of-scale (Duke 2002, Duke and Kammen 2000, Ueno 2007, Lacerda and van den Bergh 2014, Swanson 2006). In addition, strong international action on climate change will ensure large and growing markets for the new products and services that are developed in the United States. Technological spillovers will also likely be critical in enabling the poorest countries of the world to take action. Avoiding emissions leakage. Emissions leakage occurs when emissions reductions in one place result in an increase in emissions elsewhere.', 'Emissions leakage occurs when emissions reductions in one place result in an increase in emissions elsewhere. For example, implementing ambitious climate policies in one country could cause high-emitting producers to relocate to a country with less ambitious regulations. Similarly, leakage can occur when the supply of a high-carbon product declines in one country and production increases elsewhere to satisfy global demand for the product. The risk of emissions leakage is highest in commodity markets with a high degree of international trade, such as certain manufacturing, agricultural, and forestry products.', 'The risk of emissions leakage is highest in commodity markets with a high degree of international trade, such as certain manufacturing, agricultural, and forestry products. In the land sector, international cooperation under the UNFCCC Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) framework is already helping to ensure that reductions in unsustainable logging in one country are not negated by increased logging elsewhere. More work remains to put in place domestic policies consistent with the international REDD+ framework in countries around the world, and additional policies will be required for activities that do not result in deforestation but that impact agriculture and forestry products. Other energy- intensive, trade-exposed sectors also require further attention.', 'Other energy- intensive, trade-exposed sectors also require further attention. Working to ensure that all countries are acting on climate change, including in trade-exposed sectors, helps to ensure that leakage will not occur. This will benefit Americans in at least two ways. First, U.S. emissions reductions will have their intended effect of lowering global emissions (and thus reducing climate change) because they will not be offset by emissions increases elsewhere. Second, when our international trading partners have comparably stringent regulations, we avoid creating an uneven playing field for businesses operating in different countries. Fortunately, the United States’ most important economic allies are acting in concert on climate change, as shown in Figure 7.1. This is an excellent first step in minimizing emissions leakage.', 'This is an excellent first step in minimizing emissions leakage. ROLE OF MID-CENTURY STRATEGIES IN COORDINATING GLOBAL ACTION The Paris Agreement “[I]nvites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated.” 23 The inclusion of mid-century strategies in the Paris Agreement has roots dating back many years in previous meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP).', 'ROLE OF MID-CENTURY STRATEGIES IN COORDINATING GLOBAL ACTION The Paris Agreement “[I]nvites Parties to communicate, by 2020, to the secretariat mid-century, long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Agreement, and requests the secretariat to publish on the UNFCCC website Parties’ low greenhouse gas emission development strategies as communicated.” 23 The inclusion of mid-century strategies in the Paris Agreement has roots dating back many years in previous meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP). The 2010 Cancun outcome encouraged parties to “develop low carbon development strategies or plans in the context of sustainable development,” while the 2011 Durban outcome, with its call for “financial and technical support by developed country Parties for the formulation of these strategies,” helped shape U.S. cooperation with developing country partners through the Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies (EC-LEDS) program and LEDS Global Partnership.', 'The 2010 Cancun outcome encouraged parties to “develop low carbon development strategies or plans in the context of sustainable development,” while the 2011 Durban outcome, with its call for “financial and technical support by developed country Parties for the formulation of these strategies,” helped shape U.S. cooperation with developing country partners through the Enhancing Capacity for Low Emission Development Strategies (EC-LEDS) program and LEDS Global Partnership. Mid-century strategies, while separate from the process of developing successive NDCs, will help to put near-term emissions reduction goals in a longer-term context. For example, the NDCs set for 2025 and 2030 include important and significant pledges to reduce emissions, yet in total, the current NDCs are insufficient to achieve the long-term Paris Agreement temperature 4.19.', 'For example, the NDCs set for 2025 and 2030 include important and significant pledges to reduce emissions, yet in total, the current NDCs are insufficient to achieve the long-term Paris Agreement temperature 4.19. All Parties should strive to formulate and communicate long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, mindful of Article 2 taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances. International ContextInternational Context objectives, as shown in Figure 7.2 (Fawcett et al. 2015). Mid-century strategies can help to ensure that future NDCs lay the groundwork for more ambitious long-term action consistent with the Paris Agreement.', 'Mid-century strategies can help to ensure that future NDCs lay the groundwork for more ambitious long-term action consistent with the Paris Agreement. Mid-century strategies are also important in sending clear signals to the private sector that economies are headed to a low- emissions future. Such signals can provide confidence to investors and entrepreneurs that markets for low carbon technologies will continue to rapidly expand, thus fostering innovation in low carbon solutions. ALIGNING DEVELOPMENT OF MID-CENTURY STRATEGIES In June 2015, President Obama, Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau, and Mexican President Peña Nieto declared the three countries’ common vision with a historic North American Climate, Clean Energy, and Environmental Partnership. Among many other important areas of cooperation, this included the alignment and coordination of mid-century low-GHG strategies.', 'Among many other important areas of cooperation, this included the alignment and coordination of mid-century low-GHG strategies. The United States is working closely with allies outside of North America as well. This includes a series of technical exchanges on mid-century strategies with China, the world’s most populous country and largest emitter of GHGs. In a joint outcomes document with the United States in September 2016, China announced it will publish its own MCS as soon as possible. India, another major emerging economy and GHG emitter, has also committed to developing an MCS.', 'India, another major emerging economy and GHG emitter, has also committed to developing an MCS. Germany has similarly engaged in robust long-term modeling and agenda-setting with its “Climate Action Programme 2020” document, released in 2014, which lays out a strategy for Germany’s contribution to the EU-wide goal to reduce emissions 80 to 95 percent by 2050. Germany is also submitting its MCS to the UNFCCC in November 2016. Other countries like Norway and the United Kingdom are carrying out similar analysis. We expect and encourage more countries to take up the Paris Agreement invitation to develop these mid- century strategies.', 'We expect and encourage more countries to take up the Paris Agreement invitation to develop these mid- century strategies. While every country has unique situations to consider, the U.S. MCS can serve as an example for other nations as they develop mid-century strategies, and the United States stands ready to share its experiences and engage with other nations in developing ambitious, rigorous, and transparent mid-century strategies. BOX 7.1: THE MID-CENTURY STRATEGIES OF CANADA AND MEXICO The United States is pleased to release its MCS alongside its North American allies. Indeed, we have worked closely with our counterparts in Canada and Mexico in developing our respective strategies.', 'Indeed, we have worked closely with our counterparts in Canada and Mexico in developing our respective strategies. We are acting in concert on climate change in other ways as well, including an ambitious target to increase clean power to 50% of the electricity generated across North America by 2025. The following provides brief summaries of the mid-century strategies of Canada and Mexico: Canada’s mid-century low greenhouse gas emissions strategy outlines key principles and pathways consistent with Canada achieving net greenhouse gas emissions reductions in 2050 that respect the 1.5-2°C global temperature goal. A few key factors are identified as paramount to low-GHG outcomes in Canada: non-emitting electricity generation; the electrification of certain end- use applications; low-carbon fuels; energy efficiency; and the importance of sequestration from forests.', 'A few key factors are identified as paramount to low-GHG outcomes in Canada: non-emitting electricity generation; the electrification of certain end- use applications; low-carbon fuels; energy efficiency; and the importance of sequestration from forests. The necessity of reducing non-carbon dioxide emissions is also highlighted. The strategy includes the key message that significant emissions reductions are possible with today’s technology, while innovation and research and development will ease and accelerate the deployment of clean technologies and clean energy options—where the role of carbon pricing is paramount in this respect. Canada’s strategy also links long-term low greenhouse gas objectives to infrastructure and investment planning. Mexico’s mid-century strategy provides the vision, principles, goals, and key actions to build a climate resilient society and to achieve low emissions development.', 'Mexico’s mid-century strategy provides the vision, principles, goals, and key actions to build a climate resilient society and to achieve low emissions development. The strategy is in line with Paris Agreement objectives, with additional efforts indicated for the more ambitious 1.5°C goal. The need for action is identified in five areas: (1) the clean energy transition; (2) energy efficiency and sustainable consumption; (3) sustainable cities; (4) reduction of short-lived climate pollutants; and (5) sustainable agriculture and protection of natural carbon sinks. Mexico’s strategy identifies critical crosscutting issues for long-term climate policy, including the need for market-based approaches to price carbon, increased innovation, more research and development of new technologies, and the need to build a climate culture with mechanisms for social and private sector participation.', 'Mexico’s strategy identifies critical crosscutting issues for long-term climate policy, including the need for market-based approaches to price carbon, increased innovation, more research and development of new technologies, and the need to build a climate culture with mechanisms for social and private sector participation. More broadly, Mexico’s long- term climate strategy aims to catalyze a profound transformation of its economy, addressing climate change as well as the national priorities of sustainable and more inclusive development.The United States strongly encourages countries that are developing mid-century strategies to include a basic set of elements that will help them stand up to the scrutiny of the international community, including: • \x07Mid-century emissions visions.', 'More broadly, Mexico’s long- term climate strategy aims to catalyze a profound transformation of its economy, addressing climate change as well as the national priorities of sustainable and more inclusive development.The United States strongly encourages countries that are developing mid-century strategies to include a basic set of elements that will help them stand up to the scrutiny of the international community, including: • \x07Mid-century emissions visions. An MCS should include an economy-wide, quantitative vision for emissions reductions in 2050 that captures all of the nation’s emissions sources and sinks. If objectives are provided in terms of reductions below current or historical emissions levels, the assumed “base year” should be explicitly stated. Exploring multiple scenarios can be useful, but all should be consistent with an ambitious mid-century vision.', 'Exploring multiple scenarios can be useful, but all should be consistent with an ambitious mid-century vision. • \x07 Quantitative projections supported by appropriate analytical tools. While recognizing the considerable uncertainties associated with long-term projections, an MCS should use analytical tools to display the sectoral and technological dynamics underlying the strategy. Using a scenario approach can help to straddle competing desires to display the feasibility of a particular objective without prescribing a specific pathway for achieving that objective. • \x07 Policy and technology assumptions. When presenting projections of emissions or other quantitative analyses, an MCS should be transparent about the associated technology and policy pathways. For example: What low carbon technologies are expected to provide the country’s energy needs?', 'For example: What low carbon technologies are expected to provide the country’s energy needs? What assumptions have been made about land use, biomass use, and productivity? What new technologies and improvements in existing technologies are assumed to be available? What policies and regulations are expected to lead to these outcomes? • \x07 Consultation with a broad cross-section of stakeholders. Mid-century strategies are meant to be comprehensive and reflect viable futures across all economic sectors. Procuring input from stakeholders can help inform technological, economic, and political viability of various mid-century pathways and help identify strategies that can garner the broadest support. Stakeholders can also help inject creativity and strengthen political will in the MCS development process, helping to develop more ambitious visions for the future.', 'Stakeholders can also help inject creativity and strengthen political will in the MCS development process, helping to develop more ambitious visions for the future. Of course, any mid-century strategy will represent a snapshot in time, bounded by the limited knowledge possessed at that moment. As circumstances change and technologies evolve, mid-century strategies should be revisited and revised as necessary. The Paris Agreement provides for recurring five-year cycles, wherein parties will revisit and revise their NDCs. Given the important linkages between near-term NDCs and long-term planning, the United States intends to use the same five-year cycles to guide its long-term planning and vision setting, and encourages other countries do the same.', 'Given the important linkages between near-term NDCs and long-term planning, the United States intends to use the same five-year cycles to guide its long-term planning and vision setting, and encourages other countries do the same. If all countries engage in periodic, rigorous, and transparent long-term planning exercises consistent with the ambition of the Paris Agreement, and take critical steps to implement those plans, the world will succeed at limiting climate change and thus avoid unacceptable risks to our health, our environment, and our economy for generations to come.REFERENCES Executive Summary, Chapter 1: Introduction, Chapter 2: U.S. GHG Emissions & Trends, Chapter 3: A Vision for 2050 ACEEE. (2016). The 2016 State Energy Efficiency Scorecard.', 'The 2016 State Energy Efficiency Scorecard. Retrieved from Brandes, E., McNunn, G. S., Schulte, L. A., Bonner, I. J., Muth, D. J., Babcock, B. A., . & Heaton, E. A. (2016). Subfield profitability analysis reveals an economic case for cropland diversification. Environmental Research Letters, 11(1), 014009. Retrieved Burke, Marshall, Solomon M. Hsiang, and Edward Miguel. (2015). Global non-linear effect of temperature on economic production. Nature 527: 235-239. Clarke, L.E., Fawcett, A.A., Weyant, J.P., McFarland, J., Chaturvedi, V., Zhou, Y. (2014). Technology and U.S. Emissions Reductions Goals: Results of the EMF 24 Modeling Exercise. The Energy Journal 35 (Special Issue 1): 9-31. Census Bureau. (2016). “Exhibit 4a – Trade by Country and Area – Current Year.” U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services (FT900).', '“Exhibit 4a – Trade by Country and Area – Current Year.” U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services (FT900). Retrieved from Cox, S., Walters, T., and Esterly, S. (2015). Solar Power: Policy Overview and Good Practices. Retrieved from docs/fy15osti/64178.pdf. CPI. (2011). PV Industry and Policy in Germany and China. Climate Policy Initiative. Retrieved from org/publication/pv-industry-and-policy-in-germany-and-china/ DeConto, R. M., & Pollard, D. (2016). Contribution of Antarctica to past and future sea-level rise. Nature 531: 591-597. DOD (Department of Defense). (2015a). National Security Implications of Climate-Related Risks and a Changing Climate. Washington, D.C. change.pdf. DOD. (2015b). National Security Strategy. Washington, D.C. national_security_strategy.pdf DOE. (2016a). Alternative Fuel Price Report, April 2016. Washington, D.C. alternative_fuel_price_report_april_2016.pdf. DOE. (2016b).', 'Washington, D.C. alternative_fuel_price_report_april_2016.pdf. DOE. (2016b). Revolution Now: The Future Arrives for Five Clean Energy Technologies – 2016 Update. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from EPA. (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (2011). Benefits and costs of the Clean Air Act, 1990-2020: second prospective study. Washington, D.C. 2020-second-prospective-study. EPA. (2014). Global Mitigation of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases: 2010–2030. EPA Report-430-R-13-011. Retrieved from EPA. (2015). Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action. Washington, D.C.EPA. (2016). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2014. Retrieved from < EOP/CEA (United States Executive Office of the President, Council of Economic Advisers). (2014). The Cost of Delaying Action to Stem Climate Change. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from delaying_action_to_stem_climate_change.pdf. EOP/CEA. (2016).', 'Washington, D.C. Retrieved from delaying_action_to_stem_climate_change.pdf. EOP/CEA. (2016). “The Economic Record of the Obama Administration: Addressing Climate Change.” Retrieved from EOP. (2016). “Incorporating Renewables into the Electricity Grid: Expanding Opportunities for Smart Markets and Energy Storage.” Retrieved from electricgrid.pdf EIA. (United States Energy Information Administration). (2016a). “Annual Energy Outlook 2016.” Retrieved from gov/forecasts/aeo/ emissions for first six months of 2016 are lowest since 1991. Retrieved from EIA. (2016c, Sept 15). Energy in Brief: Shale in the United States < united_states.cfm>. EIA. (2016d). Monthly Energy Review. Retrieved from Accessed September 22, 2016. Fann, N., Fulcher, C.M., and Baker, K. (2013). The recent and future health burden of air pollution apportioned across U.S. sectors. Environmental Science Technology 47(8): 3580-9. FAO. (2016).', 'Environmental Science Technology 47(8): 3580-9. FAO. (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment (1990-2015): How are the world’s forests changing? Rome, Italy. Fawcett, A.A., Clarke, L.E., Rausch, S., Weyant, J.P. (2014). Overview of EMF 24 Policy Scenarios. The Energy Journal 35 (Special Issue 1): 33-60. Fawcett, A.A., Clarke, L.E., Weyant, J.P. (2014). The EMF 24 Study on U.S. Technology and Climate Policy Strategies: Introduction to EMF 24. The Energy Journal 35(Special Issue 1): 1-7. Graichen, P., Kleiner, M.M., Podewils, C. (2016). Die Energiewende im Stromsektor: Stand der Dinge 2015. Retrieved from www.agora-energiewende.de/fileadmin/Projekte/2016/Jahresauswertung_2016/Agora_Jahresauswertung_2015_web. pdf. Hamilton, J.D. (1983). Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II. Journal of Political Economy 91(2): 228-248. Hamilton, J.D. (2009). Causes and consequences of the oil shock of 2007-2008.', 'Causes and consequences of the oil shock of 2007-2008. Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Spring 2009: 215-259. Hartmann, J., West, A.J., Renforth, P., Köhler, P., De La Rocha, C.L., Wolf-Gladrow, D.A., Dürr, H.H., Scheffran, J. (2013). Enhanced chemical weathering as a geoengineering strategy to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide, supply nutrients, and mitigate ocean acidification. Reviews of Geophysics 51(2): 113-149. International Energy Agency. (2014). World Energy Investment Outlook. World Energy Outlook Special Report. Paris, France. International Energy Agency. (2015). Energy and Climate Change. World Energy Outlook Special Report. Paris, France. www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WEO2015SpecialReportonEnergyandClimateChange.pdf. IPCC. (2013). Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.', 'In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. IPCC. (2014): Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)].', 'Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Kellogg, R.S. 1909. The timber supply of the United States. For. Res. Cir. No. 166. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 24 p. Kilian, L., Vigfusson, R.J. (2014). “The Role of Oil Price Shocks in Causing U.S. Recessions.” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Finance Discussion Papers, Number 11114.', '“The Role of Oil Price Shocks in Causing U.S. Recessions.” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, International Finance Discussion Papers, Number 11114. Kopp, R., Rasmussen, D., Mastrandrea, M., Muir-Wood, R., Wilson, P., Hsiang, S., . . . Houser, T. (2014). American Climate Prospectus: Economic Risks in the United States (Working paper No. V1.2). research/pdf/American_Climate_Prospectus.pdf Lomax, G., Workman, M., Lenton, T., Shah, N. (2015). Reframing the policy approach to greenhouse gas removal technologies. Energy Policy 78: 125-136. Mai, T., David Mulcahy, M. Maureen Hand, Samuel F. Baldwin. (2014). “Envisioning a renewable electricity future for the United Mai, T., Cole, W., Lantz, E., Marcy, C., and Sigrin, B. (2016). Impacts of federal tax credit extensions on renewable deployment and power sector emissions.', 'Impacts of federal tax credit extensions on renewable deployment and power sector emissions. National Renewable Energy Laboratory < National Renewable Energy Laboratory. [NREL]. (2012). Renewable Electricity Futures Study. Hand, M.M. ; Baldwin, S.; DeMeo, E.; Reilly, J.M. ; Mai, T.; Arent, D.; Porro, G.; Meshek, M.; Sandor, D. eds. 4 vols. NREL/TP-6A20-52409. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from National Energy Technology Laboratory [NETL]. (2015). Carbon storage atlas (fifth edition). U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from Nickerson, C., Ebel, R., Borchers, A., & Carriazo, F. (2011). Major uses of land in the United States, 2007. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. Nordhaus, William. (2013). The Climate Casino: Risk, Uncertainty, and Economics for a Warming World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.', 'New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Oswalt, Sonja N., Smith, W. Brad, Miles, Patrick D., Pugh, Scott A. (2014). Forest Resources of the United States, 2012: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2015 update of the RPA Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-91. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 218 p. Sanchez, D.L., Kammen, D.M. (2016). A commercialization strategy for carbon-negative energy. Nature Energy, 1. doi: 10.1038/ nenergy.2015.2. SB 32. (2016). Senate Bill No. 32. California State Senate. Retrieved from Trancik, J.E. (2014). Innovation: Clean energy enters virtuous cycle. Nature 528: 333. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). (2016). Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2016. Retrieved from', 'Adoption of the Paris Agreement. 21st Conference of the Parties, Paris: United Nations. U.S. Department of State. (2016). Second Biennial Report of the United States of America under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from U.S. Government. (2015). U.S. cover note, INDC, and accompanying information. Submission to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. %20of%20America/1/U.S.%20Cover%20Note%20INDC%20and%20Accompanying%20Information.pdf. U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2014). U.S. National Climate Assessment. Washington, D.C. gov/.U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2016). The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States: A Scientific Assessment. Washington, D.C. Williams, J.H., B. Haley, F. Kahrl, J. Moore, A.D. Jones, M.S. Torn, H. McJeon. (2014). Pathways to deep decarbonization in the United States.', 'Pathways to deep decarbonization in the United States. The U.S. report of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. Retrieved from Chapter 4 References: Decarbonizing the U.S. Energy System American Energy Innovation Council. (2015). “Restoring American Energy Innovation Leadership: Report Card, Challenges, and Opportunities.” Retrieved from American-Energy-Innovation-Leadership-2015.pdf. Campbell, R.J. (2012). “Weather-Related Power Outages and Electric System Resiliency”. Congressional Research Service. Davis, S.C., Diegel, S.W., Boundy, R.G. (2015). “Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 34”. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-6991. Retrieved from DOE. (2013). U.S. Energy Sector Vulnerabilities to Climate Change and Extreme Weather. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from DOE. (2015a). Quadrennial Technology Review 2015. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from secretary-science-and-energy/quadrennial-technology-review-2015. DOE.', 'U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from secretary-science-and-energy/quadrennial-technology-review-2015. DOE. (2015c). Enabling Wind Power Nationwide. U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from wind/downloads/enabling-wind-power-nationwide. DOE. (2016a). “On the Path to SunShot.” U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from sunshot. DOE. (2016b). “Wind Vision Report.” U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from DOE. (2016c). “Heat Pump Systems.” U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from systems. DOE. (2016d). “Saving Energy and Money with Appliance and Equipment Standards in the United States.” U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Retrieved from Appliance%20and%20Equipment%20Standards%20Fact%20Sheet-101416.pdf. DOE. (2016e). “How energy efficiency programs can support state climate and energy planning.” U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved from EIA. (2011). “Age of Electric Power Generators Varies Widely.” Retrieved from EIA. (2016a).', '“Age of Electric Power Generators Varies Widely.” Retrieved from EIA. (2016a). “Annual Energy Outlook 2016.” Retrieved from EIA. (2016b). “Annual Energy Outlook 2016 Early Release: Annotated Summary of Two Cases.” Retrieved from EIA. (2016c). “Electricity Data, Table 5.1: Sales of Electricity to Ultimate Customers.” Retrieved from electricity/data.cfm#sales. Accessed June 23, 2016. EIA. (2016d). Monthly Energy Review. Retrieved from Accessed September 22, 2016. EIA. (2016e). “Scheduled 2015 capacity additions mostly wind and natural gas; retirements mostly coal.” Retrieved from www. eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=20292. EPA. (2015). Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Atmospheric Programs, EPA 430-R-15-001. Retrieved from (2016). U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: 1990-2014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.', 'U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: 1990-2014. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Gaddy, B., Sivaram, V., O’Sullivan, F. (2016). “Venture Capital and Cleantech: The Wrong Model for Clean Energy Innovation.” MIT Energy Initiative Working Paper. Retrieved from Hand, M., et al. (2012). Renewable Electricity Futures, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Retrieved from gov/analysis/re_futures/ International Energy Agency [IEA]. (2013). Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage. Paris, France: International Energy Agency. Accessed July 18, 2016. Retrieved from TechnologyRoadmapCarbonCaptureandStorage.pdf. IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.', 'Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Kilian, L., Vigfusson, R.J. (2014). “The Role of Oil Price Shocks in Causing U.S. Recessions.” Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. International Finance Discussion Papers, 11114. Lutz, J.D., Hopkins, A., Letschert, V., Franko, V.H., Sturges, A. (2011). “Using National Survey Data to Estimate Lifetimes of Residential Appliances.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report 81616.', '“Using National Survey Data to Estimate Lifetimes of Residential Appliances.” Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Report 81616. Retrieved from publications/using-national-survey-data-to-estimat Mai, T., David Mulcahy, M. Maureen Hand, Samuel F. Baldwin. (2014). “Envisioning a renewable electricity future for the United States,” Energy 65, (2014): 374-386. Melania, M. and Eichman, J. (2015). Hydrogen Energy Storage; Grid and Transportation Services. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-5400-62518. Retrieved from Milligan, M., Clark, K. King, J., Kirby, B. Guo, T., Liu, G. (2013). Examination of Potential Benefits of an Energy Imbalance Market in the Western Interconnection. National Renewable Energy Laboratory Technical Report NREL/TP-5500-57115. Muller, N.Z., Mendolsohn, R., Nordhaus, W. (2011). Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy. American Economic Review, 101: 1649-1675. National Research Council. (2010).', 'American Economic Review, 101: 1649-1675. National Research Council. (2010). “The Hidden Costs of Energy: Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use.” National Academies Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved from unpriced-consequences-of-energy-production-and. National Research Council. (2001). “Was It Worth It: Energy Efficiency and Fossil Energy Research 1978-2000.” National Research Council; National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine; National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Retrieved from National Research Council. (2015). Climate intervention: carbon dioxide removal and reliable sequestration. National Academies. Retrieved from reliable-sequestration Nemet, G.F., Kammen, D.M. (2007). “Energy research and development: Declining investment, increasing need, and the feasibility of expansion”, Energy Policy 35: 746-755. O’Connor, J. (2004). “Survey on actual service lives for North American buildings.” Woodframe Housing Durability and Disaster Issues conference, Las Vegas, October 2004. Retrieved from Life_E.pdf.', '“Survey on actual service lives for North American buildings.” Woodframe Housing Durability and Disaster Issues conference, Las Vegas, October 2004. Retrieved from Life_E.pdf. PNNL. (2016). “Lower and Higher Heating Values of Hydrogen and Other Fuels.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Retrieved from Porter, C.D., Brown, A., Dunphy, R.T., Vimmerstedt, L. (2013). Effects of the Built Environment on Transportation: Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Other Factors. Transportation Energy Futures Series. Prepared by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) and Cambridge Systematics, Inc. (Cambridge, MA), for the U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. DOE/GO-102013-3703.SF Environment. (2016). Reaching 80x50: Technology Pathways to a Sustainable Future. San Francisco Department of Environment. pdf Shindell, D.T. (2015). The social cost of atmospheric release. Climatic Change, 130(2): 313-326.', 'The social cost of atmospheric release. Climatic Change, 130(2): 313-326. Wilson, E., Christensen, C., Horowitz, S., Robertson, J., Maguire, J. (2016). Draft Analysis - “Electric End Use Energy Efficiency Potential in the U.S. Single-Family Housing Stock.” National Renewable Energy Laboratory. WRI. (2014). Seeing is Believing: Creating a New Climate Economy in the United States. World Resources Institute. Retrieved from Chapter 5 References: Storing Carbon and Reducing Emissions with U.S. Lands Abt, K. L., Abt, R. C., Galik, C. S., & Skog, K. E. (2014). Effect of policies on pellet production and forests in the U.S. South: A technical document supporting the Forest Service update of the 2010 RPA Assessment. Asheville, N.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. ARB (Air Resources Board).', 'Asheville, N.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Southern Research Station. ARB (Air Resources Board). (2016, October 26). Compliance Offset Program. Retrieved from California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board: Alig, R. J., Plantinga, A. J., Ahn, S., & Kline, J. D. (2003). Land use changes involving forestry in the United States: 1952 to 1997, with projections to 2050. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Alig, R.J., Latta, G., Adams, D., & McCarl, B. (2010). Mitigation greenhouse gases: The importance of land based interactions between forests, agriculture, and residential development in the face of changes in bioenergy and carbon prices. Forest Policy and Economics, 12, 67-75. Badiou, P., McDougal, R., Pennock, D., & Clark B. (2011).', 'Badiou, P., McDougal, R., Pennock, D., & Clark B. (2011). Greenhouse gas emissions and carbon sequestration potential in restored wetlands of the Canadian prairie pothole region. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 19, 237-256. Baker, J. M., Ochsner, T. E., Venterea, R. T., & Griffis, T. J. (2007). Tillage and soil carbon sequestration: What do we really know? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 118(1-4), 1-5. Baker, O. E. (1937). A Graphic Summary of Physical Features and Land Utilization in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Bansal, S., Tangen, B. A., & Finocchiaro, R. G. (2016). Temperature and hydrology affect methane emissions from prairie pothole wetlands. Wetlands. Beach, R. H., Pattanayak, S. K., Yang, J., Murray, B. C., & Abt, R. C. (2002).', 'Beach, R. H., Pattanayak, S. K., Yang, J., Murray, B. C., & Abt, R. C. (2002). Empirical studies of non-industrial private forest management: A review and synthesis. Research Triangle Institute International. Blanco-Canqui, H., Gantzer, C. J., Anderson, S. H., & Alberts, E. E. (2004). Grass barriers for reduced concentrated flow induced soil and nutrient loss. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, 1963-1972. Boisvenue, C., & Running, S. W. (2006). Impacts of climate changeon natural forest productivity: Evidence since the middle of the 20th century. Global Change Biology, 12(5), 862-882. Bosch, D. J., Stephenson, K., Groover, G., & Hutchins, B. (2008). Farm returns to carbon credit creation with intensive rotational grazing. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 63(2), 91-98.', 'Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 63(2), 91-98. Bowyer, J., Bratkovich, S., Howe, J., Fernholz, K., Frank, M., Hanessian, S., . . . Pepke, E. (2016). Modern tall wood buildings: Opportunities for Innovation. Minneapolis, MN: Dovetail Partners Inc. Brandes, E., McNunn, G., Schulte, L. A., Bonner, I. J., Muth, D. J., Babcock, B. A., & Heaton, E. A. (2016). Subfield profitability analysis reveals an economic case for cropland diversification. Environmental Research Letters, 11(1). Brady R. Couvillion, Gregory D. Steyer, Hongqing Wang, Holly J. Beck, and John M. Rybczyk. (2013). Forecasting the Effects of Coastal Protection and Restoration Projects on Wetland Morphology in Coastal Louisiana under Multiple Environmental Uncertainty Scenarios. Journal of Coastal Research: Special Issue 67 - Louisiana’s 2012 Coastal Master Plan Technical Analysis: pp.', 'Journal of Coastal Research: Special Issue 67 - Louisiana’s 2012 Coastal Master Plan Technical Analysis: pp. 29 – 50.Bridgham, S. D., Cadillo-Quiroz, H., Keller, J. K., & Zhuang, Q. (2013). Methane emissions from wetlands: biogeochemical, microbial, and modeling perspectives from local to global scales. Global Change Biology, 19, 1325-1346. Bridgham, S. D., Megonigal, J., Keller, J. K., Bliss, N., & Trettin, C. (2007). Wetlands. In A. King, L. Dilling, G. Zimmerman, D. Fairman, R. Houghton, G. Marland, . . . T. Wilbanks (Eds. ), The first state of the carbon cycle report (SOCCR): The North American carbon budget and implications for the global carbon cycle. A report by the U.S. climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research. (pp. 139-148).', 'A report by the U.S. climate change science program and the subcommittee on global change research. (pp. 139-148). Asheville, NC: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center. C-CAP (2016). Land Cover Atlas. Retrieved from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Retrieved from Cambridge Systematics Inc. (2009). Moving Cooler. Washington, D.C.: Urban Land Institute. Chambers, A., Lal, R., & Paustian, K. (2016). Soil carbon sequestration potential of U.S. croplands and grasslands: Implementing the 4 per Thousand Initiative. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 71(3), 68A-74A. Conant, R. T., & Paustian, K. H. (2002). Potential soil carbon sequestration in overgrazed grassland ecosystem. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(4). CEQ. (Council on Environmental Quality). (2016, August 1).', '(Council on Environmental Quality). (2016, August 1). Memorandum for Heads of Federal Departments and Agencies: Final Guidance for Federal Departments and Agencies on Consideration of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Effects of Climate Change in National Environmental Policy Act Reviews. Retrieved from files/documents/nepa_final_ghg_guidance.pdf Coulston, J.W., Wear, D.N., & Vose, J.M. (2015). Complex forest dynamics indicate potential for slowing carbon accumulation in the southeastern United States. Scientific Reports 5, Article no. 8002. doi:10.1038/srep08002. Retrieved from Couvillion, B.R., Steyer, G.D., Wang, H., Beck, H.J. and Rybczyk, J.M. (2013). Forecasting the Effects of Coastal Protection and Restoration Projects on Wetland Morphology in Coastal Louisiana under Multiple Environmental Uncertainty Scenarios. Journal of Coastal Research, SI 67:29-50 Crooks, S. et al. (2016, May 25). Including Coastal Wetlands in the U.S.', 'Including Coastal Wetlands in the U.S. Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, Status Update. Report to NOAA and EPA. DOE. (United States Department of Energy). (2016). 2016 Billion-Ton Report: Advancing domestic resources for a thriving bioeconomy. Washington, D.C. Eagle, A., Olander, L., Henry, H., Haugen-Kozyra, K., Miller, N., & Robertson, G. P. (2012). Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of agricultural land management in the United States: A synthesis of the literature. Technical Working Group on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases Report. EPA. (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (2009). Land-Use Scenarios: National-Scale Housing-Density Scenarios Consistent with Climate Change Storylines (Final Report). Washington, D.C. EPA. (2014). Framework for Assessing Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA. EPA. (2016a). Climate Impacts on Forests. Retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: impacts/climate-impacts-forests#impactsdisturb EPA.', 'Retrieved from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: impacts/climate-impacts-forests#impactsdisturb EPA. (2016b). Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990-2014. Washington, D.C. EPA. (2016c). National Wetland Condition Assessment 2011: A Collaborative Survey of the Nation’s Wetlands. Washington, D.C. Ewing, R., Bartholomew, K., Winkelman, S., Walters, J., & Chen, D. (2008). Overview. In Growing Cooler: The Evidence on Urban Development and Climate Change (pp. 1-16). The Urban Institute. FAO. (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization). (2009). Global Agriculture towards 2050. High Level Expert Forum – How to Feed the World 2050: Rome, Italy. Global_Agriculture.pdf FAO. (2013). Technical Options for Sustainable Land and Water Management. In F. A. Nations, The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: Managing Systems at Risk (pp. 137-176). Routledge.FAO. (2015). Agroforestry.', 'Nations, The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture: Managing Systems at Risk (pp. 137-176). Routledge.FAO. (2015). Agroforestry. Retrieved from Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: FAO. (2016). Global Forest Resources Assessment (1990-2015): How are the world’s forests changing? Rome, Italy. Follett, R. F., Kimble, J. M., & Lal, R. (2001). The potential of U.S. grazing lands to sequester soil carbon. In R. F. Follett, J. M. Kimble, & R. Lal (Eds. ), The Potential of U.S. Grazing Lands to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect (pp. 401-430). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Fourqurean, J.W. et al. (2012). Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock.', 'Seagrass ecosystems as a globally significant carbon stock. Nature Geoscience, 5, 505–509 (2012) Fox, T. R., Jokela, E. J., & Allen, H. L. (2007). The development of pine plantation silviculture in the southern United States. Journal of Forestry, 105(7), 337-347. Gill, D., Magin, G., & Bertram, E. (2013). Trees and Climate Change: A guide to the factors that influence species vulnerability and a summary of adaptation options. Cambridge, CB: Fauna and Flora International. Gleason, R., Laubhan, M., & Euliss Jr, N. (2008). Ecosystem services derived from wetland conservation practices in the United States prairie pothole region with an emphasis on the United States Department of Agriculture Conservation Reserve and Wetlands Reserve programs. United States Geological professional paper.', 'United States Geological professional paper. Gleason RA, Tangen BA, Browne BA, Euliss Jr NH (2009). Greenhouse gas flux from cropland and restored wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41: 2501–2507 Glover, J. D., Reganold, J. P., Bell, L. W., Borevitz, J., Brummer, E. C., Buckler, E. S., . . . Xu, Y. (2010). Increased food and ecosystem security via perennial grains. Science, 328, 1638-1639. Grandy, S., & Robertson, G. P. (2006). Aggregation and organic matter protection following tillage of a previously uncultivated soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1398-1406. Gudipudi, R., Fluschnik, T., Garcia Cantu Ros, A., Walther, C., & Kropp, J. P. (2016). City Density and CO2 Efficiency. Science Direct, 352-361.', 'City Density and CO2 Efficiency. Science Direct, 352-361. Hurteau, M. D., Liang, S., Martin, K., North, M. P., Koch, G. W., & Hungate, B. A. (2016). Restoring forest structure and process stabilizes forest carbon in wildfire-prone southwestern ponderosa pine forests. Ecological Applications, 26(2), 382-391. Im, E., Adams, D., & Latta, G. (2010). The impacts of changes in federal timber harvest on forest carbon sequestration in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 40, 1710-1723. NRC Research Press. IPCC. (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. IPCC. IPCC. (2014). Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.', 'Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C. von Stechow, T. Zwickel and J.C. Minx (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Jackson, R. B., & Baker, J. S. (2010). Opportunities and constraints for Forest Climate Mitigation. Bioscience, 60(9), 698-707. Kell, D. B. (2011). Breeding crop plants with deep roots: Their role in sustainable carbon, nutrient, and water sequestration. Annals of Botany, 108(3), 407-418. Kell, D. B. (2012).', 'Annals of Botany, 108(3), 407-418. Kell, D. B. (2012). Large-scale sequestration of atmospheric carbon via plant roots in natural and agricultural ecosystems: Why and how. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 367(1595), 1589-1597. Kellogg, R.S. (1909). The timber supply of the United States. For. Res. Cir. No. 166. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office. 24 p. Law, B. E., Hudiburg, T., & Luyssaert, S. (2013). Thinning effects on forest productivity: Consequences of preserving old forests and mitigating impacts of fire and drought. Plant Ecology and Diversity, 6, 73-85.Loudermilk, E. L., Scheller, R. M., Weisberg, P. J., Yang, J., Dilts, T. E., Karam, S. L., & Skinner, C. (2013).', 'Plant Ecology and Diversity, 6, 73-85.Loudermilk, E. L., Scheller, R. M., Weisberg, P. J., Yang, J., Dilts, T. E., Karam, S. L., & Skinner, C. (2013). Carbon dynamics in the future forest: The importance of long-term successional legacy and climate-fire interactions. Global Change Biology, 19(11), 3502-3515. Lubowski, R. N., Plantinga, A. J., & Stavins, R. N. (2006). Land-use change and carbon sinks: Econometric estimation of the carbon sequestration supply function. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 51(2), 135-152. Macdonald, J. A., Fowler, D., Hargreaves, K. J., Skiba, U., Leith, I. D., & Murray, M. B. (1998). Methane emission rates from a northern wetland; response to temperature, water table and transport. Atmospheric Environment, 3219-3227.', 'Methane emission rates from a northern wetland; response to temperature, water table and transport. Atmospheric Environment, 3219-3227. Marcotullio, P. J., Sarzynski, A., Albrecht, J., Schulz, N., & Garcia, J. (2013). The geography of global urban greenhouse gas emissions: An exploratory analysis. Climate Change, 621-634. McKinley, D. C., Ryan, M. G., Birdsey, R. A., Giardina, C. P., Harmon, M. E., Heath, L. S., . . . Skog, K. E. (2011). A synthesis of current knowledge on forests and carbon storage in the United States. Ecological Applications, 21(6), 1902-1924. Mcleod, E., Chmura, G.L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Bjork, M., Duarte, C.M., … Silliman, B.R. (2011). A blueprint for blue carbon: Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2 .', 'A blueprint for blue carbon: Toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2 . Frontiers in Ecology and Meehan, T. D., Gratton, C., Diehl, E., Hunt, N. D., Mooney, D. F., Ventura, S. J., . . . Jackson, R. D. (2013). Ecosystem-service tradeoffs associated with switching from annual perennial energy crops in riparian zones of the U.S. Midwest. PLoS ONE, 8(11). Miner, R. A., Abt, R. C., Bowyer, J. L., Buford, M. A., Malmsheimer, R. W., O’Laughlin, J., . . . Skog, K. E. (2014). Forest carbon accounting considerations in U.S. bioenergy policy. Journal of Forestry, 112(6), 591-606. Mitchell, S. (2015). Carbon Dynamics of Mixed- and High-Severity Wildfires: Pyrogenic CO2 Emissions, Postfire Carbon Balance, and Succession.', 'Carbon Dynamics of Mixed- and High-Severity Wildfires: Pyrogenic CO2 Emissions, Postfire Carbon Balance, and Succession. In D. A. DellaSala, & C. T. Hanson (Eds. ), Nature’s Phoenix: The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires (pp. 290-309). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. Mitsch, W., & Gosselink, J. (2013). Wetlands (5th ed.). Wiley. Monge, J. J., Bryant, H. L., Gan, J., & Richardson, J. W. (2016). Land use and equilibrium implications of a forest-based carbon sequestration policy in the United States. Ecological Economics, 127, 102-120. Morandin, L. A., Long, R. F., & Kremen, C. (2015). Pest control and pollination cost-benefit analysis of hedgerow restoration in a simplified agricultural landscape. Journal of Economic Entomology. 1-8. Morris, J.T., Edwards, J., Crooks, S., & Reyes, E. 2012.', 'Morris, J.T., Edwards, J., Crooks, S., & Reyes, E. 2012. Assessment of Carbon Sequestration Potential in Coastal Wetlands. Chapter 24 in: Recarbonization of the Biosphere: Ecosystems and the Global Carbon Cycle. Springer Science. 517-531 Murray, B. C., Sohngen, B. L., Sommer, A. J., Depro, B. M., Jones, K. M., McCarl, B. A., . . . Andrasko, K. (2005). Greenhouse gas mitigation potential in U.S. forestry and agriculture. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Muth, D. (2016, June 13). Telephone Interview. Nair, P. K. (2011). Agroforestry systems and environmental quality: Introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40, 784-790. Nair, P. K., & Nair, V. D. (2003). Carbon storage in North American agroforestry systems. In J. Kimble, L. S. Heath, R. Birdsey, & R. Lal (Eds.', 'In J. Kimble, L. S. Heath, R. Birdsey, & R. Lal (Eds. ), The Potential of U.S. Forest Soils to Sequester Carbon and Mitigate the Greenhouse Effect. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Nickerson, C., Ebel, R., Borchers, A., & Carriazo, F. (2011). Major uses of land in the United States, 2007. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture. Norby, R. J., DeLucia, E. H., Gielen, B., Calfapietra, C., Giardina, C. P., King, J. S., . . . DeAngelis, P. (2005). Forest response to elevated is conserved across a broad range of productivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(50), 18052-18056. Nowak, D. J., Greenfield, E. J., Hoehn, R. E., & Lapoint, E. (2013).', 'Nowak, D. J., Greenfield, E. J., Hoehn, R. E., & Lapoint, E. (2013). Carbon storage and sequestration by trees in urban and community areas of the United States. Environmental Pollution, 178, 229-236. Oates, L. G., & Jackson, R. D. (2014). Livestock management strategy affects net ecosystem carbon balance of subhumid pasture. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 67(1), 19-29.Oberndorfer, E., Lundholm, J., Bass, B., Coffman, R. R., Doshi, H., Dunnet, N., . . . Rowe, B. (2007). Green roofs as urban ecosystems: Ecological structures, functions, and services. BioScience, 57(10), 823-833. Oswalt, S. N., Smith, W. B., Miles, P. D., & Pugh, S. A. (2014). Forest Resources of the United States, 2012: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2015 update of the RPA Assessment.', 'Forest Resources of the United States, 2012: A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2015 update of the RPA Assessment. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Paustian, K., Lehmann, J., Ogle, S., Reay, D., Robertson, G., & Smith, P. (2016). Climate-smart soils. Nature, 49-57. Poffenbarger, H.J., Needelman, B.A. & Megonigal, J.P. (2011). Salinity Influence on Methane Emissions from Tidal Marshes. Post, W., Izaurralde, R., West, T., Liebig, M., & King, A. (2012). Management opportunities for enhancing terrestrial carbon dioxide sinks. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 10(10), 554-561. Powlson, D., Stirling, C., Jat, M. L., Gerard, B., Palm, C., Sanchez, P., & Cassman, K. (2014). Limited potential of no-till agriculture for climate change mitigation. Nature Climate Change, 4, 678-683.', 'Nature Climate Change, 4, 678-683. Radeloff, V. C., Plantinga, A. J., Lewis, D. J., Helmers, D., & Polasky, S. (2012). Economic-based projections of future land use in the conterminous United States under alternative policy scenarios. Ecological Applications, 22(3), 1036-1049. Ray, D. K., Mueller, N. D., West, P. C., & Foley, J. A. (2013). Yield trends are insufficient to double global crop production by 2050. Reich, P. B., Hobbie, S. E., & Lee, T. D. (2014). Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO2 elimination by joint water and nitrogen limitation. Nature Geoscience, 7, 920-924. Rose, S. K., Ahammad, H., Eickhout, B., Fisher, B., Kurosawa, A., Rao, S., . . . van Vuuren, D. P. (2012). Land-based mitigation in climate stabilization. Energy Economics, 34(1), 365-380.', 'Land-based mitigation in climate stabilization. Energy Economics, 34(1), 365-380. Sands, R., Jones, C., & Marshall, M. (2014). Global Drivers of Agricultural Demand and Supply. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Economic Research Report No. ERR-174 pp 56. Retrieved from Sathre, R., & O’Connor, J. (2010). A synthesis of research on wood products and greenhouse gas impacts. Vancouver, B.C. : FPInnovations. Scharenbroch, M. (2012). Urban Trees for Carbon Sequestration. In R. Lal, & B. Augustin (Eds. ), Carbon Sequestration in Urban Ecosystems (pp. 121-138). Netherlands: Springer. Schoeneberger, M., Bentrup, G., De Goojier, H., Soolanayakanahally, R., Sauer, T., Brandle, J., . . . Current, D. (2012). Branching out: Agroforestry as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool for agriculture.', 'Branching out: Agroforestry as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool for agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 67(5), 128A-136A. Smith, P. (2012). Soils and climate change. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 4, 539-544. Stein, S. M., McRoberts, R. E., Mahal, L. G., Carr, M. A., Alig, R. J., Comas, S. J., . . . Cundiff, A. (2009). Private forests, public benefits: Increased housing density and other pressures on private forest contributions. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. Stephens, S. L., Boerner, R. E., Moghaddas, J. J., Moghaddas, E. E., Collins, B. M., & Dow, C. B. (2012). Fuel treatment impacts on estimated wildfire carbon loss from forests in Montana, Oregon, California, and Arizona. Ecosphere, 3(5), 38.', 'Fuel treatment impacts on estimated wildfire carbon loss from forests in Montana, Oregon, California, and Arizona. Ecosphere, 3(5), 38. Sullivan, E. J., & Yeh, J. (2013). Smart Growth: State Strategies in Managing Sprawl. The Urban Lawyer, 349-405. Svejcar, T., Angell, R., Bradford, J. A., Dugas, W., Emmerich, W., Frank, A. B., . . . Snyder, K. (2008). Carbon fluxes on North American rangelands. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 61(5), 465-74. Tangen, B. A., Finocchiaro, R. G., & Gleason, R. A. (2015). Effects of land use on greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties of wetland catchments in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Science of the Total Environment, 533, 391-409. Thomas, R. Q., Canham, C. D., Weathers, K. C., & Goodale, C. L. (2010).', 'Thomas, R. Q., Canham, C. D., Weathers, K. C., & Goodale, C. L. (2010). Increased tree carbon storage in response to nitrogen deposition in the U.S. Nature Geoscience, 3(1), 13-17. Tian, X., Sohngen, B., Baker, J., Ohrel, S., & Fawcett, A. (2016). Will U.S. forests continue to be a carbon sink? Working Paper.UN (United Nations). (2016). A source for Sust. Dev. Goals: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – 2016. un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-consumption-production/ Udawatta, R. P., & Jose, S. (2011). Carbon sequestration potential of agroforestry practices in temperate North America. In B. M. Kumar, & P. K. Nair (Eds. ), Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry Systems: Opportunities and Challenges. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. USDA. (United States Department of Agriculture). (2016).', '(United States Department of Agriculture). (2016). USDA building blocks for climate smart agriculture and forestry: Implementation plan and progress report. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of State. (2016). 2016 Second Biennial Report of the United States of America: Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved from Van Winkle, C., Baker, J. S., Lapidus, D., Ohrel, S., Steller, J., Latta, G., & Birur, D. (in press). U.S. forest sector greenhouse gas mitigation potential and implications for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Waddington, J. M., & Price, J. S. (2000). Effect of peatland drainage, harvesting, and restoration on atmospheric water and carbon exchange. 433-451. Wickland, K., Krusche, A.V., Kolka, R., AW K-M, Chimner, R., Serengil, Y., Ogle, S., et al. (2014).', 'Wickland, K., Krusche, A.V., Kolka, R., AW K-M, Chimner, R., Serengil, Y., Ogle, S., et al. (2014). IPCC Chapter 5 “Inland Wetland Mineral Soils” for the IPCC 2013 supplement to the 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories: Wetlands. In: Hiraishi T., Krug T., Tanabe K., Srivastava N., Baasansuren J., Fukuda M. and Troxler T. (eds) IPCC, Switzerland. IPCC, Switzerland, pp 354 Wise, M., Calvin, K., Thomson, A., Clarke, L., Bond-Lamberty, B., Sands, R., . . . Edmonds, J. (2009). Implications of limiting CO2 concentrations for land use and energy. Science, 324(5931), 1183-1186. Zhang, L., Wylie, B. K., Ji, L., Gilmanov, T. G., & Tieszen, L. L. (2010). Climate-driven interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange in the northern Great Plains grasslands.', 'Climate-driven interannual variability in net ecosystem exchange in the northern Great Plains grasslands. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 63(1), 40-50. Zhu, Zhiliang, & McGuire, A.D., eds., (2016). Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1826, 196 p., Retrieved from Zhu, Zhiliang, & Reed, B.C., eds., (2012). Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the Western United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1797, pp 192. Retrieved from Zhu, Zhiliang, & Reed, B.C., eds., (2014). Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1804, pp 204. Retrieved from org/10.3133/pp1804.', 'Baseline and projected future carbon storage and greenhouse-gas fluxes in ecosystems of the eastern United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1804, pp 204. Retrieved from org/10.3133/pp1804. Chapter 6 References: Reducing Non-CO2 Emissions Brandt, A. R., Heath, G. A., & Cooley, D. (2016). Methane Leaks from Natural Gas Systems Follow Extreme Distributions. Environmental Science and Technology. doi:10.1021/acs.est.6b04303 DOE. (2014, December 16). Department of Energy announces 22 new projects to enable emissions reductions and improve energy efficiency. Retrieved from ARPA-E: projects-enable-emissions-reductions-and-improve-energy EPA. (2008). Background Information Document for Updating AP42 Section 2.4 for Estimating Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Landfills. U.S. EPA. EPA. (2012). Global Anthropogenic Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990-2030. Washington, DC: EPA Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division. EPA. (2016a).', 'Washington, DC: EPA Office of Atmospheric Programs, Climate Change Division. EPA. (2016a). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2014. Retrieved from (2016b). Understanding Global Warming Potential. Retrieved from Greenhouse Gas Emissions: ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials Kinley, R., & Fredeen, A. (2014). In vitro evaluation of feeding North Atlantic stormtoss seaweeds on ruminal digestion. Journal of Applied Phycology. doi:10.1007/s10811-014-0487-z Perry, K. (2014, August 6). Mass. to make big food wasters lose the landfill. National Public Radio. Retrieved from USDA. (2015, September 16). USDA and EPA join with private sector, charitable organizations to set nation’s first food waste reduction goals. Retrieved from Velders, G. J., Fahey, D. W., Daniel, J. S., McFarland, M., & Anderson, S. O. (2009).', 'Retrieved from Velders, G. J., Fahey, D. W., Daniel, J. S., McFarland, M., & Anderson, S. O. (2009). The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1-6. Retrieved from gov/sites/production/files/documents/velders_pnas.pdf Williams, J., Haley, B., Kahrl, F., Moore, J., Jones, A., Torn, M., & McJeon, H. (2014). Pathways to deep decarbonization in the United States: The U.S. report of the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project. Sustainable Development Solutions Network and the Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations. Retrieved from Zavala-Araiza, D., Lyon, D. R., Alvarez, R. A., Davis, K. J., Harriss, R., Herndon, S. C., et al. (2015). Reconciling divergent estimates of oil and gas methane emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15597-15602.', 'Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15597-15602. Retrieved from Chapter 7 References: International Context Duke, R.D. (2002). “Clean Energy Technology Buydowns: Economic Theory, Analytic Tools, and the Photovoltaics Case.” Dissertation presented to faculty of Princeton University. Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. Retrieved from Duke, R. D. and Kammen, D. M. (2000). “PV Market Transformation: The virtuous circle between experience and demand and the strategic advantage of targeting thin-film photovoltaics.” Workshop proceedings of the IEA Workshop. “Experience Curves for Policy Making: The Case of Energy Technologies, Stuttgart, 10-11 May, 1999 (IEA Volume), 77 – 100. EPA. (2016a). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2014. Retrieved from Fawcett, A.', 'Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2014. Retrieved from Fawcett, A. A., Iyer, G., Clarke, L. E., Edmonds, J., Hultman, N., McJeon, H. C., . . . and Shi, W. (2015). Can Paris pledges avert severe climate change? Science, 1168-9. Lacerda, J.S. & van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. (2014). International diffusion of renewable energy innovations: Lessons from the lead markets for wind power in China, Germany and USA. Energies, 7. Retrieved from www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/7/12/8236/ pdf Ueno, T. (2007). Reengineering the climate regime: Design and process principles of international technology cooperation for climate change mitigation. Resources for the Future. Retrieved from U.S. Census Bureau. (2016). Foreign Trade. Retrieved from FT900: U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: by A/GIS/GPS'] | en-US |
359 | USA | United States of America | LTS | 2021-11-01 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/US-LongTermStrategy-2021.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Northern America | 0 | 5,107.261077 | 1,788.255032 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/31b4850894eefd46d17cb38eacf3187701bbabc4859b49e92bb70cb157e293cf.pdf | ['THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Pathways to Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050The Long-Term Strategy of the United States: Pathways to Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas Emissions by 2050. Published by the United States Department of State and the United States Executive Office of the President, Washington DC. November 2021.CONTENTS 03 Executive Summary An Integrated U.S. Climate Strategy to Reach Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 The Decisive Decade to 2030 Pathways to 2050 Net-Zero Emissions in the United States Transforming the Energy System Reducing Non-CO Emissions Removing Carbon Through 2050 and Beyond Benefits of Climate Action Accelerating Global Climate Progress THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESIn the United States and around the world, we are already feeling the impacts of a changing climate.', 'Climate Strategy to Reach Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 The Decisive Decade to 2030 Pathways to 2050 Net-Zero Emissions in the United States Transforming the Energy System Reducing Non-CO Emissions Removing Carbon Through 2050 and Beyond Benefits of Climate Action Accelerating Global Climate Progress THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESIn the United States and around the world, we are already feeling the impacts of a changing climate. Here at home, in 2021 alone we have seen historic droughts and wildfires in the West, unprecedented storms and flooding in the Southeast, and record heatwaves across the country. We see the same devastating evidence around the world in places like the fire-ravaged Amazon, the sweltering urban center of Delhi, and the shrinking coastlines of island nations like Tuvalu.', 'We see the same devastating evidence around the world in places like the fire-ravaged Amazon, the sweltering urban center of Delhi, and the shrinking coastlines of island nations like Tuvalu. The science is clear: we are headed toward climate disaster unless we achieve net-zero global emissions by midcentury. We also know this crisis presents vast opportunities to build a better economy, create millions of good-paying jobs, clean our waters and air, and ensure all Americans can live healthier, safer, stronger lives. The time is now for decisive action, and the United States is boldly tackling the climate challenge.', 'The time is now for decisive action, and the United States is boldly tackling the climate challenge. In 2021, we rejoined the Paris Agreement, set an ambitious Nationally Determined Contribution to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52% in 2030, launched the Global Methane Pledge, and have undertaken additional concrete actions to advance climate action domestically and internationally. These investments are critical to immediately accelerate our emissions reductions. This 2021 Long-Term Strategy represents the next step: it lays out how the United States can reach its ultimate goal of net-zero emissions no later than 2050. Achieving net-zero emissions is how we—and our fellow nations around the globe—will keep a 1.5°C limit on global temperature rise within reach and prevent unacceptable climate change impacts and risks.', 'Achieving net-zero emissions is how we—and our fellow nations around the globe—will keep a 1.5°C limit on global temperature rise within reach and prevent unacceptable climate change impacts and risks. The Long-Term Strategy shows that reaching net- zero no later than 2050 will require actions spanning every sector of the economy. There are many potential pathways to get there, and all path-ways start with delivering on our 2030 Nationally Determined Contribution. This will put the United States firmly on track to reach net-zero by 2050 and support the overarching vision of building a more sustainable, resilient, and equitable economy. The benefits of a net-zero future will not only be felt by future generations. Mobilizing to achieve net-zero will also deliver strong net benefits for all Americans starting today.', 'Mobilizing to achieve net-zero will also deliver strong net benefits for all Americans starting today. Driving down greenhouse gases will PREFACE THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES create high-quality jobs, improve public health in every community, and spur investments that modernize the American economy while reducing costs and risks from climate change. Reducing air pollution through clean energy will alone help avoid 300,000 premature deaths in the United States— alleviating these and other severe impacts that also fall disproportionately on communities of color and low-income communities. Investments in emerging clean industries will enhance our competitiveness and propel sustained economic growth. Modernizing the American economy to achieve net-zero can fundamentally improve the way we live, creating more connected, more accessible, and healthier communities.', 'Modernizing the American economy to achieve net-zero can fundamentally improve the way we live, creating more connected, more accessible, and healthier communities. That does not mean it will happen quickly or without hard work. There will be many challenges on our path to net-zero that will require us to marshal all our ingenuity and dedication. But it can, and must, be done. And even as we invest at home, the new technologies and investments outlined in this strategy will also help scale up low-cost, carbon- free solutions for the world. We can create a healthy, vibrant, and abundant world for our children. This plan is our promise to them—and it is one we must keep.', 'This plan is our promise to them—and it is one we must keep. JOHN KERRY SPECIAL PRESIDENTIAL ENVOY FOR CLIMATE GINA MCCARTHY NATIONAL CLIMATE ADVISORTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Addressing the climate crisis requires immediate and sustained investment to eliminate net global greenhouse gas emissions by mid-century—and this presents a transformational opportunity for the United States and the world. Investing in the clean technologies, infrastructure, workforce, and systems of the future creates an unprecedented opportunity to improve quality of life and create vibrant, sustainable, resilient, and equitable economies. As we undertake this global transformation, the United States and other major economies must act quickly to keep a safer climate within reach. Across the United States and around the world, climate change is already harming communities—particularly the most vulnerable that are least equipped to cope, rebuild, and adapt.', 'Across the United States and around the world, climate change is already harming communities—particularly the most vulnerable that are least equipped to cope, rebuild, and adapt. Wildfires, storms, floods, extreme heat, and other climate-fueled impacts are causing deaths, injuries, degraded health, economic hardship, and damage to the earth’s ecosystems—all from warming of only roughly 1.0oC. Failure to immediately curtail emissions will condemn the world to nearly triple that level of warming, unleashing far more frequent and severe climate impacts and far more extreme downside risks. The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vividly illustrates, with robust scientific confidence, the need to limit warming to 1.5oC, or as close as possible to that crucial benchmark, to avoid these severe climate impacts.', 'The most recent report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vividly illustrates, with robust scientific confidence, the need to limit warming to 1.5oC, or as close as possible to that crucial benchmark, to avoid these severe climate impacts. Achieving this target will require cutting global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, reaching global net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 or soon after, and moving to net negative emissions thereafter [1].', 'Achieving this target will require cutting global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, reaching global net-zero GHG emissions by 2050 or soon after, and moving to net negative emissions thereafter [1]. To meet these global milestones, we must retool the global energy economy, transform agricultural systems, halt and reverse deforestation, and decisively address non- carbon dioxide emissions—focusing particular attention on methane (CH ), which accounts roughly 0.5oC of the current observed net warming of 1.0oC.1 We must also pursue negative emissions through robust and verifiable nature-based and technological carbon dioxide removal. IN LIGHT OF THIS URGENCY, THE UNITED STATES HAS SET A GOAL OF NET-ZERO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY NO LATER THAN 2050.', 'IN LIGHT OF THIS URGENCY, THE UNITED STATES HAS SET A GOAL OF NET-ZERO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY NO LATER THAN 2050. 1 Greenhouse gas emissions in total have contributed 150% of the observed warming of 1.0⁰C, but emissions of cooling aerosols have counteracted some of that warming. EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES THIS U.S. NET-ZERO 2050 GOAL IS AMBITIOUS. It puts the United States ahead of the trajectory required to keep 1.5°C within reach through three decades of investment in clean power, electrification of transportation and buildings, industrial transformation, reductions in methane and other potent non-carbon dioxide climate pollutants, and bolstering of our natural and working lands. DELIVERING ON OUR 2030 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) WILL PUT THE UNITED STATES FIRMLY ON TRACK TO NET-ZERO.', 'DELIVERING ON OUR 2030 NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) WILL PUT THE UNITED STATES FIRMLY ON TRACK TO NET-ZERO. The United States has committed to an ambitious and achievable goal to reduce net GHG emissions 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030.2 This is the decisive decade to deliver on a set of new policies [2] to accelerate existing emissions reduction trends—for example, expanding rapidly the deployment of new technologies like electric vehicles and heat pumps, and building the infrastructure for key systems like our national power grid. These types of near-term actions will put us on firm footing to meet our 2050 goal (as illustrated by Figure ES-1). 2 The United States formally communicated this 2030 target in its Nationally Determined Contribution on April 21, 2021.', '2 The United States formally communicated this 2030 target in its Nationally Determined Contribution on April 21, 2021. Figure ES-1: United States historic emissions and projected emissions under the 2050 goal for net-zero. This figure shows the historical trajectory of U.S. net GHG emissions from 1990 to 2019, the projected pathway to the 2030 NDC of 50-52% below 2005 levels, and the 2050 net-zero goal. The United States has also set a goal for 100% clean electricity in 2035; that goal is not an economy-wide emissions goal so does not appear in this figure, but it will be critical to support decarbonization in the electricity sector, which will in turn help the U.S. reach its 2030 and 2050 goals in combination with broad electrification of end uses.', 'The United States has also set a goal for 100% clean electricity in 2035; that goal is not an economy-wide emissions goal so does not appear in this figure, but it will be critical to support decarbonization in the electricity sector, which will in turn help the U.S. reach its 2030 and 2050 goals in combination with broad electrification of end uses. LEVELS IN 2020 LEVELS IN 2025 LEVELS IN 2030 Net-Zero Emissions (Gigatons CO2 e) Percent Below 2005 HISTORIC EMISSIONS U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2025 TARGET U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2030 TARGET U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2050 GOALTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES THIS REPORT PRESENTS THE 2021 LONG-TERM STRATEGY (LTS) OF THE UNITED STATES. It illustrates multiple pathways to a net-zero economy no later than 2050 [3] [4] [5].', 'It illustrates multiple pathways to a net-zero economy no later than 2050 [3] [4] [5]. It confirms how actions taken now and through this decade are critical to make these net-zero pathways possible. The report draws from a diverse analytical toolkit,3 including a global integrated assessment model covering all GHGs and economic sectors, a national carbon dioxide (CO ) model with high energy sector resolution, models of the U.S. land sector, and a rich set of non-governmental literature. Pursuant to Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, this report also serves to communicate our Long-Term Strategy to the international community. MOBILIZING TO ACHIEVE NET-ZERO WILL DELIVER STRONG NET BENEFITS FOR ALL AMERICANS.', 'MOBILIZING TO ACHIEVE NET-ZERO WILL DELIVER STRONG NET BENEFITS FOR ALL AMERICANS. Driving down GHGs will spur investments that modernize the American economy, address the distributional inequities of environmental pollution and climate vulnerability, improve public health in every community, and reduce the severe costs and risks from climate change. Benefits include: • PUBLIC HEALTH. Reducing air pollution through clean energy will avoid 85,000–300,000 premature deaths, and health and climate damages of $150– $250 billion through 2030. It will avoid $1–3 trillion in damages through 2050 in the United States alone. These measures will also help alleviate the pollution burdens disproportionately borne by communities of color, low-income communities, and indigenous communities. • ECONOMIC GROWTH. Investments in nascent clean industries will enhance competitiveness and propel sustained growth.', 'Investments in nascent clean industries will enhance competitiveness and propel sustained growth. The United States can lead in crucial clean technologies like batteries, electric vehicles, and heat pumps, without sacrificing critical worker protections. 3 The core analyses presented in this report are shared with the U.S. National Climate Strategy and the U.S. National Communication and Biennial Report to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). • REDUCED CONFLICT. Drought, floods, and other disasters fueled by climate change have caused large-scale displacements and conflict. The U.S. Department of Defense recognizes climate change as a vital, globally destabilizing national security threat [6]. Early action by the United States will encourage faster climate action globally, including by driving down the costs of carbon-free technologies. These actions will ultimately support security and stability worldwide. • QUALITY OF LIFE.', 'These actions will ultimately support security and stability worldwide. • QUALITY OF LIFE. Modernizing the American economy to achieve net-zero can fundamentally improve the way we live. Measures like high-speed rail and transit-oriented development not only reduce emissions but also create more connected, accessible, and healthier communities. THE 2050 NET-ZERO EMISSIONS GOAL IS ACHIEVABLE. The United States can deliver net-zero emissions across all sectors and GHGs through multiple pathways, but all viable routes to net-zero involve five key transformations: 1. DECARBONIZE ELECTRICITY. Electricity delivers diverse services to all sectors of the American economy. The transition to a clean electricity system has been accelerating in recent years— driven by plummeting costs for solar and wind technologies, federal and subnational policies, and consumer demand.', 'The transition to a clean electricity system has been accelerating in recent years— driven by plummeting costs for solar and wind technologies, federal and subnational policies, and consumer demand. Building on this success, the United States has set a goal of 100% clean electricity by 2035, a crucial foundation for net-zero emissions no later than 2050. 2. ELECTRIFY END USES AND SWITCH TO OTHER CLEAN FUELS. We can affordably and efficiently electrify most of the economy, from cars to buildings and industrial processes. In areas where electrification presents technology challenges—for instance aviation, shipping, and some industrial processes— we can prioritize clean fuels like carbon-free hydrogen and sustainable biofuels.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 3. CUT ENERGY WASTE.', 'In areas where electrification presents technology challenges—for instance aviation, shipping, and some industrial processes— we can prioritize clean fuels like carbon-free hydrogen and sustainable biofuels.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 3. CUT ENERGY WASTE. Moving to cleaner sources of energy is made faster, cheaper, and easier when existing and new technologies use less energy to provide the same or better service. This can be achieved through diverse, proven approaches, ranging from more efficient appliances and the integration of efficiency into new and existing buildings, to sustainable manufacturing processes. 4. REDUCE METHANE AND OTHER NON-CO EMISSIONS. Non-CO gases such as methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), nitrous oxide (N O), and others, contribute significantly to warming— with methane alone contributing fully half of current net global warming of 1.0°C.', 'Non-CO gases such as methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), nitrous oxide (N O), and others, contribute significantly to warming— with methane alone contributing fully half of current net global warming of 1.0°C. There are many profitable or low-cost options to reduce non-CO sources, such as implementing methane leak detection and repair for oil and gas systems and shifting from HFCs to climate-friendly working fluids in cooling equipment. The U.S. is committed to taking comprehensive and immediate actions to reduce methane domestically. And through the Global Methane Pledge, the U.S. and partners seek to reduce global methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030, which would eliminate over 0.2°C of warming by 2050. The U.S. will also prioritize research and development to unlock the innovation needed for deep emissions reductions beyond currently available technologies. 5. SCALE UP CO REMOVAL.', 'The U.S. will also prioritize research and development to unlock the innovation needed for deep emissions reductions beyond currently available technologies. 5. SCALE UP CO REMOVAL. In the three decades to 2050, our emissions from energy production can be brought close to zero, but certain emissions such as non-CO from agriculture will be difficult to decarbonize completely by mid-century. Reaching net-zero emissions will therefore require removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, using processes and technologies that are rigorously evaluated and validated. This requires scaling up land carbon sinks as well as engineered strategies. Figure ES-2 illustrates how the five key transformations can combine in different pathways to achieve net- zero emissions by 2050. The exact pathway will depend on how quickly change occurs across different sectors. Nevertheless, some broad patterns are clear.', 'Nevertheless, some broad patterns are clear. For example, energy system transformations contribute roughly 4.5 gigatons of CO equivalent per year (Gt CO e/yr.) of overall emissions reductions, or about 70% of overall reductions. These energy emissions reductions are delivered by cutting energy waste, decarbonizing electricity, and transitioning energy sources including through fuel switching and electrification. Addressing non-CO gases, including methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases, reduces another 1 Gt of annual emissions. Enhancing land sinks and scaling up CO removal technologies also deliver about 1 Gt of negative emissions. While these figures are a helpful rough guide, the exact contribution from each area varies between pathways (as shown in Figure ES-2).', 'While these figures are a helpful rough guide, the exact contribution from each area varies between pathways (as shown in Figure ES-2). The eventual U.S. pathway to net-zero emissions will depend on the evolution of technologies, the specifics of policy and regulatory packages, and factors such as economic growth, sociodemographic shifts, and market prices for commodities and fuels across the next three decades. ACHIEVING NET-ZERO BY NO LATER THAN 2050 REQUIRES SUSTAINED, COORDINATED ACTION SPANNING FOUR STRATEGIC PILLARS: 1. FEDERAL LEADERSHIP. Federal leadership is critical to reduce emissions 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030 and set up the economy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050.', 'Federal leadership is critical to reduce emissions 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030 and set up the economy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. This could include investments and incentives that support the deployment of clean technologies in all sectors, policies to enhance and support our natural and working lands, partnerships to catalyze market transformation, improved integration of climate into financial markets including enhanced climate risk disclosure, and the promulgation and enforcement of new and existing regulations rooted in law.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 2. INNOVATION. In driving the deployment of currently competitive technologies as rapidly as possible, federal policies will serve to further reduce costs through economies of scale and learning-by-doing. In addition, new technologies will be necessary to drive deeper reductions in the late 2020’s through 2050.', 'In addition, new technologies will be necessary to drive deeper reductions in the late 2020’s through 2050. Federally-supported research, development, demonstration, and deployment can be the prime mover—along with federal, subnational, and private sector procurement—to carry new carbon-free technologies and processes from the lab to U.S. factories to the market. Research and development today will lay the technology foundation necessary to maximize economic benefits from the post-2030 transformation to net-zero. 3. NON-FEDERAL LEADERSHIP. The U.S. federal system is based on the national government sharing power with elected governments at subnational levels. In our system, policy authorities related to economic activity, energy, transportation, land use, and more are shared with Tribal governments, states, cities, counties, and others. U.S. climate action therefore necessarily spans all levels of government.', 'U.S. climate action therefore necessarily spans all levels of government. Recent trends demonstrate the significant impacts that these subnational policies can have on the overall U.S. emissions trajectory, in ways that complement national policies and can provide a broader base for learning and for accelerating action. Figure ES-2: Emissions Reductions Pathways to Achieve 2050 Net-Zero Emissions in the United States. Achieving net-zero across the entire U.S. economy requires contributions from all sectors, including: efficiency, clean power, and electrification; reducing methane and other non-CO gases; and enhancing natural and technological CO removal. The left side of the figure shows a representative pathway with high levels of action across all sectors to achieve net-zero by 2050.', 'The left side of the figure shows a representative pathway with high levels of action across all sectors to achieve net-zero by 2050. The right side shows a set of alternative pathways depending on variations in uncertain factors such as trends in relative technology costs and the strength of the land sector carbon sink. ALTERNATE PATHWAYS TO 2050 NET-ZERO REPRESENTATIVE PATHWAY TO 2050 NET-ZEROTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES IF OTHER MAJOR ECONOMIES ADOPT SIMILAR AMBITION, WE CAN KEEP 1.5°C WITHIN REACH. The U.S. currently emits 11% of annual global GHGs (second to China, which emits 27% of the global total).', 'The U.S. currently emits 11% of annual global GHGs (second to China, which emits 27% of the global total). Cutting our emissions at least in half by 2030 and eliminating our emissions by 2050 will therefore make an important direct contribution to keeping a safer 1.5°C future within reach. These efforts will also spur cost reductions for clean technologies through scale and learning-by-doing. More importantly, U.S. climate leadership has already helped propel other major economies to adopt 2030 NDCs that are aligned with the imperative to cut global emissions at least 40% by 2030 to improve our chances of limiting global warming to less than 1.5°C.', 'More importantly, U.S. climate leadership has already helped propel other major economies to adopt 2030 NDCs that are aligned with the imperative to cut global emissions at least 40% by 2030 to improve our chances of limiting global warming to less than 1.5°C. At the Leaders’ Summit on Climate in April of 2021, President Biden announced our ambitious NDC, joined by Canadian and Japanese leaders who also set strong new 2030 targets. The European Union (EU) and United Kingdom (UK) had already set strong targets and, since the Summit, others, including the Republic of Korea and South Africa, have come forward with NDCs that achieve the pace of reductions that would be needed globally to keep 1.5°C within reach.', 'The European Union (EU) and United Kingdom (UK) had already set strong targets and, since the Summit, others, including the Republic of Korea and South Africa, have come forward with NDCs that achieve the pace of reductions that would be needed globally to keep 1.5°C within reach. These countries represent well over half of the global economy, but further action by other major economies will be necessary to ensure the 1.5°C target is met. 4. ALL-OF-SOCIETY ACTION. The long-term transformations to get to 2050 net-zero emissions will require the United States to bring all its greatest strengths to bear, including innovation, creativity, and diversity. Already, many non- governmental organizations are acting ambitiously to address climate change within their own operations or support the overall transition of the U.S. economy.', 'Already, many non- governmental organizations are acting ambitiously to address climate change within their own operations or support the overall transition of the U.S. economy. Even more broad-based engagement on research, education, and implementation through our universities, cultural institutions, investors, businesses, and other non-governmental organizations will be required to reach our 2050 goal. IMPLEMENTATION IS UNDERWAY. These four principles form the core of our strategy to achieve our 2030 NDC and 100% clean electricity by 2035. We are moving rapidly, rooted in actions from across the federal government and other governmental and non-governmental actors. These actions and policies are part of our Long-Term Strategy and are described in a forthcoming companion report to this document, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2].', 'These actions and policies are part of our Long-Term Strategy and are described in a forthcoming companion report to this document, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2]. The NCS describes an overarching approach that covers all aspects of federal action, which will also support broader non-federal and all-of-society efforts. Both the NCS and this Long-Term Strategy have been informed by a robust stakeholder engagement process. These actions provide the near-term implementation momentum to achieve the 2030 NDC, 2035 100% clean electricity goal, and the 2050 net-zero goal. Globally, this is the moment for all the world’s major economies to act to rapidly reduce emissions to meet ambitious 2030 NDC targets and to develop and communicate strategies to achieve ambitious 2050 net-zero goals.FOUR COMPONENTS OF U.S. REPORTING ON CLIMATE ACTIONS AND STRATEGY 1.', 'Globally, this is the moment for all the world’s major economies to act to rapidly reduce emissions to meet ambitious 2030 NDC targets and to develop and communicate strategies to achieve ambitious 2050 net-zero goals.FOUR COMPONENTS OF U.S. REPORTING ON CLIMATE ACTIONS AND STRATEGY 1. The U.S. National Climate Strategy details how we will deliver our U.S. NDC for 2030 [2]. It focuses on the immediate policies and actions that will put America on track to reduce emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030 and put in place the technology and infrastructure necessary to achieve net-zero emissions no later than 2050. 2.', 'It focuses on the immediate policies and actions that will put America on track to reduce emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030 and put in place the technology and infrastructure necessary to achieve net-zero emissions no later than 2050. 2. The Long-Term Strategy of the United States to Reach Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 (this report), pursuant to Article 4.19 of the Paris Agreement, shows how these current and near-term policies and other actions across the country, as described in the NCS, deliver a pathway through the 2030s and 2040s to reach our 2050 net-zero goal. As a contribution under the Paris Agreement, it is part of a process that serves to support enhanced global action and ambition.', 'As a contribution under the Paris Agreement, it is part of a process that serves to support enhanced global action and ambition. Communicating actions and progress toward climate goals is a critical component of transparency to support global ambition under the Paris Agreement. The United States is committed to these principles and, accordingly, is issuing four reports detailing complementary aspects of our current climate activities and planned strategy. The same key assumptions and methodologies are shared in the analytics that inform all four reports. Each report serves a different role in communicating the overall situation and strategy of the United States, and there are details in each that are not reproduced across all reports. Together they present a vision for our climate strategy and emissions pathways. 3.', 'Together they present a vision for our climate strategy and emissions pathways. 3. The U.S. National Communication and Biennial Report provides detailed information on existing policies and measures across all areas of U.S. climate action as of December 2020 [7]. It fulfills our obligations for reporting and transparency under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and fits into a broader international reporting framework in which other countries also participate. 4. The U.S. Adaptation Communication provides forward- looking priorities for accelerating adaptation and building resilience domestically and abroad [8]. It outlines domestic climate impacts and vulnerabilities, progress on adaptation, lessons learned, and immediate policies and other approaches that will increase adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce vulnerability to climate change.', 'It outlines domestic climate impacts and vulnerabilities, progress on adaptation, lessons learned, and immediate policies and other approaches that will increase adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce vulnerability to climate change. It complements and builds upon resilience and adaptation actions laid out in the National Climate Strategy and U.S. National Communication and Biennial Report. THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Climate change already inflicts serious damage on the United States and the world, particularly the most vulnerable that are least equipped to adapt—and the science is clear that, without faster global action, these impacts will become much more frequent and severe.', 'THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Climate change already inflicts serious damage on the United States and the world, particularly the most vulnerable that are least equipped to adapt—and the science is clear that, without faster global action, these impacts will become much more frequent and severe. Two recent reports from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [1] [9] affirm with robust scientific confidence the need to keep warming under 1.5°C to reduce the greatest global risks and avoid significant, wide-ranging, and severe impacts. To keep 1.5°C within reach, the United States has a goal of achieving net-zero emissions economy-wide by no later than 2050 [3] [4] [5].', 'To keep 1.5°C within reach, the United States has a goal of achieving net-zero emissions economy-wide by no later than 2050 [3] [4] [5]. The Paris Agreement establishes a framework to rapidly increase global ambition to hold warming well below 2°C while pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. This framework includes nationally determined contributions (NDCs)—commitments that target near-term emissions reductions, review progress, and seek to extend and strengthen their NDCs in regular 5-year cycles. The Paris Agreement also specifically calls on all countries to “formulate and communicate their long-term, low GHG emission development strategies.” Such Long- Term Strategies support global ambition by encouraging countries to understand their options and set their own longer-term emissions reduction goals [10].', 'The Paris Agreement also specifically calls on all countries to “formulate and communicate their long-term, low GHG emission development strategies.” Such Long- Term Strategies support global ambition by encouraging countries to understand their options and set their own longer-term emissions reduction goals [10]. In developing and communicating these strategies [11], countries can foresee and address challenges such as slow infrastructure turnover or the need for just transitions from fossil fuels and other high-emission technologies. Developing and sharing publicly these near- and long-term strategies helps elucidate and manage path dependencies and better connect short-term and long-term objectives. Accordingly, this process can both guide national action and encourage greater global ambition over time. The United States is simultaneously pursuing multiple climate mitigation goals (Figure 1). Each goal serves as an important milestone toward rapidly reducing our GHG emissions to net-zero.', 'Each goal serves as an important milestone toward rapidly reducing our GHG emissions to net-zero. While this report emphasizes the longer period of 2021-2050, the overall U.S. strategy integrates actions for both near-term and 2050 goals: • The 2030 NDC of 50-52% reductions below 2005 levels, covering all sectors and all gases • The goal for 100% carbon pollution-free electricity • The goal for net-zero emissions no later than 2050. AN INTEGRATED U.S. CLIMATE STRATEGY TO REACH NET-ZERO EMISSIONS BY 2050THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES These near-term actions are being implemented rapidly, rooted in policies from across the federal government and other governmental and non-governmental actors in the United States. These actions and policies are described in detail in a companion to this document, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2].', 'These actions and policies are described in detail in a companion to this document, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2]. The NCS lays out an overarching policy approach being undertaken today that covers all aspects of federal action, in support of all-of-society efforts. These actions provide the near-term implementing momentum to achieve the 2030 NDC, meet the 2035 100% clean electricity goal, and put the U.S. in a strong position to take the additional actions necessary to achieve net-zero by 2050. The information on near-term implementation in the NCS should therefore be viewed as integral to the U.S. Long-Term Strategy. Accordingly, although this report focuses on the period from 2021 to 2050, it refers to the NCS for further descriptions of near- term implementation of long-term goals.', 'Accordingly, although this report focuses on the period from 2021 to 2050, it refers to the NCS for further descriptions of near- term implementation of long-term goals. The Biden Administration consulted diverse stakeholders to inform the overall U.S. climate strategy that is reflected in the U.S. Long-Term Strategy (LTS) report. This consultation covered a wide range of stakeholders from major unions that work on behalf of millions of American workers, to groups representing tens of millions of advocates, fence line communities, and young Americans.', 'This consultation covered a wide range of stakeholders from major unions that work on behalf of millions of American workers, to groups representing tens of millions of advocates, fence line communities, and young Americans. Engagement to develop our strategy also included groups representing scientists; hundreds of governmental leaders like governors, mayors, and Native American leaders; hundreds of businesses; hundreds of schools and institutions of higher education; as well as with many specialized researchers focused on questions of pollution Figure 1: United States historic emissions and projected emissions under the 2050 goal for net-zero. This figure shows historical U.S. GHG emissions from 1990 to 2019, the projected pathway to the 2030 NDC of 50-52% below 2005 levels, and the 2050 net-zero goal.', 'This figure shows historical U.S. GHG emissions from 1990 to 2019, the projected pathway to the 2030 NDC of 50-52% below 2005 levels, and the 2050 net-zero goal. The United States has also set a goal for 100% clean electricity in 2035. That goal is not an economy-wide emissions goal so does not appear in this figure, but it will be critical to support decarbonization in the electricity sector, which will in turn help the U.S. reach its 2030 and 2050 goals. LEVELS IN 2020 LEVELS IN 2025 LEVELS IN 2030 Net-Zero Emissions (Gigatons CO2 e) Percent Below 2005 HISTORIC EMISSIONS U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2025 TARGET U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2030 TARGET U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2050 GOALTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES reduction.', 'PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2050 GOALTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES reduction. NCS report referenced above has similarly been developed through extensive consultations of diverse stakeholders, whose perspectives and input have informed the overall climate strategy that is reflected in this LTS report. The United States presented its first Long-Term Strategy report in 2016 [12], focused on reducing net GHGs 80- 90% below 2005 levels by 2050. In 2021, the United States put forward a new, ambitious goal of net-zero emissions no later than 2050. This report presents an updated 2021 Long-Term Strategy of the United States that defines multiple pathways for the American economy to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050. It includes analysis of what transformational pathways to net-zero could look like over time for emissions in different sectors and for different GHGs.', 'It includes analysis of what transformational pathways to net-zero could look like over time for emissions in different sectors and for different GHGs. The report draws from a diverse analytical toolkit,4 integrating insights from a global integrated assessment model covering all greenhouses and economic sectors, a national CO model with high resolution on the electricity sector, models of U.S. land sector, and more. The analysis presented here was based on an interagency effort and is grounded in a broader body of existing scholarship and literature 4 These core analyses in this report are shared with two companion volumes, the U.S. National Climate Strategy and the U.S. National Communication and Biennial Report to the UNFCCC. for how to understand both near- and long-term high- ambition emissions pathways in the national and global context.', 'for how to understand both near- and long-term high- ambition emissions pathways in the national and global context. While the analyses presented here provide new and original insights, they also draw from and reference this broader body of work. This report is organized as follows. Chapter 2 focuses on the decisive decade from now to 2030 and highlights the U.S. priorities which will both dramatically reduce GHG emissions and lay the foundation for achieving net-zero emissions no later than 2050. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the economy-wide emissions pathways to 2050. Chapter 4 describes pathways for energy- related CO emissions reduction across electricity, transportation, buildings, and industry. Chapter 5 presents the key opportunities for methane and other non-CO emissions reductions, including in the energy, waste, agriculture, and industrial sectors.', 'Chapter 5 presents the key opportunities for methane and other non-CO emissions reductions, including in the energy, waste, agriculture, and industrial sectors. Chapter 6 focuses on CO removals through lands and technologies for carbon dioxide removal. Chapter 7 presents a vision of the many benefits that will be created on the path to a net-zero emissions economy, including transformative improvements in public health, avoided climate damages, enhanced climate security, and job growth. Finally, Chapter 8 concludes with a vision of the U.S. accelerating global climate progress with ambitious domestic climate action. THE U.S. 2050 NET-ZERO GOAL The United States has set a goal of net-zero emissions by no later than 2050. The goal includes all major GHGs (CO , CH , N O, HFCs, PFCs, SF , NF ) and is economy-wide.', 'The goal includes all major GHGs (CO , CH , N O, HFCs, PFCs, SF , NF ) and is economy-wide. The goal is on a net basis, including both sources of emissions and removals. It does not include emissions from international aviation or international shipping. At this time, the United States does not expect to use international market mechanisms toward achievement of this net-zero goal. Progress toward the goal will be assessed and the U.S. LTS may be updated, as appropriate.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Putting the United States on a path to net-zero emissions economy-wide no later than 2050 requires taking transformative actions this decade and achieving near-term milestones in line with this goal.', 'Progress toward the goal will be assessed and the U.S. LTS may be updated, as appropriate.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Putting the United States on a path to net-zero emissions economy-wide no later than 2050 requires taking transformative actions this decade and achieving near-term milestones in line with this goal. This is why the United States set an economy-wide target of reducing its net GHG emissions by 50-52% below 2005 levels in 2030 (Figure 2). The United States will also soon release a complementary report, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2], following this 2021 Long-Term Strategy, to provide additional detail on the steps the United States is taking to achieve our 2030 target—and in doing so, to put the United States on a track to achieve its 2050 net-zero goal.', 'The United States will also soon release a complementary report, The U.S. National Climate Strategy (NCS) [2], following this 2021 Long-Term Strategy, to provide additional detail on the steps the United States is taking to achieve our 2030 target—and in doing so, to put the United States on a track to achieve its 2050 net-zero goal. This 2030 commitment anchors the U.S. approach during this decade to build a sustainable, resilient, and equitable economy by rapidly deploying widely available low- carbon technologies and investing in the infrastructure, innovation, and workforce that is the foundation of this economic transformation. This decade will be decisive—and the benefits of achieving our 2030 goal will be significant.', 'This decade will be decisive—and the benefits of achieving our 2030 goal will be significant. Transitioning to a clean energy economy will create between 500,000 and one million net new jobs across the country this decade [13] [14]. Moreover, reducing air pollution through these efforts will avoid transition will require a multi-pronged approach involving the private sector, sub-national governments, and federal government to generate new regulations, direct investment, and programs at all levels of government. Near-term actions to accelerate this transition are being implemented rapidly, rooted in actions from across the federal government and other governmental and non- governmental actors in the United States.', 'Near-term actions to accelerate this transition are being implemented rapidly, rooted in actions from across the federal government and other governmental and non- governmental actors in the United States. These actions and policies are described in detail in the NCS report, which lays out an overarching policy approach being undertaken today—informed by ongoing engagement of diverse stakeholders—that covers all aspects of federal action, in support of all-of-society efforts. These actions provide the near-term implementing momentum to achieve the 2030 NDC, 2035 100% clean electricity goal, and the 2050 net-zero goal. A summary of these elements is provided below. THE DECISIVE DECADE TO 2030THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Fast and cost-effective emission-reducing investments are available in the electric power sector, which is currently the second-largest producer of emissions in the United States.', 'THE DECISIVE DECADE TO 2030THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Fast and cost-effective emission-reducing investments are available in the electric power sector, which is currently the second-largest producer of emissions in the United States. That is why the United States set a goal to reach a 100% carbon pollution-free electricity system by 2035, which can be achieved through multiple cost- effective technology and investment pathways. In fact, this transition has already been accelerating in recent years—driven by plummeting costs of key technologies like solar, onshore wind, offshore wind, and batteries, as well as enhanced policies and increased consumer demand for clean, reliable, and affordable power.', 'In fact, this transition has already been accelerating in recent years—driven by plummeting costs of key technologies like solar, onshore wind, offshore wind, and batteries, as well as enhanced policies and increased consumer demand for clean, reliable, and affordable power. Further acceleration of clean energy deployment can be catalyzed through providing incentives and standards to reduce pollution from power plants; investing in technologies to increase the flexibility of the electricity system, such as transmission, energy efficiency, energy storage, smart and connected buildings, and non-emitting fuels; and leveraging carbon capture and storage (CCS) and nuclear. Significant deployment of energy efficiency reduces overall demand and can lower peak load, reducing grid capital costs and making investments in carbon-free power generation go further.', 'Significant deployment of energy efficiency reduces overall demand and can lower peak load, reducing grid capital costs and making investments in carbon-free power generation go further. Research, development, demonstration, and deployment of new software and hardware solutions will further support the transformation to a carbon pollution-free, resilient, reliable, and affordable electricity system. Figure 2: United States historic emissions and projected emissions under the 2030 NDC target. This figure shows the historical trajectory of U.S. GHG emissions and the pathway to the 2030 GHG reduction targets. The 2030 NDC target is ambitious, and policies and measures have put the American economy on a declining emissions trend consistent with these goals. The 2030 targets put the United States on a faster track than a straight-line path to net-zero in 2050 would require.', 'The 2030 targets put the United States on a faster track than a straight-line path to net-zero in 2050 would require. LEVELS IN 2020 LEVELS IN 2025 LEVELS IN 2030 Emissions (Gigatons CO2 e) Percent Below 2005 HISTORIC EMISSIONS U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2025 TARGET U.S. PROJECTED EMISSIONS UNDER 2030 TARGETTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Vehicles have become the largest emissions source in the United States—driven by fossil fuel use in light- duty cars, trucks, and SUVs, followed by medium- and heavy-duty trucks, buses, air, off-road vehicles, rail, and shipping. There are many opportunities to reduce GHG emissions from transportation while also saving money for households and businesses, improving environmental quality and health in communities, and providing more choices for moving people and goods.', 'There are many opportunities to reduce GHG emissions from transportation while also saving money for households and businesses, improving environmental quality and health in communities, and providing more choices for moving people and goods. At its core, this requires electrifying most vehicles to run on ever-cleaner electricity and shifting to low-carbon or carbon-free biofuels and hydrogen in applications like long-distance shipping and aviation. To support this outcome, the United States set a goal for half of all new light-duty cars sold in 2030 to be zero-emission vehicles, to produce 3 billion gallons of sustainable aviation fuel by 2030, and to accelerate deployment and reduce costs in every mode of transportation.', 'To support this outcome, the United States set a goal for half of all new light-duty cars sold in 2030 to be zero-emission vehicles, to produce 3 billion gallons of sustainable aviation fuel by 2030, and to accelerate deployment and reduce costs in every mode of transportation. This will occur through lower vehicle costs; fuel economy and emissions standards in light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles; incentives for zero- emission vehicles and clean fuels; investment in a new charging infrastructure to support multi-unit dwellings, public charging, and long-distance travel; scaling up biorefineries; comprehensive innovation investments to reduce hydrogen costs; and investment in infrastructure that supports all modes of clean transportation—such as transit, rail, biking, micro mobility, and pedestrian options. Making progress this decade requires investing in domestic manufacturing and reliable supply chains for clean fuels, batteries, and vehicles.', 'Making progress this decade requires investing in domestic manufacturing and reliable supply chains for clean fuels, batteries, and vehicles. In addition, research, development, demonstration, and deployment of electrification and zero- or low-carbon fuels for aviation and shipping will ensure we have the technology to continue reducing emissions across the entire transportation sector in the years leading to 2050. Buildings and their energy-consuming systems— electricity used and fossil fuels burned on site for heating air, heating water, and cooking—have long lifetimes.', 'Buildings and their energy-consuming systems— electricity used and fossil fuels burned on site for heating air, heating water, and cooking—have long lifetimes. Therefore, the priority in this decade is to rapidly improve energy efficiency and increase the sales share of clean and efficient electric appliances—including heat pumps for space conditioning, heat pump water heaters, electric and induction stoves, and electric clothes dryers—while also improving the affordability of energy and the equitable access to efficient appliances, efficiency retrofits, and clean distributed energy resources in buildings. This includes investment in public buildings such as public housing, government facilities, schools, and universities. Research and demonstration investments now will also advance new solutions for efficient, grid-interactive, and electrified buildings.', 'Research and demonstration investments now will also advance new solutions for efficient, grid-interactive, and electrified buildings. Achieving 100% clean power generation by 2035 will also eliminate upstream emissions from electricity and facilitate carbon-free and efficient electrification of appliances and equipment in buildings. Moreover, partnerships like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ENERGY STAR and the advancement of building energy codes and appliance standards will ensure that building envelopes, electric appliances, and other equipment become increasingly efficient over time. Efficient electric space heating and cooling and water heating offer important opportunities to employ grid- interactive demand to lower energy bills for households and businesses while more cost-effectively utilizing carbon-free electricity. The industrial sector emits GHGs through multiple complex pathways.', 'The industrial sector emits GHGs through multiple complex pathways. This includes CO emitted indirectly through electricity and directly through on-site fossil fuel combustion and power generation, as well as emissions of CO and non-CO GHGs leaked from on- site use or emitted through industrial processes (such as cement production). Industrial decarbonization can be delivered through energy efficiency; industrial electrification; low-carbon fuels, feedstock, and energyTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES sources; and industrial CCS. Achieving clean power by 2035 will eliminate the emissions from grid power consumed by industry and make possible the carbon- free electrification of certain industrial processes that are currently dominated by fossil fuel use. Low- and medium-temperature process heat are candidates for industrial electrification in the near term through increased use of industrial heat pumps, electric boilers, or electromagnetic heating processes.', 'Low- and medium-temperature process heat are candidates for industrial electrification in the near term through increased use of industrial heat pumps, electric boilers, or electromagnetic heating processes. Additional technologies and process innovations are also needed to address other industrial emissions, including high-temperature heat and process emissions from steel, petrochemical, and cement production. Fundamentally new processes will be needed to address the chemical process emissions associated with the production of these commodity materials that have large GHG emissions footprints. Energy efficiency measures make carbon-free electricity and other low- carbon industrial fuels stretch as far as possible and as early as possible. The United States will also scale support for related research, development, demonstration, commercialization, and deployment of zero-carbon industrial innovations.', 'The United States will also scale support for related research, development, demonstration, commercialization, and deployment of zero-carbon industrial innovations. This includes incentives for carbon capture and new sources of clean hydrogen— produced from renewable energy, nuclear energy, or waste—to power industrial facilities. To drive the market for these solutions, the United States government will also use its procurement power to support early markets for these very low- and zero- carbon industrial goods. Additionally, monitoring and control technologies are needed to prevent the release to the atmosphere of non-CO GHGs from industrial operations, including methane, fluorinated gases, black carbon, and other potent short-lived climate pollutants. The United States has finalized regulations to phase down the use of fluorinated gases consistent with our obligations under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.', 'The United States has finalized regulations to phase down the use of fluorinated gases consistent with our obligations under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. Addressing methane emissions will also require setting stringent standards for oil and gas production and investing in plugging leaks from coal, oil, and gas mines and wells. 2.5 AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND LAND USE America’s vast lands provide opportunities to both reduce emissions and sequester carbon. Capitalizing on these opportunities includes: continuing to expand forest area, extending rotation lengths, protecting forest area, integrating trees into urban areas and agriculture, scaling up climate-smart agricultural practices such as cover crops, and employing rotational grazing on our agricultural lands.', 'Capitalizing on these opportunities includes: continuing to expand forest area, extending rotation lengths, protecting forest area, integrating trees into urban areas and agriculture, scaling up climate-smart agricultural practices such as cover crops, and employing rotational grazing on our agricultural lands. Even more leverage can be derived through programs and incentives to improve agricultural productivity; such practices and technologies can free up land for other uses as well as reduce agricultural methane and N O emissions through, for example, improved manure management and improved cropland nutrient management. Enhanced investment in forest protection and forest management, along with science-based and sustainable efforts to reduce the scope and intensity of catastrophic wildfires and to restore fire-damaged forest land, are vital to protecting and growing the largest land sink.', 'Enhanced investment in forest protection and forest management, along with science-based and sustainable efforts to reduce the scope and intensity of catastrophic wildfires and to restore fire-damaged forest land, are vital to protecting and growing the largest land sink. Alongside these efforts, the United States will support nature-based coastal resilience projects including pre-disaster planning as well as efforts to increase carbon sequestration in waterways and oceans by pursuing “blue carbon.” Finally, climate-smart practices can also lower the emissions intensity of biofuels needed for decarbonizing transportation. Actions taken now and through this decade will ensure we maximize the potential of our lands and waters to sequester carbon to the greatest extent possible by 2050.', 'Actions taken now and through this decade will ensure we maximize the potential of our lands and waters to sequester carbon to the greatest extent possible by 2050. Across these sectors, the U.S. federal government is working with Tribal governments, states, and localities to support rapid deployment of new carbon-pollution- free technologies and facilities while ensuring they meet robust and rigorous standards for workers, public and environmental safety, and environmental justice.', 'Across these sectors, the U.S. federal government is working with Tribal governments, states, and localities to support rapid deployment of new carbon-pollution- free technologies and facilities while ensuring they meet robust and rigorous standards for workers, public and environmental safety, and environmental justice. Accomplishing the goals this decade and setting up the economy for further reductions after 2030 also requires investment in innovation and U.S. manufacturing to lower the cost of new technologies needed in the future, grow the domestic manufacturing base and supply chains for those technologies, and train the workforce needed.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The decisive decade through 2030 is central to setting the United States—and the world—on a pathway that keeps warming of 1.5°C within reach.', 'Accomplishing the goals this decade and setting up the economy for further reductions after 2030 also requires investment in innovation and U.S. manufacturing to lower the cost of new technologies needed in the future, grow the domestic manufacturing base and supply chains for those technologies, and train the workforce needed.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The decisive decade through 2030 is central to setting the United States—and the world—on a pathway that keeps warming of 1.5°C within reach. For all countries, 2030 is an essential waypoint that is part of a longer path to reach global net-zero emissions by mid-century. The ambitious policies and goals described in Chapter 2 will set the United States on a pathway to achieve our 2030 target.', 'The ambitious policies and goals described in Chapter 2 will set the United States on a pathway to achieve our 2030 target. At the same time, these actions will also catalyze the longer-term changes in the American energy, industrial, and land systems required to achieve net-zero by 2050. This chapter presents the results of a comprehensive analysis undertaken to assess potential pathways to net-zero emissions in the United States by no later than 2050. These pathways are all grounded in our strategy to achieve our 2030 NDC and our goal of 100% carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035. These transition pathways are not only affordable, but, because of the benefits from reduced climate change and improved public health, they will also create wide-ranging benefits (see Chapter 7).', 'These transition pathways are not only affordable, but, because of the benefits from reduced climate change and improved public health, they will also create wide-ranging benefits (see Chapter 7). It will require ambitious action and investment grounded in intensive engagement with communities, workers, and businesses to ensure that the benefits of the transition are equitably distributed—with a focus on those communities that remain overburdened and underserved. 3.1 ASSESSING MITIGATION OPPORTUNITIES TO ACHIEVE NET-ZERO EMISSIONS Achieving rapid emissions reductions requires integrating near-term policy drivers with a strategy to assess and manage longer-term factors like capital stock turnover and technological innovation. To this end, this LTS employs diverse analytical approaches to project the impact of alternate assumptions about policies, technologies, and other drivers.', 'To this end, this LTS employs diverse analytical approaches to project the impact of alternate assumptions about policies, technologies, and other drivers. These afford a broad understanding for what long-term net-zero technology transformations would look like globally [16] as well as providing roadmaps for how to affect those transitions rapidly [17]. In light of the Paris goals to develop and communicate national emissions reductions pathways, such analytical approaches have also been applied to understanding specific national circumstances and opportunities, including those within the United States. Some of these U.S.-specific studies focus on policy frameworks to drive near-term action that would set the U.S. on a pathway to longer-term net-zero or 1.5°C-compatible emissions [18] [19] [20]. In parallel, others look at the potential for integrating all-of-society strategies that include diverse levels of government and other actors [21].', 'In parallel, others look at the potential for integrating all-of-society strategies that include diverse levels of government and other actors [21]. PATHWAYS TO 2050 NET-ZERO EMISSIONS IN THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Others have focused on overall long-term technological transformations and associated emission reduction strategies that would be necessary for reduction to net-zero in the U.S. by 2050. Many of these 2050 studies address emissions reduction across the entire economy and for all gases [14] [22] [23]; others focus on specific areas or sectors such as energy, electricity [13] research has advanced thinking about what is possible within the United States and what robust strategies to reach 2050 net-zero could look like.', 'Many of these 2050 studies address emissions reduction across the entire economy and for all gases [14] [22] [23]; others focus on specific areas or sectors such as energy, electricity [13] research has advanced thinking about what is possible within the United States and what robust strategies to reach 2050 net-zero could look like. The assessment and analytical approaches presented here are original to this report but also recognize the many insights offered in this wider literature, including but not limited to studies specifically on 2050 net-zero pathways. Insights from this literature are consistent in what they tell us about the critical elements supporting the long-term emissions reduction trajectory for the United States. This trajectory rests on the integration of five complementary technological transformations: 1. DECARBONIZE ELECTRICITY.', 'This trajectory rests on the integration of five complementary technological transformations: 1. DECARBONIZE ELECTRICITY. Electricity delivers diverse services to all sectors of the American economy. The transition to a clean electricity system has been accelerating in recent years— driven by plummeting costs for solar and wind technologies, federal and subnational policies, and consumer demand. Building on this success, the United States has set a goal of 100% clean electricity by 2035, a crucial foundation for net-zero by 2050. 2. ELECTRIFY END USES AND SWITCH TO OTHER CLEAN FUELS. We can affordably and efficiently electrify most of the economy—from cars to buildings and industrial processes. In areas where electrification presents technology challenges—for instance aviation, shipping, and some industrial processes— we can prioritize clean fuels like carbon-free hydrogen and sustainable biofuels. 3. CUT ENERGY WASTE.', 'In areas where electrification presents technology challenges—for instance aviation, shipping, and some industrial processes— we can prioritize clean fuels like carbon-free hydrogen and sustainable biofuels. 3. CUT ENERGY WASTE. Moving to cleaner sources of energy is made faster, cheaper, and easier when existing and new technologies use less energy to provide the same or better service. This can be achieved through diverse, proven approaches, ranging from new and more efficient appliances and the integration of efficiency into new and existing buildings, to sustainable alternate manufacturing processes and the integration of efficiency into new and existing buildings. 4. REDUCE METHANE AND OTHER NON-CO EMISSIONS. Non-CO gases such as methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide, and others contribute significantly to warming, with methane alone contributing fully half of current net global warming of 1.0°C.', 'Non-CO gases such as methane, HFCs, nitrous oxide, and others contribute significantly to warming, with methane alone contributing fully half of current net global warming of 1.0°C. There are many profitable or low-cost options to reduce non-CO sources, such as implementing methane leak detection and repair for oil and gas systems and shifting from HFCs to climate-friendly working fluids in cooling equipment. The U.S. is committed to taking comprehensive and immediate actions to reduce methane domestically. And through the Global Methane Pledge, the U.S. and partners seek to reduce global methane emissions by at least 30% by 2030, which would eliminate over 0.2°C of warming by 2050. The U.S. will also prioritize research and development to unlock the innovation needed for deep emissions reductions beyond currently available technologies. 5. SCALE UP CO REMOVAL.', 'The U.S. will also prioritize research and development to unlock the innovation needed for deep emissions reductions beyond currently available technologies. 5. SCALE UP CO REMOVAL. In the three decades to 2050, our emissions from energy production can be brought close to zero but certain emissions such as non-CO from agriculture will be difficult to decarbonize completely by mid-century. Reaching net-zero emissions will therefore require removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, using processes and technologies that are rigorously evaluated and validated. This requires scaling up land carbon sinks as well as engineered strategies. There are many plausible pathways through 2050 to achieving a net-zero emissions economy. However, developments in these sectors over time are interdependent.', 'However, developments in these sectors over time are interdependent. For example, widespread adoption in leading energy efficiency practices in buildings could significantly impact overall electricity demand, reducing the amount of new clean energy installationsTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES required. The insight that sectors are interdependent demonstrates the importance of policy and incentives to realize the benefits of decarbonization across the economy. Recent developments in energy, manufacturing, and information technology have made swift and substantial reductions possible. Well-designed policies can help to ensure rapid and affordable economy-wide decarbonization. For example, accelerated shifting to carbon-free power makes end- use electrification an even more effective strategy to drive down emissions. In addition, policies can maximize the benefits of decarbonization and ensure that underserved communities benefit equitably from the transition to a clean energy system.', 'In addition, policies can maximize the benefits of decarbonization and ensure that underserved communities benefit equitably from the transition to a clean energy system. For example, inclusive investment programs to scale up financing for efficient electric home upgrades can help level the playing field for underserved households and ensure effective consumer protections. 3.2 CURRENT U.S. GHG EMISSIONS TRENDS Net U.S. GHG emissions peaked in 2007 [27] after growing through much of the previous century, driven mainly by combustion of fossil fuels to meet growing demand for energy services. Since their peak, net U.S. GHG emissions have declined, driven by a combination of forces.', 'Since their peak, net U.S. GHG emissions have declined, driven by a combination of forces. Federal policy has played a crucial role, including through sustained research and development investments which propelled an initial shift from coal to gas power and the simultaneous and now dominant growth of renewables; incentives for renewables and zero-emission vehicles; and sector-specific regulations such as emissions standards for power plants, fuel economy standards, and appliance efficiency standards. Tribal governments, U.S. states, cities, counties, and other non-federal actors have played a similarly crucial role across all sectors of the economy. Moreover, this federal and subnational investment and policy has propelled a virtuous cycle of technology cost reductions inducing even larger markets for key carbon- free technologies which, in turn, drives further cost reductions through scale and learning. 3.3. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL U.S.', '3.3. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL U.S. TRAJECTORIES TO NET-ZERO EMISSIONS The new analysis presented here offers insights into what the overall emissions profile for the United States could look like between now and 2050 under a set of alternate assumptions about the evolution of technological costs, economic growth, and other drivers to 2050. We use two economy-wide models (GCAM and OP-NEMS), a range of sensitivity scenarios, supplemental models for key sectors, and comparisons to the growing literature on pathways to net-zero emissions. This provides transparency on what the possible pathways to 2050 net-zero might look like, and how those different pathways would affect the evolution of specific sectors and rates of deployment for specific technologies. The assessment presented in this chapter reflects model outputs that are subject to several types of uncertainty.', 'The assessment presented in this chapter reflects model outputs that are subject to several types of uncertainty. The goal of showing these outputs is to illustrate the evolution of the U.S. economy and resulting emissions over time. While the technology assumptions and policy goals for the decade to 2030 are largely understood, there is increasing uncertainty after 2030 on how any individual technology or sector will evolve. We show several different pathways based on alternate assumptions. These sensitivities illustrate a range of credible and plausible pathways to net-zero by 2050. 3.3.1 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MODELS Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) The LTS scenarios were produced in the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.', '3.3.1 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE MODELS Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM) The LTS scenarios were produced in the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) is an integrated assessment model covering all major GHGs and all sectors of the economy, linking the world s energy, agriculture, and land use systems with a climate model. It is used to explore the interactions of emissions-reducing investments and activities across the U.S. and global economy. The model is designed to assess climate change policies andTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES technology strategies for the globe over long time scales.', 'The model is designed to assess climate change policies andTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES technology strategies for the globe over long time scales. GCAM runs in 5-year time steps from 2005 to 2100 and includes 32 geopolitical regions in the energy and economy module and 384 land regions in the agriculture and land use module. The model tracks emissions and atmospheric concentrations of GHGs (CO and non- CO ), carbonaceous aerosols, sulfur dioxide, and reactive gases and provides estimates of the associated climate impacts, such as global mean temperature rise and sea level rise. GCAM can incorporate emissions pricing and emission constraints in conjunction with the numerous technology options including solar, wind, nuclear, and carbon capture and sequestration.', 'GCAM can incorporate emissions pricing and emission constraints in conjunction with the numerous technology options including solar, wind, nuclear, and carbon capture and sequestration. The model has been exercised extensively to explore the effect of technology and policy on climate change and the cost of mitigating climate change. GCAM is a community model primarily developed and maintained at the Joint Global Change Research Institute, a partnership between Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and the University of Maryland [28]. Office of Policy – National Energy Modeling System (OP-NEMS) The LTS scenarios were constructed using a version of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Policy (OP-NEMS).', 'Office of Policy – National Energy Modeling System (OP-NEMS) The LTS scenarios were constructed using a version of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) developed by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Policy (OP-NEMS). NEMS is an integrated energy-economy modeling system for the United States that projects the production, imports, conversion, and consumption of energy, subject to assumptions on macroeconomic and financial factors, world energy markets, resource availability and costs, cost and performance characteristics of energy technologies, and demographics. The version of NEMS used in this report has been run by OnLocation, Inc., with modeling approach determined with input from the DOE Office of Policy and other DOE technology offices. Because OP-NEMS projects only CO emissions related to the energy sector, external assumptions were provided regarding non-CO GHGs and land use, land-use change, and forestry.', 'Because OP-NEMS projects only CO emissions related to the energy sector, external assumptions were provided regarding non-CO GHGs and land use, land-use change, and forestry. OP-NEMS includes enhancements for clean hydrogen, sustainable biofuels, and industrial carbon capture, transport, and storage [29]. Global Timber Model (GTM) The Global Timber Model (GTM) is a dynamic intertemporal optimization economic model that determines timber harvests, timber investments, and land use optimally over time under assumed future market, policy, and environmental conditions. This model’s approach provides a simulation of harvesting, planting, and management intensity decisions that landowners might undertake in response to timber and carbon market demands, including future price expectations. These activities include afforestation and land use change, forest management, and forest products activity in response to policies and markets.', 'These activities include afforestation and land use change, forest management, and forest products activity in response to policies and markets. The model generates projections using detailed biophysical and economic forestry data for different countries or regions globally, including the U.S., China, Canada, Russia, and Japan. It used macroeconomic data from Annual Energy Outlook 2021 for the U.S. and global parameters from Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2 (SSP2) [30]. The model has been widely used to assess forest dynamics and carbon outcomes under various demand and land carbon sink scenarios, climate impacts, and other applications [31] [32].', 'The model has been widely used to assess forest dynamics and carbon outcomes under various demand and land carbon sink scenarios, climate impacts, and other applications [31] [32]. Forestry and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOM-GHG) The Forestry and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOM-GHG) model is a partial-equilibrium dynamic intertemporal, price- endogenous, mathematical programming model depicting land transfers and other resource allocations between and within the agricultural and forest sectors in the United States. FASOM-GHG includes detailed representations of agricultural and forest product markets, contemporary forest inventories, intersectoral resource competition and land change costs, and costs of mitigation strategies. The results from FASOM- GHG yield a dynamic simulation of prices, production, management, consumption, GHG effects, and other environmental and economic indicators within these two sectors, under the chosen policy scenario.', 'The results from FASOM- GHG yield a dynamic simulation of prices, production, management, consumption, GHG effects, and other environmental and economic indicators within these two sectors, under the chosen policy scenario. The result provides insight into cross-sectoral inter- and intra-regional responses to policy stimuli reflectingTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES the spatial heterogeneity in production of agriculture and forestry products across the U.S. To date, FASOM- GHG and its predecessor models have been used to examine the effects of GHG mitigation policy, climate change impacts, public timber harvest policy, federal farm program policy, bioenergy prospects, and pulpwood production by agriculture among other policies and environmental changes [33].', 'The result provides insight into cross-sectoral inter- and intra-regional responses to policy stimuli reflectingTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES the spatial heterogeneity in production of agriculture and forestry products across the U.S. To date, FASOM- GHG and its predecessor models have been used to examine the effects of GHG mitigation policy, climate change impacts, public timber harvest policy, federal farm program policy, bioenergy prospects, and pulpwood production by agriculture among other policies and environmental changes [33]. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Resources Planning Act (RPA) modeling system The LTS scenarios reflect results from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Resources Planning Act (RPA) modeling system which comprises the Forest Dynamics model, integrated and harmonized with the USDA Forest Service RPA Land Use Change Model and the Forest Resource Outlook Model (FOROM) Global Trade Model [34].', 'U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service Resources Planning Act (RPA) modeling system The LTS scenarios reflect results from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service Resources Planning Act (RPA) modeling system which comprises the Forest Dynamics model, integrated and harmonized with the USDA Forest Service RPA Land Use Change Model and the Forest Resource Outlook Model (FOROM) Global Trade Model [34]. This modeling system supports the projections of renewable resources across the U.S. in the USDA 2020 Resources Planning Act Assessment. Projections were developed under current climate conditions without CO fertilization and values are added to USDA agriculture soils projections. The storage and flux of carbon in harvested wood products and solid waste disposal sites was projected using FOROM.', 'The storage and flux of carbon in harvested wood products and solid waste disposal sites was projected using FOROM. U.S. EPA Non-CO Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Model and Report The U.S. EPA Non-CO Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) Model is a bottom-up engineering cost model that evaluates the cost and abatement potential of non-CO mitigation technologies [35]. The associated non-CO mitigation report [36] provides a comprehensive economic analysis on the costs of technologies to reduce non-CO gases and the potential to reduce them by sector. 3.3.2 SCENARIO DESCRIPTIONS & KEY ASSUMPTIONS The LTS analysis includes multiple scenarios highlighting different pathways for achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. The figures in this chapter present results for a range of assumptions including the land sink, technologies (i.e., carbon dioxide removal, sector-specific technologies, and non-CO mitigation technologies), energy prices, population, and economic growth.', 'The figures in this chapter present results for a range of assumptions including the land sink, technologies (i.e., carbon dioxide removal, sector-specific technologies, and non-CO mitigation technologies), energy prices, population, and economic growth. The advanced LTS scenario assumptions account for currently available opportunities as we build back from the pandemic by using advanced assumptions for electricity, transportation, industry, and buildings as modeled in GCAM and OP-NEMS. The underlying assumptions in the scenario sets are as follows. Carbon removal levels represent the sum of the net land sink, derived from modeled projections of land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF), and plausible levels of carbon dioxide removal technology adoption such as biomass energy with CCS and direct air capture from the literature [37] [38].', 'Carbon removal levels represent the sum of the net land sink, derived from modeled projections of land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF), and plausible levels of carbon dioxide removal technology adoption such as biomass energy with CCS and direct air capture from the literature [37] [38]. The combined carbon removals from these sources are roughly 1,000, per year in 2050 over the low, medium, and advanced cases, respectively. The advanced and lower technology assumptions for the electricity and transportation sectors rely largely upon the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Annual Technology Baseline. The advanced assumptions for the buildings and industrial sectors draw on the existing literature and programmatic goals for the advanced cases and slower improvements in the lower cases, which are more aligned with standard model parameters.', 'The advanced assumptions for the buildings and industrial sectors draw on the existing literature and programmatic goals for the advanced cases and slower improvements in the lower cases, which are more aligned with standard model parameters. For non-CO reductions, the advanced technology assumptions accelerate the availability of low-cost technologies but do not alter long-term costs. Oil and natural gas prices are calibrated to the 2021 EIA Annual Energy Outlook’s oil and gas supply cases in the reference scenario, i.e., without a net-zero 2050 target. Population and GDP, the final set of assumptions, span compound annual growth rates from 2020 to for GDP.', 'Population and GDP, the final set of assumptions, span compound annual growth rates from 2020 to for GDP. Also, the LULUCF modeling effort included the use of 5 different models to generate business as usual and potential mitigation outcomes from different land-based activities, including afforestation, improved forest management, harvested wood products storage, and fire reduction techniques. This exercise included alignment of several key inputs and parameters, including use of input data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis database and, in some cases, applicationTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES of Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) 2 information for macroeconomic drivers. The land use models applied in this analysis did not incorporate assumptions of demand of CCS or bioenergy as mitigation options, as these modeling aspects were accommodated in GCAM and OP-NEMS.', 'The land use models applied in this analysis did not incorporate assumptions of demand of CCS or bioenergy as mitigation options, as these modeling aspects were accommodated in GCAM and OP-NEMS. 3.4 ECONOMY-WIDE PATHWAYS TO 2050 NET-ZERO EMISSIONS Achieving the 2050 net-zero goal will require reducing net U.S. emissions from roughly 6.6 Gt CO e in 2005 (and 5.7 Gt CO e in 2020), to zero by no later than 2050. As described above, this reduction can result from combinations of five major categories of action: energy efficiency; decarbonizing electricity; fuel switching and energy transitions; sequestering carbon through forests, soils, and CO removal technologies; and reducing non-CO emissions. Figure 3 presents a vision for how such categories of action can combine to reach net- zero.', 'Figure 3 presents a vision for how such categories of action can combine to reach net- zero. This figure shows a representative pathway from 2005 net emissions levels through 2050 in the form of a waterfall chart (the left-hand side of the figure). This representative pathway provides a rough approximation for reaching net-zero emissions using contributions from all sectors. Table 1: Long-Term Strategy Scenarios. To explore multiple ways to reach our net-zero emissions goal in 2050, this analysis includes twelve scenarios (shown in the left most column of the table). The ‘Balanced Advanced’ scenario includes medium levels of carbon removals from the atmosphere through our land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sink and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, and advanced technology assumptions allowing for a balanced approach across sectors.', 'The ‘Balanced Advanced’ scenario includes medium levels of carbon removals from the atmosphere through our land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sink and carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies, and advanced technology assumptions allowing for a balanced approach across sectors. The next six scenarios explore lower technology assumptions for electricity, transportation, industry, buildings, non-CO , and carbon removals, respectively. Next is a scenario that includes higher levels of carbon removals combined with lower technology assumptions for multiple sectors. The last four scenarios explore high and low oil and gas price sensitivities, and high and low population and GDP growth projections.', 'The last four scenarios explore high and low oil and gas price sensitivities, and high and low population and GDP growth projections. Table for LTS LTS Scenario Technology Assumptions by Sector Model(s) Used Carbon Removal Electricity Transportation Industry Buildings Non-CO2 GCAM OP-NEMS Balanced Advanced Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Non-CO2 Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Lower x Lower Buildings Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Lower Advanced x Lower Industry Medium Advanced Advanced Lower Advanced Advanced x Lower Transportation Medium Advanced Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Electricity Medium Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Removals Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x x Higher Removals / Lower Technology Higher Advanced Lower Lower Lower Lower x x High Oil & Gas Price Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Low Oil & Gas Price Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x High Population & GDP Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Low Population & GDP Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced xTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The right-hand side of the figure shows seven additional scenarios from our analysis that are based on different assumptions about how technologies and policies will evolve over time.', 'Table for LTS LTS Scenario Technology Assumptions by Sector Model(s) Used Carbon Removal Electricity Transportation Industry Buildings Non-CO2 GCAM OP-NEMS Balanced Advanced Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Non-CO2 Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Lower x Lower Buildings Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Lower Advanced x Lower Industry Medium Advanced Advanced Lower Advanced Advanced x Lower Transportation Medium Advanced Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Electricity Medium Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Lower Removals Lower Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x x Higher Removals / Lower Technology Higher Advanced Lower Lower Lower Lower x x High Oil & Gas Price Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Low Oil & Gas Price Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x High Population & GDP Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced x Low Population & GDP Medium Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced xTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The right-hand side of the figure shows seven additional scenarios from our analysis that are based on different assumptions about how technologies and policies will evolve over time. This includes a “balanced advanced” scenario with high levels of action across all sectors, as well as scenarios where one of the sectors (buildings, industry, transportation, electricity, non-CO , land sink) contributes a lower level of reductions.', 'This includes a “balanced advanced” scenario with high levels of action across all sectors, as well as scenarios where one of the sectors (buildings, industry, transportation, electricity, non-CO , land sink) contributes a lower level of reductions. These alternate scenarios serve to illustrate how the balance across technologies and policy strategies could vary while still reaching the net-zero 2050 goal. Several broad lessons from this figure are clear. First, in the absence of additional policies, emissions would remain largely flat moving forward. Results in the figure show reductions from a baseline scenario to 2050— that means that only reductions beyond the baseline scenario are reflected in the colored bars. Achieving net- zero emissions will require actions that go far beyond business as usual.', 'Achieving net- zero emissions will require actions that go far beyond business as usual. Second, roughly 4.5 Gt of the 6.5 Gt annual reduction from 2005 levels will likely come from transforming the energy system. This starts with decarbonizing Figure 3: Emissions Reductions Pathways to Achieve 2050 Net-Zero in the United States. Achieving net-zero across the entire U.S. economy requires contributions from all sectors, including: efficiency, clean power, and electrification; reducing methane and other non-CO gases; and enhancing natural and technological CO removal. The left side of the figure shows a representative pathway with high levels of action across all sectors to achieve net-zero by 2050.', 'The left side of the figure shows a representative pathway with high levels of action across all sectors to achieve net-zero by 2050. The right side shows a set of alternative pathways depending on variations in uncertain factors such as trends in relative technology costs and the strength of the land sector carbon sink. ALTERNATE PATHWAYS TO 2050 NET-ZERO REPRESENTATIVE PATHWAY TO 2050 NET-ZEROTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES electricity by shifting to renewables and other emissions-free power. This shift could lead to over 1 Gt of annual reduction by 2050. A second pillar of energy transformation is simply to use energy more efficiently to provide the same services.', 'A second pillar of energy transformation is simply to use energy more efficiently to provide the same services. Solutions like better insulation, advanced heat pumps for space and water heating, and efficient computers and electronics can save consumers billions on their annual energy bills. Cutting energy waste also reduces the rate of investment needed for new clean energy generation as demand grows. This pillar alone could contribute roughly 1 Gt of annual reductions by 2050. A third pillar of energy transformation is to switch as many uses as possible to clean energy—including clean electricity, but also including low-carbon fuels and clean hydrogen. Efficient electrification of transportation, buildings, and other end uses can also transform the energy sector by reducing overall energy demand.', 'Efficient electrification of transportation, buildings, and other end uses can also transform the energy sector by reducing overall energy demand. Electric motors in vehicles, for example, are approximately three times more efficient than internal combustion engines, and electric heat pumps are up to three times more efficient than heating with natural gas or electric resistance. These activities would lead to nearly 2 Gt of annual reductions by 2050. Third, other non-CO GHG emissions represent a critical component of the overall reduction strategy, collectively representing roughly 0.5 Gt of reductions by 2050. These gases have sources across many sectors and include methane emissions from agriculture, waste management, and fossil fuel use, HFCs used in refrigeration, and N O from agriculture and industry. Such gases often offer low cost and high impact reductions.', 'Such gases often offer low cost and high impact reductions. For example, globally, methane accounts for half of the net 1.0°C of warming already occurring. Because of its relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere, compared to CO , rapidly reducing methane emissions is the single most effective strategy to reduce warming over the next 30 years and is crucial in keeping to the 1.5°C limit. The United States co-leads with the EU the Global Methane Pledge that aims to eliminate over 0.2°C of potential warming by 2050 by cutting global methane pollution at least 30% by 2030 relative to 2020 levels. As of October 2021, over 30 countries representing about 30% of global emissions and 60% of the global economy had joined the Pledge (See Box in Chapter 5).', 'As of October 2021, over 30 countries representing about 30% of global emissions and 60% of the global economy had joined the Pledge (See Box in Chapter 5). As detailed in the NCS, the United States is implementing comprehensive actions to drive down methane in this decade, including new standards for landfills and oil and gas operations as well as major investments to remediate abandoned coal, oil, and gas mines and wells. The United States is also committed to incentives and innovations to reduce agricultural methane and agricultural N O emissions. Finally, a global HFC phasedown is expected to avoid up to 0.5°C of global warming by 2100. Fourth, removing CO from the atmosphere is a necessary component for reaching net-zero.', 'Fourth, removing CO from the atmosphere is a necessary component for reaching net-zero. Although most emissions across the economy can be eliminated through the above strategies, a few processes or activities that lead to emissions are currently difficult or costly to eliminate or have no viable existing substitutes, and despite many available cost-effective mitigation opportunities, non-CO GHG emissions cannot be fully reduced to zero. This means that reaching net-zero will require additional contributions from removals until viable zero-emission solutions are developed and deployed. Overall, these removals would come from two broad categories of activities. One is through nature-based approaches that rely on natural carbon sinks—land and ocean—by expanding or enhancing conservation, restoration, sustainable management and other activities that would enhance natural removal of carbon as well as protect our vital natural ecosystems and related services and biodiversity.', 'One is through nature-based approaches that rely on natural carbon sinks—land and ocean—by expanding or enhancing conservation, restoration, sustainable management and other activities that would enhance natural removal of carbon as well as protect our vital natural ecosystems and related services and biodiversity. A second set of approaches is through various technologies and processes that directly capture CO from the atmosphere and store it (such as direct air or ocean capture, bioenergy with CCS, or enhanced mineralization). Technologies capable of carbon dioxide removal are available today, but at nascent stages and therefore will require additional research, development, and deployment now through 2050 (more discussion of CDR technologies can be found in section 6.4).THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The energy sector is pivotal for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.', 'Technologies capable of carbon dioxide removal are available today, but at nascent stages and therefore will require additional research, development, and deployment now through 2050 (more discussion of CDR technologies can be found in section 6.4).THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The energy sector is pivotal for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. Achieving net-zero is possible through a range of pathways, which depend on how technologies and policies evolve over the three-decade period. Nevertheless, by modelling a range of pathways with plausible assumptions for this evolution (see Figure 4), we can distinguish broad trends and important drivers of the energy sector transformation. TRANSFORMING THE ENERGY SYSTEM THROUGH 2050 Figure 4: U.S. Energy CO Emissions to 2050 by Economic Sector.', 'TRANSFORMING THE ENERGY SYSTEM THROUGH 2050 Figure 4: U.S. Energy CO Emissions to 2050 by Economic Sector. Electricity CO emissions and direct CO emissions from the transportation, buildings, and industry fall dramatically in all scenarios, with the greatest reductions coming from electricity, followed by transportation, and non-land sink carbon dioxide removals (CDR) increase. Notes: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using both GCAM and OP-NEMS, projections are shown in ten-year time steps. Energy Emissions (Gigatons CO2 ) Transportation Buildings Industry Electricity CDRTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The United States has set a goal for 100% carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, and this goal will provide an important foundation for the Long-Term Strategy of the United States.', 'Energy Emissions (Gigatons CO2 ) Transportation Buildings Industry Electricity CDRTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The United States has set a goal for 100% carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, and this goal will provide an important foundation for the Long-Term Strategy of the United States. Electricity is used in every economic sector, and all 2050 net-zero pathways depend on rapidly decarbonizing electricity and expanding the use of this decarbonized electricity into as many uses as possible to displace polluting fuels. The electricity sector, which contributes about a quarter of all U.S. GHG emissions, has been reducing CO emissions for years, with major shifts caused in part by increases in renewables and decreases in coal-fired generation (see Figure 5). Continued cost reductions in generation and storage are expected to enable even more rapid reductions of emissions from this sector.', 'Continued cost reductions in generation and storage are expected to enable even more rapid reductions of emissions from this sector. New policies, incentives, market reforms, and other actions will be needed to ensure that electricity sector emissions continue to decrease as total electricity demand increases. The electricity sector will continue to evolve rapidly as it decarbonizes. Expected continued cost reductions in renewable generation as well as battery and other storage technologies could see emissions decreases of Figure 5: U.S. Electricity Generation 2005-2050. Generation by source in trillion kilowatt-hours. Total generation expands to 2050 due to increased use of clean electricity in new applications in transportation, industry, and buildings. Renewable generation increases rapidly to keep pace with growing electricity demand and ensure that the share of renewables continues to expand to 2050.', 'Renewable generation increases rapidly to keep pace with growing electricity demand and ensure that the share of renewables continues to expand to 2050. Note: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using both GCAM and OP-NEMS, projections are shown in ten-year time steps. Electricity Generation (Trillion kWh) Fossil w/ CCS Fossil w/o CCS Nuclear Renewables Non-Fossil Combustion Biomass w/ CCSTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES roughly 70-90% by 2030 on a path toward the 2035 100% clean electricity goal. As shown in Figure 5, solar and wind generation continues to increase substantially through 2050, while existing nuclear generation remains in operation and could see growth in the 2030s and 2040s.', 'As shown in Figure 5, solar and wind generation continues to increase substantially through 2050, while existing nuclear generation remains in operation and could see growth in the 2030s and 2040s. Unabated fossil generation (coal or gas generation without CCS technology) declines, and existing fossil fueled plants start to be fitted with carbon capture. By 2050, clean generation provides zero emission electricity to the rest of the economy, with all electricity providing 15-42% of primary energy. Recent analyses suggest that wholesale electricity prices, on average, are unlikely to change significantly as we shift to a cleaner grid by 2030, with price impact estimates ranging from a 4% decrease to a 3% increase [39]. Additionally, the transition to clean electricity is expected to reduce exposure of U.S. consumers to fuel supply shocks [40].', 'Additionally, the transition to clean electricity is expected to reduce exposure of U.S. consumers to fuel supply shocks [40]. Investment in clean energy generation must continue through mid-century as overall electricity generation increases to meet demand growth from other sectors. Average annual total capacity additions without storage from 2021 to 2030 range from 58 gigawatts per year (GW/yr.) to 115 GW/yr. ; in 2031 to 2040 they range from 54 GW/yr. to 167 GW/yr. ; and in 2041 to 2050 they range from 67 GW/yr. to 123 GW/yr. Storage capacity additions from 2021 to 2030 average 0.4 GW/ yr. to 2.7 GW/yr. ; in 2031 to 2040, they range from 3 GW/yr. to 40 GW/yr. ; and in 2041 to 2050 they range from 11 GW/yr. to 64 GW/yr.', '; and in 2041 to 2050 they range from 11 GW/yr. to 64 GW/yr. This rapid evolution and scale of change in the electricity sector is ambitious, with high and sustained deployment of new technologies through mid-century. Many significant challenges and barriers exist [14] [22]. The electricity transition will require adding significant amounts of new zero-carbon electricity capacity at a sufficient pace to replace uncontrolled fossil fuel-fired generation while also providing ample clean supply for a growing economy with increased electrification. New transmission, distribution, and storage infrastructure will be needed to maintain and improve grid reliability, including adapting the electric grid to be flexible to changing supply and demand over all increments of time. In particular, longer-duration storage solutions and appropriate incentive mechanisms will be critical.', 'In particular, longer-duration storage solutions and appropriate incentive mechanisms will be critical. Absent new action, supply chains may become stressed by limited availability of raw materials (such as rare earth elements), manufacturing capacity, and skilled workforce. Some pathways may also require significant expansion of carbon capture and storage technologies during the overall transition, which bring specific challenges around technology development and siting. These challenges are substantial but can be addressed through an integrated strategy of investment, innovation, and new technology deployment. Large- scale deployment of renewables can be accelerated by investments in grid infrastructure and advanced technologies. Grid infrastructure investments, including the buildout of new long-distance, high- voltage transmission projects, can enhance resilience, improve reliability, better integrate variable generation resources, lower electricity costs, and unlock the best clean energy resources by connecting them to demand centers.', 'Grid infrastructure investments, including the buildout of new long-distance, high- voltage transmission projects, can enhance resilience, improve reliability, better integrate variable generation resources, lower electricity costs, and unlock the best clean energy resources by connecting them to demand centers. Significant deployment of energy efficiency can also help reduce the scale of investment required by lowering the total energy demand that must be met. Analyses show that as the sector becomes increasingly decarbonized, advanced technologies will be brought online to meet peak load and adjust to seasonal changes in demand. Advanced technologies—which could include clean hydrogen combustion or fuel cells, enhanced geothermal systems, long-duration energy storage, advanced nuclear, and fossil generation with CCS—can provide clean firm resources that can balance increased variable generation. However, these technologies require a rapid, sustained acceleration in research, development, and deployment.', 'However, these technologies require a rapid, sustained acceleration in research, development, and deployment. The significant investments in generation and transmission will underpin job growth across the nation, creating opportunities in cities and rural areas alike, particularly when paired with workforce training. Expansion of the transmission system, stronger interregional coordination, and distributed generation also provide resilience to natural disasters, saving lives and protecting businesses.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES RAPID DECARBONIZATION IN THE U.S. ELECTRICITY SECTOR IS UNDERWAY The electricity sector in the United States has been decarbonizing rapidly, with significant increases in renewable deployment in recent years. The shift to lower-emissions sources has been under way for decades, with early contributions from nuclear and then fossil gas.', 'The shift to lower-emissions sources has been under way for decades, with early contributions from nuclear and then fossil gas. More recently, since around 2010, federal investment policies, tax credits, and regulatory actions, as well as state policies, research and development, and market trends, drove significant renewable deployment. At the same time, between 2010 and 2019, more than 546 coal-fired power units retired, totaling 102 GW of capacity, with another 17 GW of capacity planned for retirement by 2025 [41]. This has led to a dramatic shift in the sources of U.S. electricity, with renewables now accounting for more generation than coal (Figure 6).', 'This has led to a dramatic shift in the sources of U.S. electricity, with renewables now accounting for more generation than coal (Figure 6). In addition, the sum of coal and natural gas generation has also declined in the last decade, pointing to the important role of renewable energy. One of the challenges to reach the 2050 net-zero goal (as well as the 2035 100% clean electricity goal) is the large amount of new zero-emission capacity (primarily renewables) that will need to be deployed annually to enable an increasingly large share of clean electricity generation.', 'One of the challenges to reach the 2050 net-zero goal (as well as the 2035 100% clean electricity goal) is the large amount of new zero-emission capacity (primarily renewables) that will need to be deployed annually to enable an increasingly large share of clean electricity generation. Figure 7 shows some indicative estimates of the magnitude of the annual capacity additions needed to remain on pace toward our goals, in comparison to recent historical levels of capacity additions. Recent trends in renewable deployment are encouraging. Solar and wind capacity additions were about 32 GW in 2020, the highest on record, and are expected to be about 28 GW in 2021. Acceleration will be needed but the deployment rate has been growing quickly.', 'Acceleration will be needed but the deployment rate has been growing quickly. THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Figure 6: Annual U.S. Electricity Generation from All Sectors 1950-2020 (trillion kilowatt-hours). The electricity sector has been rapidly decarbonizing since 2008. This figure shows electricity net generation in all sectors (electric power, industrial, commercial, and residential) and includes both utility-scale and small-scale solar. Rapid increases in solar, wind, and other renewable generation means that in 2020, for the first time, renewable generation surpassed coal generation. Coal generation has declined rapidly, replaced by natural gas and renewables. Source: EIA [42]. Figure 7: Electric Generation Capacity Additions 2000-2050.', 'Figure 7: Electric Generation Capacity Additions 2000-2050. Renewable capacity additions have been growing rapidly in the past decade (left) and are more closely approaching levels that will be needed to sustain the overall decarbonization trend in electricity needed to reach the 2050 goal. A representative pathway (center) shows deployment of total zero- carbon technologies roughly on the order of 60–70 GW per year. Diverse scenarios in this analysis show a range of potential pathways to achieve net zero (right). Note: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using GCAM. Other scenarios not shown in the figure have cumulative nuclear capacity additions ranging up to 90–100 GW through 2050. Source (percentage of Natural Gas (40%) Electricity Generation (Trillion kWh) Average 0.', 'Source (percentage of Natural Gas (40%) Electricity Generation (Trillion kWh) Average 0. Other Nuclear Solar Wind Fossil w/ CCS Fossil w/o CCS New Installed Capacity (Gigawatts per year) New Installed Capacity (Gigawatts per year) HISTORICAL CAPACITY ADDITIONS REPRESENTATIVE PATHWAY TO 2050 NET-ZERO ALTERNATE PATHWAYS TO 2050 NET-ZEROTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES The United States will continue to increase the use of electricity and sustainably produced low-carbon fuels in the transportation sector while shifting away from fossil sources (Figure 8). Over time, electricity, carbon beneficial biofuels, and hydrogen will become increasingly clean.', 'Over time, electricity, carbon beneficial biofuels, and hydrogen will become increasingly clean. The availability and adoption of these low-carbon fuels in the coming decades will largely depend on the economics of production and/ or procurement, the competitiveness of bioenergy and hydrogen compared to alternative low-carbon technologies across sectors, policy support, private The transportation sector provides vital mobility services for people and goods with on-road vehicles, planes, trains, ships, public transportation, and a wide variety of other modes. It is currently the highest emitting sector, representing 29% of all U.S. emissions [27]. To reduce emissions to net-zero by 2050 we will need to ensure that zero-emission vehicles dominate new sales for most types of vehicles by the early 2030s, as well as infrastructure to support alternate modes of transportation, such as trains, bikes, and public transit.', 'To reduce emissions to net-zero by 2050 we will need to ensure that zero-emission vehicles dominate new sales for most types of vehicles by the early 2030s, as well as infrastructure to support alternate modes of transportation, such as trains, bikes, and public transit. Figure 8: U.S. Transportation Final Energy Use 2005-2050. Overall transportation energy in exajoules (EJ) decreases while the use of electricity and alternative fuels, including biomass-derived fuels and hydrogen, increases to power nearly the full U.S. transport system by 2050. While light-duty vehicles are almost all electric by 2050 in most scenarios, there is uncertainty in other transportation sectors. Uncertainties in the future share of low-carbon bioenergy vs. hydrogen makes can affect the potential for electrification in the sector.', 'Uncertainties in the future share of low-carbon bioenergy vs. hydrogen makes can affect the potential for electrification in the sector. These results show end use consumption instead of service demand (e.g., per mile travelled), so electricity demand appears smaller than alternative fuels demand due to the major inherent efficiency advantages of electric vehicles. Note: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using both GCAM and OP-NEMS, projections are shown in ten-year time steps. Transportation Energy (Exajoules) Alternative Fuels Electricity FossilTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES An integrated strategy to address these substantial challenges can help accelerate the development and rapid expansion of new transportation technologies. An expanded network of public transit options and infrastructure will increase urban mobility, helping to reduce emissions and increase equity in mobility.', 'An expanded network of public transit options and infrastructure will increase urban mobility, helping to reduce emissions and increase equity in mobility. Electrifying segments of the rail system will decarbonize the existing rail system with the added benefit of enabling a more robust electric grid along railroad “right of way.” Additionally, “vehicle to grid” innovations may provide support for grid services. Accelerated research, development, demonstration, and deployment of lower- carbon fuels, such as clean hydrogen and sustainable biofuels, will contribute to the decarbonization of applications that may be more difficult to electrify including aviation and marine transportation and some medium- and heavy-duty trucking segments. Buildings house our population and provide a working environment for commercial sectors including offices, colleges and K-12 schools, restaurants, grocery stores, and retail shops.', 'Buildings house our population and provide a working environment for commercial sectors including offices, colleges and K-12 schools, restaurants, grocery stores, and retail shops. Homes and commercial buildings are responsible for over one-third of CO emissions from the U.S. energy system. Of this, roughly two- thirds of buildings sector emissions currently come from electricity, with the remainder coming from direct combustion of gas, oil, and other fuels for space heating, water heating, cooking, and other services, and buildings currently account for about three quarters of U.S. electricity sales [43]. Electricity is used in buildings for lighting, space heating and cooling, water heating, electronics and appliances, and other services.', 'Electricity is used in buildings for lighting, space heating and cooling, water heating, electronics and appliances, and other services. CO emissions from buildings have been falling since 2005, due to increases in energy efficiency, the decarbonization of the electricity sector, and a modest trend towards the electrification of end uses. These emissions reductions have been achieved even as commercial building square footage has increased by more than 25% and the population has grown by more than 10% since 2005. All buildings need to be decarbonized with an emphasis on strategies that deliver for overburdened and underserved communities. For example, in the residential sector, households with an annual income below investment and, in the case of bio-based energy, the ability to minimize potential negative land carbon outcomes and other environmental impacts of biomass production.', 'For example, in the residential sector, households with an annual income below investment and, in the case of bio-based energy, the ability to minimize potential negative land carbon outcomes and other environmental impacts of biomass production. Although demand for transportation services increases through mid-century, the total energy consumed in this sector declines due to a combination of regulations and technological advances which drive efficiency improvements and deliver societal and consumer benefits. A central component of the U.S. Long-Term Strategy in transportation is the expanded use of new transportation technologies—including a rapid expansion of zero-emission vehicles—in as many applications as possible across light-, medium-, and heavy-duty applications. Already, the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), supported by incentives and continued advances in battery technology, is spurring greater EV adoption and industry goals for even higher EV sales.', 'Already, the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), supported by incentives and continued advances in battery technology, is spurring greater EV adoption and industry goals for even higher EV sales. Other technologies can serve as important complements to EVs. The President’s goal and associated policies to ensure half of all new vehicles sold in 2030 zero- emissions vehicles (including battery electric, plug- in hybrid electric, or fuel cell electric vehicles) will continue to spur growth across all zero-emission vehicle types. This rapid deployment of zero-emissions vehicles is ambitious and will need to occur at a large scale across all vehicle types. Many challenges and barriers exist [14] [22] [25]. For example, costs for electric technologies, fueling, and charging infrastructure remain high in some applications.', 'For example, costs for electric technologies, fueling, and charging infrastructure remain high in some applications. Some transportation segments, such as aviation, will likely remain difficult to electrify and some legacy vehicles will continue to be necessary in the near term, both of which would require alternate sources of low-carbon fuels that have yet to be deployed at the necessary scale. The existing built environment creates also high dependency on owner- occupied vehicles and presents numerous obstacles to alternate mobility options and shifting between modes such as transit, biking, or walking.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES electrification. Heat pumps and other electric heaters and electric cooking account for more than 60% of sales by 2030 and nearly 100% of sales by 2050.', 'Heat pumps and other electric heaters and electric cooking account for more than 60% of sales by 2030 and nearly 100% of sales by 2050. Energy demand in buildings is reduced by 9% in 2030 and 30% in 2050. While recent trends are encouraging, the building sector presents some unique challenges to rapid decarbonization. Foremost is the often-long lifetime of buildings. Many buildings built today will still be in active use by 2050, which means that even immediate actions to improve new buildings take years before making a significant impact in the overall building stock. These factors affect all aspects of buildings including the outer shell; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems; and appliances and lighting—although some of these are more amenable to retrofitting than others.', 'These factors affect all aspects of buildings including the outer shell; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems; and appliances and lighting—although some of these are more amenable to retrofitting than others. In addition, energy efficiency and efficient electrification have barriers relating to their upfront cost structure, financing, competing landlord and tenant incentives. These issues can be particularly difficult in underserved $60,000 account for nearly 50% of all household energy consumption, making it essential that efforts to decarbonize buildings are accessible to all households [44]. The key driver of reducing building emissions is efficient use of electricity for end uses (such as heating, hot water, cooking, and others). Alongside the decarbonization of electricity, these changes can bring building sector emissions to near-zero by 2050.', 'Alongside the decarbonization of electricity, these changes can bring building sector emissions to near-zero by 2050. Across multiple possible pathways, building efficiency improvements also reduce the overall demand for energy by the sector, despite the substantial growth in the number of buildings, floorspace, and population expected through 2050 (Figure 9). Within this overall decrease in energy demand, the share of electricity in final energy demand grows as end uses are electrified, from about 50% in 2020 to 90% or more by 2050 because the on-site combustion of gas, oil, and other fuels decreases substantially; however, the growth is also limited through energy efficiency and efficient Figure 9: U.S. Buildings Site Energy 2005- 2050.', 'Within this overall decrease in energy demand, the share of electricity in final energy demand grows as end uses are electrified, from about 50% in 2020 to 90% or more by 2050 because the on-site combustion of gas, oil, and other fuels decreases substantially; however, the growth is also limited through energy efficiency and efficient Figure 9: U.S. Buildings Site Energy 2005- 2050. Overall building site energy use in exajoules (EJ) decreases at the same time as certain applications (e.g., heating) switch from fossil fuels (and some biomass) to clean electricity. Note: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using both GCAM and OP-NEMS. Electricity Fossil Buildings Energy (Exajoules)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES conditions, improving health and safety.', 'Electricity Fossil Buildings Energy (Exajoules)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES conditions, improving health and safety. The role of state utility regulators will be especially important, as approval of new rate structures and consumer incentive programs will be vital in realizing the full potential of consumer benefits. Finally, building improvements will come from manufacturing, construction, and installation performed by skilled, well-paid American workers in communities across the country. The U.S. industrial sector, currently produces roughly 23% of U.S. GHG emissions and 30% of emissions from the energy system [45]. It is heterogeneous, producing a wide range of products with diverse and sometimes specialized processes. The energy-intensive and emissions-intensive industries include mining, steel manufacturing, cement production, and chemical production, and collectively produce nearly half of overall industrial emissions.', 'The energy-intensive and emissions-intensive industries include mining, steel manufacturing, cement production, and chemical production, and collectively produce nearly half of overall industrial emissions. In addition to the CO emissions resulting from industrial demand for electricity, the industrial sector emits GHGs directly from many operations and processes including the use of fossil fuels for onsite energy use and as feedstocks, direct process emissions of CO from cement production and other industries, and emission of non-CO GHGs such as N O from nitric and adipic acid production. Although there are many hard-to-decarbonize elements of industrial activities, investments in technologies for advanced non-carbon fuels, energy efficiency, and electrification can reduce overall industrial sector CO emissions by 69-95% by 2050. A large range of potential pathways for the industrial sector are shown in Figure 10.', 'A large range of potential pathways for the industrial sector are shown in Figure 10. Overall energy use drops in most scenarios through energy efficiency and materials efficiency investments. In these scenarios, overall electricity use in the sector grows only slightly due to electrification. However, in scenarios that rely on a large quantity of hydrogen, electricity use increases dramatically to produce the hydrogen through electrolysis. In all scenarios, low-carbon fuels (including electricity) grow as a percentage of total energy use. communities, which will also need widespread access to retrofits and new building technologies, though innovative financing tools such as inclusive investment programs can deliver substantial benefits to these communities while reducing or eliminating financing barriers and ensuring consumer protections.', 'communities, which will also need widespread access to retrofits and new building technologies, though innovative financing tools such as inclusive investment programs can deliver substantial benefits to these communities while reducing or eliminating financing barriers and ensuring consumer protections. To address these challenges, pursuing multiple options effectively help achieve the necessary rapid emissions reductions in buildings while also reducing the energy cost burden for families and businesses and improving the health and resilience of communities. There are three important sources of emissions reductions: technological advances including from envelope improvements (e.g., attic and wall insulation, sealing leaks, and efficient windows), improved efficiency of electric end uses (e.g., lighting, refrigeration, appliances, and electronics), and the efficient electrification of space and water heating, cooking, and clothes drying in both existing and new buildings.', 'There are three important sources of emissions reductions: technological advances including from envelope improvements (e.g., attic and wall insulation, sealing leaks, and efficient windows), improved efficiency of electric end uses (e.g., lighting, refrigeration, appliances, and electronics), and the efficient electrification of space and water heating, cooking, and clothes drying in both existing and new buildings. The rapid deployment of heat pumps for space heating and cooling and water heating is the central strategy for the efficient, flexible electrification of buildings. By increasing the amount of demand- responsive heating, cooling, and water heating on the grid, these technologies can respond to shifts in renewable generation levels on short notice and reduce the overall cost of a low- or zero-carbon generation mix. Efficient and electrified buildings provide substantial consumer benefits.', 'Efficient and electrified buildings provide substantial consumer benefits. The most important benefit is reduced utility bills for households and businesses which are both direct (through lower energy usage) and indirect (through lower energy prices). More efficient buildings significantly reduces electricity demand and lessen winter peaking loads as the sector electrifies, reducing the cost of new generation, transmission, and distribution, which in turn reduces energy prices for American families and businesses. These bill savings would be most beneficial to low-income households, which typically face the greatest energy burden. Buildings can also support electric vehicle charging infrastructure and rooftop solar installations, key elements of the broader energy transition. More efficient buildings also retain indoor temperature for longer during power outages under extreme weatherTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES the specific needs of each subsector.', 'More efficient buildings also retain indoor temperature for longer during power outages under extreme weatherTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES the specific needs of each subsector. Key strategies include energy efficiency, material efficiency, electrification, adoption of low-carbon fuels and feedstocks, and CCS. Energy efficiency, waste heat recovery, and accelerated adoption of advanced technologies such as additive manufacturing, can significantly reduce energy demand and lower costs to businesses. Material efficiency incorporates structural changes in manufacturing that include product recycling and reuse, material substitution, and demand reduction. Electrification of heated, fuel- consuming industrial processes and equipment is a viable pathway for some subsectors, such as light industry. Low-carbon fuels and feedstocks, including clean hydrogen and low-carbon biofuels, can reduce emissions from processes that are difficult to electrify.', 'Low-carbon fuels and feedstocks, including clean hydrogen and low-carbon biofuels, can reduce emissions from processes that are difficult to electrify. Finally, CCS can be used for emissions that are hard to abate through other means, particularly in the cement, chemicals, and iron and steel industries. Increased investments in research, development, demonstration, and deployment will advance technologies in production of iron and steel, cement, chemicals, and other industries, enabling these sectors to adopt low-carbon production. Reducing energy-related GHG emissions from industry presents a set of unique challenges [14] [22] [26]. A primary feature of this sector is that it is diverse: unlike electricity or buildings, for example, whose emissions come from a relatively small set of activities, industrial activities and infrastructure are designed around a large set of processes.', 'A primary feature of this sector is that it is diverse: unlike electricity or buildings, for example, whose emissions come from a relatively small set of activities, industrial activities and infrastructure are designed around a large set of processes. Some of these processes might have relatively straightforward substitutes, but in other cases either those substitutes may not exist yet or might be higher cost. In some cases, alternate sources of process heating may need to be identified. In other cases, CCS applications may be needed but these may be expensive or infeasible at existing production facilities. At the same time, scaling up of material efficiency could be challenging because of product design limitations or consumer demand. Many of these challenges also affect the non-CO emissions from industry, which are discussed further in Chapter 5.', 'Many of these challenges also affect the non-CO emissions from industry, which are discussed further in Chapter 5. In response to these challenges, the industrial energy transition can be enabled to decarbonize at a sufficiently rapid pace through a diverse set of approaches tailored to Figure 10: Industry Final Energy Use 2005-2050. Overall industrial energy use in exajoules (EJ) decreases to 2050 while certain applications switch from fossil fuels to clean electricity, hydrogen, or biofuels. Electricity use increases further in scenarios with larger hydrogen production due to the high electricity demand for that pro-cess. In this analysis, CCS in deployed in industry for process emissions, but there is limited representation of CCS on industrial energy in the models we use.', 'In this analysis, CCS in deployed in industry for process emissions, but there is limited representation of CCS on industrial energy in the models we use. Accordingly, it is likely that a greater share of industrial fossil energy emissions could be captured by 2050 than is shown here. Note: Historical data are from EIA Monthly Energy Reviews, projections include data from all LTS scenarios using both GCAM and OP-NEMS, projections are shown in ten-year time steps. Industry Energy (Exajoules) Fossil w/o CCS Fossil w/ CCS Electricity Biomass w/o CCS Biomass w/ CCS HydrogenTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Non-CO GHGs make up 20% of the U.S. contributions to global warming [27]. Non-CO GHGs are highly potent heat trapping gases, many of which have greater near-term climate impacts than CO [36].', 'Non-CO GHGs are highly potent heat trapping gases, many of which have greater near-term climate impacts than CO [36]. As shown in Figure 11, three gases make up the majority of non-CO GHG emissions in the United States: methane (CH ), nitrous oxides (N O), and fluorinated gases (including HFCs) [27]. The three sources that produce the largest proportion of emissions are soil management (i.e. agriculture and land use), livestock, and energy. While mitigation opportunities exist for many sources of non-CO GHG emissions, costs and applicability vary. Because it is challenging to eliminate all of these sources, some remaining non-CO emissions will need to be offset in 2050 by net-negative CO emissions. This analysis estimates that the total technical potential for non-CO GHG mitigation across all sectors is approximately 35% without reducing the underlying activities [36].', 'This analysis estimates that the total technical potential for non-CO GHG mitigation across all sectors is approximately 35% without reducing the underlying activities [36]. Reducing the use of fossil fuels through efficiency and fuel switching also has the potential to further drive down non-CO GHG emissions by 19% given the relationship between fugitive methane REDUCING NON-CO EMISSIONS Figure 11: Sources of U.S. Non-CO GHG Emissions, 2019. Contribution to 2019 U.S. GHG emissions from non-CO sources partitioned by type and sector. The contributions are shown in CO equivalent, meaning that they are represented in proportion to their global warming contribution 100 years after emission.', 'The contributions are shown in CO equivalent, meaning that they are represented in proportion to their global warming contribution 100 years after emission. Approximately half of the global warming contribution of non-CO gases in 2019 came from methane, with nitrous oxide contributing the second most, followed by fluorinated gases.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES development of new or more effective mitigation technologies and approaches. In addition, in a way that is similar to the industrial energy emissions described in Chapter 4, the sources of non-CO emissions are diverse. This means that individual strategies must be developed for each sub-sector and gas. In light of these challenges, this LTS analysis of non- CO GHG mitigation potential assumes only modest technological and cost improvements over time.', 'In light of these challenges, this LTS analysis of non- CO GHG mitigation potential assumes only modest technological and cost improvements over time. Because these assumptions may be conservative, additional, lower-cost, and more rapid reductions could be realized, and this will remain an area of active inquiry. Achieving more significant long-term reductions of non-CO GHG emissions will require major technological advances and new, or more effective, backstop mitigation options. In sectors with less developed current approaches, this could include new research and development into identifying and commercializing new technologies to reduce non-CO emissions. In other sectors, new emissions from the extraction, processing, and end- use of fossil fuels. These reflect multiple technological options that United States can use to achieve the necessary reductions in non-CO GHG emissions to reach net-zero total emissions by 2050 (Figure 12).', 'These reflect multiple technological options that United States can use to achieve the necessary reductions in non-CO GHG emissions to reach net-zero total emissions by 2050 (Figure 12). Under these scenario assumptions, there remain non- CO GHG emissions in the 2030 and 2050 timeframes, which must be offset by carbon dioxide removal. Reductions in non-CO emissions face several challenges. First is an underdeveloped set of mitigation strategies in certain subsectors. In part because of a lack of historical focus on non-CO reductions, the set of available mitigation approaches for these gases is still relatively small and, in many cases, in earlier stages of technological development. This means that through 2050, overall non-CO emissions can be held roughly constant by deploying currently available mitigation technologies.', 'This means that through 2050, overall non-CO emissions can be held roughly constant by deploying currently available mitigation technologies. Achieving long-term reductions of non-CO emissions below current levels requires Figure 12: Pathways for Non-CO Reductions from 2020 to 2050. This figure shows the range of pathways available for non-CO mitigation from today to 2050 across all modeled scenarios. In all scenarios there is significant reduction from the 2020 reference, highlighting the importance of non-CO abatement. Methane Nitrous Oxide Fluorinated gases emissions (Million metric tons CO 2 equivalent)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES gas, such as some of the methane and N O from the agriculture sector, cannot be abated in the 2050 timeframe even after applying all available mitigation technologies, and will have to be offset by negative CO emissions.', 'Methane Nitrous Oxide Fluorinated gases emissions (Million metric tons CO 2 equivalent)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES gas, such as some of the methane and N O from the agriculture sector, cannot be abated in the 2050 timeframe even after applying all available mitigation technologies, and will have to be offset by negative CO emissions. Methane is a potent GHG and accounts for about half of the current observed warming5 of 1.0°C, according to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate 5 Greenhouse gas emissions in total have contributed 150% of the observed warming of 1.0⁰C, but emissions of cooling aerosols have counter-acted some of that warming. mitigation options are under development and nearing commercialization that could result in large volumes of non-CO mitigation and further reduce non-CO emissions (see Box 4).', 'mitigation options are under development and nearing commercialization that could result in large volumes of non-CO mitigation and further reduce non-CO emissions (see Box 4). 5.2 KEY ABATEMENT OPPORTUNITIES Potential reductions in non-CO gases can come from a diverse set of actions, and these actions together aggregate to significant levels (Figure 13). Technical potential includes technologies like anaerobic digestion of manure in the agricultural sector and leakage detection and mitigation in the oil and gas sector. As discussed above, some portion of each non-CO Figure 13: Non-CO Mitigation Technical Potential by Gas (MtCO e) in 2050. This figure shows potential reductions in 2050 from non-CO emissions in methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated GHGs.', 'This figure shows potential reductions in 2050 from non-CO emissions in methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated GHGs. It is constructed from abatement cost curves using technologies like anaerobic digestion of manure in the agricultural sector and leakage detection and mitigation in the oil and gas sector. Some abatement technologies are negative cost and many cost less than $100 per metric ton of CO e. Technical abatement potential is most significant for methane and fluorinated gases. Residual Residual Residual Methane Nitrous oxide Fluorinated gases Mitigation Technical Potential (MtCO2 equivalent)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES and natural gas typically fall into three categories: equipment modifications or upgrades; changes in operational practices, including directed inspection, repair and maintenance (DI&M); and installation of new equipment [35].', 'Residual Residual Residual Methane Nitrous oxide Fluorinated gases Mitigation Technical Potential (MtCO2 equivalent)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES and natural gas typically fall into three categories: equipment modifications or upgrades; changes in operational practices, including directed inspection, repair and maintenance (DI&M); and installation of new equipment [35]. Abatement measures are available to mitigate emissions associated with a variety of system components, including compressors, engines, dehydrators, pneumatic controls, pipelines, storage tanks, wells, and others. Commercially-available mitigation technologies can also recover and reduce CH emissions from coal mining operations. These reduction technologies consist of one or more of the following primary components: a drainage and recovery system to Change [1]. Methane is primarily generated by fossil fuel energy operations (oil, gas, and coal), waste operations, and livestock and agricultural operations. There are cost effective methane abatement options across all these sectors [36].', 'There are cost effective methane abatement options across all these sectors [36]. Figure 14 shows 2050 methane abatement potential by source. Methane mitigation opportunities by sector include: • ENERGY SECTOR METHANE. Energy sector fugitive methane emissions result from operations in the oil and natural gas sector and the coal mining sector. In some cases, a large proportion of oil and gas methane emissions come from a small number of sources. Methane mitigation measures in oil Figure 14: 2050 Methane Abatement Potential in the United States. This figure shows sources of methane abatement potential in 2030 in the United States [36]. This marginal abatement cost curve indicates the price at which methane mitigation from various sources of methane are cost-effective.', 'This marginal abatement cost curve indicates the price at which methane mitigation from various sources of methane are cost-effective. This figure does not include additional abatement that can be achieved by reducing the underlying activities that drive emissions. These additional reductions from activity driver changes are included in the GCAM modeling and reflected in Figure 12. Methane Emissions Reductions (MtCO2 e) Break-even Price ($/tCO2 e) Coal Mining Croplands Landfills Livestock Oil and Natural Gas Rice WastewaterTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES remove CH from the underground coal seam, an end use application for the gas recovered from the drainage system, and/or a ventilation air methane (VAM) recovery or mitigation system [35].', 'Methane Emissions Reductions (MtCO2 e) Break-even Price ($/tCO2 e) Coal Mining Croplands Landfills Livestock Oil and Natural Gas Rice WastewaterTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES remove CH from the underground coal seam, an end use application for the gas recovered from the drainage system, and/or a ventilation air methane (VAM) recovery or mitigation system [35]. The CH mitigation potential from the energy sector at e is 144 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO e) or approximately 43% of 2030 energy sector non-CO GHG emissions and remains an important source of potential mitigation through 2050. • WASTE METHANE. Landfills produce CH and other landfill gases through the natural process of bacterial decomposition of organic waste under anaerobic conditions. Landfill gases are generated over a period of several decades, with flows usually beginning within 2 years of disposal.', 'Landfill gases are generated over a period of several decades, with flows usually beginning within 2 years of disposal. Abatement options to control landfill emissions are grouped into three categories: (1) collection and flaring, (2) landfill gas (LFG) utilization systems, and (3) enhanced waste diversion practices (e.g., recycling and reuse programs) [35]. Within the waste category, wastewater treatment is the second most important source of non-CO GHGs. Methane emissions in wastewater treatment could be significantly reduced by 2050 through currently available mitigation options, such as anaerobic biomass digesters and centralized wastewater treatment facilities. Improved operational practices, such as controlling dissolved oxygen levels during treatment or limiting operating system upsets, can also help reduce N O emissions from wastewater treatment [35].', 'Improved operational practices, such as controlling dissolved oxygen levels during treatment or limiting operating system upsets, can also help reduce N O emissions from wastewater treatment [35]. The CH mitigation potential from the waste sector non-CO GHG at $100/t is 8 MtCO e or 6% of total 2030 waste sector emissions and remains an important source of potential mitigation through 2050. • LIVESTOCK METHANE. Emissions from livestock include enteric fermentation and manure management. Enteric fermentation is a normal mammalian digestive process, where gut microbes produce CH . Livestock manure management produces CH emissions during the anaerobic GLOBAL METHANE PLEDGE In September 2021 at the Major Economies Forum, the United States and European Union jointly announced the Global Methane Pledge. As of October 2021, over 30 supportive countries, representing well over 30% of global methane emissions and 60% of global GDP, had already joined—with many more expected.', 'As of October 2021, over 30 supportive countries, representing well over 30% of global methane emissions and 60% of global GDP, had already joined—with many more expected. Countries joining the Global Methane Pledge commit to a collective goal of reducing global methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. They also commit to moving towards using highest-tier inventory methodologies to quantify methane emissions, with a particular focus on high emission sources. Delivering on the Pledge would reduce warming by at least 0.2°C by 2050. In addition, it would prevent over 200,000 premature deaths, hundreds of thousands of asthma-related emergency room visits, and over 20 million tons of crop losses a year by 2030 by reducing ground-level ozone pollution caused in part by methane.', 'In addition, it would prevent over 200,000 premature deaths, hundreds of thousands of asthma-related emergency room visits, and over 20 million tons of crop losses a year by 2030 by reducing ground-level ozone pollution caused in part by methane. The United States is pursuing significant methane reductions on multiple fronts. The Long-Term Strategy analysis shows that the United States can do its part to meet the global goal of the Global Methane Pledge by reducing domestic methane emissions by over 30% below 2020 by 2030. This level of reduction would avoid 11,000 premature deaths, 1,600 asthma- related emergency room visits, and 4.1 million tons of agricultural losses per year in the United States.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Nitrous oxide mitigation opportunities by sector include: • AGRICULTURAL NITROUS OXIDE.', 'This level of reduction would avoid 11,000 premature deaths, 1,600 asthma- related emergency room visits, and 4.1 million tons of agricultural losses per year in the United States.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Nitrous oxide mitigation opportunities by sector include: • AGRICULTURAL NITROUS OXIDE. Agriculture is the source of over 82% of nitrous oxide emissions. Most N O is produced in soils by bacteria through the processes of nitrification and denitrification which occur with fertilizer application. It is also emitted in lesser amounts from livestock waste, rice production, and soil management such as draining, irrigation, and land use change. Nitrous oxide emissions can be mitigated by changing fertilizer management practices to increase the efficiency of plant uptake of nitrogen [35]. Practices include precision agriculture, using nitrification inhibitors, and splitting annual applications into seasonal applications.', 'Practices include precision agriculture, using nitrification inhibitors, and splitting annual applications into seasonal applications. The mitigation potential from the agriculture sector at $100/t is 8.8 MtCO e, which is 2.5% of 2030 nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture [36] and remains a small source of mitigation through 2050. • NITRIC AND ADIPIC ACID PRODUCTION. Nitric acid is an inorganic compound used primarily to make synthetic commercial fertilizer. Adipic acid is a white crystalline solid used as a feedstock in the manufacture of synthetic fibers, coatings, plastics, urethane foams, elastomers, and synthetic lubricants. The production of these acids results in nitrous oxide emissions as a by-product. By 2030, about two-thirds of nitrous oxide emissions from this source category are projected to be from adipic acid production driven by high demand growth compared with about one-third from nitric acid production.', 'By 2030, about two-thirds of nitrous oxide emissions from this source category are projected to be from adipic acid production driven by high demand growth compared with about one-third from nitric acid production. Abatement measures applicable to nitric acid are characterized by the point in the production process they are implemented, but generally involve catalytic decomposition of the nitrous oxide by-products [35]. Thermal destruction is the abatement option applied to the adipic acid production process. The mitigation potential from nitric and adipic acid production at $100/t is 17.7 MtCO e or 62% of total sectoral 2030 nitrous oxide emissions [36] and remains an important source of mitigation through 2050. decomposition of manure and N O emissions during the nitrification and denitrification of the organic nitrogen content in livestock manure and urine [35].', 'The mitigation potential from nitric and adipic acid production at $100/t is 17.7 MtCO e or 62% of total sectoral 2030 nitrous oxide emissions [36] and remains an important source of mitigation through 2050. decomposition of manure and N O emissions during the nitrification and denitrification of the organic nitrogen content in livestock manure and urine [35]. Without altering underlying demand, the mitigation potential of livestock methane at e or 27% of 2030 livestock non-CO GHG emissions and remains an important source of potential mitigation through 2050. • CROPLAND AND RICE PRODUCTION METHANE. The anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (i.e., decomposition in the absence of free oxygen) in flooded rice fields produces CH .', 'The anaerobic decomposition of organic matter (i.e., decomposition in the absence of free oxygen) in flooded rice fields produces CH . GHG mitigation scenarios include several factors that influence the amount of CH produced and carbon sequestration in soils, including water management practices and the quantity of organic material available to decompose [35]. The mitigation potential from the agriculture sector at e or 1% of 2030 agricultural CH emissions [36]. 5.2.2 NITROUS OXIDE Nitrous oxide (N O) is a potent GHG with 298 times more warming potential than carbon dioxide and a long atmospheric lifetime (approximately 114 years). N O comes from natural and anthropogenic sources and is removed from the atmosphere mainly by photolysis (i.e., breakdown by sunlight) in the stratosphere.', 'N O comes from natural and anthropogenic sources and is removed from the atmosphere mainly by photolysis (i.e., breakdown by sunlight) in the stratosphere. In the United States, the main anthropogenic sources of N O are agricultural soil management, livestock waste management, mobile and stationary fossil fuel combustion, adipic acid production, and nitric acid production. N O is also produced naturally from a variety of biological sources in soil and water, although this report only covers man-made sources only. Figure 15 shows 2050 nitrous oxide abatement potential by source.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES to replace ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosols, fire suppression, and as foam blowing agents. HFC emissions reductions are achievable by preventing or reducing leaks and transitioning to the use of alternatives with low global warming potential (GWP).', 'HFC emissions reductions are achievable by preventing or reducing leaks and transitioning to the use of alternatives with low global warming potential (GWP). Figure 16 shows 2050 fluorinated GHG abatement potential by source. Under the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act of 2020, in September 2021 the EPA finalized a rule that phases down HFCs through an allowance allocation and trading program. The AIM 5.2.3 FLUORINATED GASES Fluorinated gases (F-GHGs) are anthropogenically- generated and used in a range of applications. Sometimes referred to as “climate superpollutants,” they are highly potent GHGs, capable of trapping hundreds to thousands of times more heat per molecule than carbon dioxide. According to the 2021 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks [27], most fluorinated gases emitted are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', 'According to the 2021 Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks [27], most fluorinated gases emitted are hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). A substitute for ozone- depleting substances, HFCs were initially developed Figure 15: 2050 Nitrous Oxide Abatement Potential in the United States. This figure shows sources of nitrous oxide abatement potential in 2050 in the United States. This marginal abatement cost curve indicates the price at which nitrous oxide mitigation from various sources of are cost-effective. This figure does not include abatement associated with a reduction of the underlying activities that drive emissions. These additional reductions from activity driver changes are included in the GCAM modeling and reflected in Figure 11.', 'These additional reductions from activity driver changes are included in the GCAM modeling and reflected in Figure 11. O Emissions Reductions (MtCO2 e) Break-even Price ($/tCO2 e) Livestock Nitric Adipic Rice CroplandsTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 5.2.4 BLACK CARBON Black carbon (soot) is not a GHG, but a powerful climate-warming aerosol [1] that is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ) that enters the atmosphere through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass [46]. The Arctic is particularly vulnerable to warming from black carbon. Black carbon is also a local air pollutant, contributing to major health impacts that disproportionately affect low-income and marginalized communities [47]. Transitioning from fossil fuel combustion for electricity and transport (on-road and off-road) to cleaner alternatives is key to reducing black carbon emissions in the United States.', 'Transitioning from fossil fuel combustion for electricity and transport (on-road and off-road) to cleaner alternatives is key to reducing black carbon emissions in the United States. Flaring in the oil and gas sector is an additional source of black carbon. The EPA estimates that U.S. black carbon emissions have been reduced significantly since 2013 primarily due to reductions in the road and off- road transport sectors, largely through policies and strategies to reduce the emissions from mobile diesel engines. Strengthening particulate matter standards and addressing legacy diesel vehicles and emissions associated with ports, including from ships, port equipment, and trucks, would further contribute to meeting national climate, health, and climate justice goals.', 'Strengthening particulate matter standards and addressing legacy diesel vehicles and emissions associated with ports, including from ships, port equipment, and trucks, would further contribute to meeting national climate, health, and climate justice goals. Act, along with this rule, provides the domestic legal framework to implement the phasedown of HFCs outlined in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, which 124 countries have joined to date. The phasedown will effectively decrease the production and import of HFCs in the United States by 85% by 2036 on the same step-down schedule as laid out in the Kigali Amendment and is expected to result in reductions of more than 4.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide- equivalent by 2050. Achieving significant HFC reductions by 2050 will rely on a three-pronged approach.', 'Achieving significant HFC reductions by 2050 will rely on a three-pronged approach. First, phase down the production and import of HFCs. Second, address the existing stock of refrigerators and air conditioners, which already contain HFCs and have potential to leak into the atmosphere over the coming decades. Third, deploy the next generation of low-GWP alternatives to existing HFCs. Additional RD&D support to ensure new alternatives to HFCs continue to enter the market may also be important, including both new molecules and new uses for existing alternatives.', 'Additional RD&D support to ensure new alternatives to HFCs continue to enter the market may also be important, including both new molecules and new uses for existing alternatives. Combining these approaches, the mitigation potential of HFCs at less than $100/t is 84 MtCO e which is 39% of total 2030 sectoral emissions and remains an important source of mitigation through 2050.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Figure 16: 2050 Fluorinated GHG Abatement Potential in the United States: This figure shows sources of fluorinated GHG abatement potential in 2050 in the United States. This marginal abatement cost curve indicates the price at which F-GHG miti-gation from sources of are cost-effective. This figure does not include additional abatement that can be achieved by reducing the underlying activities that drive emissions.', 'This figure does not include additional abatement that can be achieved by reducing the underlying activities that drive emissions. These additional reductions from activity driver changes are included in the GCAM modeling and reflected in Figure 11. F-Gas Emissions Reductions (MtCO2 e) Break-even Price ($/tCO2 e) Aerosols Aluminum Electric Power Systems Fire Extinguishers Foams Magnesium Photovolatics Refrigeration and AC Semiconductors SolventsTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES NON-CO BREAKTHROUGH TECHNOLOGIES: REDUCING METHANE FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION While many low-cost abatement opportunities exist today for non-CO emissions—and are reflected in this analysis—some specific applications do not have current, low-cost mitigation opportunities. A renewed focus on research and development for these remaining non-CO emission processes could potentially provide significant benefits as well as dramatically lower the costs of reductions. While not required to achieve our 2050 net-zero goal, such advances could provide valuable additional flexibility in how that goal could be achieved.', 'While not required to achieve our 2050 net-zero goal, such advances could provide valuable additional flexibility in how that goal could be achieved. One example of this kind of positive breakthrough may be emerging. Without a technological advance, there is limited methane abatement potential from enteric sources—cattle, sheep, and goats—which produce methane as part of their digestive process. While improving productivity can, to a limited extent, help reduce methane emissions per pound of beef or gallon of milk, it does not provide a route to major reductions. However, recent research suggests that new technologies might be able to offer greatly increased effectiveness. New discoveries of low-cost feed additives indicate the possibility that these would unlock large additional potential emissions reductions. Examples of these additives include red algae (Asparagopsis) and a compound, 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP).', 'Examples of these additives include red algae (Asparagopsis) and a compound, 3-Nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP). EPA and other researchers are collecting information to assess these technologies. Asparagopsis, 3-NOP, and other technologies that may increase non-CO GHG mitigation. The science and economics of Asparagopsis is far from settled, with important remaining questions surrounding the costs to grow, harvest, and process Asparagopsis into feed, to assess scalability to produce marketable quantities (or directly synthesize bromoform); and to assess the long-term tolerance of cattle and the applicability to different production and regulatory systems. If national-scale developments prove technically and economically feasible, Asparagopsis could potentially decrease livestock emissions by as much as 160 MtCO e (60%) in 2030. 3-NOP has shown strong potential for methane reduction across multiple trials, with over 45 peer- reviewed papers examining numerous aspects of the potential impacts of this additive.', '3-NOP has shown strong potential for methane reduction across multiple trials, with over 45 peer- reviewed papers examining numerous aspects of the potential impacts of this additive. 3-NOP has been shown to be effective in reducing enteric emissions by about one-third in dairy cows and up to 70% in beef finishing trials without unacceptable side-effects. More innovation and testing are needed to further develop these solutions and bring them to market. THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 6.1 THE NECESSITY OF CO REMOVAL TO REACH NET-ZERO Efficiency, electrification of end uses, decarbonization of the electricity sector, and reduction in non-CO emissions are the most important levers for decarbonizing the U.S. economy and will be the emphasis of the overall strategy to reach net-zero by 2050.', 'THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATESTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 6.1 THE NECESSITY OF CO REMOVAL TO REACH NET-ZERO Efficiency, electrification of end uses, decarbonization of the electricity sector, and reduction in non-CO emissions are the most important levers for decarbonizing the U.S. economy and will be the emphasis of the overall strategy to reach net-zero by 2050. REMOVING CARBON THROUGH 2050 AND BEYOND Figure 17: Balancing Emissions Reductions and Removals to Reach 2050 Net-Zero. This figure shows the range of outcomes for mitigation pathways as well as removals pathways to achieve net-zero by 2050. Some sources of non-CO emissions, and potentially some CO emissions, cannot be reduced to zero, and these must be balanced by CO removals.', 'Some sources of non-CO emissions, and potentially some CO emissions, cannot be reduced to zero, and these must be balanced by CO removals. CO removals can happen through land sinks, such as forest growth and soil carbon sequestration, or through carbon dioxide removal technologies such as direct air capture or carbon capture and sequestration in industry or electricity generation. Note: Historical data in this figure are from the U.S. GHG Inventory (2021). Net Emissions (Gigatons CO2 e) Land Sink CDR Net-GHGTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Though the overall U.S. lands net carbon sink has been relatively stable for recent decades, the future of that sink is uncertain [50], and several challenges exist to bolstering it and expanding it significantly.', 'Net Emissions (Gigatons CO2 e) Land Sink CDR Net-GHGTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES Though the overall U.S. lands net carbon sink has been relatively stable for recent decades, the future of that sink is uncertain [50], and several challenges exist to bolstering it and expanding it significantly. Substantial forested lands, including large portions of our Western public lands, now have older forests which sequester less CO and are more vulnerable to natural disturbances [51]. Moreover, increased levels of disturbances—fires, insects, diseases, droughts, and storms—are expected in the future, along with other potential ecosystem changes such as CO fertilization, due to climate change. These changing environmental conditions will also dictate the future degree of mitigation and adaptation capabilities and opportunities [53].', 'These changing environmental conditions will also dictate the future degree of mitigation and adaptation capabilities and opportunities [53]. These factors are already having an impact: total carbon removal in the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector has decreased by approximately 11% since 1990 [27]. In addition, U.S. lands include diverse ecosystems which complicates efforts at comprehensive and timely data collection, as well as monitoring and verification of baseline emissions, sequestration, and GHG outcomes of mitigation activities. In addition, the land base is finite in terms of its ability to continue to provide food, fiber, and essential ecosystem and biodiversity services while also supporting potentially increased levels of carbon-beneficial biomass for energy production and carbon removal strategies through bioenergy and CCS.', 'In addition, the land base is finite in terms of its ability to continue to provide food, fiber, and essential ecosystem and biodiversity services while also supporting potentially increased levels of carbon-beneficial biomass for energy production and carbon removal strategies through bioenergy and CCS. In addition, CO removals via natural systems can be more variable than those in other sectors or technologies, as they are subject to reversals, e.g., from natural disturbances like fires, storms, and pests or from individual landowners changing land management practices. Also, with respect to policies, U.S. lands are held and managed for different objectives by a range of different stake-holders that operate under different legal, social, and environmental norms.', 'Also, with respect to policies, U.S. lands are held and managed for different objectives by a range of different stake-holders that operate under different legal, social, and environmental norms. Achieving land sector goals necessitates coordination and cooperation with millions of private landowners, private sector corporations, and non-governmental organizations, as well as Tribal, local, state, and federal government agencies. These challenges may be counterbalanced, at least in part, by changes in the economy, policy actions, and investments. Achieving significant land carbon benefits However, as mentioned in previous sections, some activities will be difficult to decarbonize completely by 2050. Because of this, removals of CO from the atmosphere will be critical to enable the United States to reach net-zero by 2050 and to achieve net negative emissions thereafter.', 'Because of this, removals of CO from the atmosphere will be critical to enable the United States to reach net-zero by 2050 and to achieve net negative emissions thereafter. This implies an important role for the land sector, which can increase natural carbon dioxide removal and storage from the atmosphere, as well as a role for technologies including advanced carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. Carbon dioxide removal technologies will only deliver desired societal and environmental benefits if their deployment is well-designed and well-governed. Figure 17 shows the range of outcomes for mitigation pathways as well as removals pathways to achieve net-zero by 2050. 6.2 MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING CO REMOVAL THROUGH THE U.S. LAND CARBON SINK U.S. lands provide myriad social, economic, and environmental benefits.', '6.2 MAINTAINING AND ENHANCING CO REMOVAL THROUGH THE U.S. LAND CARBON SINK U.S. lands provide myriad social, economic, and environmental benefits. The United States has 8% of the world’s forests (310 million ha) and 8% of global agricultural lands (400 million ha) [48]. These lands provide essential ecological, economic, and non- monetary social services, and will also be critical in supporting economy-wide decarbonization over the next 30 years and beyond. Our lands, and human activities on those lands, emit CO to the atmosphere through land conversion, soil degradation, and forest loss and degradation, but also remove it via photosynthesis and store it as carbon in trees, other vegetation, soils, and products. For the last several decades, U.S. lands have been a net carbon sink, meaning more CO is sequestered than emitted annually from the land sector.', 'For the last several decades, U.S. lands have been a net carbon sink, meaning more CO is sequestered than emitted annually from the land sector. This historic trend was due in part to millions of acres shifting into forest from other uses and the conservation and continued regrowth of trees on already forested lands, much of which had been deforested before the early 1900s [49]. Today’s forest sink is still increasing but at a decreasing rate [27]. In 2019, the U.S. land carbon sink yielded net CO removals of 813 MtCO e, offsetting approximately 12.4% of economy-wide GHG emissions [27].THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • AGRICULTURAL LANDS.', 'In 2019, the U.S. land carbon sink yielded net CO removals of 813 MtCO e, offsetting approximately 12.4% of economy-wide GHG emissions [27].THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • AGRICULTURAL LANDS. There are potential substantial GHG mitigation and increased removal opportunities on U.S. croplands and grasslands via activities that conserve and/or increase soil carbon and employ innovative lands management approaches such as agroforestry, rotational grazing, reduced tillage, residue management, and more. • BIOENERGY. Biomass is a key component of efforts to decarbonize the energy sector, as studies have shown that higher levels of biomass availability and use can offer lower-cost mitigation than decarbonization strategies without biomass (e.g., [60] [61]).', 'Biomass is a key component of efforts to decarbonize the energy sector, as studies have shown that higher levels of biomass availability and use can offer lower-cost mitigation than decarbonization strategies without biomass (e.g., [60] [61]). Bioenergy can be particularly useful in deep decarbonization scenarios, as it can be used to decarbonize energy use in multiple sectors through a range of different energy pathways (e.g., liquid fuel, biogas, electricity, and hydrogen production) and it can be used in combination with CCS to further reduce GHG emissions [9]. Efforts aimed at employing biomass use for energy should include safeguards to ensure actual emissions reductions to the atmosphere and reflect consideration of the many non-carbon consequences of large-scale biomass production and use (e.g., competition with food production and biodiversity and broader ecosystem impacts).', 'Efforts aimed at employing biomass use for energy should include safeguards to ensure actual emissions reductions to the atmosphere and reflect consideration of the many non-carbon consequences of large-scale biomass production and use (e.g., competition with food production and biodiversity and broader ecosystem impacts). 6.3 ASSESSING POTENTIAL LAND SECTOR PATHWAYS The LTS pathways explored for this study include varying degrees of private and public investment in natural climate solutions in both forestry and agriculture, such as improved forest management, fire reduction activities, afforestation, and improved agricultural soil management. To better reflect the uncertainties associated with estimating the complex carbon dynamics of different terrestrial ecosystems and related market interactions, and the potential extent of land use change between sectors, the U.S. LULUCF projections through 2050 are presented as a range, as seen in Figure 18.', 'To better reflect the uncertainties associated with estimating the complex carbon dynamics of different terrestrial ecosystems and related market interactions, and the potential extent of land use change between sectors, the U.S. LULUCF projections through 2050 are presented as a range, as seen in Figure 18. This range was developed via a collaborative multi-agency effort using different models reflecting alternate modeling techniques. by 2050 and beyond requires targeted, science-based action in the near term and over the next several decades. These actions must not only work to enhance our land carbon sink but also ensure our lands continue to provide a host of other benefits, including provision of goods, jobs, ecosystem services, recreational and spiritual spaces, and biodiversity preservation.', 'These actions must not only work to enhance our land carbon sink but also ensure our lands continue to provide a host of other benefits, including provision of goods, jobs, ecosystem services, recreational and spiritual spaces, and biodiversity preservation. For example, public and private investments in natural climate solutions (e.g., augmented federal programs, private entities’ involvement in land conservation and offset markets) can increase acreage, productivity, and overall health of U.S. forested lands [52] [54]. Strengthening existing and supporting new emerging timber markets, especially in the fast-growing climes of Southeast United States, can also help maintain and expand forested lands [55]. Policies, incentives, and investments that can support an enhanced sink through activities such as reforestation and soil carbon retention will be central.', 'Policies, incentives, and investments that can support an enhanced sink through activities such as reforestation and soil carbon retention will be central. Low- or zero-carbon biomass for bioenergy and BECCS applications can also contribute to emissions reductions. These policies and programs must include safeguards to minimize issues such as potential reversals and leakage to the extent possible, and include efforts to bolster our ability to monitor, track, and verify emissions reductions at different scales. Specific areas of focus include: • FORESTS. GHG benefits in the relative near term can come from activities such as avoided forest land conversion to other uses. Some forest sector actions, such as longer harvest rotations or increased carbon storage in harvested wood products and substitution of more fossil-intensive construction materials with wood products, can yield both near- and long-term benefits [56].', 'Some forest sector actions, such as longer harvest rotations or increased carbon storage in harvested wood products and substitution of more fossil-intensive construction materials with wood products, can yield both near- and long-term benefits [56]. There are considerable opportunities for reforestation in the United States [57], potentially up to 133 million acres [58]. Other activities like afforestation, improved forest management and reduced natural disturbances (e.g., avoided forest fires via fuel treatments such as thinning and prescribed fires) can offer incremental near-term net carbon benefits and may yield substantial benefits in the long term [59].THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES REMOVAL THROUGH ENGINEERED APPROACHES In addition to the land sector CO reduction potential, technological CO removal options could be deployed over coming decades to support the net-zero emissions goal.', 'Other activities like afforestation, improved forest management and reduced natural disturbances (e.g., avoided forest fires via fuel treatments such as thinning and prescribed fires) can offer incremental near-term net carbon benefits and may yield substantial benefits in the long term [59].THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES REMOVAL THROUGH ENGINEERED APPROACHES In addition to the land sector CO reduction potential, technological CO removal options could be deployed over coming decades to support the net-zero emissions goal. While some technologies for such activities do exist, advanced CDR technologies are today in various stages of development.', 'While some technologies for such activities do exist, advanced CDR technologies are today in various stages of development. At this early stage, it is difficult to estimate exactly which combinations of technologies might be most achievable and appropriate in terms of deployment, but potential strategies include: The analysis is based on several sectoral lands models including the Global Timber Model (GTM), the Forestry and Agriculture Sectoral Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOM-GHG), three U.S. Forest Service models (the Resources Planning Act (RPA) Forest Dynamics model, the RPA Land Use Change model, and the Forest Resource Outlook model), and USDA agricultural soil carbon projections, to provide a range of potential land sink projections in 2050.', 'At this early stage, it is difficult to estimate exactly which combinations of technologies might be most achievable and appropriate in terms of deployment, but potential strategies include: The analysis is based on several sectoral lands models including the Global Timber Model (GTM), the Forestry and Agriculture Sectoral Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOM-GHG), three U.S. Forest Service models (the Resources Planning Act (RPA) Forest Dynamics model, the RPA Land Use Change model, and the Forest Resource Outlook model), and USDA agricultural soil carbon projections, to provide a range of potential land sink projections in 2050. As shown in Figure 18, there is a significant range of possible land sector pathways which could enable the United States to meet its net-zero goal by 2050.', 'As shown in Figure 18, there is a significant range of possible land sector pathways which could enable the United States to meet its net-zero goal by 2050. Figure 18: Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry CO Business as Usual and LTS Action Projections with Uncertainty Ranges. There is a range of possible CO outcomes for both the reference case and the Long-Term Strategy action case. Historic values are from the U.S. GHG Inventory [27] and projected values are derived from a range of land sector models. Estimates include forest ecosystem carbon pools, harvested wood products carbon storage, and land use and land use conversion fluxes across land types.', 'Estimates include forest ecosystem carbon pools, harvested wood products carbon storage, and land use and land use conversion fluxes across land types. BAU Range NCS Action Range LULUCF Sink (Mt CO2 equivalent)THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES but the potential capacity of CO mineralization could be quite high [62]. • OCEAN-BASED CDR. This is a CDR approach that removes dissolved CO from the ocean. Ocean-based approaches include nature-based approaches (e.g., kelp afforestation), engineered approaches (e.g., electrochemical CO capture from seawater), or a combination of the two (e.g., growing macroalgae and sinking it to the sea floor). Ocean-based CDR is in early stages of research and development and merits closer study. The early stages of these potential removal strategies present some visible challenges to large scale deployment by 2050.', 'The early stages of these potential removal strategies present some visible challenges to large scale deployment by 2050. For example, there is currently no large-scale proof of concept for DAC technology or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, making it difficult to determine how well the technology can scale up and what the true cost and adverse impacts of the technology are at large scale. In parallel, some technical obstacles remain. Research to date indicates that DAC requires high energy use for each metric ton of CO removed. Other technologies, such as enhanced mineralization, are still in nascent stages of research and development, so the potential magnitude of reductions and the timeframes over which these technologies might deliver reductions is unknown.', 'Other technologies, such as enhanced mineralization, are still in nascent stages of research and development, so the potential magnitude of reductions and the timeframes over which these technologies might deliver reductions is unknown. Other uncertainties associated with large-scale deployment of some technologies like BECCS could have broader upstream GHG and other environmental implications (e.g., life- cycle GHG outcomes of biomass production). Addressing these challenges and uncertainties will require a substantial and integrated research, development, and deployment strategy. As one step towards the development and deployment of new approaches to CDR, Congress recently created the Carbon Dioxide Removal Task Force to “establish a research, development, and demonstration program…to test, validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale” [63].', 'As one step towards the development and deployment of new approaches to CDR, Congress recently created the Carbon Dioxide Removal Task Force to “establish a research, development, and demonstration program…to test, validate, or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale” [63]. However, additional actions will be needed to understand and innovate on CDR options, to reduce uncertainties, and to ensure sustainable outcomes. • BIOMASS CARBON REMOVAL AND STORAGE. This is a carbon dioxide removal approach where CO is produced from the combustion, gasification, or other conversion of low- or zero-carbon biomass, for example to generate electricity or produce hydrogen, and the resulting CO emissions are captured and then stored in a manner that prevents it from reentering the atmosphere.', 'This is a carbon dioxide removal approach where CO is produced from the combustion, gasification, or other conversion of low- or zero-carbon biomass, for example to generate electricity or produce hydrogen, and the resulting CO emissions are captured and then stored in a manner that prevents it from reentering the atmosphere. Specifically, the captured CO emissions are compressed into a fluid and transported to a specified site, where they are injected into deep, underground geological formations, such as former oil and gas reservoirs or deep saline formations for long-term storage.', 'Specifically, the captured CO emissions are compressed into a fluid and transported to a specified site, where they are injected into deep, underground geological formations, such as former oil and gas reservoirs or deep saline formations for long-term storage. CDR efforts using biomass as an input, such as biomass use for energy with CCS, should include safeguards to ensure actual emissions reductions to the atmosphere (e.g., including, to the extent possible, robust GHG accounting), and reflect consideration of the many non-carbon consequences of large- scale biomass production and use (e.g., competition with food production and biodiversity and broader ecosystem impacts) [61]. • DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACS). This is a technology that captures CO emissions directly from ambient air (instead of from point sources, such as power plants or industrial facilities), via solvent, solid sorbent, or mineral processes.', 'This is a technology that captures CO emissions directly from ambient air (instead of from point sources, such as power plants or industrial facilities), via solvent, solid sorbent, or mineral processes. The captured CO is then either compressed and sequestered permanently in a geological setting or converted into a usable material such as a synthetic aggregate in concrete production. • ENHANCED MINERALIZATION. This is a CDR approach that accelerates natural geologic processes around mineral reactions with CO from the ambient air, leading to permanent carbon storage through carbonate rock. There are several types of mineralization processes: in situ (e.g., CO reactions in geologic formations underground), ex situ (e.g., CO reactions that involve extraction, transport, and grinding of minerals), and surficial (e.g., ambient weathering using CO -enriched fluids and on-site minerals like mine tailings).', 'There are several types of mineralization processes: in situ (e.g., CO reactions in geologic formations underground), ex situ (e.g., CO reactions that involve extraction, transport, and grinding of minerals), and surficial (e.g., ambient weathering using CO -enriched fluids and on-site minerals like mine tailings). Research and development for enhanced mineralization is still early,THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 7.1 THE BENEFITS FROM A TRANSFORMED, NET-ZERO ECONOMY Bold and timely climate action towards net-zero will help the United States and the world avoid the worst impacts of climate change—and provide a transformative boost to the U.S. economy and the health and well-being of all Americans. Reductions in fossil fuel combustion and reductions in non-CO emissions will improve air quality and reduce the dangerous risks of climate change.', 'Reductions in fossil fuel combustion and reductions in non-CO emissions will improve air quality and reduce the dangerous risks of climate change. The expansion of new industries will create high-quality jobs, maintain economic competitiveness, and enable sustainable, broad-based economic growth. The benefits from this transformation are not constrained by political borders: U.S. action and ambitious action from other countries will have positive spillover effects including driving down the cost of carbon-free technologies and reducing the costs of climate induced disasters and conflicts around the world, particularly for lowest-income nations that are least able to adapt. In addition to the economic gains, action to meet the net-zero goal will, combined with global efforts, allow the United States to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, which are already being felt.', 'In addition to the economic gains, action to meet the net-zero goal will, combined with global efforts, allow the United States to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, which are already being felt. For example, air pollution kills thousands of people in the United States annually [64] and millions worldwide, particularly in the lowest-income countries, and ongoing international conflicts are exacerbated by climate change [65]. The longer action is delayed, the faster the transition must be, potentially causing severe disruption [66]. Moreover, delay incurs more severe consequences such as changed weather regimes (including new extremes [67]), higher sea level rise, greater ocean acidification [68], and a higher likelihood of reaching catastrophic damages or “tipping points” and potentially irreversible ecological impacts.', 'Moreover, delay incurs more severe consequences such as changed weather regimes (including new extremes [67]), higher sea level rise, greater ocean acidification [68], and a higher likelihood of reaching catastrophic damages or “tipping points” and potentially irreversible ecological impacts. These impacts have health and economic costs for all, but they are borne unequally, with greater consequences for low-income countries globally and communities of color, low-income communities, and indigenous communities within the United States [69]. For example, Black children are 34-41% more likely to live in areas with the highest projected increases in asthma diagnoses due to climate-driven changes in particulate air pollution [68]. These impacts are addressed more completely in the National Climate Strategy [2].', 'These impacts are addressed more completely in the National Climate Strategy [2]. BENEFITS OF CLIMATE ACTIONTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 7.2 IMPROVEMENTS IN PUBLIC HEALTH Climate-driven changes in weather, human activity, and natural emissions are all expected to impact future air quality across the United States [70]. Acting now on climate change and decarbonizing our energy sector will result in vastly cleaner air, immediate and long-term improvements in public health, and ecological benefits throughout the United States. These benefits arise from several sources. REDUCING GHGS CAUSES REDUCTION IN POLLUTANTS HARMFUL TO HEALTH, WELL-BEING, AND PRODUCTIVITY. Reducing GHGs to net-zero by 2050 will simultaneously reduce other pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), ozone and PM precursors, nitrous oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ), and other air toxics.', 'Reducing GHGs to net-zero by 2050 will simultaneously reduce other pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), ozone and PM precursors, nitrous oxides (NO x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ), and other air toxics. These benefits will be more significant in communities overburdened by air pollution. Ozone and PM are air pollutants that adversely affect human health and are monitored and regulated with national standards [71]. Human exposures to these pollutants have been associated with premature death, hospital admissions, and respiratory ailments, among others. A total of 60,600 deaths in the United States in 2019 alone were attributable to PM and ozone exposure [73]. The energy sector accounts for 80% of emissions of NO x and 96% of SO [70].', 'The energy sector accounts for 80% of emissions of NO x and 96% of SO [70]. As the economy transitions to carbon-free energy, reductions in air pollution are also expected to increase productivity of the workforce due to health improvements. Beyond the traditional focus on mortality impacts, there is emerging evidence that minor health impacts from air pollutants can also adversely affect educational attainment and reduce labor productivity, e.g., fewer tasks completed and fewer hours worked [74]. Such improvements would be important because climate projections show a direct impact of future extreme temperatures reducing hours worked in the economy [75]. REDUCING CLIMATE CHANGE SEVERITY SAVES LIVES AND IMPROVES HEALTH. Climate change threatens the health and well-being of Americans through catastrophic events; increases in heat-related illnesses and deaths; increases in vector-, food-, and water-borne disease; and reduced food and water quality.', 'Climate change threatens the health and well-being of Americans through catastrophic events; increases in heat-related illnesses and deaths; increases in vector-, food-, and water-borne disease; and reduced food and water quality. In addition to immediate fatalities associated with the events themselves, extreme weather events can exacerbate underlying medical conditions and disrupt critical health care, resulting in potentially lasting consequences. Furthermore, temperature increases have been linked to increases in premature death due to exposures to both cold and heat extremes; additionally heat exposure has led to increases in emergency room visits and hospital admissions for heat-related illnesses such as cardiovascular and respiratory conditions, kidney failure, and preterm birth, among others [77]. There are large disparities in urban heat environments in many U.S. cities that put lower-income people and people of color at higher risk of heat exposure [79].', 'There are large disparities in urban heat environments in many U.S. cities that put lower-income people and people of color at higher risk of heat exposure [79]. Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns have been implicated in the spread of some infectious diseases in some areas, including mosquito-borne Zika and West Nile viruses, by creating conditions that promote the expansion, abundance, and activity of certain disease vectors [76] [78]. Waterborne diseases have been associated with excessive rainfall as well as drought conditions. Water temperature increases have contributed to the growth of toxic algal blooms and harmful pathogens (e.g., Salmonella and Campylobacter), the presence of which can adversely affect food security and availability [77].', 'Water temperature increases have contributed to the growth of toxic algal blooms and harmful pathogens (e.g., Salmonella and Campylobacter), the presence of which can adversely affect food security and availability [77]. As for air pollution, the benefits of action to reduce impacts will be strongest in communities that are historically disadvantaged, low-income, and/or lack access to health services and prevention and are therefore most vulnerable to climate change [68]. For example, Hispanic and Latino individuals are 25-43% more likely to currently live in areas with the highest projected labor hour losses in weather-exposed industries due to increases in high-temperature days. 7.3 AVOIDING COSTLY CLIMATE IMPACTS Avoiding climate change will provide immediate and sustained benefits to the economy across several categories. Global emissions reductions can substantially reduce the damages of climate change in the United States [80].', 'Global emissions reductions can substantially reduce the damages of climate change in the United States [80]. One estimate shows reduced monetary damages from a subset of climate change impacts of $49 billion/year in 2050 and up to $388 billion/year inTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 2090 to the U.S. economy in 1.5°C- compatible scenarios compared to a reference scenario, from factors such as fewer deaths, less damage to infrastructure, and fewer lost wages.6 Similarly, Figure 19 shows the large and increasing benefits that accrue over time to the overall economy from a low-emissions pathway.7 This analysis is only a lower bound estimate as it does not include a comprehensive accounting of all potential impacts such as other health effects, effects on managed and unmanaged ecosystems, some indirect effects, and social impacts.', 'One estimate shows reduced monetary damages from a subset of climate change impacts of $49 billion/year in 2050 and up to $388 billion/year inTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 2090 to the U.S. economy in 1.5°C- compatible scenarios compared to a reference scenario, from factors such as fewer deaths, less damage to infrastructure, and fewer lost wages.6 Similarly, Figure 19 shows the large and increasing benefits that accrue over time to the overall economy from a low-emissions pathway.7 This analysis is only a lower bound estimate as it does not include a comprehensive accounting of all potential impacts such as other health effects, effects on managed and unmanaged ecosystems, some indirect effects, and social impacts. 6 The temperature and radiative forcing for the two scenarios are calculated from the median over an ensemble of 600 MAGICC v7.5.1 runs selected to match assessed proxy ranges [112].', '6 The temperature and radiative forcing for the two scenarios are calculated from the median over an ensemble of 600 MAGICC v7.5.1 runs selected to match assessed proxy ranges [112]. For the 1.5°C scenario, global mean temperature reaches 1.5°C in 2100 with a corresponding radiative forcing of 2.45 Wm-2 and 3.8°C in 2100 with a corresponding radiative forcing of 7.60 Wm-2 for the Reference scenario. Descriptions of future population, GDP, the transformation of global temperature change to continental U.S. temperature change, estimation of sea level rise, and other parameters and assumptions can be found in [111]. This framework includes impact estimates that employ a variety of assumptions regarding adaptive responses to climate impacts.', 'This framework includes impact estimates that employ a variety of assumptions regarding adaptive responses to climate impacts. The general adaptation scenarios considered in the analyses do not capture the complex issues that drive adaptation decision-making at regional and local scales. Adaptation and scenario assumptions used in this analysis: High Tide Flooding and Traffic impacts assume reasonably anticipated adaptation measures; Rail, Roads, Electricity Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure, and Coastal Properties assume reactive adaptation; Extreme Temperature Mortality assumes cities in cooler climates will adapt and become more resilient similar to present day cities in warm climates; and Ozone and PM Mortality uses 2011 emissions of co-emitted pollutants. The rest of the sectors do not explicitly model adaptation.', 'The rest of the sectors do not explicitly model adaptation. 7 Damages, and therefore avoided damages, increase over time due to the increasing divergence in global mean temperature change between the two scenarios along with growing populations; more valuable potentially vulnerable infrastructure; and higher valuation of avoided mortality. Figure 19: Projected Annual Benefits of Climate Mitigation for Select Years. Benefits from keeping to a 1.5⁰C trajectory grow significantly over time. U.S. annual economic impacts for a subset of sectors for the Reference minus 1.5°C scenario8. Impacts presented in billions of $2017. 8 17 U.S. sectors are represented in this figure. Health impacts consist of the following sectors: extreme temperature mortality, ozone and PM mortality, valley fever, wildfire health effects, and suppression and southwest dust health effects.', 'Health impacts consist of the following sectors: extreme temperature mortality, ozone and PM mortality, valley fever, wildfire health effects, and suppression and southwest dust health effects. Coastal impacts consist of the following sectors: coastal property, hightide flooding and traffic, and tropical storm wind damages. Infrastructure consists of the following sectors: rail and road infrastructure, electricity demand and supply, electricity transmission and distribution, and urban drainage. Water resources consist of the following sectors: water quality, winter recreation, and inland flooding. Lastly, the labor sector represents lost wages. Annual Benefits of Climate Mitigation (Billion 2017$ US) Water Resources Labor Coastal Infrastructure Health ImpactsTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 7.4 ENHANCED CLIMATE SECURITY There is a growing body of evidence that climate change can exacerbate conflict and reduce global security.', 'Annual Benefits of Climate Mitigation (Billion 2017$ US) Water Resources Labor Coastal Infrastructure Health ImpactsTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 7.4 ENHANCED CLIMATE SECURITY There is a growing body of evidence that climate change can exacerbate conflict and reduce global security. Climate change is a national security threat because it is globally destabilizing, changes military operating conditions, and demands new missions [81]. This means that mitigating the risk of climate change not only delivers ecological, public health, and economic benefits, but also enhances national and global security. By acting early and leading by example, the United States can build confidence in global efforts to reduce the risk of climate change [82].', 'By acting early and leading by example, the United States can build confidence in global efforts to reduce the risk of climate change [82]. The risks of a changing climate can make existing conflict more violent, lead to instability, and, through more erratic weather, affect the ability of the military to respond to security concerns. The U.S. National Intelligence Estimate assessment is that “climate change will increasingly exacerbate risks to U.S. national security interests as the physical impacts increase and geopolitical tensions mount about how to respond to the challenge” [83]. Extreme weather and conditions increasingly attributed to climate change already impact U.S. infrastructure, through the effects of sea level rise, storms, and wildfire.', 'Extreme weather and conditions increasingly attributed to climate change already impact U.S. infrastructure, through the effects of sea level rise, storms, and wildfire. The U.S. Department of Defense calls climate change a “top management challenge” because of the threat to operational security and to the physical infrastructure of installations [84], and finds that climate change is reshaping the geostrategic, operational, and tactical environments with significant implications for U.S. national security and defense [6]. It can also impact military readiness by diverting military assets and personnel to assist with disaster recovery, storms, and wildfire impact [85]. Experts agree that climate-related events (droughts, storms, wildfires, and flooding) are already contributing to conflict [86].', 'Experts agree that climate-related events (droughts, storms, wildfires, and flooding) are already contributing to conflict [86]. While the main conflict drivers have been related to low socioeconomic development, low state capability, intergroup inequality, and a history of conflict, these drivers can be exacerbated by disruption related to climate change [87]. Clear causal relationships between climate change and specific conflicts are the subject of ongoing research, but drought, floods, and other disasters related to climate change have been associated with large-scale displacement of people and, in some cases, this has led to political instability and conflict. Climate change is related to both short-term phenomena such as extreme weather events and long-term impacts such as rising sea levels and persistent drought.', 'Climate change is related to both short-term phenomena such as extreme weather events and long-term impacts such as rising sea levels and persistent drought. All of these can affect the lives and potentially the movements of large numbers of people in a way that can increase stresses within and between countries. Tropical storms, which are expected to become more severe as climate continues to change (and have already become more severe in the Atlantic Basin), already can displace large populations. Hurricane Katrina, for example, traumatically displaced tens of thousands of people from the city of New Orleans. In a country with lower capacity to address such crises, a similar event could create climate refugees and cause instability. Continued, more frequent, or more severe drought is also an expected result of climate change.', 'Continued, more frequent, or more severe drought is also an expected result of climate change. In agricultural societies, severe drought can exacerbate stresses. Drought contributed to the current civil war in Syria, causing internal destabilization as well as political stresses in neighboring countries due to the resulting refugee crisis [88]. The impacts of long-term changing sea level have already led to climate refugees, including in parishes in southern Louisiana [89]—and this can be disruptive across the world. For example, a further sea level rise of six inches (15 cm) could displace millions from the Nile Delta in Egypt [90]. Instability in strategically important regions, even far from the United States, is a national security concern.', 'Instability in strategically important regions, even far from the United States, is a national security concern. Societies can respond to crises like drought and water stress by strengthening political relationships that can benefit mutual security [91], but, in particular for vulnerable societies, the impacts of climate change may result in increased conflict. Actively working to mitigate climate change along with helping communities to build resilience and adapt may reduce the risks of these conflicts.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES 7.5 BUILDING A STRONGER U.S. ECONOMY The revolution in climate solutions has already begun. The fastest-growing power generation technologies are solar and wind, with a record-setting 35 GW of deployment in 2020, accounting for about 80% of new capacity [92].', 'The fastest-growing power generation technologies are solar and wind, with a record-setting 35 GW of deployment in 2020, accounting for about 80% of new capacity [92]. Globally, the zero-emissions vehicle share of new car sales is expected to rise from 2% today to nearly 30% by 2030 [93], with significantly higher numbers in the United States in line with reaching 50% new car sales. In these and many other sectors, the transition to carbon neutrality will accelerate for compatibility with international climate targets [94], representing rapidly expanding new markets in the United States and globally. The economic opportunity of decarbonization is immense. The United States is well-positioned to incubate new innovators and firms, with a well-trained workforce and institutions that have enabled global leaders in information technology, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and other industries [95].', 'The United States is well-positioned to incubate new innovators and firms, with a well-trained workforce and institutions that have enabled global leaders in information technology, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and other industries [95]. Moreover, a unique endowment of natural resources makes geographic regions of the country well-suited to be hubs of a wide range of carbon-free activities [40]. The United States can lead in the clean technologies for the 21st century, manufacturing crucial technologies like batteries, electric vehicles, and heat pumps, without sacrificing critical worker protections or a fair distribution of benefits of economic activity. Because innovation is cumulative and because many environmental technologies have returns to scale, investing early in the development of new technologies [96] will boost innovation in climate solutions and make the pathway to carbon neutrality more economically and politically feasible [97] [98].', 'Because innovation is cumulative and because many environmental technologies have returns to scale, investing early in the development of new technologies [96] will boost innovation in climate solutions and make the pathway to carbon neutrality more economically and politically feasible [97] [98]. Smart public investments in innovation stimulate private investment and economic growth and can help establish new (and often unforeseen) productive industries in the process [99] [100] [101]. One recent study finds social returns from investments in research and development are as much as four times larger than private returns [102], and an analysis of data on 16 advanced countries between 1980 and 1998 found that a 1% increase in public research and development investment generated an extra 0.17% in long-run output [103].', 'One recent study finds social returns from investments in research and development are as much as four times larger than private returns [102], and an analysis of data on 16 advanced countries between 1980 and 1998 found that a 1% increase in public research and development investment generated an extra 0.17% in long-run output [103]. The benefits of accelerating innovation will spill over to our international partners, including to developing countries which will be hit hardest by climate damages and can least afford to take actions in response. Although the overall economy will benefit from the transition to carbon neutrality, certain fossil fuel- dependent sectors and regions will have a more difficult transition.', 'Although the overall economy will benefit from the transition to carbon neutrality, certain fossil fuel- dependent sectors and regions will have a more difficult transition. Some communities are already experiencing economic challenges from the declines in fossil fuel-related employment [104], while others (predominantly low-income communities, communities of color, and indigenous communities) are experiencing disproportionate impacts of climate disasters and air pollution. A comprehensive policy strategy can support American workers and firms through the transition, creating high-quality jobs throughout the country, including in historically marginalized communities and in regions that have lost major employers and taxpayers.', 'A comprehensive policy strategy can support American workers and firms through the transition, creating high-quality jobs throughout the country, including in historically marginalized communities and in regions that have lost major employers and taxpayers. The United States can lead in clean technologies and jobs for the 21st century and is well-positioned to incubate new and innovative firms.THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES With our ambitious NDC target to cut emissions in half or more by 2030, and our goal for net-zero emissions no later than 2050, the United States has committed to sustained investment in a vibrant clean economy that will propel global climate action while improving social, economic, and health equity at home. This report has presented the U.S. Long-Term Strategy to achieve these ambitious goals.', 'Long-Term Strategy to achieve these ambitious goals. The road ahead to 2050 contains opportunities, uncertainties, and challenges. The opportunities are clear and broad ranging, and collectively offer a pathway to reinventing and reinvigorating the American economy to be equitable, globally competitive, and supportive of global climate and sustainability goals. It will rely on American innovation and partnerships across all of society, including Tribal and subnational governments; private sector businesses, industry, and investors; non- governmental organizations and cultural institutions; universities, research organizations, and educational institutions; and our people. Together, we can meet the challenges in developing and deploying new clean technologies at scale. We can discover new and creative ways to provide better services and products with lower climate footprints. And we can develop, train, and educate workers for productive and healthier work in new and fast-growing industries.', 'And we can develop, train, and educate workers for productive and healthier work in new and fast-growing industries. Undoubtedly, the U.S. roadmap will evolve as we learn more about the potential for new technologies in diverse applications, and as new policy platforms are developed over time. The United States intends to regularly review and update this Long-Term Strategy as needed to consider such developments and the latest science. Given the rapid pace of action in the United States and other leading countries, if other major economies adopt similar levels of ambition, the world can keep a safer 1.5°C future within reach.', 'Given the rapid pace of action in the United States and other leading countries, if other major economies adopt similar levels of ambition, the world can keep a safer 1.5°C future within reach. For its part, the United States currently emits 11% of annual global GHGs (second to China, which emits 27% of the global total), so eliminating U.S. emissions by 2050 will make an important direct contribution to reaching our shared global climate goals. However, others must step up with both long-term and short-term ambition, and many are already doing so. To date, at least 63 countries representing over half current global emissions have committed to net-zero GHG emissions targets.', 'To date, at least 63 countries representing over half current global emissions have committed to net-zero GHG emissions targets. Many more, representing over 70% of global emissions, are in ACCELERATING GLOBAL CLIMATE PROGRESSTHE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES diverse stages of identifying and committing to similar net-zero targets by mid-century [105] [106] [107]. These commitments matter: achieving near-net-zero emissions globally by 2050 will dramatically improve our chances of limiting global warming to near 1.5°C. However, while the rapid expansion of 2050 targets and long-term strategies is encouraging, commitments to act by 2030 are also critical. Countries representing well over half of the global economy, including nearly all the G7 countries, have already put forward strong 2030 NDCs.', 'Countries representing well over half of the global economy, including nearly all the G7 countries, have already put forward strong 2030 NDCs. Leadership and action by these countries will support development of new and more affordable climate technologies and support enhanced diplomatic momentum to encourage global action toward reaching sufficient levels of near-term action. But the United States, EU, UK, Japan, Canada, Republic of Korea, South Africa, and other ambitious major economies cannot do it alone. Strong 2030 NDCs will be required by all G20 economies to cut global emissions by at least 40% by 2030. Enhanced action by all G20 members to adopt high ambition 2030 NDCs and mid-century net-zero commitments could reduce warming by over 0.5°C and keep 1.5°C within reach [108].', 'Enhanced action by all G20 members to adopt high ambition 2030 NDCs and mid-century net-zero commitments could reduce warming by over 0.5°C and keep 1.5°C within reach [108]. Globally, this is the moment for all the world’s major economies to act to rapidly reduce emissions to meet ambitious 2030 NDC targets and to develop and communicate strategies to achieve ambitious 2050 net-zero goals.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [1] IPCC, "Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2021. /www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/. • [2] United States Executive Office of the President, "The U.S. National Climate Strategy," Washington DC, Forthcoming.', '• [2] United States Executive Office of the President, "The U.S. National Climate Strategy," Washington DC, Forthcoming. • [3] United States Department of State, "The United States’ Nationally Determined Contribution: Reducing Greenhouse Gases in the United States: A 2030 Emissions Target," Washington, DC, 2021. States%20NDC%20April%2021%202021%20Final.pdf. • [4] United States Executive Office of the President, "Executive Order 14008: Tackling the Climate Crisis at Home and Abroad," Federal Register, Washington, DC, 2021. /www. tackling-the-climate-crisis-at-home-and-abroad. • [5] G7, "Carbis Bay G7 Summit Communique," 2021. /www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements- releases/2021/06/13/carbis-bay-g7-summit-communique/. • [6] United States Department of Defense, Office of the Undersecretary for Policy (Strategy, Plans, and Capabilities), "Department of Defense Climate Risk Analysis. Report Submitted to National Security Council," Washington DC, 2021.', 'Report Submitted to National Security Council," Washington DC, 2021. • [7] United States Department of State, "National Communication and Biennial Report of the United States of America," Washington DC, 2021. • [8] United States Department of State, "Adaptation Communication of the United States of America," Washington DC, 2021. • [9] IPCC, "Global Warming of 1.5C," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2018. • [10] H. Waisman, M. Torres Gunfaus, D. Levai, L. Vallejo and A. Deprez, "A country-driven perspective on long-term low-emission development strategies," IDDRI, Paris, 2021. /www.iddri.org/en/publications-and-events/study/country- driven-perspective-long-term-low-emission-development. • [11] K. Levin, D. Rich, K. Ross, T. Fransen and C. Elliott, "Designing and Communicating Net-Zero Targets," World Resources Institute, Washington DC, 2020. www.wri.org/design-net-zero. • [12] United States Executive Office of the President, "United States Midcentury Strategy," Washington, DC, 2016. /unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/ application/pdf/mid_century_strategy_report-final_red.pdf.', '• [12] United States Executive Office of the President, "United States Midcentury Strategy," Washington, DC, 2016. /unfccc.int/files/focus/long-term_strategies/ application/pdf/mid_century_strategy_report-final_red.pdf. • [13] A. Phadke, U. Paliwal, N. Abhyankar, T. McNair, B. Paulos, D. Wooley and R. O Connell, "2035 Electricity," University of California, Berkeley, 2021. /www.2035report.com/electricity/. • [14] E. Larson, C. Greig, J. Jenkins, E. Mayfield, A. Pascale, C. Zhang, J. Drossman, R. Williams, S. Pacala, R. Socolow, E. Baik, R. Birdsey, R. Duke, R. Jones, B. Haley, E. Leslie, K. Paustian and A. Swan, "Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts," Princeton University, Princeton NJ, 2020. /netzeroamerica.princeton.edu/img/ Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf. • [15] R. Newell, D. Raimi, S. Villanueva and B. Prest, "Global Energy Outlook 2021: Pathways from Paris," Resources for the Future, Washington DC, 2021. /www.rff.org/publications/ reports/global-energy-outlook-2021-pathways-from-paris/.', '• [15] R. Newell, D. Raimi, S. Villanueva and B. Prest, "Global Energy Outlook 2021: Pathways from Paris," Resources for the Future, Washington DC, 2021. /www.rff.org/publications/ reports/global-energy-outlook-2021-pathways-from-paris/. • [16] S. Davis, N. Lewis, M. Shaner, S. Aggarwal, D. Arent, I. Azevedo, S. Benson, T. Bradley, J. Brouwer, Y. Chiang, C. Clack, A. Cohen, S. Doig, J. Edmonds, P. Fennell, C. Field, B. Hannegan, B. Hodge, M. Hoffert, E. Ingersoll, P. Jaramillo, K. Lackner, K. Mach, M. Mastrandrea, J. Ogden, P. Peterson, D. Sanchez, D. Sperling, J. Stagner, J. Trancik, C. J. Yang and K. Caldeira, "Net-zero emissions energy systems," Science, vol. 360, no. 6396, 2018. doi: 10.1126/science.aas9793. • [17] International Energy Agency, "Net Zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector," IEA, Paris, 2021. iea.li/nzeroadmap.', '• [17] International Energy Agency, "Net Zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector," IEA, Paris, 2021. iea.li/nzeroadmap. • [18] N. Hultman, L. Clarke, H. McJeon, R. Cui, P. Hansel, E. McGlynn, K. O Keefe, J. O Neill, C. Wanner and A. Zhao, "Charting an ambitious U.S. NDC of 51% reductions by 2030," University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2021. /cgs.umd.edu/research-impact/publications/working- paper-charting-ambitious-us-ndc-51-reductions-2030.', '• [18] N. Hultman, L. Clarke, H. McJeon, R. Cui, P. Hansel, E. McGlynn, K. O Keefe, J. O Neill, C. Wanner and A. Zhao, "Charting an ambitious U.S. NDC of 51% reductions by 2030," University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 2021. /cgs.umd.edu/research-impact/publications/working- paper-charting-ambitious-us-ndc-51-reductions-2030. • [19] N. Hultman, L. Clarke, C. Frisch, K. Kennedy, H. McJeon, T. Cyrs, P. Hansel, P. Bodnar, M. Manion, M. Edwards, R. Cui, C. Bowman, J. Lund, M. Westphal, A. Clapper, J. Jaeger, A. Sen, J. Lou, D. Saha, W. Jaglom, K. Calhoun, K. Igusky, J. deWeese, K. Hammoud, J. C. Altimirano, M. Dennis, C. Henderson, G. Zwicker and J. O Neill, "Fusing subnational with national climate action is central to decarbonization: The case of the United States," Nature Communications, vol. 11, no.', '• [19] N. Hultman, L. Clarke, C. Frisch, K. Kennedy, H. McJeon, T. Cyrs, P. Hansel, P. Bodnar, M. Manion, M. Edwards, R. Cui, C. Bowman, J. Lund, M. Westphal, A. Clapper, J. Jaeger, A. Sen, J. Lou, D. Saha, W. Jaglom, K. Calhoun, K. Igusky, J. deWeese, K. Hammoud, J. C. Altimirano, M. Dennis, C. Henderson, G. Zwicker and J. O Neill, "Fusing subnational with national climate action is central to decarbonization: The case of the United States," Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 5255, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18903-w. • [20] R. Orvis and M. Mahajan, "A 1.5C NDC for climate leadership by the United States," 2021. pathway-to-climate-leadership-for-the-united-states/.', '5255, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18903-w. • [20] R. Orvis and M. Mahajan, "A 1.5C NDC for climate leadership by the United States," 2021. pathway-to-climate-leadership-for-the-united-states/. • [21] K. Kennedy, W. Jaglom, N. Hultman, E. Bridgwater, R. Mendell, H. Leslie-Bole, L. Rowland, E. McGlynn, T. Massey- Green, T. Cyrs, L. Clarke, H. McJeon, A. Zhao, J. O Neill, R. Gasper, J. Feldmann, K. O Keefe, S. Kennedy, J. Zhao and H. Kazanecki, "Blueprint 2030: An All-In Climate Strategy for Faster, More Durable Emissions Reductions," America Is All In, Washington DC, 2021. /www.americaisallin.com/blueprint-2030/.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [22] J. H. Williams, R. A. Jones, B. Haley, G. Kwok, J. Hargreaves, J. Farbes and M. S. Torn, "Carbon-neutral pathways for the United States," AGU Advances, p. 25, 2021. doi: 10.1029/2020AV000284.', '• [21] K. Kennedy, W. Jaglom, N. Hultman, E. Bridgwater, R. Mendell, H. Leslie-Bole, L. Rowland, E. McGlynn, T. Massey- Green, T. Cyrs, L. Clarke, H. McJeon, A. Zhao, J. O Neill, R. Gasper, J. Feldmann, K. O Keefe, S. Kennedy, J. Zhao and H. Kazanecki, "Blueprint 2030: An All-In Climate Strategy for Faster, More Durable Emissions Reductions," America Is All In, Washington DC, 2021. /www.americaisallin.com/blueprint-2030/.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [22] J. H. Williams, R. A. Jones, B. Haley, G. Kwok, J. Hargreaves, J. Farbes and M. S. Torn, "Carbon-neutral pathways for the United States," AGU Advances, p. 25, 2021. doi: 10.1029/2020AV000284. • [23] R. Lempert, B. L. Preston, J. Edmonds, L. Clarke, T. Wild, M. Binsted, E. Diringer and B. Townsend, "Pathways to 2050: Alternative Scenarios for Decarbonizing the U.S. Economy," Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Washington DC, 2019. 2050-scenarios-for-decarbonizing-the-u-s-economy/.', '• [23] R. Lempert, B. L. Preston, J. Edmonds, L. Clarke, T. Wild, M. Binsted, E. Diringer and B. Townsend, "Pathways to 2050: Alternative Scenarios for Decarbonizing the U.S. Economy," Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Washington DC, 2019. 2050-scenarios-for-decarbonizing-the-u-s-economy/. • [24] Electric Power Research Institute, "Powering Decarbonization: Strategies for Net-Zero CO emissions," EPRI, Palo Alto, CA, 2021. /www.lenr-forum.com/ attachment/16437-strategies-for-net-zero-co2-emissions-pdf/. • [25] A. Phadke, N. Abhyankar, J. Kersey, T. McNair, U. Paliwal, D. Wooley, O. Ashmoore, R. Orvis, M. O Boyle, R. O Connell, U. Agwan, P. Mohanty, P. Sreedharan and D. Rajagopal, "2035 Transport," University of California, Berkeley, /www.2035report.com/transportation/. • [26] G. Boyd, E. Dutrow, J. Smith and E. Worrell, "An evaluation of the potential to decarbonize the U.S. manufacturing sector by 2050," ACEEE, Washington DC, 2021.', '• [26] G. Boyd, E. Dutrow, J. Smith and E. Worrell, "An evaluation of the potential to decarbonize the U.S. manufacturing sector by 2050," ACEEE, Washington DC, 2021. • [27] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2019," Washington DC, 2021. /www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/ inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks-1990-2019. • [28] United States Department of Energy, Joint Global Change Research Institute, "Global Change Analysis Model," 2021. • [29] United States Department of Energy, "Online Documentation for OP-NEMS," Washington DC, 2021. /www.energy.gov/policy/OP-NEMS. • [30] K. Riahi, D. P. van Vuuren, E. Kriegler, J. Edmonds, B. C. O Neill, S. Fujimori, N. Bauer, K. Calvin, R. Dellink, W. Lutz and A. Popp, "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview," Global Environmental Change, vol. 42, pp.', '• [30] K. Riahi, D. P. van Vuuren, E. Kriegler, J. Edmonds, B. C. O Neill, S. Fujimori, N. Bauer, K. Calvin, R. Dellink, W. Lutz and A. Popp, "The Shared Socioeconomic Pathways and their energy, land use, and greenhouse gas emissions implications: An overview," Global Environmental Change, vol. 42, pp. 153-168, 2017. / www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378016300681. • [31] United States Environmental Protection Agency, Global Timber Model (GTM), Washington, DC: EPA, 2015. /cfpub.epa.gov/ si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=OAP&dirEntryId=198002. • [32] K. G. Austin, J. S. Baker, B. L. Sohngen, C. M. Wade, A. Daigneault, S. B. Ohrel, S. Ragnauth and A. Bean, "The economic costs of planting, preserving, and managing the world’s forests to mitigate climate change," Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 5946, 1 December 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19578-z.', '5946, 1 December 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19578-z. • [33] United States Environmental Protection Agency, Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model Greenhouse Gas Version (FASOM-GHG), Washington, DC: EPA, 2015. /cfpub.epa.gov/si/ ch=0&showcriteria=2&sortby=pubDate&searchall=fasom&timstype=. • [34] C. Johnston, J. Guo and J. Presetemon, "The Forest Resource Outloook Model (FOROM): A technical document supporting the Forest Service 2020 RPA Assessment," United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Asheville NC, 2021. doi: 10.2737/SRS-GTR-254. • [35] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Global Non-CO Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections & Marginal Abatement Cost Analysis: Methodology Documentation," Washington, DC, 2019. /www.epa.gov/sites/default/ files/2019-09/documents/nonco2_methodology_report.pdf. • [36] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Global Non-CO Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections and Mitigation 2015-2050," Washington DC, 2019. /www. epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases.', '• [36] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Global Non-CO Greenhouse Gas Emission Projections and Mitigation 2015-2050," Washington DC, 2019. /www. epa.gov/global-mitigation-non-co2-greenhouse-gases. • [37] J. Fuhrman, H. McJeon, P. Patel, S. C. Doney, W. M. Shobe and A. F. Clarens, "Food–energy–water implications of negative emissions technologies in a +1.5 °C future," Nature Climate Change, vol. 10, pp. 920-927, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0876-z. • [38] M. Muratori, H. Kheshgi, B. Mignone, L. Clarke, H. McJeon and J. Edmonds, "Carbon capture and storage across fuels and sectors in energy system transformation pathways," International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, vol. 57, pp. 34-41, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.11.026. • [39] D. Esposito, "Studies Agree 80 Percent Clean Electricity by 2030 Would Save Lives and Create Jobs at Minimal Cost," Energy Innovation: Policy & Technology LLC, San Francisco, 2021. Save-Lives-and-Create-Jobs-at-Minimal-Cost.pdf.', '• [39] D. Esposito, "Studies Agree 80 Percent Clean Electricity by 2030 Would Save Lives and Create Jobs at Minimal Cost," Energy Innovation: Policy & Technology LLC, San Francisco, 2021. Save-Lives-and-Create-Jobs-at-Minimal-Cost.pdf. • [40] National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, "Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System," The National Academies Press, Washington DC, 2021. doi: 10.17226/25932. • [41] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "More U.S. coal-fired power plants are decommissioning as retirements continue," Washington DC, 2019. /www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=40212. • [42] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Renewables became the second-most prevalent U.S. electricity source in 2020," Washington, DC, 2021. / www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=48896.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [43] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review," Washington DC, 2021. /www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec7_19.pdf.', '• [42] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Renewables became the second-most prevalent U.S. electricity source in 2020," Washington, DC, 2021. / www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=48896.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [43] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Monthly Energy Review," Washington DC, 2021. /www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/sec7_19.pdf. • [44] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "Residential Energy Consumption Survey," EIA, Washington, DC, 2015. /www.eia.gov/ consumption/residential/data/2015/c&e/pdf/ce1.1.pdf. • [45] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019," United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2021. /www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/ inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks.', '• [45] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2019," United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2021. /www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/ inventory-us-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks. • [46] T. C. Bond, S. J. Doherty, D. W. Fahey, P. M. Forster, T. Berntsen, B. J. DeAngelo, M. G. Flanner, S. Ghan, B. Kächer and S. Kinne, "Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment," Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 118, no. 11, pp. 5380-5552, 2013. • [47] C. W. Tessum, D. A. Paolella, S. E. Chambliss, J. S. Apte, J. D. Hill and J. D. Marshall, "PM2.5 polluters disproportionately and systemically affect people of color in the United States," Science Advances, vol. 7, no. 18, 2021.', '• [47] C. W. Tessum, D. A. Paolella, S. E. Chambliss, J. S. Apte, J. D. Hill and J. D. Marshall, "PM2.5 polluters disproportionately and systemically affect people of color in the United States," Science Advances, vol. 7, no. 18, 2021. • [48] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, "Global Forest Resources Assessment," Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2020. "Forest Resources of the United States, 2017: a technical document supporting the Forest Service 2020 RPA Assessment," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC, 2019. doi: 10.2737/WO-GTR-97. • [50] S. B. Ohrel, "Policy Perspective on the Role of Forest Sector Modeling," Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 34, no.', '• [50] S. B. Ohrel, "Policy Perspective on the Role of Forest Sector Modeling," Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 34, no. 3-4, pp. 187-204, 2019. doi: 10.1561/112.00000506. • [51] H. Stanke, A. O. Finley, G. M. Domke, A. S. Weed and D. W. MacFarlane, "Over half of western United States most abundant tree species in decline," Nature Communications, vol. 12, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20678-z. • [52] G. M. Domke, S. N. Oswalt, B. F. Walters and R. S. Morin, "Tree planting has the potential to increase carbon sequestration capacity of forests in the United States," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 117, no. 40, pp. 24649-24651, 6 October 2020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010840117.', '24649-24651, 6 October 2020. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010840117. • [53] P. R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. C. Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H. O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, P. Zhai, R. Slade, S. Connors, R. van Diemen, M. Ferrat, E. Haughey, S. Luz, S. Neogi, M. Pathak, J. Petzold, J. Portugal Perreira, P. Vyas, E. Huntley, K. Kissick, M. Belkacemi and J. Malley, "Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change,," IPCC, 2019. / www.ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/summary-for-policymakers/. • [54] C. M. Wade, J. S. Baker, J. P. Jones, K. G. Austin, Y. Cai, A.', '• [54] C. M. Wade, J. S. Baker, J. P. Jones, K. G. Austin, Y. Cai, A. B. de Hernandez, G. S. Latta, S. B. Ohrel, S. Ragnauth, J. Creason and B. McCarl, "Projecting the Impact of Socioeconomic and Policy Factors on Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forestry and Agriculture," Journal of Forest Economics, vol. 37, 2022. doi: 10.1561/112.00000545. • [55] X. Tian, B. Sohngen, J. Baker, S. Ohrel and A. A. Fawcett, "Will U.S. Forests Continue to Be a Carbon Sink?," Land Economics, vol. 94, no. 1, pp. 97-113, 2018. doi: 10.3368/le.94.1.97.', '1, pp. 97-113, 2018. doi: 10.3368/le.94.1.97. • [56] IPCC, ""Chapter 9: Forestry" In: Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, 2007. /www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg3/. • [57] S. Cook-Patton, T. Gopalakrishna, A. Daigneault, J. McGuire, S. Yeo and J. Fargione, "Lower cost and more feasible options to restore forest cover in the contiguous United States for climate mitigation," One Earth, 2020. DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.013. • [58] Reforestation Hub, " /www.reforestationhub.org/," 2021. • [59] C. Van Winkle, J. Baker, D. Lapidus, S. B. Ohrel, J. Steller, G. Latta and D. Birur, "US forest sector greenhouse mitigation potential and implications for nationally determined contribution," RTI Press Publication No. OP-0033-1705, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2017. 10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705.', 'OP-0033-1705, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2017. 10.3768/rtipress.2017.op.0033.1705. • [60] IPCC, ""Chapter 6: Assessing transformation pathways" In: AR5 Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2014. /www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/. • [61] K. Calvin, A. Cowie, G. Berndes, A. Arneth, F. Cherubini, J. Portugal-Pereira, G. Grassi, J. House, F. X. Johnson, A. Popp, M. Rounsevell, R. Slade and P. Smith, "Bioenergy for climate change mitigation: Scale and sustainability," GCB-Bioenergy, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1346-1371, September 2021. doi: 10.1111/gcbb.12863. • [62] IPCC, "Sixth Assessment Report, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis," Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2021. /www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/#FullReport. • [63] Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division Z, Title V - Carbon Removal, Washington, DC, 2020. /rules.house.gov/sites/ democrats.rules.house.gov/files/BILLS-116HR133SA-RCP-116-68.pdf.', '• [63] Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021, Division Z, Title V - Carbon Removal, Washington, DC, 2020. /rules.house.gov/sites/ democrats.rules.house.gov/files/BILLS-116HR133SA-RCP-116-68.pdf. • [64] S. K. Thakrar, S. Balasubramanian, P. J. Adams, I. M. Azevedo, N. Z. Muller, S. N. Pandis, S. Polasky, C. A. Pope III, A. L. Robinson, J. S. Apte, C. W. Tessum, J. D. Marshall and J. D. Hill, "Reducing Mortality from Air Pollution in the United States by Targeting Specific Emission Sources," Environmental Science & Technology Letters, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. /pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00424.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [65] C. P. Kelley, S. Mohtadi, M. A. Cane, R. Seager and Y. Kushnir, "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no.', 'Cane, R. Seager and Y. Kushnir, "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no. 11, pp. 3241-3246, March 2015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421533112. • [66] Energy Innovation: Policy & Technology LLC, "The Costs of Delay," San Francisco, 2021. /energyinnovation.org/publication/the-costs-of-delay-2/. • [67] E. Fischer, S. Sippel and R. Knutti, "Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes," Nature Climate Change, vol. 11, pp. 689-695, 2021. doi: 10.1038/s41558-021-01092-9. • [68] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States: A Focus on Six Impacts," EPA, Washington, DC, 2021.', '• [68] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in the United States: A Focus on Six Impacts," EPA, Washington, DC, 2021. Beagley, K. Belesova and M. Boykoff, "The 2020 Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Responding to Converging Crises," The Lancet, vol. 397, no. 10269, pp. 129-170, 9 January 2021. /www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(20)32290-X/fulltext. • [70] C. G. Nolte, P. D. Dolwick, R. W. Pinder, N. Fann, T. L. Spero, L. W. Horowitz, D. A. Winner, V. Naik and L. H. Ziska, "Air Quality," in Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II, Washington DC, US Global Change Research Program, 2018. doi: 10.7930/NC4.2018.CH13, pp. 512-538.', 'Winner, V. Naik and L. H. Ziska, "Air Quality," in Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II, Washington DC, US Global Change Research Program, 2018. doi: 10.7930/NC4.2018.CH13, pp. 512-538. • [71] "Clean Air Act: 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401 et seq.". • [72] N. Fann, A. Lamson, S. Anenberg, S. Wesson, D. Risley and B. Hubbell, "Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ozone," Risk Analysis, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 81-95, 2012. • [73] Health Effects Institute, "State of Global Air: A Special Report on Global Exposure to Air Pollution and Its Health Impacts," Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, 2020. /www.stateofglobalair.org/. • [74] J. G. Zivin and M. Neidell, "Air Pollution s Hidden Impacts," Science, vol.', '• [74] J. G. Zivin and M. Neidell, "Air Pollution s Hidden Impacts," Science, vol. 359, no. 6371, pp. 39- 40, 5 January 2018. doi: 10.1126/science.aap7711. • [75] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Multi-Model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment," EPA, Washington, DC, 2017. /cfpub.epa.gov/ si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?Lab=OAP&dirEntryId=335095. • [76] J. Rocklöv and R. Dubrow, "Climate change: an enduring challenge for vector-borne disease prevention and control," Nature Immunology, vol. 21, pp. 479- 483, 2020. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0648-y. • [77] K. L. Ebi, J. M. Balbus, G. Luber, A. Bole, A. Crimmins, G. E. Glass, S. Saha, M. M. Shimamoto, J. M. Trtanj and J. L. White- Newsome, "Chapter 14 : Human Health. Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II," U.S.', 'Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II," U.S. Global Change Research Program, Washington, DC, 2018. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH14. • [78] D. Campbell-Lendrum, Manga, Lucien, M. Bagayoko and J. Sommerfield, "Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, vol. 370, no. 1665, 5 April 2015. / www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4342958/. • [79] B. Plumer and N. Popovich, "How Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering," New York Times, 24 August 2020. climate/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html. • [80] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Technical Documentation for the Framework for Evaluating Damages and Impacts," Washington DC, 2021. www.epa.gov/cira/fredi.', '• [80] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Technical Documentation for the Framework for Evaluating Damages and Impacts," Washington DC, 2021. www.epa.gov/cira/fredi. • [81] United States Department of Defense, Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Acquisition and Sustainment), "Department of Defense Draft Climate Adaptation Plan: Report Submitted to National Climate Task Force and Federal Chief Sustainability Officer," Department of Defense, Washington, DC, /www.sustainability.gov/pdfs/dod-2021-cap.pdf. • [82] R. O. Keohane and D. G. Victor, "Cooperation and Discord in Global Climate Policy," Nature Climate Change, vol. 6, pp. 570-575, 2016. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2937. • [83] United States Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "National Intelligence Estimate: Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040," Washington DC, 2021.', '• [83] United States Office of the Director of National Intelligence, "National Intelligence Estimate: Climate Change and International Responses Increasing Challenges to US National Security Through 2040," Washington DC, 2021. • [84] United States Army Corps of Engineers, "U.S. Department of Defense Installation Exposure to Climate Change at Home and Abroad," Washington DC, 2021. • [85] United States Global Change Research Program, "Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment," Washington DC, 2018. /nca2018.globalchange.gov/. • [86] K. J. Mach, C. M. Kraan, H. Buhaug, M. Burke, J. D. Fearon, C. B. Field, C. S. Hendrix, J.-F. Maystadt, J. O Loughlin, P. Roessler, J. Scheffran, K. A. Schultz and N. von Uexkull, "Climate as a risk factor for armed conflict," Nature, vol. 571, pp. 193-197, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6.', '571, pp. 193-197, 2019. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1300-6. • [87] F. Gemenne, J. Barnett, W. N. Adger and G. D. Dabelko, "Climate and security: evidence, emerging risks, and a new agenda," Climatic Change, vol. 123, pp. 1-9, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1074-7.REFERENCES THE LONG-TERM STRATEGY OF THE UNITED STATES • [88] C. P. Kelley, S. Mohtadi, M. A. Cane, R. Seager and Y. Kushnir, "Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 112, no. 11, pp. 3241-3246, March 2 2015. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1421533112. • [89] K. Pettus, "The First American Climate Refugees and the Need for Proactive Relocation," The George Washington University Law Review, vol. 87, no. 1, pp. 172-205, 24 January /www.gwlr.org/the-first-american-climate- refugees-and-the-need-for-proactive-relocation/.', '1, pp. 172-205, 24 January /www.gwlr.org/the-first-american-climate- refugees-and-the-need-for-proactive-relocation/. • [90] I. Al-Marashi and A. Causevic, "NATO and Collective Environmental Security in the Middle East and North Africa," Journal of Strategic Security, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 28-44, 2020. doi: 10.5038/1944-0472.13.4.1804. • [91] T. Bohmelt, T. Bernauer, H. Buhaug, N. P. Gleditsch, T. Tribaldos and G. Wischnath, "Demand, supply, and restraint: Determinants of domestic water conflict and cooperation," Global Environmental Change, vol. 29, pp. 337-348, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.018. • [92] United States Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, "EIA forecasts renewables will be fastest growing source of electricity generation," 2021. / www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=38053. • [93] Bloomberg New Energy Finance, "Electric Vehicle Outlook," /about.bnef.com/electric-vehicle-outlook/. • [94] International Renewable Energy Agency, "Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050," IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2020. Apr/Global-Renewables-Outlook-2020.', '• [94] International Renewable Energy Agency, "Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050," IRENA, Abu Dhabi, 2020. Apr/Global-Renewables-Outlook-2020. • [95] D. Rodrik, ""Green Industrial Policy"," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 469-491, 2014. /drodrik. scholar.harvard.edu/files/dani-rodrik/files/green_industrial_policy.pdf. • [96] M. Mazzucato, R. Kattel and J. Ryan-Collins, "Challenge- Driven Innovation Policy: Towards a New Policy Toolkit," Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 421-437, 2020. doi: 10.1007/s10842-019-00329-w. • [97] D. Acemoglu, P. Aghion, L. Bursztyn and D. Hemous, "The Environment and Directed Technical Change," American Economic Review, vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 131-166, 2012. • [98] V. Bosetti, C. Carraro, R. Duval and M. Tavoni, "What should we expect from innovation? A model-based assessment of the environmental and mitigation cost implications of climate- related R&D," Energy Economics, vol.', 'A model-based assessment of the environmental and mitigation cost implications of climate- related R&D," Energy Economics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1313-1320, 2011. • [99] A. M. Pereira, "On the Effects of Public Investment on Private Investment: What Crowds in What?," Public Finance Review, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 3-25, 2001. doi: 10.1177/109114210102900101. • [100] J. Bivens, "The potential macroeconomic benefits from increasing infrastructure investment," Economic Policy Institute, Washington, DC, 2017. /www.epi.org/publication/the-potential- macroeconomic-benefits-from-increasing-infrastructure-investment/. • [101] D. C. Mowery and T. Simcoe, "Is the Internet a US invention?— an economic and technological history of computer networking," Research Policy, vol. 31, no. 8-9, pp. 1369-1387, 2002. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00069-0. • [102] B. Lucking, N. Bloom and J. Van Reenan, "Have R&D Spillovers Declined in the 21st Century?," Fiscal Studies, vol. 40, no.', 'Van Reenan, "Have R&D Spillovers Declined in the 21st Century?," Fiscal Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 561-590, 2020. doi: 10.1111/1475-5890.12195. • [103] D. Guellec and B. van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, "R&D and Productivity Growth: Panel Data Analysis of 16 OECD Countries," OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, vol. 2001, no. 2, pp. 103-126, 2003. • [104] White House Interagency Working Group on Coal and Power Plant Communities and Economic Revitalization, "Initial Report to the President on Empowering Workers Through Revitalizing Energy Communities," United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC, 2021. /netl.doe.gov/IWGInitialReport. • [105] R. Black, K. Cullen, B. Fay, T. Hale, J. Lang, S. Mahmood and S. Smith, "Taking Stock: A global assessment of net zero targets," Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, Oxford UK, 2021. /eciu.net/ analysis/reports/2021/taking-stock-assessment-net-zero-targets.', '• [105] R. Black, K. Cullen, B. Fay, T. Hale, J. Lang, S. Mahmood and S. Smith, "Taking Stock: A global assessment of net zero targets," Energy & Climate Intelligence Unit, Oxford UK, 2021. /eciu.net/ analysis/reports/2021/taking-stock-assessment-net-zero-targets. • [106] Carbon Neutrality Coalition, " / carbon-neutrality.global/," 2021. [Online]. • [107] Climate Action Tracker, " / climateactiontracker.org/," 2021. [Online]. • [108] C. Fyson, A. Geiges, M. Gidden, J. Srouji and C. Schumer, "Closing the Gap: The impact of G20 climate commitments on limiting global temperature rise to 1.5C," Climate Analytics, World Resources Institute, 2021. • [109] B. Lucking, N. Bloom and J. Van Reenan, "Have R&D Spillovers Declined in the 21st Century?," Fiscal Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 561-590, 2019. • [110] United States Department of Energy, "U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program," 2021. [Online].', '• [110] United States Department of Energy, "U.S. Department of Energy Hydrogen Program," 2021. [Online]. www.hydrogen.energy.gov. • [111] United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Technical Documentation for the Framework for Evaluating Damages and Impacts," Washington DC, 2021. www.epa.gov/cira/fredi. • [112] Z. Nicholls, M. Meinshausen, J. Lewis, M. Rojas Corradi, K. Dorheim, T. Gasser, R. Gieseke and et.al., "Reduced Complexity Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2: Synthesizing Earth System Knowledge for Probabilistic Climate Projections," Earth s Future, 2021. 10.1029/2020EF001900.Designed and Printed by Global Publishing Solutions (U.S. Department of State/A/GIS/GPS)'] | en-US |
360 | USA | United States of America | 1st NDC | 2016-09-03 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/U.S.A.%20First%20NDC%20Submission.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Northern America | 0 | 5,107.261077 | 1,788.255032 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/38cdc1160aa5f7283c62136546f32d367145b937329b29bfd8c134a7cbcf4f88.pdf | ['The United States is pleased to communicate its intended nationally determined contribution, as well as information to facilitate the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the contribution. The United States is strongly committed to reducing greenhouse gas pollution, thereby contributing to the objective of the Convention.', 'The United States is strongly committed to reducing greenhouse gas pollution, thereby contributing to the objective of the Convention. In response to the request in Lima to communicate to the secretariat its intended nationally determined contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2—the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system—the United States intends to achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28 per cent below its 2005 level in 2025 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 28%. The target is fair and ambitious.', 'The target is fair and ambitious. The United States has already undertaken substantial policy action to reduce its emissions, taking the necessary steps to place us on a path to achieve the 2020 target of reducing emissions in the range of 17 percent below the 2005 level in 2020. Additional action to achieve the 2025 target represents a substantial acceleration of the current pace of greenhouse gas emission reductions. Achieving the 2025 target will require a further emission reduction of 9-11% beyond our 2020 target compared to the 2005 baseline and a substantial acceleration of the 2005-2020 annual pace of reduction, to 2.3-2.8 percent per year, or an approximate doubling.', 'Achieving the 2025 target will require a further emission reduction of 9-11% beyond our 2020 target compared to the 2005 baseline and a substantial acceleration of the 2005-2020 annual pace of reduction, to 2.3-2.8 percent per year, or an approximate doubling. Substantial global emission reductions are needed to keep the global temperature rise below 2 degrees Celsius, and the 2025 target is consistent with a path to deepdecarbonization. This target is consistent with a straight line emission reduction pathway from 2020 to deep, economy-wide emission reductions of 80% or more by 2050. The target is part of a longer range, collective effort to transition to a low-carbon global economy as rapidly as possible.', 'The target is part of a longer range, collective effort to transition to a low-carbon global economy as rapidly as possible. The target reflects a planning process that examined opportunities under existing regulatory authorities to reduce emissions in 2025 of all greenhouse gases from all sources in every economic sector. A number of existing laws, regulations, and other domestically mandatory measures are relevant to the implementation of the target, which we detail in the information provided.Party: United States of America Intended nationally determined contribution The United States intends to achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26%-28% below its 2005 level in 2025 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 28%.', 'A number of existing laws, regulations, and other domestically mandatory measures are relevant to the implementation of the target, which we detail in the information provided.Party: United States of America Intended nationally determined contribution The United States intends to achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 26%-28% below its 2005 level in 2025 and to make best efforts to reduce its emissions by 28%. ****************************************************************************** Information provided in order to facilitate clarity, transparency, and understanding Scope and coverage: Gases: The U.S. target covers all greenhouse gases included in the 2014 Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3 ). Sectors: The U.S. target covers all IPCC sectors.', 'Sectors: The U.S. target covers all IPCC sectors. Percentage of total greenhouse gas emissions: The United States intends to account for 100 percent of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and removals for the base year 2005 as published in the Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, on a net-net basis. Quantifiable information on the reference point, time frames, assumptions and methodological approaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: Timeframe and reference point: The U.S. target is for a single year: 2025.', 'Quantifiable information on the reference point, time frames, assumptions and methodological approaches including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals: Timeframe and reference point: The U.S. target is for a single year: 2025. The base year against which the target is measured is 2005.Accounting approach for land sector: The United States intends to include all categories of emissions by sources and removals by sinks, and all pools and gases, as reported in the Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks; to account for the land sector using a net-net approach; and to use a “production approach” to account for harvested wood products consistent with IPCC guidance. The United States may also exclude emissions from natural disturbances, consistent with available IPCC guidance.', 'The United States may also exclude emissions from natural disturbances, consistent with available IPCC guidance. There are material data collection and methodological challenges to estimating emissions and removals in the land sector. Consistent with IPCC Good Practice, the United States has continued to improve its land sector greenhouse gas reporting, which involves updating its methodologies. The base year and target for the U.S. INDC were established on the basis of the methodologies used for the land sector in the 2014 Inventory of United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks and the United States 2014 Biennial Report. Metric: The United States intends to use 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to calculate equivalent totals.', 'Metric: The United States intends to use 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values to calculate equivalent totals. The United States intends to report emissions totals using Fourth Assessment Report values, and will consider future updates to GWP values from the IPCC. Use of markets: At this time, the United States does not intend to utilize international market mechanisms to implement its 2025 target. Domestic laws, regulations, and measures relevant to implementation: Several U.S. laws, as well as existing and proposed regulations thereunder, are relevant to the implementation of the U.S. target, including the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. §7401 et seq. ), the Energy Policy Act (42 U.S.C. §13201 et seq. ), and the Energy Independence and Security Act (42 U.S.C. § 17001 et seq.).', '), and the Energy Independence and Security Act (42 U.S.C. § 17001 et seq.). Since 2009, the United States has completed the following regulatory actions: • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Department of Transportation and the United States Environmental Protection Agency adopted fuel economy standards for light-duty vehicles for model years 2012-2025 and for heavy-duty vehicles for model years 2014-2018. • Under the Energy Policy Act and the Energy Independence and Security Act, the United States Department of Energy has finalized multiple measures addressing buildings sector emissions including energy conservation standards for 29 categoriesof appliances and equipment as well as a building code determination for commercial buildings.', '• Under the Energy Policy Act and the Energy Independence and Security Act, the United States Department of Energy has finalized multiple measures addressing buildings sector emissions including energy conservation standards for 29 categoriesof appliances and equipment as well as a building code determination for commercial buildings. • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has approved the use of specific alternatives to high-GWP HFCs in certain applications through the Significant New Alternatives Policy program. At this time: • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is moving to finalize by summer 2015 regulations to cut carbon pollution from new and existing power plants.', 'At this time: • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is moving to finalize by summer 2015 regulations to cut carbon pollution from new and existing power plants. • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Department of Transportation and the United States Environmental Protection Agency are moving to promulgate post-2018 fuel economy standards for heavy-duty vehicles. • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is developing standards to address methane emissions from landfills and the oil and gas sector. • Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is moving to reduce the use and emissions of high-GWP HFCs through the Significant New Alternatives Policy program.', '• Under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is moving to reduce the use and emissions of high-GWP HFCs through the Significant New Alternatives Policy program. • Under the Energy Policy Act and the Energy Independence and Security Act, the United States Department of Energy is continuing to reduce buildings sector emissions including by promulgating energy conservation standards for a broad range of appliances and equipment, as well as a building code determination for residential buildings. In addition, since 2008 the United States has reduced greenhouse gas emissions from Federal Government operations by 17 percent and, under Executive Order 13693 issued on March 25th 2015, has set a new target to reduce these emissions 40 percent below 2005 levels by 2025.', 'In addition, since 2008 the United States has reduced greenhouse gas emissions from Federal Government operations by 17 percent and, under Executive Order 13693 issued on March 25th 2015, has set a new target to reduce these emissions 40 percent below 2005 levels by 2025. Relationship with inventory: This approach, and the definitions and metrics used, are fully consistent with our greenhouse gas inventory. The United States intends to continue to improve its greenhouse gas inventory over time, and may incorporate these improvements into its intended nationally determined contribution accordingly. Additional information on the greenhouse gas inventory, including calculations, models, data sources, and references can be found here: www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html#about'] | en-US |
361 | USA | United States of America | Updated NDC | 2021-04-22 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/United%20States%20NDC%20April%2021%202021%20Final.pdf | null | Annex I | High-income | Northern America | 0 | 5,107.261077 | 1,788.255032 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/efe217a1247f2f5bc7da63b7d9c49077163f39c92de44c52edc08ee6ca18472f.pdf | ['The United States of America Nationally Determined Contribution Reducing Greenhouse Gases in the United States: A 2030 Emissions TargetThe United States’ Nationally Determined Contribution Reducing Greenhouse Gases in the United States: A 2030 Emissions Target __________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION This submission communicates the United States’ nationally determined contribution (NDC) in line with Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement establishes a goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2o C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature to 1.5o C. Climate change is an existential threat and demands bold action. Solutions exist today to reduce emissions rapidly while supporting economic growth and improving quality of life.', 'Solutions exist today to reduce emissions rapidly while supporting economic growth and improving quality of life. Addressing the climate crisis requires scaling the many solutions we already have, while investing in innovation to improve and broaden the set of solutions, enabling multiple pathways to reach global net zero emissions. After a careful process involving analysis and consultation across the United States federal government and with leaders in state, local, and tribal governments, the United States is setting an economy-wide target of reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030.', 'After a careful process involving analysis and consultation across the United States federal government and with leaders in state, local, and tribal governments, the United States is setting an economy-wide target of reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030. The National Climate Advisor developed this NDC in consultation with the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, and it was approved by President Joseph R. Biden Jr United States Historic Emissions and Projected Emissions Under 2030 TargetDeploying zero-carbon solutions in the United States will create good jobs and improve the health of our families and communities. Local air pollution reductions that come along with reaching this goal will avoid tens of thousands of premature deaths by 2030.', 'Local air pollution reductions that come along with reaching this goal will avoid tens of thousands of premature deaths by 2030. The United States is committed to standing with the workers and communities too often left behind — people and places that have suffered as a result of economic and energy shifts – and creating well-paid employment in the low carbon economy. The United States reaffirms its commitment to the creation of decent work and quality jobs as an integral part of its efforts to combat climate change. The United States will work to ensure that our firms and workers are not put at an unfair competitive disadvantage and cooperate with allies and partners that are committed to fighting climate change.', 'The United States will work to ensure that our firms and workers are not put at an unfair competitive disadvantage and cooperate with allies and partners that are committed to fighting climate change. As appropriate, and consistent with domestic approaches to reduce United States greenhouse gas emissions, this includes consideration of carbon border adjustments in relation to carbon-intensive goods. Furthermore, acknowledging that the worst impacts of climate change have hit historically disadvantaged communities hardest, the United States is committed to environmental justice and to prioritizing investment that benefits these communities. In addition, American innovation will increase the diversity of available and accessible low-cost low-carbon technologies to eliminate greenhouse gas emissions. The United States also notes the importance of natural climate solutions, terrestrial and marine, in climate ambition and resilience.', 'The United States also notes the importance of natural climate solutions, terrestrial and marine, in climate ambition and resilience. It further recognizes the role of the broader suite of ocean-based climate solutions, including scaling-up offshore renewable energy and reducing emissions from shipping and ports, in increasing climate ambition and creating jobs. There are multiple paths to reach this goal, and the United States federal and subnational governments have many tools available to work with civil society and the private sector, mobilizing investment to meet these goals while supporting a strong economy. The solutions are affordable, and the cost of inaction far outweighs the cost of action in economic and humanitarian terms.', 'The solutions are affordable, and the cost of inaction far outweighs the cost of action in economic and humanitarian terms. Based on preliminary estimates, the United States is expected to have met and surpassed its 2020 target of net economy-wide emissions reductions in the range of 17 percent below 2005 levels and is broadly on track to achieve 26-28 percent emissions reductions below 2005 levels in 2025. The 2030 target represents increased ambition made possible in part through advances in technology and resulting market responses. A whole-of-government approach on climate action at the federal level will play an important role in achieving our target in 2030, building upon and benefiting from a long history of leadership on climate ambition and innovation from state, local, and tribal governments.', 'A whole-of-government approach on climate action at the federal level will play an important role in achieving our target in 2030, building upon and benefiting from a long history of leadership on climate ambition and innovation from state, local, and tribal governments. Strong and predictable policy frameworks support private investment in innovation and deployment of carbon pollution-free technology and infrastructure, spurring markets that drive continued progress.', 'Strong and predictable policy frameworks support private investment in innovation and deployment of carbon pollution-free technology and infrastructure, spurring markets that drive continued progress. All levels of government and the private sector will partner to drive and implement this NDC and create a more equitable, resilient, zero carbon future for the American people.The National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy, in consultation with relevant departments and agencies across the federal government, conducted a detailed analysis to underpin this 2030 target, reviewing a range of pathways for each sector of the economy that produces CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases: electricity, transportation, buildings, industry, and the land sector.', 'All levels of government and the private sector will partner to drive and implement this NDC and create a more equitable, resilient, zero carbon future for the American people.The National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy, in consultation with relevant departments and agencies across the federal government, conducted a detailed analysis to underpin this 2030 target, reviewing a range of pathways for each sector of the economy that produces CO2 and non-CO2 greenhouse gases: electricity, transportation, buildings, industry, and the land sector. Technology availability, current costs and available savings, and future cost reductions were considered, as well as the role of enabling infrastructure. Standards, incentives, programs, and support for innovation were all weighed in the analysis.', 'Standards, incentives, programs, and support for innovation were all weighed in the analysis. In addition to the techno-economic analysis, the National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy ran an interagency process across the federal government and consulted a range of other stakeholders, including groups representing: tens of millions of advocates and activists including environmental justice leaders; the unions that collectively bargain for millions of Americans who have built our country and work to keep it running; thousands of scientists; hundreds of governmental leaders including governors, mayors, and tribal leaders; hundreds of businesses; hundreds of schools and institutions of higher education; as well as many specialized researchers focused on questions of pollution reduction.', 'In addition to the techno-economic analysis, the National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy ran an interagency process across the federal government and consulted a range of other stakeholders, including groups representing: tens of millions of advocates and activists including environmental justice leaders; the unions that collectively bargain for millions of Americans who have built our country and work to keep it running; thousands of scientists; hundreds of governmental leaders including governors, mayors, and tribal leaders; hundreds of businesses; hundreds of schools and institutions of higher education; as well as many specialized researchers focused on questions of pollution reduction. Sector-by-sector Pathways to 2030 In developing the NDC, the United States considered sector-by-sector emissions reduction pathways.', 'Sector-by-sector Pathways to 2030 In developing the NDC, the United States considered sector-by-sector emissions reduction pathways. Each policy considered for reducing emissions is also an opportunity to improve equity and support good jobs in the United States. The United States will decarbonize the energy sector, including by cutting energy waste; shifting to carbon pollution-free electricity; electrifying and driving efficiency in vehicles, buildings, and parts of industry; and scaling up new energy sources and carriers such as carbon-free hydrogen. Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Electricity: The United States has set a goal to reach 100 percent carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, which could be achieved through multiple cost-effective technology and investment pathways, each resulting in meaningful emissions reductions in this decade.', 'Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Electricity: The United States has set a goal to reach 100 percent carbon pollution-free electricity by 2035, which could be achieved through multiple cost-effective technology and investment pathways, each resulting in meaningful emissions reductions in this decade. Eliminating greenhouse gases from the electricity sector will also reduce air and water pollution, improving public health while supporting good jobs building modern infrastructure. Policies that contribute to emissions reduction pathways consistent with the NDC include incentives and standards to reduce pollution.', 'Policies that contribute to emissions reduction pathways consistent with the NDC include incentives and standards to reduce pollution. The federal government will work with state, local, and tribal governments to support the rapid deployment of carbon pollution-free electricity generating resources, transmission, and energy storage and leverage the carbon pollution-free energy potential of power plants retrofitted with carbon capture and existing nuclear, while ensuring those facilities meet robust and rigorous standards for worker, public, environmental safety and environmental justice. The United States will also support research, development, demonstration, commercialization, and deployment of software and hardware to support a carbon pollution-free, resilient, reliable, and affordable electricity system.• Transportation: The largest sources of emissions from transportation are light-duty vehicles like SUVs, pickup trucks, and cars, followed by heavy trucks, aircraft, rail, and ships.', 'The United States will also support research, development, demonstration, commercialization, and deployment of software and hardware to support a carbon pollution-free, resilient, reliable, and affordable electricity system.• Transportation: The largest sources of emissions from transportation are light-duty vehicles like SUVs, pickup trucks, and cars, followed by heavy trucks, aircraft, rail, and ships. These transportation modes are highly dependent on fossil fuels, with more than 90 percent of transportation energy use coming from petroleum. Transportation provides essential access to services and economic opportunities, but has historically contributed to racial and environmental inequities in the United States. There are many opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation while also saving money for households, improving environmental quality and health in communities, and providing more choices for moving people and goods.', 'There are many opportunities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation while also saving money for households, improving environmental quality and health in communities, and providing more choices for moving people and goods. Policies that can contribute to emissions reduction pathways consistent with the NDC include: tailpipe emissions and efficiency standards; incentives for zero emission personal vehicles; funding for charging infrastructure to support multi-unit dwellings, public charging, and long-distance travel; and research, development, demonstration, and deployment efforts to support advances in very low carbon new-generation renewable fuels for applications like aviation, and other cutting-edge transportation technologies across modes. Investment in a wider array of transportation infrastructure will also make more choices available to travelers, including transit, rail, biking, and pedestrian improvements to reduce the need for vehicle miles traveled.', 'Investment in a wider array of transportation infrastructure will also make more choices available to travelers, including transit, rail, biking, and pedestrian improvements to reduce the need for vehicle miles traveled. While the emissions pathways analyzed focus on domestic emissions reduction, the United States is also exploring ways to support decarbonization of international maritime and aviation energy use through domestic action as well as through the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). • Buildings: Building sector emissions come from electricity use, as well as fossil fuels burned on site for heating air and water and for cooking. There are many options to avoid these emissions while reducing energy cost burden for families and improving health and resilience in communities.', 'There are many options to avoid these emissions while reducing energy cost burden for families and improving health and resilience in communities. The emissions reduction pathways for buildings consider ongoing government support for energy efficiency and efficient electric heating and cooking in buildings via funding for retrofit programs, wider use of heat pumps and induction stoves, and adoption of modern energy codes for new buildings. The United States will also invest in new technologies to reduce emissions associated with construction, including for high-performance electrified buildings. • Industry: Emissions in the heavy industry sector come from energy use, including on- site fuel burning as well as electricity, and direct emissions resulting from industrial processes.', '• Industry: Emissions in the heavy industry sector come from energy use, including on- site fuel burning as well as electricity, and direct emissions resulting from industrial processes. The United States government will support research, development, demonstration, commercialization, and deployment of very low- and zero-carbon industrial processes and products. For example, the United States will incentivize carbon capture as well as new sources of hydrogen – produced from renewable energy, nuclear energy, or waste – to power industrial facilities.', 'For example, the United States will incentivize carbon capture as well as new sources of hydrogen – produced from renewable energy, nuclear energy, or waste – to power industrial facilities. In addition, the United States government will use its procurement power to support early markets for these very low- and zero-carbon industrial goods.Beyond the energy sector, the United States will also reduce emissions from forests and agriculture and enhance carbon sinks through a range of programs and measures for ecosystems ranging from our forests and agricultural soils to our rivers and coasts. Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Agriculture and lands: America’s vast lands provide opportunities to both reduce emissions, and sequester more carbon dioxide.', 'Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Agriculture and lands: America’s vast lands provide opportunities to both reduce emissions, and sequester more carbon dioxide. The United States will support scaling of climate smart agricultural practices (including, for example, cover crops), reforestation, rotational grazing, and nutrient management practices. In addition, federal and state governments will invest in forest protection and forest management, and engage in intensive efforts to reduce the scope and intensity of catastrophic wildfires, and to restore fire-damaged forest lands.', 'In addition, federal and state governments will invest in forest protection and forest management, and engage in intensive efforts to reduce the scope and intensity of catastrophic wildfires, and to restore fire-damaged forest lands. Alongside these efforts, the United States will support nature- based coastal resilience projects including pre-disaster planning as well as efforts to increase sequestration in waterways and oceans by pursuing “blue carbon.” The United States also recognizes the crucial importance of reducing non-CO2 greenhouse gases, including methane, hydrofluorocarbons and other potent short-lived climate pollutants. Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The United States will implement the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons.', 'Actions to be pursued include, for example: • Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The United States will implement the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons. To address methane, the United States will update standards and invest in plugging leaks from wells and mines and across the natural gas distribution infrastructure.', 'To address methane, the United States will update standards and invest in plugging leaks from wells and mines and across the natural gas distribution infrastructure. In addition, it will offer programs and incentives to improve agricultural productivity through practices and technologies that also reduce agricultural methane and N2O emissions, such as improved manure management and improved cropland nutrient management.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The nationally determined contribution of the United States of America is: To achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030.INFORMATION FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND UNDERSTANDING Recalling Article 4.8 of the Paris Agreement, as well as decision 4/CMA1 and its Annex 1, the United States provides the following descriptive and contextual information to enhance the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the United States’ NDC.', 'In addition, it will offer programs and incentives to improve agricultural productivity through practices and technologies that also reduce agricultural methane and N2O emissions, such as improved manure management and improved cropland nutrient management.NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION The nationally determined contribution of the United States of America is: To achieve an economy-wide target of reducing its net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 2005 levels in 2030.INFORMATION FOR CLARITY, TRANSPARENCY, AND UNDERSTANDING Recalling Article 4.8 of the Paris Agreement, as well as decision 4/CMA1 and its Annex 1, the United States provides the following descriptive and contextual information to enhance the clarity, transparency, and understanding of the United States’ NDC. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the United States nationally determined contribution 1.', 'Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the United States nationally determined contribution 1. Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); b Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; United States net emissions in 2005, as published in the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks (“Inventory”) on an annual basis. At the time of submission, this value is reported as 6635 million tonnes CO2e in the Inventory submitted April 15 2021. This value may be adjusted in the future as described below in 1(f).', 'This value may be adjusted in the future as described below in 1(f). c For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; n/a d Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in A 50-52 percent reduction below 2005 net emissions levelspercentage or amount of reduction; e Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Information sources of data on greenhouse gas emissions and removals as reported in the Inventory on an annual basis. At the time of submission, Annex 6.4 of the Inventory submitted on April 15, 2021, linked here, contains a full list of sources of data for the Inventory.', 'At the time of submission, Annex 6.4 of the Inventory submitted on April 15, 2021, linked here, contains a full list of sources of data for the Inventory. f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Consistent with IPCC good practice guidance, and paragraph 28 of Decision 18/CMA1 Annex 1, the United States is committed to improving the quality of its inventory and will perform recalculations to the inventory time series as needed to reflect the latest data and to maintain methodological consistency over time.', 'f Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Consistent with IPCC good practice guidance, and paragraph 28 of Decision 18/CMA1 Annex 1, the United States is committed to improving the quality of its inventory and will perform recalculations to the inventory time series as needed to reflect the latest data and to maintain methodological consistency over time. The carbon dioxide equivalent mass of net greenhouse gas emissions used as a basis in tracking progress towards the NDC target will be the 2005 net emissions reported in the most recent Inventory at the time of submission of the relevant biennial transparency report (BTR). 2.', 'The carbon dioxide equivalent mass of net greenhouse gas emissions used as a basis in tracking progress towards the NDC target will be the 2005 net emissions reported in the most recent Inventory at the time of submission of the relevant biennial transparency report (BTR). 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation: a Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date; b Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target 3. Scope and coverage: a General description of the target; Economy-wide target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 1 As described in Section 5, progress towards the implementation and of the NDC will be tracked using annual net GHG emissions for 2021 through 2030, compared with net greenhouse gas emissions for 2005.', 'Scope and coverage: a General description of the target; Economy-wide target of reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by 50-52 percent below 1 As described in Section 5, progress towards the implementation and of the NDC will be tracked using annual net GHG emissions for 2021 through 2030, compared with net greenhouse gas emissions for 2005. The achievement of the NDC will be assessed by comparing net greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 with net greenhouse gas emissions for 2005.b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC is economy-wide.', 'The achievement of the NDC will be assessed by comparing net greenhouse gas emissions for 2030 with net greenhouse gas emissions for 2005.b Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; The NDC is economy-wide. It reflects all anthropogenic emissions and removals as reported in the Inventory, and specifically: • All sectors, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines; • All greenhouse gases included in the IPCC 2006 guidelines; • All categories, as included in the IPCC 2006 guidelines, occurring in the United States; • All carbon pools, as included in Volume 5 of the IPCC 2006 guidelines.', 'It reflects all anthropogenic emissions and removals as reported in the Inventory, and specifically: • All sectors, as defined by the IPCC 2006 guidelines; • All greenhouse gases included in the IPCC 2006 guidelines; • All categories, as included in the IPCC 2006 guidelines, occurring in the United States; • All carbon pools, as included in Volume 5 of the IPCC 2006 guidelines. c How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; The United States has included all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in its NDC. No source, sink, or activity that was included in the previous version of the NDC has been excluded.', 'No source, sink, or activity that was included in the previous version of the NDC has been excluded. d Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans n/a 4.', 'd Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation efforts and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and or initiatives of Parties adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans n/a 4. Planning processes: a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Executive Order 14008, dated January 27, 2021, specified that the United States would immediately begin the process of developing its NDC under the Paris Agreement and that the process would include analysis and input from relevant executive departments and agencies, as well as appropriate outreach to domestic stakeholders.The National Climate Task Force2 conducted a whole-of-government process to develop this nationally determined contribution.', 'Planning processes: a Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans including, as appropriate: a(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Executive Order 14008, dated January 27, 2021, specified that the United States would immediately begin the process of developing its NDC under the Paris Agreement and that the process would include analysis and input from relevant executive departments and agencies, as well as appropriate outreach to domestic stakeholders.The National Climate Task Force2 conducted a whole-of-government process to develop this nationally determined contribution. The process included a bottom-up analysis of existing and potential policies and measures at the federal level, accounting for capital stock turnover, technology trends, infrastructure needs, and continued subnational policies and measures.', 'The process included a bottom-up analysis of existing and potential policies and measures at the federal level, accounting for capital stock turnover, technology trends, infrastructure needs, and continued subnational policies and measures. The analysis considered multiple pathways across all sources of greenhouse gas emissions: • The energy sector including electricity, transportation, buildings, and industry; • Land sector CO2 including forests and soil carbon, as well as other opportunities for emissions reductions, such as ocean-based solutions; and, • Non-CO2 greenhouse gases including hydrofluorocarbons, methane and N2O, as well as other opportunities for reducing black carbon emissions. In addition to the emission reductions included in the Inventory and as part of the NDC, the United States continues to explore opportunities to advance reductions in black carbon emissions and ocean-based emissions.', 'In addition to the emission reductions included in the Inventory and as part of the NDC, the United States continues to explore opportunities to advance reductions in black carbon emissions and ocean-based emissions. In addition to the techno-economic analysis, the National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy ran an interagency process across the federal government and consulted a range of other stakeholders, including groups representing tens of millions of advocates and activists including youth; the unions that collectively bargain for millions of Americans who have built our country and work to keep it running; thousands of scientists; hundreds of governmental leaders including governors, mayors, and tribal leaders; hundreds of businesses; hundreds of schools and institutions of higher education; as well as many specialized researchers focused on questions of pollution reduction.', 'In addition to the techno-economic analysis, the National Climate Advisor and the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy ran an interagency process across the federal government and consulted a range of other stakeholders, including groups representing tens of millions of advocates and activists including youth; the unions that collectively bargain for millions of Americans who have built our country and work to keep it running; thousands of scientists; hundreds of governmental leaders including governors, mayors, and tribal leaders; hundreds of businesses; hundreds of schools and institutions of higher education; as well as many specialized researchers focused on questions of pollution reduction. The National Climate Task Force is comprised of the National Climate Advisor (Chair), Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Homeland Security, Administrator of General Services, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy.Following this analysis, modeling, and consultation, the NDC was approved by President Joseph R. Biden Jr. a(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a(ii)a a.', 'The National Climate Task Force is comprised of the National Climate Advisor (Chair), Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Homeland Security, Administrator of General Services, Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality, Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security and Counterterrorism, and the Assistant to the President for Economic Policy.Following this analysis, modeling, and consultation, the NDC was approved by President Joseph R. Biden Jr. a(ii) Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a(ii)a a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The United States is the largest economy in the world and the third largest country in terms of population and geographic area.', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The United States is the largest economy in the world and the third largest country in terms of population and geographic area. The United States is a federal republic of 50 states. The Constitution of the United States assigns certain powers to the federal government, with other responsibilities devolved to the states. Local governments are charged with governance responsibilities at the corresponding level of subnational government. Indian tribal governments exercise governmental authority over a broad range of internal and territorial affairs. This shared responsibility for policy in areas such as economic growth, energy development, transportation, land use planning, and natural resource use creates the opportunity for action at multiple levels.', 'This shared responsibility for policy in areas such as economic growth, energy development, transportation, land use planning, and natural resource use creates the opportunity for action at multiple levels. The United States federal government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. Each branch of government is assigned specific authorities and plays distinct roles in enacting, implementing, and adjudicating laws and regulations. This same three-branch structure is also replicated at the state level, and often at lower levels of government as well. This structure creates a system of “checks and balances,” which shapes the development and implementation of policy. Responsibility for addressing energy, environment, and climate change-related issues within the federal government cuts across each of the three branches within their assigned constitutional roles.', 'Responsibility for addressing energy, environment, and climate change-related issues within the federal government cuts across each of the three branches within their assigned constitutional roles. The estimated population of the United States as of July 1, 2020 was 329.5 million, making the United States the third most populous country. This represents an increase of over 30% above 1990 levels. From 2019-2020, the United States population grew at a rate of 0.35%. reflecting both net births and net international migration. By 2050 the total population of the United States is expected to reach nearly 400 million people. This estimate reflects United States Census Bureau assumptions that growth rates will decline slightly over the coming decades.', 'This estimate reflects United States Census Bureau assumptions that growth rates will decline slightly over the coming decades. The population is not evenly distributed across the country; rather, the distribution of the population is affected by a seriesof biogeophysical, climactic, social, and economic factors. In the United States, the amount of energy used per unit of economic growth (energy intensity) has declined steadily for many years, while the amount of CO2 emissions associated with energy consumption (carbon intensity) has generally declined since 2008. With a mainland bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Canada to the north, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the United States is a large and diverse country.', 'With a mainland bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Canada to the north, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, the United States is a large and diverse country. Its 9,192,000 square kilometers (3,548,112 square miles) are spread across six time zones. Given the size and extent of United States territory, its biogeophysical profile is diverse. Ecosystems range from the Arctic tundras of northern Alaska to the tropical forests of Hawaii and the overseas United States territories. Approximately 60 percent of land in the United States is privately owned. Another 28 percent is owned and managed by the federal government.', 'Another 28 percent is owned and managed by the federal government. This area includes protected areas such as national parks, wilderness areas, wildlife refuges, and monuments; national forests; rangelands; and other public lands. Approximately 8 percent of land is owned and managed by state and local governments, and 3 percent is held in trust for Native Americans by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. The United States is the world’s second-largest producer and consumer of energy. This creates significant opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency, electrification of end-uses that currently burn fossil fuels, and carbon-free energy supply.', 'This creates significant opportunities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through energy efficiency, electrification of end-uses that currently burn fossil fuels, and carbon-free energy supply. The United States is a leader in clean energy innovation and deployment, with recent increases in investment into research, development, demonstration, and deployment of clean energy, other greenhouse-gas mitigating activities, and technologies to support resilience and adaptation to the changing climate. The evolving energy mix has a direct impact on greenhouse gas emissions, with carbon intensity declining largely as a result of a decrease in the consumption of carbon- intensive fuels, and an increase in lower- or zero-carbon fuels. In 2020, United States renewable generation reached a new record of 761 million megawatt- hours (MWh) – approximately 19 percent of the total United States electricity use.', 'In 2020, United States renewable generation reached a new record of 761 million megawatt- hours (MWh) – approximately 19 percent of the total United States electricity use. Thiswas more than double the renewable generation in 2010, with more than 90 percent of the increase in renewables over the past decade coming from wind and solar generation. Total carbon-free generation in 2020 represented approximately 39 percent of total United States electricity generation. From 2005 to 2019, total net greenhouse gas emissions fell at an average annual rate of 0.8 percent. This decline reflects the combined impacts of policy (e.g., efficiency standards for vehicles and appliances and renewable energy incentives) and energy market and technological trends.', 'This decline reflects the combined impacts of policy (e.g., efficiency standards for vehicles and appliances and renewable energy incentives) and energy market and technological trends. In 2016, the United States transportation sector overtook the power sector as the leading source of greenhouse gas emissions for the first time since the late 1970s, and represented 29 percent of 2019 gross United States greenhouse gas emissions. Transportation emissions have grown significantly since 1990, in large part due to increased demand for travel. The power sector still represented 25 percent of total gross greenhouse gas emissions in 2019, though its carbon intensity has fallen rapidly over the past decade.', 'The power sector still represented 25 percent of total gross greenhouse gas emissions in 2019, though its carbon intensity has fallen rapidly over the past decade. The industrial sector as a whole, excluding emissions from electricity used by industry but generated offsite, represented 23 percent of total gross greenhouse gases in 2019. The carbon intensity of the industrial sector has fallen substantially, declining nearly 7 percent between 2005 and 2019. As a result of energy efficiency improvements and other structural factors – including shifts in industrial output away from energy-intensive manufacturing products to less energy-intensive products (e.g., from steel to computer equipment) – industrial energy consumption was only about 5 percent higher in 2019 than in 2005. Agriculture remains a critical industry in the United States.', 'Agriculture remains a critical industry in the United States. United States farmers and ranchers produce food and fiber crops, feed grains, oil seeds, fruits and vegetables, and other agricultural commodities for domestic consumption and export. While the area under harvest today is roughly the same area as was harvested in 1910, United States agriculture now feeds a population three times larger and still exports additional product. Emissions from agriculture come from a number of sources, including soil, fertilizer use,enteric fermentation, and manure. Agricultural soil management activities, such as fertilizer application and other cropping practices, were the largest source of United States nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in 2019, accounting for 75 percent of emissions of this gas.', 'Agricultural soil management activities, such as fertilizer application and other cropping practices, were the largest source of United States nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in 2019, accounting for 75 percent of emissions of this gas. However, soils also have the potential to sequester and store large quantities of carbon, reducing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. N2O from fertilizer use and methane from farm animals’ enteric fermentation and manure are other large sources of emissions. Forests play a key role in the economy, ecology, and culture of the United States, with the approximately 290 million hectares of forest comprising the fourth largest forest area of any country in the world. This area has remained fairly stable since the beginning of the 20th century, even as the population of the country tripled.', 'This area has remained fairly stable since the beginning of the 20th century, even as the population of the country tripled. In recent decades, the area of forest land has even increased slightly. The dynamics vary from region to region. In the East, active farmland is decreasing and returning to a forested state. In 2019, total net sequestration from land use, land use change, and forests was approximately 800 million metric tonnes of CO2e, which offset approximately 12 percent of total United States greenhouse gas emissions. Sequestration was primarily the result of carbon uptake by standing United States forests, forest management, increased tree cover in urban areas, storage in harvested wood products, and the management of agricultural soils.', 'Sequestration was primarily the result of carbon uptake by standing United States forests, forest management, increased tree cover in urban areas, storage in harvested wood products, and the management of agricultural soils. a(ii)b Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; The United States developed its NDC to be both ambitious and achievable. It promotes the achievement of the Paris Agreement’s aims, including pursuing efforts to limit global average temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius, as well as the need to drive toward net zero global emissions no later than 2050. The NDC was developed based on sector-by-sector assessments of emission reduction potential informed by a whole-of-government process via the National Climate Task Force, led by the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy.', 'The NDC was developed based on sector-by-sector assessments of emission reduction potential informed by a whole-of-government process via the National Climate Task Force, led by the White House Office of Domestic Climate Policy. Economy-wide projections about future greenhouse gas emissions were conducted using a detailed, bottom-up system dynamics model accounting for capital stock turnover timelines and relative costs of technology and equipment in each greenhouse gas emitting sector of the economy. It also considered and compared against economy-wide modeling fromexternal research. The analysis considered the emissions reducing benefits from federal actions, including standards, investments, incentives, taxes, programs, and support for innovation.', 'The analysis considered the emissions reducing benefits from federal actions, including standards, investments, incentives, taxes, programs, and support for innovation. The assessments also included consideration of contributions from subnational actions, noting that states and local governments contribute substantially under the United States federal system to national efforts to reduce emissions. These analyses show that the United States can deliver on its NDC, including by investing in efficiency, beneficial electrification, clean energy, plugging methane leaks, addressing direct greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes, climate smart agriculture and forestry, innovation, and other priorities. These actions will also create good jobs, improve public health, and help to advance equity and achieve environmental justice priorities.', 'These actions will also create good jobs, improve public health, and help to advance equity and achieve environmental justice priorities. These investments will allow American firms to invest to develop and export innovative greenhouse gas-reducing solutions and put the United States on a path to achieve net- zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; n/a b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/aparagraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; n/a d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: n/a d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; n/a d(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information n/aon adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'These investments will allow American firms to invest to develop and export innovative greenhouse gas-reducing solutions and put the United States on a path to achieve net- zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; n/a b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/aparagraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; n/a d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: n/a d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; n/a d(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information n/aon adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5.', 'These investments will allow American firms to invest to develop and export innovative greenhouse gas-reducing solutions and put the United States on a path to achieve net- zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; n/a b Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, n/aparagraphs 16 18, of the Paris Agreement; c How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; n/a d Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co- benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: n/a d(i) How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; n/a d(ii) Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information n/aon adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The United States intends to apply a net-net accounting approach in accounting for the NDC.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; The United States intends to apply a net-net accounting approach in accounting for the NDC. Net emissions in the target year will be compared against net emissions in the base year to calculate the percentage emissions reductions achieved.', 'Net emissions in the target year will be compared against net emissions in the base year to calculate the percentage emissions reductions achieved. Consistent with Articles 4 and 6 of the Paris Agreement and any applicable guidance, in tracking progress towards and accounting for the NDC, the United States intends to make corresponding adjustments for any internationally transferred mitigation outcomes that the United States Government authorizes for use towards NDCs, and for mitigation outcomes that the United States authorizes for other international mitigation purposes. The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC are those reported in the Inventory, which follows IPCC good practice guidance and the guidance included in Section II of the Annex to 18/CMA1.', 'The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC are those reported in the Inventory, which follows IPCC good practice guidance and the guidance included in Section II of the Annex to 18/CMA1. The definitions, data sources, andmodels used to estimate net emissions are those described in the Inventory. The most recent submission can be found here: greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks In accounting for the NDC on a net-net basis using the estimates of economy-wide emissions and removals reported in the Inventory, and consistent with the inventory guidance contained in the Annex to decision 18/CMA1, the United States’ accounting approach strives for transparency, accuracy, completeness, and consistency, and promotes environmental integrity.', 'The most recent submission can be found here: greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-sinks In accounting for the NDC on a net-net basis using the estimates of economy-wide emissions and removals reported in the Inventory, and consistent with the inventory guidance contained in the Annex to decision 18/CMA1, the United States’ accounting approach strives for transparency, accuracy, completeness, and consistency, and promotes environmental integrity. The accounting approach described above is consistent with Article 4.13 of the Paris Agreement, decision 4/CMA.1, paragraphs 13-17, and Annex II to that decision. The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC are those reported in the Inventory, which follows IPCC guidance and guidelines, and the guidelines included in Section II of the Annex to decision 18/CMA1.', 'The estimates of emissions and removals used in accounting for the NDC are those reported in the Inventory, which follows IPCC guidance and guidelines, and the guidelines included in Section II of the Annex to decision 18/CMA1. b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; n/a c If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, Please see the information below on the approach to natural disturbances (e)(i) and harvested wood products (e)(ii), both of which take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention.paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; In accounting for the NDC, the United States intends to use the IPCC 2006 guidelines (or any updated IPCC guidelines that may be agreed upon by the CMA in the future), and 100 year global warming potential from AR5, for estimating anthropogenic emissions and removals.', 'b Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; n/a c If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, Please see the information below on the approach to natural disturbances (e)(i) and harvested wood products (e)(ii), both of which take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention.paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; d IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; In accounting for the NDC, the United States intends to use the IPCC 2006 guidelines (or any updated IPCC guidelines that may be agreed upon by the CMA in the future), and 100 year global warming potential from AR5, for estimating anthropogenic emissions and removals. e Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: n/a e(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; The United States may address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands in accounting for its NDC.', 'e Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: n/a e(i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; The United States may address emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands in accounting for its NDC. Should such an approach be used, the same methodology will be applied for both the base year (2005) and target year (2030). The emissions and subsequent removals from such natural disturbances would be included in the national totals of the Inventory.', 'The emissions and subsequent removals from such natural disturbances would be included in the national totals of the Inventory. Any approach used to address emissions and removals from natural disturbances will be consistent with the guidance included in the IPCC 2006 guidelines and any subsequent version or refinement, as applicable, and will draw on best practices generated by Parties that have addressed natural disturbances under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. These include: • Reporting the CO2 and non-CO2 effects of natural disturbances where natural disturbances occur on lands that are subject to land-use change following the disturbance. • Reporting emissions from salvage logging.• Reflecting the same methodological approach to addressing natural disturbances in estimations for the base year and the target year.', '• Reporting emissions from salvage logging.• Reflecting the same methodological approach to addressing natural disturbances in estimations for the base year and the target year. e(ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; The United States intends to use a production approach consistent with the IPCC 2006 Guidelines to estimate emissions and removals from Harvested Wood Products, consistent with paragraph 56 of the Annex to decision 18/CMA.1. The methodology is described in detail in the Inventory.', 'The methodology is described in detail in the Inventory. e(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; n/a f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: n/a f(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The reference indicator for the NDC is net greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, as published in the Inventory on an annual basis.', 'e(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; n/a f Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: n/a f(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The reference indicator for the NDC is net greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, as published in the Inventory on an annual basis. The definitions, data sources, and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the Inventory.f(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; n/a f(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; n/a f(iv) Further technical information, as necessary; n/a g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'The definitions, data sources, and models used to estimate net emissions are those described in the Inventory.f(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; n/a f(iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; n/a f(iv) Further technical information, as necessary; n/a g The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. At this time, the United States does not intend to use voluntary cooperation using cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6.2 or the mechanism referred to in Article 6.4 in order to achieve its target.', 'At this time, the United States does not intend to use voluntary cooperation using cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6.2 or the mechanism referred to in Article 6.4 in order to achieve its target. Should the United States decide to use such voluntary cooperation towards achievement of its target or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its biennial transparency reports and consistent with any guidance adopted under Article 6. 6.', 'Should the United States decide to use such voluntary cooperation towards achievement of its target or to authorize the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards the NDCs of other Parties, it would report on such use or authorization through its biennial transparency reports and consistent with any guidance adopted under Article 6. 6. How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances:a How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The United States’ NDC exceeds a straight-line path to achieve net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. It also promotes the goal of keeping within reach a 1.5 degree Celsius limit on global average temperature increase.', 'It also promotes the goal of keeping within reach a 1.5 degree Celsius limit on global average temperature increase. b Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; c How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; While Article 4.3 does not necessarily apply to this NDC, the United States nevertheless notes that this NDC substantially increases ambition compared to the NDC previously submitted in relation to 2025. d How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; The NDC is an absolute economy-wide emissions reduction target. e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. n/a 7.', 'e How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. n/a 7. How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; As noted above, this NDC exceeds the pace required for a straight-line path to achieve net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050.', 'How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its a How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; As noted above, this NDC exceeds the pace required for a straight-line path to achieve net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050. This NDC would therefore contribute substantially towards achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph of the Paris Agreement.', 'This NDC would therefore contribute substantially towards achieving the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.b How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article 2, paragraph of the Paris Agreement. As noted above, the United States’ NDC is consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change (Article 2.1(a)).', 'As noted above, the United States’ NDC is consistent with the Paris Agreement temperature goal of holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change (Article 2.1(a)). This NDC is expected to put the United States on a path to achieve net-zero emissions, economy-wide, by no later than 2050, which would contribute substantially to the aim outlined in Article 4.1 to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as possible, and to undertake rapid reductions thereafter in accordance with best available science, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century.'] | en-US |
362 | URY | Uruguay | LTS | 2021-12-28 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | LTS 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/URY_LTS_Dec2021.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 6.56495 | 3.317731 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/75314c66826ee1366a25f89fe4617cb99ee01330838e3b619767a0f09bbf6cb1.pdf | ['ESTRATEGIA CLIMÁTICA DE LARGO PLAZO DE PARA UN DESARROLLO BAJO EN EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO Y RESILIENTE AL CLIMA URUGUAYÍNDICEiii CONTENIDO PRÓLOGO. x 02 GOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA EN URUGUAY Y LOS COMPROMISOS INTERNACIONALES16 03 PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE LA ECLP .22 3.1. Principales actividades realizadas. 22 3.1.1. Diagnóstico y definición de variables estratégicas 22 3.1.2. Hipótesis y escenarios de futuro. 24 3.2. Instancias participativas en la ECLP. 24 3.3. Espacios de intercambio, comunicación y difusión durante el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP 25 04 ADAPTACIÓN, RESILIENCIA Y REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO 27 4.2. Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional. 28 4.3. La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs). 30 4.4.', 'La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs). 30 4.4. Proyecciones climáticas en los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs) y otros planes y programas 33 4.5. Consideraciones prioritarias para el mediano plazo en materia normativa e institucional 35 4.6. Sobre la Meta Global de Adaptación 36 05 EMISIONES / REMOCIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO .38 5.1.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual39 5.1.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de CO2 al 2050 47 5.1.3. Escenarios y trayectorias de remociones de CO2 al 2050. 51iv 5.2.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual57 5.2.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 al 2050 61 5.2.3. Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de CH4 al 2050 65 5.3.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual67 5.3.2.', 'Evolución pasada y escenario actual67 5.3.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de N2O al 2050. 69 5.3.3. Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de N2O al 2050. 70 07 APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS.78 ANEXOS Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Energía 83 Escenarios emisiones / remociones GEI del sector AFOLU. 94 Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos105 Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Residuos110v ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 01: Proceso de elaboración de la ECLP 14 Figura 02: Hitos relevantes del proceso político y técnico de Uruguay en Cambio Climático y su vínculo con los procesos internacionales.', 'Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de N2O al 2050. 70 07 APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS.78 ANEXOS Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Energía 83 Escenarios emisiones / remociones GEI del sector AFOLU. 94 Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos105 Escenarios emisiones GEI del sector Residuos110v ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 01: Proceso de elaboración de la ECLP 14 Figura 02: Hitos relevantes del proceso político y técnico de Uruguay en Cambio Climático y su vínculo con los procesos internacionales. . 17 Figura 03: Esquema del proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay, mayo 2020 – diciembre 2021. 23 Figura 04: Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, período 2008-2021 29 Figura 05: Áreas abordadas en la sección sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la CDN1 30 Figura 06: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA y Atlas de Riesgo para el horizonte cercano 33 Figura 07: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA para el horizonte lejano 34 Figura 09: Abastecimiento por fuente acumulado. 40 Figura 10: Emisiones de CO2 por sector en 2020 40 Figura 11: Evolución de CO2 por procesos industriales 42 Figura 12: Índice de Volumen Físico.', '. 17 Figura 03: Esquema del proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay, mayo 2020 – diciembre 2021. 23 Figura 04: Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, período 2008-2021 29 Figura 05: Áreas abordadas en la sección sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la CDN1 30 Figura 06: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA y Atlas de Riesgo para el horizonte cercano 33 Figura 07: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA para el horizonte lejano 34 Figura 09: Abastecimiento por fuente acumulado. 40 Figura 10: Emisiones de CO2 por sector en 2020 40 Figura 11: Evolución de CO2 por procesos industriales 42 Figura 12: Índice de Volumen Físico. Industria del cemento y afines CIIU Rev.', 'Industria del cemento y afines CIIU Rev. 3 Base año 2006 = 100. Industria del cemento y afines 42 Figura 13: Porcentaje de emisiones de CO2, año 2019 43 Figura 14: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras forestales (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017. 44 Figura 15: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras de cultivo (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017. 45 Figura 16: Remociones de biomasa, emisiones brutas y emisiones netas de tierras forestales que permanecen en el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años (Gg CO2). 46 Figura 17: Potencia (MW) a Instalar.', 'Industria del cemento y afines 42 Figura 13: Porcentaje de emisiones de CO2, año 2019 43 Figura 14: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras forestales (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017. 44 Figura 15: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras de cultivo (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017. 45 Figura 16: Remociones de biomasa, emisiones brutas y emisiones netas de tierras forestales que permanecen en el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años (Gg CO2). 46 Figura 17: Potencia (MW) a Instalar. Escenarios: Tendencial y Aspiracional . 48 Figura 18: Emisiones de CO2 por escenario (Histórico, Tendencial y Aspiracional) 49 Figura 19: Proyección de emisiones de CO2, del escenario aspiracional a 2050 49 Figura 20: Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones CO2 al 2050 - Producción de cemento. 50 Figura 21: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario tendencial 51 Figura 22: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario Fnat. 52vi Figura 23: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) - escenario Fmad 53 Figura 24.', 'Escenarios: Tendencial y Aspiracional . 48 Figura 18: Emisiones de CO2 por escenario (Histórico, Tendencial y Aspiracional) 49 Figura 19: Proyección de emisiones de CO2, del escenario aspiracional a 2050 49 Figura 20: Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones CO2 al 2050 - Producción de cemento. 50 Figura 21: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario tendencial 51 Figura 22: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario Fnat. 52vi Figura 23: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) - escenario Fmad 53 Figura 24. Trayectoria de emisiones / remociones de CO2, período 2020-2050. 54 Figura 25: Emisiones de totales CH4 por sector (Gg CH4) 2017 57 Figura 26: Emisiones de metano (CH4) del sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión (Gg CH4) 2017. 58 Figura 27.', 'Trayectoria de emisiones / remociones de CO2, período 2020-2050. 54 Figura 25: Emisiones de totales CH4 por sector (Gg CH4) 2017 57 Figura 26: Emisiones de metano (CH4) del sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión (Gg CH4) 2017. 58 Figura 27. Evolución pasada de las emisiones de CH4 del sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 58 Figura 29: Evolución de emisiones de metano de la Disposición de Residuos Sólidos. 60 Figura 30: Emisiones de metano (CH4) según fuente de emisión (Gg CH4). Escenario tendencial. 61 Figura 31: Emisiones de metano según fuente de emisión.', 'Escenario tendencial. 61 Figura 31: Emisiones de metano según fuente de emisión. Escenario alternativo 62 Figura 32: Trayectoria de emisiones CH4 para la Disposición de Residuos 64 Figura 33: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4, período 2020-2050. 66 Figura 34: Emisiones de N2O totales de Uruguay (Gg N2O) 67 Figura 35: Emisiones N2O, sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión, año 2017 (Gg N2O) 67 Figura 36: Evolución pasada de las emisiones de N2O, sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 68 Figura 37: Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O). Escenario tendencial. 69 Figura 38, Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O).', 'Escenario tendencial. 69 Figura 38, Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O). Escenario alternativo. 69 Figura 39: Proyecciones Globales de emisiones de GEI y aporte de las CDN disponibles. 79 Figura 40: Emisiones de CO2 del sector residencial, Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 84 Figura 41: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Comercial y de Servicios. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. 85 Figura 42: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Actividades primarias. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. 85 Figura 43: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Industrial en su conjunto (plantas de celulosa y otros). Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 87 Figura 44: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Consumo propio de la Refinería. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 87 Figura 45: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Transporte.', 'Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 87 Figura 45: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Transporte. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 90 Figura 46: Potencia eléctrica a instalar: Escenario Tendencial y Escenario Aspiracional. 90vii Figura 47: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Generación de Electricidad.', 'Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 90 Figura 46: Potencia eléctrica a instalar: Escenario Tendencial y Escenario Aspiracional. 90vii Figura 47: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Generación de Electricidad. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 91 Figura 48: Emisiones totales de CO2 para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional del sector Energía 92 Figura 49: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). 96 Figura 50:Evolución de área de pastizales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). 96 Figura 51: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas) 96 Figura 52: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fnat (ha) 98 Figura 53: Evolución de área tierras forestales escenario Fnat (ha). 98 Figura 54: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fmad (ha) 99 Figura 55: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario Fmad (ha). 99 Figura 56: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario Fmad (ha).100 Figura 57: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en suelos forestales que permanecen como tales (Gg CO2) Fmad.101 Figura 58: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal de suelos en convertidos a tierras forestales (Gg CO2) Fmad.101 Figura 59: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en todas las tierras forestales (Gg CO2).', 'Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional 91 Figura 48: Emisiones totales de CO2 para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional del sector Energía 92 Figura 49: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). 96 Figura 50:Evolución de área de pastizales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). 96 Figura 51: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas) 96 Figura 52: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fnat (ha) 98 Figura 53: Evolución de área tierras forestales escenario Fnat (ha). 98 Figura 54: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fmad (ha) 99 Figura 55: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario Fmad (ha). 99 Figura 56: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario Fmad (ha).100 Figura 57: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en suelos forestales que permanecen como tales (Gg CO2) Fmad.101 Figura 58: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal de suelos en convertidos a tierras forestales (Gg CO2) Fmad.101 Figura 59: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en todas las tierras forestales (Gg CO2). Fmad.101 Figura 60: Evolución de stock vacuno, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario tendencial.102 Figura 61: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario tendencial103 Figura 62: Evolución de stock de vacunos, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario alternativo.103 Figura 63: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario alternativo103 Figura 64: Escenario sin PNGR.118 Figura 65: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4 sin PNGR118 Figura 66: Gestión SDF.', 'Fmad.101 Figura 60: Evolución de stock vacuno, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario tendencial.102 Figura 61: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario tendencial103 Figura 62: Evolución de stock de vacunos, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario alternativo.103 Figura 63: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario alternativo103 Figura 64: Escenario sin PNGR.118 Figura 65: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4 sin PNGR118 Figura 66: Gestión SDF. Escenarios Aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO y Enterramiento 10%.119 Figura 68: Líneas de Valoración.', 'Escenarios Aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO y Enterramiento 10%.119 Figura 68: Líneas de Valoración. Escenarios aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO y enterramiento al 10% 121viii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 01: Principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo. 48 Tabla 02: Escenarios alternativos para maximizar la captura de carbono. 52 Tabla 03: Remociones netas de CO2 para el escenario tendencial y los escenarios alternativos (Gg CO2). 53 Tabla 04: Resumen escenarios emisiones / remociones CO2, año 2050 55 Tabla 05: Modelo de evolución ganadera a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario tendencial. 61 Tabla 06: Modelo de evolución a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario alternativo 62 Tabla 07: Empleo relevado distribuido por sector del INGEI y desagregado por sexo. 74 Tabla 08: Hipótesis manejadas para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. 83 Tabla 09: Escenarios Tendencial y Aspiracional del Parque Vehicular 89 Tabla 10: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario tendencial.', 'Escenarios aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO y enterramiento al 10% 121viii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 01: Principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo. 48 Tabla 02: Escenarios alternativos para maximizar la captura de carbono. 52 Tabla 03: Remociones netas de CO2 para el escenario tendencial y los escenarios alternativos (Gg CO2). 53 Tabla 04: Resumen escenarios emisiones / remociones CO2, año 2050 55 Tabla 05: Modelo de evolución ganadera a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario tendencial. 61 Tabla 06: Modelo de evolución a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario alternativo 62 Tabla 07: Empleo relevado distribuido por sector del INGEI y desagregado por sexo. 74 Tabla 08: Hipótesis manejadas para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. 83 Tabla 09: Escenarios Tendencial y Aspiracional del Parque Vehicular 89 Tabla 10: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario tendencial. (Miles de hectáreas). 95 Tabla 12: Remociones incrementales escenario Fnat respecto al escenario tendencial ( Gg de CO2) 97 Tabla 11: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fnat.', '(Miles de hectáreas). 95 Tabla 12: Remociones incrementales escenario Fnat respecto al escenario tendencial ( Gg de CO2) 97 Tabla 11: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fnat. (Miles de hectáreas) 97 Tabla 13: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fmad.', '(Miles de hectáreas) 97 Tabla 13: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fmad. (miles de hectáreas). 99 Tabla 14: Remociones incrementales escenario Fmad respecto al escenario tendencial (Gg de CO2).100 Tabla 15: Secuestro adicional de carbono debido a la expansión del área de montes de sombra y abrigo101 Tabla 16: Cementos certificados UNIT.105 Tabla 17: Evolución histórica y proyección de la producción de clinker (ton)107 Tabla 18: Generación de Residuos sólidos municipales (RSM)113 Tabla 20: Residuos industriales depositados (Gg).114 Tabla 21: Composición de residuos (%).115 Tabla 22: Composición residuos industriales enviados a disposición final.116 Tabla 23: Factor de Conversión de Metano.116ix Tabla 24: Proyección de Residuos Sólidos Municipales Escenario sin PNGR117 Tabla 25: Proyección de residuos industriales depositados en el escenario sin PNGR.117 Tabla 26: Cantidad de residuos depositados en los escenarios aspiracionales (Gg).122x PRÓLOGO A través de este documento, Uruguay presenta su Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para un desarrollo bajo en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y resiliente al clima, cumpliendo así con la invitación incluida en el Acuerdo de París y con la tradición de honrar los compromisos internacionales.', '(miles de hectáreas). 99 Tabla 14: Remociones incrementales escenario Fmad respecto al escenario tendencial (Gg de CO2).100 Tabla 15: Secuestro adicional de carbono debido a la expansión del área de montes de sombra y abrigo101 Tabla 16: Cementos certificados UNIT.105 Tabla 17: Evolución histórica y proyección de la producción de clinker (ton)107 Tabla 18: Generación de Residuos sólidos municipales (RSM)113 Tabla 20: Residuos industriales depositados (Gg).114 Tabla 21: Composición de residuos (%).115 Tabla 22: Composición residuos industriales enviados a disposición final.116 Tabla 23: Factor de Conversión de Metano.116ix Tabla 24: Proyección de Residuos Sólidos Municipales Escenario sin PNGR117 Tabla 25: Proyección de residuos industriales depositados en el escenario sin PNGR.117 Tabla 26: Cantidad de residuos depositados en los escenarios aspiracionales (Gg).122x PRÓLOGO A través de este documento, Uruguay presenta su Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo para un desarrollo bajo en emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y resiliente al clima, cumpliendo así con la invitación incluida en el Acuerdo de París y con la tradición de honrar los compromisos internacionales. Aquí se presenta una visión de futuro en materia de cambio climático, ambiciosa al mismo tiempo que alcanzable con la información, conocimiento y tecnología disponible.', 'Aquí se presenta una visión de futuro en materia de cambio climático, ambiciosa al mismo tiempo que alcanzable con la información, conocimiento y tecnología disponible. Atender las causas del cambio climático requiere de una gran coordinación multilateral, razón por la cual el Acuerdo de París busca que los países se comprometan a cumplir con trayectorias de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que alcancen su máximo cuanto antes y luego registren un descenso. Si bien Uruguay aporta un porcentaje muy bajo al total de emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero, los esfuerzos por promover un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de carbono han estado siempre presentes en la política e instrumentos de cambio climático del país y ésta no es una excepción.', 'Si bien Uruguay aporta un porcentaje muy bajo al total de emisiones globales de gases de efecto invernadero, los esfuerzos por promover un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de carbono han estado siempre presentes en la política e instrumentos de cambio climático del país y ésta no es una excepción. Para aportar al objetivo de limitar el aumento de la temperatura media global del Acuerdo de París, la Estrategia de Uruguay incluye un escenario aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 al 2050 y escenarios de estabilidad en la emisiones de CH4 y N2O, estos dos últimos gases fuertemente ligados a la producción de alimentos.', 'Para aportar al objetivo de limitar el aumento de la temperatura media global del Acuerdo de París, la Estrategia de Uruguay incluye un escenario aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 al 2050 y escenarios de estabilidad en la emisiones de CH4 y N2O, estos dos últimos gases fuertemente ligados a la producción de alimentos. Respecto a las consecuencias del cambio climático, cabe destacar la importancia para Uruguay de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia de su sociedad, sistemas productivos y ecosistemas, y reducir la vulnerabilidad ante eventos climáticos adversos que serán cada vez más frecuentes.', 'Respecto a las consecuencias del cambio climático, cabe destacar la importancia para Uruguay de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia de su sociedad, sistemas productivos y ecosistemas, y reducir la vulnerabilidad ante eventos climáticos adversos que serán cada vez más frecuentes. La adaptación es una prioridad nacional, por ser Uruguay un país particularmente vulnerable a los impactos del cambio climático y ello se refleja en las consideraciones prioritarias en materia normativa e institucional que se presentan en este documento. Cabe destacar que esta Estrategia es parte de un proceso de construcción e implementación de una política de estado en cambio climático. Este instrumento toma como referencia a la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y a la primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional, instrumentos aprobados por Decreto del Poder Ejecutivo en 2017.', 'Este instrumento toma como referencia a la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y a la primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional, instrumentos aprobados por Decreto del Poder Ejecutivo en 2017. La Estrategia es una guía para la elaboración de las siguientes Contribuciones Determinadas a nivel Nacional, en particular para la segunda Contribución que Uruguay presentará a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático en 2022 y que propondrá objetivos y medidas a 2030. La elaboración de esta Estrategia fue liderada por el Grupo de Coordinación del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático. Este Grupo de Coordinación está integrado por representantes de diferentes Ministerios y otras Instituciones, integración que permite potenciar la acción climática en Uruguay al asegurar una mirada integral del tema.', 'Este Grupo de Coordinación está integrado por representantes de diferentes Ministerios y otras Instituciones, integración que permite potenciar la acción climática en Uruguay al asegurar una mirada integral del tema. Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia frente a inundaciones, sequías y tormentas y, al mismo tiempo, diseñar e implementar acciones para promover una economía baja en carbono, sólo es posible trabajando de forma coordinada y con una mirada transversal. A través de esta Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo, Uruguay explicita su aporte al cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París y las necesidades de apoyo externo que el país requiere para ello. De esta forma Uruguay afirma, una vez más, su compromiso de actuar de forma responsable ante la problemática del cambio climático, en coordinación con la comunidad internacional.', 'De esta forma Uruguay afirma, una vez más, su compromiso de actuar de forma responsable ante la problemática del cambio climático, en coordinación con la comunidad internacional. Adrián Peña Ministro de Ambiente República Oriental del UruguayRESUMEN EJECUTIVO01 RESUMEN EJECUTIVO Con el objeto de atender las disposiciones establecidas en el Acuerdo de París (AP), promoviendo e intensificando las acciones para combatir el cambio climático y adaptarse a sus efectos, Uruguay elaboró y presentó, en el marco de la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC), su Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN1) ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) en noviembre de 2017. Ambos instrumentos fueron aprobados por Decreto 310/017 del Poder Ejecutivo.', 'Ambos instrumentos fueron aprobados por Decreto 310/017 del Poder Ejecutivo. La CDN1 de Uruguay incluye la Primera Comunicación de la Adaptación (ComAd1) bajo el Artículo 7.10 del AP, además del establecimiento de objetivos y metas para mitigar el cambio climático hacia el 2025 y las principales acciones para el alcance de dichas metas. Estas actividades son monitoreadas y reportadas a través de un un sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) diseñado con la finalidad de dar seguimiento al avance de la implementación y contribuir de esta forma al Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MRT) del AP.', 'Estas actividades son monitoreadas y reportadas a través de un un sistema de monitoreo, reporte y verificación (MRV) diseñado con la finalidad de dar seguimiento al avance de la implementación y contribuir de esta forma al Marco Reforzado de Transparencia (MRT) del AP. En el marco de la Cumbre de Acción Climática de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas de 2019, Uruguay anunció su compromiso de preparar y presentar una “Estrategia de Largo Plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, con el objetivo de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos y basado en el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y respectivas capacidades, que incluya una meta aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 hacia 2050”, para responder a la invitación incluida en el Art.', 'En el marco de la Cumbre de Acción Climática de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas de 2019, Uruguay anunció su compromiso de preparar y presentar una “Estrategia de Largo Plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, con el objetivo de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos y basado en el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y respectivas capacidades, que incluya una meta aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 hacia 2050”, para responder a la invitación incluida en el Art. 4.19 del Acuerdo de París.', '4.19 del Acuerdo de París. Teniendo en consideración que la base del acuerdo nacional sobre cambio climático en Uruguay es la PNCC, que establece lineamientos estratégicos generales para la respuesta al cambio climático y considerando que las CDN apuntan a la ejecución de medidas en plazos cortos, la ECLP busca proyectar los escenarios posibles, en consideración a las futuras generaciones y reforzando los diferentes compromisos asumidos por el país, como parte de un proceso de construcción e implementación de una política de Estado en cambio climático.', 'Teniendo en consideración que la base del acuerdo nacional sobre cambio climático en Uruguay es la PNCC, que establece lineamientos estratégicos generales para la respuesta al cambio climático y considerando que las CDN apuntan a la ejecución de medidas en plazos cortos, la ECLP busca proyectar los escenarios posibles, en consideración a las futuras generaciones y reforzando los diferentes compromisos asumidos por el país, como parte de un proceso de construcción e implementación de una política de Estado en cambio climático. La ECLP pretende reflejar la visión y aspiración de largo plazo de Uruguay en materia de cambio climático, tanto en adaptación y resiliencia como en emisiones y remociones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), considerando escenarios tecnológicamente factibles, que permita mostrar cómo el país contribuye al cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París.', 'La ECLP pretende reflejar la visión y aspiración de largo plazo de Uruguay en materia de cambio climático, tanto en adaptación y resiliencia como en emisiones y remociones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), considerando escenarios tecnológicamente factibles, que permita mostrar cómo el país contribuye al cumplimiento de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París. Las medidas, políticas y acciones necesarias para transitar las sendas aspiracionales de la ECLP, incluyendo su evaluación económica, así como los instrumentos de corto y mediano plazo que formen parte de esas políticas serán definidas en las sucesivas CDN, junto con otros planes y políticas nacionales y sectoriales.', 'Las medidas, políticas y acciones necesarias para transitar las sendas aspiracionales de la ECLP, incluyendo su evaluación económica, así como los instrumentos de corto y mediano plazo que formen parte de esas políticas serán definidas en las sucesivas CDN, junto con otros planes y políticas nacionales y sectoriales. Dada la particular vulnerabilidad de Uruguay ante los efectos del cambio climático y variabilidad, aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia y reducir esa vulnerabilidad y riesgo es una prioridad de la política climática del país y por ello se incluye en la ECLP como una de las secciones centrales del documento.', 'Dada la particular vulnerabilidad de Uruguay ante los efectos del cambio climático y variabilidad, aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia y reducir esa vulnerabilidad y riesgo es una prioridad de la política climática del país y por ello se incluye en la ECLP como una de las secciones centrales del documento. Con la ECLP se busca destacar la importancia del camino recorrido por Uruguay en materia de adaptación y agregar valor a través de la sistematización de los diferentes procesos sectoriales de planificación de la adaptación que se encuentran actualmente en elaboración (PNA-Salud y PNA-Energía) o implementación (PNA-Agro, PNA-Costas y PNA- Ciudades), identificando sinergias entre estos procesos y áreas que se deberán profundizar, fortalecer y/o atender a futuro.', 'Con la ECLP se busca destacar la importancia del camino recorrido por Uruguay en materia de adaptación y agregar valor a través de la sistematización de los diferentes procesos sectoriales de planificación de la adaptación que se encuentran actualmente en elaboración (PNA-Salud y PNA-Energía) o implementación (PNA-Agro, PNA-Costas y PNA- Ciudades), identificando sinergias entre estos procesos y áreas que se deberán profundizar, fortalecer y/o atender a futuro. El presente documento, por lo tanto, mantiene la idea de la adaptación como una prioridad en la política y acción climática nacional, buscando avanzar en el logro de la paridad política entre mitigación y adaptación que promueva la necesaria movilización de recursos y apoyos externos para esas acciones de adaptación.', 'El presente documento, por lo tanto, mantiene la idea de la adaptación como una prioridad en la política y acción climática nacional, buscando avanzar en el logro de la paridad política entre mitigación y adaptación que promueva la necesaria movilización de recursos y apoyos externos para esas acciones de adaptación. Se reconoce, también, la importancia de seguir elaborando PNAs de forma sectorial o territorial, asegurando que esos procesos aporten a la implementación de la PNCC, nutran su sistema de MRV y aprovechen de forma sinérgica los avances generados en conocimiento científico del país. Por otra parte, se destaca la necesidad de avanzar en la inclusión de áreas y equipos de trabajo específicos en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en diferentes ámbitos institucionales.', 'Por otra parte, se destaca la necesidad de avanzar en la inclusión de áreas y equipos de trabajo específicos en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en diferentes ámbitos institucionales. Por último, se incluye también la referencia a la importancia de que los procesos de adaptación de Uruguay contribuyan, de forma conceptual y metodológica, a la implementación de la Meta Global de Adaptación y al Balance Mundial del Acuerdo de París. Si bien Uruguay representa el 0,04% de las emisiones globales de GEI, los esfuerzos por promover un desarrollo con la menor intensidad posible de emisiones de GEI han estado siempre presentes en los diferentes instrumentos de cambio climático.', 'Si bien Uruguay representa el 0,04% de las emisiones globales de GEI, los esfuerzos por promover un desarrollo con la menor intensidad posible de emisiones de GEI han estado siempre presentes en los diferentes instrumentos de cambio climático. En este sentido, resulta importante mencionar la Política Energética de Uruguay (2008-2030), a partir de la cual se realizó una transformación estructural de la matriz energética muy rápida, introduciendo generación eléctrica a partir de fuentes alternativas (biomasa, eólica y solar) en alta proporción, siendo el 76% de la potencia instalada y más del 90% de la generación de fuentes renovables. Esto ha permitido desacoplar las emisiones de CO2 del crecimiento de la economía, en línea con uno de los objetivos de mitigación incluidos en la CDN1 de Uruguay.', 'Esto ha permitido desacoplar las emisiones de CO2 del crecimiento de la economía, en línea con uno de los objetivos de mitigación incluidos en la CDN1 de Uruguay. En esta ECLP, el sector Energía se plantea el desafío de iniciar una segunda transformación que, junto con la Política Nacional de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible que está en proceso de elaboración, permita transitar sendas de descarbonización de aquellos sectores que aún siguen teniendo un peso relativo importante en las emisiones de CO2. Con este objetivo, se incluye un escenario aspiracional alternativo y tecnológicamente viable con el conocimiento actual en el sector de la energía (92% de las emisiones de CO2 del país según INGEI 2017), que incluye: transporte, industria, residencial, comercial y servicios, agro, pesca y minería.', 'Con este objetivo, se incluye un escenario aspiracional alternativo y tecnológicamente viable con el conocimiento actual en el sector de la energía (92% de las emisiones de CO2 del país según INGEI 2017), que incluye: transporte, industria, residencial, comercial y servicios, agro, pesca y minería. Este escenario aspiraciones implica una sustitución gradual de las fuentes fósiles utilizadas por fuentes renovables y electricidad; el impulso a los vehículos eléctricos a batería y la incorporación de hidrógeno verde, de manera de minimizar las emisiones remanentes de CO2 en el largo plazo en ese camino hacia la CO2 neutralidad al 2050.', 'Este escenario aspiraciones implica una sustitución gradual de las fuentes fósiles utilizadas por fuentes renovables y electricidad; el impulso a los vehículos eléctricos a batería y la incorporación de hidrógeno verde, de manera de minimizar las emisiones remanentes de CO2 en el largo plazo en ese camino hacia la CO2 neutralidad al 2050. Con la finalidad de aunar esfuerzos en este proceso, el sector de Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (8% de las emisiones de CO2 del país según INGEI 2017) plantea también alternativas de descarbonización de la industria del cemento a través de opciones tecnológicas de sustitución gradual del clinker en la formulación del cemento, sobre la base de tecnologías disponibles actualmente, que permitan reducir las emisiones de CO2.', 'Con la finalidad de aunar esfuerzos en este proceso, el sector de Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (8% de las emisiones de CO2 del país según INGEI 2017) plantea también alternativas de descarbonización de la industria del cemento a través de opciones tecnológicas de sustitución gradual del clinker en la formulación del cemento, sobre la base de tecnologías disponibles actualmente, que permitan reducir las emisiones de CO2. De manera de acompañar la descarbonización de los sectores emisores de CO2 y en el camino hacia la CO2 neutralidad al 2050, el sector agropecuario y de uso de la tierra plantea diferentes escenarios de secuestro de carbono, particularmente asociados a incrementos en la superficie de bosque nativo, montes de abrigo y sombra para ganadería y plantaciones forestales para madera de aserrío y otros usos industriales.', 'De manera de acompañar la descarbonización de los sectores emisores de CO2 y en el camino hacia la CO2 neutralidad al 2050, el sector agropecuario y de uso de la tierra plantea diferentes escenarios de secuestro de carbono, particularmente asociados a incrementos en la superficie de bosque nativo, montes de abrigo y sombra para ganadería y plantaciones forestales para madera de aserrío y otros usos industriales. Estos escenarios contribuyen tanto en términos de secuestro de carbono, como también en términos de productividad.', 'Estos escenarios contribuyen tanto en términos de secuestro de carbono, como también en términos de productividad. En el sector agropecuario, los esfuerzos de mitigación derivados de una expansión de la forestación comercial pueden implicar renuncias con otros aspectos ambientales, como la sustitución de campo natural, que deberán ser considerados en el momento de definir acciones concretas de corto y mediano plazoen las diferentes instancias de implementación de la política pública. Cabe mencionar que el aumento en el área de plantaciones forestales comerciales desde la aprobación de la Ley Forestal 15.939/87, hizo que el resultado neto de emisiones de CO2 fuera negativo durante el período 1990-2017 (secuestro de CO2), efecto que tiende a estabilizarse con el aumento de las extracciones de madera, igualándose el secuestro con las emisiones.', 'Cabe mencionar que el aumento en el área de plantaciones forestales comerciales desde la aprobación de la Ley Forestal 15.939/87, hizo que el resultado neto de emisiones de CO2 fuera negativo durante el período 1990-2017 (secuestro de CO2), efecto que tiende a estabilizarse con el aumento de las extracciones de madera, igualándose el secuestro con las emisiones. Con relación al metano (CH4) y al óxido nitroso (N2O), dos gases de efecto invernadero fuertemente vinculados a la producción de alimentos, el sector agropecuario (94% del total de emisiones de CH4 y 97% del total de emisiones de N2O del país según INGEI 2017) plantea escenarios de estabilidad de emisiones en la transición hacia el 2050, representando estos escenarios una ambición creciente en relación a los objetivos incluidos en la CDN1 de Uruguay.', 'Con relación al metano (CH4) y al óxido nitroso (N2O), dos gases de efecto invernadero fuertemente vinculados a la producción de alimentos, el sector agropecuario (94% del total de emisiones de CH4 y 97% del total de emisiones de N2O del país según INGEI 2017) plantea escenarios de estabilidad de emisiones en la transición hacia el 2050, representando estos escenarios una ambición creciente en relación a los objetivos incluidos en la CDN1 de Uruguay. A través de estos escenarios, Uruguay pretende aportar al objetivo de “no poner en riesgo la producción de alimentos” consignado en el Acuerdo de París, pero sin aumentar las emisiones de GEI en uno de los principales sectores de la economía del país, muy vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático.', 'A través de estos escenarios, Uruguay pretende aportar al objetivo de “no poner en riesgo la producción de alimentos” consignado en el Acuerdo de París, pero sin aumentar las emisiones de GEI en uno de los principales sectores de la economía del país, muy vulnerable a los efectos del cambio climático. Por otra parte, las emisiones de metano generadas por la gestión de los residuos sólidos urbanos (6% del total de emisiones de CH4 del país según INGEI 2017) se reducirán considerablemente como producto de la implementación del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos, liderado por el Ministerio de Ambiente de Uruguay, con una visión estratégica de economía circular. Para este sector se plantean escenarios ambiciosos de minimización del enterramiento de residuos sólidos en la senda hacia el 2050.', 'Para este sector se plantean escenarios ambiciosos de minimización del enterramiento de residuos sólidos en la senda hacia el 2050. Como instrumento de planificación en el largo plazo, la ECLP facilitará la elaboración e implementación de objetivos y acciones de mediano y corto plazo que se incluirán en las sucesivas CDN de Uruguay, en un proceso como el que se esquematiza en la figura 01. El proceso de elaboración de la ECLP (Figura 01) fue liderado por el Grupo de Coordinación (GdC) del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad (SNRCC). Este grupo es integrado por representantes de diversos Ministerios y otras Instituciones nacionales, lo cual permite trabajar de forma coordinada, asegurando una mirada transversal y potenciando la acción climática en Uruguay.', 'Este grupo es integrado por representantes de diversos Ministerios y otras Instituciones nacionales, lo cual permite trabajar de forma coordinada, asegurando una mirada transversal y potenciando la acción climática en Uruguay. El GdC del SNRCC conformó en mayo de 2020, un Grupo de Trabajo específico para llevar adelante este proceso (GdT ECLP). SEGUNDA CDN AC. PARÍS ESTRATEGIA CLIMÁTICA A LARGO PLAZO PRIMERA CDN AC. PARÍS Figura 01: Proceso de elaboración de la ECLPGOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA EN URUGUAY Y LOS COMPROMISOS INTERNACIONALES02 GOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA EN URUGUAY Y LOS COMPROMISOS INTERNACIONALES Desde la adopción de la CMNUCC en la Conferencia sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo celebrada en Río de Janeiro en 1992, la gobernanza climática en el país ha evolucionado de manera de acompañar esos procesos, cumplir con sus compromisos internacionales y vincularlos con la política climática nacional.', 'PARÍS Figura 01: Proceso de elaboración de la ECLPGOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA EN URUGUAY Y LOS COMPROMISOS INTERNACIONALES02 GOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA EN URUGUAY Y LOS COMPROMISOS INTERNACIONALES Desde la adopción de la CMNUCC en la Conferencia sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo celebrada en Río de Janeiro en 1992, la gobernanza climática en el país ha evolucionado de manera de acompañar esos procesos, cumplir con sus compromisos internacionales y vincularlos con la política climática nacional. Como parte de esa evolución y jerarquización de la temática ambiental a nivel nacional, que se confirma en el año 2020 con la creación del Ministerio de Ambiente, algunos hitos han sido muy significativos para la política climática en el país (Fig. 02).', 'Como parte de esa evolución y jerarquización de la temática ambiental a nivel nacional, que se confirma en el año 2020 con la creación del Ministerio de Ambiente, algunos hitos han sido muy significativos para la política climática en el país (Fig. 02). La década del noventa se destaca por la creación del Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente (MVOTMA), en 1990, por Ley 16.112, siendo el primer órgano responsable de la formulación, ejecución, supervisión y evaluación de los planes nacionales de protección del ambiente, así como de proponer e implementar la política nacional ambiental. Cabe resaltar, también, su función de garantizar el cumplimiento de los acuerdos y convenios internacionales en materia ambiental suscritos por Uruguay.', 'Cabe resaltar, también, su función de garantizar el cumplimiento de los acuerdos y convenios internacionales en materia ambiental suscritos por Uruguay. En 1994 se destaca la creación de la Unidad de Cambio Climático (Resolución Ministerial 505/94) dentro de la Dirección Nacional de Medio Ambiente (DINAMA- MVOTMA) y la ratificación de la CMNUCC, mediante la Ley 16.517. En 1995 se crea por Decretos 103/995 y 371/995 el Sistema Nacional de Emergencias, de manera centralizada y orientado a la respuesta frente a emergencias y desastres. El primer Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de Uruguay (INGEI) fue estimado para el año 1990, presentado en la Primera Comunicación Nacional (CN1) en el año 1997 ante la CMNUCC, año en el que se adoptó a nivel internacional el Protocolo de Kioto.', 'El primer Inventario Nacional de Gases de Efecto Invernadero de Uruguay (INGEI) fue estimado para el año 1990, presentado en la Primera Comunicación Nacional (CN1) en el año 1997 ante la CMNUCC, año en el que se adoptó a nivel internacional el Protocolo de Kioto. El segundo INGEI de Uruguay correspondió al año 1994 y fue presentado en 1998. En el año 1997 se inauguró la Estación Científica Antártica T/N Ruperto Elichiribehety (ECARE), segunda base uruguaya en la Antártida, habiéndose fundado la primera -Base Científica Artigas- en 1984 en la Isla Rey Jorge.', 'En el año 1997 se inauguró la Estación Científica Antártica T/N Ruperto Elichiribehety (ECARE), segunda base uruguaya en la Antártida, habiéndose fundado la primera -Base Científica Artigas- en 1984 en la Isla Rey Jorge. La base insular Artigas funciona como un gran laboratorio de aprendizaje y evaluación de innovaciones y tecnologías de punta, en condiciones extremas, en un sitio que cumple un rol central en la regulación del clima global y con fuerte influencia en el clima en el sur de Sud América. Funciona también como una vidriera de cooperación relevante entre la comunidad científica nacional e internacional.', 'Funciona también como una vidriera de cooperación relevante entre la comunidad científica nacional e internacional. En el 2000, a partir de la sanción de la Ley General sobre Protección del Medio Ambiente (Ley 17.283), se generaron competencias para el MVOTMA en materia climática y se establecieron previsiones sobre la política nacional ambiental y la gestión ambiental, que incluyeron el derecho de los ciudadanos a gozar de un ambiente sano. Uruguay publicó su tercer INGEI, correspondiente al año 1998, en 2001, año en el que también se ratificó a nivel nacional el Protocolo de Kioto (Ley 17.279).', 'Uruguay publicó su tercer INGEI, correspondiente al año 1998, en 2001, año en el que también se ratificó a nivel nacional el Protocolo de Kioto (Ley 17.279). En 2004, Uruguay presentó su Segunda Comunicación Nacional (CN2) conteniendo el INGEI 2000 y en 2005 se aprobó, en la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Reducción de los Desastres, el Marco de Acción de Hyogo para 2005-2015. En el 2006 Uruguay presentó el INGEI 2002.', 'En el 2006 Uruguay presentó el INGEI 2002. En 2009 tuvo lugar uno de los hitos más significativos en cuanto a la institucionalidad climática a nivel nacional, con la creación del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad (SNRCC), como ámbito de coordinación horizontal, a cargo del ex MVOTMA, actual Ministerio de Ambiente, en el que participan instituciones públicasFigura 02: Hitos relevantes del proceso político y técnico de Uruguay en Cambio Climático y su vínculo con los procesos internacionales. Uso y Conservación de los suelos y aguas superficiales destinados a fines agrícolas Protocolo de Montreal Ratificación del protocolo de Monreal Ratificación Protocolo de Kyoto SNAP Protección del Ambiente Dec . 238/09: SNRCC Ley 18.621: SINAE Ley 18.585: EE Solar Térmica Ley 18.597: Uso Eficiente Energía Ley 18.610: Política Aguas Plan Nacional de Respuesta al CC. Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana.', 'Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana. Plan Acción Cuenca Río Santa Lucía (PCRSL) Enmienda Doha Ley 19.158: INUMET Ley 19.272: LDyPC Acuerdo de París Marco de Sendai SNAACC DCC MVOTMA Programa REDD+ NAP Agro PN Educación Ambiental Estrategia Biodiversidad Ley 19.472: SNTPC Dec . 172/016: SNA + GNA NDC MVD Resiliente MOVES Fondo Forestal RRNN Ratificación CMNUCC Creación UCC/Dinama Dec . 103/995 SNE Promoción y Protección de Inversiones Protocolo de Kyoto Marco de Hyogo Ratificación del protocolo de Monreal Ratificación Protocolo de Kyoto SNAP Protección del Ambiente Dec . 238/09: SNRCC Ley 18.621: SINAE Ley 18.585: EE Solar Térmica Ley 18.597: Uso Eficiente Energía Ley 18.610: Política Aguas Plan Nacional de Respuesta al CC. Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana. Plan Acción Cuenca Río Santa Lucía (PCRSL) Enmienda Doha Ley 19.158: INUMET Ley 19.272: LDyPC Acuerdo de París Marco de Sendai SNAACC DCC MVOTMA Programa REDD+ NAP Agro PN Educación Ambiental Estrategia Biodiversidad Ley 19.439: Ratificación AP Ley 19.472: SNTPC Dec . 172/016: SNA + GNA NDC Dec . 310/17: PNCC + NDC NAP COSTAS DNOTDS PN AGUAS MVD Resiliente MOVES Ley 19.640: Ratificación Enmienta Doha Ley 19.640: Ratificación Enmienda Kigali NAP Ciudades PNDS S.O.E.', 'Plan Acción Cuenca Río Santa Lucía (PCRSL) Enmienda Doha Ley 19.158: INUMET Ley 19.272: LDyPC Acuerdo de París Marco de Sendai SNAACC DCC MVOTMA Programa REDD+ NAP Agro PN Educación Ambiental Estrategia Biodiversidad Ley 19.439: Ratificación AP Ley 19.472: SNTPC Dec . 172/016: SNA + GNA NDC Dec . 310/17: PNCC + NDC NAP COSTAS DNOTDS PN AGUAS MVD Resiliente MOVES Ley 19.640: Ratificación Enmienta Doha Ley 19.640: Ratificación Enmienda Kigali NAP Ciudades PNDS S.O.E. Inicio ECLP PN Ambiental Ley 19.889: Ministerio de Ambiente Ley 19.924: DINACC Dec . 065/2020: Reg. Ley SINAE Dec . 066/2020: PNGIRD PMUS Plan Acción Género NAP.e NAP Salud Estrategia Género y Cambio Climático NDC Tracking (2020) Ratificación CMNUCC Creación UCC/Dinama Dec . 103/995 SNE Promoción y Protección de Inversiones Protocolo de Kyoto Marco de Hyogo Enmienda de NDC Tracking Primera Etapa Segunda Etapaque trabajan en temas de cambio climático y cuyo objetivo es coordinar y planificar las acciones necesarias para la prevención de riesgos y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Ley SINAE Dec . 066/2020: PNGIRD PMUS Plan Acción Género NAP.e NAP Salud Estrategia Género y Cambio Climático NDC Tracking (2020) Ratificación CMNUCC Creación UCC/Dinama Dec . 103/995 SNE Promoción y Protección de Inversiones Protocolo de Kyoto Marco de Hyogo Enmienda de NDC Tracking Primera Etapa Segunda Etapaque trabajan en temas de cambio climático y cuyo objetivo es coordinar y planificar las acciones necesarias para la prevención de riesgos y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. También en 2009, se consagra por Ley 18.621 al Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (Sinae), ahora con un abordaje descentralizado y enfocado a la gestión integral del riesgo de emergencias y desastres. En 2010, el Grupo de Coordinación del SNRCC adoptó el Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (PNRCC), como instrumento para incluir el cambio climático en la estrategia de desarrollo sostenible de Uruguay a largo plazo.', 'En 2010, el Grupo de Coordinación del SNRCC adoptó el Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (PNRCC), como instrumento para incluir el cambio climático en la estrategia de desarrollo sostenible de Uruguay a largo plazo. Ese mismo año, en oportunidad de la COP16 en Cancún (México), Uruguay presentó su CN3 que incluyó el INGEI 2004. En esa misma COP se consagró la creación del Fondo Verde para el Clima (FVC). En 2012 se estableció el Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana y un año más tarde se estableció el Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) por Ley 19.158.', 'En 2012 se estableció el Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana y un año más tarde se estableció el Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) por Ley 19.158. El 2015 fue uno de los años más relevantes a nivel internacional, en la medida en que tuvieron lugar diversas conferencias claves e interrelacionadas que derivaron en documentos sustantivos para la arquitectura ambiental y climática global, entre las que se destacan la adopción de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible en la Asamblea General de la ONU y la adopción del Acuerdo de París en la 21ª Conferencia de las Partes de la CMNUCC. Ese mismo año Uruguay presentó su Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización (BUR1), incluyendo el INGEI 2010.', 'Ese mismo año Uruguay presentó su Primer Informe Bienal de Actualización (BUR1), incluyendo el INGEI 2010. En este marco tan sustantivo para la agenda climática, Uruguay creó la Dirección de Cambio Climático en el marco del ex MVOTMA (actual MA), sustituyendo la existente División de la DINAMA, y ratificó, en 2016, el Acuerdo de París por Ley 19.439. En 2016, el SNRCC convocó a instituciones públicas y privadas, a organizaciones de la sociedad civil y a la academia para la elaboración de la PNCC, que fue aprobada en 2017 por Decreto 310/017 del Poder Ejecutivo. En ese mismo año y en el mismo decreto se aprobó la Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París (CDN1).', 'En ese mismo año y en el mismo decreto se aprobó la Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París (CDN1). También en ese momento, Uruguay presentó su CN4, incluyendo el INGEI 2012, y se inició el proceso de elaboración del Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático para el sector agropecuario (PNA-Agro), con el fin de contribuir a la mejora en los medios de vida de las poblaciones rurales mediante sistemas de producción animal y vegetal sostenibles y menos vulnerables a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático.', 'También en ese momento, Uruguay presentó su CN4, incluyendo el INGEI 2012, y se inició el proceso de elaboración del Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático para el sector agropecuario (PNA-Agro), con el fin de contribuir a la mejora en los medios de vida de las poblaciones rurales mediante sistemas de producción animal y vegetal sostenibles y menos vulnerables a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático. La PNCC es un instrumento estratégico y programático, rector de la política climática nacional y subnacional del Estado, que instituye el objetivo de promover la adaptación y mitigación en el país y le da el rol a la política pública de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible con una perspectiva global, de equidad intra e intergeneracional y de derechos humanos, procurando lograr una sociedad más resiliente, menos vulnerable, con mayor capacidad de adaptación al cambio y variabilidad climática.', 'La PNCC es un instrumento estratégico y programático, rector de la política climática nacional y subnacional del Estado, que instituye el objetivo de promover la adaptación y mitigación en el país y le da el rol a la política pública de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible con una perspectiva global, de equidad intra e intergeneracional y de derechos humanos, procurando lograr una sociedad más resiliente, menos vulnerable, con mayor capacidad de adaptación al cambio y variabilidad climática. Y más consciente y responsable de los desafíos que involucra el cambio climático, promoviendo una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono y teniendo como horizonte temporal el año 2050.', 'Y más consciente y responsable de los desafíos que involucra el cambio climático, promoviendo una economía con bajas emisiones de carbono y teniendo como horizonte temporal el año 2050. Es el norte de la acción climática de Uruguay a corto, mediano y largo plazo y ordena el modo de comprender el ciclo de política climática uruguaya, desde el diagnóstico y la planificación a la implementación y el monitoreo. Está integrada por cinco dimensiones: gobernanza, conocimiento, social, ambiental y productiva, cada una de las cuales involucra lineamientos generales de acción distribuidos por sectores y áreas. La CDN1 de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París es el instrumento de implementación de la PNCC, tal como se establece en su párrafo 23.', 'La CDN1 de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París es el instrumento de implementación de la PNCC, tal como se establece en su párrafo 23. Incluye los objetivos para mitigar el cambio climático, las principales medidas de mitigación que aportan al alcance de dichos objetivos y las principalesmedidas de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático, constituyéndose esta sección de la CDN1 en la Primera Comunicación de Adaptación (ComAd1) elaborada por el país. La contribución de Uruguay se centra en poder desarrollarse con la menor intensidad posible de emisiones de GEI, “descarbonizando” su economía en el tiempo y a su vez adaptándose, mediante la reducción de su vulnerabilidad y el aumento de su resiliencia, realizando todo esto de un modo que no amenace la producción de alimentos.', 'La contribución de Uruguay se centra en poder desarrollarse con la menor intensidad posible de emisiones de GEI, “descarbonizando” su economía en el tiempo y a su vez adaptándose, mediante la reducción de su vulnerabilidad y el aumento de su resiliencia, realizando todo esto de un modo que no amenace la producción de alimentos. Dado el perfil de emisiones de Uruguay, fuertemente marcado por las emisiones relativas a la producción de alimentos, se incluyen objetivos globales de intensidad de emisiones por unidad de PIB para CO2, CH4 y N2O, así como objetivos específicos de intensidad de emisiones vinculados a la producción de carne vacuna y objetivos para el sector de uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura (UTCUTS).', 'Dado el perfil de emisiones de Uruguay, fuertemente marcado por las emisiones relativas a la producción de alimentos, se incluyen objetivos globales de intensidad de emisiones por unidad de PIB para CO2, CH4 y N2O, así como objetivos específicos de intensidad de emisiones vinculados a la producción de carne vacuna y objetivos para el sector de uso de la tierra, cambio de uso de la tierra y silvicultura (UTCUTS). En 2017, se inició el proceso de elaboración del Plan Nacional de Adaptación para la zona Costera (PNA-Costas), focalizándose en el fortalecimiento de las capacidades para identificar los impactos y las vulnerabilidades del sector costero. Dicho Plan fue aprobado en noviembre de 2021 y presentado en la COP26.', 'Dicho Plan fue aprobado en noviembre de 2021 y presentado en la COP26. En 2017 Uruguay presentó su Segundo Informe Bienal de Actualización (BUR2), conteniendo el INGEI 2014. En el plano subnacional, en el mismo año, se elaboró la Estrategia de Resiliencia de Montevideo, que favorece la institucionalización de una Oficina de Resiliencia de la Intendencia de Montevideo. En 2017 también se inició el proceso de la Estrategia Nacional para la Igualdad de Género al 2030, como hoja de ruta para brindar orientación al Estado en materia de igualdad de género a mediano plazo. La Estrategia se aprobó en 2018 (Decreto 137/18) e incorpora entre sus líneas la promoción de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático.', 'La Estrategia se aprobó en 2018 (Decreto 137/18) e incorpora entre sus líneas la promoción de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático. Esto se ve reforzado por la creación del Grupo de Trabajo de Género en el marco del SNRCC y por la Estrategia de Género y Cambio Climático de 2019. En 2018 se inició el proceso de elaboración del Plan Nacional de Adaptación en Ciudades e Infraestructuras (PNA-Ciudades), con el objetivo de reducir la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático mediante la creación de capacidades de adaptación y resiliencia en ciudades, infraestructuras y entornos urbanos. Este PNA se finalizó en octubre del 2021 y fue presentado en la COP26.', 'Este PNA se finalizó en octubre del 2021 y fue presentado en la COP26. En setiembre de 2019, en la Cumbre de Acción Climática de Naciones Unidas, el gobierno de Uruguay anunció su compromiso de preparar y presentar una Estrategia de Largo Plazo, para responder a la invitación incluida en el Art. 4.19 del Acuerdo de París. Ese mismo año finalizó y fue presentado ante la CMNUCC el PN-Agro, la CN5 y el BUR3, incluyendo el INGEI 2016 y 2017 respectivamente.', 'Ese mismo año finalizó y fue presentado ante la CMNUCC el PN-Agro, la CN5 y el BUR3, incluyendo el INGEI 2016 y 2017 respectivamente. En el año 2020, se creó el Ministerio de Ambiente de Uruguay, mediante Ley 19.889/020, y como parte de su estructura, la antigua División de Cambio Climático se convierte en Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático (DINACC), reflejo claro y contundente de la voluntad de priorizar la cuestión ambiental a nivel nacional y los aspectos de cambio y variabilidad climática en particular.', 'En el año 2020, se creó el Ministerio de Ambiente de Uruguay, mediante Ley 19.889/020, y como parte de su estructura, la antigua División de Cambio Climático se convierte en Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático (DINACC), reflejo claro y contundente de la voluntad de priorizar la cuestión ambiental a nivel nacional y los aspectos de cambio y variabilidad climática en particular. La DINACC tiene como funciones: cumplir con las obligaciones nacionales en el contexto de los acuerdos ambientales multilaterales sobre cambio climático y la protección de la capa de ozono, de los cuales Uruguay es Parte, y liderar el funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad (SNRCC).', 'La DINACC tiene como funciones: cumplir con las obligaciones nacionales en el contexto de los acuerdos ambientales multilaterales sobre cambio climático y la protección de la capa de ozono, de los cuales Uruguay es Parte, y liderar el funcionamiento del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad (SNRCC). La DINACC es el punto focal ante la CMNUCC y ante el Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) y opera como Autoridad Nacional Designada ante el Fondo de Adaptación, el Fondo Verde del Clima, el Centro y Red de Tecnología del Clima de la CMNUCC, la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), el Programa EUROCLIMA de la Unión Europea, la Secretaría de Ozono y demás órganos del Protocolo de Montreal.', 'La DINACC es el punto focal ante la CMNUCC y ante el Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre Cambio Climático (IPCC) y opera como Autoridad Nacional Designada ante el Fondo de Adaptación, el Fondo Verde del Clima, el Centro y Red de Tecnología del Clima de la CMNUCC, la Red Iberoamericana de Oficinas de Cambio Climático (RIOCC), el Programa EUROCLIMA de la Unión Europea, la Secretaría de Ozono y demás órganos del Protocolo de Montreal. En 2020 comenzó, también, la elaboración de la ECLP de Uruguay, además se aprobaron por decreto del Poder Ejecutivo 65/020 la reglamentación de la Ley de Creación del Sistema Nacional de Emergencias Público y Permanente (Ley 18.621) y por Decreto 66/020la Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Emergencias y Desastres en Uruguay (2019-2030), destacando particularmente la relación entre la gestión integral del riesgo y la adaptación, así como la evaluación de pérdidas y daños.', 'En 2020 comenzó, también, la elaboración de la ECLP de Uruguay, además se aprobaron por decreto del Poder Ejecutivo 65/020 la reglamentación de la Ley de Creación del Sistema Nacional de Emergencias Público y Permanente (Ley 18.621) y por Decreto 66/020la Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Emergencias y Desastres en Uruguay (2019-2030), destacando particularmente la relación entre la gestión integral del riesgo y la adaptación, así como la evaluación de pérdidas y daños. Además, ese mismo año se inició el proceso de planificación y elaboración de los planes de adaptación en energía y salud (PNA-Energía y PNA-Salud) y se aprobó por Decreto 181/020 la creación del GdT de INGEI.', 'Además, ese mismo año se inició el proceso de planificación y elaboración de los planes de adaptación en energía y salud (PNA-Energía y PNA-Salud) y se aprobó por Decreto 181/020 la creación del GdT de INGEI. En paralelo, el Sinae inicia el proceso de elaboración de un Plan Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de emergencias y desastres, que actualmente se encuentra en fase de aprobación. En 2021, se inició el proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia Nacional para el Empoderamiento Climático (ENACE, por su sigla en inglés). Cabe señalar que la implementación de la ECLP se retroalimentará de los lineamientos y plan de acción de la ENACE en relación a los temas de educación, formación, acceso a la información y sensibilización al público.', 'Cabe señalar que la implementación de la ECLP se retroalimentará de los lineamientos y plan de acción de la ENACE en relación a los temas de educación, formación, acceso a la información y sensibilización al público. El proceso de elaboración de la Segunda Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (CDN2) iniciará en 2022 en el marco del SNRCC, de manera de cumplir con lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París que indica que cada país deberá comunicar una CDN cada cinco años. El Acuerdo de París establece, también, que las sucesivas CDN deben representar una progresión con respecto a la anterior y reflejar la mayor ambición posible del país, teniendo en cuenta sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales.', 'El Acuerdo de París establece, también, que las sucesivas CDN deben representar una progresión con respecto a la anterior y reflejar la mayor ambición posible del país, teniendo en cuenta sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales. Los escenarios aspiracionales de emisiones / remociones de GEI y el contenido de la Sección de Adaptación de esta ECLP serán un insumo fundamental para elaborar la CDN2 y ComAd2.PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE LA ECLP03 PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE LA ECLP La figura 03 esquematiza el proceso seguido para la elaboración de la ECLP en Uruguay.', 'Los escenarios aspiracionales de emisiones / remociones de GEI y el contenido de la Sección de Adaptación de esta ECLP serán un insumo fundamental para elaborar la CDN2 y ComAd2.PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE LA ECLP03 PROCESO DE ELABORACIÓN DE LA ECLP La figura 03 esquematiza el proceso seguido para la elaboración de la ECLP en Uruguay. En la parte inferior del esquema, se muestran los hitos más relevantes del proceso participativo desde la conformación del Grupo de Trabajo ECLP, en el marco del SNRCC en mayo de 2020, hasta la presentación de la ECLP ante la CMNUCC en diciembre de 2021.', 'En la parte inferior del esquema, se muestran los hitos más relevantes del proceso participativo desde la conformación del Grupo de Trabajo ECLP, en el marco del SNRCC en mayo de 2020, hasta la presentación de la ECLP ante la CMNUCC en diciembre de 2021. En la parte superior del esquema, se incluyen las principales actividades llevadas a cabo por el GdT como parte del proceso, que tomó como referencia algunos lineamientos metodológicos de la prospectiva estratégica, pero que requirió mucha flexibilidad y adaptabilidad a lo largo del proceso, así como la aplicación de otras técnicas. 3.1. Principales actividades realizadas 3.1.1.', 'En la parte superior del esquema, se incluyen las principales actividades llevadas a cabo por el GdT como parte del proceso, que tomó como referencia algunos lineamientos metodológicos de la prospectiva estratégica, pero que requirió mucha flexibilidad y adaptabilidad a lo largo del proceso, así como la aplicación de otras técnicas. 3.1. Principales actividades realizadas 3.1.1. Diagnóstico y definición de variables estratégicas El trabajo comenzó con algunos diagnósticos que permitieron tener insumos para proyectar en el largo plazo la adaptación y resiliencia, además de las emisiones / remociones de GEI. Para ello, se trabajó en estrecha coordinación con otros dos Grupos de Trabajo del SNRCC: 1) GdT INGEI: responsable de la elaboración de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) de Uruguay, además de coordinar el Sistema Nacional de INGEI.', 'Para ello, se trabajó en estrecha coordinación con otros dos Grupos de Trabajo del SNRCC: 1) GdT INGEI: responsable de la elaboración de los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (INGEI) de Uruguay, además de coordinar el Sistema Nacional de INGEI. 2) GdT Adaptación: responsable de coordinar aspectos vinculados con la planificación de la adaptación en el país. El GdT INGEI realizó un análisis de la serie histórica de Inventarios de GEI de Uruguay, que abarca el período 1990 – 2017, de manera de identificar aquellas categorías que mayor incidencia tienen en términos de emisiones / remociones de GEI, y que explican más del 95% de las emisiones del país, como insumo fundamental para el trabajo de elaboración de escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones / remociones para la ECLP.', 'El GdT INGEI realizó un análisis de la serie histórica de Inventarios de GEI de Uruguay, que abarca el período 1990 – 2017, de manera de identificar aquellas categorías que mayor incidencia tienen en términos de emisiones / remociones de GEI, y que explican más del 95% de las emisiones del país, como insumo fundamental para el trabajo de elaboración de escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones / remociones para la ECLP. Todos los materiales generados a partir de este análisis se hicieron públicos en el sitio web de la ECLP y fueron presentados en el Taller Virtual realizado en diciembre de 2020.', 'Todos los materiales generados a partir de este análisis se hicieron públicos en el sitio web de la ECLP y fueron presentados en el Taller Virtual realizado en diciembre de 2020. Con la colaboración del GdT Adaptación, se realizó la sistematización de los diferentes procesos de planificación de la adaptación en Uruguay, a partir de revisión de la documentación existente y entrevistas a referentes clave de esos procesos. Como resultado, tomando las dimensiones de la PNCC como referencia, se identificaron fortalezas y sinergias entre procesos, áreas en las que se requiere fortalecer y profundizar el trabajo, nuevas áreas a atender y líneas de trabajo futuras en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo.', 'Como resultado, tomando las dimensiones de la PNCC como referencia, se identificaron fortalezas y sinergias entre procesos, áreas en las que se requiere fortalecer y profundizar el trabajo, nuevas áreas a atender y líneas de trabajo futuras en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo. En materia de empleo, se trabajó con el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social para analizar el empleo de los diferentes sectores y categorías que explican las emisiones / remociones de GEI en el país, desagregada por sexo, edad, localización geográfica, vínculo funcional y monto imponible.', 'En materia de empleo, se trabajó con el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social para analizar el empleo de los diferentes sectores y categorías que explican las emisiones / remociones de GEI en el país, desagregada por sexo, edad, localización geográfica, vínculo funcional y monto imponible. Posteriormente, se analizaron las oportunidades y los riesgos en materia de empleo, género y generaciones de los escenarios aspiracionales que se plantean en la ECLP, que permitirán definir acciones concretas para asegurar una transición justa en este proceso de descarbonización hacia 2050 y garantizar que nadie quede atrás.1 Proyección realizada en 2016. Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE); OPP – Estimaciones y proyecciones de población (revisión 2013) y datos brindados por Equipo OPP.', 'Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE); OPP – Estimaciones y proyecciones de población (revisión 2013) y datos brindados por Equipo OPP. 2 Estás tasas son: -3,5% en 2020; +4,3% en 2021; +2,5% en 2022; +4,2% en 2023; +3,9% en 2024; +2,3% desde 2025 y hasta 2050. Figura 03: Esquema del proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay, mayo 2020 – diciembre 2021 Por último, se elaboraron y acordaron proyecciones de evolución demográfica1 y del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), a partir de proyecciones oficiales disponibles y tendencias históricas, que fueron usadas por los diferentes equipos técnicos en la elaboración de los escenarios de la ECLP.', 'Figura 03: Esquema del proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay, mayo 2020 – diciembre 2021 Por último, se elaboraron y acordaron proyecciones de evolución demográfica1 y del Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), a partir de proyecciones oficiales disponibles y tendencias históricas, que fueron usadas por los diferentes equipos técnicos en la elaboración de los escenarios de la ECLP. En concreto, se dispuso de una proyección de PIB tendencial, la cual se elaboró a partir de la serie con base 2005 (y a precios constantes de ese año) que publica el BCU, considerando las tasas de crecimiento de PIB publicadas en el “Presupuesto Nacional 2020 - 2024”2, última información oficial disponible al momento de elaborar la ECLP.', 'En concreto, se dispuso de una proyección de PIB tendencial, la cual se elaboró a partir de la serie con base 2005 (y a precios constantes de ese año) que publica el BCU, considerando las tasas de crecimiento de PIB publicadas en el “Presupuesto Nacional 2020 - 2024”2, última información oficial disponible al momento de elaborar la ECLP. PROCESO ECLP URUGUAY Conformación Gdt ECLP Diagnóstico y definición de variables estratégicas: Serie INGEIs PNAs Proyecciones demográficas Proyecciones PIB Datos empleo Otros instrumentos y políticas Contratación apoyos (Euroclima+/FIIAPP/CEPAL) Elaboración escenarios de emisiones/remociones GEI: trabajo equipos sectoriales + entrevistas referentes calificados y actores relevantes Adaptación, resiliencia: sinergias PNA + áreas a fortalecer + nuevas líneas de trabajo Consideraciones transversales Transición Justa: empleo, género, generaciones Validación y adopción GdC SNRCC Recomendaciones ECLP para Evento Lanzamiento Informe Avance Web ECLP Taller Vitual Participativo Presentacion Avances Consulta Pública Proceso De Elaboración SEGUNDA CDN AC. PARÍS Presentación Oficial3.1.2.', 'PROCESO ECLP URUGUAY Conformación Gdt ECLP Diagnóstico y definición de variables estratégicas: Serie INGEIs PNAs Proyecciones demográficas Proyecciones PIB Datos empleo Otros instrumentos y políticas Contratación apoyos (Euroclima+/FIIAPP/CEPAL) Elaboración escenarios de emisiones/remociones GEI: trabajo equipos sectoriales + entrevistas referentes calificados y actores relevantes Adaptación, resiliencia: sinergias PNA + áreas a fortalecer + nuevas líneas de trabajo Consideraciones transversales Transición Justa: empleo, género, generaciones Validación y adopción GdC SNRCC Recomendaciones ECLP para Evento Lanzamiento Informe Avance Web ECLP Taller Vitual Participativo Presentacion Avances Consulta Pública Proceso De Elaboración SEGUNDA CDN AC. PARÍS Presentación Oficial3.1.2. Hipótesis y escenarios de futuro Los escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones y remociones de GEI fueron construidos a partir del análisis de la serie histórica de INGEI (sectores, categorías y variables relevantes) y de las proyecciones acordadas de evolución demográfica y de PIB. En tal sentido, los escenarios planteados incluyen las emisiones de GEI de categorías que representan entre el 95- 97% de las emisiones totales del país.', 'En tal sentido, los escenarios planteados incluyen las emisiones de GEI de categorías que representan entre el 95- 97% de las emisiones totales del país. Estos escenarios incluyen los GEI CO2, CH4 y N2O y el trabajo técnico fue realizado desde los equipos de los ministerios sectoriales asociados a las emisiones y remociones de dichos GEI: Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria del MGAP, Dirección Nacional de Energía del MIEM y Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático y División Planificación del MA.', 'Estos escenarios incluyen los GEI CO2, CH4 y N2O y el trabajo técnico fue realizado desde los equipos de los ministerios sectoriales asociados a las emisiones y remociones de dichos GEI: Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria del MGAP, Dirección Nacional de Energía del MIEM y Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático y División Planificación del MA. Como consigna general para el trabajo se definió que se elaborarían al menos dos escenarios para cada uno de los sectores y para cada uno de los GEI: i) un escenario tendencial cuya trayectoria debía asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos incondicionales incluidos en la CDN1 para cada gas al año 2025 (año meta de la CDN1); ii) al menos un escenario aspiracional que considere trayectorias de reducción de emisiones y aumento de secuestro de carbono ambiciosas, entre las que se debía considerar la meta aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 al 2050 anunciada por el gobierno de Uruguay en 2019 en la Cumbre del Clima.', 'Como consigna general para el trabajo se definió que se elaborarían al menos dos escenarios para cada uno de los sectores y para cada uno de los GEI: i) un escenario tendencial cuya trayectoria debía asegurar el cumplimiento de los objetivos incondicionales incluidos en la CDN1 para cada gas al año 2025 (año meta de la CDN1); ii) al menos un escenario aspiracional que considere trayectorias de reducción de emisiones y aumento de secuestro de carbono ambiciosas, entre las que se debía considerar la meta aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 al 2050 anunciada por el gobierno de Uruguay en 2019 en la Cumbre del Clima. Siguiendo esos lineamientos, la elaboración de los escenarios y trayectorias aspiracionales de emisiones / remociones de GEI se basaron en el conocimiento técnico institucional y experiencias de otros países, en la opinión de expertos nacionales sobre las perspectivas sectoriales a nivel nacional y global, futuras tecnologías, potenciales cambios culturales y de reglamentación, barreras y desafíos para avanzar hacia el camino deseado e instrumentos y políticas necesarias para levantar las limitaciones.', 'Siguiendo esos lineamientos, la elaboración de los escenarios y trayectorias aspiracionales de emisiones / remociones de GEI se basaron en el conocimiento técnico institucional y experiencias de otros países, en la opinión de expertos nacionales sobre las perspectivas sectoriales a nivel nacional y global, futuras tecnologías, potenciales cambios culturales y de reglamentación, barreras y desafíos para avanzar hacia el camino deseado e instrumentos y políticas necesarias para levantar las limitaciones. Se realizaron, también, reuniones entre los equipos de los diferentes sectores de manera de analizar posibles interacciones y asegurar consistencia y coherencia entre los diferentes escenarios aspiracionales.', 'Se realizaron, también, reuniones entre los equipos de los diferentes sectores de manera de analizar posibles interacciones y asegurar consistencia y coherencia entre los diferentes escenarios aspiracionales. Sobre la base de los escenarios aspiracionales planteados por cada uno de los sectores y para los diferentes GEI, junto con la información diagnóstica generada para la ECLP, se realizaron los análisis de oportunidades y amenazas en materia de empleo, género y generaciones que surgen de dichas trayectorias. Uruguay entiende que la transición planteada en su ECLP debe ser socialmente justa y no dejar a nadie atrás, y estos aspectos, entre otros, serán atendidos a la hora de definir acciones concretas de corto y mediano plazo para transitar dichas sendas.', 'Uruguay entiende que la transición planteada en su ECLP debe ser socialmente justa y no dejar a nadie atrás, y estos aspectos, entre otros, serán atendidos a la hora de definir acciones concretas de corto y mediano plazo para transitar dichas sendas. La lógica del análisis de futuro realizado para la adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo fue diferente, en el entendido que los distintos procesos sectoriales de planificación de la adaptación existentes en el país ya miran el futuro y planifican en el mediano y largo plazo. Teniendo en cuenta eso, la definición fue analizar críticamente lo hecho hasta el momento, resaltar puntos fuertes y sinergias entre los procesos, identificar áreas a fortalecer, nuevas áreas a atender y líneas de trabajo futuras en materia de adaptación y resiliencia.', 'Teniendo en cuenta eso, la definición fue analizar críticamente lo hecho hasta el momento, resaltar puntos fuertes y sinergias entre los procesos, identificar áreas a fortalecer, nuevas áreas a atender y líneas de trabajo futuras en materia de adaptación y resiliencia. Para ello, se realizó una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica y se mantuvieron entrevistas con actores clave vinculados directamente con dichos procesos. Con la intención de que la ECLP permita agregar aún más valor a todos los esfuerzos realizados por el país en este tema, se define la conveniencia de aportar a la implementación de la Meta Global de Adaptación y al Balance Mundial a través de las diferentes acciones en adaptación que desarrolle Uruguay. 3.2.', 'Con la intención de que la ECLP permita agregar aún más valor a todos los esfuerzos realizados por el país en este tema, se define la conveniencia de aportar a la implementación de la Meta Global de Adaptación y al Balance Mundial a través de las diferentes acciones en adaptación que desarrolle Uruguay. 3.2. Instancias participativas en la ECLP Como parte del proceso de elaboración de la ECLP, considerando y atendiendo la especial situación sanitaria producto de la pandemia de COVID-19 que transcurrió durante todo el proceso, se realizaron diferentes instancias participativas virtuales, que permitieron presentar avances y recibir insumos de diferentes actores de la sociedad:• Agosto 2020: Lanzamiento del proceso de elaboración de la ECLP (virtual), evento que contó con la presencia de la ministra interina de Ambiente (MA), el ministro de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), el subsecretario de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM), la subsecretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE), el ministro de Salud Pública (MSP), el subsecretario de Turismo (MINTUR) y la subsecretaria de Educación y Cultura (MEC).', 'Instancias participativas en la ECLP Como parte del proceso de elaboración de la ECLP, considerando y atendiendo la especial situación sanitaria producto de la pandemia de COVID-19 que transcurrió durante todo el proceso, se realizaron diferentes instancias participativas virtuales, que permitieron presentar avances y recibir insumos de diferentes actores de la sociedad:• Agosto 2020: Lanzamiento del proceso de elaboración de la ECLP (virtual), evento que contó con la presencia de la ministra interina de Ambiente (MA), el ministro de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP), el subsecretario de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM), la subsecretaria de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE), el ministro de Salud Pública (MSP), el subsecretario de Turismo (MINTUR) y la subsecretaria de Educación y Cultura (MEC). Cada uno de ellos aportó su visión sobre este tema desde cada una de sus instituciones y manifestó la voluntad política de emprender este proceso.', 'Cada uno de ellos aportó su visión sobre este tema desde cada una de sus instituciones y manifestó la voluntad política de emprender este proceso. La secretaria ejecutiva de la CMNUCC, Patricia Espinosa, participó a través de un mensaje grabado especialmente para la ocasión. • Diciembre de 2020: Taller Virtual de amplia participación, en el cual se presentaron los principales insumos disponibles para elaborar la ECLP y se recibieron aportes en base al trabajo en subgrupos temáticos. • Setiembre de 2021: Presentación de avances de la ECLP, en las diferentes secciones que integrarán el documento: adaptación y resiliencia; emisiones y remociones de GEI y consideraciones transversales (transición justa; aspectos macroeconómicos). • Noviembre de 2021: Consulta pública de la ECLP. 3.3.', '• Noviembre de 2021: Consulta pública de la ECLP. 3.3. Espacios de intercambio, comunicación y difusión durante el proceso de elaboración de la ECLP • Espacio de comunicación y difusión virtual: en agosto de 2020, se diseñó el espacio dedicado a la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo en la página web del Ministerio de Ambiente, en el que se hizo disponible toda la información que se fue generando durante el proceso y que incluyó vías de comunicación y contacto con el equipo técnico a cargo. • Espacios de intercambio, comunicación y difusión: se mantuvieron reuniones con el Grupo de Trabajo de Género y con el Grupo de Trabajo Educación, Comunicación y Sensibilización del SNRCC, con el objetivo de alinear y complementar procesos y contribuir a los objetivos de la ECLP.', '• Espacios de intercambio, comunicación y difusión: se mantuvieron reuniones con el Grupo de Trabajo de Género y con el Grupo de Trabajo Educación, Comunicación y Sensibilización del SNRCC, con el objetivo de alinear y complementar procesos y contribuir a los objetivos de la ECLP. En particular, el GdT Educación, Comunicación y Sensibilización lidera el proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia para el Empoderamiento Climático (ENACE por su sigla en inglés), actualmente en curso, para el cual la ECLP ha sido un insumo fundamental.', 'En particular, el GdT Educación, Comunicación y Sensibilización lidera el proceso de elaboración de la Estrategia para el Empoderamiento Climático (ENACE por su sigla en inglés), actualmente en curso, para el cual la ECLP ha sido un insumo fundamental. Ambas estrategias, ENACE y ECLP, continuarán retroalimentándose en el futuro.ADAPTACIÓN, RESILIENCIA Y REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO04 ADAPTACIÓN, RESILIENCIA Y REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO El Gobierno de Uruguay decidió elaborar e incluir una sección de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en su ECLP por las siguientes razones: en primer lugar, porque aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia ante el cambio climático y reducir los riesgos que conlleva es una prioridad nacional y, por lo tanto, debe ser un aspecto sustancial a integrar en un proceso de planificación de largo plazo; en segundo lugar, porque Uruguay requiere avanzar en dimensionar y explicitar los esfuerzos y acciones posibles y necesarias para fortalecer la adaptación, resiliencia y reducir el riesgo ante el cambio climático; y en tercer lugar, porque Uruguay busca aportar al fortalecimiento de una gobernanza global que registre una paridad política y de movilización de recursos financieros entre adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático, para lo cual es estratégico dirigir esfuerzos que aporten al diseño de la Meta Global de Adaptación y al Balance Mundial previstos en el Acuerdo de París.', 'Ambas estrategias, ENACE y ECLP, continuarán retroalimentándose en el futuro.ADAPTACIÓN, RESILIENCIA Y REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO04 ADAPTACIÓN, RESILIENCIA Y REDUCCIÓN DEL RIESGO El Gobierno de Uruguay decidió elaborar e incluir una sección de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en su ECLP por las siguientes razones: en primer lugar, porque aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia ante el cambio climático y reducir los riesgos que conlleva es una prioridad nacional y, por lo tanto, debe ser un aspecto sustancial a integrar en un proceso de planificación de largo plazo; en segundo lugar, porque Uruguay requiere avanzar en dimensionar y explicitar los esfuerzos y acciones posibles y necesarias para fortalecer la adaptación, resiliencia y reducir el riesgo ante el cambio climático; y en tercer lugar, porque Uruguay busca aportar al fortalecimiento de una gobernanza global que registre una paridad política y de movilización de recursos financieros entre adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático, para lo cual es estratégico dirigir esfuerzos que aporten al diseño de la Meta Global de Adaptación y al Balance Mundial previstos en el Acuerdo de París. Sumado a las razones indicadas, se entiende que la invitación a elaborar y presentar una ECLP en el Acuerdo de París, habilita la posibilidad de incluir el tema adaptación y resiliencia en este ejercicio de planificación.', 'Sumado a las razones indicadas, se entiende que la invitación a elaborar y presentar una ECLP en el Acuerdo de París, habilita la posibilidad de incluir el tema adaptación y resiliencia en este ejercicio de planificación. Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia ante el cambio climático y reducir los riesgos que conlleva, es una prioridad para Uruguay. Esto se justifica en el hecho de que Uruguay posee una economía abierta basada fuertemente en la producción agroindustrial, representando las exportaciones de alimentos un 79% del total (PNA-Agro), y un sector turístico que en años recientes ha alcanzado gran dinamismo.', 'Esto se justifica en el hecho de que Uruguay posee una economía abierta basada fuertemente en la producción agroindustrial, representando las exportaciones de alimentos un 79% del total (PNA-Agro), y un sector turístico que en años recientes ha alcanzado gran dinamismo. Su población y principales infraestructuras están en áreas de riesgo; el 70% del total de la población se encuentra en los departamentos costeros (Colonia, San José, Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, Rocha) y el 59% de las zonas costeras presentan un uso turístico (PNA-Costas), 93,4% de la población se concentra en zonas urbanas, y en ellas se encuentran también las instituciones, los servicios y las infraestructuras que representan los mayores activos económicos.', 'Su población y principales infraestructuras están en áreas de riesgo; el 70% del total de la población se encuentra en los departamentos costeros (Colonia, San José, Montevideo, Canelones, Maldonado, Rocha) y el 59% de las zonas costeras presentan un uso turístico (PNA-Costas), 93,4% de la población se concentra en zonas urbanas, y en ellas se encuentran también las instituciones, los servicios y las infraestructuras que representan los mayores activos económicos. También en las ciudades se concentran los sectores sociales más vulnerables y expuestos a los riesgos climáticos, con menor capacidad de recuperación y resiliencia (PNA Ciudades ).', 'También en las ciudades se concentran los sectores sociales más vulnerables y expuestos a los riesgos climáticos, con menor capacidad de recuperación y resiliencia (PNA Ciudades ). Estos factores lo convierten en un país altamente vulnerable al cambio y la variabilidad climática, y acorde a las proyecciones climáticas elaboradas en el marco de los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación, los eventos extremos asociados aumentarán su intensidad y frecuencia.', 'Estos factores lo convierten en un país altamente vulnerable al cambio y la variabilidad climática, y acorde a las proyecciones climáticas elaboradas en el marco de los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación, los eventos extremos asociados aumentarán su intensidad y frecuencia. Un Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar (ANMM) que a fines de siglo implicaría hasta 12.000 ha de superficies inundadas y pérdidas de hasta 2.271 ha por erosión costera, un incremento de casi 35% en las precipitaciones medias anuales (para un horizonte lejano), un aumento en la ocurrencia de ciclones y anticiclones sobre el océano, así como eventos extremos de viento, que impactarían en el territorio nacional y aumentos en la temperatura media anual entre 1.5 y 3°C, con una evolución creciente de casi el doble de ocurrencias de olas de calor.', 'Un Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar (ANMM) que a fines de siglo implicaría hasta 12.000 ha de superficies inundadas y pérdidas de hasta 2.271 ha por erosión costera, un incremento de casi 35% en las precipitaciones medias anuales (para un horizonte lejano), un aumento en la ocurrencia de ciclones y anticiclones sobre el océano, así como eventos extremos de viento, que impactarían en el territorio nacional y aumentos en la temperatura media anual entre 1.5 y 3°C, con una evolución creciente de casi el doble de ocurrencias de olas de calor. Considerando lo anterior y sabiendo la complejidad que implica planificar y avanzar en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo climático, es que Uruguay vio necesario incorporar y hacer explícitas las necesidades del país en este tema en los diferentes procesos de planificación en el ámbito de la acción climática, tengan como eje central o no la adaptación.', 'Considerando lo anterior y sabiendo la complejidad que implica planificar y avanzar en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo climático, es que Uruguay vio necesario incorporar y hacer explícitas las necesidades del país en este tema en los diferentes procesos de planificación en el ámbito de la acción climática, tengan como eje central o no la adaptación. Ejemplo de ello son las Comunicaciones Nacionales (CNs), el Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (PNRCC), la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC), los diferentes Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs), la primera Comunicación de la Adaptación (ComAd1) y la presente ECLP.', 'Ejemplo de ello son las Comunicaciones Nacionales (CNs), el Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (PNRCC), la Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC), los diferentes Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs), la primera Comunicación de la Adaptación (ComAd1) y la presente ECLP. A su vez, cabe mencionar que, a través de los esfuerzos por aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo, Uruguay aporta al objetivo del Acuerdo de París indicado en el párrafo 1.b del artículo 2: “Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversosdel cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos”.', 'A su vez, cabe mencionar que, a través de los esfuerzos por aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo, Uruguay aporta al objetivo del Acuerdo de París indicado en el párrafo 1.b del artículo 2: “Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversosdel cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de un modo que no comprometa la producción de alimentos”. De hecho, a través de este documento se busca reflejar dicho aporte y conectar esos esfuerzos con la Meta Global de Adaptación (MGA), explicitando la importancia de aportar información que facilite la realización del Balance Mundial en adaptación.', 'De hecho, a través de este documento se busca reflejar dicho aporte y conectar esos esfuerzos con la Meta Global de Adaptación (MGA), explicitando la importancia de aportar información que facilite la realización del Balance Mundial en adaptación. Por último, cabe señalar que la invitación a elaborar y presentar ECLP refiere a la posibilidad de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia. Esto lo hace al referir al artículo 2 en la invitación (párrafo 19 del artículo 4): “Todas las Partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales”.', 'Esto lo hace al referir al artículo 2 en la invitación (párrafo 19 del artículo 4): “Todas las Partes deberían esforzarse por formular y comunicar estrategias a largo plazo para un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, teniendo presente el artículo 2 y tomando en consideración sus responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y sus capacidades respectivas, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales”. Al indicar “teniendo presente el artículo 2” en el Articulo 4.19 se explicita, además de la meta de temperatura, la necesidad de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y la resiliencia al clima. 4.1. Consideraciones metodológicas La elaboración de esta sección parte de dos premisas metodológicas.', 'Consideraciones metodológicas La elaboración de esta sección parte de dos premisas metodológicas. Por un lado, la definición del Gobierno de Uruguay de planificar la adaptación al cambio climático de forma sectorial y territorial. El resultado de ello es que se disponga de tres Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNA), uno para el sector agropecuario, uno para la zona costera y otro en ciudades e infraestructuras, y que estén en elaboración otros dos PNAs: en Energía y en Salud. Considerando dicha definición, es que esta sección se elaboró con una perspectiva “agregada” y enfocada en lo normativo e institucional, no entrando en especificidades sectoriales o territoriales en las cuales se enfocan los actuales y potenciales PNAs.', 'Considerando dicha definición, es que esta sección se elaboró con una perspectiva “agregada” y enfocada en lo normativo e institucional, no entrando en especificidades sectoriales o territoriales en las cuales se enfocan los actuales y potenciales PNAs. La segunda premisa metodológica refiere al hecho de que Uruguay es altamente afectado por el cambio y la variabilidad climática y por este motivo es que en la ECLP se proponen acciones que buscan fortalecer los aspectos normativos e institucionales en materia de adaptación respecto a la evolución pasada y estado actual, sin poner foco en los potenciales impactos que se derivan de las proyecciones climáticas de mediano y largo plazo, cuestión que sí es atendida por los diversos PNAs en sus sectores o territorios.', 'La segunda premisa metodológica refiere al hecho de que Uruguay es altamente afectado por el cambio y la variabilidad climática y por este motivo es que en la ECLP se proponen acciones que buscan fortalecer los aspectos normativos e institucionales en materia de adaptación respecto a la evolución pasada y estado actual, sin poner foco en los potenciales impactos que se derivan de las proyecciones climáticas de mediano y largo plazo, cuestión que sí es atendida por los diversos PNAs en sus sectores o territorios. Cabe mencionar que esta definición metodológica se distingue de la forma en la que se construyeron los escenarios y proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI que se presentan en la sección a continuación.', 'Cabe mencionar que esta definición metodológica se distingue de la forma en la que se construyeron los escenarios y proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI que se presentan en la sección a continuación. El ejercicio en materia de emisiones y remociones estuvo impulsado por la detección de escenarios deseables y viables tecnológicamente (en materia de emisiones y remociones) a mediados de siglo y a partir de allí se elaboraron diferentes sendas de emisiones y remociones. Esta distinción está determinada, también, por las diferencias existentes respecto a la posibilidad de cuantificar la adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en comparación con la cuantificación de emisiones y remociones de GEI. 4.2.', 'Esta distinción está determinada, también, por las diferencias existentes respecto a la posibilidad de cuantificar la adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en comparación con la cuantificación de emisiones y remociones de GEI. 4.2. Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional Se presentan a continuación (Figura 04) algunos hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, así como una breve descripción de los PNAs en los que el país se ha embarcado hasta el presente y su vínculo con la PNCC.', 'Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional Se presentan a continuación (Figura 04) algunos hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, así como una breve descripción de los PNAs en los que el país se ha embarcado hasta el presente y su vínculo con la PNCC. A partir del análisis de la evolución en la institucionalidad, el diseño e implementación de la política climática nacional, los compromisos internacionales y los diferentes procesos de planificación de la adaptación en curso, se presentan posibles acciones de mediano y largo plazo en materia institucional y normativa que permitan aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia de Uruguay ante el cambio climático y reducir el riesgo.', 'A partir del análisis de la evolución en la institucionalidad, el diseño e implementación de la política climática nacional, los compromisos internacionales y los diferentes procesos de planificación de la adaptación en curso, se presentan posibles acciones de mediano y largo plazo en materia institucional y normativa que permitan aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia de Uruguay ante el cambio climático y reducir el riesgo. Por último, se presenta la relevancia de trabajar la adaptación en Uruguay buscando aportar a la Meta Global de Adaptación.+ SNRCC + SINAE + Ministerio de Ambiente + DINACC + PNGIRED + Reglamentación Ley SINAE + NAP.E + NAP Salud + Plan Nacional GIRED + DCC/MVOTMA Art 479 Ley + PNCC + NDC + ECLP (2020_2050) + PNRCC Plan Nacional Respuesta al CC + NAP Ciudades + NAP COSTAS + NAP Agro + PCRM Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana + MVDEO Resiliente MARCO DE ACCIÓN DE HYOGO MARCO DE ACCIÓN DE CANCÚN SENDAI / ACUERDO PARÍS / ODS.13 Figura 04: Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, período 2008-20214.3.', 'Por último, se presenta la relevancia de trabajar la adaptación en Uruguay buscando aportar a la Meta Global de Adaptación.+ SNRCC + SINAE + Ministerio de Ambiente + DINACC + PNGIRED + Reglamentación Ley SINAE + NAP.E + NAP Salud + Plan Nacional GIRED + DCC/MVOTMA Art 479 Ley + PNCC + NDC + ECLP (2020_2050) + PNRCC Plan Nacional Respuesta al CC + NAP Ciudades + NAP COSTAS + NAP Agro + PCRM Plan Climático de la Región Metropolitana + MVDEO Resiliente MARCO DE ACCIÓN DE HYOGO MARCO DE ACCIÓN DE CANCÚN SENDAI / ACUERDO PARÍS / ODS.13 Figura 04: Hitos relevantes en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional e internacional, período 2008-20214.3. La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs) La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC) de Uruguay es un instrumento estratégico y programático preparado por el Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y Variabilidad (SNRCC), adoptado por el Gabinete Nacional Ambiental en 2017 (aprobado por Decreto 317/2017).', 'La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático y los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs) La Política Nacional de Cambio Climático (PNCC) de Uruguay es un instrumento estratégico y programático preparado por el Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y Variabilidad (SNRCC), adoptado por el Gabinete Nacional Ambiental en 2017 (aprobado por Decreto 317/2017). Asimismo, la PNCC es el instrumento rector de la política climática nacional e instituye el objetivo de promover la adaptación y mitigación en el país, y le da el rol a la política pública de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible “…con una perspectiva global, de equidad intra e intergeneracional y de derechos humanos, procurando lograr una sociedad más resiliente, menos vulnerable, con mayor capacidad de adaptación al cambio y variabilidad climática, tanto como más consciente y responsable de los desafíos que involucra el cambio climático, promoviendo una economía de bajas emisiones de carbono, a partir de procesos productivos y servicios sostenibles ambiental, social y económicamente, que incorporan conocimiento e innovación”.', 'Asimismo, la PNCC es el instrumento rector de la política climática nacional e instituye el objetivo de promover la adaptación y mitigación en el país, y le da el rol a la política pública de contribuir al desarrollo sostenible “…con una perspectiva global, de equidad intra e intergeneracional y de derechos humanos, procurando lograr una sociedad más resiliente, menos vulnerable, con mayor capacidad de adaptación al cambio y variabilidad climática, tanto como más consciente y responsable de los desafíos que involucra el cambio climático, promoviendo una economía de bajas emisiones de carbono, a partir de procesos productivos y servicios sostenibles ambiental, social y económicamente, que incorporan conocimiento e innovación”. La PNCC establece los senderos de la acción climática de Uruguay a corto, mediano y largo plazo, elaborados de modo participativo, con todos los actores de la sociedad.', 'La PNCC establece los senderos de la acción climática de Uruguay a corto, mediano y largo plazo, elaborados de modo participativo, con todos los actores de la sociedad. De esta forma, la Política ordena el modo de comprender el ciclo de política climática uruguaya, desde el diagnóstico y la planificación, a la implementación y el monitoreo. Con lo cual, uno de sus principales aportes, no sólo a nivel nacional sino internacional, es proveer un modo de ver y organizar el andamiaje de documentos que de ésta se desprenden.', 'Con lo cual, uno de sus principales aportes, no sólo a nivel nacional sino internacional, es proveer un modo de ver y organizar el andamiaje de documentos que de ésta se desprenden. Considerando los lineamientos de la acción climática de Uruguay, establecidos en la PNCC y atendiendo las disposiciones establecidas en el AP, la CDN1 se convierte en un instrumento esencial para ordenar, articular y promover la adaptación al cambio climático (junto con la mitigación). La CDN1 es el instrumento operativo para la implementación de la PNCC hacia el cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por Uruguay al Acuerdo de París.', 'La CDN1 es el instrumento operativo para la implementación de la PNCC hacia el cumplimiento de los compromisos asumidos por Uruguay al Acuerdo de París. La sección de la CDN1 “Principales medidas de adaptación al cambio climático” incorpora 38 medidas distribuidas en 11 áreas (Figura 05): Social; Salud; Reducción de Riesgo de Desastres; Ciudades, infraestructuras y Ordenamiento Territorial; Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas; Zona Costera; Recursos Hídricos; Agropecuario; Energía; Turismo y Servicios Climáticos. Además de una sección transversal dirigida al Fortalecimiento de capacidades y generación del conocimiento, con 9 medidas.', 'Además de una sección transversal dirigida al Fortalecimiento de capacidades y generación del conocimiento, con 9 medidas. Vale resaltar que el proceso participativo para la elaboración de la CDN1 permite un mejor seguimiento y articulación para su desarrollo y cumplimiento, ya que estas fueron el resultado de los compromisos de las instituciones referentes al ámbito de la medida, y a la construcción cooperativa, dentro de un ámbito horizontal proporcionado por el SNRCC, acotada a la planificación y medios de cada institución, sin exceder sus capacidades.', 'Vale resaltar que el proceso participativo para la elaboración de la CDN1 permite un mejor seguimiento y articulación para su desarrollo y cumplimiento, ya que estas fueron el resultado de los compromisos de las instituciones referentes al ámbito de la medida, y a la construcción cooperativa, dentro de un ámbito horizontal proporcionado por el SNRCC, acotada a la planificación y medios de cada institución, sin exceder sus capacidades. Reducción de Riesgo de Ciudades, infraestructura y Ordenamiento Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas, Energía, Servicios Climáticos, Recursos Zona Costera, 4 Salud Reducción de Riesgo de Desastres Zona Costera Social Recursos Hidrícos Turismo Agropecuario Ciudades, Infraestructura y Ordenamiento Territorial Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Energía Servicios Climáticos Figura 05: Áreas abordadas en la sección sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la CDN1.Del conjunto de medidas de adaptación incorporadas en la CDN1, surge la necesidad de priorizar y planificar la formulación y desarrollo de los primeros Planes Nacionales de Adaptación, con un enfoque sectorial y territorial.', 'Reducción de Riesgo de Ciudades, infraestructura y Ordenamiento Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas, Energía, Servicios Climáticos, Recursos Zona Costera, 4 Salud Reducción de Riesgo de Desastres Zona Costera Social Recursos Hidrícos Turismo Agropecuario Ciudades, Infraestructura y Ordenamiento Territorial Biodiversidad y Ecosistemas Energía Servicios Climáticos Figura 05: Áreas abordadas en la sección sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático en la CDN1.Del conjunto de medidas de adaptación incorporadas en la CDN1, surge la necesidad de priorizar y planificar la formulación y desarrollo de los primeros Planes Nacionales de Adaptación, con un enfoque sectorial y territorial. A la fecha ya se alcanzó la aprobación del PNA-Agro, el cual se encuentra en su fase de implementación y se finalizó tanto el PNA-Costas y el PNA-Ciudades e infraestructuras, anunciados y presentados ante la CMNUCC durante la COP26 en Glasgow. A su vez, el PNA-Energía y PNA-Salud se encuentran en etapas iniciales para su elaboración.', 'A su vez, el PNA-Energía y PNA-Salud se encuentran en etapas iniciales para su elaboración. El proceso para la elaboración de los PNA fue desarrollado por fases que responden a una misma estructura, ajustada a las necesidades y particularidades del sector y territorio. Estas fases son: • F1, Información de Partida: donde se identifican los elementos prioritarios del sector, actores relevantes y la definición de escenarios y proyecciones climáticas. • F2, Evaluación de Riesgos: Identificación de amenazas; Identificación de vulnerabilidades; Análisis de la exposición y la Evaluación del riesgo climático. • F3, Establecimiento de la Capacidad Adaptativa: con base en procesos participativos de intercambio; se identifican las vulnerabilidades locales; se buscan soluciones a problemas identificados y las brechas para la construcción y fortalecimiento de la Resiliencia.', '• F3, Establecimiento de la Capacidad Adaptativa: con base en procesos participativos de intercambio; se identifican las vulnerabilidades locales; se buscan soluciones a problemas identificados y las brechas para la construcción y fortalecimiento de la Resiliencia. • F4, Elementos Prioritarios: Identificación de acciones prioritarias; definición de socios relevantes y beneficiarios; definición de objetivos y líneas estratégicas. • F5, Medidas + MRV: Construcción y propuesta de plan de acción para la adaptación; Construcción de indicadores: Construcción y planificación de un Sistema de monitoreo para su implementación.', '• F5, Medidas + MRV: Construcción y propuesta de plan de acción para la adaptación; Construcción de indicadores: Construcción y planificación de un Sistema de monitoreo para su implementación. A su vez, y en consecuencia de tener el mismo soporte político, similares bases técnicas, un proceso de construcción ordenado y sistematizado (considerando las especificidades de cada PNA), logra no solo que exista coherencia estratégica entre los PNA, si no que estos apunten a un mismo objetivo general, asumido por la PNCC, ante las disposiciones establecidas en el AP.', 'A su vez, y en consecuencia de tener el mismo soporte político, similares bases técnicas, un proceso de construcción ordenado y sistematizado (considerando las especificidades de cada PNA), logra no solo que exista coherencia estratégica entre los PNA, si no que estos apunten a un mismo objetivo general, asumido por la PNCC, ante las disposiciones establecidas en el AP. El abordaje estratégico de cada PNA apunta al fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales e individuales; la mejora de la resiliencia colectiva e individual el uso y promoción de Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza y saberes ancestrales; la fundamentación científica la innovación y la sostenibilidad; el fomento de la generación del conocimiento, sensibilización y; la protección, conservación, restauración y recuperación de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad y la disminución de las vulnerabilidades.', 'El abordaje estratégico de cada PNA apunta al fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales e individuales; la mejora de la resiliencia colectiva e individual el uso y promoción de Soluciones Basadas en la Naturaleza y saberes ancestrales; la fundamentación científica la innovación y la sostenibilidad; el fomento de la generación del conocimiento, sensibilización y; la protección, conservación, restauración y recuperación de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad y la disminución de las vulnerabilidades. El PNA-Costas se planteó como objetivos incorporar una perspectiva de adaptación en el desarrollo e implementación del marco de políticas de la zona costera; fortalecer las capacidades a nivel nacional, departamental y municipal relacionadas con la gestión y adaptación del riesgo climático en los ecosistemas costeros a través de la formación de recursos humanos y el financiamiento de acciones específicas, según corresponda en materia de competencias presupuestarias en los respectivos niveles de gobierno y promover la preservación de los espacios y procesos naturales costeros amenazados por el cambio y la variabilidad climática.', 'El PNA-Costas se planteó como objetivos incorporar una perspectiva de adaptación en el desarrollo e implementación del marco de políticas de la zona costera; fortalecer las capacidades a nivel nacional, departamental y municipal relacionadas con la gestión y adaptación del riesgo climático en los ecosistemas costeros a través de la formación de recursos humanos y el financiamiento de acciones específicas, según corresponda en materia de competencias presupuestarias en los respectivos niveles de gobierno y promover la preservación de los espacios y procesos naturales costeros amenazados por el cambio y la variabilidad climática. Asimismo, se plantea contribuir al desarrollo sostenible con una perspectiva de equidad procurando una sociedad más resiliente, más adaptada, y más consciente en la zona costera.', 'Asimismo, se plantea contribuir al desarrollo sostenible con una perspectiva de equidad procurando una sociedad más resiliente, más adaptada, y más consciente en la zona costera. A la fecha, ha avanzado en aspectos vinculados a la generación de conocimientos para la comprensión de la vulnerabilidad de la costa, la definición de acciones de adaptación que minimicen pérdidas y daños en infraestructuras y ecosistemas naturales y reduzcan su vulnerabilidad, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a nivel nacional y local, así como a la integración de esta dimensión en marcos normativos costeros.', 'A la fecha, ha avanzado en aspectos vinculados a la generación de conocimientos para la comprensión de la vulnerabilidad de la costa, la definición de acciones de adaptación que minimicen pérdidas y daños en infraestructuras y ecosistemas naturales y reduzcan su vulnerabilidad, el fortalecimiento de las capacidades institucionales a nivel nacional y local, así como a la integración de esta dimensión en marcos normativos costeros. El PNA-Ciudades tiene como objetivos reducir la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos del cambio climático mediante la creación de capacidades de adaptación y resiliencia en ciudades, infraestructuras y entornos urbanos;facilitar la integración de las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, de manera uniforme, en las políticas, programas y actividades, así como en procesos y estrategias de planificación del desarrollo concretos dirigidos a las ciudades y al ordenamiento territorial.', 'El PNA-Ciudades tiene como objetivos reducir la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos del cambio climático mediante la creación de capacidades de adaptación y resiliencia en ciudades, infraestructuras y entornos urbanos;facilitar la integración de las medidas de adaptación al cambio climático, de manera uniforme, en las políticas, programas y actividades, así como en procesos y estrategias de planificación del desarrollo concretos dirigidos a las ciudades y al ordenamiento territorial. Se definen cinco objetivos específicos y líneas estratégicas a 2050, en los temas de Ordenamiento territorial y planificación, Cambios en el hábitat urbano, Gestión integral del riesgo de emergencias y desastres, Fortalecimiento de capacidades, sensibilización y comunicación, y Transición hacia formas de producción y consumo sostenibles, que a su vez derivan en 41 medidas específicas.', 'Se definen cinco objetivos específicos y líneas estratégicas a 2050, en los temas de Ordenamiento territorial y planificación, Cambios en el hábitat urbano, Gestión integral del riesgo de emergencias y desastres, Fortalecimiento de capacidades, sensibilización y comunicación, y Transición hacia formas de producción y consumo sostenibles, que a su vez derivan en 41 medidas específicas. Por otro lado, se propone un Plan de Acción a 2025 que condensa una propuesta de implementación a corto plazo del Plan. Desde 2018 se ha avanzado en el proceso, identificando como logros el análisis de amenazas, la sistematización de actividades de adaptación y buenas prácticas de planificación urbana con perspectivas de cambio climático, entre otras.', 'Desde 2018 se ha avanzado en el proceso, identificando como logros el análisis de amenazas, la sistematización de actividades de adaptación y buenas prácticas de planificación urbana con perspectivas de cambio climático, entre otras. En el sector agropecuario se llevó adelante un proceso que culminó con la elaboración del PNA-Agro como herramienta para el diseño y la evaluación de políticas orientadas a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa y disminuir la vulnerabilidad ante la variabilidad y el cambio climático Como resultado, se definió una estrategia a 2050 que contribuye a desarrollar y adoptar sistemas de producción animal y vegetal menos vulnerables a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático; conservar los agroecosistemas y sus servicios; mejorar los medios de vida de las poblaciones rurales; y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales para la gestión de estos sistemas de producción sostenibles y adaptados.', 'En el sector agropecuario se llevó adelante un proceso que culminó con la elaboración del PNA-Agro como herramienta para el diseño y la evaluación de políticas orientadas a aumentar la capacidad adaptativa y disminuir la vulnerabilidad ante la variabilidad y el cambio climático Como resultado, se definió una estrategia a 2050 que contribuye a desarrollar y adoptar sistemas de producción animal y vegetal menos vulnerables a los impactos de la variabilidad y el cambio climático; conservar los agroecosistemas y sus servicios; mejorar los medios de vida de las poblaciones rurales; y fortalecer las capacidades institucionales para la gestión de estos sistemas de producción sostenibles y adaptados. En base a esto, se definió un marco lógico en torno a cuatro dimensiones: sistemas de producción; ecosistemas y recursos naturales; medios de vida; y capacidades institucionales A su vez, se identificaron 66 medidas de adaptación y se definió un plan de acción a 2025 para su implementación, identificando el estado de cada una de las medidas, beneficiarios y actores involucrados, así como financiamiento y barreras para su implementación.', 'En base a esto, se definió un marco lógico en torno a cuatro dimensiones: sistemas de producción; ecosistemas y recursos naturales; medios de vida; y capacidades institucionales A su vez, se identificaron 66 medidas de adaptación y se definió un plan de acción a 2025 para su implementación, identificando el estado de cada una de las medidas, beneficiarios y actores involucrados, así como financiamiento y barreras para su implementación. El PNA-Agro fue presentado en 2019 en la COP 25 de la CMNUCC en Madrid. En la CDN1 se definió desarrollar un PNA para el Sector Energético en concordancia con las políticas nacionales de energía y de cambio climático.', 'En la CDN1 se definió desarrollar un PNA para el Sector Energético en concordancia con las políticas nacionales de energía y de cambio climático. Sus objetivos se centran en generar y fortalecer la capacidad de resiliencia, prevención y respuesta del sector energético del Uruguay, fortaleciendo las capacidades institucionales y de los actores involucrados; mejorar el conocimiento sobre la vulnerabilidad del sector energético en relación a los escenarios de cambio climático; establecer lineamientos estratégicos para la adaptación del sector que contribuyan a disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y de los sectores productivos frente a los efectos negativos del cambio climático; establecer las necesidades de desarrollo de capacidades para implementar las acciones de adaptación; medidas para el desarrollo de los lineamientos estratégicos; así como la identificación y priorización de acciones que muestren sinergia entre adaptación y mitigación.', 'Sus objetivos se centran en generar y fortalecer la capacidad de resiliencia, prevención y respuesta del sector energético del Uruguay, fortaleciendo las capacidades institucionales y de los actores involucrados; mejorar el conocimiento sobre la vulnerabilidad del sector energético en relación a los escenarios de cambio climático; establecer lineamientos estratégicos para la adaptación del sector que contribuyan a disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y de los sectores productivos frente a los efectos negativos del cambio climático; establecer las necesidades de desarrollo de capacidades para implementar las acciones de adaptación; medidas para el desarrollo de los lineamientos estratégicos; así como la identificación y priorización de acciones que muestren sinergia entre adaptación y mitigación. En la CDN1 también se incorporó el compromiso de elaborar un PNA en Salud y se definieron metas para este sector orientadas hacia el fortalecimiento de capacidades, el desarrollo de conocimientos específicos y la mejora de las capacidades de gestión.', 'En la CDN1 también se incorporó el compromiso de elaborar un PNA en Salud y se definieron metas para este sector orientadas hacia el fortalecimiento de capacidades, el desarrollo de conocimientos específicos y la mejora de las capacidades de gestión. A corto plazo, se plantea la elaboración de un programa de capacitación en cambio climático y salud para trabajadores del sector, y el desarrollo de un sistema de alerta temprana ante eventos extremos de temperatura (olas de calor y frío).', 'A corto plazo, se plantea la elaboración de un programa de capacitación en cambio climático y salud para trabajadores del sector, y el desarrollo de un sistema de alerta temprana ante eventos extremos de temperatura (olas de calor y frío). A mediano plazo, un plan de prevención para diferentes amenazas asociadas a enfermedades transmisibles por vectores sensibles al cambio climático y el estudio de modelos predictivos para enfermedades vectoriales y zoonosis; la definición de indicadores de salud ambiental vinculados al cambio climático, y un diagnóstico de la capacidad de respuesta y de la infraestructura de los servicios y centros asistenciales de salud ante eventos extremos relacionados al clima.', 'A mediano plazo, un plan de prevención para diferentes amenazas asociadas a enfermedades transmisibles por vectores sensibles al cambio climático y el estudio de modelos predictivos para enfermedades vectoriales y zoonosis; la definición de indicadores de salud ambiental vinculados al cambio climático, y un diagnóstico de la capacidad de respuesta y de la infraestructura de los servicios y centros asistenciales de salud ante eventos extremos relacionados al clima. Los PNA elaborados, acorde a sus singularidades, fortalecen las acciones para la reducción del riesgo por medio de acciones específicas que mejoranel conocimiento del riesgo y sus impactos y estimulan y consolidan redes sociales para mejorar la comunicación y el involucramiento de los diferentes sectores sociales y productivos.', 'Los PNA elaborados, acorde a sus singularidades, fortalecen las acciones para la reducción del riesgo por medio de acciones específicas que mejoranel conocimiento del riesgo y sus impactos y estimulan y consolidan redes sociales para mejorar la comunicación y el involucramiento de los diferentes sectores sociales y productivos. Estas acciones se ven enriquecidas con abordajes transversales para la evaluación de daños y pérdidas, la adaptación basada en ecosistemas, el co-beneficio con la mitigación, la implementación de servicios climáticos y el monitoreo y evaluación de las medidas de adaptación. 4.4. Proyecciones climáticas en los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs) y otros planes y programas Las figuras 06 y 07 resumen las proyecciones climáticas en los diferentes Planes Nacionales (para el horizonte cercano y lejano) y el Atlas de Riesgo.', 'Proyecciones climáticas en los Planes Nacionales de Adaptación (PNAs) y otros planes y programas Las figuras 06 y 07 resumen las proyecciones climáticas en los diferentes Planes Nacionales (para el horizonte cercano y lejano) y el Atlas de Riesgo. (para el horizonte cercano). Es de aclarar que los resultados de estas proyecciones no son comparables entre sí, ya que parten de modelos, metodologías y escenarios de trayectorias diferentes. Sin embargo, estos resultados muestran una tendencia creciente de las variables climáticas analizadas en el horizonte cercano, tendencia que se refuerza en el horizonte lejano. Figura 06: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA y Atlas de Riesgo para el horizonte cercano.', 'Figura 06: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA y Atlas de Riesgo para el horizonte cercano. PNA Costas PNA Ciudades Atlas de Riesgo CMIP6 - EC-Earth-Veg MCG Análisis de riesgo probabilís�co TSM ZEE: 0.5°C a 1.0°C SW en DEF (SSP585) Aumento en la cobertura Proyecciones Climá�cas Horizonte Cercano Tmin Tmin Tmax Tmax Olas de Calor Disminución en la frecuencia de heladas sin mucha diferencia entre escenarios. Mayor frecuencia de extremos de precipitación, Principalmente para la zona Sur y en temporada cálida. Disminución en la frecuencia de eventos de sequía por mes, con mayor tendencia para la temporada fría. Oleajes del Este. Altura de ola de 1 a 2 m Período de retorno 8 a 9 seg. Oleajes del Sur. Río de la Plata Olas de Calor Can�dad y Duración ESTACIONAL El SSP585 presenta aumentos de hasta 0.5°C sobre el SSP245 DEF gradiente calentamiento E-W mayor sobre el litoral W. JJA Es más uniforme en todo el territorio.', 'Río de la Plata Olas de Calor Can�dad y Duración ESTACIONAL El SSP585 presenta aumentos de hasta 0.5°C sobre el SSP245 DEF gradiente calentamiento E-W mayor sobre el litoral W. JJA Es más uniforme en todo el territorio. 0% a 10% (Acumulado Anual) Vientos Extremos (S en JJA; E en SON) Rachas de vientos en ZC (JJA) Frecuencia de sistemas de baja presión al S y vientos del S Déficit Hídrico Frecuencia eventos DH trimestra Frecuencia y severidad de sequías de 1 año Borrascas Extra Tropicales An� cliclones Borrascas Locales aumento del 17% ≈ 600 Ha Pérdidas anuales en aumento ≈ 46 Millones (USD) Precipitaciones Temperatura mínima Temperatura Temperatura máxima Olas de Calor Heladas Eventos Extremos de Precipitación Déficit Hídrico Sequía Inundación Costera Oleaje Erosión Costera Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar Eventos Extremos Vientos Ecosistemas vulnerables Servicios de Playa Incendios Forestales Inundaciones Urbanas Instrumento Técnico Modelos Climá�cos Globales Escenarios Variables analizadas HorizonteFigura 07: Proyecciones climáticas de los PNA para el horizonte lejano. PNA Agro PNA Costas PNA Ciudades CMIP6 - EC-Earth-Veg MCG (SON–DEF) TSM ZEE: 2.5°C a 3.5°C SW en DEF-JJA (SSP585) Instrumento Técnico Modelos Climáticos Globales Escenarios Variables analizadas Proyecciones Climáticas Horizonte Lejano (MAM–JJA) Horizonte Tmin Tmin Tmax Tmax Olas de Calor Disminución en la frecuencia de heladas sin mucha diferencia entre escenarios.', 'PNA Agro PNA Costas PNA Ciudades CMIP6 - EC-Earth-Veg MCG (SON–DEF) TSM ZEE: 2.5°C a 3.5°C SW en DEF-JJA (SSP585) Instrumento Técnico Modelos Climáticos Globales Escenarios Variables analizadas Proyecciones Climáticas Horizonte Lejano (MAM–JJA) Horizonte Tmin Tmin Tmax Tmax Olas de Calor Disminución en la frecuencia de heladas sin mucha diferencia entre escenarios. Mayor frecuencia de extremos de precipitación, Principalmente para la zona Sur y en temporada cálida. Disminución en la frecuencia de eventos de sequía por mes, con mayor tendencia para la temporada fría. Intensidad de corrientes 0.205 a 0.332 m/seg (SE a S) 0.463 a 1.025 m/seg (S a SW) Oleajes del Sur (3%) Aguas abiertas ESTACIONAL ≈ 4.0 °C (SSP585_DEF) E-W (+) Olas de Calor > Cantidad y > Duración 5% a 30% (Acumulado Anual) Vientos Extremos v ≈ a 200km/h (Corta Duración) v ≈ a 100km/h (Larga Duración) Niño Mayor Frecuencia Niña Extrema, Mayor frecuencia. Aumento en la variabilidad interanual de lluvias.', 'Aumento en la variabilidad interanual de lluvias. Tmax Tmax aumento del 40% ≈ 700 Ha Pérdidas anuales en ≈ 57 Millones (USD) Precipitaciones Temperatura mínima Temperatura Temperatura máxima Olas de Calor Heladas Eventos Extremos de Precipitación Déficit Hídrico Sequía Inundación Costera Oleaje Erosión Costera Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar Eventos Extremos Vientos Ecosistemas vulnerables Servicios de Playa Incendios Forestales Inundaciones UrbanasLas proyecciones climáticas, definidas por el IPCC, son las respuestas simuladas del sistema climático a diversos escenarios de emisiones o de concentraciones de gases de efecto invernadero y aerosoles, frecuentemente basadas en simulaciones mediante modelos climáticos. Tanto los modelos climáticos, como los escenarios de trayectorias han ido evolucionando a lo largo del tiempo, recreando de la forma más precisa que la tecnología de vanguardia permite, las complejas interacciones del sistema terrestre. Las proyecciones climáticas se elaboran en base a modelos climáticos globales, a diferentes escenarios de emisiones de GEI y variables socioeconómicas y en el caso de los PNA se realizaron considerando dos horizontes temporales. 4.5.', 'Las proyecciones climáticas se elaboran en base a modelos climáticos globales, a diferentes escenarios de emisiones de GEI y variables socioeconómicas y en el caso de los PNA se realizaron considerando dos horizontes temporales. 4.5. Consideraciones prioritarias para el mediano plazo en materia normativa e institucional Se refuerza la decisión de Uruguay de mantener a la adaptación como una prioridad en la política y acción climática. Esto confirma y robustece la forma de trabajo que ha llevado adelante el país, al considerar y destacar el tema en los diferentes procesos de planificación e implementación en cuestiones de cambio climático. Lo anterior implica, que Uruguay evalúe y defina cómo elaborará y presentará su ComAd2.', 'Lo anterior implica, que Uruguay evalúe y defina cómo elaborará y presentará su ComAd2. Cabe mencionar que la ComAd1 fue elaborada durante el mismo proceso de elaboración de la CDN1 y es una sección dentro de ésta. En la búsqueda de fortalecer las capacidades de adaptación y resiliencia y reducir el riesgo, resulta necesario revisar la forma de elaboración y, sobre todo, de presentación de la ComAd2, buscando avanzar en la paridad entre mitigación y adaptación. Uruguay mantiene la estrategia de elaborar los PNAs de forma sectorial o territorial lo que le ha permitido avanzar en procesos potentes y con posibilidades de implementación real.', 'Uruguay mantiene la estrategia de elaborar los PNAs de forma sectorial o territorial lo que le ha permitido avanzar en procesos potentes y con posibilidades de implementación real. Más allá de esto, se ve la conveniencia de tomar en cuenta las siguientes consideraciones para fortalecer los PNAs: i) Asegurar que los planes en elaboración y futuros continúen aportando a la implementación de la PNCC y en concreto nutran al sistema de MRV de dicha PNCC. ii) Aprovechar de forma sinérgica los vínculos y necesidades de conocimiento que provienen de la ciencia, en particular en lo que a proyecciones climáticas refiere.', 'ii) Aprovechar de forma sinérgica los vínculos y necesidades de conocimiento que provienen de la ciencia, en particular en lo que a proyecciones climáticas refiere. Se propone avanzar en la inclusión de áreas y equipos de trabajo con foco específico en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo en diferentes ámbitos institucionales, potenciando al SNRCC como espacio de coordinación. En este sentido, se destaca la reciente creación del Grupo de Trabajo de Adaptación en el marco del SNRCC y la necesidad de fortalecer su funcionamiento y priorizarlo como ámbito de coordinación de las diferentes acciones en la materia. Este espacio podría favorecer una mirada más integral de las etapas del ciclo político de la adaptación (planificación, implementación y monitoreo) más allá de la dinámica sectorial y territorial de los planes.', 'Este espacio podría favorecer una mirada más integral de las etapas del ciclo político de la adaptación (planificación, implementación y monitoreo) más allá de la dinámica sectorial y territorial de los planes. De forma similar, se identifica la necesidad de avanzar en la definición de un área y equipo especializado en la materia a la interna de la propia DINACC, pudiendo atender y potenciar la acción a nivel territorial/ subnacional, nacional y en los diferentes espacios de negociación internacional y mecanismos financieros internacionales y regionales. Cabe destacar la referencia a los mecanismos financieros, en el entendido que una transición justa hacia una sociedad más adaptada y resiliente requiere de apoyos del exterior, considerando las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las respectivas capacidades, a la luz de las circunstancias nacionales.4.6.', 'Cabe destacar la referencia a los mecanismos financieros, en el entendido que una transición justa hacia una sociedad más adaptada y resiliente requiere de apoyos del exterior, considerando las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las respectivas capacidades, a la luz de las circunstancias nacionales.4.6. Sobre la Meta Global de Adaptación A través de esta sub sección Uruguay comunica su decisión de avanzar en la definición de un enfoque que permita conectar los resultados de sus acciones de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo con el “objetivo mundial relativo a la adaptación, que consiste en aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático”, como se indica en el párrafo 1 del artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París buscando aportar de forma conceptual y metodológica al diseño de la Meta Global de Adaptación (MGA).', 'Sobre la Meta Global de Adaptación A través de esta sub sección Uruguay comunica su decisión de avanzar en la definición de un enfoque que permita conectar los resultados de sus acciones de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo con el “objetivo mundial relativo a la adaptación, que consiste en aumentar la capacidad de adaptación, fortalecer la resiliencia y reducir la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático”, como se indica en el párrafo 1 del artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París buscando aportar de forma conceptual y metodológica al diseño de la Meta Global de Adaptación (MGA). Esta decisión se basa en el entendido de que hacer el esfuerzo conceptual y metodológico de diseñar las metas de adaptación de los diferentes procesos nacionales buscando aportar a la MGA permitirá avanzar en la búsqueda de la paridad política y de movilización de recursos financieros entre mitigación y adaptación.', 'Esta decisión se basa en el entendido de que hacer el esfuerzo conceptual y metodológico de diseñar las metas de adaptación de los diferentes procesos nacionales buscando aportar a la MGA permitirá avanzar en la búsqueda de la paridad política y de movilización de recursos financieros entre mitigación y adaptación. A su vez, considerando el estado actual incipiente en el diseño de la MGA, estos esfuerzos podrán aportar e influir en su diseño e implementación y posicionar como referencia para la comunidad internacional las diferentes acciones en materia de adaptación diseñadas e implementadas por Uruguay.', 'A su vez, considerando el estado actual incipiente en el diseño de la MGA, estos esfuerzos podrán aportar e influir en su diseño e implementación y posicionar como referencia para la comunidad internacional las diferentes acciones en materia de adaptación diseñadas e implementadas por Uruguay. Por último y no menor, el diseño de acciones en línea con el marco de la MGA podría facilitar el acceso a fondos y apoyos tan necesarios para avanzar en las necesidades de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo.', 'Por último y no menor, el diseño de acciones en línea con el marco de la MGA podría facilitar el acceso a fondos y apoyos tan necesarios para avanzar en las necesidades de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo. En relación a esto, cabe destacar lo indicado en el Párrafo 5, Artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París: “Las Partes reconocen que la labor de adaptación debería llevarse a cabo mediante un enfoque que deje el control en manos de los países, responda a las cuestiones de género y sea participativo y del todo transparente, tomando en consideración a los grupos, comunidades y ecosistemas vulnerables, y que dicha labor debería basarse e inspirarse en la mejor información científica disponible y, cuando corresponda, en los conocimientos tradicionales, los conocimientos de los pueblos indígenas y los sistemas de conocimientos locales, con miras a integrar la adaptación en las políticas y medidas socioeconómicas y ambientales pertinentes, cuando sea el caso”.', 'En relación a esto, cabe destacar lo indicado en el Párrafo 5, Artículo 7 del Acuerdo de París: “Las Partes reconocen que la labor de adaptación debería llevarse a cabo mediante un enfoque que deje el control en manos de los países, responda a las cuestiones de género y sea participativo y del todo transparente, tomando en consideración a los grupos, comunidades y ecosistemas vulnerables, y que dicha labor debería basarse e inspirarse en la mejor información científica disponible y, cuando corresponda, en los conocimientos tradicionales, los conocimientos de los pueblos indígenas y los sistemas de conocimientos locales, con miras a integrar la adaptación en las políticas y medidas socioeconómicas y ambientales pertinentes, cuando sea el caso”. También lo indicado en el “Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el calentamiento global de 1,5°C” (2018), donde se presentaron los tres componentes que hacen a la MGA: • Aumento de la Capacidad de Adaptación: Capacidad de los sistemas, las instituciones, los seres humanos y otros organismos para adaptarse ante posibles daños, aprovechar las oportunidades o afrontar las consecuencias; • Fortalecimiento de la Resiliencia: Capacidad de los sistemas sociales, económicos y ambientales de afrontar un suceso, tendencia o perturbación peligrosos respondiendo o reorganizándose de modo que mantengan su función esencial, su identidad y su estructura, y conservando al mismo tiempo la capacidad de adaptación, aprendizaje y transformación; • Disminución de la Vulnerabilidad: Propensión o predisposición a ser afectado negativamente.', 'También lo indicado en el “Informe Especial del IPCC sobre el calentamiento global de 1,5°C” (2018), donde se presentaron los tres componentes que hacen a la MGA: • Aumento de la Capacidad de Adaptación: Capacidad de los sistemas, las instituciones, los seres humanos y otros organismos para adaptarse ante posibles daños, aprovechar las oportunidades o afrontar las consecuencias; • Fortalecimiento de la Resiliencia: Capacidad de los sistemas sociales, económicos y ambientales de afrontar un suceso, tendencia o perturbación peligrosos respondiendo o reorganizándose de modo que mantengan su función esencial, su identidad y su estructura, y conservando al mismo tiempo la capacidad de adaptación, aprendizaje y transformación; • Disminución de la Vulnerabilidad: Propensión o predisposición a ser afectado negativamente. La vulnerabilidad comprende una variedad de conceptos que incluyen la sensibilidad o susceptibilidad al daño y la falta de capacidad de respuesta y adaptación.', 'La vulnerabilidad comprende una variedad de conceptos que incluyen la sensibilidad o susceptibilidad al daño y la falta de capacidad de respuesta y adaptación. Cabe destacar, también, que la consideración de la MGA en el diseño y planificación de la adaptación en Uruguay a partir de la elaboración de esta ECLP, se dará en un momento oportuno considerando la realización del primer Balance Mundial, cuyo proceso comienza este año y desembocará en 2023 (COP28).', 'Cabe destacar, también, que la consideración de la MGA en el diseño y planificación de la adaptación en Uruguay a partir de la elaboración de esta ECLP, se dará en un momento oportuno considerando la realización del primer Balance Mundial, cuyo proceso comienza este año y desembocará en 2023 (COP28). En el marco del Balance Mundial, se llevará adelante el reconocimiento de esfuerzos de adaptación de los países en desarrollo; el fortalecimiento de la acción de adaptación teniendo en cuenta las Comunicaciones de Adaptación; la revisión de la idoneidad y eficacia de la adaptación y del apoyo; y la revisión del progreso colectivo para alcanzar la Meta Global de Adaptación (ver párrafo 14 del Artículo 7 del AP y Programa de Trabajo “Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme on the global goal on adaptation”).', 'En el marco del Balance Mundial, se llevará adelante el reconocimiento de esfuerzos de adaptación de los países en desarrollo; el fortalecimiento de la acción de adaptación teniendo en cuenta las Comunicaciones de Adaptación; la revisión de la idoneidad y eficacia de la adaptación y del apoyo; y la revisión del progreso colectivo para alcanzar la Meta Global de Adaptación (ver párrafo 14 del Artículo 7 del AP y Programa de Trabajo “Glasgow–Sharm el-Sheikh work programme on the global goal on adaptation”). Uruguay se compromete a aportar al diseño de la MGA a través de las diferentes acciones de adaptación que realice y, en particular, a través de su ComAd2, a elaborar y presentar ante la CMNUCC en 2022.EMISIONES / REMOCIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO05 EMISIONES / REMOCIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO En esta sección se presentan los escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones y remociones de GEI de la ECLP para el período 2020-2050, por gas y por sector.', 'Uruguay se compromete a aportar al diseño de la MGA a través de las diferentes acciones de adaptación que realice y, en particular, a través de su ComAd2, a elaborar y presentar ante la CMNUCC en 2022.EMISIONES / REMOCIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO05 EMISIONES / REMOCIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO En esta sección se presentan los escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones y remociones de GEI de la ECLP para el período 2020-2050, por gas y por sector. Para cada gas, se incluye un análisis de la evolución pasada y el escenario actual de emisiones / remociones de GEI de cada sector y los escenarios y trayectorias al 2050.', 'Para cada gas, se incluye un análisis de la evolución pasada y el escenario actual de emisiones / remociones de GEI de cada sector y los escenarios y trayectorias al 2050. Si bien los escenarios planteados en la ECLP incluyen las emisiones de GEI de aquellas categorías de emisiones que históricamente han representado entre el 95-97% de las emisiones totales del país, tanto la PNCC como los diferentes instrumentos de cambio climático incluyen líneas de acción que contemplan todas las categorías del INGEI.', 'Si bien los escenarios planteados en la ECLP incluyen las emisiones de GEI de aquellas categorías de emisiones que históricamente han representado entre el 95-97% de las emisiones totales del país, tanto la PNCC como los diferentes instrumentos de cambio climático incluyen líneas de acción que contemplan todas las categorías del INGEI. En particular, resulta importante resaltar los compromisos asumidos por el país en el marco del Protocolo de Montreal y los vinculados con la Enmienda de Kigali -ratificada por Uruguay el 27 de julio de 2018 mediante la Ley 19.644-, por su relación con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París y en línea con lo establecido en el Párrafo 4 de la PNCC: “Analizar y promover la implementación de la Enmienda de Kigali, del Protocolo de Montreal, relativa a la reducción de emisiones de hidro fluoro carbonos”.', 'En particular, resulta importante resaltar los compromisos asumidos por el país en el marco del Protocolo de Montreal y los vinculados con la Enmienda de Kigali -ratificada por Uruguay el 27 de julio de 2018 mediante la Ley 19.644-, por su relación con los objetivos del Acuerdo de París y en línea con lo establecido en el Párrafo 4 de la PNCC: “Analizar y promover la implementación de la Enmienda de Kigali, del Protocolo de Montreal, relativa a la reducción de emisiones de hidro fluoro carbonos”. El objetivo de la Enmienda es reducir gradualmente la producción y el consumo de los HFC (hidro fluoro carbonos), los cuales son potentes GEI con un importante potencial de calentamiento atmosférico (>1.300 veces el del CO2).', 'El objetivo de la Enmienda es reducir gradualmente la producción y el consumo de los HFC (hidro fluoro carbonos), los cuales son potentes GEI con un importante potencial de calentamiento atmosférico (>1.300 veces el del CO2). Las emisiones de HFC asociadas al uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono en Uruguay representan un 0,2% de las emisiones totales (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019) y no son una categoría principal de emisión.', 'Las emisiones de HFC asociadas al uso de productos sustitutos de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono en Uruguay representan un 0,2% de las emisiones totales (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019) y no son una categoría principal de emisión. No obstante, desde la entrada en vigencia de la Enmienda de Kigali, el 1º de enero del 2019, Uruguay está cumpliendo con los compromisos asumidos que implican, por un lado, la implementación de un “Sistema de Licencias” para el control de consumo (importación/ exportación y tránsito) de los HFC y, por otro lado, la presentación de los informes anuales sobre el consumo de estas sustancias a los distintos órganos del Protocolo de Montreal.', 'No obstante, desde la entrada en vigencia de la Enmienda de Kigali, el 1º de enero del 2019, Uruguay está cumpliendo con los compromisos asumidos que implican, por un lado, la implementación de un “Sistema de Licencias” para el control de consumo (importación/ exportación y tránsito) de los HFC y, por otro lado, la presentación de los informes anuales sobre el consumo de estas sustancias a los distintos órganos del Protocolo de Montreal. El calendario de eliminación de HFC para los países en desarrollo, como Uruguay, consiste en compromisos de reducción escalonada en el consumo de estas sustancias, en un 10% en de base que cada país deberá establecer previo al año 2024.', 'El calendario de eliminación de HFC para los países en desarrollo, como Uruguay, consiste en compromisos de reducción escalonada en el consumo de estas sustancias, en un 10% en de base que cada país deberá establecer previo al año 2024. En virtud de la Enmienda, las Partes reducirán la producción y el consumo de HFC, con lo cual se podría evitar un aumento de hasta 0,4°C de la temperatura del planeta para finales de siglo (Secretaría del Convenio de Viena y su Protocolo de Montreal, 2021), lo que refleja la importancia que tendrá la Enmienda de Kigali en contribuir con el objetivo de temperatura del Acuerdo de París. Por último, la Enmienda también fomenta las tecnologías de reemplazo de HFC que son energéticamente eficientes.', 'Por último, la Enmienda también fomenta las tecnologías de reemplazo de HFC que son energéticamente eficientes. Al implementar completamente esta Enmienda y mejorar la eficiencia energética y la adopción de alternativas de bajo potencial de calentamiento global, los beneficios climáticos podrían potencialmente duplicarse.5.1. DIÓXIDO DE CARBONO (CO2) 5.1.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual 5.1.1.1. Sector Energía Uruguay no tiene reservas probadas de hidrocarburos; es un importador de petróleo que es refinado por una empresa estatal y tiene un bajo consumo de gas natural importado. La generación de electricidad se realizó históricamente con centrales hidroeléctricas complementadas con termoeléctricas en base a combustibles fósiles líquidos. GWh Hidro Térmica (Fósil) Térmica (Biomasa) Eólica Solar Figura 08. Generación de electricidad por fuente acumulado Fuente.', 'Generación de electricidad por fuente acumulado Fuente. Balance Energético Nacional (BEN) La hidroelectricidad tiene una alta y creciente vulnerabilidad al cambio y la variabilidad climática, que históricamente era complementada con combustibles fósiles, impactando tanto en emisiones de GEI como en el costo de abastecimiento. A partir de la Política Energética (2008-2030) se realizó una transformación estructural muy rápida, introduciendo generación eléctrica a partir de biomasa, eólica y solar en alta proporción (76% de la potencia instalada es renovable), en una sinergia entre adaptación y mitigación (Figura 08). El esfuerzo realizado para diversificar la matriz eléctrica condujo a una reducción de la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles que en años secos era crítica, así como de la importación de electricidad para cubrir la demanda interna, reduciendo la vulnerabilidad del sistema.', 'El esfuerzo realizado para diversificar la matriz eléctrica condujo a una reducción de la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles que en años secos era crítica, así como de la importación de electricidad para cubrir la demanda interna, reduciendo la vulnerabilidad del sistema. Por otra parte, las termoeléctricas fósiles que funcionaban en la base junto con la hidroeléctrica fueron sustituidas por equipos más eficientes y aptos para entradas rápidas en operación para cubrir posibles faltantes de energía. En paralelo a la diversificación de la matriz energética se desarrolló una estrategia de promoción de la eficiencia energética que permitió reducir la intensidad energética, aplicando distintos instrumentos de carácter general y sectorial. Hacia adelante, para mantener bajas las emisiones, se entiende necesario poner énfasis en el almacenamiento de energía proveniente de fuentes variables.', 'Hacia adelante, para mantener bajas las emisiones, se entiende necesario poner énfasis en el almacenamiento de energía proveniente de fuentes variables. En ello también tiene su rol la Estrategia de Hidrógeno Verde que está en elaboración. Ésta llevaría a una segunda transformación energética, abarcando tanto el sector de generación como los sectores del consumo, en particular industrial y transporte, así como la exportación. Los recursos eólicos de alta calidad de Uruguay complementados por la energía solar permiten visualizar una producción competitiva de hidrógeno. El país tiene ventajas competitivas significativas (una red eléctrica limpia y biomasa disponible para la producción de synfuel de bajo costo) para la producción y exportación de hidrógeno verde y derivados. Asimismo, la estabilidad macroeconómica que caracteriza a Uruguay, lo hace un destino atractivo para inversión extranjera.', 'Asimismo, la estabilidad macroeconómica que caracteriza a Uruguay, lo hace un destino atractivo para inversión extranjera. Elhidrógeno verde y sus derivados se verán impulsados por los mercados de exportación de combustibles como el synfuel y metanol que permitiría sustituir combustibles marinos y de aviación. A nivel de mercado local, el transporte de carga y colectivo de pasajeros de larga distancia se presenta como la mejor oportunidad y con gran potencial para reducción de las emisiones del sector. electricidad origen hidro biomasa petróleo y derivados gas natural electricidad importada electricidad origen eólica solar otros ktep Figura 09: Abastecimiento por fuente acumulado Fuente.', 'electricidad origen hidro biomasa petróleo y derivados gas natural electricidad importada electricidad origen eólica solar otros ktep Figura 09: Abastecimiento por fuente acumulado Fuente. Balance Energético Nacional (BEN) En cuanto a los sectores de consumo, la instalación de dos grandes plantas de celulosa llevó al sector industrial a ser el primer consumidor de energía y a la biomasa a ser la principal fuente de energía. Esto se verá amplificado dado que está en construcción una tercera planta de celulosa. La leña es principalmente consumida en la industria, así como en calefacción residencial (Figura 09).', 'La leña es principalmente consumida en la industria, así como en calefacción residencial (Figura 09). Dadas las características del sector de generación de energía eléctrica y el consumo industrial, el transporte es el sector de mayor consumo de combustibles fósiles y el principal emisor de GEI dentro del sector energético (Figura 10), por lo que está en el foco de atención de iniciativas para la mitigación, existiendo disponibilidad tecnológica de soluciones para su descarbonización. En cuanto a la sustitución de fuentes, aprovechando el fuerte componente renovable de la matriz eléctrica, la electrificación del transporte es una clara opción de descarbonización, existiendo distintas iniciativas de promoción. En cuanto a la utilización de Hidrógeno, se está trabajando en un piloto para vehículos de carga y buses de larga distancia.', 'En cuanto a la utilización de Hidrógeno, se está trabajando en un piloto para vehículos de carga y buses de larga distancia. Actividades primarias 7% Centrales eléctricas servicio público 9% Consumo propio 6% Comercial · Servicio Sector Público 2% Figura 10: Emisiones de CO2 por sector en 2020.Asimismo, este sector requiere una visión amplia desde la sostenibilidad y está en proceso de elaboración la Política Nacional de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible, con la visión de posibilitar el acceso a todas las personas a las oportunidades que ofrecen los centros urbanos, con alternativas de movilidad ambiental, social y económicamente sostenibles, apuntando a la mejora de su calidad de vida. La movilidad activa y el transporte público, junto con la electromovilidad, son claves en la planificación de la movilidad sostenible.', 'La movilidad activa y el transporte público, junto con la electromovilidad, son claves en la planificación de la movilidad sostenible. En el proceso de descarbonización de la economía, el sector energía ha dado importantes pasos quedando desafíos complejos en algunos sectores por la aún escasa disponibilidad de algunas tecnologías. El país deberá explorar distintos instrumentos y requerirá de diversos apoyos para poder dar paso a una segunda transición energética. 5.1.1.2. Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos En el sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU, por su sigla en inglés) se analizan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) provocadas por los procesos industriales, por el uso de estos gases en los productos y por los usos no energéticos del carbono contenido en los combustibles fósiles.', 'Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos En el sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (IPPU, por su sigla en inglés) se analizan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) provocadas por los procesos industriales, por el uso de estos gases en los productos y por los usos no energéticos del carbono contenido en los combustibles fósiles. Las principales fuentes de emisión son las generadas en los procesos que transforman materias primas por medios químicos o físicos, sin que ello sea consecuencia del consumo de energía durante el proceso y, por tanto, de la quema de combustibles para su generación. Las emisiones por el consumo de energía durante el proceso industrial son consideradas dentro del sector Energía.', 'Las emisiones por el consumo de energía durante el proceso industrial son consideradas dentro del sector Energía. Las emisiones del sector IPPU están directamente ligadas al nivel de actividad de la industria y, por lo tanto, las variaciones en las emisiones se explican enteramente por las variaciones en el sector. El grado de industrialización de la economía (sin considerar la refinería de ANCAP) pasó de representar un 13% en el año 1998, a ubicarse en el entorno de 10% en el año 2014 y 12% en 2017.', 'El grado de industrialización de la economía (sin considerar la refinería de ANCAP) pasó de representar un 13% en el año 1998, a ubicarse en el entorno de 10% en el año 2014 y 12% en 2017. Según indica la Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay (CIU), luego de la contracción de la industria en ocasión de la devaluación en Brasil y Argentina entre 1999 y 2001, la industria experimentó elevadas tasas de crecimiento, sucediéndose en ese período reestructuras importantes en la producción y en el empleo asociados a importantes inversiones realizadas en el país (CIU, 2015). En la serie 1990-2019 (Figura 11) se observa un aumento en las emisiones de CO2, con un máximo en el año 1998 y un mínimo en el año 2002.', 'En la serie 1990-2019 (Figura 11) se observa un aumento en las emisiones de CO2, con un máximo en el año 1998 y un mínimo en el año 2002. Esto coincide con la variación del grado de industrialización de la economía, con la evolución de la producción de clinker para elaboración de cemento y afines y el Índice de Volumen Físico (IVF) de la rama Cemento y Afines (Figura 12). Esto se debe a que más del 70% de las emisiones del sector IPPU a lo largo de la serie temporal fueron explicadas por las emisiones de CO2 generadas en la producción de cemento. A partir del 2004, un aumento sostenido en la producción de cemento genera un aumento en las emisiones de GEI.', 'A partir del 2004, un aumento sostenido en la producción de cemento genera un aumento en las emisiones de GEI. A partir del 2012, comenzó una disminución en la actividad de producción y ventas de cemento, lo cual se vio reflejado en una disminución de las emisiones de CO2 del año (Figura 10). Las emisiones de este gas del Sector representaron un 8% de las emisiones nacionales de este gas para el año 2017 de acuerdo a lo reportado en el INGEI 1990-2017.Figura 11: Evolución de CO2 por procesos industriales. En Uruguay, la producción de cemento se realiza utilizando principalmente piedra caliza como materia prima.', 'En Uruguay, la producción de cemento se realiza utilizando principalmente piedra caliza como materia prima. Las emisiones de CO2 se generan en la etapa de producción de clinker, debido a la calcinación de los carbonatos contenidos en la materia prima, por lo cual el nivel de producción de clinker anual explica las variaciones en las emisiones de CO2 en la serie. Al 2021, existe en Uruguay una capacidad instalada de generación de clinker de aproximadamente 1200 kton. En 2019, las emisiones de dicha producción representaron el 70% de las emisiones de CO2 del sector IPPU. Figura 12: Índice de Volumen Físico. Industria del cemento y afines CIIU Rev. 3 Base año 2006 = 100.', '3 Base año 2006 = 100. Industria del cemento y afines kton Clinker Gg CO Producción de cemento Producción de cal Producción de vidrio Cerámicas Otros usos de carbonato de sodio Uso de lubricantes Producción de Carburo Producción de hierro y acero Uso de la cera de parafina Produccion de ClinkerEl tipo de cemento más extendido es el cemento Portland. En Uruguay, los tipos de cemento Portland están definidos por el Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas (UNIT 20:2017) en función de la proporción de clinker y otros materiales utilizados. Actualmente, se comercializa en su mayoría Cemento Portland Normal y en forma mucho menor Cemento Portland con filler calcáreo. Este último presenta la ventaja de requerir menos clinker en la formulación del cemento y, por ende, se generan menos emisiones de CO2.', 'Este último presenta la ventaja de requerir menos clinker en la formulación del cemento y, por ende, se generan menos emisiones de CO2. Producción de cemento 70% Producción de cal 28% Producción de vidrio 0% Otros usos de carbonato de sodio 0% Producción de Carburo 0% Producción de hierro y acero 0% Uso de lubricantes 2% Uso de la cera de Figura 13: Porcentaje de emisiones de CO2, año 2019 Si bien la producción de cemento tiene una incidencia baja en las emisiones nacionales de GEI (1 % según lo reportado en último INGEI), es la única categoría del sector IPPU que integra el listado de categorías principales a nivel nacional (aquellas que sumadas explican el 95% de las emisiones/remociones totales) en la serie temporal (1990-2017). 5.1.1.3.', 'Producción de cemento 70% Producción de cal 28% Producción de vidrio 0% Otros usos de carbonato de sodio 0% Producción de Carburo 0% Producción de hierro y acero 0% Uso de lubricantes 2% Uso de la cera de Figura 13: Porcentaje de emisiones de CO2, año 2019 Si bien la producción de cemento tiene una incidencia baja en las emisiones nacionales de GEI (1 % según lo reportado en último INGEI), es la única categoría del sector IPPU que integra el listado de categorías principales a nivel nacional (aquellas que sumadas explican el 95% de las emisiones/remociones totales) en la serie temporal (1990-2017). 5.1.1.3. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra El sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra (AFOLU, por su sigla en inglés) es responsable del 75% de las emisiones de GEI en Uruguay (con métrica GWP100 AR2) y del 100% de las remociones de CO2 de acuerdo con el INGEI 2017 (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019).', 'Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra El sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra (AFOLU, por su sigla en inglés) es responsable del 75% de las emisiones de GEI en Uruguay (con métrica GWP100 AR2) y del 100% de las remociones de CO2 de acuerdo con el INGEI 2017 (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019). Las emisiones brutas de CO2 del sector agropecuario provienen principalmente de la pérdida de reservorio de biomasa viva en tierras forestales debido a la extracción de madera (Figura 14) y en menor medida a la pérdida de carbono orgánico de la materia orgánica del suelo debido a cambios en el uso del suelo con destino a producción de cultivos (Figura 15).', 'Las emisiones brutas de CO2 del sector agropecuario provienen principalmente de la pérdida de reservorio de biomasa viva en tierras forestales debido a la extracción de madera (Figura 14) y en menor medida a la pérdida de carbono orgánico de la materia orgánica del suelo debido a cambios en el uso del suelo con destino a producción de cultivos (Figura 15). Por su parte, las remociones en el sector AFOLU se explican mayormente por el secuestro de carbono en tierras forestales (93%) y, en menor medida, en pastizales (7%). En las tierras forestales, el carbono se deposita en la biomasa viva (BV) aérea y subterránea (troncos, ramas, hojas y raíces), en la materia orgánica muerta (MOM, hojarasca y madera muerta) o en la materia orgánica contenida en los suelos (MOS).', 'En las tierras forestales, el carbono se deposita en la biomasa viva (BV) aérea y subterránea (troncos, ramas, hojas y raíces), en la materia orgánica muerta (MOM, hojarasca y madera muerta) o en la materia orgánica contenida en los suelos (MOS). En el caso de los pastizales, también existen estos tres reservorios, pero el INGEI contabiliza sólo las emisiones y remociones de GEI de la MOS asociado a cambios en el uso del suelo. La metodología de los inventarios nacionales asume que las ganancias en biomasa (viva o muerta) de pastizales y tierras de cultivos a lo largo del año son iguales a las pérdidas, por lo que son de suma cero.', 'La metodología de los inventarios nacionales asume que las ganancias en biomasa (viva o muerta) de pastizales y tierras de cultivos a lo largo del año son iguales a las pérdidas, por lo que son de suma cero. Actualmente la serie del INGEI (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019) muestra que hay remociones netas de CO2 en el sector AFOLU. Este efecto neto en el flujo de carbono es temporal debido a que hubo un importante aumento de la superficie de plantaciones forestales en Uruguay y una porción significativa de superficie forestal está en fase de pleno crecimiento y acumulación de biomasa viva.Figura 14: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras forestales (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 2019.', 'Este efecto neto en el flujo de carbono es temporal debido a que hubo un importante aumento de la superficie de plantaciones forestales en Uruguay y una porción significativa de superficie forestal está en fase de pleno crecimiento y acumulación de biomasa viva.Figura 14: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras forestales (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 2019. Gg CO Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Remociones materia orgánica muerta Emisiones brutas materia orgánica muerta Remociones materia orgánica suelo Emisiones brutas materia orgánica suelo Emisiones netasGg CO Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Remociones materia orgánica muerta Emisiones brutas materia orgánica muerta Remociones materia orgánica suelo Emisiones brutas materia orgánica suelo Emisiones netas Figura 15: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras de cultivo (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 2019En la serie de tiempo, una vez que se estabiliza el área forestal sembrada y cosechada el balance de carbono tiende a cero, como se observa en la Figura 16, donde se muestran las emisiones y remociones de CO2 de la biomasa viva en tierras forestales que permanecen bajo el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años.', 'Gg CO Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Remociones materia orgánica muerta Emisiones brutas materia orgánica muerta Remociones materia orgánica suelo Emisiones brutas materia orgánica suelo Emisiones netasGg CO Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Remociones materia orgánica muerta Emisiones brutas materia orgánica muerta Remociones materia orgánica suelo Emisiones brutas materia orgánica suelo Emisiones netas Figura 15: Emisiones y remociones de CO2 en tierras de cultivo (Gg CO2), período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 2019En la serie de tiempo, una vez que se estabiliza el área forestal sembrada y cosechada el balance de carbono tiende a cero, como se observa en la Figura 16, donde se muestran las emisiones y remociones de CO2 de la biomasa viva en tierras forestales que permanecen bajo el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años. Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Emisiones netas Figura 16: Remociones de biomasa, emisiones brutas y emisiones netas de tierras forestales que permanecen en el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años (Gg CO2) Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 20195.1.2.', 'Remociones biomasa Emisiones brutas biomasa Emisiones netas Figura 16: Remociones de biomasa, emisiones brutas y emisiones netas de tierras forestales que permanecen en el mismo uso del suelo por más de 20 años (Gg CO2) Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR3 Uruguay, 20195.1.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de CO2 al 2050 5.1.2.1. Sector Energía En este capítulo se presentan el escenario tendencial y un escenario aspiracional a 2050 realizados para el sector energético considerando solamente las emisiones de CO2 (representa aproximadamente el 95% de las emisiones del sector energético). Se incluyen las emisiones de la transformación, generación, transmisión y distribución de energía y las generadas en los usos y consumos energéticos, considerando los sectores: residencial; comercial y servicios; agro; pesca y minería; transporte e industria.', 'Se incluyen las emisiones de la transformación, generación, transmisión y distribución de energía y las generadas en los usos y consumos energéticos, considerando los sectores: residencial; comercial y servicios; agro; pesca y minería; transporte e industria. El escenario aspiracional para la descarbonización del sector se construyó con medidas y metas ambiciosas con el conocimiento existente sobre tecnologías disponibles. Por ello, y considerando los avances tecnológicos que se esperan a futuro, se requiere establecer un proceso de revisión y ajuste para profundizar en la reducción de emisiones. En este escenario, que se considera ambicioso para nuestro país, aún persisten emisiones residuales no despreciables a 2050.', 'En este escenario, que se considera ambicioso para nuestro país, aún persisten emisiones residuales no despreciables a 2050. Es importante señalar que se consideraron las medidas para reducir en forma ambiciosa las emisiones de CO2, pero aún no se analizó el proceso de transición necesario para alcanzar dicho objetivo, lo que es imprescindible para convertirlo en realidad. Esto incluye los aspectos económicos, sociales y ambientales (fuera de las emisiones de GEI), así como las necesidades de inversión, de apoyo de cooperación internacional y mecanismos de mercado que aporten a su concreción. Para construir el escenario tendencial (ver detalles en Anexo 1) no se consideraron mejoras tecnológicas relevantes ni cambios importantes en la participación de cada combustible según su uso.', 'Para construir el escenario tendencial (ver detalles en Anexo 1) no se consideraron mejoras tecnológicas relevantes ni cambios importantes en la participación de cada combustible según su uso. En cuanto a la expansión del parque de generación de electricidad se incluyen máquinas térmicas fósiles dentro de las opciones a instalar. Para el escenario aspiracional, se sustituyen gradualmente las fuentes fósiles utilizadas en cada sector y uso en aquellos casos donde la tecnología para hacerlo está ya desarrollada o se estima que lo estará en el corto/ mediano plazo. En la expansión del parque de generación de electricidad solamente se incluyen fuentes renovables y acumulación (bancos de baterías). A continuación, se mencionan algunos aspectos metodológicos relativos a la energía eléctrica.', 'A continuación, se mencionan algunos aspectos metodológicos relativos a la energía eléctrica. Se considera la demanda interna y el sistema cerrado (no importaciones ni exportaciones), considerando que históricamente el principal intercambio internacional se ha dado en base a renovables. Asimismo, tanto en el escenario tendencial como en el aspiracional se asumen condiciones de “hidraulicidad” media, tomando como base datos históricos. Por otra parte, en el escenario aspiracional no se considera la energía necesaria para generación de hidrógeno, considerando que se producirá con fuentes renovables dedicadas directamente a su producción.', 'Por otra parte, en el escenario aspiracional no se considera la energía necesaria para generación de hidrógeno, considerando que se producirá con fuentes renovables dedicadas directamente a su producción. En cuanto al sector transporte, el escenario aspiracional proyectado incluye los cambios de fuente (electrificación, hidrógeno verde) pero no los impactos provenientes del cambio modal (sustitución de uso de vehículos particulares por mayor movilidad activa o migración hacia el transporte colectivo) ni cambios en los recorridos medios anuales, dado que no se cuenta aún con metodologías adecuadas para cuantificar sus impactos, si bien son una parte clave de las medidas a desarrollar. Tampoco se consideran en el escenario aspiracional cambios de modo en el transporte de carga, como la sustitución de transporte carretero por ferroviario, marítimo y fluvial.', 'Tampoco se consideran en el escenario aspiracional cambios de modo en el transporte de carga, como la sustitución de transporte carretero por ferroviario, marítimo y fluvial. En resumen, estos dos escenarios representan un intervalo de emisiones de CO2 del sector energético para el periodo estudiado, con las consideraciones antes mencionadas, en particular en cuanto a la madurez de las tecnologías a promover y las dificultades para cuantificar los beneficios de algunas medidas.En la tabla 01 se presenta un resumen de las principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo.', 'En resumen, estos dos escenarios representan un intervalo de emisiones de CO2 del sector energético para el periodo estudiado, con las consideraciones antes mencionadas, en particular en cuanto a la madurez de las tecnologías a promover y las dificultades para cuantificar los beneficios de algunas medidas.En la tabla 01 se presenta un resumen de las principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo. Tabla 01: Principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo SECTORES DEL CONSUMO MEDIDAS Residencial A 2050 cero emisiones(a) Comercial y Servicios A 2045 cero emisiones(a) Industria (pasteras y otros) A 2040 el transporte interno es cero emisiones A 2045 cero emisiones(b) en generación de vapor y calor directo, a excepción de sectores duros(c) Consumo propio de la refinería A 2050 se deja de refinar petróleo crudo Transporte A 2035 todos los vehículos nuevos de pasajeros son cero emisiones A 2040 los vehículos nuevos de carga de menor capacidad(d) son cero emisiones A 2045 todos los vehículos nuevos de carga son cero emisiones (a) La sustitución de las fuentes fósiles se modeló con electricidad, si bien pueden promoverse otras fuentes como biomasa en algunos usos (ej.', 'Tabla 01: Principales hipótesis para el escenario aspiracional en los distintos sectores del consumo SECTORES DEL CONSUMO MEDIDAS Residencial A 2050 cero emisiones(a) Comercial y Servicios A 2045 cero emisiones(a) Industria (pasteras y otros) A 2040 el transporte interno es cero emisiones A 2045 cero emisiones(b) en generación de vapor y calor directo, a excepción de sectores duros(c) Consumo propio de la refinería A 2050 se deja de refinar petróleo crudo Transporte A 2035 todos los vehículos nuevos de pasajeros son cero emisiones A 2040 los vehículos nuevos de carga de menor capacidad(d) son cero emisiones A 2045 todos los vehículos nuevos de carga son cero emisiones (a) La sustitución de las fuentes fósiles se modeló con electricidad, si bien pueden promoverse otras fuentes como biomasa en algunos usos (ej. uso eficiente de leña en calefacción).', 'uso eficiente de leña en calefacción). Esta meta representa un gran desafío por las características actuales de consumo residencial de energía para cocción y calefacción. (b) Ídem. Ej. leña en generación de vapor industrial (c) Coque de petróleo en cementeras y fueloil en pasteras. (d) Vehículos con Peso bruto total (PBT) menor a 7.5ton. En el transporte, la transformación se basa en un impulso a los vehículos eléctricos a batería (BEV) y la incorporación de vehículos FCEV (Hidrógeno verde). La energía eléctrica a generar será sensiblemente mayor en el escenario aspiracional (24% más aproximadamente), producto de la electrificación de varios usos, con lo que la nueva potencia a instalar será mayor (Figura 17). MW MW Ciclo combinado Turbina Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Figura 17: Potencia (MW) a Instalar.', 'MW MW Ciclo combinado Turbina Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Figura 17: Potencia (MW) a Instalar. Escenarios: Tendencial (arriba) y Aspiracional (abajo)En la Figura 18 puede observarse el histórico de emisiones de CO2 y los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional resultantes. Como puede observarse, las emisiones se reducirían a la mitad aproximadamente en comparación con el escenario tendencial. Existen varias actividades donde no son aún evidentes las tecnologías que harán posible la descarbonización, como pueden ser la producción de clinker o para la maquinaria agrícola. Gg Histórico Tendencial Aspiracional Figura 18: Emisiones de CO2 por escenario (Histórico, Tendencial y Aspiracional) En la Figura 19 se muestra la proyección de emisiones del escenario aspiracional a 2050, que se espera continúe descendiendo.', 'Gg Histórico Tendencial Aspiracional Figura 18: Emisiones de CO2 por escenario (Histórico, Tendencial y Aspiracional) En la Figura 19 se muestra la proyección de emisiones del escenario aspiracional a 2050, que se espera continúe descendiendo. Algunas opciones tecnológicas aún en desarrollo que podrían reducir significativamente las emisiones remanentes son la incorporación de biocombustibles avanzados (Green o drop-in) y/o combustibles sintéticos (e-fuels) en todas las ramas del transporte, la sustitución del coque de petróleo en cementeras y del fueloil en pasteras por hidrógeno verde - o una combinación de hidrógeno verde y biomasa - y la incorporación de maquinaria eléctrica en el sector de actividades primarias.', 'Algunas opciones tecnológicas aún en desarrollo que podrían reducir significativamente las emisiones remanentes son la incorporación de biocombustibles avanzados (Green o drop-in) y/o combustibles sintéticos (e-fuels) en todas las ramas del transporte, la sustitución del coque de petróleo en cementeras y del fueloil en pasteras por hidrógeno verde - o una combinación de hidrógeno verde y biomasa - y la incorporación de maquinaria eléctrica en el sector de actividades primarias. Por otra parte, una sustitución más acelerada de vehículos a combustión permitiría reducir aún más las emisiones del transporte, donde la conversión vehicular puede tener un papel a jugar. También podría utilizarse gas natural con mezcla de hidrógeno verde en el remanente de generación eléctrica fósil, o salir de funcionamiento el ciclo combinado antes del fin de su vida útil.', 'También podría utilizarse gas natural con mezcla de hidrógeno verde en el remanente de generación eléctrica fósil, o salir de funcionamiento el ciclo combinado antes del fin de su vida útil. - Residencial Comercial y Servicios Actividades primarias Industrial Resto Industrial Papeleras Transporte Consumo Propio Generación Electricidad Figura 19: Proyección de emisiones de CO2, del escenario aspiracional a 2050 Como se comentó previamente, se requiere complementar con un profundo análisis en cuanto al proceso de transición justa, así como de la necesidad de medios de implementación para alcanzar y profundizar el escenario propuesto.5.1.2.2. Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos Se incluyen en esta sección las trayectorias de emisiones de CO2 de la producción de cemento bajo un escenario tendencial y un escenario aspiracional a 2050.', 'Sector Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos Se incluyen en esta sección las trayectorias de emisiones de CO2 de la producción de cemento bajo un escenario tendencial y un escenario aspiracional a 2050. Las emisiones de la producción de cemento explican más del 70% de las emisiones de CO2 del sector IPPU. Para construir el escenario tendencial se consideró la incorporación de una nueva planta de producción de clinker, que actualmente cuenta con autorización ambiental previa y se encuentra en fase de construcción. Se considera en el modelo que esta planta entra en operación en el año 2023.', 'Se considera en el modelo que esta planta entra en operación en el año 2023. No se consideraron mejoras tecnológicas relevantes y se supone que se mantienen los tipos de cemento elaborados actualmente (en base a UNIT 20:2017) y la proporción de clinker en la formulación, siendo el principal tipo de cemento producido y comercializado el cemento Portland normal. En el escenario aspiracional se considera la sustitución gradual de clinker en la formulación del cemento para alcanzar un nivel de sustitución del 20% en 2050. Este escenario se elabora sobre la base de formulaciones de cemento y tecnologías disponibles actualmente en forma global (Figura 20).', 'Este escenario se elabora sobre la base de formulaciones de cemento y tecnologías disponibles actualmente en forma global (Figura 20). Se requerirá una revisión y análisis frente a futuros desarrollos tanto a nivel de formulación de cemento como modificaciones en los procesos de fabricación y tecnológicos que podrán modificar la trayectoria de emisiones. En base a los escenarios planteados, con el escenario aspiracional se obtiene a 2050 una reducción de emisiones de CO2 del 20% respecto al escenario tendencial. Algunas opciones tecnológicas en desarrollo o aún no globalmente extendidas podrían reducir las emisiones de la categoría de forma sustancial y eventualmente a cero. Esto podría llevarse a cabo con una potencial combinación de medidas.', 'Esto podría llevarse a cabo con una potencial combinación de medidas. Dentro de estas opciones, se encuentra el incremento en la sustitución de clinker por otros elementos (filler calcáreo, escoria, puzolanas). En base al conocimiento actual, las formulaciones con bajo contenido en clinker y mayor sustitución por otros insumos, pueden provocar modificaciones en las características físicas, químicas y mecánicas del producto final, dificultando su comercialización. Futuros avances en la formulación del cemento podrían llevar a un menor uso de clinker y mayor disminución en las emisiones de CO2.', 'Futuros avances en la formulación del cemento podrían llevar a un menor uso de clinker y mayor disminución en las emisiones de CO2. Ton CO Tendencial Sustitución clinker (20 %) Planta de 33 opera�va a plena capacidad Figura 20: Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones CO2 al 2050 - Producción de cemento Modificaciones en los procesos de fabricación; implementación de tecnologías de captación y almacenamiento de CO2 y/o métodos de absorción química y biológica podrían llevar a disminuir las emisiones de CO2 a cero. Algunas de estas medidas, como ser la captura de CO2, deberán ser consideradas en conjunto con el sector Energía, dado que las emisiones asociadas al proceso industrial y a la quema de combustibles se dan en forma conjunta.5.1.3. Escenarios y trayectorias de remociones de CO2 al 2050 5.1.3.1.', 'Escenarios y trayectorias de remociones de CO2 al 2050 5.1.3.1. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra Los usos de la tierra y cambios de uso de la tierra tienen gran impacto en la dinámica de emisiones y remociones de los principales reservorios de carbono de Uruguay. Por ese motivo, para proyectar las emisiones a 2050, se realizaron proyecciones de cambios de los usos del suelo más relevantes para Uruguay a partir del relevamiento nacional de cambios en el uso de la tierra para el período 2000-2017, utilizado para la elaboración del INGEI. En los anexos de AFOLU se detallan las categorías de usos de la tierra más relevantes para Uruguay.', 'En los anexos de AFOLU se detallan las categorías de usos de la tierra más relevantes para Uruguay. A su vez, se tuvieron en cuenta los objetivos y medidas específicas del sector agropecuario incluidas en la CDN1, proyectando la actividad bajo el supuesto que Uruguay cumple su compromiso. El escenario tendencial es el que proyecta una evolución estable de la actividad agropecuaria a 2050 sin cambios en la orientación presente. En este escenario se proyecta que los cambios de uso de la tierra siguen una trayectoria donde no se dan grandes alteraciones en las fuerzas que los determinan (ver Anexo 2 del sector AFOLU).', 'En este escenario se proyecta que los cambios de uso de la tierra siguen una trayectoria donde no se dan grandes alteraciones en las fuerzas que los determinan (ver Anexo 2 del sector AFOLU). A partir de estos supuestos se proyectaron las emisiones netas de CO2 (emisiones menos remociones) en el horizonte temporal de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo. La Figura 21 muestra las emisiones netas de CO2, en los tres reservorios, para sus proyecciones con periodicidad quinquenal a partir de 2020.', 'La Figura 21 muestra las emisiones netas de CO2, en los tres reservorios, para sus proyecciones con periodicidad quinquenal a partir de 2020. La gráfica ilustra el efecto del aumento del área de plantaciones forestales con destino comercial y la dinámica de extracción de madera, que a partir del año 2025 tiende a un equilibrio de forma que se estabilizan los flujos y el secuestro tiende a igualarse con las emisiones.', 'La gráfica ilustra el efecto del aumento del área de plantaciones forestales con destino comercial y la dinámica de extracción de madera, que a partir del año 2025 tiende a un equilibrio de forma que se estabilizan los flujos y el secuestro tiende a igualarse con las emisiones. El secuestro de carbono constante que se observa en la Figura 20, en el período 2025-2050, se explica por las remociones en bosque nativo y otros bosques plantados que no tienen destino comercial, debido a que se considera que no hay cosecha de estos recursos y la saturación de este reservorio de carbono, sobre todo en bosque nativo, es más lenta por las características de crecimiento de las especies que lo conforman.', 'El secuestro de carbono constante que se observa en la Figura 20, en el período 2025-2050, se explica por las remociones en bosque nativo y otros bosques plantados que no tienen destino comercial, debido a que se considera que no hay cosecha de estos recursos y la saturación de este reservorio de carbono, sobre todo en bosque nativo, es más lenta por las características de crecimiento de las especies que lo conforman. Gg CO Biomasa MOM MOS Figura 21: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario tendencialLa disminución observada en los cambios de uso del suelo con destino a agricultura (ver anexo 2 AFOLU), explica por qué el reservorio MOS pasa de tener emisiones netas a ser un reservorio con remociones netas.', 'Gg CO Biomasa MOM MOS Figura 21: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario tendencialLa disminución observada en los cambios de uso del suelo con destino a agricultura (ver anexo 2 AFOLU), explica por qué el reservorio MOS pasa de tener emisiones netas a ser un reservorio con remociones netas. En la serie de inventarios de GEI, desde el año 2010 el reservorio de materia orgánica en suelos ha estado actuando como emisor neto de CO2; en la proyección tendencial esto se confirma hasta el año 2030. A partir de ese momento se comporta como sumidero neto por la disminución de tierras que se convierten a tierras de cultivos desde otros usos.', 'A partir de ese momento se comporta como sumidero neto por la disminución de tierras que se convierten a tierras de cultivos desde otros usos. Para la ECLP se estudiaron escenarios alternativos que recorren trayectorias que maximizan la captura de carbono, acompañando al proceso de descarbonización de la economía. De acuerdo con el perfil de remociones de CO2 del Uruguay, la biomasa forestal, los suelos forestales y los suelos con cobertura natural de pastizal, son los principales responsables del flujo de remociones de CO2. Sobre estos reservorios se puso el foco al proyectar trayectorias que resulten en maximizar las remociones de CO2 a 2050.', 'Sobre estos reservorios se puso el foco al proyectar trayectorias que resulten en maximizar las remociones de CO2 a 2050. Se identificaron dos escenarios que conducen al incremento de biomasa viva en tierras forestales (Tabla 02), uno donde aumenta la superficie de bosque nativo (Fnat) y un segundo escenario donde además hay un aumento de la superficie de plantaciones forestales impulsada por la industria de madera para construcción (Fmad). En el anexo 2 de AFOLU, se describen los usos de la tierra y parámetros para los escenarios alternativos Fnat y Fmad. Para los dos escenarios se plantea la expansión del área de montes de abrigo y sombra en la superficie ganadera para una mayor captura de carbono asociada al aumento de la biomasa leñosa.', 'Para los dos escenarios se plantea la expansión del área de montes de abrigo y sombra en la superficie ganadera para una mayor captura de carbono asociada al aumento de la biomasa leñosa. Tabla 02: Escenarios alternativos para maximizar la captura de carbono ESCENARIO SUPUESTOS Forestación nativa (Fnat) Se incrementa 2.5% la superficie forestada con respecto al escenario tendencial en 2050 por aumento de la superficie de bosque nativo. Se incrementa de 0.8% a 1.6% en el área de bosques de abrigo y sombra en la superficie ganadera entre 2020 y 2050. Forestación madera (Fmad) Se incrementa 10.9% la superficie forestada con respecto a la trayectoria tendencial por aumento de bosque nativo y expansión de la superficie forestada con fines de madera de aserrío y usos industriales.', 'Forestación madera (Fmad) Se incrementa 10.9% la superficie forestada con respecto a la trayectoria tendencial por aumento de bosque nativo y expansión de la superficie forestada con fines de madera de aserrío y usos industriales. Se incrementa de 0.8% a 1.6% en el área de bosques de abrigo y sombra en la superficie ganadera entre 2020 y 2050. En las Figuras 22 y 23 se ilustran las emisiones netas de CO2 de los escenarios alternativos Fnat y Fmad.', 'En las Figuras 22 y 23 se ilustran las emisiones netas de CO2 de los escenarios alternativos Fnat y Fmad. Biomasa MOM MOS Gg CO Figura 22: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario Fnat.Biomasa MOM MOS Figura 23: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) - escenario Fmad De acuerdo con las normas vigentes (Ley Forestal 15.939/87), en el escenario Fnat no se realiza cosecha de la biomasa leñosa acumulada.', 'Biomasa MOM MOS Gg CO Figura 22: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) escenario Fnat.Biomasa MOM MOS Figura 23: Emisiones netas de CO2 por reservorio de carbono (Gg CO2) - escenario Fmad De acuerdo con las normas vigentes (Ley Forestal 15.939/87), en el escenario Fnat no se realiza cosecha de la biomasa leñosa acumulada. Por ese motivo el flujo de remociones y emisiones muestra un aumento constante del secuestro neto en toda la serie proyectada relacionado al aumento de la superficie, sumado al aporte de la captura de C incremental por aumento del área de bosques de abrigo y sombra en tierras ganaderas, que tampoco registrarían extracciones de madera en el período proyectado.', 'Por ese motivo el flujo de remociones y emisiones muestra un aumento constante del secuestro neto en toda la serie proyectada relacionado al aumento de la superficie, sumado al aporte de la captura de C incremental por aumento del área de bosques de abrigo y sombra en tierras ganaderas, que tampoco registrarían extracciones de madera en el período proyectado. Las estimaciones de remociones por crecimiento del bosque nativo se realizaron en base a una tasa de crecimiento de dos metros cúbicos por hectárea al año que, si bien es conservadora, guarda coherencia con el INGEI.', 'Las estimaciones de remociones por crecimiento del bosque nativo se realizaron en base a una tasa de crecimiento de dos metros cúbicos por hectárea al año que, si bien es conservadora, guarda coherencia con el INGEI. En las proyecciones de remociones de CO2 del escenario Fmad, además del efecto del aumento de la superficie de bosque nativo y bosques de abrigo y sombra, se observa una acumulación de carbono en biomasa leñosa adicional por el aumento de plantaciones forestales. La Tabla 03 muestra las remociones netas agregadas de CO2 en el escenario tendencial y los escenarios alternativos.', 'La Tabla 03 muestra las remociones netas agregadas de CO2 en el escenario tendencial y los escenarios alternativos. Tabla 03: Remociones netas de CO2 para el escenario tendencial y los escenarios alternativos (Gg CO2) AÑO ESCENARIO Tendencial Fnat Fmad Es de destacar que los escenarios no incluyen estimaciones del potencial de incremento de las remociones en suelos por aplicación de buenas prácticas de gestión del campo natural. Actualmente no se han alcanzado los consensos científicos ni los desarrollos metodológicos necesarios para integrar esta fuente de remociones en los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Actualmente no se han alcanzado los consensos científicos ni los desarrollos metodológicos necesarios para integrar esta fuente de remociones en los inventarios nacionales de gases de efecto invernadero. Sin embargo, estas prácticas climáticamente inteligentes son parte central de los esfuerzos en adaptación al cambio climático y el aumento de la productividad ganadera y tienen un potencial significativo de incrementar la captura de carbono en suelos.Como se desprende de los escenarios descritos previamente, y a los efectos de seguir contribuyendo al logro de los objetivos del Acuerdo de París, Uruguay presenta trayectorias ambiciosas, deseables y factibles en su ECLP. Estas trayectorias, basadas en el conocimiento y las tecnologías disponibles actualmente, se presentan en la figura 24 y tabla 04 a continuación.', 'Estas trayectorias, basadas en el conocimiento y las tecnologías disponibles actualmente, se presentan en la figura 24 y tabla 04 a continuación. Gg CO Energía aspiracional IPPU aspiracional AFOLU tendencial AFOLU alternativo Fnat AFOLU alternativo Fmad Figura 24.', 'Gg CO Energía aspiracional IPPU aspiracional AFOLU tendencial AFOLU alternativo Fnat AFOLU alternativo Fmad Figura 24. Trayectoria de emisiones / remociones de CO2, período 2020-2050Tabla 04: Resumen escenarios emisiones / remociones CO2, año 2050 SECTOR ESCENARIO Cg CO2 Emisiones Energía Procesos industriales Escenario aspiracional 2.892 Escenario aspiracional 508 Remociones AFOLU Escenario Fnat -5.170 Escenario Fmad -9.594 Si bien es importante tener en consideración la incertidumbre implícita en las estimaciones de emisiones / remociones de GEI en el largo plazo, la Tabla 04 y la Figura 24, muestran que, al agregar los escenarios alternativos de los sectores emisores de CO2, Energía e IPPU, y combinarlos con los escenarios de remociones de CO2 planteados por el sector AFOLU, tanto con el escenario Fnat como con el escenario Fmad, Uruguay lograría la meta aspiracional de CO2 neutralidad antes del 2050 y llegaría a 2050 con emisiones netas negativas (remoción/captura) de CO2.', 'Trayectoria de emisiones / remociones de CO2, período 2020-2050Tabla 04: Resumen escenarios emisiones / remociones CO2, año 2050 SECTOR ESCENARIO Cg CO2 Emisiones Energía Procesos industriales Escenario aspiracional 2.892 Escenario aspiracional 508 Remociones AFOLU Escenario Fnat -5.170 Escenario Fmad -9.594 Si bien es importante tener en consideración la incertidumbre implícita en las estimaciones de emisiones / remociones de GEI en el largo plazo, la Tabla 04 y la Figura 24, muestran que, al agregar los escenarios alternativos de los sectores emisores de CO2, Energía e IPPU, y combinarlos con los escenarios de remociones de CO2 planteados por el sector AFOLU, tanto con el escenario Fnat como con el escenario Fmad, Uruguay lograría la meta aspiracional de CO2 neutralidad antes del 2050 y llegaría a 2050 con emisiones netas negativas (remoción/captura) de CO2. Plantear escenarios de reducción de emisiones de CO2 implica un gran desafío para Uruguay, sobre todo considerando el gran esfuerzo ya realizado por el país para diversificar su matriz eléctrica con fuentes renovables no tradicionales, promover la eficiencia energética y sustituir las centrales termoeléctricas de fuentes fósiles por equipos más eficientes y aptos para cubrir faltantes intermitentes de energía.', 'Plantear escenarios de reducción de emisiones de CO2 implica un gran desafío para Uruguay, sobre todo considerando el gran esfuerzo ya realizado por el país para diversificar su matriz eléctrica con fuentes renovables no tradicionales, promover la eficiencia energética y sustituir las centrales termoeléctricas de fuentes fósiles por equipos más eficientes y aptos para cubrir faltantes intermitentes de energía. Esto hace que las opciones de descarbonización del sector Energía, que representa actualmente el 92% de las emisiones de CO2 del país, se vean reducidas, teniendo en cuenta que aún hay sectores que en la actualidad no cuentan con soluciones tecnológicas maduras para su descarbonización.', 'Esto hace que las opciones de descarbonización del sector Energía, que representa actualmente el 92% de las emisiones de CO2 del país, se vean reducidas, teniendo en cuenta que aún hay sectores que en la actualidad no cuentan con soluciones tecnológicas maduras para su descarbonización. No obstante, el país propone e incluye en esta ECLP escenarios ambiciosos para este sector, incorporando el almacenamiento de energía proveniente de fuentes variables de forma de seguir profundizando la matriz renovable en generación eléctrica. Asimismo, la Estrategia de Hidrógeno Verde, actualmente en elaboración, puede llevar a una segunda transformación del sector energético. El transporte es un sector en el que está puesto el foco de atención para la mitigación, dado su peso en las emisiones totales del sector energético.', 'El transporte es un sector en el que está puesto el foco de atención para la mitigación, dado su peso en las emisiones totales del sector energético. A partir de las tecnologías disponibles para su descarbonización, la alternativa planteada se basa en sustitución de vehículos de combustión interna por vehículos eléctricos a batería en general y la incorporación de vehículos a hidrógeno verde en el transporte de carga y buses de larga distancia. Los cambios modales y la mayor adopción del uso del transporte público de pasajeros, si bien no están incorporados en el ejercicio numérico del escenario, por la dificultad técnica de considerarlo, son parte de las acciones en desarrollo.', 'Los cambios modales y la mayor adopción del uso del transporte público de pasajeros, si bien no están incorporados en el ejercicio numérico del escenario, por la dificultad técnica de considerarlo, son parte de las acciones en desarrollo. En el entendido de que este sector requiere una visión amplia desde la sostenibilidad, que considere alternativas de movilidad ambiental, social y económicamente sostenibles, apuntando a la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas, la Política Nacional de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible, en elaboración actualmente en Uruguay, tendrá un rol complementario fundamental para dicha descarbonización. Las alternativas tecnológicas que se proponen para el sector Energía, reducirían las emisiones de CO2 aproximadamente al 50% en relación al escenario tendencial.', 'Las alternativas tecnológicas que se proponen para el sector Energía, reducirían las emisiones de CO2 aproximadamente al 50% en relación al escenario tendencial. Las emisiones de CO2 remanentes al 2050 corresponden a actividades donde no son aún evidentes las tecnologías que permitirán su descarbonización. Sin embargo, hay opciones tecnológicas en desarrollo que podrán reducir significativamente esas emisiones que seguirán siendo analizadas para determinar su viabilidad a futuro. Por otra parte, la presencia de emisiones remanentes en el sector transporte se deben a que aún no se habría completado la transición a vehículos cero emisiones en la totalidad del parque automotor a esa fecha, además de no estar cuantificado el cambio modal. Se deberámonitorear la evolución de la movilidad y posibles nuevas medidas para avanzar hacia una mayor reducción de emisiones.', 'Se deberámonitorear la evolución de la movilidad y posibles nuevas medidas para avanzar hacia una mayor reducción de emisiones. En cuanto a las emisiones de la industria del cemento asociadas a la calcinación de los carbonatos contenidos en la materia prima, que representa actualmente el 8% de las emisiones de CO2 del país, la sustitución de clinker por otros compuestos es la alternativa tecnológica que se propone en la ECLP. Estos compuestos reducirían las emisiones de CO2 en un 20% con relación al escenario tendencial. Esta alternativa tiene actualmente restricciones relacionadas con las propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas del producto final, pero es esperable que futuros avances en la formulación del cemento puedan llevar a mayor disminución en las emisiones de CO2.', 'Esta alternativa tiene actualmente restricciones relacionadas con las propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas del producto final, pero es esperable que futuros avances en la formulación del cemento puedan llevar a mayor disminución en las emisiones de CO2. Adicionalmente, existen algunas opciones tecnológicas en desarrollo que a futuro podrían considerarse para reducir las emisiones de la categoría de forma sustancial y eventualmente a cero. En relación con los escenarios de remociones de CO2 del sector AFOLU, es importante resaltar que se estudiaron alternativas que recorren trayectorias que maximizan la captura de carbono, con el objetivo principal de acompañar el proceso de descarbonización de los sectores de la economía que tienen emisiones netas de CO2.', 'En relación con los escenarios de remociones de CO2 del sector AFOLU, es importante resaltar que se estudiaron alternativas que recorren trayectorias que maximizan la captura de carbono, con el objetivo principal de acompañar el proceso de descarbonización de los sectores de la economía que tienen emisiones netas de CO2. Para ello, el foco de los escenarios elaborados fue la biomasa forestal, los suelos forestales y los suelos con cobertura de pastizales naturales, principales responsables del flujo de remociones de CO2 en la serie histórica de los INGEI. Los dos escenarios alternativos planteados conducen al incremento de la biomasa viva en tierras forestales.', 'Los dos escenarios alternativos planteados conducen al incremento de la biomasa viva en tierras forestales. Uno de ellos, considera el aumento de la superficie de bosque nativo y la expansión del área de montes de abrigo y sombra para ganadería (Fnat) y el otro incorpora, además, un aumento de la superficie de plantaciones forestales impulsada por la industria de la madera para construcción y otros usos industriales (Fmad). Como se observa en los escenarios, Fnat y Fmad (Figura 22 y Figura 23), ambos contribuyen con niveles incrementales de secuestro de carbono en la trayectoria hacia el 2050. En el sector agropecuario los esfuerzos de mitigación pueden implicar renuncias con otros aspectos ambientales que habrá que considerar al momento de definir acciones de implementación de corto y mediano plazo.', 'En el sector agropecuario los esfuerzos de mitigación pueden implicar renuncias con otros aspectos ambientales que habrá que considerar al momento de definir acciones de implementación de corto y mediano plazo. Por otra parte, resulta importante recordar que, en cualquier escenario de aumento del área de plantaciones forestales con destino comercial, una vez que se alcanza el equilibrio entre el área plantada y cosechada, se estabilizan los flujos de carbono y el secuestro tiende a igualarse con las emisiones, por lo que el efecto de remociones netas de CO2 en el flujo de carbono es temporal (Figura 16).', 'Por otra parte, resulta importante recordar que, en cualquier escenario de aumento del área de plantaciones forestales con destino comercial, una vez que se alcanza el equilibrio entre el área plantada y cosechada, se estabilizan los flujos de carbono y el secuestro tiende a igualarse con las emisiones, por lo que el efecto de remociones netas de CO2 en el flujo de carbono es temporal (Figura 16). Por lo tanto, para mantener la neutralidad de CO2 en períodos temporales más largos que el que se está considerando en esta ECLP, será necesario continuar los esfuerzos por minimizar las emisiones de CO2.', 'Por lo tanto, para mantener la neutralidad de CO2 en períodos temporales más largos que el que se está considerando en esta ECLP, será necesario continuar los esfuerzos por minimizar las emisiones de CO2. Cualquiera de los escenarios alternativos que Uruguay se plantea en su ECLP en el camino hacia la CO2 neutralidad, tanto de reducción de emisiones de CO2 como de aumento del secuestro de carbono, implica desafíos significativos en términos de política pública y requerirá medios de implementación adicionales alcanzarlos. También implica considerar el proceso de transición justa para aquellos sectores implicados en el cambio. Resulta importante considerar, también, que estos escenarios ofrecen, a la vez, oportunidades de inversión, empleo, investigación, innovación, y tecnológicas.', 'Resulta importante considerar, también, que estos escenarios ofrecen, a la vez, oportunidades de inversión, empleo, investigación, innovación, y tecnológicas. En este sentido, cabe mencionar que los escenarios que aportan a la CO2 neutralidad son alcanzables con un nivel de actividad económica igual o que incluso podría ser superior al del escenario tendencial. Por un lado, en los escenarios aspiracionales de Energía e IPPU metodológicamente se asumió el mismo crecimiento del PIB que en el escenario tendencial. En tanto, en el sector AFOLU las principales actividades productivas que aportan a la CO2 neutralidad (extracción de madera y superficie forestal) se proyectaron con un crecimiento mayor en el aspiracional respecto al tendencial.', 'En tanto, en el sector AFOLU las principales actividades productivas que aportan a la CO2 neutralidad (extracción de madera y superficie forestal) se proyectaron con un crecimiento mayor en el aspiracional respecto al tendencial. Esto resulta relevante y estratégico considerando que Uruguay, como país en desarrollo, debe cumplir con el Acuerdo deParís al mismo tiempo que avanza en una senda de desarrollo sostenible generando y distribuyendo los recursos necesarios para mejorar la calidad de vida de su población.', 'Esto resulta relevante y estratégico considerando que Uruguay, como país en desarrollo, debe cumplir con el Acuerdo deParís al mismo tiempo que avanza en una senda de desarrollo sostenible generando y distribuyendo los recursos necesarios para mejorar la calidad de vida de su población. El principal desafío, a partir de este trabajo de planificación y de construcción de una visión aspiracional de largo plazo, es identificar aquellas acciones concretas que se deben emprender y decisiones de política pública que se deben tomar, en el corto y mediano plazo, que permitan transitar las trayectorias planteadas en esta ECLP de una manera justa.', 'El principal desafío, a partir de este trabajo de planificación y de construcción de una visión aspiracional de largo plazo, es identificar aquellas acciones concretas que se deben emprender y decisiones de política pública que se deben tomar, en el corto y mediano plazo, que permitan transitar las trayectorias planteadas en esta ECLP de una manera justa. Para ello, las sucesivas CDN de Uruguay deberán considerar la realización de análisis más profundos de las trayectorias planteadas en esta ECLP, para evaluar sus posibles impactos distributivos, ambientales (más allá de las emisiones de GEI), macroeconómicos y de medios de implementación requeridos para alcanzar los escenarios propuestos. 5.2.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual 5.2.1.1.', 'Evolución pasada y escenario actual 5.2.1.1. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra El 93% de las emisiones de CH4 del país provienen del sector agropecuario (Figura 25). Las principales fuentes de emisión de este gas son la fermentación entérica del ganado vacuno no lechero y de la fermentación entérica del ganado lechero, ovino y de otros animales rumiantes y no rumiantes, el manejo del estiércol, el cultivo de arroz y la quema de biomasa (Figura 26). Figura 25: Emisiones de totales CH4 por sector (Gg CH4) 2017 De acuerdo con el perfil de emisiones y remociones de GEI de Uruguay, la ganadería es responsable de la mayor parte de las emisiones de CH4 (Figura 26).', 'Figura 25: Emisiones de totales CH4 por sector (Gg CH4) 2017 De acuerdo con el perfil de emisiones y remociones de GEI de Uruguay, la ganadería es responsable de la mayor parte de las emisiones de CH4 (Figura 26). Estas están determinadas principalmente por el stock vacuno y responde a un conjunto de variables que caracterizan la eficiencia reproductiva de la cría y la velocidad de terminación de los novillos para faena.', 'Estas están determinadas principalmente por el stock vacuno y responde a un conjunto de variables que caracterizan la eficiencia reproductiva de la cría y la velocidad de terminación de los novillos para faena. La evolución de las emisiones de CH4 en el país (Figura 27) responde en gran medida a la variación del stock vacuno y a aspectos relacionados con la performance de la producción ganadera debido a la alta proporción de las emisiones derivadas de esta actividad en el total nacional.Fermentación entérica 96% Manejo del estiércol 2% 734 Gg CH 703 Gg CH Cultivo de arroz 2% Quema de biomasa 0,03% Ganado lechero 5% Ganado no lechero 89 % Otros (cabras, caballos, mulas, asnos y suinos) 1 % Gg de CH4 Figura 26: Emisiones de metano (CH4) del sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión (Gg CH4) 2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019 Figura 27.', 'La evolución de las emisiones de CH4 en el país (Figura 27) responde en gran medida a la variación del stock vacuno y a aspectos relacionados con la performance de la producción ganadera debido a la alta proporción de las emisiones derivadas de esta actividad en el total nacional.Fermentación entérica 96% Manejo del estiércol 2% 734 Gg CH 703 Gg CH Cultivo de arroz 2% Quema de biomasa 0,03% Ganado lechero 5% Ganado no lechero 89 % Otros (cabras, caballos, mulas, asnos y suinos) 1 % Gg de CH4 Figura 26: Emisiones de metano (CH4) del sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión (Gg CH4) 2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019 Figura 27. Evolución pasada de las emisiones de CH4 del sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019El sector Desechos comprende la estimación de las emisiones de CH4, CO2 y N2O proveniente de la disposición de residuos sólidos, el tratamiento biológico de los desechos sólidos, incineración e incineración abierta de desechos y el tratamiento y eliminación de aguas residuales.', 'Evolución pasada de las emisiones de CH4 del sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019El sector Desechos comprende la estimación de las emisiones de CH4, CO2 y N2O proveniente de la disposición de residuos sólidos, el tratamiento biológico de los desechos sólidos, incineración e incineración abierta de desechos y el tratamiento y eliminación de aguas residuales. De acuerdo con el INGEI 1990-2017, en el 2017 el metano representó el 91% de las emisiones del sector Desechos, seguido del óxido nitroso 7% y de dióxido de carbono 1%, en términos de CO2-eq con métrica GWP100 AR2. La tendencia prevalente de las emisiones de CH4 se registran a lo largo de toda la serie temporal 1990-2017.', 'La tendencia prevalente de las emisiones de CH4 se registran a lo largo de toda la serie temporal 1990-2017. Dentro de las emisiones de CH4, para el 2017 un 83% correspondió a la disposición de residuos sólidos, seguido de las emisiones provenientes del tratamiento de aguas residuales industriales (15,6%). Las emisiones por el tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas y las emisiones de metano del tratamiento biológico de residuos e incineración de residuos resultaron en un aporte menor a 1% (Figura 28). La incidencia predominante de la disposición de residuos sólidos se mantiene a lo largo de toda la serie 1990-2017.', 'La incidencia predominante de la disposición de residuos sólidos se mantiene a lo largo de toda la serie 1990-2017. Disposición de residuos sólidos 83,2 % Tratamiento biológico de residuos 0,6% Incineración Aguas residuales domésticas 0,6 % Aguas residuales Figura 28: Emisiones CH4, Sector Desechos Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019 A nivel nacional, el sector Desechos representó un 3,4 % de las emisiones totales nacionales en términos de CO2-eq con métrica GWP100AR2 en el año 2017 (INGEI 1990-2017). La disposición final de residuos es la única categoría del sector Desechos, dentro del listado de categorías principales de emisiones/remociones a nivel nacional, con una incidencia del 2,6 % en términos de CO2-eq con métrica GWP100AR2 en el año 2017 (INGEI 1990-2017).', 'La disposición final de residuos es la única categoría del sector Desechos, dentro del listado de categorías principales de emisiones/remociones a nivel nacional, con una incidencia del 2,6 % en términos de CO2-eq con métrica GWP100AR2 en el año 2017 (INGEI 1990-2017). Las emisiones de CH4 de la disposición final de residuos sólidos se estima mediante el método FOD (First Order Decay) de las Directrices del IPCC de 2006. Las variables y factores que inciden sobre las emisiones de la categoría son: la cantidad de residuos sólidos (que contienen carbono orgánico degradable) anuales depositados, el tipo de sitio de disposición final (manejado, no manejado, profundo, poco profundo, etc. ), composición de los residuos y los parámetros del modelo (tomados por defecto para la región climática) y la captura de biogás.', '), composición de los residuos y los parámetros del modelo (tomados por defecto para la región climática) y la captura de biogás. A lo largo de la serie temporal, uno de los principales factores responsables de las emisiones es la cantidad de residuos que contienen carbono orgánico degradable depositada. Para los residuos domiciliarios, la generación es impulsada por la variación del PIB per cápita y la población anual. Los residuos de tipo industriales tienen una incidencia en las emisiones de los sitios de disposición final en el entorno del 5% a lo largo de la serie temporal. Se observa en la Figura 29, la relación entre las emisiones de CH4 y la tendencia histórica del PIB per cápita.', 'Se observa en la Figura 29, la relación entre las emisiones de CH4 y la tendencia histórica del PIB per cápita. Actualmente, existen 5 rellenos sanitarios en el país, dos de los cuales poseen instalados sistemas de captura de biogás (para quema o aprovechamiento energético). Los residuos depositados en los sitios con captura de biogás representan más del 60% del total nacional. El resto de los residuos es fundamentalmente depositado en 14 vertederos controlados y un porcentaje menor (aprox. 4%) de los residuos son dispuestos en más de 40 vertederos no controlados, asociados principalmente a localidades con menos 5.000 habitantes.', '4%) de los residuos son dispuestos en más de 40 vertederos no controlados, asociados principalmente a localidades con menos 5.000 habitantes. Existe un relleno de seguridad para residuos industriales peligrosos, que por las características de los residuos allí vertidos tiene baja incidencia en las emisiones de metano a nivel nacional.Gg CH miles de millones $ 2005 Disposición de RRSS PIB per cápita miles de millones de $ 2005 Figura 29: Evolución de emisiones de metano de la Disposición de Residuos Sólidos.5.2.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 al 2050 5.2.2.1.', 'Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 al 2050 5.2.2.1. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra Para la proyección de emisiones de CH4, al igual que para las emisiones de CO2, en el escenario tendencial se proyecta una evolución estable de la actividad agropecuaria a 2050 sin cambios en la orientación presente. En la Tabla 05 se ilustran los principales indicadores técnicos de la producción ganadera que inciden sobre las emisiones totales de CH4. Tabla 05: Modelo de evolución ganadera a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario tendencial.', 'Tabla 05: Modelo de evolución ganadera a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario tendencial. Incremento Incremento % respecto a Stock (miles de cabezas) Tasa faena Vaquillonas Tasa faena Producción total (mil ton) Productividad (kg/ha) La tendencia de cambios de uso de suelo indica que la superficie ganadera se contraería en un 2,7% en el período 2020-2050 por reducción de la superficie de campo natural, mientras que el stock total aumentaría en 392.000 cabezas (3.31%) en los mismos 30 años, producto de la evolución de largo plazo de la tasa de faena de novillos y la tasa de procreo vacuno (Anexo 2 AFOLU). Fermentación entérica Manejo del estiércol Emisiones del cultivo de arroz Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Figura 30: Emisiones de metano (CH4) según fuente de emisión (Gg CH4).', 'Fermentación entérica Manejo del estiércol Emisiones del cultivo de arroz Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Figura 30: Emisiones de metano (CH4) según fuente de emisión (Gg CH4). Escenario tendencial Las emisiones de metano, del sector AFOLU, en 2050 serían 3,1% mayores que las reportadas en el INGEI del año 2017, aumentando en 22,55 Gg de metano. Este aumento estaría compuesto por un incremento de 2,9% de las emisiones por fermentación entérica del ganado (20,57 Gg), 2,2% de incremento de las emisiones por manejo de estiércol (0,33 Gg) y 10,4% de incremento en las emisiones del cultivo de arroz (1,67 Gg) sobre cada categoría.Como escenario alternativo se plantea un escenario ganadero en donde el sector estabiliza sus emisiones de CH4 y no contribuye con calentamiento adicional.', 'Este aumento estaría compuesto por un incremento de 2,9% de las emisiones por fermentación entérica del ganado (20,57 Gg), 2,2% de incremento de las emisiones por manejo de estiércol (0,33 Gg) y 10,4% de incremento en las emisiones del cultivo de arroz (1,67 Gg) sobre cada categoría.Como escenario alternativo se plantea un escenario ganadero en donde el sector estabiliza sus emisiones de CH4 y no contribuye con calentamiento adicional. En el escenario alternativo se propone un aumento de la productividad con estabilidad de emisiones que resultan en una disminución de la intensidad de emisiones por unidad de producto. En la Tabla 06 se ilustran los principales indicadores técnicos asociados a la dinámica de emisiones de CH4.', 'En la Tabla 06 se ilustran los principales indicadores técnicos asociados a la dinámica de emisiones de CH4. Esto se lograría a través de mejoras de la tasa de procreo y tasa de extracción para faena con estabilización el stock total vacuno (ver Anexo 2 AFOLU). Tabla 06: Modelo de evolución a 2050 de indicadores de ganadería en el escenario alternativo. Incremento Incremento % respecto a Stock (miles de cabezas) Tasa faena Vaquillonas Tasa faena Producción total (mil ton) Productividad ( kg/ha) El aumento de productividad sería derivado de la aplicación de buenas prácticas de manejo ganado - pastizal en el ciclo de cría, mejora en la digestibilidad de la dieta, una mayor proporción de finalización a corral, u otras propuestas tecnológicas acordes a una ganadería baja en carbono.', 'Incremento Incremento % respecto a Stock (miles de cabezas) Tasa faena Vaquillonas Tasa faena Producción total (mil ton) Productividad ( kg/ha) El aumento de productividad sería derivado de la aplicación de buenas prácticas de manejo ganado - pastizal en el ciclo de cría, mejora en la digestibilidad de la dieta, una mayor proporción de finalización a corral, u otras propuestas tecnológicas acordes a una ganadería baja en carbono. Esto implica que las emisiones de metano por fermentación entérica del ganado aumentan únicamente en un 0,2% (1,5 Gg). El total de las emisiones de metano se incrementa en 0,4% (3,14 Gg), cambio compuesto por la mencionada variación de las emisiones del ganado, por una leve caída del 0,3% de las emisiones de la gestión de efluentes, y un aumento de 10,4% de las emisiones del cultivo de arroz.', 'El total de las emisiones de metano se incrementa en 0,4% (3,14 Gg), cambio compuesto por la mencionada variación de las emisiones del ganado, por una leve caída del 0,3% de las emisiones de la gestión de efluentes, y un aumento de 10,4% de las emisiones del cultivo de arroz. Estos discretos incrementos virtualmente representan un escenario de estabilización de las emisiones de metano (Figura 31). Fermentación entérica Manejo del estiércol Emisiones del cultivo de arroz Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Figura 31: Emisiones de metano según fuente de emisión. Escenario alternativoSe incluyen en esta sección las trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 asociadas exclusivamente a la disposición de residuos sólidos en sitios de disposición final bajo tres escenarios a 2050.', 'Escenario alternativoSe incluyen en esta sección las trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 asociadas exclusivamente a la disposición de residuos sólidos en sitios de disposición final bajo tres escenarios a 2050. Las emisiones de la disposición de residuos sólidos explican más del 80% de las emisiones de CH4 del sector Desechos. Uruguay aprobó en 2019 la Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos (Nº 19.829). Esta ley tiene por objeto la protección del ambiente y la promoción de un modelo de desarrollo sostenible, mediante la prevención y reducción de los impactos negativos de la generación, el manejo y todas las etapas de gestión de los residuos y el reconocimiento de sus posibilidades de generar valor y empleo de calidad.', 'Esta ley tiene por objeto la protección del ambiente y la promoción de un modelo de desarrollo sostenible, mediante la prevención y reducción de los impactos negativos de la generación, el manejo y todas las etapas de gestión de los residuos y el reconocimiento de sus posibilidades de generar valor y empleo de calidad. Además, impulsa fuertemente la disminución de la generación de residuos y los posiciona como recursos, apostando al desarrollo de capacidades nacionales para que la disposición final de residuos no sea la base de la gestión. Es bajo este marco que, en 2021, desde el Ministerio de Ambiente se empezó a trabajar en la elaboración del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos (PNGR), previsto en el Art. 14 de la Ley 19.829.', '14 de la Ley 19.829. El PNGR es una herramienta de planificación estratégica que aterriza estos conceptos mediante objetivos, metas y líneas de acción con un alcance de diez años. La primera versión del PNGR (aún no aprobado a la fecha de cierre del presente documento) es tomado como base y proyectado para la elaboración de la ECLP. El primer escenario, denominado escenario sin PNGR, establece una trayectoria para las emisiones de la disposición de residuos en sitios de disposición final que asume un crecimiento en la generación de residuos asociado a la proyección del PIB y de la población utilizados para los escenarios de la ECLP y considera que no se implementa el PNGR.', 'El primer escenario, denominado escenario sin PNGR, establece una trayectoria para las emisiones de la disposición de residuos en sitios de disposición final que asume un crecimiento en la generación de residuos asociado a la proyección del PIB y de la población utilizados para los escenarios de la ECLP y considera que no se implementa el PNGR. Se asume que la composición y otros parámetros del modelo de estimación de emisiones FOD, permanecen constantes (ver detalles en Anexo 4 Residuos). Este escenario sí considera la implementación de lo establecido en la Ley 19.829 (vigente desde 2019) relativo a los sitios de disposición final operativos.', 'Este escenario sí considera la implementación de lo establecido en la Ley 19.829 (vigente desde 2019) relativo a los sitios de disposición final operativos. A partir del 1º de enero de 2024 se establece el cierre de vertederos a cielo abierto, los sitios de disposición final deberán contar con autorización ambiental provista por el Ministerio de Ambiente y por tanto deberán realizar las adecuaciones constructivas necesarias para alcanzar dicha autorización. A los efectos del modelado del escenario se considera que los sitios de disposición final pasarán a carácter de sitio de disposición final manejado (relleno sanitario) con captura de biogás, con una eficiencia de captura del 20%.', 'A los efectos del modelado del escenario se considera que los sitios de disposición final pasarán a carácter de sitio de disposición final manejado (relleno sanitario) con captura de biogás, con una eficiencia de captura del 20%. Los escenarios aspiracionales proyectan los principales lineamientos del PNGR a 2050 planteando trayectorias potenciales para dos situaciones: enterramiento cero y enterramiento 10% de residuos en sitios de disposición final. Ambos escenarios aspiran a la reducción gradual de los sitios de disposición final como medio para la gestión de residuos, tomando como meta ambiciosa a 2050 que se detengan los ingresos de residuos a los sitios de disposición final. Para elaborar las trayectorias se consideraron dos aspectos fundamentales: la disminución en la generación de residuos y la disminución de ingresos a sitios de disposición.', 'Para elaborar las trayectorias se consideraron dos aspectos fundamentales: la disminución en la generación de residuos y la disminución de ingresos a sitios de disposición. Para la disminución de la generación de residuos, se considera un desacople de la generación de residuos en relación con la producción de bienes y servicios. Para ello, se apuesta a reforzar la estrategia de reducción del uso de plásticos de un solo uso, que comienza con la RM 272, el desarrollo de un esquema de certificación de empresas libres de plásticos de un solo uso y que se irá extendiendo con otras medidas.', 'Para ello, se apuesta a reforzar la estrategia de reducción del uso de plásticos de un solo uso, que comienza con la RM 272, el desarrollo de un esquema de certificación de empresas libres de plásticos de un solo uso y que se irá extendiendo con otras medidas. Estos escenarios también consideran la línea de reducir las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos, en todos los eslabones de las cadenas de alimentos y en línea con la meta del ODS 13.2.', 'Estos escenarios también consideran la línea de reducir las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos, en todos los eslabones de las cadenas de alimentos y en línea con la meta del ODS 13.2. Para la línea de disminución de ingresos de residuos a sitios de disposición final, los escenarios consideran un incremento gradual y progresivode estrategias de economía circular, recuperación y valorización de las diferentes fracciones de residuos, apoyadas en una estrategia de recolección selectiva que permita la correcta desagregación de las corrientes para su posterior valorización (ver detalles en Anexo 4 Residuos). Para las fracciones rechazadas de los procesos de recuperación y valorización, así como para otras fracciones que no tengan potencial valorización (por ejemplo, pañales) se plantea como escenario su valorización energética.', 'Para las fracciones rechazadas de los procesos de recuperación y valorización, así como para otras fracciones que no tengan potencial valorización (por ejemplo, pañales) se plantea como escenario su valorización energética. Se requerirá una revisión y análisis frente a cambios en temporalidades y metas de valorización establecidas en los modelos (ver detalles en Anexo 4 Residuos) o futuros desarrollos tecnológicos que podrán modificar la trayectoria de emisiones. Por ejemplo, mejoras en los sistemas de captura de biogás podrían disminuir significativamente las emisiones. La implementación de las medidas relativas a la recolección selectiva, recuperación y valorización de residuos, generan impactos en emisiones y reducciones que van más allá de las trayectorias descritas en esta sección, que sólo abarca las emisiones generadas en los sitios de disposición final.', 'La implementación de las medidas relativas a la recolección selectiva, recuperación y valorización de residuos, generan impactos en emisiones y reducciones que van más allá de las trayectorias descritas en esta sección, que sólo abarca las emisiones generadas en los sitios de disposición final. Los escenarios proyectados deberán estar acompañados de un fuerte trabajo nacional en materia de investigación, innovación y desarrollo y del fortalecimiento de todos los procesos de educación tendientes a lograr una sociedad comprometida en forma activa con los cambios propuestos. Para su implementación es necesario el establecimiento de líneas de financiamiento y el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de empresas a nivel nacional para recuperar y valorizar las diferentes fracciones de residuos.', 'Para su implementación es necesario el establecimiento de líneas de financiamiento y el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de empresas a nivel nacional para recuperar y valorizar las diferentes fracciones de residuos. Si bien el PNGR y la ECLP involucran un conjunto de retos, también generan un conjunto de oportunidades para el desarrollo de nuevos negocios que pueden colaborar con un desarrollo más justo e inclusivo. En la Figura 32 se presentan los resultados de las trayectorias de CH4 para los diferentes escenarios planteados. Se observa que a 2050 se estima una reducción del 67% de las emisiones para el escenario enterramiento 10% comparado con el escenario sin PNGR y una disminución de aproximadamente el 80% de las emisiones para el escenario enterramiento cero.', 'Se observa que a 2050 se estima una reducción del 67% de las emisiones para el escenario enterramiento 10% comparado con el escenario sin PNGR y una disminución de aproximadamente el 80% de las emisiones para el escenario enterramiento cero. Si comparamos las emisiones a 2021 contra los escenarios aspiracionales, se estima una reducción de emisiones del 20% para el escenario enterramiento 10% y casi el 50% para el escenario enterramiento 0%. Gg CH Sin PNGRS Enterramiento 10 % Enterramiento 0% Captura de biogas en SDF (20 % eficiencia) Figura 32: Trayectoria de emisiones CH4 para la Disposición de Residuos5.2.3.', 'Gg CH Sin PNGRS Enterramiento 10 % Enterramiento 0% Captura de biogas en SDF (20 % eficiencia) Figura 32: Trayectoria de emisiones CH4 para la Disposición de Residuos5.2.3. Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de CH4 al 2050 El sector agropecuario representó para Uruguay un 6,6% en promedio entre 2016 y 2020 de su Producto Interno Bruto (DIEA, 2021) y gran parte de su territorio está destinado a la producción agropecuaria, siendo la ganadería la actividad predominante en cuanto a uso del suelo. Esto determina un perfil de emisiones de GEI muy particular y fuertemente marcado por las emisiones de GEI no-CO2 relativas a la producción ganadera y agrícola, donde no existen aún tecnologías difundidas, consolidadas y/o accesibles que permitan reducir considerablemente las emisiones sin comprometer la producción de alimentos.', 'Esto determina un perfil de emisiones de GEI muy particular y fuertemente marcado por las emisiones de GEI no-CO2 relativas a la producción ganadera y agrícola, donde no existen aún tecnologías difundidas, consolidadas y/o accesibles que permitan reducir considerablemente las emisiones sin comprometer la producción de alimentos. En particular, las emisiones de CH4 se generan fundamentalmente en el sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros Usos de la Tierra y representaron, en el año 2017, el 94% de las emisiones totales de CH4 del país, de las cuales el 86% correspondieron a la fermentación entérica en la ganadería vacuna de carne.', 'En particular, las emisiones de CH4 se generan fundamentalmente en el sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y otros Usos de la Tierra y representaron, en el año 2017, el 94% de las emisiones totales de CH4 del país, de las cuales el 86% correspondieron a la fermentación entérica en la ganadería vacuna de carne. El 6% restante de las emisiones de metano del país correspondieron, en el año 2017, al sector Residuos, de las cuales un 87% provinieron de la Disposición de residuos sólidos (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019).', 'El 6% restante de las emisiones de metano del país correspondieron, en el año 2017, al sector Residuos, de las cuales un 87% provinieron de la Disposición de residuos sólidos (BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019). En relación con los escenarios de emisiones de CH4, es importante tener en consideración los siguientes elementos que lo diferencian de las emisiones de otros GEI: El CH4 es un GEI de vida corta, cuyo tiempo de permanencia en la atmósfera es entre 10-13 años, a diferencia eel CO2 que tiene una permanencia en la atmósfera de hasta 1000 años.', 'En relación con los escenarios de emisiones de CH4, es importante tener en consideración los siguientes elementos que lo diferencian de las emisiones de otros GEI: El CH4 es un GEI de vida corta, cuyo tiempo de permanencia en la atmósfera es entre 10-13 años, a diferencia eel CO2 que tiene una permanencia en la atmósfera de hasta 1000 años. Por otra parte, las emisiones de CH4 provenientes de la producción ganadera, a diferencia de las emisiones de origen fósil, tienen su origen en procesos biológicos naturales como la digestión entérica y es parte del ciclo biológico del 3 Las métricas comunes son aquellos coeficientes numéricos utilizados para convertir GEI no-CO2 en su su equivalente en CO2. carbono.', 'Por otra parte, las emisiones de CH4 provenientes de la producción ganadera, a diferencia de las emisiones de origen fósil, tienen su origen en procesos biológicos naturales como la digestión entérica y es parte del ciclo biológico del 3 Las métricas comunes son aquellos coeficientes numéricos utilizados para convertir GEI no-CO2 en su su equivalente en CO2. carbono. Por lo tanto, la cantidad remanente de CH4 en la atmósfera, a los 10-13 años de haber sido emitido, es muy baja (Terra y Baethgen, 2021). Otro elemento importante a considerar en la elaboración de una ECLP, se vincula con las métricas comunes3 utilizadas para la cuantificación de las emisiones de los GEI no-CO2, en particular el CH4.', 'Otro elemento importante a considerar en la elaboración de una ECLP, se vincula con las métricas comunes3 utilizadas para la cuantificación de las emisiones de los GEI no-CO2, en particular el CH4. El potencial de calentamiento del metano es bastante mayor que el del CO2, estimado en 28 veces más que el del CO2 en un período de 100 años (AR5 IPCC, 2014). Sin embargo, al ser diferente el tiempo de permanencia en la atmósfera de los distintos GEI, el potencial de calentamiento debería referir a dicho período de tiempo. En este sentido, el IPCC ha evaluado e incorporado nuevas métricas comunes en su AR5 (IPCC, 2014) y AR6 (IPCC, 2021), que pueden estar más directamente vinculadas con un límite de temperatura y ser más útiles para este propósito.', 'En este sentido, el IPCC ha evaluado e incorporado nuevas métricas comunes en su AR5 (IPCC, 2014) y AR6 (IPCC, 2021), que pueden estar más directamente vinculadas con un límite de temperatura y ser más útiles para este propósito. En base a ello, Uruguay sostiene y refuerza su posición de que es necesario efinir métricas comunes que mejor reflejen la relación de las emisiones con el aumento de la temperatura y que, como señala el IPCC, “puedan ser útiles para los usuarios y los tomadores de decisión”. Es por esto que, en línea con la CDN1, los escenarios de emisiones / remociones de GEI de la ECLP de Uruguay se presentan por gas.', 'Es por esto que, en línea con la CDN1, los escenarios de emisiones / remociones de GEI de la ECLP de Uruguay se presentan por gas. Teniendo en consideración estos elementos y de manera de seguir contribuyendo con la producción mundial de alimentos, Uruguay plantea en su ECLP un escenario ambicioso de estabilidad de emisiones de CH4 al 2050 (Figura 33).Figura 33: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4, período 2020-2050 El escenario alternativo del sector AFOLU para CH4 apunta a estabilizar las emisiones de metano en la actividad ganadera, aumentando la productividad de los sistemas, a la vez que reduce las emisiones por unidad de producto.', 'Teniendo en consideración estos elementos y de manera de seguir contribuyendo con la producción mundial de alimentos, Uruguay plantea en su ECLP un escenario ambicioso de estabilidad de emisiones de CH4 al 2050 (Figura 33).Figura 33: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4, período 2020-2050 El escenario alternativo del sector AFOLU para CH4 apunta a estabilizar las emisiones de metano en la actividad ganadera, aumentando la productividad de los sistemas, a la vez que reduce las emisiones por unidad de producto. Esto se lograría a través de mejoras tecnológicas que se traducirían en aumentos en la tasa de procreo y tasa de extracción para faena, logrando así estabilizar el stock total vacuno.', 'Esto se lograría a través de mejoras tecnológicas que se traducirían en aumentos en la tasa de procreo y tasa de extracción para faena, logrando así estabilizar el stock total vacuno. Con este escenario alternativo, de emisiones estables de CH4, Uruguay contribuirá a que se equilibren las concentraciones atmosféricas de este gas y no se genere calentamiento adicional. Por otro lado, si bien el aporte del sector Residuos al total de emisiones de CH4 de Uruguay es bajo, la gestión de los residuos sólidos es un aspecto relevante de la política ambiental nacional y, debido a ello, la elaboración del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos (PNGR) ha sido priorizado por el Ministerio de Ambiente para el período 2020-2025.', 'Por otro lado, si bien el aporte del sector Residuos al total de emisiones de CH4 de Uruguay es bajo, la gestión de los residuos sólidos es un aspecto relevante de la política ambiental nacional y, debido a ello, la elaboración del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos (PNGR) ha sido priorizado por el Ministerio de Ambiente para el período 2020-2025. Los escenarios aspiracionales que se plantean para este sector proyectan los principales lineamientos del PNGR a 2050 e incluyen, como meta ambiciosa a 2050, que se disminuya la generación de residuos y se detengan los ingresos de residuos a los sitios de disposición final. Gg CH - AFOLU alternativo Residuos alternativo 0% enterramiento Residuos alternativo 10% enterramiento5.3.1. Evolución pasada y escenario actual 5.3.1.1.', 'Evolución pasada y escenario actual 5.3.1.1. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra Las emisiones nacionales de N2O, al igual que las emisiones CH4, derivan en su gran mayoría del sector agropecuario (96% de las emisiones totales de N2O con métrica GWP100 AR2, Figura 34). En el sector agropecuario las fuentes de emisión de este gas son: emisiones directas de óxido nitroso por deposición de orina y heces en áreas de pastoreo (80,6%), seguidas por aplicación de fertilizantes (10,6%), descomposición de residuos de cultivos (4.8%) y mineralización del nitrógeno del suelo por cambios en el uso de la tierra (3,6%) (Figura 35). Las emisiones indirectas de óxido nitroso, por volatilización y lixiviación, representaron el 19,5% de las emisiones totales de N2O de AFOLU.', 'Las emisiones indirectas de óxido nitroso, por volatilización y lixiviación, representaron el 19,5% de las emisiones totales de N2O de AFOLU. Gg N O AFOLU 96,6 % Figura 34: Emisiones de N2O totales de Uruguay (Gg N2O) Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019 La proyección de emisiones de N2O tiene una tendencia similar a las emisiones de CH4 y también está asociada a la producción de vacunos de carne. Sin embargo, mientras que una mejora en la digestibilidad y contenido de proteína de la dieta tienden a reducir las emisiones de CH4, las emisiones de N2O podrían aumentar por una mayor cantidad de N excretado por los animales.', 'Sin embargo, mientras que una mejora en la digestibilidad y contenido de proteína de la dieta tienden a reducir las emisiones de CH4, las emisiones de N2O podrían aumentar por una mayor cantidad de N excretado por los animales. Aplicacion de Fertilizantes sintéticos N orgánico aplicado como fertilizante 0,4% N por deposicion de heces y orina por animales en pastoreo 80,6% N en residuos de cultivo 4 ,8% Mineralización/ inmobilizacion asociada con ganancias y perdidas de materia orgánica del suelo por cambios en el uso del suelo 3,6% O AFOLU Figura 35: Emisiones N2O, sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión, año 2017 (Gg N2O) Fuente: BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019Emisiones directas de suelos gestionados Emisiones indirectas de suelos gestionados Manejo del estiércol Emisiones indirectas del manejo del estiércol Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Gg N O Figura 36: Evolución pasada de las emisiones de N2O, sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 20195.3.2.', 'Aplicacion de Fertilizantes sintéticos N orgánico aplicado como fertilizante 0,4% N por deposicion de heces y orina por animales en pastoreo 80,6% N en residuos de cultivo 4 ,8% Mineralización/ inmobilizacion asociada con ganancias y perdidas de materia orgánica del suelo por cambios en el uso del suelo 3,6% O AFOLU Figura 35: Emisiones N2O, sector agropecuario por fuente de emisión, año 2017 (Gg N2O) Fuente: BUR 3 Uruguay, 2019Emisiones directas de suelos gestionados Emisiones indirectas de suelos gestionados Manejo del estiércol Emisiones indirectas del manejo del estiércol Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Gg N O Figura 36: Evolución pasada de las emisiones de N2O, sector AFOLU, período 1990-2017 Fuente: Tomado y modificado de BUR 3 Uruguay, 20195.3.2. Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de N2O al 2050 5.3.2.1.', 'Escenarios y trayectorias de emisiones de N2O al 2050 5.3.2.1. Sector Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra La ganadería es responsable de la mayor parte de las emisiones de N2O del sector agropecuario al igual que sucede con las emisiones de CH4. Estas están determinadas principalmente por el stock vacuno y responde a un conjunto de variables que caracterizan la eficiencia reproductiva de la cría y la velocidad de terminación de los novillos para faena. En la Tabla 05 se ilustran los principales indicadores técnicos de la ganadería que están asociados a la dinámica de emisiones de CH4 y N2O. De acuerdo con las proyecciones a 2050, en el escenario tendencial, las emisiones de N2O se incrementarían un 1,6% en el período 2017-2050, aumentando en 0,43 Gg.', 'De acuerdo con las proyecciones a 2050, en el escenario tendencial, las emisiones de N2O se incrementarían un 1,6% en el período 2017-2050, aumentando en 0,43 Gg. Las emisiones directas de suelos gestionados asociadas a la ganadería explican el 80% de dicho incremento (Figura 37). Emisiones directas de suelos gestionados Emisiones indirectas de suelos gestionados Manejo de estiércol Emisiones indirectas del manejo de estiércol Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Gg N O Figura 37: Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O). Escenario tendencial. Para la ECLP se plantea un escenario alternativo (Figura 38) que conduce a la estabilidad de emisiones de N2O del sector ganadero y que no contribuye con calentamiento adicional. Las emisiones proyectadas de N2O siguen una dinámica similar a la de CH4.', 'Las emisiones proyectadas de N2O siguen una dinámica similar a la de CH4. En la Tabla 06 se describen los indicadores técnicos en el escenario alternativo y el cambio que se propone con respecto al escenario tendencial. En el escenario alternativo se propone un aumento de la productividad con estabilidad de emisiones que resultan en una disminución de la intensidad de emisiones por unidad de producto. Esto se lograría a través de mejoras tecnológicas que se traducirían en aumentos de la tasa de procreo y tasa de extracción para faena con estabilización del stock total vacuno.', 'Esto se lograría a través de mejoras tecnológicas que se traducirían en aumentos de la tasa de procreo y tasa de extracción para faena con estabilización del stock total vacuno. Las emisiones de N2O, en este escenario mostrarían una caída de 0,6% (-0,16 Gg) explicado principalmente por la disminución de las emisiones directas de suelos gestionados (-0,15 Gg), asociadas a una menor pérdida de materia orgánica y menor uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados por cambio en el uso del suelo. Emisiones directas de suelos gestionados Emisiones indirectas de suelos gestionados Manejo del estiercol Emisiones indirectas del manejo del estiercol Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Gg N O Figura 38, Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O). Escenario alternativo.5.3.3.', 'Emisiones directas de suelos gestionados Emisiones indirectas de suelos gestionados Manejo del estiercol Emisiones indirectas del manejo del estiercol Emisiones de la quema de biomasa Gg N O Figura 38, Emisiones de óxido nitroso según fuente de emisión (Gg N2O). Escenario alternativo.5.3.3. Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de N2O al 2050 Las emisiones de N2O, al igual que las de CH4, están fuertemente relacionadas con el sector agropecuario y la producción de alimentos y, representaron, en el 2017, el 97% de las emisiones totales de N2O del país.', 'Hacia la estabilidad en las emisiones de N2O al 2050 Las emisiones de N2O, al igual que las de CH4, están fuertemente relacionadas con el sector agropecuario y la producción de alimentos y, representaron, en el 2017, el 97% de las emisiones totales de N2O del país. Las principales emisiones de este gas se generan a partir del nitrógeno contenido en heces y orina que es depositado en las pasturas por los animales en pastoreo, por lo que la dinámica de las emisiones de N2O tiene un fuerte vínculo con la actividad ganadera del país y un importante correlato con el escenario alternativo planteado para el CH4.', 'Las principales emisiones de este gas se generan a partir del nitrógeno contenido en heces y orina que es depositado en las pasturas por los animales en pastoreo, por lo que la dinámica de las emisiones de N2O tiene un fuerte vínculo con la actividad ganadera del país y un importante correlato con el escenario alternativo planteado para el CH4. Ese escenario alternativo conduciría a un aumento de la productividad de los sistemas ganaderos, a través de mejoras tecnológicas asociadas a la eficiencia reproductiva de la cría y la tasa de extracción, que permitirían estabilizar el stock total vacuno y las emisiones de N2O. Esto resultaría en una disminución en la intensidad de emisiones por unidad de producto.', 'Esto resultaría en una disminución en la intensidad de emisiones por unidad de producto. Como fuera mencionado para el caso del CH4, aún no existen tecnologías consolidadas que permitan reducir las emisiones de estos gases en las actividades productivas, sin que ello comprometa la producción de alimentos, por lo que se plantea para la ECLP un escenario alternativo que conduce a la estabilidad de emisiones de N2O y que no contribuye con calentamiento adicional.TRANSICIÓN JUSTA06 TRANSICIÓN JUSTA Como se refleja en la sección anterior, la elaboración de esta ECLP se enfocó en la modelación de las trayectorias y escenarios de emisiones/ remociones GEI tendenciales y alternativos, tecnológicamente viables.', 'Como fuera mencionado para el caso del CH4, aún no existen tecnologías consolidadas que permitan reducir las emisiones de estos gases en las actividades productivas, sin que ello comprometa la producción de alimentos, por lo que se plantea para la ECLP un escenario alternativo que conduce a la estabilidad de emisiones de N2O y que no contribuye con calentamiento adicional.TRANSICIÓN JUSTA06 TRANSICIÓN JUSTA Como se refleja en la sección anterior, la elaboración de esta ECLP se enfocó en la modelación de las trayectorias y escenarios de emisiones/ remociones GEI tendenciales y alternativos, tecnológicamente viables. En esta sección, se presenta el análisis realizado dentro del concepto de Transición Justa para considerar cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones, en las trayectorias y escenarios alternativos.', 'En esta sección, se presenta el análisis realizado dentro del concepto de Transición Justa para considerar cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones, en las trayectorias y escenarios alternativos. El objetivo final de este análisis es detectar y anticipar las oportunidades y amenazas que se derivan de las trayectorias y escenarios de menores emisiones netas elaborados y presentados en esta ECLP. La profundización de este análisis y el diseño de acciones de política concretas que busquen aprovechar las oportunidades y/o mitigar las amenazas detectadas, será tarea de otras instancias en el ciclo de diseño e implementación de la política climática, y en particular de la elaboración e implementación de la CDN2.', 'La profundización de este análisis y el diseño de acciones de política concretas que busquen aprovechar las oportunidades y/o mitigar las amenazas detectadas, será tarea de otras instancias en el ciclo de diseño e implementación de la política climática, y en particular de la elaboración e implementación de la CDN2. El concepto de Transición Justa surge en el marco del ámbito laboral, si bien desde diversos sectores de la sociedad se fueron incorporando conceptos para ampliar su alcance. Así, en 2015 la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) estableció directrices de política para una Transición Justa hacia economías y sociedades ambientalmente sostenibles.', 'Así, en 2015 la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) estableció directrices de política para una Transición Justa hacia economías y sociedades ambientalmente sostenibles. Desde la perspectiva climática se adoptó el concepto para recalcar que son los países en desarrollo los que sufren más los impactos del cambio climático, aún cuando estos países son los que menos contribuyen a las emisiones de GEI. También se señala que, producto de desigualdades estructurales de carácter social y económico, hay colectivos que tienen mayor vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático y que, por lo tanto, se hace necesario pensar la transición hacia una economía de menos emisiones de GEI, considerando los posibles impactos socioeconómicos que recaerán sobre dichos colectivos.', 'También se señala que, producto de desigualdades estructurales de carácter social y económico, hay colectivos que tienen mayor vulnerabilidad a los impactos del cambio climático y que, por lo tanto, se hace necesario pensar la transición hacia una economía de menos emisiones de GEI, considerando los posibles impactos socioeconómicos que recaerán sobre dichos colectivos. Cabe mencionar que el análisis descrito en esta sección permitió al Gobierno de Uruguay profundizar en el concepto de Transición Justa, enfocando su aplicación al ámbito nacional. Uruguay avanzará en la conceptualización e implementación de dicho concepto en las siguientes etapas del ciclo de política climática, ampliando esta conceptualización de la Transición Justa al contexto global y de las negociaciones internacionales, tanto climáticas como laborales.', 'Uruguay avanzará en la conceptualización e implementación de dicho concepto en las siguientes etapas del ciclo de política climática, ampliando esta conceptualización de la Transición Justa al contexto global y de las negociaciones internacionales, tanto climáticas como laborales. Para aplicar el concepto de Transición Justa en la ECLP, en primer lugar se elaboró una línea de base de empleo actual, desagregada por sexo y franja etaria, entre otras variables, asociada a las actividades productivas que explican hoy las emisiones y remociones de GEI. Y, en segundo lugar, se analizó cómo las dinámicas productivas sobre las que se sustentan las proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI elaboradas, pueden influir en las cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones.', 'Y, en segundo lugar, se analizó cómo las dinámicas productivas sobre las que se sustentan las proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de GEI elaboradas, pueden influir en las cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones. Para la elaboración de la línea de base, se utilizó información sobre empleo, desagregada por Sexo, Franja Etaria, Vínculo Funcional, Monto Imponible y, Departamento, a partir de información que se replica desde el Banco de Previsión Social (BPS). Esta desagregación, más allá que no es suficiente para hacer un debido y completo análisis de las cuestiones de género y generaciones, aporta información de utilidad. Cabe mencionar algunas particularidades del proceso de elaboración de la línea de base.', 'Cabe mencionar algunas particularidades del proceso de elaboración de la línea de base. En primer lugar, la estructura y organización de los sectores y categorías de emisiones en el INGEI, no coincide con otras formas de clasificar la actividad productiva como, por ejemplo, la utilizada en las Cuentas Nacionales, en la Codificación CIIU y, en particular, con la organización de la información brindada por el Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (MTSS), la cual se basa en la clasificación utilizadaen el ámbito de la negociación colectiva en Uruguay4. En segundo lugar, la información del MTSS, incluye exclusivamente empleo del sector privado por lo que se debió desarrollar estrategias alternativas para considerar el empleo del sector público.', 'En segundo lugar, la información del MTSS, incluye exclusivamente empleo del sector privado por lo que se debió desarrollar estrategias alternativas para considerar el empleo del sector público. Esto es especialmente importante en aquellos sectores de emisiones donde el empleo público es de mayor relevancia, como es el energético, debido al rol y dimensión de las empresas ANCAP y UTE, y el asociado a desechos, debido al rol de los gobiernos departamentales en la gestión de los residuos. Por otra parte, la información no permite desagregar las funciones de las personas dentro de las empresas, aspecto relevante cuando son las funciones o tareas las que pueden verse amenazadas o beneficiadas, más que la actividad productiva en la que se enmarca la empresa.', 'Por otra parte, la información no permite desagregar las funciones de las personas dentro de las empresas, aspecto relevante cuando son las funciones o tareas las que pueden verse amenazadas o beneficiadas, más que la actividad productiva en la que se enmarca la empresa. Por último, mencionar que la línea de base no considera el empleo informal, el cual puede ser sustantivo en algunos sectores y que podría implicar una mayor proporción de los colectivos más vulnerables. Más allá de los recaudos que deben tomarse al momento de analizar esta información, el disponer de esta base permitirá mejorar el diseño de acciones y medidas de política pública concretas que favorezcan una Transición Justa.', 'Más allá de los recaudos que deben tomarse al momento de analizar esta información, el disponer de esta base permitirá mejorar el diseño de acciones y medidas de política pública concretas que favorezcan una Transición Justa. Al analizar la información contenida en la línea de base por Sector del INGEI, se observa lo siguiente: El total de la población ocupada en el sector privado de Energía (Transporte incluido), asciende a 83.828 personas, de las cuales 14.115 son mujeres (17%). La distribución etaria de hombres y mujeres por subsectores muestra que sólo en la “Producción de electricidad y calor” la mayor concentración se da en edades más avanzadas (entre 40 y 60 años).', 'La distribución etaria de hombres y mujeres por subsectores muestra que sólo en la “Producción de electricidad y calor” la mayor concentración se da en edades más avanzadas (entre 40 y 60 años). En los demás subsectores, las mujeres se ubican principalmente entre 30 y 50 años, y en los hombres es más variado: en “Servicios asociados al transporte” y “Gas por red” son más jóvenes (menores de 40 años), en “Transporte terrestre de pasajeros” más de la mitad son mayores de 40 años y en “Transporte de carga” y “Residencial” se ubican en edades intermedias (entre 30 y 50 años). 4 Se denominan Mesas de Negociación Colectiva y se clasifican con código llamados “Cuartetas” por su composición.', '4 Se denominan Mesas de Negociación Colectiva y se clasifican con código llamados “Cuartetas” por su composición. Al completar la información del Sector Energía con el empleo generado en las empresas del sector público, UTE y ANCAP principalmente, se observan otros 9.213 empleos siendo el 26% mujeres. Cabe mencionar que esta información es clasificada según códigos CIIU y con una desagregación diferente a la obtenida desde el MTSS. El empleo en el sector IPPU refiere a las “Actividades complementarias de la “Industria de la construcción” (incluye “Canteras en general” y “Hormigón premezclado”), las “Barracas de construcción”, y la “Industrialización del vidrio”. También se incluyó la “Industria de la construcción” por ser el sector demandante de estos insumos.', 'También se incluyó la “Industria de la construcción” por ser el sector demandante de estos insumos. El empleo en las “Actividades complementarias de la industria de la construcción”, “Barracas de construcción” e “Industrialización del vidrio”, asciende a 10.133 puestos de trabajo, donde 19% son mujeres. En la “Industria de la construcción” el empleo es de 29.700 y el empleo femenino es sólo un 8%. La población ocupada en las actividades del sector IPPU es relativamente joven, tienden a ubicarse en el tramo entre 30 y 50 años, con mayor predominio de los hombres entre los menores de 40 años, y las mujeres entre las de 40 y 50 años.', 'La población ocupada en las actividades del sector IPPU es relativamente joven, tienden a ubicarse en el tramo entre 30 y 50 años, con mayor predominio de los hombres entre los menores de 40 años, y las mujeres entre las de 40 y 50 años. Sobre el empleo privado en el sector AFOLU, este se asocia al generado por todas las actividades de la fase primaria agropecuaria que incluye “Ganadería, agricultura y actividades conexas”; “Viñedos, fruticultura, horticultura, floricultura, criaderos de aves, suinos, apicultura y otras actividades”; “Forestación”; y algunas seleccionadas de la agroindustria. El empleo en el sector privado registrado de la fase primaria agropecuaria asciende a 70.472 de los cuales 16.822 son mujeres, y de las actividades seleccionadas de la agroindustria, son 40.452, de las cuales 7.506 son mujeres.', 'El empleo en el sector privado registrado de la fase primaria agropecuaria asciende a 70.472 de los cuales 16.822 son mujeres, y de las actividades seleccionadas de la agroindustria, son 40.452, de las cuales 7.506 son mujeres. La mayor proporción del empleo en la fase primaria es generada por la “Ganadería, agricultura y actividades conexas” (70%), y en la fase agroindustrial, la “Industria Frigorífica/Carne vacuna” (26%). La distribución por edades muestra que en general tanto hombres como mujeres en las fases primaria y agroindustria se ubican en edades centrales (entre 30 y50 años), excepto en la fase primaria, donde los hombres tienden a ser más jóvenes (menores de 40 años).', 'La distribución por edades muestra que en general tanto hombres como mujeres en las fases primaria y agroindustria se ubican en edades centrales (entre 30 y50 años), excepto en la fase primaria, donde los hombres tienden a ser más jóvenes (menores de 40 años). El MGAP en base a Encuestas Continuas de Hogares (ECH) 2013-2016 y al Censo General Agropecuario 2011, estimó en 152.809 los puestos de trabajo agropecuarios (incluye actividades primarias y agroindustria; Anuario Opypa, 2018). Las diferencias se explican porque ese estudio considera el trabajo total de ocupados, incluyendo asalariados, patrones y cuentapropistas además del empleo informal, mientras que la base del MTSS considera solo el trabajo del sector privado.', 'Las diferencias se explican porque ese estudio considera el trabajo total de ocupados, incluyendo asalariados, patrones y cuentapropistas además del empleo informal, mientras que la base del MTSS considera solo el trabajo del sector privado. Otra diferencia importante es el hecho de que la base del MTSS considera la Mesa de Negociación Colectiva del trabajador, poniendo el foco en la función del cotizante para su clasificación sectorial, mientras que las ECH consideran la clasificación CIIU de la empresa del trabajador. En el sector privado vinculado a Desechos, se registran 2.833 empleos, siendo el 21% mujeres. El empleo en el sector Desechos es bastante juvenil, principalmente entre los hombres que se concentran entre los menores de 30 y 40 años.', 'El empleo en el sector Desechos es bastante juvenil, principalmente entre los hombres que se concentran entre los menores de 30 y 40 años. Las mujeres tienden a concentrarse en el tramo entre 30 y 50 años. Cabe mencionar que este sector se caracteriza por una alta informalidad y por un rol destacado de los gobiernos departamentales en la generación de empleo, aspectos que no son considerados en esta base de datos. A continuación, se presenta el acumulado de la información disponible, organizada por Sector del INGEI y desagregando por sexo (Tabla 07).', 'A continuación, se presenta el acumulado de la información disponible, organizada por Sector del INGEI y desagregando por sexo (Tabla 07). Tabla 07: Empleo relevado distribuido por sector del INGEI y desagregado por sexo Empleo Hombres Mujeres Acumulado La información proviene mayormente de la réplica del MTSS sobre el BPS, se organiza por Mesas de Negociación Colectiva, las cuales se asociaron con los Sectores defnidos en el INGEI. La información refiere mayormente a empleo del Sector Privado. 1) En este Sector se agrega la información disponible para el Sector Público. 2) Se incluye la información del Sector de la Construcción. 3) Incluye el empleo generado en la actividad primaria como también en la industria.', '3) Incluye el empleo generado en la actividad primaria como también en la industria. 4) No contiene el empleo en el Sector Público que resulta determinante por la relevancia de los Gobiernos Departamentales en la gestión de los residuos.', '4) No contiene el empleo en el Sector Público que resulta determinante por la relevancia de los Gobiernos Departamentales en la gestión de los residuos. Para determinar cómo las dinámicas productivas que sustentan las proyecciones elaboradas, pueden potencialmente influir en las cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones, se debe considerar, al menos, lo siguiente: • Si el escenario alternativo se basa en un aumento o descenso del nivel de actividad de un sector, entendiendo que ello implica oportunidades o amenazas en materia de empleo, y posibles modificaciones en la distribución por sexo y edad; • Si el aumento o descenso del nivel de actividad mencionado en el punto anterior, sustituye o es sustituida por el aumento o descenso en el nivel de actividad de otro sector, y en este caso, si esta otra actividad productiva es más o menos generadora de empleo que la primera;• Si el escenario alternativo se basa en cambios tecnológicos, que no implican de por sí modificaciones en los niveles de actividad, corresponde analizar si dichos cambios tienen potenciales afectaciones en cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones.', 'Para determinar cómo las dinámicas productivas que sustentan las proyecciones elaboradas, pueden potencialmente influir en las cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones, se debe considerar, al menos, lo siguiente: • Si el escenario alternativo se basa en un aumento o descenso del nivel de actividad de un sector, entendiendo que ello implica oportunidades o amenazas en materia de empleo, y posibles modificaciones en la distribución por sexo y edad; • Si el aumento o descenso del nivel de actividad mencionado en el punto anterior, sustituye o es sustituida por el aumento o descenso en el nivel de actividad de otro sector, y en este caso, si esta otra actividad productiva es más o menos generadora de empleo que la primera;• Si el escenario alternativo se basa en cambios tecnológicos, que no implican de por sí modificaciones en los niveles de actividad, corresponde analizar si dichos cambios tienen potenciales afectaciones en cuestiones de empleo, género y generaciones. Al analizar a nivel sectorial y enfocando en materia de empleo, se observa que las actividades vinculadas a la generación de energía con base en hidrocarburos requerirán de acciones específicas en materia de reconversión laboral.', 'Al analizar a nivel sectorial y enfocando en materia de empleo, se observa que las actividades vinculadas a la generación de energía con base en hidrocarburos requerirán de acciones específicas en materia de reconversión laboral. Parte de esa reconversión laboral puede ser absorbida por la generación de empleo asociado a las nuevas fuentes energéticas renovables. En este sentido, la penetración de las energías renovables ya transitada por el país es una referencia para dimensionar la oportunidad que conllevan. Se alerta aquí que, si bien la construcción e instalación de los parques de las diversas tecnologías renovables inicialmente requieren gran cantidad de mano de obra y personal técnico, el requerimiento de personal para el mantenimiento es mínimo.', 'Se alerta aquí que, si bien la construcción e instalación de los parques de las diversas tecnologías renovables inicialmente requieren gran cantidad de mano de obra y personal técnico, el requerimiento de personal para el mantenimiento es mínimo. Además, la instalación de nuevas plantas de energía renovable en distintos puntos del país no coincidirá, en muchos casos, con la ubicación de las plantas alimentadas a combustible fósil, y esto no facilita la reconversión de las personas empleadas. Sin embargo, puede suponer una oportunidad de mayor empleo distribuido geográficamente, ya que la infraestructura asociada a la electro movilidad y energías renovables estará repartida en todo el país.', 'Sin embargo, puede suponer una oportunidad de mayor empleo distribuido geográficamente, ya que la infraestructura asociada a la electro movilidad y energías renovables estará repartida en todo el país. En la transición hacia la descarbonización las cadenas asociadas al petróleo y al gas (refinación, distribución, comercialización, servicios) son importantes en cuanto al empleo que generan y será necesario buscar soluciones de reconversión, donde la posible transformación hacia una biorrefinería por un lado y el desarrollo de la estrategia de hidrógeno verde por otro, son vistas como oportunidades para reubicar este tipo de empleos. 5 Se denomina así a la educación enfocada en Ciencias, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemática (por su sigla en inglés).', '5 Se denomina así a la educación enfocada en Ciencias, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemática (por su sigla en inglés). En relación con el empleo asociado al transporte, no se detectan amenazas directas ya que el nivel de actividad se visualiza en aumento. En este sector, el cambio de combustibles utilizados (desde combustibles fósiles a electricidad e hidrógeno verde) es una amenaza para las actividades y empleos asociados a servicios al sector transporte, rubro que requeriría de medidas específicas que faciliten una reconversión laboral. La masificación de la electromovilidad en todo el país supondrá el desarrollo de la tecnología y la infraestructura que la soporte y el desarrollo de capital humano especializado, con formación técnica.', 'La masificación de la electromovilidad en todo el país supondrá el desarrollo de la tecnología y la infraestructura que la soporte y el desarrollo de capital humano especializado, con formación técnica. Cabe mencionar, que este tipo de cambio tecnológico puede derivarse en oportunidades para favorecer la incorporación de mujeres en el sector, e inclusive en actividades de mayor valor agregado asociado al uso de tecnologías más avanzadas. Entre otras medidas, será necesario seguir promocionando las formaciones STEM5 entre las mujeres y acompañarlas de políticas de cuidados para que puedan acceder y mantenerse en la educación y mercado laboral. Esto último se visualiza necesario para favorecer la incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral, en independencia del sector de actividad.', 'Esto último se visualiza necesario para favorecer la incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral, en independencia del sector de actividad. También supone una oportunidad a nivel geográfico, ya que la red de infraestructura asociada a la electromovilidad estará repartida en todo el país, siendo necesaria la mano de obra en toda la geografía. Respecto al Sector IPPU, los supuestos sobre los que se construyen las proyecciones se basan en cambios tecnológicos internos a los procesos de las empresas, no previéndose afectación sobre los niveles de actividad. En este sentido, no se visualizan amenazas al empleo en esta actividad. En el caso de AFOLU, los escenarios alternativos suponen un aumento de la actividad forestal y en la producción ganadera derivando en oportunidades para la generación de empleo.', 'En el caso de AFOLU, los escenarios alternativos suponen un aumento de la actividad forestal y en la producción ganadera derivando en oportunidades para la generación de empleo. La creación de nuevospuestos de trabajo asociado a nuevas tecnologías y prácticas productivas beneficia a jóvenes de las áreas rurales y sería una oportunidad idónea para aumentar la autonomía de las mujeres, pudiéndose fomentar mediante mecanismos legales, la tenencia de tierras y ganado por parte de ellas. En lo que refiere al sector forestal, se visualizan oportunidades de empleo en plantación, cuidado y mantenimiento a nivel de plantaciones y viveros, que serían óptimos que recayeran sobre población local y mujeres.', 'En lo que refiere al sector forestal, se visualizan oportunidades de empleo en plantación, cuidado y mantenimiento a nivel de plantaciones y viveros, que serían óptimos que recayeran sobre población local y mujeres. También se visualizan oportunidades de empleo en lo que a construcción en madera se refiere, siendo un nicho de reconversión laboral que además, podría beneficiar a jóvenes y mujeres, dada la masculinización del sector construcción. En este sector resulta de mayor relevancia las políticas de cuidados para que las mujeres se beneficien de las oportunidades laborales, esto porque las distancias entre el hogar y el lugar de trabajo y las jornadas, suelen ser mayores en comparación con otros sectores de actividad.', 'En este sector resulta de mayor relevancia las políticas de cuidados para que las mujeres se beneficien de las oportunidades laborales, esto porque las distancias entre el hogar y el lugar de trabajo y las jornadas, suelen ser mayores en comparación con otros sectores de actividad. Sobre el Sector Desechos, considerando los escenarios alternativos presentados y los supuestos sobre los que se elaboró el Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos, instrumento actualmente en consulta pública, se vislumbran tanto oportunidades como amenazas. Esto debido a que, en el marco del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos, se promoverán ciertos emprendimientos que valorizarán los residuos, derivando en oportunidades de empleo. Una oportunidad clara es la formalización de las personas asociadas a este sector, ya que tiene altos índices de informalidad.', 'Una oportunidad clara es la formalización de las personas asociadas a este sector, ya que tiene altos índices de informalidad. Además de los emprendimientos previstos en el PNGR, serán necesarios empleos asociados a la educación para concientizar de la importancia de la segregación de residuos en origen, que requerirá de un importante trabajo de educación y formación para el cual se requerirá personal especializado y en todas las partes del país. Por otro lado, más allá de las plantas de tratamiento de residuos, todo el sistema de logística a implementar para la recogida separada de residuos segregados en origen supone la creación de nuevo empleo.', 'Por otro lado, más allá de las plantas de tratamiento de residuos, todo el sistema de logística a implementar para la recogida separada de residuos segregados en origen supone la creación de nuevo empleo. Asimismo, los nuevos contendores y demás material necesario para hacer efectivo un sistema de segregación en origen y recogida separada, puede plantear una oportunidad para su producción nacional y la generación de nuevas cadenas de valor o promoción de las existentes en este ámbito. Asimismo, hay que señalar que los sistemas de captura de biogás y de valorización de orgánicos requerirán nuevos trabajadores con formación especializada/cualificada.', 'Asimismo, hay que señalar que los sistemas de captura de biogás y de valorización de orgánicos requerirán nuevos trabajadores con formación especializada/cualificada. Las plantas de valorización de orgánicos además tienen una industria asociada que es la de producción y venta de compost orgánico para actividades agrícolas o de jardinería, con las necesidades de transportes asociadas. Como amenazas al empleo en el Sector Desechos, se prevé una disminución en el flujo de residuos y, en particular, en la disposición de residuos en sitios de disposición final, lo que es una amenaza para los empleos vinculados con la recolección y gestión de residuos en los sitios de disposición final.', 'Como amenazas al empleo en el Sector Desechos, se prevé una disminución en el flujo de residuos y, en particular, en la disposición de residuos en sitios de disposición final, lo que es una amenaza para los empleos vinculados con la recolección y gestión de residuos en los sitios de disposición final. Más allá de esta primera detección de oportunidades y amenazas en materia de empleo, género y generaciones, se destaca la disponibilidad de la línea de base como herramienta fundamental para diseñar e implementar acciones concretas alineadas con el concepto de Transición Justa.APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS07 APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS El Artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París presenta sus objetivos y consigna que “tiene por objeto reforzar la respuesta mundial a la amenaza del cambio climático, en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza” y que para ello se buscará, entre otros objetivos, “…Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima…”.', 'Más allá de esta primera detección de oportunidades y amenazas en materia de empleo, género y generaciones, se destaca la disponibilidad de la línea de base como herramienta fundamental para diseñar e implementar acciones concretas alineadas con el concepto de Transición Justa.APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS07 APORTE DE URUGUAY A LOS OBJETIVOS DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS El Artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París presenta sus objetivos y consigna que “tiene por objeto reforzar la respuesta mundial a la amenaza del cambio climático, en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza” y que para ello se buscará, entre otros objetivos, “…Aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima…”. Desde la creación de la CMNUCC, e inclusive antes, Uruguay ha actuado de forma responsable ante el cambio climático, tanto en el plano internacional como nacional y local.', 'Desde la creación de la CMNUCC, e inclusive antes, Uruguay ha actuado de forma responsable ante el cambio climático, tanto en el plano internacional como nacional y local. Son varias las normativas, arreglos institucionales, medidas de política y procesos de planificación, mencionados en este documento que confirman el rol activo que Uruguay ha asumido ante el cambio climático y, en particular, para aumentar la capacidad de adaptación y resiliencia al clima. Con la elaboración de esta Estrategia, Uruguay refuerza dicha decisión al incluir una sección enfocada en adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo ante el cambio climático y, en particular, a través de la definición de consideraciones prioritarias para el mediano plazo que reforzarán la capacidad institucional de Uruguay para enfrentar el cambio climático.', 'Con la elaboración de esta Estrategia, Uruguay refuerza dicha decisión al incluir una sección enfocada en adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo ante el cambio climático y, en particular, a través de la definición de consideraciones prioritarias para el mediano plazo que reforzarán la capacidad institucional de Uruguay para enfrentar el cambio climático. No menor, y en línea con el rol que Uruguay ha jugado en el contexto internacional y en la CMNUCC en particular, es la decisión de aportar al desarrollo de un enfoque que permita conectar los esfuerzos en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional, con la MGA.', 'No menor, y en línea con el rol que Uruguay ha jugado en el contexto internacional y en la CMNUCC en particular, es la decisión de aportar al desarrollo de un enfoque que permita conectar los esfuerzos en materia de adaptación, resiliencia y reducción del riesgo a nivel nacional, con la MGA. Esta Estrategia pretende, también, continuar promoviendo un desarrollo de largo plazo del país con bajas emisiones de GEI, a partir de procesos productivos y servicios sostenibles, que incorporan conocimiento e innovación, en línea con lo establecido en nuestra PNCC y en virtud de lo indicado en el Artículo 4.1 del Acuerdo de París: “Para cumplir el objetivo a largo plazo referente a la temperatura que se establece en el artículo 2, las Partes se proponen lograr que las emisiones mundiales de gases de efecto invernadero alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, teniendo presente que las Partes que son países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograrlo, y a partir de ese momento reducir rápidamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de conformidad con la mejor información científica disponible, para alcanzar un equilibrio entre las emisiones antropógenas por las fuentes y la absorción antropógena por los sumideros en la segunda mitad del siglo, sobre la base de la equidad en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza”.', 'Esta Estrategia pretende, también, continuar promoviendo un desarrollo de largo plazo del país con bajas emisiones de GEI, a partir de procesos productivos y servicios sostenibles, que incorporan conocimiento e innovación, en línea con lo establecido en nuestra PNCC y en virtud de lo indicado en el Artículo 4.1 del Acuerdo de París: “Para cumplir el objetivo a largo plazo referente a la temperatura que se establece en el artículo 2, las Partes se proponen lograr que las emisiones mundiales de gases de efecto invernadero alcancen su punto máximo lo antes posible, teniendo presente que las Partes que son países en desarrollo tardarán más en lograrlo, y a partir de ese momento reducir rápidamente las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, de conformidad con la mejor información científica disponible, para alcanzar un equilibrio entre las emisiones antropógenas por las fuentes y la absorción antropógena por los sumideros en la segunda mitad del siglo, sobre la base de la equidad en el contexto del desarrollo sostenible y de los esfuerzos por erradicar la pobreza”. Para ello, la contribución de Uruguay, como país en desarrollo y sobre la base de la equidad y el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas, se desprende de los escenarios aspiracionales planteados en esta ECLP para los diferentes GEI.', 'Para ello, la contribución de Uruguay, como país en desarrollo y sobre la base de la equidad y el principio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y las capacidades respectivas, se desprende de los escenarios aspiracionales planteados en esta ECLP para los diferentes GEI. Uruguay se propone alcanzar la meta aspiracional de neutralidad de CO2 al 2050, contribuyendo a alcanzar el equilibrio entre las emisiones antropógenicas de CO2 y la absorción de CO2 por los sumideros en la segunda mitad del siglo. En este escenario aspiracional, el punto máximo de emisiones nacionales de CO2 será alcanzado alrededor del año 2027, aportando así a que las emisiones de GEI globales alcancen su pico lo antes posible.', 'En este escenario aspiracional, el punto máximo de emisiones nacionales de CO2 será alcanzado alrededor del año 2027, aportando así a que las emisiones de GEI globales alcancen su pico lo antes posible. En materia de los GEI no-CO2, CH4 y N2O, fuertemente ligados a la producción de alimentos, Uruguay se propone escenarios alternativos de estabilidad en las emisiones de estos gases al 2050, lo que implicará seguir aportando a la producción mundial de alimentos sin contribuir con calentamiento adicional.Reconociendo la necesidad urgente de aumentar la ambición en la acción climática a nivel global para alcanzar los objetivos del Acuerdo de París (Figura 39), reforzando la condición de Uruguay de país en desarrollo y considerando que su aporte a las emisiones globales representa únicamente un 0,04% del total, las contribuciones que se plantean en esta Estrategia al logro del objetivo de temperatura del Acuerdo de París resultan sumamente desafiantes y ambiciosas.', 'En materia de los GEI no-CO2, CH4 y N2O, fuertemente ligados a la producción de alimentos, Uruguay se propone escenarios alternativos de estabilidad en las emisiones de estos gases al 2050, lo que implicará seguir aportando a la producción mundial de alimentos sin contribuir con calentamiento adicional.Reconociendo la necesidad urgente de aumentar la ambición en la acción climática a nivel global para alcanzar los objetivos del Acuerdo de París (Figura 39), reforzando la condición de Uruguay de país en desarrollo y considerando que su aporte a las emisiones globales representa únicamente un 0,04% del total, las contribuciones que se plantean en esta Estrategia al logro del objetivo de temperatura del Acuerdo de París resultan sumamente desafiantes y ambiciosas. Global GHG emissions with LULUCF (Gt CO eq using GWP-100 from the AR6) NDCs IPCC scenarios SSPs IQR max min with LULUCF 2030 without LULUCF NDCs lower 2 °C Historical 1.5 °C with limited overshoot below 1.5 °C Figura 39: Proyecciones Globales de emisiones de GEI y aporte de las CDN disponibles.', 'Global GHG emissions with LULUCF (Gt CO eq using GWP-100 from the AR6) NDCs IPCC scenarios SSPs IQR max min with LULUCF 2030 without LULUCF NDCs lower 2 °C Historical 1.5 °C with limited overshoot below 1.5 °C Figura 39: Proyecciones Globales de emisiones de GEI y aporte de las CDN disponibles. Fuente: CMNUCC, 2021 Por otra parte, considerando los esfuerzos realizados por Uruguay para enfrentar el cambio climático y avanzar en un desarrollo con menos emisiones de GEI, resultan de mucha relevancia para el país los avances que ocurran en relación a “Situar los flujos financieros en un nivel compatible con una trayectoria que conduzca a un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero”, objetivo también mencionado en el Artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París.', 'Fuente: CMNUCC, 2021 Por otra parte, considerando los esfuerzos realizados por Uruguay para enfrentar el cambio climático y avanzar en un desarrollo con menos emisiones de GEI, resultan de mucha relevancia para el país los avances que ocurran en relación a “Situar los flujos financieros en un nivel compatible con una trayectoria que conduzca a un desarrollo resiliente al clima y con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero”, objetivo también mencionado en el Artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París. Para que Uruguay pueda aumentar su capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático y resiliencia al clima, y transitar por los escenarios de emisiones y remociones presentados como alternativos, es imprescindible que aumente el flujo de medios de implementación del exterior que llegan al país, en condiciones preferenciales.', 'Para que Uruguay pueda aumentar su capacidad de adaptación al cambio climático y resiliencia al clima, y transitar por los escenarios de emisiones y remociones presentados como alternativos, es imprescindible que aumente el flujo de medios de implementación del exterior que llegan al país, en condiciones preferenciales. Como es sabido, la tan relevante meta de movilización de fondos desde países desarrollados a países en desarrollo no se ha alcanzado en monto ni en lo que a las condiciones preferenciales de dicho financiamiento refiere.', 'Como es sabido, la tan relevante meta de movilización de fondos desde países desarrollados a países en desarrollo no se ha alcanzado en monto ni en lo que a las condiciones preferenciales de dicho financiamiento refiere. Más allá de esto, Uruguay seguirá trabajando para explicitar las necesidades de apoyo que requiere y reiterar en el contexto internacional, la importancia de llevar a la práctica el principio de las “responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas”, que se materializa en el cumplimiento del compromiso sobre el flujo de fondos desde países desarrollados a los países en desarrollo.ANEXOSESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR ENERGÍAESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR ENERGÍA Escenarios Energía: Información adicional En este anexo se describen la metodología, hipótesis y fuentes de datos utilizadas para los escenarios presentados para el sector energético, considerando las emisiones de CO2, tomando como año base el 2018 y como horizonte el 2050.', 'Más allá de esto, Uruguay seguirá trabajando para explicitar las necesidades de apoyo que requiere y reiterar en el contexto internacional, la importancia de llevar a la práctica el principio de las “responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas”, que se materializa en el cumplimiento del compromiso sobre el flujo de fondos desde países desarrollados a los países en desarrollo.ANEXOSESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR ENERGÍAESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR ENERGÍA Escenarios Energía: Información adicional En este anexo se describen la metodología, hipótesis y fuentes de datos utilizadas para los escenarios presentados para el sector energético, considerando las emisiones de CO2, tomando como año base el 2018 y como horizonte el 2050. Las medidas propuestas en el escenario aspiracional corresponden a tecnologías ya desarrolladas o que se prevé lo estén en el corto plazo.', 'Las medidas propuestas en el escenario aspiracional corresponden a tecnologías ya desarrolladas o que se prevé lo estén en el corto plazo. No se consideró ni se analizó el proceso de transición necesario para alcanzarlas, ni sus impactos económicos, sociales y ambientales, más allá de las emisiones de GEI. El sector Energía incluye las emisiones de la transformación, generación, transmisión y distribución de energía, así como las generadas en el uso y consumo de energía. La mayoría de las emisiones del sector corresponden a CO2 (95%) y son las consideradas en estos escenarios (Tabla 08).', 'La mayoría de las emisiones del sector corresponden a CO2 (95%) y son las consideradas en estos escenarios (Tabla 08). En lo que respecta a la generación de energía eléctrica, en ambos escenarios solamente se considera la demanda interna y a sistema cerrado (no se consideran importaciones ni exportaciones) y se asumen condiciones de “hidraulicidad” media. En el escenario aspiracional no se considera la energía necesaria para generación de hidrógeno, que será renovable y dedicada. En términos generales, las hipótesis manejadas son: Tabla 08: Hipótesis manejadas para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. ESCENARIO TENDENCIAL ESCENARIO ASPIRACIONAL • No se consideran mejoras tecnológicas (rendimientos constantes). • No se consideran cambios importantes en las participaciones de los combustibles en los distintos usos.', '• No se consideran cambios importantes en las participaciones de los combustibles en los distintos usos. • La expansión del parque de generación de electricidad incluye la opción de nuevas máquinas térmicas fósiles. • Sustitución de las fuentes fósiles en aquellos usos para los cuáles la tecnología que lo hace posible esté ya desarrollada o lo estará en el corto plazo.', '• Sustitución de las fuentes fósiles en aquellos usos para los cuáles la tecnología que lo hace posible esté ya desarrollada o lo estará en el corto plazo. • La expansión del parque de generación de electricidad solamente considera fuentes renovablesrenovables, así como acumulación (bancos de baterías) Metodología de proyección La proyección del consumo de los distintos combustibles o fuentes por uso para todos los sectores de demanda (con excepción del transporte) se estima mediante la siguiente fórmula: Demanda finali,j,k,t = IEUj,k,t *Driverj,k,t * ηi,j,k,t Siendo: Demanda finali,j,k,t : Energía final o neta consumida de la fuente (combustible) i en el uso j por el sector k en el año t IEUj,k,t : Intensidad de energía útil del uso j en el sector k en el año t Driverj,k,t : Variable socioeconómica (principalmente PIB o Población)que funciona como tractor de la demanda energética del uso j del sector k en el año t i,j,k,t : Rendimiento de la fuente i para el uso j del sector k en el año t Las variables socioeconómicas o drivers utilizados son: datos históricos de PIB, proyección de crecimiento 2020-2024, proyección de crecimiento a partir de 20256, población a 2050, serie de hogares histórica y proyección de hogares7.', '• La expansión del parque de generación de electricidad solamente considera fuentes renovablesrenovables, así como acumulación (bancos de baterías) Metodología de proyección La proyección del consumo de los distintos combustibles o fuentes por uso para todos los sectores de demanda (con excepción del transporte) se estima mediante la siguiente fórmula: Demanda finali,j,k,t = IEUj,k,t *Driverj,k,t * ηi,j,k,t Siendo: Demanda finali,j,k,t : Energía final o neta consumida de la fuente (combustible) i en el uso j por el sector k en el año t IEUj,k,t : Intensidad de energía útil del uso j en el sector k en el año t Driverj,k,t : Variable socioeconómica (principalmente PIB o Población)que funciona como tractor de la demanda energética del uso j del sector k en el año t i,j,k,t : Rendimiento de la fuente i para el uso j del sector k en el año t Las variables socioeconómicas o drivers utilizados son: datos históricos de PIB, proyección de crecimiento 2020-2024, proyección de crecimiento a partir de 20256, población a 2050, serie de hogares histórica y proyección de hogares7. Sector Residencial El consumo energético por fuente para el año base se toma directamente del Balance Energético Nacional (BEN) publicado por el MIEM.', 'Sector Residencial El consumo energético por fuente para el año base se toma directamente del Balance Energético Nacional (BEN) publicado por el MIEM. La participación de los usos en cada una de las fuentes existentes en el BEN se obtiene de estudios de consumos y usos de la energía. Para el sector residencial, el último disponible corresponde al realizado por el MIEM en 2006, que se utiliza para todas las fuentes con excepción de la leña y los residuos de biomasa; para éstas, los datos más actuales corresponden a los que se extraen de la Base de Indicadores de Eficiencia Energética (BIEE) desarrollada por el MIEM. Los datos de los rendimientos de cada una de las fuentes para cada uso también se obtienen del mencionado estudio.', 'Los datos de los rendimientos de cada una de las fuentes para cada uso también se obtienen del mencionado estudio. Con estos datos, el software LEAP, utilizado para la elaboración de este trabajo, calcula para el año base la Intensidad de Energía Útil (IEU) de cada uso como el cociente entre la energía útil total y el número de hogares. El driver considerado para la proyección de la demanda del sector residencial es el número de hogares. Además, para cada uso, se establece 6 Apartado 4.4.2 del mismo documento que corresponde a 2,3 % anual 7 Construcción de escenarios socioeconómicos 2012-2035 para prospectiva energética que la IEU crece de acuerdo con el PIB con una elasticidad constante, calculada con datos históricos de BEN y de PIB.', 'Además, para cada uso, se establece 6 Apartado 4.4.2 del mismo documento que corresponde a 2,3 % anual 7 Construcción de escenarios socioeconómicos 2012-2035 para prospectiva energética que la IEU crece de acuerdo con el PIB con una elasticidad constante, calculada con datos históricos de BEN y de PIB. Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector residencial fueron: • Escenario Tendencial: Intensidad de Energía útil crece con relación al PIB. • Escenario Aspiracional: Entre 2030 y 2050 se sustituyen las fuentes fósiles por electricidad. Gg GLP Gas Natural Fueloil Gasoil Kerosene Gasolina Automotora Tendencial Figura 40: Emisiones de CO2 del sector residencial, Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. Como se ve en la Figura 40, para este sector las medidas consideradas serían suficientes para lograr su descarbonización a 2050.', 'Como se ve en la Figura 40, para este sector las medidas consideradas serían suficientes para lograr su descarbonización a 2050. Sin embargo, para contextualizar la dificultad de su aplicación, implica grandes cambios en el sector ya que casi el 30 % de los hogares uruguayos utilizan combustibles fósiles como energético principal para calefacción y más de un 90 % para cocción.Sector comercial y servicios Al igual que en el sector Residencial, los datos de consumos, participaciones de fuentes en los usos y rendimientos del sector Comercial y Servicios, se obtienen del BEN y del estudio de consumos y usos de la energía de 2006.', 'Sin embargo, para contextualizar la dificultad de su aplicación, implica grandes cambios en el sector ya que casi el 30 % de los hogares uruguayos utilizan combustibles fósiles como energético principal para calefacción y más de un 90 % para cocción.Sector comercial y servicios Al igual que en el sector Residencial, los datos de consumos, participaciones de fuentes en los usos y rendimientos del sector Comercial y Servicios, se obtienen del BEN y del estudio de consumos y usos de la energía de 2006. Para este sector, la IEU de cada uso en el año base queda determinada por el cociente entre la energía útil total y el valor agregado bruto (VAB) sectorial, obtenido de las cuentas nacionales del Banco Central del Uruguay (BCU).', 'Para este sector, la IEU de cada uso en el año base queda determinada por el cociente entre la energía útil total y el valor agregado bruto (VAB) sectorial, obtenido de las cuentas nacionales del Banco Central del Uruguay (BCU). El driver considerado para la proyección de la demanda es el VAB sectorial, asumiendo que la composición del PIB se mantiene constante para todo el periodo de estudio. La demanda final del sector, queda determinada por el crecimiento del VAB sectorial con una elasticidad constante calculada con datos históricos del BEN y del PIB. Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Comercial y Servicios fueron: • Escenario Tendencial: La demanda crece en relación con el VAB sectorial.', 'Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Comercial y Servicios fueron: • Escenario Tendencial: La demanda crece en relación con el VAB sectorial. • Escenario Aspiracional: Entre 2030 y 2045 se sustituyen las fuentes fósiles por electricidad. Gg GLP Gas Natural Fueloil Gasoil Kerosene Gasolina Automotora Tendencial Figura 41: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Comercial y de Servicios. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. En este sector, que ya tiene un consumo alto de electricidad en proporción a las demás fuentes, se podría alcanzar la descarbonización antes de 2050 (Figura 41). Sector Actividades Primarias Este sector se modela de idéntica forma que el de Comercial y Servicios, tomando como insumo los datos de la actualización del estudio de consumos y usos de la energía de 2006 realizada en el 2008.', 'Sector Actividades Primarias Este sector se modela de idéntica forma que el de Comercial y Servicios, tomando como insumo los datos de la actualización del estudio de consumos y usos de la energía de 2006 realizada en el 2008. Las demás consideraciones para el crecimiento de la demanda son idénticas, considerando el VAB sectorial y la elasticidad calculada correspondiente. Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Actividades Primarias son: • Escenario Tendencial: La demanda crece con relación al VAB sectorial. • Escenario Aspiracional: Sustitución de fuentes fósiles por electricidad para el uso de calor. Gg Gasoil Gasolina Automotora Fueloil Gasolina Aviación Turbocombustible Tendencial Figura 42: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Actividades primarias. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional.', 'Gg Gasoil Gasolina Automotora Fueloil Gasolina Aviación Turbocombustible Tendencial Figura 42: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Actividades primarias. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. En este sector, como puede verse en la Figura 42, el mayor consumo de combustible y por tanto las mayores emisiones, corresponden al gasoil, mayoritariamente debido a su uso en la maquinaria del sector agropecuario.A diferencia de los sectores previamente estudiados, no existe hoy en día una tecnología lo suficientemente desarrollada a nivel comercial para lograr la descarbonización de este uso y deberá revisarse atendiendo a nueva información. Algunos estudios mencionan la disponibilidad comercial de algunos tipos de maquinaria agrícola libres de emisiones, como ser tractores con motor y batería eléctrica.', 'Algunos estudios mencionan la disponibilidad comercial de algunos tipos de maquinaria agrícola libres de emisiones, como ser tractores con motor y batería eléctrica. Otra posibilidad a estudiar es la sustitución de los combustibles fósiles utilizados en maquinaria móvil por biocombustibles renovables (Green o drop-in). Sector Industrial Este sector se separa en dos subsectores: uno comprendido por la industria del papel y de la celulosa y otro que nuclea todo el resto de las industrias. Esto se basa en la importancia en el consumo total que tiene la primera desde hace unos años.', 'Esto se basa en la importancia en el consumo total que tiene la primera desde hace unos años. Sector Industrial – Plantas de celulosa Los datos correspondientes a los consumos energéticos de este subsector para el año base se obtienen del BEN mientras que las participaciones de las fuentes en los usos, así como sus correspondientes rendimientos, se obtienen del último Balance Nacional de Energía Útil para el sector Industrial realizado por el MIEM en 2016. Este subsector se modela considerando que las plantas existentes, así como la próxima a instalarse, operan a capacidad máxima y, por lo tanto, su demanda energética no tenderá a crecer en relación con ninguna de las variables socioeconómicas consideradas, sino que se mantendrá constante en el tiempo.', 'Este subsector se modela considerando que las plantas existentes, así como la próxima a instalarse, operan a capacidad máxima y, por lo tanto, su demanda energética no tenderá a crecer en relación con ninguna de las variables socioeconómicas consideradas, sino que se mantendrá constante en el tiempo. Solamente se considera el ingreso de forma escalonada de la tercera planta de celulosa, la cual se estima estará operando al 100 % de su capacidad para el 2025. No se considera en ningún escenario la incorporación de más plantas de este tipo para el periodo de estudio ni ampliación de las existentes. Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Actividades del sector industrial - Plantas de celulosa son: • Escenario Tendencial: i. Demanda por capacidad de producción. ii.', 'Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Actividades del sector industrial - Plantas de celulosa son: • Escenario Tendencial: i. Demanda por capacidad de producción. ii. Planta actualmente en construcción operando al 100% en el año 2025. • Escenario Aspiracional: A 2040 el transporte interno (dentro de las instalaciones) será 100% eléctrico. La mayor fuente de emisiones del sector es el fuel oil utilizado para el calor directo. De forma similar a lo comentado en el sector de Actividades Primarias, no existe hoy en día una tecnología lo suficientemente desarrollada a nivel comercial que pueda considerarse viable para la descarbonización de este uso en particular. Sector Industrial – Otras Industrias Este sector se modela de forma similar al de Comercial y Servicios y el de Actividades Primarias.', 'Sector Industrial – Otras Industrias Este sector se modela de forma similar al de Comercial y Servicios y el de Actividades Primarias. En este caso, los datos de los consumos para el año base se toman del BEN, mientras que las participaciones de las fuentes en los usos así como sus rendimientos, se toman del último Balance Nacional de Energía Útil para el sector Industrial realizado por el MIEM en 2016, considerando todos los subsectores industriales en conjunto menos el de Papel y Celulosa.', 'En este caso, los datos de los consumos para el año base se toman del BEN, mientras que las participaciones de las fuentes en los usos así como sus rendimientos, se toman del último Balance Nacional de Energía Útil para el sector Industrial realizado por el MIEM en 2016, considerando todos los subsectores industriales en conjunto menos el de Papel y Celulosa. Las demás consideraciones para el crecimiento de la demanda son idénticas, considerando el VAB sectorial (Industria y Construcción sin Papel y Celulosa) y la elasticidad calculada correspondiente.Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Actividades del sector industrial (sin incluir Plantas de celulosa) son: • Escenario Tendencial: Demanda crece con relación al VAB sectorial. • Escenario Aspiracional: i. A 2040 el transporte interno es 100% eléctrico. ii.', 'A 2040 el transporte interno es 100% eléctrico. ii. A 2045 se sustituyen las fuentes fósiles para generación de vapor y calor directo por electricidad, a excepción del coque de petróleo en cementeras. En la Figura 43 se presentan las emisiones de CO2 del sector industrial en su conjunto (plantas de celulosa y otros). Gg Fueloil Coque de petróleo Gasoil Gas Natural GLP Gasolina Automotora Tendencial Figura 43: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Industrial en su conjunto (plantas de celulosa y otros). Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. Consumo Propio – Refinería La demanda energética de este sector está compuesta por el consumo de combustible necesario para la operación de la refinería.', 'Consumo Propio – Refinería La demanda energética de este sector está compuesta por el consumo de combustible necesario para la operación de la refinería. Se modela un escenario tendencial en el cual tanto la capacidad de la refinería como su utilización se mantienen constantes e iguales a los valores del 2018 (88% de la capacidad máxima). Además, se modela de manera independiente de la demanda interna de combustibles asumiendo que, si ésta es mayor a la producción se importará hasta completar el abastecimiento y en caso de ser inferior se exportarán los excedentes. En el escenario aspiracional se modela que la planta reduce la refinación de petróleo crudo gradualmente a partir de 2040 llegando a cero en 2050. (Figura 44).', 'En el escenario aspiracional se modela que la planta reduce la refinación de petróleo crudo gradualmente a partir de 2040 llegando a cero en 2050. (Figura 44). Las hipótesis consideradas para el sector Consumo Propio (refinería) son: • Escenario Tendencial: Demanda constante, asumiendo capacidad máxima de refinería. • Escenario Aspiracional: A 2050 se deja de refinar petróleo. Gg Gas fuel Coque de petróleo Fueloil Gasoil GLP Gas Natural Gasolina Automotora Tendencial Figura 44: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Consumo propio de la Refinería. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. Sector Transporte Para los subsectores del transporte - fluvial, marítimo y aéreo - no se consideran medidas por lo que su demanda de combustibles se mantiene constante e igual a la del año base para todo el periodo de estudio y para los dos escenarios.', 'Sector Transporte Para los subsectores del transporte - fluvial, marítimo y aéreo - no se consideran medidas por lo que su demanda de combustibles se mantiene constante e igual a la del año base para todo el periodo de estudio y para los dos escenarios. Para el sector ferroviario se considera la introducción del ferrocarril central, considerando que operará a capacidad plena en el año 2035.Transporte carretero El parque automotor utilizado como base para realizar las proyecciones es el publicado para los años 2017-2020 por el MIEM que utiliza, como fuente principal de datos, la del Sistema Único de Cobro de Ingresos Vehiculares (Sucive). La metodología utilizada para la elaboración de dicho parque se puede ver junto al parque en el mismo enlace.', 'La metodología utilizada para la elaboración de dicho parque se puede ver junto al parque en el mismo enlace. Metodología de proyección La metodología de proyección, y por lo tanto el driver necesario para realizarla, varía de acuerdo al tipo de vehículo. Para las categorías autos, camionetas y camiones, el parque se proyecta utilizando como drivers el PIB, la población y un valor teórico de saturación de vehículos por habitante. Por su parte, para los ómnibus, taxis y remises se toma la hipótesis de que la cantidad de vehículos por habitante se mantiene constante a lo largo del tiempo. Finalmente, para la categoría motos se proyectan las tendencias observadas en los últimos años por la Encuesta Continua de Hogares del INE.', 'Finalmente, para la categoría motos se proyectan las tendencias observadas en los últimos años por la Encuesta Continua de Hogares del INE. El crecimiento del parque proyectado se basa en las ventas de vehículos nuevos. Las ventas anuales para cada tipo de vehículo quedan determinadas por el stock esperado y una tasa de reposición. Esta tasa de reposición deriva de asumir, para cada categoría, una curva de supervivencia teórica. Se utilizan los datos de ventas anuales por combustible de Autodata para determinar sus tendencias actuales, así como artículos internacionales para sus estimaciones futuras, generando así un escenario tendencial y uno aspiracional de proporción de ventas por combustible y por tipo de vehículo.', 'Se utilizan los datos de ventas anuales por combustible de Autodata para determinar sus tendencias actuales, así como artículos internacionales para sus estimaciones futuras, generando así un escenario tendencial y uno aspiracional de proporción de ventas por combustible y por tipo de vehículo. En este punto es importante resaltar que en ambos escenarios la cantidad de vehículos por categoría se estima igual; lo que varía son los grados de penetración de las distintas tecnologías que reducen el consumo de combustibles fósiles. Para vehículos livianos, se plantea la penetración de vehículos eléctricos a batería (BEV) e híbridos enchufables y no enchufables (HEV y PHEV 8 Vehículos con Peso bruto total (PBT) menor a 7.5ton.', 'Para vehículos livianos, se plantea la penetración de vehículos eléctricos a batería (BEV) e híbridos enchufables y no enchufables (HEV y PHEV 8 Vehículos con Peso bruto total (PBT) menor a 7.5ton. respectivamente) mientras que, para el transporte de carga, las hipótesis consideradas son las siguientes: los camiones chicos o livianos de menor peso bruto total (PBT) serán sustituidos por vehículos eléctricos a batería mientras que los pesados por vehículos de celdas de combustible alimentados por hidrógeno (FCEV) en el escenario aspiracional. El caso de los ómnibus es similar al de los camiones. Mientras los ómnibus urbanos se espera que se sustituyan por vehículos eléctricos a batería, los interdepartamentales, internacionales y demás que recorren mayores distancias diarias, sean sustituidos por vehículos de celdas de combustible alimentados por hidrógeno verde.', 'Mientras los ómnibus urbanos se espera que se sustituyan por vehículos eléctricos a batería, los interdepartamentales, internacionales y demás que recorren mayores distancias diarias, sean sustituidos por vehículos de celdas de combustible alimentados por hidrógeno verde. Tanto para transporte de carga como para ómnibus, el ingreso de vehículos de celdas de combustible alimentados por hidrógeno solamente se considera en el escenario aspiracional. Para la categoría motos, en ambos escenarios se asume que a 2050 el parque estará completamente constituido por vehículos eléctricos. En el escenario aspiracional, para lograr una mayor penetración de vehículos que no sean de combustión interna, se asumen los siguientes hitos: • A 2035 todos los vehículos nuevos de pasajeros son cero emisiones. • A 2040 los vehículos nuevos de carga de menor capacidad8 son cero emisiones.', '• A 2040 los vehículos nuevos de carga de menor capacidad8 son cero emisiones. • A 2045 todos los vehículos nuevos de carga son cero emisiones. En ambos escenarios se considera un porcentaje de mezcla de biocombustibles (biodiesel en gasoil y bioetanol en gasolinas) del 5 % en volumen de acuerdo con la ley vigente (N°18.195 del 14 de noviembre del 2007).', 'En ambos escenarios se considera un porcentaje de mezcla de biocombustibles (biodiesel en gasoil y bioetanol en gasolinas) del 5 % en volumen de acuerdo con la ley vigente (N°18.195 del 14 de noviembre del 2007). Ver en la Tabla 09 un resumen de la composición del parque vehicular resultante según las hipótesis consideradas para ambos escenarios.Tabla 09: Escenarios Tendencial y Aspiracional del Parque Vehicular SECTOR TRANSPORTE CARRETERO – PARQUE VEHICULAR Categoría Parque Actual Tendencial Aspiracional Tendencial Aspiracional Tendencial Aspiracional Autos y SUV 672.660 1,4 % BEV 6 % BEV 13,5 % BEV 50,2 % BEV 49,6 % BEV 81,2 % BEV Pick Up 159.453 0,7 % BEV 2,4 % BEV 6,2 % BEV 38,2 % BEV 40,9 % BEV 79,1 % BEV Utilitarios 59.665 4,3 % BEV 17,3 % BEV 29,6 % BEV 67,9 % BEV 72 % BEV 91,5 % BEV Taxis y Rem 8.511 16 % BEV 16 % BEV 80 % BEV 80 % BEV 100 % BEV 100 % BEV Estimación demanda de combustibles y emisiones de CO2 De forma de poder estimar la demanda por combustible y sus emisiones de CO2 asociadas es necesario contar, para cada tipo de vehículo, con el Recorrido medio anual y el Rendimiento promedio.', 'Ver en la Tabla 09 un resumen de la composición del parque vehicular resultante según las hipótesis consideradas para ambos escenarios.Tabla 09: Escenarios Tendencial y Aspiracional del Parque Vehicular SECTOR TRANSPORTE CARRETERO – PARQUE VEHICULAR Categoría Parque Actual Tendencial Aspiracional Tendencial Aspiracional Tendencial Aspiracional Autos y SUV 672.660 1,4 % BEV 6 % BEV 13,5 % BEV 50,2 % BEV 49,6 % BEV 81,2 % BEV Pick Up 159.453 0,7 % BEV 2,4 % BEV 6,2 % BEV 38,2 % BEV 40,9 % BEV 79,1 % BEV Utilitarios 59.665 4,3 % BEV 17,3 % BEV 29,6 % BEV 67,9 % BEV 72 % BEV 91,5 % BEV Taxis y Rem 8.511 16 % BEV 16 % BEV 80 % BEV 80 % BEV 100 % BEV 100 % BEV Estimación demanda de combustibles y emisiones de CO2 De forma de poder estimar la demanda por combustible y sus emisiones de CO2 asociadas es necesario contar, para cada tipo de vehículo, con el Recorrido medio anual y el Rendimiento promedio. Rendimientos promedio: La fuente utilizada para los rendimientos teóricos de cada tipo de vehículo son las guías europeas EMEP EEA (revisión 2019) para los vehículos a combustión interna, mientras que para los eléctricos, se consideraron resultados de pruebas locales y artículos internacionales.', 'Rendimientos promedio: La fuente utilizada para los rendimientos teóricos de cada tipo de vehículo son las guías europeas EMEP EEA (revisión 2019) para los vehículos a combustión interna, mientras que para los eléctricos, se consideraron resultados de pruebas locales y artículos internacionales. Estos rendimientos asumen mejorar conforme evoluciona el parque e ingresan vehículos más eficientes. Recorridos medios anuales: Esta variable resulta, a priori, la más difícil de determinar para la mayoría de las categorías dada la ausencia de estudios o fuentes de datos confiables. En un escenario ideal, el consumo de combustibles para el sector transporte carretero debería poder determinarse de abajo hacia arriba, agregando los consumos por categoría, siendo la suma total similar a lo publicado por el Balance Energético Nacional para cada año.', 'En un escenario ideal, el consumo de combustibles para el sector transporte carretero debería poder determinarse de abajo hacia arriba, agregando los consumos por categoría, siendo la suma total similar a lo publicado por el Balance Energético Nacional para cada año. Considerando que esta metodología no es posible de aplicar con los datos disponibles en la actualidad, se realiza el proceso inverso; es decir, de arriba hacia abajo, partiendo de los consumos totales de gasolina automotora y gasoil del BEN y ajustando los recorridos de aquellas categorías para las que no se disponen datos, o que se juzga no son lo suficientemente confiables hasta lograr el cierre.', 'Considerando que esta metodología no es posible de aplicar con los datos disponibles en la actualidad, se realiza el proceso inverso; es decir, de arriba hacia abajo, partiendo de los consumos totales de gasolina automotora y gasoil del BEN y ajustando los recorridos de aquellas categorías para las que no se disponen datos, o que se juzga no son lo suficientemente confiables hasta lograr el cierre. En ambos escenarios se considera la hipótesis de que los recorridos anuales para cada tipo de vehículo se mantienen constantes a lo largo del periodo de estudio.', 'En ambos escenarios se considera la hipótesis de que los recorridos anuales para cada tipo de vehículo se mantienen constantes a lo largo del periodo de estudio. Cambio modal: es importante señalar que no se consideró en ninguno de los escenarios el cambio modal (sustitución de tipos de vehículo por impulso de movilidad activa o migración hacia el transporte colectivo) ni cambios en los recorridos medios anuales, resultantes de la mejora en la planificación de la movilidad sostenible con criterios más amplios que los desarrollados en esta etapa, dado que no se cuenta aún con metodologías adecuadas para cuantificar sus impactos, si bien son una parte clave de las medidas a desarrollar.En la Figura 45 se pueden ver las emisiones resultantes de los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional.', 'Cambio modal: es importante señalar que no se consideró en ninguno de los escenarios el cambio modal (sustitución de tipos de vehículo por impulso de movilidad activa o migración hacia el transporte colectivo) ni cambios en los recorridos medios anuales, resultantes de la mejora en la planificación de la movilidad sostenible con criterios más amplios que los desarrollados en esta etapa, dado que no se cuenta aún con metodologías adecuadas para cuantificar sus impactos, si bien son una parte clave de las medidas a desarrollar.En la Figura 45 se pueden ver las emisiones resultantes de los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. En 2050, aún persiste consumo de combustibles fósiles en el escenario aspiracional, a pesar de realizarse una incorporación importante de BEVs y FCEVS.', 'En 2050, aún persiste consumo de combustibles fósiles en el escenario aspiracional, a pesar de realizarse una incorporación importante de BEVs y FCEVS. Considerando las medidas necesarias para cumplir con los hitos en cuanto a nuevos vehículos cero emisiones, es de prever que estas emisiones sigan reduciéndose. Al igual que en el caso de la maquinaria agrícola, el consumo de combustibles fósiles podría sustituirse por biocombustibles avanzados o combustibles sintéticos, reduciendo las emisiones más rápidamente. Gg Gasolina Automotora Gasoil Gasolina Aviación Turbocombustible Fueloil Tendencial Figura 45: Emisiones de CO2 del sector de Transporte. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional. Generación de Energía Eléctrica: Tal como se pudo apreciar a lo largo del trabajo, muchas de las medidas de descarbonización planteadas apuntan a la electrificación de diversos usos en los diferentes sectores de consumo.', 'Generación de Energía Eléctrica: Tal como se pudo apreciar a lo largo del trabajo, muchas de las medidas de descarbonización planteadas apuntan a la electrificación de diversos usos en los diferentes sectores de consumo. Esto implicará naturalmente una mayor demanda de electricidad (Figura 46). MW MW Ciclo combinado Turbina Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Eólica Solar fotovoltaica Figura 46: Potencia eléctrica a instalar: Escenario Tendencial (arriba) y Escenario Aspiracional (abajo)Para considerar las emisiones resultantes de la generación de electricidad se utiliza la demanda de electricidad de cada uno de los escenarios y se realizan estudios de expansión del parque generador mediante el software WASP. Estos parques resultantes se utilizan luego para simular el despacho anual de energía mediante el programa SIMSee.', 'Estos parques resultantes se utilizan luego para simular el despacho anual de energía mediante el programa SIMSee. En ambos escenarios se considera el aumento de la potencia instalada de máquinas térmicas a biomasa correspondiente al ingreso de la tercera planta de celulosa. En ambos casos, tal como fue comentado previamente en este estudio, solamente se considera la demanda de electricidad del SIN (Sistema Interconectado Nacional) y a sistema cerrado. Es decir, no se contempla ni importación ni exportación (salvo excedentes de renovables o vertimiento) de electricidad, ni la energía autoproducida por las pasteras ni tampoco la requerida para la generación de hidrógeno verde para consumo. Para la producción de hidrógeno verde, se asume a priori que se instalarán parques dedicados independientes, no interconectados con el SIN.', 'Para la producción de hidrógeno verde, se asume a priori que se instalarán parques dedicados independientes, no interconectados con el SIN. Las Hipótesis consideradas para el sector Generación de Energía Eléctrica son: • Escenario Tendencial: Expansión del parque de generación incluye térmica fósil. • Escenario Aspiracional: Expansión solo incluye renovables (eólica y solar fotovoltaica) complementado con bancos de baterías. 9 Ciclo combinado de Punta del Tigre y PTI 7-8 Como se observa en la Figura 47, para el 2050 quedarían aún emisiones de CO2 para la generación de energía eléctrica. Éstas corresponden al gasoil utilizado por plantas termoeléctricas fósiles, que estarían operativas hasta ese año9.', 'Éstas corresponden al gasoil utilizado por plantas termoeléctricas fósiles, que estarían operativas hasta ese año9. En este estudio, la demanda de energía correspondiente a los vehículos eléctricos se distribuye de la misma forma que la demanda agregada del sistema, por lo que no altera la forma de la curva de demanda. Para mejorar la proyección, se deberían considerar los efectos tanto de la carga controlada como la no controlada del parque vehicular eléctrico en la curva de carga agregada y su impacto en la expansión de generación del sistema. Gg Gasoil Fueloil Tendencial Figura 47: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Generación de Electricidad.', 'Gg Gasoil Fueloil Tendencial Figura 47: Emisiones de CO2 del sector Generación de Electricidad. Escenarios tendencial y aspiracional.Total de emisiones CO2 y consideraciones finales Considerando las emisiones de la generación de energía eléctrica y las de la demanda de los distintos sectores, se determina el total de emisiones de CO2 del sector energético nacional, Figura 48. En el escenario aspiracional presentado, y tal como se mencionó en la introducción, solamente se consideraron aquellas medidas de descarbonización para las cuales las tecnologías que las viabilizan se encuentran ya desarrolladas. El resultado a 2050 es de una reducción significativa de las emisiones de CO2, pero lejos aún de cero emisiones.', 'El resultado a 2050 es de una reducción significativa de las emisiones de CO2, pero lejos aún de cero emisiones. - Gg Residencial Comercial y Servicios Actividades primarias Industrial Resto Industrial Papeleras Transporte Consumo Propio Generación Electricidad Tendencial Figura 48: Emisiones totales de CO2 para los escenarios tendencial y aspiracional del sector Energía. Existen tecnologías actualmente en diferentes fases de estudio o desarrollo que se podrían contemplar con el objetivo de la mitigación total de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono del sector energético: Biocombustibles avanzados (Green o drop-in) que tienen propiedades equivalentes a los fósiles convencionales, combustibles sintéticos (a partir de CO2 y agua utilizando energía eléctrica renovable), hidrógeno verde y más biomasa en el sector industrial, en particular en los sectores duros.', 'Existen tecnologías actualmente en diferentes fases de estudio o desarrollo que se podrían contemplar con el objetivo de la mitigación total de las emisiones de dióxido de carbono del sector energético: Biocombustibles avanzados (Green o drop-in) que tienen propiedades equivalentes a los fósiles convencionales, combustibles sintéticos (a partir de CO2 y agua utilizando energía eléctrica renovable), hidrógeno verde y más biomasa en el sector industrial, en particular en los sectores duros. Por otra parte, podrían considerarse medidas de limitación de la circulación para vehículos a combustión remanentes a 2050.ESCENARIOS EMISIONES / REMOCIONES GEI DEL SECTOR AFOLUESCENARIOS EMISIONES / REMOCIONES GEI DEL SECTOR AFOLU 1. Categorías de uso de la tierra Las categorías de usos de la tierra más relevantes para Uruguay según las definiciones de las directrices IPCC (año) son: • Tierras forestales.', 'Categorías de uso de la tierra Las categorías de usos de la tierra más relevantes para Uruguay según las definiciones de las directrices IPCC (año) son: • Tierras forestales. Incluye todas las tierras con vegetación leñosa que sean consistentes con los límites utilizados para definir una tierra como forestal para el inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero. Se incluyen también aquellas tierras con cubierta vegetal que actualmente caen por debajo de los límites definidos de altura y cobertura de copa, pero que potencialmente en el futuro pueden alcanzarlos mediante crecimiento según la definición de FAO (2012). Dentro de esta categoría las subdivisiones más relevantes para Uruguay son el bosque nativo, las plantaciones de Eucalyptus, y las plantaciones de Pino. • Tierras de cultivo.', 'Dentro de esta categoría las subdivisiones más relevantes para Uruguay son el bosque nativo, las plantaciones de Eucalyptus, y las plantaciones de Pino. • Tierras de cultivo. Incluye todas las tierras de cultivo (cultivos para grano, cultivos forrajeros anuales, rotaciones cultivos-pasturas, rotaciones arroz-pasturas, caña de azúcar, cultivos hortícolas y cultivos frutícolas). Abarca aquellos sistemas agroforestales cuando su estructura vegetal no alcanza los límites utilizados para definir esa tierra como forestal. • Pastizales. Incluye campo natural, campo natural mejorado, praderas artificiales plurianuales y pasturas exóticas y/o con historia de siembra, siempre que no caigan dentro de la definición de tierra de cultivo. También abarca sistemas con vegetación leñosa y otro tipo de vegetación como arbustos que no cumplen con los valores límites para clasificarla como tierra forestal.', 'También abarca sistemas con vegetación leñosa y otro tipo de vegetación como arbustos que no cumplen con los valores límites para clasificarla como tierra forestal. La serie observada de usos y cambios de usos abarca el período 2000- 2017. Para proyectar la serie hacia el 2050 se extrapolaron las nuevas adiciones de superficie para cada uso de la serie y se ponderaron los cambios efectivos entre subcategorías de los últimos cinco años. Finalmente, se calibraron algunos de los cambios proyectados de modo que guarden coherencia con umbrales y rangos biofísicos, agronómicos o económicos aceptables y razonables. 2.', 'Finalmente, se calibraron algunos de los cambios proyectados de modo que guarden coherencia con umbrales y rangos biofísicos, agronómicos o económicos aceptables y razonables. 2. Escenario tendencial El escenario tendencial se construyó bajo el supuesto de que Uruguay cumple con las metas de su primera NDC y los cambios de uso de la tierra siguen una trayectoria donde no se dan grandes alteraciones en las fuerzas que los determinan (Tabla 10).', 'Escenario tendencial El escenario tendencial se construyó bajo el supuesto de que Uruguay cumple con las metas de su primera NDC y los cambios de uso de la tierra siguen una trayectoria donde no se dan grandes alteraciones en las fuerzas que los determinan (Tabla 10). Con respecto al área forestal, es muy posible que el área plantada con Eucalyptus se encuentre en un punto cercano al equilibrio que surgiría de la demanda de materia prima de las plantas procesadoras de pulpa para celulosa operando a capacidad plena, incluidas las dos plantas que ya se encuentran operando (con una capacidad combinada de aproximadamente 9,5 millones de m3 de madera como insumo para la producción) y la tercera planta procesadora que actualmente se encuentra en construcción (con una capacidad proyectada de 7 millones de m3 de madera como insumo para la producción).', 'Con respecto al área forestal, es muy posible que el área plantada con Eucalyptus se encuentre en un punto cercano al equilibrio que surgiría de la demanda de materia prima de las plantas procesadoras de pulpa para celulosa operando a capacidad plena, incluidas las dos plantas que ya se encuentran operando (con una capacidad combinada de aproximadamente 9,5 millones de m3 de madera como insumo para la producción) y la tercera planta procesadora que actualmente se encuentra en construcción (con una capacidad proyectada de 7 millones de m3 de madera como insumo para la producción). Las plantaciones de Pinus, se han detenido en los últimos años producto de dificultades de agregación de valor en el comercio (Figura 49).Tabla 10: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario tendencial.', 'Las plantaciones de Pinus, se han detenido en los últimos años producto de dificultades de agregación de valor en el comercio (Figura 49).Tabla 10: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario tendencial. (Miles de hectáreas) variación % variación Há La extracción de madera en el escenario tendencial está fuertemente determinada por la dinámica productiva de la industria de la celulosa. Una vez que la tercera planta papelera esté operando a toda capacidad (se asume que esto sucederá en 2025), la demanda de madera del sector será del orden de los 16,8 millones de metros cúbicos de madera de Eucalyptus al año.', 'Una vez que la tercera planta papelera esté operando a toda capacidad (se asume que esto sucederá en 2025), la demanda de madera del sector será del orden de los 16,8 millones de metros cúbicos de madera de Eucalyptus al año. Además, se proyecta una extracción estable de casi 3 millones de metros cúbicos al año con destino a leña y de algo más de un millón de metros cúbicos al año con destino a madera para aserraderos [DGF (2021), Faroppa (2017), Uruguay XXI (2021)].', 'Además, se proyecta una extracción estable de casi 3 millones de metros cúbicos al año con destino a leña y de algo más de un millón de metros cúbicos al año con destino a madera para aserraderos [DGF (2021), Faroppa (2017), Uruguay XXI (2021)]. En este escenario y en los siguientes se tuvieron en cuenta los turnos de corta según el uso de destino, de forma de asignar la extracción correctamente a tierras que están en conversión o tierras que están en permanencia de uso (tierras con más de 20 años con el mismo uso del suelo).', 'En este escenario y en los siguientes se tuvieron en cuenta los turnos de corta según el uso de destino, de forma de asignar la extracción correctamente a tierras que están en conversión o tierras que están en permanencia de uso (tierras con más de 20 años con el mismo uso del suelo). Por su parte, la extracción de madera de pino tuvo importantes aumentos en los últimos cuatro años, producto de la necesidad de cortar bosques que alcanzaron su madurez y cuya corta no se puede diferir. En el 2020 el nivel de extracción de pino de 3,5 millones de metros cúbicos fue un récord histórico.', 'En el 2020 el nivel de extracción de pino de 3,5 millones de metros cúbicos fue un récord histórico. A partir de ese año se proyecta la extracción de madera en función de la evolución de la superficie proyectada y de la extracción observada pasada. La serie proyectada toma un valor de 1,65 millones de metros cúbicos en 2021 y desciende suavemente hasta 1,26 millones de metros cúbicos en el 2050.Bosque nativo Eucalyptus Pinus Superficie (millones ha) Figura 49: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). Campo natural Pasturas no naturales Desconocido pastizales Superficie (millones ha) Figura 50: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas).', 'Campo natural Pasturas no naturales Desconocido pastizales Superficie (millones ha) Figura 50: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas). En el período 2000-2017 la superficie total de pastizales disminuyó un 15%; la subdivisión más grande dentro de pastizales, el campo natural, habría perdido más de 2 millones de hectáreas en dicho período. Esta pérdida de área de pastizal se explica fundamentalmente por la expansión de la demanda de tierra de cultivo por el sector agrícola que, a partir del 2000, mostró un fuerte crecimiento; y por la expansión de la superficie con plantaciones forestales que, en ese período, aumentaron casi 550 mil hectáreas (Figura 50).', 'Esta pérdida de área de pastizal se explica fundamentalmente por la expansión de la demanda de tierra de cultivo por el sector agrícola que, a partir del 2000, mostró un fuerte crecimiento; y por la expansión de la superficie con plantaciones forestales que, en ese período, aumentaron casi 550 mil hectáreas (Figura 50). Sin embargo, las otras pasturas (praderas sembradas, pasturas exóticas, campo en regeneración), segunda subdivisión en importancia dentro de los pastizales, aumentaron su participación en el uso del suelo (en parte también sustituyendo campo natural). Las proyecciones para la categoría pastizales en el escenario tendencial muestran la continuación de esta caída del área total de pastizal, aunque con cierta desaceleración.', 'Las proyecciones para la categoría pastizales en el escenario tendencial muestran la continuación de esta caída del área total de pastizal, aunque con cierta desaceleración. El total de la categoría, entre los años 2017 y 2050, caería un 6% de su nivel de 2017; al mismo tiempo se procesaría una reconversión a la interna de la categoría, con una superficie de campo natural cayendo un 17% y una superficie de otras pasturas que aumentaría de forma importante en un 35% (Figura 49). Finalmente, las tierras de cultivos en el escenario tendencial aumentarían unas 430 mil hectáreas, o un 12% respecto a su nivel de 2017.', 'Finalmente, las tierras de cultivos en el escenario tendencial aumentarían unas 430 mil hectáreas, o un 12% respecto a su nivel de 2017. Este cambio se compone por una disminución del 11% del área agrícola bajo prácticas permanente de cultivos anuales y un aumento del 29% del área agrícola bajo prácticas de rotaciones de cultivos y pasturas. En este caso es de notar que en el escenario tendencial está internalizada la política de Planes de Uso y Manejo de Suelo del Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca, que exigen un plan de rotación de cultivos de modo de mantener la pérdida de suelos por erosión debajo de un umbral tolerable y que depende de cada suelo en particular.', 'En este caso es de notar que en el escenario tendencial está internalizada la política de Planes de Uso y Manejo de Suelo del Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca, que exigen un plan de rotación de cultivos de modo de mantener la pérdida de suelos por erosión debajo de un umbral tolerable y que depende de cada suelo en particular. Por otra parte, es esperable que futuras expansiones del área agrícola sobre suelos de menor aptitud agrícola, necesariamente deban entrar en régimen de rotaciones (Figura 51). Anuales Rotación cultivo secano - pastizal Rotación arroz - pastizal Superficie (millones ha) Figura 51: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas).Tabla 11: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fnat.', 'Anuales Rotación cultivo secano - pastizal Rotación arroz - pastizal Superficie (millones ha) Figura 51: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario tendencial (millones de hectáreas).Tabla 11: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fnat. (Miles de hectáreas) variación % variación Há Pasturas Implantadas y campo en 3. Escenario alternativo con una trayectoria de aumento de superficie de bosque nativo (Fnat) Para aumentar la captura de CO2 en biomasa vegetal se propone un escenario de incremento de la superficie de bosque nativo en un 5% del nivel de referencia del 2012 (7% respecto a 2017) (Tabla 11). Esta ambición está incluida en la CDN1 de Uruguay condicionada a la disponibilidad de medios de implementación adicionales específicos.', 'Esta ambición está incluida en la CDN1 de Uruguay condicionada a la disponibilidad de medios de implementación adicionales específicos. La contribución adicional del escenario Fnat al secuestro de CO2 en todos los reservorios asciende a 168 Gg en 2050. En la Tabla 12 se detalla el aporte incremental de este escenario alternativo respecto a las emisiones del escenario tendencial. Tabla 12: Remociones incrementales escenario Fnat respecto al escenario tendencial ( Gg de CO2) Fnat vs Tendencial Año Biomasa viva Materia orgánica muerta Materia orgánica en suelos Total remociones 2020 - - - -Los reservorios de carbono en este escenario se comportan de forma similar al escenario tendencial. Esto se debe a que el bosque nativo muestra un crecimiento lento y solo se autoriza extracción mínima de madera de bosque nativo.', 'Esto se debe a que el bosque nativo muestra un crecimiento lento y solo se autoriza extracción mínima de madera de bosque nativo. Para estimar la captura de CO2 del nuevo bosque nativo se utiliza como parámetro de crecimiento el valor de dos metros cúbicos por hectárea por año que, si bien es conservador, es consistente con los INGEI. En un escenario de acciones que promueven la expansión del área de bosque nativo, es razonable considerar que las nuevas áreas de bosque nativo crezcan con un factor de 3 o 4 m3/ha/año. Superficie (ha) Campo natural Pasturas no naturales Desconocido pastizales Figura 52: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fnat (ha). Los usos del suelo en el escenario Fnat se comportarían de forma similar al escenario tendencial.', 'Los usos del suelo en el escenario Fnat se comportarían de forma similar al escenario tendencial. El incremento de bosque nativo de 67.500 hectáreas entre 2017 y 2050 (7% con respecto a 2017, Figura 53) se daría principalmente desde campo natural (Figura 52), y en segundo lugar, desde tierras de cultivo. Superficie (ha) Bosque nativo Eucalyptus Pinus Figura 53: Evolución de área tierras forestales escenario Fnat (ha). 4. Escenario alternativo con una trayectoria de aumento de superficie forestal de usos varios (Fmad) Este escenario considera una expansión de la superficie forestada con fines de madera de aserrío para la construcción, y promoción del crecimiento de área de bosque nativo y desarrollo de usos industriales diversificados de la materia prima forestal.', 'Escenario alternativo con una trayectoria de aumento de superficie forestal de usos varios (Fmad) Este escenario considera una expansión de la superficie forestada con fines de madera de aserrío para la construcción, y promoción del crecimiento de área de bosque nativo y desarrollo de usos industriales diversificados de la materia prima forestal. Entre ellos: bioplásticos, fibras textiles, bioespumas y químicos refinados a partir de componentes de la madera (resinas, aceites, alcoholes, biofarmacéuticos) (Tabla 13).', 'Entre ellos: bioplásticos, fibras textiles, bioespumas y químicos refinados a partir de componentes de la madera (resinas, aceites, alcoholes, biofarmacéuticos) (Tabla 13). La expansión de la superficie forestal con destino a madera de construcción tendría el efecto de presionar sobre los pastizales, (Figura 54) lo que haría que la caída de esta categoría fuera de un 8% (en lugar del 6% en el escenario tendencial), la subdivisión campo natural sufriría una caída en el período 2017-2050 del 19% (17% en tendencial).', 'La expansión de la superficie forestal con destino a madera de construcción tendría el efecto de presionar sobre los pastizales, (Figura 54) lo que haría que la caída de esta categoría fuera de un 8% (en lugar del 6% en el escenario tendencial), la subdivisión campo natural sufriría una caída en el período 2017-2050 del 19% (17% en tendencial). Debido a que el escenario propuesto es compatible con el desarrollo maderable tanto de Pinus como de Eucalyptus, se supone que las plantaciones de Eucalyptus podrían aumentar en 5 mil nuevas hectáreas por año a partir del año 2025, (Figura 55) con lo que el incremento del área con este uso sería del 25% en 2050 respecto a 2017.Tabla 13: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fmad.', 'Debido a que el escenario propuesto es compatible con el desarrollo maderable tanto de Pinus como de Eucalyptus, se supone que las plantaciones de Eucalyptus podrían aumentar en 5 mil nuevas hectáreas por año a partir del año 2025, (Figura 55) con lo que el incremento del área con este uso sería del 25% en 2050 respecto a 2017.Tabla 13: Principales usos de suelo y variación entre años, escenario Fmad. (miles de hectáreas) variación % variación Superficie (ha) Campo natural Pasturas no naturales Desconocido pastizales Figura 54: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fmad (ha).', '(miles de hectáreas) variación % variación Superficie (ha) Campo natural Pasturas no naturales Desconocido pastizales Figura 54: Evolución de área de pastizales escenario Fmad (ha). Superficie (ha) Bosque nativo Eucalyptus Pinus Figura 55: Evolución de área de tierras forestales escenario Fmad (ha).A su vez, se asume que las plantaciones de pino revertirían su tendencia a caer y el área a 2050 apenas registraría un descenso del 2% respecto a 2017. Este escenario se construye sobre el escenario anterior (Fnat), e incluye un aumento de 7% del área de monte nativo a lo largo del período Por su parte, las tierras de cultivos se comportarían igual que lo proyectado en el escenario tendencial (Figura 56). Las remociones netas de CO2 en este escenario son mayores que en el escenario tendencial.', 'Las remociones netas de CO2 en este escenario son mayores que en el escenario tendencial. Esta afirmación es cierta para los tres reservorios. La principal razón de este hecho es que las ganancias de biomasa viva aumentan más rápido que lo que aumenta la extracción de madera a lo largo del horizonte temporal de la estrategia. No obstante, es esperable que eventualmente se llegue a un equilibrio en el que extracciones y crecimiento se compensen, haciendo los secuestros netos tendientes a cero. Superficie (ha) Anuales Rotación cultivo secano - pastizal Rotación arroz - pastizal Figura 56: Evolución de área de tierras de cultivo escenario Fmad (ha). La Tabla 14 detalla las remociones incrementales del escenario Fmad respecto al escenario tendencial, para los tres principales reservorios.', 'La Tabla 14 detalla las remociones incrementales del escenario Fmad respecto al escenario tendencial, para los tres principales reservorios. En el año 2035 el incremento de secuestro alcanzaría 1.885 Gg de CO2 adicionales, mientras que en el año 2050 las proyecciones indican un secuestro adicional de 4.592 Gg. Tabla 14: Remociones incrementales escenario Fmad respecto al escenario tendencial (Gg de CO2). Fmad vs TENDENCIAL Año Biomasa viva Materia orgánica muerta Materia orgánica en suelos Total remocionesEn las figuras 57, 58 y 59, se presentan las proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de CO2 en biomasa forestal para tierras en permanencia o en conversión a tierra forestal en el escenario Fmad.', 'Fmad vs TENDENCIAL Año Biomasa viva Materia orgánica muerta Materia orgánica en suelos Total remocionesEn las figuras 57, 58 y 59, se presentan las proyecciones de emisiones y remociones de CO2 en biomasa forestal para tierras en permanencia o en conversión a tierra forestal en el escenario Fmad. - Increase Decrease net Figura 57: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en suelos forestales que permanecen como tales (Gg CO2) Fmad - Increase Decrease net Figura 58: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal de suelos en convertidos a tierras forestales (Gg CO2) Fmad. - Increase Decrease net Figura 59: Emisiones y remociones en biomasa forestal en todas las tierras forestales (Gg CO2). Fmad 5. Cálculo de impacto de incremento del área de bosque de sombra y abrigo en los escenarios alternativos Fnat y Fmad.', 'Cálculo de impacto de incremento del área de bosque de sombra y abrigo en los escenarios alternativos Fnat y Fmad. La expansión del área con destino a abrigo y sombra para animales dentro del área de uso ganadero resultaría en una mayor captura de carbono asociada al aumento de la biomasa leñosa. De acuerdo con los últimos datos disponibles, la superficie actual de bosques de abrigo y sombra se sitúa cerca de las 82.000 hectáreas (DGF, 2018), mientras que la de silvopastoreo se ubica en torno de 6.400 hectáreas (Sancho, 2020). Expresadas en relación con la superficie ganadera, estas cifras significan un 0,8% del total. Para un futuro, se plantea un escenario donde la superficie de bosque de abrigo y sombra es 1,6% de la superficie ganadera.', 'Para un futuro, se plantea un escenario donde la superficie de bosque de abrigo y sombra es 1,6% de la superficie ganadera. En los años de 2030 a 2050, se asumió un crecimiento lineal del área. Todos estos incrementos se traducirían en un secuestro adicional de carbono que muestra en la Tabla 15, asumiendo que la especie representativa de estos bosques es el eucaliptus colorado y que no hay cosecha de madera. Tabla 15: Secuestro adicional de carbono debido a la expansión del área de montes de sombra y abrigo Secuestro adicional6.', 'Tabla 15: Secuestro adicional de carbono debido a la expansión del área de montes de sombra y abrigo Secuestro adicional6. Emisiones de metano y óxido nitroso de la actividad ganadera en el escenario tendencial La proyección de los stocks ganaderos para el período relevante se realizó a partir de una versión modificada del modelo propuesto por Bervejillo y García (2018). El modelo se basa en el comportamiento de un conjunto de variables de ajuste que caracterizan la eficiencia reproductiva de la cría y la velocidad de terminación de los novillos para faena. El año base o inicial de la proyección fue calibrado con la declaración jurada de Dirección de Contralor de Semovientes (DICOSE-MGAP) 2020 y los datos observados de faena, procreo y exportación en pie del ejercicio 2019/20.', 'El año base o inicial de la proyección fue calibrado con la declaración jurada de Dirección de Contralor de Semovientes (DICOSE-MGAP) 2020 y los datos observados de faena, procreo y exportación en pie del ejercicio 2019/20. A partir del año base la proyección a futuro incorpora valores exógenos para la tasa de crecimiento de ciertas variables de eficiencia reproductiva o productiva consideradas claves. Estas posibles aceleraciones para las variables claves están en la base de la diferenciación de los distintos escenarios proyectados. El año base o inicial de la proyección fue calibrado con la declaración jurada de Dirección de Contralor de Semovientes (DICOSE-MGAP) 2020 y los datos observados de faena, procreo y exportación en pie del ejercicio 2019/20.', 'El año base o inicial de la proyección fue calibrado con la declaración jurada de Dirección de Contralor de Semovientes (DICOSE-MGAP) 2020 y los datos observados de faena, procreo y exportación en pie del ejercicio 2019/20. A partir del año base la proyección a futuro incorpora valores exógenos para la tasa de crecimiento de ciertas variables de eficiencia reproductiva o productiva consideradas claves. Estas posibles aceleraciones para las variables claves están en la base de la diferenciación de los distintos escenarios proyectados. Las variables claves que determinan la evolución de largo plazo son la tasa de faena de novillos y la tasa de procreo. Además, el modelo prevé que la faena de vacas y vaquillonas actúe como variable reguladora para mantener las cargas animales en rangos razonables.', 'Además, el modelo prevé que la faena de vacas y vaquillonas actúe como variable reguladora para mantener las cargas animales en rangos razonables. Este escenario tendencial de la producción ganadera es compatible con distintas superficies de pastoreo resultantes de los escenarios alternativos para el uso del suelo (Fnat, Fmad). La diferencia radica en la superficie ganadera que incide sobre los indicadores de carga animal y productividad por hectárea. Sin embargo, la producción total, el stock y estructura del rodeo no se altera.', 'Sin embargo, la producción total, el stock y estructura del rodeo no se altera. Este resultado se debe a la característica del modelo de soportar niveles de carga hasta umbrales considerados razonables, y de hecho dadas las variaciones estimadas en la superficie de pastoreo, que en el caso más desfavorable para la ganadería asciende a una pérdida de 5,6% de superficie en un período de 30 años, este umbral no es sobrepasado (Figura 60). Stock vacuno miles de cabezas (eje izq.) Superficie de pastoreo miles de has (eje izq.) UG / ha (eje der.) Figura 60: Evolución de stock vacuno, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario tendencial.', 'Figura 60: Evolución de stock vacuno, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ha en el escenario tendencial. La superficie ganadera se contraería en un 2,7% en el período 2020- 2050, mientras que el stock total aumentaría en 392.000 cabezas en los mismos 30 años, producto de un ritmo compuesto de faena que evoluciona más lentamente que el ritmo de los procreo. Por su parte, la producción total se vería incrementada en un 5,5% (alcanzando las 1285 mil toneladas) y la productividad en términos de superficie se ubicaría en 100,7 Kg/ha, lo que implica un aumento del 8,1% (Figura 61). Esta evolución en la producción tiene como explicación más importante el aumento proyectado en el stock.Producción miles ton (eje izq.) Producción kg/ha (eje der.)', 'Esta evolución en la producción tiene como explicación más importante el aumento proyectado en el stock.Producción miles ton (eje izq.) Producción kg/ha (eje der.) Figura 61: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario tendencial. Para la estimación de emisiones de CH4 y N2O producto de la actividad ganadera se aplicó la misma metodología que se emplea en los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, en donde las emisiones totales surgen del producto del número de animales de las diferentes categorías por un factor de emisión que pondera la estructura de categorías y la composición de la dieta.', 'Para la estimación de emisiones de CH4 y N2O producto de la actividad ganadera se aplicó la misma metodología que se emplea en los Inventarios Nacionales de Gases de Efecto Invernadero, en donde las emisiones totales surgen del producto del número de animales de las diferentes categorías por un factor de emisión que pondera la estructura de categorías y la composición de la dieta. Si bien las proyecciones realizadas permiten calcular la estructura de categorías resultante, y la evolución de cambios de uso de suelo podría ser indicadora de cambios en la composición de la dieta, se decidió no recalcular los factores de emisión y proyectar el factor implícito en los últimos inventarios calculados. 7.', 'Si bien las proyecciones realizadas permiten calcular la estructura de categorías resultante, y la evolución de cambios de uso de suelo podría ser indicadora de cambios en la composición de la dieta, se decidió no recalcular los factores de emisión y proyectar el factor implícito en los últimos inventarios calculados. 7. Escenario de aumento de productividad en ganadería con estabilidad de las emisiones de CH4 y N2O En el escenario alternativo se aplicaron aumentos en indicadores determinantes de la productividad ganadera. La producción total de carne aumentaría un 12,3% en el horizonte analizado, alcanzando los 1367 miles de toneladas (Figura 62).', 'La producción total de carne aumentaría un 12,3% en el horizonte analizado, alcanzando los 1367 miles de toneladas (Figura 62). Al igual que para el escenario tendencial en ganadería, este escenario de ganadería más tecnificada y productiva es compatible con todos los resultados de usos de la tierra resultantes de los distintos escenarios identificados desde el punto de vista de la evolución de los usos del suelo. La característica más relevante de este sendero en ganadería es la evolución del stock total. La variación de existencias punta a punta en el período 2020-2050 es de 42 mil cabezas, o de 0,36% en relación con el stock inicial. (Figura 63).', 'La variación de existencias punta a punta en el período 2020-2050 es de 42 mil cabezas, o de 0,36% en relación con el stock inicial. (Figura 63). Esto permite aumentar la producción total de carne al tiempo que se mantienen prácticamente estabilizadas las emisiones agregadas de CH4 y N2O. Por su parte, producto de la estabilización de emisiones y del importante aumento de productividad, la intensidad de emisiones por kilo de carne se ve reducida. Stock vacuno miles de cabezas (eje izq.) Superficie de pastoreo miles de has (eje izq.) UG / ha (eje der.) Figura 62: Evolución de stock de vacunos, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ ha en el escenario alternativo Producción miles ton (eje izq.) Producción kg/ha (eje der.)', 'Figura 62: Evolución de stock de vacunos, superficie de pastoreo y carga animal en UG/ ha en el escenario alternativo Producción miles ton (eje izq.) Producción kg/ha (eje der.) Figura 63: Evolución de productividad ganadera de largo plazo expresado como producción en miles de toneladas y producción por superficie ganadera (kg/ha) en el escenario alternativo.ESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Y USO DE PRODUCTOSTabla 16: Cementos certificados UNIT Fuente web UNIT ESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR PROCESOS INDUSTRIALES Y USO DE PRODUCTOS, CATEGORÍA PRODUCCIÓN DE CEMENTO En esta sección se presentan los principales aspectos técnicos y metodológicos que sustentan las trayectorias de emisiones de CO2 de los escenarios a 2050 presentados para la Producción de Cemento. En Uruguay los tipos de cemento Portland están definidos por el Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas (UNIT).', 'En Uruguay los tipos de cemento Portland están definidos por el Instituto Uruguayo de Normas Técnicas (UNIT). La última actualización de la norma es la UNIT 20:2017 (Tabla 16). Se establecen cinco tipos diferentes según la composición de los materiales principales los cuales deben incluir clinker de cemento Portland y pueden incluir además otros materiales, como escoria granulada de alto horno, puzolanas o materiales calcáreos.Actualmente, existen doce cementos certificados por UNIT de seis empresas diferentes de acuerdo con la página web del instituto. Sólo dos empresas producen clinker, el resto compra clinker en mercado local o lo importa para producir cemento. El tipo de cemento predominante en el mercado uruguayo es el Cemento Portland Normal.', 'El tipo de cemento predominante en el mercado uruguayo es el Cemento Portland Normal. Metodología de estimación de emisiones de CO2 En la fabricación del cemento, el CO2 se genera durante la producción de clinker, un producto intermedio constituido de nódulos, que luego se somete a una molturación fina conjuntamente con otros insumos, para formar así el cemento hidráulico (generalmente, el cemento portland). Durante la producción del clinker se calienta o calcina la piedra caliza, compuesta esencialmente de carbonato de calcio (CaCO3), para producir cal (CaO) y CO2 como productos derivados. Las emisiones provenientes de la quema de combustible son cubiertas en el sector Energía.', 'Las emisiones provenientes de la quema de combustible son cubiertas en el sector Energía. Las emisiones de la producción de cemento se estiman utilizando un Nivel 2 de acuerdo con la ecuación 2.2 del Capítulo 2, Volumen 3, de las Directrices del IPCC 2006. Las emisiones dependen de la cantidad de clinker producido, el contenido de CaO en el clinker y el factor de corrección CKD, que tiene en cuenta la fracción de polvo de horno que no es reciclado. Esta información fue recogida fundamentalmente de las plantas productoras nacionales para la estimación de las emisiones de la serie histórica.', 'Esta información fue recogida fundamentalmente de las plantas productoras nacionales para la estimación de las emisiones de la serie histórica. Escenario tendencial Para elaborar el escenario tendencial a 2050 se utilizó el mismo driver que el utilizado en el Sector Energía para las Industrias Manufactureras y de la Construcción (excluyendo las papeleras) y se considera que la producción mantiene la tendencia de la proyección del VAB de Industrias Manufactureras (sin considerar las papeleras) con una elasticidad de 0,34. Para la cuantificación de emisiones de CO2 se estima un factor de emisión ponderado para el 2020 que se mantiene a lo largo de la serie (0,53 Ton CO2/ton clinker). Con esto se asume que el contenido de CaO promedio y CKD se mantienen en la serie.', 'Con esto se asume que el contenido de CaO promedio y CKD se mantienen en la serie. De igual forma se calcula la relación observada entre clinker/cemento de último año disponible y se asume constante a lo largo de la serie. Dentro de la proyección se incluye el crecimiento en la producción por la puesta en marcha de una nueva planta de clinker en 2023. Esta planta industrial cuenta con una Autorización Ambiental Previa del Ministerio de Ambiente del año 2020 y, de acuerdo con el cronograma de ejecución de obras, comenzaría su actividad en 2023.', 'Esta planta industrial cuenta con una Autorización Ambiental Previa del Ministerio de Ambiente del año 2020 y, de acuerdo con el cronograma de ejecución de obras, comenzaría su actividad en 2023. De acuerdo con un estudio realizado por CEEIC (2021), la capacidad instalada actual de producción de clinker es de aproximadamente 1200 kton de clinker, que se ampliarían a 1600 kton a partir de 2023. El principal cuello de botella del proceso productivo suele estar en la producción de Clinker. Aumentar su capacidad suele requerir inversiones elevadas (se debería reemplazar el horno) por lo que, ante una decisión de expansión, en general se considera la instalación de una nueva planta.', 'Aumentar su capacidad suele requerir inversiones elevadas (se debería reemplazar el horno) por lo que, ante una decisión de expansión, en general se considera la instalación de una nueva planta. La proyección a 2050, en las condiciones antes indicadas, estima una producción de clinker menor a 1100 kton de clinker, con lo cual se puede cubrir la producción con la capacidad instalada proyectada (Tabla 17).Tabla 17: Evolución histórica y proyección de la producción de clinker (ton) Año Clinker (Ton) Año Clinker (Ton) Escenario aspiracional a 2050 Para la elaboración del escenario aspiracional se mantienen los supuestos realizados en el escenario tendencial para la estimación del cemento y clinker producido, y se incorpora una sustitución gradual y progresiva del clinker en la formulación del cemento para alcanzar una sustitución del 20% a 2050.', 'La proyección a 2050, en las condiciones antes indicadas, estima una producción de clinker menor a 1100 kton de clinker, con lo cual se puede cubrir la producción con la capacidad instalada proyectada (Tabla 17).Tabla 17: Evolución histórica y proyección de la producción de clinker (ton) Año Clinker (Ton) Año Clinker (Ton) Escenario aspiracional a 2050 Para la elaboración del escenario aspiracional se mantienen los supuestos realizados en el escenario tendencial para la estimación del cemento y clinker producido, y se incorpora una sustitución gradual y progresiva del clinker en la formulación del cemento para alcanzar una sustitución del 20% a 2050. Se asume en este escenario que la utilización de una menor proporción de clinker, sustituido por otros compuestos, conlleva a una menor producción de clinker y por ende una disminución proporcional y directa en las emisiones de CO2.', 'Se asume en este escenario que la utilización de una menor proporción de clinker, sustituido por otros compuestos, conlleva a una menor producción de clinker y por ende una disminución proporcional y directa en las emisiones de CO2. De acuerdo con la norma UNIT 20:2017 dentro de los sustitutos del clinker en cemento se encuentran: filler calcáreo, escoria y puzolanas. En la norma se establecen los límites de sustitución, que varían para cada componente, y oscilan entre un 6-50%. De acuerdo con la investigación realizada por Cerrutti y Santilli, una adición superior a un 15% no sería viable de forma práctica ya que las propiedades disminuyen en gran porcentaje con respecto al patrón establecido por los usuarios.', 'De acuerdo con la investigación realizada por Cerrutti y Santilli, una adición superior a un 15% no sería viable de forma práctica ya que las propiedades disminuyen en gran porcentaje con respecto al patrón establecido por los usuarios. Este estudio también concluye, en base a una encuesta, que el mercado local estaría dispuesto a utilizar otros tipos de cementos, siempre y cuando estos cumplan con las características pedidas por el cliente. Por otra parte, un estudio realizado por Bonavetti estableció que cuando el porcentaje de adición de filler calcáreo supera al 20% se produce una brusca disminución de la resistencia a compresión.', 'Por otra parte, un estudio realizado por Bonavetti estableció que cuando el porcentaje de adición de filler calcáreo supera al 20% se produce una brusca disminución de la resistencia a compresión. En base a estos estudios se establece como meta a 2050 una sustitución del 20% de clinker, que está sujeta a adhesión del mercado y avances en I&D relativos a la formulación de cemento.Este escenario no considera implicancias de tipo económicas ni sociales que puedan derivar de la meta planteada y que deberán ser abordadas a la hora de definir acciones concretas de corto y mediano plazo.', 'En base a estos estudios se establece como meta a 2050 una sustitución del 20% de clinker, que está sujeta a adhesión del mercado y avances en I&D relativos a la formulación de cemento.Este escenario no considera implicancias de tipo económicas ni sociales que puedan derivar de la meta planteada y que deberán ser abordadas a la hora de definir acciones concretas de corto y mediano plazo. El remanente de emisiones a 2050 (en el entorno de 500 Gg de CO2) podría ser disminuido por diversas vías que actualmente están en desarrollo o su uso no se encuentra globalmente extendido, como ser: Utilización de materias primas descarbonatadas.', 'El remanente de emisiones a 2050 (en el entorno de 500 Gg de CO2) podría ser disminuido por diversas vías que actualmente están en desarrollo o su uso no se encuentra globalmente extendido, como ser: Utilización de materias primas descarbonatadas. Dado que la mayor fuente de CO2 proviene de la calcinación de las materias primas en el horno, el uso de fuentes alternativas de materiales descarbonatados es una opción para reducir significativamente las emisiones de CO2. Materiales de desecho y subproductos de otras industrias se pueden utilizar para reemplazar a la piedra caliza. Estos materiales pueden incluir pasta de cemento reciclada de residuos de demolición, escoria y desperdicios de cal. Nuevos tipos de clinkers de cemento y el uso de mineralizadores.', 'Nuevos tipos de clinkers de cemento y el uso de mineralizadores. Se están desarrollando nuevos tipos de clinker de cemento que son químicamente diferentes del clinker de cemento Portland convencional. Estos resultan en ahorros de CO2 del 20 al 30% al reducir la cantidad de piedra caliza en la formulación y porque, además, requieren menos energía. Se debería notar, sin embargo, que debido a que estos cementos tienen propiedades diferentes, sólo se los puede utilizar para aplicaciones específicas. Captura, utilización y almacenamiento de carbono (CUAC) La CUAC será una tecnología clave para reducir el CO2 emisiones de las plantas de cemento. En los últimos años se han llevado a cabo importantes investigaciones a nivel de escala piloto para optimizar el reactivo y técnicas de captura de membrana.', 'En los últimos años se han llevado a cabo importantes investigaciones a nivel de escala piloto para optimizar el reactivo y técnicas de captura de membrana. El CO2 capturado puede ser transportado a formaciones geológicas (como campos de gas vacíos), donde se almacena permanentemente. Otras técnicas incluyen la captura para el uso de agregados de hormigón reciclados y minerales y el uso en la industria de la bebida. Las algas también se pueden utilizar para absorber CO2 y cultivar biomasa, que luego se puede utilizar para alimentar el horno o para producir aceite para elaboración de biodiesel. La absorción química del CO2, es una opción en vías de desarrollo, con la generación de subproductos que pueden ser comercializados.', 'La absorción química del CO2, es una opción en vías de desarrollo, con la generación de subproductos que pueden ser comercializados. El CO2 capturado también se puede utilizar para crear nuevos productos como combustible de aviación neutro en carbono. Las alternativas de captura de CO2 deben ser evaluadas en conjunto con el sector Energía, dado que no es posible separar, de la corriente de salida del horno, las emisiones provenientes del proceso de las provenientes de la quema de combustibles.ESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR RESIDUOSESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR RESIDUOS, CATEGORÍA DISPOSICIÓN DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS En esta sección se presentan los principales aspectos técnicos y metodológicos que sustentan las trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 de los escenarios a 2050 presentados para la Disposición de Residuos Sólidos.', 'Las alternativas de captura de CO2 deben ser evaluadas en conjunto con el sector Energía, dado que no es posible separar, de la corriente de salida del horno, las emisiones provenientes del proceso de las provenientes de la quema de combustibles.ESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR RESIDUOSESCENARIOS EMISIONES GEI DEL SECTOR RESIDUOS, CATEGORÍA DISPOSICIÓN DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS En esta sección se presentan los principales aspectos técnicos y metodológicos que sustentan las trayectorias de emisiones de CH4 de los escenarios a 2050 presentados para la Disposición de Residuos Sólidos. Los residuos que contienen material orgánico, como alimentos, papel, cartón, madera y residuos de podas y jardín, una vez depositados en un sitio de disposición final (SDF) se descomponen gradualmente generando CH4, CO2 y otras trazas de compuestos gaseosos.', 'Los residuos que contienen material orgánico, como alimentos, papel, cartón, madera y residuos de podas y jardín, una vez depositados en un sitio de disposición final (SDF) se descomponen gradualmente generando CH4, CO2 y otras trazas de compuestos gaseosos. En los sitios de disposición final controlados y profundos se crea un ambiente anaeróbico que favorece la producción de CH4. Los rellenos sanitarios reducen las emisiones de GEI cuando se captura el CH4 generado en los mismos. El metano capturado puede ser quemado, con o sin aprovechamiento energético. En el último caso, las emisiones de la quema son consideradas en el sector Energía. La disposición final de residuos integra las operaciones de enterramiento de residuos bajo distintas modalidades y condiciones de seguridad en función de las características de los residuos ingresados.', 'La disposición final de residuos integra las operaciones de enterramiento de residuos bajo distintas modalidades y condiciones de seguridad en función de las características de los residuos ingresados. Es una alternativa validada a nivel internacional y a lo largo de los años se han incrementado los niveles de seguridad para su funcionamiento y las restricciones de la calidad y tipo de residuos que pueden ingresar a disposición final. Actualmente, en lo referido a residuos domiciliarios, se observan escenarios heterogéneos dentro del territorio nacional, coexistiendo desde vertederos a cielo abierto sin ningún tipo de control a rellenos sanitarios autorizados. Al momento de redacción de este documento existen seis sitios de disposición final con autorización ambiental, ubicados en las ciudades de Florida, Fray Bentos, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paso de los Toros y Rocha.', 'Al momento de redacción de este documento existen seis sitios de disposición final con autorización ambiental, ubicados en las ciudades de Florida, Fray Bentos, Maldonado, Montevideo, Paso de los Toros y Rocha. En contraste, se identifican otros sesenta sitios operando en condiciones inadecuadas o parcialmente adecuadas, con un universo muy diverso de capacidades operativas y población servida. En lo que respecta a la disposición final de los residuos de origen industrial, se debe diferenciar entre los residuos que presentan características de peligrosidad y los que no. Aquellos residuos que presentan características de peligrosidad, y cuando no existen otras alternativas de gestión, son dispuestos en sitios de disposición final de seguridad.', 'Aquellos residuos que presentan características de peligrosidad, y cuando no existen otras alternativas de gestión, son dispuestos en sitios de disposición final de seguridad. Actualmente existe un único sitio que brinda servicios a terceros, correspondiente a la celda de seguridad de la Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay. Cabe destacar que las emisiones de CH4 de la disposición final de residuos peligrosos en celdas de seguridad, provienen exclusivamente de las fracciones orgánicas y la producción biogás puede verse inhibida por la presencia de sustancia tóxicas. Respecto a los residuos de obras de construcción, en la actualidad no existen capacidades nacionales para la disposición final diseñadas específicamente para esta corriente. Esto conlleva al uso de los sitios de disposición final municipales, lo que agota su capacidad remanente.', 'Esto conlleva al uso de los sitios de disposición final municipales, lo que agota su capacidad remanente. Desde el punto de vista de la generación de metano, si bien estas corrientes suelen ser voluminosas, sólo las fracciones orgánicas (por ejemplo, madera) aportan a las emisiones de CH4 en los sitios de disposición final.Tal como se establece en la escala jerárquica de gestión de residuos en la Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos, Ley Nº 19.829 de 2019, la alternativa de disposición final se considerará como opción de última instancia. En 2021, desde el Ministerio de Ambiente se empezó a trabajar en la elaboración del Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos (PNGR), previsto en el Art. 14 de la Ley Nº 19.829.', '14 de la Ley Nº 19.829. El PNGR es una herramienta de planificación estratégica a nivel nacional, que establece objetivos, metas y líneas de acción con un alcance de diez años. La primera versión del PNGR (aún no aprobado a la fecha de cierre del presente documento) es tomada como base y proyectada para la elaboración de la ECLP. El PNGR plantea una visión donde “La economía circular ha transformado los procesos de producción y consumo del país, impactando en la minimización de la generación de residuos en el marco del desarrollo sostenible. Se ha logrado el aprovechamiento de todos los residuos mediante sistemas técnicamente sólidos y económicamente sostenibles con responsabilidades definidas, contribuyendo al desarrollo local y a la generación de empleos formales y de calidad.', 'Se ha logrado el aprovechamiento de todos los residuos mediante sistemas técnicamente sólidos y económicamente sostenibles con responsabilidades definidas, contribuyendo al desarrollo local y a la generación de empleos formales y de calidad. Se cuenta con el alto compromiso de todos los actores de la sociedad, habiéndose procesado un cambio cultural que se traduce en una mejora de la calidad de vida y en un ambiente sano”. El PNGR (que al momento de redactar este documento se encuentra en etapa final de elaboración) se estructura en los siguientes 10 resultados globales, que marcan los grandes rumbos en la gestión de residuos: 1. Generación: busca, de manera prioritaria, tender a la minimización de la generación frente a cualquier alternativa, respetando así la escala jerárquica de gestión. 2.', 'Generación: busca, de manera prioritaria, tender a la minimización de la generación frente a cualquier alternativa, respetando así la escala jerárquica de gestión. 2. Recolección, transporte y disposición final: busca promover la disminución sustancial de la cantidad de residuos que son derivados a disposición final, con un escenario a largo plazo que apunta a lograr una meta de cero disposición final; mejorar las condiciones ambientales de las operaciones de disposición final durante la transición; mejorar eficiencia, cobertura, trazabilidad y optimizar costos de procesos de recolección y transporte. 3. Valorización: busca consolidar la segregación de residuos en origen e implementar sistemas de recolección selectiva tanto para residuos domiciliarios como no domiciliarios; generar programas de reciclaje de alta calidad. 4.', 'Valorización: busca consolidar la segregación de residuos en origen e implementar sistemas de recolección selectiva tanto para residuos domiciliarios como no domiciliarios; generar programas de reciclaje de alta calidad. 4. Inclusión social y formalización: busca asegurar una gestión formal que habilite la trazabilidad del sistema, en el marco de trabajo decente y garantizando la protección ambiental; plantea mecanismos de inclusión social, laboral y productiva para agentes relevantes en la gestión integral de residuos. 5. Trabajo: busca proteger, fortalecer y mejorar las condiciones laborales y la representación de los trabajadores. 6.', 'Trabajo: busca proteger, fortalecer y mejorar las condiciones laborales y la representación de los trabajadores. 6. Sostenibilidad económica: busca apoyar la sostenibilidad económica para la gestión de los residuos domiciliarios a cargo de los gobiernos departamentales, para las corrientes de residuos especiales reguladas por responsabilidad extendida del productor y para la gestión privada de residuos a lo largo de toda la cadena de valor. 7. Incorporación tecnológica, investigación e innovación: busca promover la incorporación tecnológica, la investigación e innovación para habilitar y acelerar las transformaciones; promover proyectos y transformaciones de alto impacto.8. Fortalecimiento institucional: busca la articulación necesaria entre políticas nacionales, departamentales y locales y fortalecer las capacidades para los desafíos planteados en el PNGR. 9.', 'Fortalecimiento institucional: busca la articulación necesaria entre políticas nacionales, departamentales y locales y fortalecer las capacidades para los desafíos planteados en el PNGR. 9. Participación y educación: busca transversalizar la educación ambiental en educación formal y no formal, empresas, ciudadanos y comunidades, organizaciones públicas, planes departamentales; promover el involucramiento y participación de la población en el sistema de gestión de residuos y en la transición hacia una economía circular. 10. Información: busca generar, reunir y proporcionar información para la toma de decisiones y la generación de canales de comunicación transparentes sobre los avances del PNGR. El PNGR incluye, también, 5 dimensiones o ejes estratégicos que son transversales a distintos objetivos: Eje 1. Protección ambiental y sostenibilidad de la gestión; Eje 2. Generación de valor y empleo; Eje 3.', 'Generación de valor y empleo; Eje 3. Modernización e Innovación; Eje 4. Educación y compromiso de todos los actores de la sociedad, Eje 5. Género y generaciones. Los escenarios aspiracionales de la ECLP, en línea con los resultados globales del PNGR, apuntan a una disminución sustancial de la cantidad de residuos que son derivados a disposición final, con un escenario a 2050 que apunta a lograr una meta de cero disposiciones finales de residuos. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la disposición final será por las próximas décadas una alternativa de gestión necesaria para las fracciones de residuos que no puedan ser valorizadas, incluidos descartes de procesamientos de residuos o sistemas de tratamiento.', 'Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la disposición final será por las próximas décadas una alternativa de gestión necesaria para las fracciones de residuos que no puedan ser valorizadas, incluidos descartes de procesamientos de residuos o sistemas de tratamiento. Alternativamente, se analiza un escenario que plantea la disposición final para un 10% de residuos a 2050, correspondientes a fracciones que no puedan ser valorizadas. Histórico de emisiones Para la estimación de las emisiones de la eliminación de desechos sólidos se utiliza la metodología del método de descomposición de primer orden propuesto por las directrices del IPCC de 2006, con generación y desagregación por composición de residuos nacional y utilizando factores de emisión propuestos por defecto en las directrices del IPCC 2006 para la región climática.', 'Histórico de emisiones Para la estimación de las emisiones de la eliminación de desechos sólidos se utiliza la metodología del método de descomposición de primer orden propuesto por las directrices del IPCC de 2006, con generación y desagregación por composición de residuos nacional y utilizando factores de emisión propuestos por defecto en las directrices del IPCC 2006 para la región climática. Generación de residuos sólidos municipales Los datos de actividad provinieron de fuentes variadas, en función de la información disponible a nivel nacional, y de la incidencia de cada departamento en términos de población y tasas de generación de residuos.', 'Generación de residuos sólidos municipales Los datos de actividad provinieron de fuentes variadas, en función de la información disponible a nivel nacional, y de la incidencia de cada departamento en términos de población y tasas de generación de residuos. Fue así que, para Montevideo, los datos de actividad correspondientes a residuos dispuestos fueron suministrados por el Sitio de Disposición Final de Residuos de Montevideo e incluyeron la información de pesajes para los años 2003-2018. Para el resto del país, los datos se basaron en la información generada en “Información de base para el diseño de un plan estratégico de residuos sólidos” (CSI, 2011) que fue actualizada por el Departamento de residuos sólidos y sustancias de DINACEA, MA para el 2019 en el marco del PNGR.', 'Para el resto del país, los datos se basaron en la información generada en “Información de base para el diseño de un plan estratégico de residuos sólidos” (CSI, 2011) que fue actualizada por el Departamento de residuos sólidos y sustancias de DINACEA, MA para el 2019 en el marco del PNGR. El método requiere de información histórica de la cantidad de residuos depositada en los sitios de disposición por lo que se requiere información desde 1950 para ingresar al modelo. La generación per cápita para la serie 1950-2017 se ajustó en función de la variación interanual del Producto Bruto Interno per cápita (Tabla 18). Para esta estimación se contó con la colaboración del Departamento de residuos sólidos y sustancias de DINACEA.', 'Para esta estimación se contó con la colaboración del Departamento de residuos sólidos y sustancias de DINACEA. MA, que aportó información y apoyo para la mejora de los datos de actividad y estimación de emisiones. Se prevé que el sistema de información que será creado en el marco de PNGR mejore de forma sustantiva la estimación de emisiones al contar con información por SDF de la cantidad depositada anual.Tabla 18: Generación de Residuos sólidos municipales (RSM) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año)Cantidad de residuos sólidos municipales dispuestos en SDF El porcentaje de disposición toma en cuenta la cobertura para zonas urbanas y la efectiva disposición en sitios de disposición final (SDF).', 'Se prevé que el sistema de información que será creado en el marco de PNGR mejore de forma sustantiva la estimación de emisiones al contar con información por SDF de la cantidad depositada anual.Tabla 18: Generación de Residuos sólidos municipales (RSM) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año) Año Población Generado RSM (Gg año)Cantidad de residuos sólidos municipales dispuestos en SDF El porcentaje de disposición toma en cuenta la cobertura para zonas urbanas y la efectiva disposición en sitios de disposición final (SDF). En el departamento de Montevideo se estima que se genera un 20% más de lo depositado en el vertedero (Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero 2012 Montevideo, IM).', 'En el departamento de Montevideo se estima que se genera un 20% más de lo depositado en el vertedero (Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero 2012 Montevideo, IM). Para el resto de los departamentos la cobertura fue estimada en función de lo reportado en el documento “Información de base para el diseño de un plan estratégico de residuos sólidos” (CSI, 2011) y de acuerdo con la población urbana de cada departamento. Para el total nacional se consideró un promedio ponderado (Tabla 19).', 'Para el total nacional se consideró un promedio ponderado (Tabla 19). Tabla 19: Cobertura Departamento Cobertura Departamento Cobertura Artigas 93,4 Rio Negro 78,2 Cerro Largo 85,9 Salto 83,7 Durazno 84,4 San José 84,8 Lavalleja 90,8 Treinta y Tres 92 Cantidad de residuos sólidos industriales dispuestos en SDF A partir del 2014 se tomó como dato para el total nacional el aportado por el Sistema de Información Ambiental que, entre otros, contiene las declaraciones juradas de residuos realizadas por las industrias alcanzadas por el Decreto 182/13. Para años anteriores a 2014 se estima la cantidad depositada manteniendo constante la tasa de disposición de residuos industriales en el total depositado.', 'Para años anteriores a 2014 se estima la cantidad depositada manteniendo constante la tasa de disposición de residuos industriales en el total depositado. Tabla 20: Residuos industriales depositados (Gg) Año Industrial Año Industrial Año Industrial Año IndustrialDado que se obtiene información directa de la cantidad depositada, no se aplica un porcentaje de deposición o cobertura para los residuos industriales. Composición de residuos La composición de los residuos municipales por departamento se estimó a partir del “Estudio de caracterización de residuos sólidos urbanos con fines energéticos” (ALUR, 2013). Para la caracterización nacional se realizó un promedio ponderado de la información departamental. Se asumió la composición constante a lo largo de la serie hasta 1980. Para años anteriores a 1980 se considera que no hay ingreso de pañales a los SDF.', 'Para años anteriores a 1980 se considera que no hay ingreso de pañales a los SDF. Dado que en este estudio se manejó una categorización diferente, se realizó una homologación de la composición a las categorías propuestas en las directrices de IPCC 2006. La Tabla 21 presenta la caracterización de residuos utilizadas para las estimaciones. Para los residuos industriales se utilizó la información proveniente de las Declaraciones Juradas de residuos en el marco del Decreto 182/12, ingresadas al Sistema de Información Ambiental (SIA) para los residuos industriales ingresados en sitios de disposición final.', 'Para los residuos industriales se utilizó la información proveniente de las Declaraciones Juradas de residuos en el marco del Decreto 182/12, ingresadas al Sistema de Información Ambiental (SIA) para los residuos industriales ingresados en sitios de disposición final. Dado que el catálogo de residuos del SIA tiene una categorización diferente, se realizó una homologación de la composición a las categorías propuestas en las directrices de IPCC 2006, para las cuales se cuenta con parámetros por defecto. Tabla 21: Composición de residuos (%) RESIDUO Montevideo Melo (Cerro Largo) Paysandú Salto San José Tacuarembó Resto del Interior Ponderado NacionalLa Tabla 22 presenta la caracterización de residuos utilizadas para las estimaciones.', 'Tabla 21: Composición de residuos (%) RESIDUO Montevideo Melo (Cerro Largo) Paysandú Salto San José Tacuarembó Resto del Interior Ponderado NacionalLa Tabla 22 presenta la caracterización de residuos utilizadas para las estimaciones. Tabla 22: Composición residuos industriales enviados a disposición final Alimentos, bebidas y tabaco Lodos Madera Otros Papel cartón Productos petróleo solventes textil Inertes Factor de conversión de metano (MCF) El factor de conversión de metano establece una corrección en base al grado de anaerobiosis que alcanzan los sitios de deposición final en función de su profundidad (“profundo” y “poco profundo”) y tipo de manejo (“manejado” y “no manejado”). Para cada departamento se asignó un valor promedio de factor de conversión de metano (MCF), de acuerdo con los tipos de vertedero existentes (ponderación realizada por el Departamento de Residuos y Sustancias de DINACEA, MA).', 'Para cada departamento se asignó un valor promedio de factor de conversión de metano (MCF), de acuerdo con los tipos de vertedero existentes (ponderación realizada por el Departamento de Residuos y Sustancias de DINACEA, MA). El valor de factor de oxidación se considera como cero por defecto en base a las Directrices del IPCC de 2006. Se asume que los MCF departamentales se mantienen en la serie temporal, salvo para Montevideo y Maldonado, para los cuales se considera un cambio de condiciones desde que se inicia la captura de biogás en los sitios. Se asumió igual distribución para residuos sólidos municipales e industriales.', 'Se asumió igual distribución para residuos sólidos municipales e industriales. Tabla 23: Factor de Conversión de Metano Departamento FCM Departamento FCM Canelones 0,8 Rio Negro 0,4 Cerro Largo 0,6 Rocha 0,4 Flores 0,8 San José 0,8 Se calcula para cada año el factor de corrección de metano ponderado nacional, en función del MCF departamental y la cantidad de residuos depositada en cada Departamento (Tabla 23). Metano capturado Se obtuvo información de los sitios de disposición final con captura de biogás. Escenario sin Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos (PNGR) El escenario sin PNGR plantea una trayectoria de emisiones en las cuales no se implemente el PNGR. Se asume que el crecimiento en la tasa de generación de residuos municipales acompaña la variación de PIB per cápita.', 'Se asume que el crecimiento en la tasa de generación de residuos municipales acompaña la variación de PIB per cápita. Para los residuos industriales, se asume que la contribución al total de los residuos depositados se mantiene a lo largo de la serie.Generación de residuos sólidos municipales Tabla 24: Proyección de Residuos Sólidos Municipales Escenario sin PNGR Año Generado MSW (Gg año) Año Generado MSW (Gg año) En este escenario se asume que se mantiene constante a lo largo del tiempo la tasa de cobertura de residuos sólidos municipales (Tabla 24). En la Tabla 25 se presenta la proyección de los residuos industriales depositados en sitios de disposición final.', 'En la Tabla 25 se presenta la proyección de los residuos industriales depositados en sitios de disposición final. Tabla 25: Proyección de residuos industriales depositados en el escenario sin PNGR Año Industrial depositado (Gg año) Año Industrial depositado (Gg año) En ambos casos, tanto para los residuos sólidos municipales como para los industriales, se asume que se mantiene la composición a lo largo de la serie. En cuanto a los sitios de disposición final, se considera con base a la Ley N° 19.829, que a partir de 2024 los SDF cuentan con autorización ambiental otorgada por DINACEA, esto es modelado considerando quelos SDF pasan a tener un MFC de 1 (SDF profundo y manejado) y a partir de 2027 los SDF cuentan con sistemas de captura de biogás (con eventual aprovechamiento energético) (Figura 64).', 'En cuanto a los sitios de disposición final, se considera con base a la Ley N° 19.829, que a partir de 2024 los SDF cuentan con autorización ambiental otorgada por DINACEA, esto es modelado considerando quelos SDF pasan a tener un MFC de 1 (SDF profundo y manejado) y a partir de 2027 los SDF cuentan con sistemas de captura de biogás (con eventual aprovechamiento energético) (Figura 64). Para estimar el biogás capturado se considera la suposición establecida en las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 que asume una eficiencia de captura del 20%.', 'Para estimar el biogás capturado se considera la suposición establecida en las Directrices del IPCC de 2006 que asume una eficiencia de captura del 20%. Captura de biogas en SDF ( 1) autorizados ( 1) Figura 64: Escenario sin PNGR Nota: (1) Con base a la Ley N° 19829 Se presentan en la Figura 65 los resultados de un escenario alternativo, que contempla la toma de conciencia de la población con modificación de pautas y hábitos hacia un consumo más responsable disminuyendo la generación de residuos. Se considera para este escenario un desacople de la generación de residuos en relación con el PIB/cap en el año 2027 y una reducción al del 10% a 2050. Se estimó una diferencia del 8,6 % entre ambos escenarios en términos de emisiones de metano.', 'Se estimó una diferencia del 8,6 % entre ambos escenarios en términos de emisiones de metano. Cg CH Sin PNGRS Sin PNGRS alternativo Figura 65: Trayectoria de emisiones de CH4 sin PNGR El porcentaje de desacople está sujeto al grado de modificación de pautas y hábitos de la población y otras consideraciones sociales y económicas que no son consideradas en el modelo. Escenarios aspiracionales a 2050 de la ECLP Los escenarios aspiracionales proyectan los principales lineamientos del PNGR a 2050, planteando trayectorias potenciales para dos situaciones: enterramiento cero y enterramiento 10% de residuos en sitios de disposición final.', 'Escenarios aspiracionales a 2050 de la ECLP Los escenarios aspiracionales proyectan los principales lineamientos del PNGR a 2050, planteando trayectorias potenciales para dos situaciones: enterramiento cero y enterramiento 10% de residuos en sitios de disposición final. Para la estimación de emisiones de los escenarios aspiracionales, se utilizó la misma metodología que para la serie histórica, manteniendo los parámetros por defecto (como ser el contenido orgánico de carbono y las constantes de degradación por tipo de residuos) propuestos en las directrices del IPCC de 2006.', 'Para la estimación de emisiones de los escenarios aspiracionales, se utilizó la misma metodología que para la serie histórica, manteniendo los parámetros por defecto (como ser el contenido orgánico de carbono y las constantes de degradación por tipo de residuos) propuestos en las directrices del IPCC de 2006. Se toma como base, para el inicio de las proyecciones, todas las condiciones estimadas en el histórico a 2019, incluida la composición.Se resalta que las trayectorias estimadas corresponden exclusivamente a las emisiones provenientes de los SDF, bajo el entendido que los diferentes escenarios de gestión generan emisiones/remociones GEI en otros sectores a lo largo de la cadena.', 'Se toma como base, para el inicio de las proyecciones, todas las condiciones estimadas en el histórico a 2019, incluida la composición.Se resalta que las trayectorias estimadas corresponden exclusivamente a las emisiones provenientes de los SDF, bajo el entendido que los diferentes escenarios de gestión generan emisiones/remociones GEI en otros sectores a lo largo de la cadena. El modelado de los escenarios se abordó desde tres líneas estratégicas: • Características y gestión en los sitios de disposición final • Generación de residuos • Valorización Características y gestión en los sitios de disposición final Tal como se establece en la escala jerárquica de gestión de residuos establecida en la Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos, Ley Nº 19.829 de 2019, la alternativa de disposición final se considerará como opción de última instancia, con un escenario a 2050 que apunta a lograr una meta de cero disposiciones finales.', 'El modelado de los escenarios se abordó desde tres líneas estratégicas: • Características y gestión en los sitios de disposición final • Generación de residuos • Valorización Características y gestión en los sitios de disposición final Tal como se establece en la escala jerárquica de gestión de residuos establecida en la Ley de Gestión Integral de Residuos, Ley Nº 19.829 de 2019, la alternativa de disposición final se considerará como opción de última instancia, con un escenario a 2050 que apunta a lograr una meta de cero disposiciones finales. Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la disposición final será por las próximas décadas una alternativa de gestión necesaria para las fracciones de residuos que no puedan ser valorizadas, incluidos descartes de procesamientos de residuos o sistemas de tratamiento.', 'Sin perjuicio de lo anterior, la disposición final será por las próximas décadas una alternativa de gestión necesaria para las fracciones de residuos que no puedan ser valorizadas, incluidos descartes de procesamientos de residuos o sistemas de tratamiento. Se plantea, adicionalmente, un escenario alternativo en el cual se disponen el 10% de residuos en SDF. En la Figura 66, se presentan los principales supuestos establecidos en las líneas de Características y gestión de los SDF, para los dos escenarios aspiracionales: Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) SDF 0 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 40 % de residuos a SDF SDF 10 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 60 % de residuos a SDF SDF 0 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 40 % de residuos a SDF SDF Figura 66: Gestión SDF.', 'En la Figura 66, se presentan los principales supuestos establecidos en las líneas de Características y gestión de los SDF, para los dos escenarios aspiracionales: Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) SDF 0 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 40 % de residuos a SDF SDF 10 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 60 % de residuos a SDF SDF 0 % de residuos a Captura de Biogas en SDF (1) 40 % de residuos a SDF SDF Figura 66: Gestión SDF. Escenarios Aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO (arriba) y Enterramiento 10% (abajo) (1) Notas 1: En base a Ley N° 19829 (2) En base al PNGR preliminar En ambos escenarios se asume que el 100% de los SDF tendrán autorización ambiental y que a partir de 2027 contarán con sistema de captura y quema (con eventual aprovechamiento) del biogás.', 'Escenarios Aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO (arriba) y Enterramiento 10% (abajo) (1) Notas 1: En base a Ley N° 19829 (2) En base al PNGR preliminar En ambos escenarios se asume que el 100% de los SDF tendrán autorización ambiental y que a partir de 2027 contarán con sistema de captura y quema (con eventual aprovechamiento) del biogás. Los supuestos para el modelado del escenario en este sentido son los mismos que para el escenario sin PNGR, se considera a partir de 2024 un MCF de 1 y captura de biogás a partir de 2027 con un 20% de eficiencia (directrices del IPCC de 2006).Al considerar las mejoras de infraestructura y de condiciones operativas que serán necesarias de aplicar para alcanzar un nivel que permita la obtención de autorización ambiental, adquiere relevancia la alternativa de regionalizar las soluciones de disposición final por fuera de los límites departamentales.', 'Los supuestos para el modelado del escenario en este sentido son los mismos que para el escenario sin PNGR, se considera a partir de 2024 un MCF de 1 y captura de biogás a partir de 2027 con un 20% de eficiencia (directrices del IPCC de 2006).Al considerar las mejoras de infraestructura y de condiciones operativas que serán necesarias de aplicar para alcanzar un nivel que permita la obtención de autorización ambiental, adquiere relevancia la alternativa de regionalizar las soluciones de disposición final por fuera de los límites departamentales. Para lograr los objetivos de disminución de ingresos a SDF, es necesario integrar esta línea con las otras líneas estratégicas.', 'Para lograr los objetivos de disminución de ingresos a SDF, es necesario integrar esta línea con las otras líneas estratégicas. Para lograr la disminución sustancial de la disposición final de residuos es necesario construir en paralelo capacidades para incrementar sustancialmente las operaciones de reciclado y diversas formas de valorización para las diferentes fracciones de residuos, además de fomentar líneas estratégicas tendientes a la disminución de la generación de residuos. Generación La disminución en la generación de residuos es abordada de igual forma que lo establecido en el PNGR preliminar. Los plásticos de un solo uso y las pérdidas y los desperdicios de alimentos son flujos de residuos considerados prioritarios para abordar desde una perspectiva de minimización de la generación de residuos.', 'Los plásticos de un solo uso y las pérdidas y los desperdicios de alimentos son flujos de residuos considerados prioritarios para abordar desde una perspectiva de minimización de la generación de residuos. El tercer componente aborda, de manera transversal, la incorporación de la economía circular en el marco de procesos, productos y servicios apuntando a lograr transformaciones que redunden en un uso más eficiente de recursos y en la disminución de la generación de residuos. Este eje será incorporado en el ECLP en la línea de Valorización.', 'Este eje será incorporado en el ECLP en la línea de Valorización. En la Figura 67 se presentan los principales supuestos establecidos en las líneas de Generación, para los dos escenarios aspiracionales: Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye un 70% Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Se desacopla la tasa de g del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al me 50% del plástico de u uso innecesario Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye un 70% Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Figura 67: Líneas de Generación.', 'En la Figura 67 se presentan los principales supuestos establecidos en las líneas de Generación, para los dos escenarios aspiracionales: Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye un 70% Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Se desacopla la tasa de g del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al me 50% del plástico de u uso innecesario Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye un 70% Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Se desacopla la tasa de generación del PIB/cap (1) Se ha reducido al menos el 50% del plástico de un solo uso innecesario Disminuye 10% la tasa de generación por PIB (1) Disminuye un 50% Figura 67: Líneas de Generación. Escenarios aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO (arriba) y enterramiento al 10% (abajo).', 'Escenarios aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO (arriba) y enterramiento al 10% (abajo). (1) Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos Sólidos preliminarLas consideraciones realizadas para el desacople del PIB son las mismas que las presentadas en secciones anteriores. La reducción del uso del plástico de un solo uso, si bien contribuye a la disminución de la cantidad de residuos dispuestos en SDF, no supone reducciones de emisiones de CH4 en los SDF.', 'La reducción del uso del plástico de un solo uso, si bien contribuye a la disminución de la cantidad de residuos dispuestos en SDF, no supone reducciones de emisiones de CH4 en los SDF. En términos del impacto del cambio climático a nivel global, los beneficios de la prevención de residuos superan a los beneficios derivados de cualquier otra práctica de gestión de residuos: no sólo se evitan las emisiones netas de GEI del transporte, tratamiento y eliminación de los residuos, sino que también hay un beneficio notable de la prevención de emisiones de GEI derivadas de una menor extracción de recursos naturales, así como las debidas a la fabricación del propio producto.', 'En términos del impacto del cambio climático a nivel global, los beneficios de la prevención de residuos superan a los beneficios derivados de cualquier otra práctica de gestión de residuos: no sólo se evitan las emisiones netas de GEI del transporte, tratamiento y eliminación de los residuos, sino que también hay un beneficio notable de la prevención de emisiones de GEI derivadas de una menor extracción de recursos naturales, así como las debidas a la fabricación del propio producto. Se establece una trayectoria en base a la meta 12.3 de los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible, que establece que de aquí a 2030 se deberá reducir a la mitad el desperdicio de alimentos per cápita mundial en la venta al por menor y a nivel de los consumidores y reducir las pérdidas de alimentos en las cadenas de producción y suministro, incluidas las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha.', 'Se establece una trayectoria en base a la meta 12.3 de los Objetivos del Desarrollo Sostenible, que establece que de aquí a 2030 se deberá reducir a la mitad el desperdicio de alimentos per cápita mundial en la venta al por menor y a nivel de los consumidores y reducir las pérdidas de alimentos en las cadenas de producción y suministro, incluidas las pérdidas posteriores a la cosecha. Para modelar esta meta se consideran los resultados del estudio de FAO [2] que cuantifican las PDA en Uruguay. Para esta meta será necesario establecer estrategias enfocadas en prevenir, minimizar y gestionar adecuadamente las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en sectores clave de la cadena agroalimentaria.', 'Para esta meta será necesario establecer estrategias enfocadas en prevenir, minimizar y gestionar adecuadamente las pérdidas y desperdicios de alimentos en sectores clave de la cadena agroalimentaria. Valorización La incorporación de modelos de economía circular con un enfoque de cadena de valor es necesaria para disminuir la cantidad de residuos con destino a SDF. Para cada fracción de residuos, es necesario establecer un modelo de gestión alternativo al SDF, bajo en emisiones GEI. Por otro lado, resulta fundamental para avanzar en este sentido lograr incrementar los procesos de segregación en origen y la recolección selectiva, siendo imprescindible la adhesión de la población, tanto en sistemas de recolección selectiva para residuos valorizables como para la fracción orgánica.', 'Por otro lado, resulta fundamental para avanzar en este sentido lograr incrementar los procesos de segregación en origen y la recolección selectiva, siendo imprescindible la adhesión de la población, tanto en sistemas de recolección selectiva para residuos valorizables como para la fracción orgánica. En la Figura 68 se presentan los principales supuestos establecidos en las líneas de Valorización, para los dos escenarios aspiracionales: 100 % población con seregación en origen. Prohibición de ingresos a SDF de fracciones reciclabes (solo descarte de planta valorización) (1) 100 % de valorización de reciclables y orgánicos. El resto de las fracciones tiene destino valorización energética. Disminuye 50% la disposción de orgánicos (valorización por ej compostaje) (1) 100 % valorización de residuos de podas y jardin 100 % población con seregación en origen.', 'Disminuye 50% la disposción de orgánicos (valorización por ej compostaje) (1) 100 % valorización de residuos de podas y jardin 100 % población con seregación en origen. Prohibición de ingresos a SDF de fracciones reciclabes (solo descarte de planta valorización) (1) 1 Disminuye 50% la disposció de orgánicos (valorización po ej compostaje) (1) 100 % valorización de residuo podas y jardin 100 % población con seregación en origen. Prohibición de ingresos a SDF de fracciones reciclabes (solo descarte de planta valorización) (1) 100 % de valorización de reciclables y orgánicos. El resto de las fracciones tiene destino valorización energética. Disminuye 50% la disposción de orgánicos (valorización por ej compostaje) (1) 100 % valorización de residuos de podas y jardin 100 % población con seregación en origen. Prohibición de ingresos a SDF de fracciones reciclabes (solo descarte de planta valorización) (1) 40 % de valorización de reciclables y orgánicos. Valorización energética de otras fracciones.', 'Prohibición de ingresos a SDF de fracciones reciclabes (solo descarte de planta valorización) (1) 40 % de valorización de reciclables y orgánicos. Valorización energética de otras fracciones. 10% a SDF (descartes, cenizas) Disminuye 50% la disposción de orgánicos (valorización por ej compostaje) (1) 100 % valorización de residuos de podas y jardin Figura 68: Líneas de Valoración. Escenarios aspiracionales con enterramiento CERO (arriba) y enterramiento al 10% (abajo).PNGR preliminar Se reduce el ingreso de corrientes de residuos no domiciliarios a los sitios de disposición final de los gobiernos departamentales. A 2027 el 100% de los residuos con potencial de valorización no ingresan a sitios de disposición final, solo ingresando los descartes de valorización o las fracciones rechazadas de los procesos de recuperación.', 'A 2027 el 100% de los residuos con potencial de valorización no ingresan a sitios de disposición final, solo ingresando los descartes de valorización o las fracciones rechazadas de los procesos de recuperación. El escenario asume que la fracción rechazada tiende a cero en el escenario enterramiento cero y tiende al 10% en el escenario alternativo. Se asume que la fracción rechazada tiene como destino principal los SDF. Los escenarios proponen trayectorias que incluyen disminución de ingreso de materia orgánica a los SDF. Estas fracciones son las principales emisoras de CH4 en los SDF. Para ellos se proponen como alternativas de gestión la valorización (por ej. para alimento animal) y/o compostaje.', 'Para ellos se proponen como alternativas de gestión la valorización (por ej. para alimento animal) y/o compostaje. El compostaje es un proceso fundamentalmente aeróbico, que presenta bajas emisiones de CH4 y N2O siendo el CO2 biogénico y, por ende, no considerado para el total de las emisiones nacionales. A la hora de definir las alternativas finales de las fracciones orgánicas, será necesario estimar el aporte de las emisiones por compostaje. Las fracciones reciclables pueden ingresar en procesos de economía circular, reutilización, reciclado u otro tipo de valorización a desarrollar. Para las fracciones rechazadas y fracciones con alto poder calorífico la alternativa de gestión se asume como valorización energética. Se presenta en la Tabla 26 la serie temporal con las cantidades de residuos depositados para cada escenario.', 'Se presenta en la Tabla 26 la serie temporal con las cantidades de residuos depositados para cada escenario. Tabla 26: Cantidad de residuos depositados en los escenarios aspiracionales (Gg) Año MSW depositado (Gg) Industrial depositado (Gg) MSW depositado (Gg) Industrial depositado (Gg)SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOSAFOLU: Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra (por su sigla en inglés) ALUR: Alcoholes del Uruguay ANCAP: Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland ANMM: Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar AP: Acuerdo de París AR5: Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (por su sigla en inglés) AUCI: Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional AR6: Sexto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (por su sigla en inglés) BCU: Banco Central del Uruguay BEN: Balance Energético Nacional BEV: Vehículos Eléctricos a Batería (por su sigla en inglés) BIEE: Base Indicadores Eficiencia Energética BUR: Informe Bienal de Actualización BTR: Informe Bienal de Transparencia CDN: Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (por su sigla en inglés) CIU: Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay CMNUCC: Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático ComAd: Comunicación de Adaptación CN: Comunicación Nacional CO2: Dióxido de carbono COP: Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención (por su sigla en inglés) CUAC: Captura, Utilización y Almacenamiento de Carbono DA: Dato de actividad DINACC: Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático ECH: Encuesta Continua de Hogares ECLP: Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo EEA: Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (por su sigla en inglés) EMEP: Programa europeo de monitoreo y evaluación (por su sigla en inglés) ENACE: Estrategia para el Empoderamiento Climático ENIG: Estrategia Nacional de Igualdad de Género FCEV: Vehículos de Celdas de Combustible Alimentados por Hidrógeno (por su sigla en inglés) FE: Factor de Emisión GdC: Grupo de Coordinación GdT: Grupo de Trabajo GEI: Gases de efecto invernadero Gg: Giga gramo GGIR: Grupo de Gestión Integral del Riesgo GIRH: Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos GNA: Gabinete Nacional Ambiental GNL: Gas natural licuado GTP: Potencial de Temperatura Global (por su sigla en inglés) GWP: Potencial de calentamiento global (por su sigla en inglés) HFC: HidrofluorocarbonosHEV: Vehículos Híbridos Enchufables (por su sigla en inglés) IEU: Intensidad energía útil INE: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INGEI: Inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero INIA: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria INUMET: Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología IPCC: Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (por su sigla en inglés) IPPU: Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (por su sigla en inglés) LOTDS: Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial y Desarrollo Sostenible MA: Ministerio de Ambiente MCF: Factor de Conversión de Metano (por su sigla en inglés) MDN: Ministerio de Defensa Nacional MEC: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura MEF: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas MEVIR: Movimiento de erradicación de vivienda insalubre rural MGAP: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca MGA: Meta Global de Adaptación MGAP: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca MIDES: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social MIEM: Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería MINTUR: Ministerio de Turismo MRREE: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores MRV: Medición, Reporte y Verificación MSP: Ministerio de Salud Pública MSW: Residuos Sólidos Municipales (por su sigla en inglés) MTOP: Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas MTSS: Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social MVOTMA: Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente N2O: Óxido Nitroso NMM: Nivel Medio del Mar ODS: Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo OPYPA: Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria OPP: Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto PHEV: Vehículos Híbridos No Enchufables (por su sigla en inglés) PIB: Producto Interno Bruto PMUS: Política de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible PNA-Agro: Plan Nacional de Adaptación a la variabilidad y cambio climático en el sector agropecuario PN Aguas: Plan Nacional de Aguas PNA-Costas: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en la zona costera PNA-Ciudades: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en ciudades e infraestructuras PNA-Energía: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en el sector Energía PNA-Salud: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en el sector Salud PNCC: Política Nacional de Cambio ClimáticoPNGIRED: Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Emergencias y Desastres en Uruguay (2019-2030) PNGR: Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos PNRCC: Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático PV: Energía fotovoltaica (por sus sigla en inglés) RCP: Representative Concentration Pathway REDD+: Reducción de las Emisiones debidas a la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal de bosque nativo y otras actividades (por su sigla en inglés) RRNN: Recursos Naturales RRSS: Residuos Sólidos RSM: Residuos Sólidos Municipales RSU: Residuos Sólidos Urbanos SDF: Sitio de Disposición Final SIA: Sistema de Información Ambiental SIN: Sistema Interconectado Nacional Sinae: Sistema Nacional de Emergencias SINGEI: Sistema Nacional de Inventario SimSEE: Simulación de Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica SNA: Sistema Nacional Ambiental SNAACC: Secretaría Nacional de Agua, Ambiente y Cambio Climático SNRCC: Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad SSP: Shared Socioeconomic Pathways UCC: Unidad de Cambio Climático UNIT: Instituto Uruguay de Normas Técnicas UTCUTS: Uso de la Tierra, Cambio del Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura UTE: Administración Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Eléctricas VAB: Valor Agregado BrutoBIBLIOGRAFÍAAgora Energiewende and Wuppertal Institute (2019).', 'Tabla 26: Cantidad de residuos depositados en los escenarios aspiracionales (Gg) Año MSW depositado (Gg) Industrial depositado (Gg) MSW depositado (Gg) Industrial depositado (Gg)SIGLAS Y ACRÓNIMOSAFOLU: Agricultura, Silvicultura y Otros Usos de la Tierra (por su sigla en inglés) ALUR: Alcoholes del Uruguay ANCAP: Administración Nacional de Combustibles, Alcohol y Portland ANMM: Aumento del Nivel Medio del Mar AP: Acuerdo de París AR5: Quinto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (por su sigla en inglés) AUCI: Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional AR6: Sexto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (por su sigla en inglés) BCU: Banco Central del Uruguay BEN: Balance Energético Nacional BEV: Vehículos Eléctricos a Batería (por su sigla en inglés) BIEE: Base Indicadores Eficiencia Energética BUR: Informe Bienal de Actualización BTR: Informe Bienal de Transparencia CDN: Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional (por su sigla en inglés) CIU: Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay CMNUCC: Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático ComAd: Comunicación de Adaptación CN: Comunicación Nacional CO2: Dióxido de carbono COP: Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención (por su sigla en inglés) CUAC: Captura, Utilización y Almacenamiento de Carbono DA: Dato de actividad DINACC: Dirección Nacional de Cambio Climático ECH: Encuesta Continua de Hogares ECLP: Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo EEA: Agencia Europea de Medio Ambiente (por su sigla en inglés) EMEP: Programa europeo de monitoreo y evaluación (por su sigla en inglés) ENACE: Estrategia para el Empoderamiento Climático ENIG: Estrategia Nacional de Igualdad de Género FCEV: Vehículos de Celdas de Combustible Alimentados por Hidrógeno (por su sigla en inglés) FE: Factor de Emisión GdC: Grupo de Coordinación GdT: Grupo de Trabajo GEI: Gases de efecto invernadero Gg: Giga gramo GGIR: Grupo de Gestión Integral del Riesgo GIRH: Gestión Integrada de Recursos Hídricos GNA: Gabinete Nacional Ambiental GNL: Gas natural licuado GTP: Potencial de Temperatura Global (por su sigla en inglés) GWP: Potencial de calentamiento global (por su sigla en inglés) HFC: HidrofluorocarbonosHEV: Vehículos Híbridos Enchufables (por su sigla en inglés) IEU: Intensidad energía útil INE: Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INGEI: Inventario nacional de gases de efecto invernadero INIA: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria INUMET: Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología IPCC: Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (por su sigla en inglés) IPPU: Procesos Industriales y Uso de Productos (por su sigla en inglés) LOTDS: Ley de Ordenamiento Territorial y Desarrollo Sostenible MA: Ministerio de Ambiente MCF: Factor de Conversión de Metano (por su sigla en inglés) MDN: Ministerio de Defensa Nacional MEC: Ministerio de Educación y Cultura MEF: Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas MEVIR: Movimiento de erradicación de vivienda insalubre rural MGAP: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca MGA: Meta Global de Adaptación MGAP: Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca MIDES: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social MIEM: Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería MINTUR: Ministerio de Turismo MRREE: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores MRV: Medición, Reporte y Verificación MSP: Ministerio de Salud Pública MSW: Residuos Sólidos Municipales (por su sigla en inglés) MTOP: Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas MTSS: Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social MVOTMA: Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente N2O: Óxido Nitroso NMM: Nivel Medio del Mar ODS: Objetivos de desarrollo sostenible OIT: Organización Internacional del Trabajo OPYPA: Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria OPP: Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto PHEV: Vehículos Híbridos No Enchufables (por su sigla en inglés) PIB: Producto Interno Bruto PMUS: Política de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible PNA-Agro: Plan Nacional de Adaptación a la variabilidad y cambio climático en el sector agropecuario PN Aguas: Plan Nacional de Aguas PNA-Costas: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en la zona costera PNA-Ciudades: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en ciudades e infraestructuras PNA-Energía: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en el sector Energía PNA-Salud: Plan Nacional de Adaptación en el sector Salud PNCC: Política Nacional de Cambio ClimáticoPNGIRED: Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Emergencias y Desastres en Uruguay (2019-2030) PNGR: Plan Nacional de Gestión de Residuos PNRCC: Plan Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático PV: Energía fotovoltaica (por sus sigla en inglés) RCP: Representative Concentration Pathway REDD+: Reducción de las Emisiones debidas a la Deforestación y Degradación Forestal de bosque nativo y otras actividades (por su sigla en inglés) RRNN: Recursos Naturales RRSS: Residuos Sólidos RSM: Residuos Sólidos Municipales RSU: Residuos Sólidos Urbanos SDF: Sitio de Disposición Final SIA: Sistema de Información Ambiental SIN: Sistema Interconectado Nacional Sinae: Sistema Nacional de Emergencias SINGEI: Sistema Nacional de Inventario SimSEE: Simulación de Sistemas de Energía Eléctrica SNA: Sistema Nacional Ambiental SNAACC: Secretaría Nacional de Agua, Ambiente y Cambio Climático SNRCC: Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático y variabilidad SSP: Shared Socioeconomic Pathways UCC: Unidad de Cambio Climático UNIT: Instituto Uruguay de Normas Técnicas UTCUTS: Uso de la Tierra, Cambio del Uso de la Tierra y Silvicultura UTE: Administración Nacional de Usinas y Trasmisiones Eléctricas VAB: Valor Agregado BrutoBIBLIOGRAFÍAAgora Energiewende and Wuppertal Institute (2019). Climate-Neutral Industry (Executive Summary): Key Technologies and Policy Options for Steel, Chemicals and Cement.', 'Climate-Neutral Industry (Executive Summary): Key Technologies and Policy Options for Steel, Chemicals and Cement. Berlin. Disponible en: /www.agora-energiewende.de/ neutral-industry_EN_ExecSum_WEB.pdf Aguirre, E. 2018. Evolución reciente de la productividad ganadera en Uruguay (2010-17). Metodología y primeros resultados. Anuario OPYPA 2018. Amarante, V. e Infante, R., (2016). Hacia un desarrollo inclusivo. El caso de Uruguay, CEPAL–OIT, Santiago. Banco Central del Uruguay. Cuentas Nacionales: Evolución de la actividad económica. Disponible en: /www.bcu.gub.uy/Estadisticas-e- Baethgen W. y Rubio V. (2021) Uso de modelos de simulación para evaluar los cambios en el contenido de carbono en el suelo. Revista INIA 65. Balafoutis, Athanasios, Bert Beck, Spyros Fountas, Jurgen Vangeyte, Tamme V.d. Wal, Iria Soto, Manuel Gómez-Barbero, Andrew Barnes, and Vera Eory (2017) “Precision Agriculture Technologies Positively Contributing to GHG Emissions Mitigation, Farm Productivity and Economics” Sustainability 9, no.', 'Wal, Iria Soto, Manuel Gómez-Barbero, Andrew Barnes, and Vera Eory (2017) “Precision Agriculture Technologies Positively Contributing to GHG Emissions Mitigation, Farm Productivity and Economics” Sustainability 9, no. 8: Balian, C.; Borges, M.; Buonomo, M. y Silva, M.E. (2018) Análisis Costo- Beneficio de medidas de adaptación al cambio climático: Riego intermitente en el cultivo de arroz en Uruguay. Estudios de Economía Agraria y Ambiental. No.15-01. OPYPA, MGAP. Balmelli, G., Resquín, F., Simeto, S., González, M., Scoz, R., Brito, G., Rossi, C., Maranges, F. 2019. INIA SOMBRA: una alternativa para la protección del ganado y para la diversificación productiva. Revista INIA 2019. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo – INTAL (2017). Latinobarómetro.', 'Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo – INTAL (2017). Latinobarómetro. Disponible en: cambio-climatico/ Baraldo J., Emmer V. y Costa N. (2020) Impacto potencial de la Convocatoria Cuenca de Santa Lucía en la calidad del agua. Anuario OPYPA 2020. Barboza, N., Laguna, H., Mila, F. 2021. Apoyos y gravámenes en la actividad forestal. Anuario OPYPA 2021 (en imprenta). Barreiro, M; Arizmendi, F y Trinchín R (2019). Variabilidad y cambio climático en Uruguay. Material de capacitación dirigido a Técnicos de Instituciones Nacionales. Producto realizado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Adaptación Costera y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación en Ciudades, Convenio MVOTMA – Facultad de Ciencias. Barreiro, M; Arizmendi, F y Trinchín R (2019). Variabilidad observada del clima en Uruguay.', 'Variabilidad observada del clima en Uruguay. Producto realizado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Adaptación Costera y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación en Ciudades, Convenio MVOTMA - Facultad de Ciencias. Barreiro, M; Arizmendi, F y Trinchín R (2019). Proyecciones del clima sobre Uruguay. Producto realizado en el marco del Plan Nacional de Adaptación Costera y el Plan Nacional de Adaptación en Ciudades, Convenio MVOTMA – Facultad de Ciencias. Barreiro, M.; Arizmendi, F.; Trichín, R.; Montesino, Y. y Santana, R. (2020). Variabilidad de vientos regionales y relación con lluvias en Montevideo y nivel del mar en la costa. Convenio MVOTMA – Facultad de Ciencias. Barreiro, M.; Arizmendi, F; Díaz, N. y Trinchin, R. (2021). Análisis del clima y escenarios de cambio y variabilidad climática en Uruguay. Entregable nº4.', 'Análisis del clima y escenarios de cambio y variabilidad climática en Uruguay. Entregable nº4. CONVENIO Bentancur, V. y Molinari, M. (2019). Proyecciones climáticas mediante reducción estadística de escala para Uruguay. Montevideo: PNA-Agro (MGAP- FAO-PNUD). Beretta-Blanco, A., Pérez, O. & Carrasco-Letelier, L. 2019. Soil quality decrease over 13 years of agricultural production. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 114, 45–55. Berger, A.; Restaino, E.; Otaño, C. y Sawchik, J. (2019) Agricultura de Precisión: ¿Qué es y cuánto se usa en Uruguay? Revista INIA. Bernardi, L y Baccino, E. 2018. REDD+ Uruguay, la contribución del bosque nativo en la mitigación del cambio climático. Anuario OPYPA 2018.Bervejillo, J y García, F. 2018. Proyección a largo plazo de inventarios de ganado y estimación de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Anuario OPYPA 2018. OPYPA - MGAP.', 'Anuario OPYPA 2018. OPYPA - MGAP. BloombergNEF´s (2021). Electric Vehicle Outlook. Disponible en: /bnef. Bonavetti, Viviana (1997). Cementos con filler calcáreo. Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Disponible en: /www.fio.unicen.edu.ar/ images/stories/carreras/posgrado/hormigon/tesis/TesisBonavetti.pdf Bonilla Cárdenas, J. A., & Lemus Flores, C. (2012). Emisión de metano entérico por rumiantes y su contribución al calentamiento global y al cambio climático: Revisión. Revista mexicana de ciencias pecuarias, 3(2), 215-246. Borges, M., Hastings, F., Rizzo, G., Campos, F.M., García, G., Jones, C., Vuolo, M.R., Fujisawa, M. y Kanamaru, H. 2020. Evaluación de los impactos del cambio climático en la Uruguay. Roma, FAO. Cámara de Industrias del Uruguay (2018). Desempeño de la industria del cemento en Uruguay.', 'Desempeño de la industria del cemento en Uruguay. Capurro, M. C., Tarlera, S., Irisarri, P., Cantou, G., Riccetto, S., Fernández, A. y Roel, A. (2015) Cuantificación de Emisiones de Metano y Óxido Nitroso bajo dos manejos del riego contrastantes en el cultivo de arroz, INIA, Serie Técnica 220. Cardona et. al (2020). Uso de datos masivos para la eficiencia del Estado y la integración regional. Atlas de Riesgo Uruguay. Preparado por la Fundación Ricaldoni. Ingeniar Risk Intelligence Ltda. Bogotá. Cardona, O.D., Bernal, G., Escovar, M. A., Marulanda, P.M., González, D., Grajales, S., Rincón, D., Molina, J.F., Villegas, C. (2020). Evaluación probabilística del riesgo e indicador integrado de riesgo por eventos extremos IREE para Uruguay. Uso de datos masivos para la eficiencia del Estado y la integración regional.', 'Uso de datos masivos para la eficiencia del Estado y la integración regional. Preparado para Fundación Ricaldoni. INGENIAR Risk Intelligence Ltda. Bogotá. Claussen, M., et al. (2002). Earth system models of intermediate complexity: Closing the gap in the spectrum of climate system models. Clim. Dyn. 18, 579– 586. Carbon Group (2020) Oportunidades de restauración en pastizales naturales en Uruguay: Prácticas orientadas a incrementar el secuestro de Carbono Orgánico en los suelos. Informe de avance. Cardona et. al (2020). Uso de datos masivos para la eficiencia del Estado y la integración regional. Atlas de Riesgo Uruguay. Preparado por la Fundación Ricaldoni. Ingeniar Risk Intelligence Ltda. Bogotá. Castagna, A y García, F. 2020.', 'Castagna, A y García, F. 2020. Análisis de los cambios en el uso de la tierra en el país entre 2000 y 2017 a partir de una serie temporal de relevamientos remotos. Estudios de economía Agraria y Ambiental No. 20-01. CEEIC (2021). Análisis de la competencia en el mercado de insumos del sector construcción en Uruguay. Cerrutti, F. y Santilli, A (2017). En camino hacia un Hormigón sustentable: Uso de cementos puzolánicos en Uruguay. Memoria Investigaciones en Ingeniería, núm. 15 (2017) 37 ISSN 2301-1092 • ISSN (en línea) 2301-1106. CMNUCC (2021). Approaches to reviewing the overall progress made in achieving the global goal on adaptation. Technical paper. Adaptation Committee. Disponible en: /unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ac2021_tp_gga. pdf CMNUCC (2021). Global Stocktake. Disponible en: /unfccc.int/topics/ global-stocktake CMNUCC (2021). Report of the Adaptation Committee. FCCC/SB/2021/6.', 'Report of the Adaptation Committee. FCCC/SB/2021/6. Disponible en: CMNUCC (2021). Adaptation Committee. Approaches to reviewing the overall progress made in achieving the global goal on adaptation Technical Paper. Disponible en: tp.pdfCMNUCC (2018). Fourteenth meeting of the Adaptation Committee Bonn, Germany, 24 · 26 October 2018. Report on the expert meeting on national adaptation goals/indicators and their relationship with the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. Disponible en: /unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/ac14_indicators. pdf CMNUCC. Comunicaciones Nacionales. Disponibles en: /www.gub.uy/ ministerio-ambiente/politicas-y-gestion/comunicaciones-nacionales CRS, MAONIC, UNAN - León y ASA (2019) Instructivo 1 - pH y encalado - 4R. de Haas, Y., Veerkamp, R. F., de Jong, G., & Aldridge, M. N. (2021) Selective breeding as a mitigation tool for methane emissions from dairy cattle. Animal, 100294.', 'de Haas, Y., Veerkamp, R. F., de Jong, G., & Aldridge, M. N. (2021) Selective breeding as a mitigation tool for methane emissions from dairy cattle. Animal, 100294. Dini, Y., Cajarville, C., Gere, J. I., Fernandez, S., Fraga, M., Pravia, M. I., . & Ciganda, V. S. (2019) Association between residual feed intake and enteric methane emissions in Hereford steers. Translational Animal Science, 3(1), 239- 246. Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., & Tanabe, K. (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (2015). Delivering the circular economy: A toolkit for policymakers. Ellen MacArthur Foundation. EMEP/EEA (2019). Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019. Technical guidance to prepare national emission inventories. ISSN 1977-8449. Emmer, V. y Zaha, E. (2020).', 'Emmer, V. y Zaha, E. (2020). Evaluación del potencial de replicabilidad de la tecnología de biogás en establecimientos lecheros. Proyecto Biovalor. Estudio Forestal Faroppa (2017). Primer informe de la línea de base del sector forestal-madera uruguayo Pre-diagnóstico y tendencias. Estudio Pittamiglio (2011). Información de base para el diseño de un plan estratégico de residuos sólidos-Uruguay Integra. CSI Ingenieros. FAO (2002) Los fertilizantes y su uso. Disponible en: FAO y Centro de Investigación sobre los Gases de Efecto Invernadero Agrícolas de Nueva Zelandia (2017). Desarrollo del sector cárnico vacuno de bajas emisiones en el Uruguay. Reducir las emisiones de metano entérico mejorando la seguridad alimentaria y los medios de vida. Rome. 32 págs. FAO (2012). Documento de Trabajo de la Evaluación de los Recursos Forestales N° 180.', 'Documento de Trabajo de la Evaluación de los Recursos Forestales N° 180. FRA 2015. Términos y efiniciones. Roma, Italia. FAO – Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2013). Clima de Cambios: Nuevos desafíos de adaptación en Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.fao. org/americas/publicaciones-audio-video/clima-de-cambios/es/ Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020). Informe N°1: Sistematización de Antecedentes sobre Adaptación al Cambio Climático –Vulnerabilidades, Medidas de Adaptación y Necesidades de Información. Uruguay. Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020). Informe N°2: Resumen de Entrevistas con Actores Clave – Vulnerabilidades, Información Climática y Lecciones Aprendidas de los PNAs. Uruguay. Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020). Informe N°3: Resumen de Talleres Sectoriales. Uruguay. Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020). Informe N°4: Estudios Recomendados para el PNA-E. Uruguay. Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020).', 'Ferragut Varela, P. I. (2020). Informe N°5: Hoja de Ruta para la Elaboración del PNA-E. Uruguay. Figenbaum, E., Thorne, R.J., Amundsen, A.H., Pinchasik, D.R., Fridstrom, L. (2020). From Market Penetration to Vehicle Scrappage. The Movement of Li- Ion Batteries through the Norwegian Transport Sector. Institute of Transport Economics. Norwegian Center for Transport Research. ISBN 978-82-480-1294- 8 Elektronisk. Disponible en: Flato, G. (2011). Earth system models: an overview. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, Climate Change, 2, 783–800. IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].', 'Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp. FMI (2021) Perspectivas de la economía mundial. Manejar repercusiones divergentes. Galindo, L.M., J.L. Samaniego, J.A. Alatorre, J. Ferrer y O. Reyes (2015), Meta- análisis de las elasticidades ingreso y precio de la demanda de gasolina: implicaciones de política pública para América Latina, Revista CEPAL, 117, diciembre, pp. 7-25. Gauna, D. H., & Perez Filgueira, D. M. (2018). Carne sintética: 10 Interrogantes en la era de la producción 4.0. Instituto de Investigación en Prospectiva y Políticas Públicas, CICPES, INTA. Grahmann, K.; Rubio Dellepiane, V.; Terra, J.; Quincke, J. 2020.', 'Grahmann, K.; Rubio Dellepiane, V.; Terra, J.; Quincke, J. 2020. Long-term observations in contrasting crop-pasture rotations over half a century: Statistical analysis of chemical soil properties and implications for soil sampling frequency. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Volume 287, 106710. /doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106710. Guillemete, Y. y Turner, D. (2018) The long view: Scenarios for the world economy to 2060. Economic policy paper no. 22. OCDE. Havranek, et al., (2012), Demand for gasoline is more price-inelastic than commonly thought, Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 1. Hope, C. (2003). The marginal impacts of CO2, CH4 and SF6 emissions. Judge Business School Cambridge University, Working Paper Series WP 10/2003 Intendencia de Montevideo (2019). Montevideo: de Ciudad Turística a destino turístico Inteligente. Uruguay. Disponible en: /montevideo.gub.uy/sites/ Intendencia de (2017). Montevideo Resiliente. Evaluación preliminar de resiliencia. Uruguay.', 'Montevideo Resiliente. Evaluación preliminar de resiliencia. Uruguay. Disponible en: /montevideo.gub.uy/sites/default/ IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston. H.S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T. and Tanabe, K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. Disponible en: IRENA (2020). Global Renewables Outlook: Energy transformation 2050 (Edition: 2020), International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. ISBN 978-92-9260-238-3. IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyers (eds.)]. IPCC. Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp. Disponible en: /www.ipcc. IPCC (2014). Anexo II: Glosario [Mach, K.J., S. Planton y C. von Stechow (eds.)]. En: Cambio climático 2014: Informe de síntesis.', 'En: Cambio climático 2014: Informe de síntesis. Contribución de los Grupos de trabajo I, II y III al Quinto Informe de Evaluación del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático [Equipo principal de redacción, R.K. Pachauri y L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Ginebra, Suiza, págs. 127-141 IPCC (2018). Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. En: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Disponible en: Glossary.pdf IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis.', 'In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.l. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekci, R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press. In press.Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (2020). Encuesta Continua de Hogares. División Estadísticas Sociodemográficas. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www. Justin, A., Almeida, E., Aminetzah, D., Denis, N., Henderson, K., Katz, J., Kitchel, H., Mannion, P. (2020). Agriculture and climate change. Reducing emissions through improved farming practices. Mc Kinsey & Company. Disponible en: /www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/agriculture/ Kaya, Y. and K. Yokoburi (1998).', 'Disponible en: /www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/agriculture/ Kaya, Y. and K. Yokoburi (1998). Environment, energy, and economy: strategies for sustainability, Tokyo: United Nations University Press Laprise, R. (2008). Regional climate modelling. J. Comput. Phys., 227, 3641– 3666. Least Developed Countries Expert group (LEG) (2015). Strengthening gender considerations in adaptation planning and implementation in the least developed countries. Disponible en Lema, P., Acosta, M.J., Barboza, R., Barrios, S., Camaño, G. y Crosa, M.J. (2017). Estimación de pérdidas y desperdicio de alimentos en el Uruguay: alcance y causas. FAO. Manivesa, M.J., 2016. Informe de relevamiento de socios y organizaciones afines a CEGRU. Uruguay. Mila, F. 2020. Resultados de la ganadería a nivel predial para los ejercicios 2015-2016 y 2019-2020. Anuario OPYPA 2020. Ministerio de Ambiente (2020). Atlas Nacional de Inundaciones y Drenaje Pluvial Urbano.', 'Atlas Nacional de Inundaciones y Drenaje Pluvial Urbano. Dirección Nacional de Aguas. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www. gub.uy/ministerio-ambiente/politicas-y-gestion/atlas-nacional-inundaciones- Ministerio de Energía de Chile. Electromovilidad en Chile. Escenarios de implementación y desarrollo de capital humano. Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2018). Anuario 2018. Oficina de Programación y Política Agropecuaria (OPYPA). Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/comunicacion/ Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2018). Resultados de la Cartografía Forestal Nacional. Dirección General Forestal. Uruguay. Disponible en: / www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/monitoreo-bosques Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2011). Censo General Agropecuario. Resultados definitivos. Estadísticas Agropecuarias. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.gub.uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/ Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2021). Estadísticas forestales 2021. Dirección General Forestal. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.gub. uy/ministerio-ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/mercado-estadisticas-forestales Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (2019). Plan Nacional de Adaptación al cambio y la variabilidad climática en el sector agropecuario (PNA-Agro). Uruguay.', 'Plan Nacional de Adaptación al cambio y la variabilidad climática en el sector agropecuario (PNA-Agro). Uruguay. Disponible en Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (2020). Balance Energético. Dirección Nacional de Energía, Uruguay. Disponible en: /ben.miem.gub.uy/ Ministerio de Salud Pública – Organización Panamericana de la Salud (2009). Cambio Climático y Salud: Perfil Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.paho. org/uru/dmdocuments/cambio_climatico.pdf Ministerio de Vivienda, Ordenamiento Territorial y Medio Ambiente – Ministerio de Turismo (2011). Cambio Climático y Turismo. Medidas de Adaptación y Mitigación. Disponible en: /www.energiasolar.gub.uy/documentos/ cambio_climatico/Cambio_Climatico_Turismo.pdf Naciones Unidas (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (ST/ESA/ SER.A/423).NAP Global Network; Comité de Adaptación CMNUCC (2019). Toolkit for Gender-Responsive Process to Formulate and Implement National Adaptation Plans. Disponible en: Nin, A., Freiría, H., Muñoz, G. 2019.', 'Disponible en: Nin, A., Freiría, H., Muñoz, G. 2019. Productividad y eficiencia en la producción ganadera pastoril en América Latina: los casos de Uruguay y Paraguay. DOCUMENTO DE TRABAJO DEL BID No IDB-WP-01024. NSW-DPI (2015) Genetic technologies to reduce methane emissions from Australian beef cattle. Research Project - Final Report. Department of Primary Industries. OCDE/FAO (2021) OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2021-2030, OECD Publishing, Paris, /doi.org/10.1787/19428846-en. Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto - INMUJERES (2018). Sistemas de género, igualdad y su impacto en el desarrollo de Uruguay. Escenarios Prospectivos. Uruguay. Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (2018) Avances del proyecto bioeconomía forestal 2050. Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (2019) Oportunidades para el futuro de la bioeconomía forestal en Uruguay.', 'Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (2019) Oportunidades para el futuro de la bioeconomía forestal en Uruguay. O’Neill, B.C., Carter, T.R., Ebi, K.L., Edmonds, J., Hallegatte, S., Kemp-Benedict, E., Kriegler, E., Mearns, L., Moss, R., Riahi, K., van Ruijven, B., van Vuuren, D. (2012). Meeting Report of the Workshop on The Nature and Use of New Socioeconomic Pathways for Climate Change Research, Boulder, CO, November 2-4, 2011. Available at: /www.isp.ucar.edu/socio-economic-pathways Opción Consultores (2020). Percepción social del cambio climático en Uruguay. iniciativa Promesa Climática. PNUD-DINACC. Disponible en / promesaclimatica.uy/ Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT) (2016). Empleos Verdes para un desarrollo sostenible. El caso uruguayo. Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT) y Foro Internacional de Transporte (ITF) (2020). Las emisiones de CO2 del sector turístico correspondientes al transporte – Modelización de resultados. Disponible en: /www.e-unwto.', 'Las emisiones de CO2 del sector turístico correspondientes al transporte – Modelización de resultados. Disponible en: /www.e-unwto. Parrilla, S. (2017). Empleos verdes en el sector de las energías renovables. OIT. Uruguay. Payn, T., Carnus, J. M., Freer-Smith, P., Kimberley, M., Kollert, W., Liu, S., . & Wingfield, M. J. (2015) Changes in planted forests and future global implications. Forest Ecology and Management, 352, 57-67. Perman, R., Y. Ma, J. McGilvray y M. Common (1996), Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, Pearson, Addison Wesley. Petoukhov, V., et al. (2005). EMIC Intercomparison Project (EMIP-CO2): Comparative analysis of EMIC simulations of climate, and of equilibrium and transient responses to atmospheric CO2 doubling. Clim. Dyn., 25, 363–385. Peyrou, J. et al. 2016. La cadena de la carne vacuna.', 'La cadena de la carne vacuna. Universidad Católica del Uruguay. 2016 180 p. Plan Nacional Ambiental para un Desarrollo Sostenible (2019). Disponible en /www.gub.uy/ministerio-ambiente/comunicacion/publicaciones/plan- nacional-ambiental-para-desarrollo-sostenible Plan Nacional de Aguas (2021). Disponible en /www.gub.uy/ministerio- ambiente/politicas-y-gestion/planes/plan-nacional-aguas Plan Nacional de Turismo Sostenible 2030. Disponible en /www.gub.uy/ ministerio-turismo/sites/ministerio-turismo/files/documentos/publicaciones/ Polcaro, S. 2019. La toma de decisiones de innovación e incorporación de tecnología en ganadería desde la perspectiva de la economía comportamental. Anuario OPYPA 2019. Política Nacional de Gestión Integral del Riesgo de Emergencias y Desastres en Uruguay 2019-2030. Disponible en /www.gub.uy/sistema-nacional- emergencias/institucional/plan-estrategico/politica-nacional-gestion-integral- riesgos-emergencias-desastresPresidencia de la República (2019). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2019. Disponible en: /sustainabledevelopment. Presidencia de la República (2021). Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2021. Disponible en: /sustainabledevelopment.', 'Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: Informe Nacional Voluntario 2021. Disponible en: /sustainabledevelopment. Presidencia de Uruguay (2020) Aplicación de ley de residuos con la elaboración de un registro único nacional y obligatorio de clasificadores. PWC (2017) Una mirada al futuro. ¿Cómo cambiará el orden económico mundial para el 2050? Resumen Ejecutivo. Rava, P. (2020). Producto 2. Mapa de actores y propuesta de participación de actores relevantes en el levantamiento de avances y necesidades relativas a cambio climático y salud. Uruguay. Rava, P. (2020). Producto 3. Propuesta de Indicadores para dar seguimiento a las medidas del Sector Salud incluidas en la CND y actividades previstas en el PNA Ciudades y propuesta de Hojas de Ruta para aquellas medidas que necesitan un esfuerzo de programación previa. Rava, P. (2020). Producto 4.', 'Rava, P. (2020). Producto 4. Propuesta de Idea de Proyecto con los principales contenidos que debería incluir un Plan Nacional de Adaptación al Cambio Climático en Salud, a partir de los talleres y experiencias identificadas. Rava, P. (2020). Producto 5. Informe detallando la consideración de los aspectos de Salud en el PNA Ciudades y su vínculo con las medidas incluidas en la CND. Ravallion, M. y Chen, S. (1997). What can new survey data tell us about recent changes in distribution and poverty? The World Bank Economic Review, 11(2), 357-382. Ravallion, M y Chen, S. (2004). China’s (uneven) progress against poverty. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3408 (Washington). Ravallion, M. y Datt, G. (2002).', 'Ravallion, M. y Datt, G. (2002). Why has economic growth been more pro-poor in some states of India than others? Journal of development economics, 68(2), 381-400. Riccetto, S.; Capurro, M. C. y Roel, A. (2016) Estrategias para minimizar el consumo de agua del cultivo de arroz en Uruguay manteniendo su productividad, Agrociencia Uruguay - Volumen 21 1:109-119 - junio 2017. Robaina y Pastorino (2021). Informe Vulnerabilidad al Cambio y la Variabilidad Climática. Informe de consultoría en el marco del Proyecto URU/18/002 Integración del enfoque de adaptación en ciudades, infraestructura y ordenamiento territorial en Uruguay. MA-MVOT-PNUD.', 'Informe de consultoría en el marco del Proyecto URU/18/002 Integración del enfoque de adaptación en ciudades, infraestructura y ordenamiento territorial en Uruguay. MA-MVOT-PNUD. Roque, B. M., Venegas, M., Kinley, R. D., de Nys, R., Duarte, T. L., Yang, X., & Kebreab, E. (2021) Red seaweed (Asparagopsis taxiformis) supplementation reduces enteric methane by over 80 percent in beef steers. Plos one, 16(3), e0247820. Rowe, S. J., Hickey, S. M., Jonker, A., Hess, M. K., Janssen, P. H., Johnson, P., . & McEwan, J. C. (2019) Selection for divergent methane yield in New Zealand sheep: a ten-year perspective. In Proceedings of the Association of Advancement in Animal Breeding and Genetics 23rd conference (Vol. 27, pp. 306-309). Salas, Gonzalo y Vigorito, Andrea (2021).', 'Salas, Gonzalo y Vigorito, Andrea (2021). Pobreza y desigualdad en Uruguay: aprendizajes de cuatro décadas de crisis económicas y recuperaciones. 26/03/2021. Disponible en: /www.colibri.udelar.edu.uy/jspui/ Sancho, L. (2020) Definición, caracterización y cuantificación del área bajo sistemas silvopastoriles, para el seguimiento de las contribuciones establecidas en la Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional de Uruguay. Proyecto URU/18/G31. Disponible en: /www.gub.uy/ministerio- ganaderia-agricultura-pesca/datos-y-estadisticas/estadisticas/definicion- caracterizacion-cuantificacion-del-area-bajo-sistemas-silvopastoriles Silva, M.E., Borges, M. (2019) Hacia una estrategia nacional de bioeconomía sostenible. Anuario OPYPA. Schwarz, J.; Herold, L.; Pölling, B. Typology of PF Technologies; FP7 Project Future Farm. Available online: /www.futurefarm.eu/Simpson, M.C., Gössling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M. and Gladin, E. (2008) Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices. UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO. Disponible en Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2019).', 'Disponible en Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2019). Estrategia de Género y Cambio Climático. Hacia un Plan de Acción 2020-2025. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www.gub.uy/ministerio-ambiente/politicas-y-gestion/ estrategia-genero-cambio-climatico Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2020). Plan de Acción en Género y Cambio Climático 2020-2024. Uruguay. Disponible en: /www. gub.uy/ministerio-ambiente/politicas-y-gestion/genero-cambio-climatico- uruguay Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2017). Política Nacional de Cambio Climático. República Oriental del Uruguay. Disponible en /www. gub.uy/ministerio-ambiente/sites/ministerio-ambiente/files/documentos/ Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2017). Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París. República Oriental del Uruguay. Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2017). Tercer Informe Bienal de Actualización a la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. BUR 3. Uruguay.', 'Tercer Informe Bienal de Actualización a la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. BUR 3. Uruguay. Disponible en: Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2019). Quinta Comunicación Nacional a la Conferencia de las Partes en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. CN5. Uruguay. Disponible en: Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (2020). Visualizador monitoreo del progreso en la implementación de la Primera Contribución Determinada a nivel Nacional de Uruguay al Acuerdo de París (CDN). Disponible en: /visualizador.gobiernoabierto.gub.uy/visualizador/api/ generatedContent Terra, R. y Baethgen, W. (2021) ¿Huela tan mal? Metano, vacas y cambio climático. La Diaria. Uruguay. UNCTAD, OMT (2012). Covid-19 and tourism. An update. Disponible en United Nations Environment Programme UNEP (2021).', 'Disponible en United Nations Environment Programme UNEP (2021). Adaptation Gap Report 2020. Nairobi. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (2019). Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR). Disponible en: /gar.undrr.org/ Uruguay XXI. 2021. El sector forestal en Uruguay. Uruguay. USDA (2021). USDA Agricultural Projections to 2030. Velazco, J., Ciganda, V. y Navajas, E. (2021) Medición de metano entérico en Kiyú: apuesta a la mitigación desde la selección genética.', 'Velazco, J., Ciganda, V. y Navajas, E. (2021) Medición de metano entérico en Kiyú: apuesta a la mitigación desde la selección genética. Anuario Hereford.La elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay fue coordinada por el Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) de la República Oriental del Uruguay en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (SNRCC) Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático Autoridades: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Adrián Peña, Ministro Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Fernando Mattos, Ministro Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Isaac Alfie, Director Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (MDN) Javier García, Ministro Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Azucena Arbeleche, Ministra Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Omar Paganini, Ministro Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) Francisco Bustillo, Ministro Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Daniel Salinas, Ministro Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Tabaré Viera, Ministro Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES) (organismo invitado) Martín Lema, Ministro Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC) (organismo invitado) Pablo Da Silveira, Ministro Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) (organismo invitado) José Luis Falero, Ministro Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial (MVOT) (organismo invitado) Irene Moreira, Ministra Congreso de Intendentes Guillermo López, Presidente Andrés Lima, Primer Vicepresidente Richard Sander, Segundo Vicepresidente Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Rodrigo Ferrés, Presidente Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) (organismo invitado) Rubén Sebastián Pintos, Vicepresidente Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional (AUCI) (organismo invitado) Rodrigo Ferrés, PresidenteGrupo de Coordinación (integración al 31 de octubre de 2021) Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Natalie Pareja Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Cecilia Jones Felipe García Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Leonardo Seijo Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (MDN) Felipe Borche Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Juan Martín Chaves Antonio Juambeltz Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Beatriz Olivet Laura Lacuague Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) Manuel Etchevarren Matías Paolino María Noel Minarrieta Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Miguel Asqueta Carmen Ciganda Gastón Casaux Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Ignacio Curbelo Karina Larruina Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES) (organismo invitado) Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC) (organismo invitado) Alberto Majó Graciela Morelli Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) (organismo invitado) Nicolás Van Der Maesen Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial (MVOT) (organismo invitado) Norbertino Suárez Rosana Tierno Ana Álvarez Congreso de Intendentes (CI) Miguel Baccaro Luis Augusto Rodríguez Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Sergio Rico Walter Morroni Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) (organismo invitado) Lucía Chipponelli Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional (AUCI) (organismo invitado) Viviana MezzettaGrupo de Trabajo ECLP Coordinación: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Juan Labat Cecilia Penengo Integrantes: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Mario Ximénez Guadalupe Martínez Carla Zilli Rossana Gaudioso Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Cecilia Jones Nicolás Costa Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Leonardo Seijo Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Juan Martín Chaves Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Beatriz Olivet Rafael Lavagna Federico Rehermann Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) María Noel Minarrieta Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Carlos Barboza Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Karina Larruina Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Walter Morroni Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (MTSS) Herbert Pintos Carolina Da SilvaDiseño gráfico: Quasar Creativos www.quasarcreativos.com.uy Imágenes: shutterstock Para la elaboración de este documento se contó con el apoyo económico del Programa Euroclima+ a través de las agencias implementadoras Fundación Internacional y para Iberoamérica de Administración y Políticas Públicas (FIIAPP) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM)–Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) a través de los Proyectos: Creación de Capacidades institucionales y técnicas para aumentar la transparencia en el marco del Acuerdo de París (CBIT) y Cuarto Informe Bienal de Actualización y Sexta Comunicación Nacional de Uruguay a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático; y del Fondo Verde Para el Clima- Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), a través del Proyecto Fortalecimiento de las capacidades para escalar la financiación climática en Uruguay (Readiness III).', 'Anuario Hereford.La elaboración de la Estrategia Climática de Largo Plazo de Uruguay fue coordinada por el Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) de la República Oriental del Uruguay en el marco del Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático (SNRCC) Sistema Nacional de Respuesta al Cambio Climático Autoridades: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Adrián Peña, Ministro Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Fernando Mattos, Ministro Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Isaac Alfie, Director Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (MDN) Javier García, Ministro Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Azucena Arbeleche, Ministra Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Omar Paganini, Ministro Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) Francisco Bustillo, Ministro Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Daniel Salinas, Ministro Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Tabaré Viera, Ministro Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES) (organismo invitado) Martín Lema, Ministro Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC) (organismo invitado) Pablo Da Silveira, Ministro Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) (organismo invitado) José Luis Falero, Ministro Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial (MVOT) (organismo invitado) Irene Moreira, Ministra Congreso de Intendentes Guillermo López, Presidente Andrés Lima, Primer Vicepresidente Richard Sander, Segundo Vicepresidente Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Rodrigo Ferrés, Presidente Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) (organismo invitado) Rubén Sebastián Pintos, Vicepresidente Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional (AUCI) (organismo invitado) Rodrigo Ferrés, PresidenteGrupo de Coordinación (integración al 31 de octubre de 2021) Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Natalie Pareja Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Cecilia Jones Felipe García Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Leonardo Seijo Ministerio de Defensa Nacional (MDN) Felipe Borche Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Juan Martín Chaves Antonio Juambeltz Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Beatriz Olivet Laura Lacuague Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) Manuel Etchevarren Matías Paolino María Noel Minarrieta Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Miguel Asqueta Carmen Ciganda Gastón Casaux Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Ignacio Curbelo Karina Larruina Ministerio de Desarrollo Social (MIDES) (organismo invitado) Ministerio de Educación y Cultura (MEC) (organismo invitado) Alberto Majó Graciela Morelli Ministerio de Transporte y Obras Públicas (MTOP) (organismo invitado) Nicolás Van Der Maesen Ministerio de Vivienda y Ordenamiento Territorial (MVOT) (organismo invitado) Norbertino Suárez Rosana Tierno Ana Álvarez Congreso de Intendentes (CI) Miguel Baccaro Luis Augusto Rodríguez Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Sergio Rico Walter Morroni Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología (INUMET) (organismo invitado) Lucía Chipponelli Agencia Uruguaya de Cooperación Internacional (AUCI) (organismo invitado) Viviana MezzettaGrupo de Trabajo ECLP Coordinación: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Juan Labat Cecilia Penengo Integrantes: Ministerio de Ambiente (MA) Mario Ximénez Guadalupe Martínez Carla Zilli Rossana Gaudioso Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca (MGAP) Cecilia Jones Nicolás Costa Oficina de Planeamiento y Presupuesto (OPP) Leonardo Seijo Ministerio de Economía y Finanzas (MEF) Juan Martín Chaves Ministerio de Industria, Energía y Minería (MIEM) Beatriz Olivet Rafael Lavagna Federico Rehermann Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (MRREE) María Noel Minarrieta Ministerio de Salud Pública (MSP) Carlos Barboza Ministerio de Turismo (MINTUR) Karina Larruina Sistema Nacional de Emergencias (SINAE) Walter Morroni Ministerio de Trabajo y Seguridad Social (MTSS) Herbert Pintos Carolina Da SilvaDiseño gráfico: Quasar Creativos www.quasarcreativos.com.uy Imágenes: shutterstock Para la elaboración de este documento se contó con el apoyo económico del Programa Euroclima+ a través de las agencias implementadoras Fundación Internacional y para Iberoamérica de Administración y Políticas Públicas (FIIAPP) y la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL); del Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (FMAM)–Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD) a través de los Proyectos: Creación de Capacidades institucionales y técnicas para aumentar la transparencia en el marco del Acuerdo de París (CBIT) y Cuarto Informe Bienal de Actualización y Sexta Comunicación Nacional de Uruguay a la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático; y del Fondo Verde Para el Clima- Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), a través del Proyecto Fortalecimiento de las capacidades para escalar la financiación climática en Uruguay (Readiness III). Las agencias mencionadas no se responsabilizan sobre el contenido de la presente publicación.', 'Las agencias mencionadas no se responsabilizan sobre el contenido de la presente publicación. El uso del lenguaje que no discrimine entre hombres y mujeres es una de las preocupaciones de nuestro equipo. Sin embargo, no hay acuerdo entre los lingüistas sobre la manera de cómo hacerlo en nuestro idioma. En tal sentido, y con el fin de evitar la sobrecarga que supondría utilizar en español o/a para marcar la existencia de ambos sexos, hemos optado por emplear el masculino genérico clásico, en el entendido de que todas las menciones en tal género representan siempre a hombres y mujeres.'] | es-ES |
363 | URY | Uruguay | 1st NDC | 2017-11-10 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Uruguay_First%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | High-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 6.56495 | 3.317731 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/188aa0f229e1ddf889ad6ba0fbc8ace2cdce895ddb2d5be90f5c25c9b1431b35.pdf | ['ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY First Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement (Unofficial translation) This First Nationally Determined Contribution was approved by Executive Decree number 310 in November 3rd of 2017, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, ratified by the Oriental Republic of Uruguay on October 19th, 2016ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY First Nationally Determined Contribution (Unofficial translation) The Nationally Determined Contribution (hereinafter NDC) aims at attending the provisions established under the Paris Agreement, as well as to promote adaptation and mitigation measures in Uruguay to face the challenge of climate change, under the National Climate Change Policy so as to contribute to the country’s sustainable development with a global perspective of intra and inter- generational equity and human rights, thus seeking a more resilient, less vulnerable society, with greater capacity to adapt to climate change and variability, and also a society that is more conscious and responsible towards the challenge of climate change, promoting a low-carbon economy, based on environmentally, socially and economically sustainable productive processes and services, by including knowledge and innovation.', 'ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY First Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement (Unofficial translation) This First Nationally Determined Contribution was approved by Executive Decree number 310 in November 3rd of 2017, in the framework of the Paris Agreement, ratified by the Oriental Republic of Uruguay on October 19th, 2016ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY First Nationally Determined Contribution (Unofficial translation) The Nationally Determined Contribution (hereinafter NDC) aims at attending the provisions established under the Paris Agreement, as well as to promote adaptation and mitigation measures in Uruguay to face the challenge of climate change, under the National Climate Change Policy so as to contribute to the country’s sustainable development with a global perspective of intra and inter- generational equity and human rights, thus seeking a more resilient, less vulnerable society, with greater capacity to adapt to climate change and variability, and also a society that is more conscious and responsible towards the challenge of climate change, promoting a low-carbon economy, based on environmentally, socially and economically sustainable productive processes and services, by including knowledge and innovation. Uruguay’s NDC includes the following sections: section one presents climate change mitigation objectives; section two presents the context and main measures that contribute to attaining mitigation objectives; section three presents the context and main measures of adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change (this section must be considered the first Adaptation Communication); section four presents the context and key measures relative to capacity building and knowledge creation on climate change; the fifth and final section includes information to provide transparency and to improve the understanding of the climate change mitigation objectives, and to facilitate monitoring their progress.', 'Uruguay’s NDC includes the following sections: section one presents climate change mitigation objectives; section two presents the context and main measures that contribute to attaining mitigation objectives; section three presents the context and main measures of adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change (this section must be considered the first Adaptation Communication); section four presents the context and key measures relative to capacity building and knowledge creation on climate change; the fifth and final section includes information to provide transparency and to improve the understanding of the climate change mitigation objectives, and to facilitate monitoring their progress. As per Paragraph 23 of the National Climate Change Policy (hereinafter PNCC), the NDC helps to implement such policy, and was prepared within the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability (hereinafter SNRCC), including its public consideration between 24th August and 24th September, 2017.', 'As per Paragraph 23 of the National Climate Change Policy (hereinafter PNCC), the NDC helps to implement such policy, and was prepared within the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability (hereinafter SNRCC), including its public consideration between 24th August and 24th September, 2017. The revised draft after the public consultation was considered by the National Environment Cabinet between 12th and 19th October, 2017. This NDC is in line with the following international and national instruments: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (hereinafter the Convention), ratified by Uruguay on 18th August, 1994 and approved by Law No. 16.517 of 22nd July, 1994; the Paris Agreement, ratified by Uruguay on 19th October, 2016 and approved by Law No.', '16.517 of 22nd July, 1994; the Paris Agreement, ratified by Uruguay on 19th October, 2016 and approved by Law No. 19.439 of 17th October, 2016; the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, including the Sustainable Development Goals, adopted through Resolution 70/1 of the General Assembly of the United Nations on 25th September, 2015; the General Law on Environmental Protection No. 17.283 of 28th December, 2000; the National Climate Change Policy (hereinafter PNCC), the National Climate Change Response Plan, adopted by the Coordinating Group of the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability in January 2010; and the Constitution of the Republic and subsequent national laws: Law-Decree No.', '17.283 of 28th December, 2000; the National Climate Change Policy (hereinafter PNCC), the National Climate Change Response Plan, adopted by the Coordinating Group of the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability in January 2010; and the Constitution of the Republic and subsequent national laws: Law-Decree No. 15.239, dated 23rd December of 1981, on the Use and Conservation of Soils and Superficial Waters destined to agriculture ends; Law No. 15.939, dated December 28thof 1987 on the Forestry Fund – Natural resources; Law No. 17.234, dated February 22nd of 2000 on the creation and management of National Protected Areas System; Law No. 18.610, dated October 2nd of 2009 on the National Water Policy; Law No.', '18.610, dated October 2nd of 2009 on the National Water Policy; Law No. 18.195, dated November 14th of 2007 on the promotion, and regulation of the production, commercialization and utilization of Agrofuels; Law No. 18.308, dated June 18th of 2008 on Land-Use Planning and Sustainable Development; Law No. 18.597, dated September 21th of 2009 on Efficient Use of Energy; Law No. 18.621, dated October 25th of 2009 on the creation of a Public and Permanent National Emergency System; Law No. 19.158, dated October 25th of 2013 on the creation of the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology; Law No. 19.272, dated September 18th, 2014, on decentralization and citizen participation, and article 33 of Law No.', '19.272, dated September 18th, 2014, on decentralization and citizen participation, and article 33 of Law No. 19.355 of 2015, dated December 19th, 2015, on the establishment of the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Office.Section I Climate change mitigation objectives Hereby Uruguay’s climate change 2025 mitigation objectives. These objectives are considered fair and ambitious considering that Uruguay is a developing country; the particularities of the country’s Greenhouse Gases (hereinafter GHG) emissions, which mainly come from food production; the country’s share of global emissions (0.05% of global emissions)1, as well as its historical participation. Mitigation objectives are set assuming that there will be no structural transformations of the current production matrix in Uruguay and considering official economic growth projections for the 2017-2025 period. I.i.', 'Mitigation objectives are set assuming that there will be no structural transformations of the current production matrix in Uruguay and considering official economic growth projections for the 2017-2025 period. I.i. Global objectives for GHG emissions intensity regarding the evolution of the economy: They cover 99.4% of the GHG emissions of the 2012 National Greenhouse Gases Emissions Inventory (hereinafter NGHGI 2012), I.ii.', 'Global objectives for GHG emissions intensity regarding the evolution of the economy: They cover 99.4% of the GHG emissions of the 2012 National Greenhouse Gases Emissions Inventory (hereinafter NGHGI 2012), I.ii. Specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production: They cover 51.1% of GHG emissions (AR2 GWP100) for NGHGI 2012: GHG 2025 mitigation objectives Food production activity Intensity reduction (GHG emissions per product unit) from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation in CH4 emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) in CH4 emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) Beef Production 33.6% of GHG emissions, NGHGI O in N2O emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) in N2O emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) Beef Production 17.5% of GHG emissions, NGHGI I.iii.', 'Specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production: They cover 51.1% of GHG emissions (AR2 GWP100) for NGHGI 2012: GHG 2025 mitigation objectives Food production activity Intensity reduction (GHG emissions per product unit) from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation in CH4 emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) in CH4 emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) Beef Production 33.6% of GHG emissions, NGHGI O in N2O emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) in N2O emissions intensity per product unit (kg of beef cattle measured in live weight) Beef Production 17.5% of GHG emissions, NGHGI I.iii. Specific objectives for the LULUCF sector: The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector presented net removals in NGHGIs between 1998 and 2012.', 'Specific objectives for the LULUCF sector: The Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector presented net removals in NGHGIs between 1998 and 2012. 1 Convention Secretariat: Annex I to COP 21 unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30 GHG 2025 mitigation objectives NGHGI sectors (except LULUCF) Intensity reduction (GHG emissions per GDP unit) from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation in CO2 emissions intensity per GDP unit in CO2 emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, including Transport, and Industrial Processes 22.2% of GHG emissions, in CH4 emissions intensity per GDP unit in CH4 emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, Agriculture, including Cattle Raising, Waste and Industrial Processes 43.2% of GHG emissions, O in N2O emissions intensity per GDP unit in N2O emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, Agriculture, including Cattle Raising, Waste and Industrial Processes 34.0% of GHG emissions,GHG Carbon pools/ Land use categories 2025 Mitigation Objectives Conservation of stocks Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Living Biomass in Forest Lands Maintenance of 100% of the native forest area of year 2012 in the native forest area of year At least maintenance of 100% of the amount of forest plantations effective area under management of year --- Maintenance of 100% of the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012 in the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012, including silvopastoral systems Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Grasslands, Peatlands and Croplands emissions from SOC in 10% of the grasslands area emissions from SOC in 30% of the grasslands area (3.000.000 ha) emissions from SOC in 50% of the peatlands area of emissions from SOC in 100% of the peatlands area of year 2016 (8.366 ha) emissions from SOC in 75% of the cropland area under Plans of Soil Use and Management of year 2016 (1.147.000 ha), as well as CO2 sequestration in the remaining 25% of the area (383.000 ha) --- I.iv.', '1 Convention Secretariat: Annex I to COP 21 unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10.pdf#page=30 GHG 2025 mitigation objectives NGHGI sectors (except LULUCF) Intensity reduction (GHG emissions per GDP unit) from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation in CO2 emissions intensity per GDP unit in CO2 emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, including Transport, and Industrial Processes 22.2% of GHG emissions, in CH4 emissions intensity per GDP unit in CH4 emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, Agriculture, including Cattle Raising, Waste and Industrial Processes 43.2% of GHG emissions, O in N2O emissions intensity per GDP unit in N2O emissions intensity per GDP unit Energy, Agriculture, including Cattle Raising, Waste and Industrial Processes 34.0% of GHG emissions,GHG Carbon pools/ Land use categories 2025 Mitigation Objectives Conservation of stocks Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Living Biomass in Forest Lands Maintenance of 100% of the native forest area of year 2012 in the native forest area of year At least maintenance of 100% of the amount of forest plantations effective area under management of year --- Maintenance of 100% of the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012 in the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012, including silvopastoral systems Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Grasslands, Peatlands and Croplands emissions from SOC in 10% of the grasslands area emissions from SOC in 30% of the grasslands area (3.000.000 ha) emissions from SOC in 50% of the peatlands area of emissions from SOC in 100% of the peatlands area of year 2016 (8.366 ha) emissions from SOC in 75% of the cropland area under Plans of Soil Use and Management of year 2016 (1.147.000 ha), as well as CO2 sequestration in the remaining 25% of the area (383.000 ha) --- I.iv. On climate change mitigation objectives: Uruguay presents global 2025 climate change mitigation objectives of its NDC regarding intensity in relation to its gross domestic product and to base year 1990.', 'On climate change mitigation objectives: Uruguay presents global 2025 climate change mitigation objectives of its NDC regarding intensity in relation to its gross domestic product and to base year 1990. It also includes specific objectives related to Food Production (beef) and Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF). It also distinguishes between unconditional objectives and objectives which are conditional on additional specific means of implementation. These objectives cover 99.4% of the GHG emissions of the National Greenhouse Gases Emissions Inventory (hereinafter NGHGI 2012), according to AR2 GWP100; NGHGI 2012 is the latest inventory available and submitted to the Convention.', 'These objectives cover 99.4% of the GHG emissions of the National Greenhouse Gases Emissions Inventory (hereinafter NGHGI 2012), according to AR2 GWP100; NGHGI 2012 is the latest inventory available and submitted to the Convention. When analyzing the mitigation objectives in this NDC, it must be considered that Uruguay is a developing country with an economy that must continue growing to create more opportunities to its inhabitants; a country that must continue fighting against poverty and indigence, as well as building a higher level of social equity, all of which must be done over time with less than a proportional impact on the climate system.', 'When analyzing the mitigation objectives in this NDC, it must be considered that Uruguay is a developing country with an economy that must continue growing to create more opportunities to its inhabitants; a country that must continue fighting against poverty and indigence, as well as building a higher level of social equity, all of which must be done over time with less than a proportional impact on the climate system. Uruguay s contribution to the last objective of the Convention and to the objective of the Paris Agreement focuses on developing with the least GHG emission intensity as possible, “decarbonizing” its economy over time and also adapting by reducing its vulnerability and increasing its resilience, all of which should be done in a way that does not threaten food production.', 'Uruguay s contribution to the last objective of the Convention and to the objective of the Paris Agreement focuses on developing with the least GHG emission intensity as possible, “decarbonizing” its economy over time and also adapting by reducing its vulnerability and increasing its resilience, all of which should be done in a way that does not threaten food production. Uruguay has decided to present mitigation contribution objectives broken down per gas, given how relevant the discussion on common metrics2 can be when allocating priorities for the country s mitigation strategies, since Uruguay’s emission profile is strongly determined by non-CO2 GHG emissions.', 'Uruguay has decided to present mitigation contribution objectives broken down per gas, given how relevant the discussion on common metrics2 can be when allocating priorities for the country s mitigation strategies, since Uruguay’s emission profile is strongly determined by non-CO2 GHG emissions. This decision considers 2 The common metrics are the numerical coefficients used to convert non-CO2 GHG into its CO2 equivalent.what was indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter IPCC) in 20143: “the GWP metric is not directly related to a temperature limit, as the 2°C target., whereas other metrics like the GTP may be more suitable for this purpose”, thus calling upon further debate on the implications of the different metrics and “to define metrics that can be useful to users and policymakers”.', 'This decision considers 2 The common metrics are the numerical coefficients used to convert non-CO2 GHG into its CO2 equivalent.what was indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (hereinafter IPCC) in 20143: “the GWP metric is not directly related to a temperature limit, as the 2°C target., whereas other metrics like the GTP may be more suitable for this purpose”, thus calling upon further debate on the implications of the different metrics and “to define metrics that can be useful to users and policymakers”. Furthermore, this way to present the contribution objectives also considers that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (hereinafter CMA) has yet to approve the common metrics assessed by the IPCC, to be used for accounting of GHG emissions and removals in the NDC under the Paris Agreement.', 'Furthermore, this way to present the contribution objectives also considers that the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (hereinafter CMA) has yet to approve the common metrics assessed by the IPCC, to be used for accounting of GHG emissions and removals in the NDC under the Paris Agreement. Global climate change mitigation objectives include all the emitting sectors in the NGHGI 2012, such as the Energy Sector (which represents 95% of the CO2 emissions), which includes Transport; Industrial Processes; the Agriculture Sector (which represents 93.4% of CH4 emissions and 98.7% of N2O emissions), which includes cattle raising, and the Waste Sector.', 'Global climate change mitigation objectives include all the emitting sectors in the NGHGI 2012, such as the Energy Sector (which represents 95% of the CO2 emissions), which includes Transport; Industrial Processes; the Agriculture Sector (which represents 93.4% of CH4 emissions and 98.7% of N2O emissions), which includes cattle raising, and the Waste Sector. It should be noted that Uruguay has already made progress in the reduction of GHG emission intensity regarding GDP in all these sectors, and in some cases there have been absolute reductions, as in power generation and also afforestation. Uruguay’s emission profile is strongly marked by food production: using AR2 GWP100, according to NGHGI 2012, 73.8% of the total emissions correspond to the agricultural sector: two thirds of which correspond to beef production.', 'Uruguay’s emission profile is strongly marked by food production: using AR2 GWP100, according to NGHGI 2012, 73.8% of the total emissions correspond to the agricultural sector: two thirds of which correspond to beef production. That is why Uruguay has a specific emission intensity objective in relation to unit produced, in this case, amount of beef cattle produced (measured as kg of live weight of beef cattle). Uruguay also presents a set of objectives for the LULUCF sector. The country has proposed to preserve the existing carbon stocks in the native forest by maintaining its area. Similarly, regarding forest plantations, a minimum forested effective area under management is set, which the country will preserve regardless production cycle fluctuations.', 'Similarly, regarding forest plantations, a minimum forested effective area under management is set, which the country will preserve regardless production cycle fluctuations. By setting an objective on the stock, we can assume a contribution that may represent progress regarding the previous NDC, in a sector that is inherently limited for such progress, from the traditional flow approach. The shade and shelter forest plantations area is to be maintained as well, including silvopastoral systems, with the aim of preserving carbon stocks in these areas.', 'The shade and shelter forest plantations area is to be maintained as well, including silvopastoral systems, with the aim of preserving carbon stocks in these areas. Finally, there are objectives regarding the maintenance of soil organic carbon; in grasslands under good land-management practices, in peatlands and in the agricultural area under Plans for Soil Use and Management, required by law since 2013, including sequestration when there are crops in rotation with long-cycle pastures. As mentioned, the objectives submitted by Uruguay are set unconditionally and conditional on additional specific means of implementation the country may receive, through funding, technology development and transfer and capacity building.', 'As mentioned, the objectives submitted by Uruguay are set unconditionally and conditional on additional specific means of implementation the country may receive, through funding, technology development and transfer and capacity building. Mitigation measures which the country plans to develop subject to the support available are presented later in the document, as well as a list of the main adaptation measures to take in parallel with mitigation ones, promoting synergy between the two, as appropriate. It should also be noted that it is essential to have support to fully implement these adaptation measures. Finally, cross-cutting measures are included regarding knowledge and capacity-building. 3 IPCC, AR5, 8.7.1.6.Section II Context and main measures towards climate change mitigation objectives II.i.', '3 IPCC, AR5, 8.7.1.6.Section II Context and main measures towards climate change mitigation objectives II.i. Context of mitigation in Uruguay per gas and NGHGI sectors Uruguay seeks a sustainable development process, where economic growth decouples from GHG emissions. In this sense, it must be noted that for the last 12 years (2005 – 2016) Uruguay has grown at an average annual rate of 4.6%. During this period, energy demand from the industrial sector quadrupled and food production was three and a half times greater. This growth brought along a significant decline in poverty rates, from 39.9% to 9.4%, while extreme poverty was virtually eradicated, dropping from 4.7% to 0.2%, reaching a Gini Index of 0.38.', 'This growth brought along a significant decline in poverty rates, from 39.9% to 9.4%, while extreme poverty was virtually eradicated, dropping from 4.7% to 0.2%, reaching a Gini Index of 0.38. Emissions had a 0.8% cumulative annual increase between 1990 and 2012 (last NGHGI available, including LULUCF and AR2 GWP100). Uruguay’s dynamic growth was possible then, with a reduction of the aggregate intensity of emissions throughout its economy, with a reduction in absolute emissions in some key activities such as power generation, mainly thanks to the alignment of national public policies related to climate change, sub-national and sectoral public policies, and actions taken by the private sector, the academia and the civil society.', 'Uruguay’s dynamic growth was possible then, with a reduction of the aggregate intensity of emissions throughout its economy, with a reduction in absolute emissions in some key activities such as power generation, mainly thanks to the alignment of national public policies related to climate change, sub-national and sectoral public policies, and actions taken by the private sector, the academia and the civil society. This was strengthened after creating an institutional framework for climate change, through the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability4 (hereinafter SNRCC) and the recent creation of the National Environmental System; the National Environmental Cabinet and the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Secretariat, as well as with the development of instruments such as the National Climate Change Response Plan in 2010 and the implementation of a series of specific successful sectoral policies.', 'This was strengthened after creating an institutional framework for climate change, through the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability4 (hereinafter SNRCC) and the recent creation of the National Environmental System; the National Environmental Cabinet and the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Secretariat, as well as with the development of instruments such as the National Climate Change Response Plan in 2010 and the implementation of a series of specific successful sectoral policies. These efforts came together in the development and recent adoption in April 2017 of the National Climate Change Policy, a strategic and programmatic instrument that provides the framework to this first NDC and the subsequent NDCs to be submitted in five-year cycles.', 'These efforts came together in the development and recent adoption in April 2017 of the National Climate Change Policy, a strategic and programmatic instrument that provides the framework to this first NDC and the subsequent NDCs to be submitted in five-year cycles. As mentioned above, to contribute to the implementation of a new model of resilient and low-carbon development, Uruguay has enforced in the past few years an ambitious set of early measures, particularly in several key sectors. This was made possible by a large volume of investments promoted by public policies. For example, in the energy sector, the matrix transformation was possible through a public-private investment accumulated for several years, which reached, on average, 3% of the GDP per year.', 'For example, in the energy sector, the matrix transformation was possible through a public-private investment accumulated for several years, which reached, on average, 3% of the GDP per year. The State also contributed to reducing the emissions of the economy by granting tax benefits to investments in low-carbon production capacities, like afforestation. In this sector, half the plantation costs were subsidized for almost 15 years. Additionally, renewable energy projects were supported under the investment promotion system. In addition, in the cattle raising sector, dairy farming and rice production, public policies fostered large investments and technological changes. This allowed for an increase in productivity and a reduction in emission intensity per unit produced.', 'This allowed for an increase in productivity and a reduction in emission intensity per unit produced. Uruguay’s production and economic growth mentioned above were strengthened by the increase in agro- industrial production, which covers 70% of exports (through which Uruguay currently produces food for 28 million people), and by the important growth of other new industries and services, such as energy, tourism and new technologies. Uruguay takes the opportunity and accepts the challenge to continue expanding its food production levels through reliable and environmentally sustainable food for a growing population, so it understands its role in safeguarding food security in line with the Paris Agreement.', 'Uruguay takes the opportunity and accepts the challenge to continue expanding its food production levels through reliable and environmentally sustainable food for a growing population, so it understands its role in safeguarding food security in line with the Paris Agreement. 4 The SNRCC operates at charge of the Ministry of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment (MVOTMA) and has two areas of work: the Coordination Group and the Advisory Committee. The MVOTMA chairs the Coordination Group, and the Vice-chairs are the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries and the Budgeting and Planning Office.', 'The MVOTMA chairs the Coordination Group, and the Vice-chairs are the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries and the Budgeting and Planning Office. The Coordination Group is also formed by the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Tourism, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of Economy and Finances, the Mayors Congress and the National Emergency System. Current or former guests to the Coordination Group are: the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic, the Ministry of Social Development, the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology and the Uruguayan International Cooperation Agency.', 'Current or former guests to the Coordination Group are: the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic, the Ministry of Social Development, the Ministry of Education and Culture, the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology and the Uruguayan International Cooperation Agency. The Advisory Committee is organized into working groups involving experts from the agencies members of the coordination group, the academia, the private sector and the organized civil society.Below, a brief description of the recent evolution of the NGHGI sectors is provided followed by the mitigation measures already implemented and those in progress, as well as the 2025 ambition levels for each of the objectives mentioned in the previous section.', 'The Advisory Committee is organized into working groups involving experts from the agencies members of the coordination group, the academia, the private sector and the organized civil society.Below, a brief description of the recent evolution of the NGHGI sectors is provided followed by the mitigation measures already implemented and those in progress, as well as the 2025 ambition levels for each of the objectives mentioned in the previous section. It should be noted that in addition to the specific mitigation measures implemented and those in progress in emitting sectors, the dynamic performance of the national economy in sectors with lower emissions, such as services and other capturing activities like afforestation, have led to the decoupling of economic growth and GHG emissions.', 'It should be noted that in addition to the specific mitigation measures implemented and those in progress in emitting sectors, the dynamic performance of the national economy in sectors with lower emissions, such as services and other capturing activities like afforestation, have led to the decoupling of economic growth and GHG emissions. On CO2 emissions According to NGHGI 2012, CO2 emissions, excluding the LULUCF sector, account for 22% of the total emissions of the NGHGI (AR2 GWP100). Furthermore, the energy sector represented 95% (8,199 Gg) of the total CO2 emissions in Uruguay, including transport, while the remaining 5% (420 Gg) is generated in the industrial processes sector. On the other hand, the LULUCF sector captured 2,126 net Gg through the increase in the forest plantations area.', 'On the other hand, the LULUCF sector captured 2,126 net Gg through the increase in the forest plantations area. Regarding emissions from power generation, within the “2005-2030 Energy Policy” Uruguay has made a great effort to attain a clean energy matrix, reaching 57% of renewable sources in the primary energy mix in 2015. This ratio was 90% for the total energy consumed by the industrial sector, and 92% for power generation (National Energy Balance 2015, Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining). According to the Agrofuels Law, Uruguay has set forward a compulsory minimum level of biodiesel and bioethanol (both entirely produced in the country) to be used in the gasoline and diesel mixtures sold in the country for motor vehicles.', 'According to the Agrofuels Law, Uruguay has set forward a compulsory minimum level of biodiesel and bioethanol (both entirely produced in the country) to be used in the gasoline and diesel mixtures sold in the country for motor vehicles. On the other hand, early actions to decarbonize power generation allow for the opportunity to reduce emissions in the transport sector by incorporating electric vehicles, noting that transportation accounted for 55% of emissions from the Energy Sector in 2015. Thus, in order to promote sustainable mobility systems, measures have been taken to foster electrification, both in public transport (buses and taxis) and in utility and private vehicles.', 'Thus, in order to promote sustainable mobility systems, measures have been taken to foster electrification, both in public transport (buses and taxis) and in utility and private vehicles. In this sense, the implementation of measures that aim to improve urban mobility management is also considered, in particular, those measures that target public transport to help increase its use and to promote active transportation. Thanks to early measures, total emissions from the energy sector in relation to the country’s GDP are very low compared to the world average. In 2015, the intensity of emissions in the sector was 119g CO2/USD, a third of the world intensity5, even far below the average for OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development).', 'In 2015, the intensity of emissions in the sector was 119g CO2/USD, a third of the world intensity5, even far below the average for OECD countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). The structural transformation of the power generation matrix will allow the country to halve absolute emissions in 2017 compared to 1990, although power consumption has almost tripled. This reduction will be achieved by the implementation of measures that promote non-traditional renewable sources (wind, solar, biomass residues) in addition to traditional hydropower. In addition to the powerful measures that favor the inclusion of renewable energies, Uruguay will contribute to the reduction of emissions by implementing measures to promote energy efficiency in the residential, industrial and transport areas.', 'In addition to the powerful measures that favor the inclusion of renewable energies, Uruguay will contribute to the reduction of emissions by implementing measures to promote energy efficiency in the residential, industrial and transport areas. Specifically, the country is developing regulations and incentives that promote construction materials that favor energy efficiency, as well as the use of energy-efficient lighting and the implementation of changes in public transport. This context enables Uruguay to contribute towards 2025 with an unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (CO2 emissions per GDP unit) of 24% compared to 1990 values. It also allows the country to aspire to a 29% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025.', 'It also allows the country to aspire to a 29% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025. On CH4 emissions According to NGHGI 2012, CH4 emissions account for 43% of the total emissions of the NGHGI (AR2 GWP100). Additionally, 93% (746 Gg) of total CH4 emissions in Uruguay were generated in the Agriculture sector, while the Waste sector accounted for 6% (47 Gg) of emissions, and the Energy sector for the remaining 1% (6 Gg). In the Agriculture sector, beef production accounted for 83% (622 Gg), which represented 78% of the total CH4 emissions.', 'In the Agriculture sector, beef production accounted for 83% (622 Gg), which represented 78% of the total CH4 emissions. emissions from the energy sector regarding Gross World Product.Given the relevance of emissions in beef production, as they are of biological origin, and as, under the Paris Agreement, Uruguay must mitigate climate change in a way that does not threaten food production, the national challenge focuses on reducing emission intensity per unit produced, and that is why Uruguay presents a specific indicator. In this sense, in the last 25 years Uruguay has significantly reduced the intensity of emissions in beef production.', 'In this sense, in the last 25 years Uruguay has significantly reduced the intensity of emissions in beef production. This evolution is explained by the increase in productivity thanks to the national and international economic contexts and the implementation of public policies that supported the private sector in the process of adopting productivity enhancing technologies. These actions have been reinforced since 2010 with the implementation of the Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy.', 'These actions have been reinforced since 2010 with the implementation of the Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy. It is particularly worth noting those actions that seek to promote the adoption of technologies for forage management in the phases of cattle breeding and raising, based on natural grasslands feeding, as well as cattle management measures, which improve the efficiency of beef production and, at the same time, eliminate carbon loss from soils, and can increase its stocks. Given the importance of the emissions from cattle raising activities, the increase in meat production in the country has been achieved up to the present with a very slight increase in total emissions in this sector.', 'Given the importance of the emissions from cattle raising activities, the increase in meat production in the country has been achieved up to the present with a very slight increase in total emissions in this sector. In future, we could consider the ambitious objective that methane and nitrous oxide emissions become stable or even fall, as productivity increases will improve herd efficiency, and to achieve the improvement of key parameters to control emissions, such as improvement in the average quality of the diet based on natural grasslands (higher mean digestibility) and a reduction in the methane emission rate per unit of food ingested (Ym) of around 15%.', 'In future, we could consider the ambitious objective that methane and nitrous oxide emissions become stable or even fall, as productivity increases will improve herd efficiency, and to achieve the improvement of key parameters to control emissions, such as improvement in the average quality of the diet based on natural grasslands (higher mean digestibility) and a reduction in the methane emission rate per unit of food ingested (Ym) of around 15%. Regarding the remaining agricultural activities included in the agricultural sector, that accounted for 16% (128 Gg) of total CH4 emissions according to NGHGI 2012 INGEI, they have declined in terms of intensity (emissions measured in terms of GDP) in the past 25 years through the implementation of practices that improved productivity and the public policies mentioned above.', 'Regarding the remaining agricultural activities included in the agricultural sector, that accounted for 16% (128 Gg) of total CH4 emissions according to NGHGI 2012 INGEI, they have declined in terms of intensity (emissions measured in terms of GDP) in the past 25 years through the implementation of practices that improved productivity and the public policies mentioned above. In the Waste sector, the relative reduction of emissions has taken place through measures that enable the capture and burning of CH4 in landfills (in some cases with power generation) and cogeneration from agroindustrial and forestry waste, as well as by the promotion of industrial wastewater treatment systems that consider the capture and burning of biogas in anaerobic systems.', 'In the Waste sector, the relative reduction of emissions has taken place through measures that enable the capture and burning of CH4 in landfills (in some cases with power generation) and cogeneration from agroindustrial and forestry waste, as well as by the promotion of industrial wastewater treatment systems that consider the capture and burning of biogas in anaerobic systems. This context enables Uruguay to contribute towards 2025 with an unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (CH4 emissions per GDP unit) of 57% compared to 1990 values. It also allows the country to aspire to a 59% mitigation objective, conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025.', 'It also allows the country to aspire to a 59% mitigation objective, conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025. Regarding beef production emissions, Uruguay will have a 2025 unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (CH4 emissions per unit of beef cattle produced, measured in kg of live weight) of 32% compared to 1990 values. It also allows Uruguay to aspire to a 37% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025. On N2O emissions According to NGHGI 2012, N2O emissions account for 34% of the total emissions of the NGHGI (AR2 GWP100).', 'On N2O emissions According to NGHGI 2012, N2O emissions account for 34% of the total emissions of the NGHGI (AR2 GWP100). Additionally, 98% (42 Gg) of total N2O emissions in Uruguay were generated in the Agriculture sector, while the Waste sector accounted for 1% (0.4 Gg) of emissions, and the Energy sector for the remaining 0.6% (0.3 Gg). In the Agriculture sector, beef production accounted for 52% (22 Gg), which represented 51% of the total N2O emissions. For the same reasons stated above for CH emissions in beef production, efforts to mitigate N O emissions generated by this activity have focused on the reduction of emission intensity per kilogram of live cattle produced.', 'For the same reasons stated above for CH emissions in beef production, efforts to mitigate N O emissions generated by this activity have focused on the reduction of emission intensity per kilogram of live cattle produced. Regarding the remaining agricultural activities included in the Agriculture sector, which accounted for 47% (20 Gg) of the total N2O emissions according to NGHGI 2012, they have declined in terms of intensity (measured in terms of GDP) due to an increase in productivity and to soybean crop advance, since as a leguminous species it requires lower nitrogen fertilization.This context enables Uruguay to contribute towards 2025 with an unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (N2O emissions per GDP unit) of 48% compared to 1990 values.', 'Regarding the remaining agricultural activities included in the Agriculture sector, which accounted for 47% (20 Gg) of the total N2O emissions according to NGHGI 2012, they have declined in terms of intensity (measured in terms of GDP) due to an increase in productivity and to soybean crop advance, since as a leguminous species it requires lower nitrogen fertilization.This context enables Uruguay to contribute towards 2025 with an unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (N2O emissions per GDP unit) of 48% compared to 1990 values. It also allows the country to aspire to a 52% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025.', 'It also allows the country to aspire to a 52% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025. Regarding beef production emissions, Uruguay will have a 2025 specific unconditional mitigation objective for an intensity reduction (N2O emissions per unit produced, measured as kg of live weight of beef cattle) of 34% compared to 1990 values. It also allows Uruguay to aspire to a 38% mitigation objective conditional on additional and specific means of implementation by 2025. On the conservation of carbon stocks According to NGHGI 2012, the LULUCF sector sequestered 2,126 net Gg of CO2 in living biomass. This capture is explained by the increase in the forest plantations area, by the age structure of the plantations and by the logging shifts.', 'This capture is explained by the increase in the forest plantations area, by the age structure of the plantations and by the logging shifts. Native forest: Native forests cover 4.8% of the national territory, where logging is prohibited as per the Forest Act (with a few exceptions specified in the law). Jointly with the tax exemption incentives for areas with native forests registered before the General Forest Directorate, this has made it possible to preserve the area of this ecosystem and Uruguay will be able to achieve the unconditional objective set to preserve 100% of the current area of native forest.', 'Jointly with the tax exemption incentives for areas with native forests registered before the General Forest Directorate, this has made it possible to preserve the area of this ecosystem and Uruguay will be able to achieve the unconditional objective set to preserve 100% of the current area of native forest. However, in the last few years degradation processes in native forests in the country have been identified, issues which will be addressed through the REDD+ strategy under elaboration in Uruguay. Therefore, within this strategy, the country expects not only to increase carbon stocks through the restoration of degraded areas, but also to identify opportunities to enhance carbon stocks by increasing the area of native forests.', 'Therefore, within this strategy, the country expects not only to increase carbon stocks through the restoration of degraded areas, but also to identify opportunities to enhance carbon stocks by increasing the area of native forests. This explains the conditional objective that Uruguay has defined for native forests, that is to say that with additional specific means of implementation, an increase of 5% in area is expected for 2025. Forest plantations: The area of forest plantations has increased significantly in Uruguay, as a result of the adoption and implementation of the Forest Act. This has directly influenced Uruguay s GHG inventory, and forest plantations accounts for most of the CO2 removals from the LULUCF sector.', 'This has directly influenced Uruguay s GHG inventory, and forest plantations accounts for most of the CO2 removals from the LULUCF sector. To set the objective related to forest plantations, the country has defined a minimum amount of area that will remain as effective area under forest management in the successive NDCs, regardless of the planting, growing and harvesting cycles, preserving 100% of the effective area of 763,070 ha of 2015. This area represents a carbon stock of 32,153 Gg of C, which is equivalent to around 117,894 Gg CO , which corresponds to 3.3 years of average emissions in Uruguay between 1990 and 2012 with GWP metric.', 'This area represents a carbon stock of 32,153 Gg of C, which is equivalent to around 117,894 Gg CO , which corresponds to 3.3 years of average emissions in Uruguay between 1990 and 2012 with GWP metric. Furthermore, for 2025 a net sequestration (emissions minus removals) of 2,853 Gg of CO2 emissions is estimated, as compared to the 1990-1994 period, when there was no capture, but rather an average of 214 Gg of CO2 was released. In this sense, the forestry sector reflects a sustained increase in carbon stocks in biomass, which will continue to expand in the estimate for 2025.', 'In this sense, the forestry sector reflects a sustained increase in carbon stocks in biomass, which will continue to expand in the estimate for 2025. Uruguay is also working technically to report the harvested wood products carbon pool for subsequent NGHGIs, which better represents the emission flows of the harvest of forest plantations. Depending on the purpose, paper or wood for the mechanical processing industry, emissions deferred between 2 and 35 years can be considered. Shade and shelter forest plantations, including silvopastoral systems: Given the importance of livestock production in Uruguay, the area of shelter and shade forest plantations that support this production and provide well-being to the animals are essential in the country.', 'Shade and shelter forest plantations, including silvopastoral systems: Given the importance of livestock production in Uruguay, the area of shelter and shade forest plantations that support this production and provide well-being to the animals are essential in the country. This is why Uruguay’s unconditional objective is to keep 100% of the current area of shelter and shade forest plantations for 2025, thus preserving the carbon stock in these areas. In addition, subject to additional means of implementation, the country aims to increase by almost 10,000 hectares the area of shelter and shade forest plantations for livestock and in almost 10,000 hectares the area of silvopastoral systems, which will represent an additional sequestration of 393 Gg of CO2 per year.', 'In addition, subject to additional means of implementation, the country aims to increase by almost 10,000 hectares the area of shelter and shade forest plantations for livestock and in almost 10,000 hectares the area of silvopastoral systems, which will represent an additional sequestration of 393 Gg of CO2 per year. Grasslands: A transformational change is being promoted in the management of natural grasslands through a newparadigm that consists in adjusting the supply of forage, regenerative management and management of nitrogen inputs and outputs. Therefore, for 2025, Uruguay has set the unconditional objective of having 1,000,000 ha of natural grasslands (10% of grassland area) managed under this new paradigm, which stop losing soil organic carbon and can sequester carbon.', 'Therefore, for 2025, Uruguay has set the unconditional objective of having 1,000,000 ha of natural grasslands (10% of grassland area) managed under this new paradigm, which stop losing soil organic carbon and can sequester carbon. With additional specific means of implementation, the area of natural grasslands under this new paradigm will be of 3,000,000 ha (30% of the total area of grassland). Uruguay has not enough national research on carbon sequestration rates in soils by changing the management practices of grasslands. This is why Uruguay has set a conservative target for 2025, which implies that in the grasslands in which practices are changed, carbon is no longer lost.', 'This is why Uruguay has set a conservative target for 2025, which implies that in the grasslands in which practices are changed, carbon is no longer lost. Research is being conducted to calibrate the tools to accurately report the actual changes in this carbon “pool” as soon as possible in the NGHGI, and at least at the time of checking the objectives of this NDC. Peatlands: By developing a National Wetlands Inventory to identify and define the different categories of wetlands according to the categories of the Ramsar Convention, it has been observed that wetlands occupy 12% of the national territory (over 2 million ha). Within that area, we have identified 8,366 ha of peatlands that contain accumulated carbon in the peat.', 'Within that area, we have identified 8,366 ha of peatlands that contain accumulated carbon in the peat. Currently we lack the characterization needed to estimate the carbon stock contained in that peatland area. Therefore research will be conducted to obtain such quantification. Peatlands identified in Uruguay are mainly within the Ramsar East Wetlands site (which covers over 430,000 ha). Therefore, through activities that promote the conservation and rational use of wetlands within the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, Uruguay will maintain at least 50% of the peatlands area without additional means of implementation; a 100% can be achieved in a conditional scenario, with greater resources for the management of this area.', 'Therefore, through activities that promote the conservation and rational use of wetlands within the implementation of the Ramsar Convention, Uruguay will maintain at least 50% of the peatlands area without additional means of implementation; a 100% can be achieved in a conditional scenario, with greater resources for the management of this area. Croplands: An objective is presented for soil organic carbon: virtually all (98%) the agricultural area of cereals and oilseeds in the country is under Land-Use and Management Plans, required by law from 2013. These plans are based on the use of soil by its capacity for use.', 'These plans are based on the use of soil by its capacity for use. In average terms, this resulted in 90% of agriculture activities being performed through no-till farming, no bare soils remaining (without stubble), mainly in winter, as winter, cover and services crops cover 98% of the soybean area. There has been an estimated 30% increase in the yearly area planted with summer C4 grasses (sorghum and maize) or that goes to the pastures cycle. These management practices minimize losses and/or increase soil organic carbon stocks.', 'These management practices minimize losses and/or increase soil organic carbon stocks. In this sense, it is set that soil organic carbon is to be preserved in 75% of the croplands area and, conservatively, , that organic carbon in the soil will be sequestered in 25% of the area under crop – sown pastures rotations at an estimated rate of 0.2 ton/ha/year in the soils.II.ii.', 'In this sense, it is set that soil organic carbon is to be preserved in 75% of the croplands area and, conservatively, , that organic carbon in the soil will be sequestered in 25% of the area under crop – sown pastures rotations at an estimated rate of 0.2 ton/ha/year in the soils.II.ii. Main mitigation measures being implemented and to be implemented to contribute to achieving unconditional objectives Hereby a list of measures to mitigate climate change that Uruguay is implementing and will implement to contribute to the achievement of the mitigation objectives set out in this NDC: Main mitigation measures being implemented and to be implemented to contribute to achieving the unconditional mitigation objectives included in Uruguay’s NDC Measures marked with an asterisk (*) also have effects on adaptation.', 'Main mitigation measures being implemented and to be implemented to contribute to achieving unconditional objectives Hereby a list of measures to mitigate climate change that Uruguay is implementing and will implement to contribute to the achievement of the mitigation objectives set out in this NDC: Main mitigation measures being implemented and to be implemented to contribute to achieving the unconditional mitigation objectives included in Uruguay’s NDC Measures marked with an asterisk (*) also have effects on adaptation. Energy Sector (relative to paragraph 18 of the PNCC) Power generation from wind energy: 1,450 MW of installed power by 2025 (32% of the installed power from the National Grid System - SIN) (*).', 'Energy Sector (relative to paragraph 18 of the PNCC) Power generation from wind energy: 1,450 MW of installed power by 2025 (32% of the installed power from the National Grid System - SIN) (*). Power generation from solar energy: 220 MW of installed power by 2025 (5% of the installed power from the SIN) (*). Power generation from biomass energy: 160 MW of installed power to deliver to the power grid by 2025 (4% of the installed power from the SIN) (*). Power generation from biomass energy: 250 MW of installed power for self-consumption by the private -industrial sector by 2025, including 10 MW of microgeneration (*).', 'Power generation from biomass energy: 250 MW of installed power for self-consumption by the private -industrial sector by 2025, including 10 MW of microgeneration (*). Start of the ring closure of the high-voltage power supply network throughout the country to support decentralized electrical power generation from renewable sources: 207 km installed by 2025 (*). Use of solar collectors for domestic hot water in large users, industrial and residential users: 50 MWth of installed capacity for 2025 (*). Implementation of a residential area pilot plan of smart grids, replacing 100,000 electricity meters by smart meters by 2025 (*).', 'Implementation of a residential area pilot plan of smart grids, replacing 100,000 electricity meters by smart meters by 2025 (*). Implementation of the 2024 Energy Efficiency Plan, which includes, among others, the following measures: - Replacement of current equipment with efficient equipment: 4 million incandescent light bulbs replaced in the residential sector, and 30% of LED lights in public lighting by 2025 (*). - Mandatory energy-efficiency labeling in household devices by 2025: lamps, water heaters, air conditioners and refrigerators (*). - Regulation of energy-efficiency labeling in new homes and buildings by 2025 (*). - Implementation of the Pilot Program for the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in housing, in Montevideo (*). - Implementation of Energy Efficiency Certificates in all consumer sectors.', '- Implementation of Energy Efficiency Certificates in all consumer sectors. Its monetary value will be determined by annual targets and funding available, which includes at least 0.13% of the previous year total energy sales. Energy Sector - Transport (relative to paragraph 17 of the PNCC) Adoption of biofuels: 5% bioethanol blended with gasoline, and 5% biodiesel blended in diesel fuel. Implementation of mandatory labeling of energy efficiency in light combustion engine vehicles by 2025. Introduction of electric vehicles in public transport: 15 buses and 150 taxis by 2025. Introduction of utility electric vehicles: 150 units by 2025. Installation of the first electrical route of Latin America, installing power systems for electric vehicles in the national routes that connect Colonia-Montevideo-Chuy.', 'Installation of the first electrical route of Latin America, installing power systems for electric vehicles in the national routes that connect Colonia-Montevideo-Chuy. Agriculture Sector - Beef Production (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Adoption of good practices of natural grasslands management and management of breeding herds in livestock production in 1,000,000 ha (10% of grasslands), including the supply of forage, regenerative management and appropriate nitrogen management towards 2025 (*).Agriculture Sector: other activities (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Use of zero discharge technologies for rivers and streams and/or application of good practices of effluent treatment and/or recovery of nutrients and minimization of methane emissions in at least 40% of dairy farms.', 'Agriculture Sector - Beef Production (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Adoption of good practices of natural grasslands management and management of breeding herds in livestock production in 1,000,000 ha (10% of grasslands), including the supply of forage, regenerative management and appropriate nitrogen management towards 2025 (*).Agriculture Sector: other activities (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Use of zero discharge technologies for rivers and streams and/or application of good practices of effluent treatment and/or recovery of nutrients and minimization of methane emissions in at least 40% of dairy farms. Introduction of intermittent irrigation technology with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) of soils in at least 10% of the rice crop area (16,000 ha) by 2025.', 'Introduction of intermittent irrigation technology with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) of soils in at least 10% of the rice crop area (16,000 ha) by 2025. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector (relative to paragraphs 12 and 16 of the PNCC) Maintenance of 100% of the native forest area (849,960 ha) by 2025 in the framework of the provisions of the Forest Law and seeking to reverse degradation processes (*). Forest plantations as per Forest Policy, and when applicable, Forestry and Environmental Management Guidelines. Preservation of 100% of the 2012 area of shelter and shade forest plantations (77,790 ha) towards 2025, including silvopastoral systems (*). Protection of at least 50% of the peatland area by 2025 (4,183 ha).', 'Protection of at least 50% of the peatland area by 2025 (4,183 ha). Implementation of no-till farming, with grain crop rotations, cover crops, and inclusion of C4 grasses, under Plans for Soil Use and Management, in 95% of the agricultural area by 2025 (*). Implementation of service crops (covers) installed in soybean pre-harvest in 600,000 ha by 2025 (*). Adoption of good practices of natural grassland management in livestock production in 1,000,000 ha (10% of grasslands), thus avoiding the loss of soil organic carbon, and favoring carbon sequestration towards 2025 (*).', 'Adoption of good practices of natural grassland management in livestock production in 1,000,000 ha (10% of grasslands), thus avoiding the loss of soil organic carbon, and favoring carbon sequestration towards 2025 (*). Waste Sector (relative to paragraph 21 of the PNCC) Introduction of CH4 capture and burning in final disposal systems of solid urban waste (with and without electric power generation): 60% of urban solid waste generated placed in final disposal sites with this technology. Various Sectors (relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) Tourism Green Seal certification in 4% of tourist accommodation services, including best practices in: the adoption of renewable energy for heating domestic water, heating and electricity generation; other efficiency measures; management of wastewater and solid waste including recycling and composting (*).', 'Various Sectors (relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) Tourism Green Seal certification in 4% of tourist accommodation services, including best practices in: the adoption of renewable energy for heating domestic water, heating and electricity generation; other efficiency measures; management of wastewater and solid waste including recycling and composting (*). The chart above contains a non-exhaustive list of ongoing quantifiable measures and also those that are expected to be undertaken in each area and sector.II.iii. Main mitigation measures to be implemented to contribute to achieving objectives which are conditional to additional specific means of implementation Hereby a list of measures to mitigate climate change that Uruguay will implement to contribute to the achievement of the conditional mitigation objectives set out in this NDC.', 'Main mitigation measures to be implemented to contribute to achieving objectives which are conditional to additional specific means of implementation Hereby a list of measures to mitigate climate change that Uruguay will implement to contribute to the achievement of the conditional mitigation objectives set out in this NDC. Implementing these measures entails additional and specific means of implementation including non-refundable and/or concessional public funding, technology transfer and capacity building, to be provided by developed countries. Main mitigation measures to be implemented to contribute to achieving the objectives which are conditional to additional means of implementation Measures marked with an asterisk (*) also have effects on adaptation.', 'Main mitigation measures to be implemented to contribute to achieving the objectives which are conditional to additional means of implementation Measures marked with an asterisk (*) also have effects on adaptation. Energy Sector (relative to paragraph 18 of the PNCC) Introduction of electricity accumulation technology, including accumulation and pumping systems: 300 MW installed by 2025 (*). Extension of water sources technologies for power generation (small hydroelectric power plants): 10 MW of installed power by 2025, with a focus on co-benefits for dams for irrigation (*). Ring closure of the high-voltage power supply network throughout the country, to support decentralized electrical power generation from renewable sources: additional 215 km installed by 2025 (*).', 'Ring closure of the high-voltage power supply network throughout the country, to support decentralized electrical power generation from renewable sources: additional 215 km installed by 2025 (*). Wider use of solar collectors for hot water in large users, industrial and residential users: 100 MWth of installed capacity for 2025 (*). Extension of the Pilot Program for the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in 5% of homes throughout the country by 2025 (*). Renewal and consolidation of the Energy Efficiency Plan, which includes, among others, the following measures: - Replacement of current equipment with efficient equipment: 80% of built-in LED luminaires in public lighting by 2025 (*).', 'Renewal and consolidation of the Energy Efficiency Plan, which includes, among others, the following measures: - Replacement of current equipment with efficient equipment: 80% of built-in LED luminaires in public lighting by 2025 (*). - Mandatory labeling of energy efficiency in household devices: other household appliances, gas-burning appliances and wood-burning appliances by 2025 (*). - Implementation of energy-efficiency labeling program in used and non-residential buildings by 2025. - Consolidation of smart grids including household appliances and smart meters in two neighborhoods or towns by 2025 (*). Energy Sector - Transport (relative to paragraph 17 of the PNCC) Further adoption of biofuels: 10% bioethanol blended with gasoline, and 7% biodiesel blended in diesel fuel by 2025.', 'Energy Sector - Transport (relative to paragraph 17 of the PNCC) Further adoption of biofuels: 10% bioethanol blended with gasoline, and 7% biodiesel blended in diesel fuel by 2025. Further adoption of electric vehicles in public transport: 110 buses and 550 taxis by 2025. Further adoption of utility electric vehicles: 900 units by 2025. Replacement of 5% of the fleet of light private vehicles with electric vehicles by 2025. Establishment of a laboratory to test vehicle efficiency and gaseous emissions (including particulate matter) by 2025. Extension of the regulation of energy-efficiency labeling in cargo transport and public transport of passengers by 2025.', 'Extension of the regulation of energy-efficiency labeling in cargo transport and public transport of passengers by 2025. Network of electric vehicle charging stations throughout the country: extension of the Electrical Route to the main roads across Uruguay. Fast charging network: installation of fast charging stations in direct current. Industrial Processes Sector (relative to paragraph 20 of the PNCC) Replacement of fossil fuels with alternative lower GHG emissions fuels in cement production; up to 30% replacement rate depending on plants and local availability of alternatives. Development of pozzolanic or composite cements for the partial replacement of the clinker in the late stages of the cement production process.', 'Development of pozzolanic or composite cements for the partial replacement of the clinker in the late stages of the cement production process. (450 ton of Clinker/year).Agriculture Sector - Beef Production (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Extension of the adoption of good practices of natural land management and management of breeding herds in livestock production in 3,000,000 ha (30% of grasslands), including adjustments in the forage supply, regenerative management and appropriate nitrogen management towards 2025 (*). Agriculture Sector: other activities (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Use of zero discharge technologies for rivers and streams and/or application of good practices of effluent treatment and/or recovery of nutrients, and minimization of methane emissions in at least 75% of dairy farms.', 'Agriculture Sector: other activities (relative to paragraph 16 of the PNCC) Use of zero discharge technologies for rivers and streams and/or application of good practices of effluent treatment and/or recovery of nutrients, and minimization of methane emissions in at least 75% of dairy farms. Introduction of intermittent irrigation technology with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) of soils in at least 40% of the rice crop area (64,000 ha) by 2025. Introduction of slow-release fertilizers and/or adjustments in the timing of fertilizer application in at least 20% of the area of winter agricultural crops, including corn and sorghum towards 2025.', 'Introduction of slow-release fertilizers and/or adjustments in the timing of fertilizer application in at least 20% of the area of winter agricultural crops, including corn and sorghum towards 2025. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector (relative to paragraphs 12 and 16 of the PNCC) Increase by 5% in the native forest area (42,500 additional ha) by 2025, seeking to reverse degradation processes (*). Increase of 25% of the area of shelter and shade forest plantations (20,000 ha) by 2025, including silvopastoral systems (*). Protection of 100% of the peatland area by 2025 (8,366 ha).', 'Protection of 100% of the peatland area by 2025 (8,366 ha). Adoption of good practices of natural grasslands management in livestock production in 3,000,000 ha (30% of grasslands), thus avoiding the loss of soil organic carbon, and favoring carbon sequestration towards 2025 (*). Waste Sector (relative to paragraph 21 of the PNCC) Development of solid urban waste management systems, including improvements in the treatment and final disposal systems. This development includes the extension of capture and burning of CH4 systems and/or the introduction of technologies to reduce CH4 generation to new final disposal sites, so that 90% of the urban solid waste is disposed of in sites with these technologies. Improvement in the industrial wastewater treatment systems with technologies that reduce CH emissions.', 'Improvement in the industrial wastewater treatment systems with technologies that reduce CH emissions. This includes the implementation of new CH4 capture and burning systems in anaerobic treatments, reaching the treatment systems where 30% of emissions are generated. Various Sectors (relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) Extension of the Tourism Green Seal certification to 10% of tourist accommodation services, including best practices in: the adoption of renewable energy for heating domestic water, heating and electricity generation; other efficiency measures; management of wastewater and solid waste including recycling and composting (*).', 'Various Sectors (relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) Extension of the Tourism Green Seal certification to 10% of tourist accommodation services, including best practices in: the adoption of renewable energy for heating domestic water, heating and electricity generation; other efficiency measures; management of wastewater and solid waste including recycling and composting (*). The above chart contains a not exhaustive list of quantifiable undergoing measures and also those that are expected to develop under each area and sector.Section III Context and main measures for the adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change (Pursuant to Article 7.10 of the Paris Agreement, this section of the NDC must be considered Uruguay´s first Adaptation Communication) III.i.', 'The above chart contains a not exhaustive list of quantifiable undergoing measures and also those that are expected to develop under each area and sector.Section III Context and main measures for the adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change (Pursuant to Article 7.10 of the Paris Agreement, this section of the NDC must be considered Uruguay´s first Adaptation Communication) III.i. General context of Uruguay’s strategy for the adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change In the past decade our country has being working on strengthening specific public policies, measures and programs for adaptation, targeting specific communities and sectors. Our priority has been to promote communities that are resilient to climate change and variability, and extreme events, as this is essential to reduce vulnerability with equity and social inclusion.', 'Our priority has been to promote communities that are resilient to climate change and variability, and extreme events, as this is essential to reduce vulnerability with equity and social inclusion. The Program of General Measures for Mitigation and Adaptation was declared of Ministerial Interest in 2004. This program included adaptation measures for agriculture, biodiversity and health sectors and for coastal, water and fishing resources. The Coordinating Group of the National Response System to Climate Change and Variability adopted in 2010 the National Climate Change Response Plan. This plan sets forth an assessment of the vulnerability of agricultural production and land ecosystems, in the energy sector, for coastal areas, urban habitat, health care and the industry and service sectors.', 'This plan sets forth an assessment of the vulnerability of agricultural production and land ecosystems, in the energy sector, for coastal areas, urban habitat, health care and the industry and service sectors. In addition, different adaptation measures were identified: comprehensive risk management, water resources, energy, ecosystems and biodiversity, production and consumption and quality of life of the population. Moreover, the Metropolitan Region Climate Plan was adopted in 2012. This plan introduced adaptation measures for rural, coastal and urban areas in Canelones, Montevideo and San José. The National Environmental Cabinet adopted in 2017 the National Climate Change Policy, which sets forth strategies and courses of action to address climate change, including adaptation.', 'The National Environmental Cabinet adopted in 2017 the National Climate Change Policy, which sets forth strategies and courses of action to address climate change, including adaptation. The National Adaptation Plan for Agriculture, the National Adaptation Plan for Coastal Areas and the National Adaptation Plan for Cities and Infrastructure are being drafted at present. It is in this framework of plans and policies that the following adaptation measures have been taken. III.ii. Specific context and adaptation initiatives to address the adverse effects of climate change within Uruguay´s main adaptation areas Social policies Social policies have focused on the most vulnerable population, following initiatives to fight poverty and extreme poverty, and to promote further social equity.', 'Specific context and adaptation initiatives to address the adverse effects of climate change within Uruguay´s main adaptation areas Social policies Social policies have focused on the most vulnerable population, following initiatives to fight poverty and extreme poverty, and to promote further social equity. Particular attention has been paid to those who are most vulnerable to climate change and variability. The National Relocation Plan, adopted in 2010, aims to resettle socially disadvantaged families who live in flood-prone and/or contaminated areas. A total of 1715 families were relocated between 2010 and 2016, and around 2500 families are expected to have been relocated by 2010.', 'A total of 1715 families were relocated between 2010 and 2016, and around 2500 families are expected to have been relocated by 2010. In addition, human resources have been trained in responding to extreme events, and there are several initiatives in place to care for the homeless during the winter months. Health care A comprehensive health care reform has been in place since 2005 to provide universal coverage, and thus creating adequate conditions to protect our population’s health against climate impact. Regionally, the “MERCOSUR strategy to protect health from climate change” was adopted to strengthen the capacity of member countries to assess and monitor health vulnerability, risks and the impacts of climate change.', 'Regionally, the “MERCOSUR strategy to protect health from climate change” was adopted to strengthen the capacity of member countries to assess and monitor health vulnerability, risks and the impacts of climate change. The National Profile on Climate Change and Health was developed, in addition to recommendations for the population and guidelines for the Departmental Emergency Committees to respond to flooding and extreme events. Moreover, the “Entomological Surveillance Plan for Vector Identification” has strengthened vector- borne disease control thanks to a strong public awareness campaign against mosquitoes carrying Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya.', 'Moreover, the “Entomological Surveillance Plan for Vector Identification” has strengthened vector- borne disease control thanks to a strong public awareness campaign against mosquitoes carrying Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. Immunization coverage has increased by including hepatitis A, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination in the national vaccination scheme.Disaster Risk Reduction The National Emergency System was established by Law in 2009 to protect people, essential property and the environment in the face of disaster by joining and coordinating Government efforts and the efficient use of the public and private resources available, so as to foster favorable conditions for sustainable national development. There is currently a Departmental Emergency Committee in all 19 departments in the country and a Departmental Emergency Coordinating Center.', 'There is currently a Departmental Emergency Committee in all 19 departments in the country and a Departmental Emergency Coordinating Center. Both provide the necessary conditions for decentralized inter-agency coordination for emergency response and disaster risk reduction, including those caused by climatic events. As part of the progress made in risk management, Early Warning Systems have been designed for several cities in the country, particularly those most vulnerable to floods, and protocols have been devised for each stage of comprehensive climatic disaster risk management, focusing on education and awareness raising and seeking to favor a cultural change towards to a corrective, prospective and reactive or compensatory risk management, empowering communities. Hazard maps have been created based on the different threats (fire, floods, etc.', 'Hazard maps have been created based on the different threats (fire, floods, etc. ), as well as national, departmental, interdepartmental and sectoral risk plans, and local emergency and contingency plans. Cities, Infrastructure and Land-use planning Since the Land-use planning and Sustainable Development Law was passed in 2008, efforts have been made towards a more comprehensive approach in land sustainable development planning, for greater consistency and efficiency in the implementation of practical measures at local level, including adaptation and climatic risk reduction measures. Risk mapping work, contemplating riverbank flooding in particular, has been included in the development of several local land-use planning strategies. Climate change units, working groups and/or offices have been set up in several departmental governments, which have helped support local efforts.', 'Climate change units, working groups and/or offices have been set up in several departmental governments, which have helped support local efforts. These initiatives have allowed us to devise subnational adaptation plans, define strategies and take adaptation measures in the country, ranging from providing information to the community to building infrastructure and implementing technological changes favoring the resilience to climate change. Besides, work is already carried out, and it is expected to deepen, to promote alternative building systems which include environmental considerations and a higher resilience to climate change. A National Adaptation Plan for Cities and Infrastructure is currently being developed.', 'A National Adaptation Plan for Cities and Infrastructure is currently being developed. Biodiversity and Ecosystems The biodiversity and ecosystem conservation agenda has also consolidated in the last few years, highlighting how important their conservation and restoration are, due to the resources and services they provide. Besides the 2030 National Biodiversity Strategy, which includes adaptation elements, adaptation measures have been included in conservation plans for protected areas, which in some cases involve mitigation co-benefits. A national strategy within the framework of REDD+ project is currently being developed for sustainable management of native forest ecosystems and their restoration, which will allow for both carbon sequestration and the conservation of biodiversity and quality of water, among other adaptation measures.', 'A national strategy within the framework of REDD+ project is currently being developed for sustainable management of native forest ecosystems and their restoration, which will allow for both carbon sequestration and the conservation of biodiversity and quality of water, among other adaptation measures. The preparation of a National Agroecology Plan is added to these efforts, promoting production systems that favor a higher ecosystems’ resilience to climate change effects. Coastal areas A lot of work has been done in coastal areas to strengthen local coastal governments in terms of knowing the impacts of climate change and including climate change adaptation criteria in development efforts promoted. Thus, different pilot actions have been taken and progress has been made in drafting coastal land-use planning regulations.', 'Thus, different pilot actions have been taken and progress has been made in drafting coastal land-use planning regulations. Among those pilot actions it is worth noting the capacity-building initiatives in terms of ecosystem-based adaptation, both at national and local levels, to strengthen and restore coastal ecosystems that provide buffering and wave energy dissipation services during extreme climate events and help to reduce vulnerability. As of 2016 there have been ecosystem-based restoration and adaptation works along the waterfront of the six departmental governments that sit on the River Plate and the Atlantic Ocean. These works have produced positive results in the face of extreme storm surge events.', 'These works have produced positive results in the face of extreme storm surge events. In addition, the National Policy for Land-use Planning and Sustainable Development of the Coastal Region of the Atlantic Ocean and River Plate has been drafted and submitted to Parliament for consideration. So far, the Departmental Governments have approved twelve land-use planning instruments involving coastal regions. A National Plan for Coastal adaptation is now underway. Water resources Given the strategic importance of water resources and their vulnerability to climate change and variability, the comprehensive and sustainable management of such resources has been defined as a State policy and,therefore, the aim has been to promote the comprehensive and sustainable management approach of our country’s water basins. The National Water Policy approved by Law No.', 'The National Water Policy approved by Law No. 18.610 of 2nd October, 2009 establishes in Article 11 that “water resources management will seek to achieve an environmentally sustainable use and will take into account climate variability and the extreme events occurrence in order to mitigate the negative impacts, in particular for the communities”. In this sense, the National Water Plan, finished in 2017 and then approved by Executive Decree No. 205 of 31st July, 2017, has included integrated water management (basins, aquifers and urban waters) participation instruments for which the climate risk approach is essential, especially when it comes to the integrated management of droughts and floods. Agricultural sector Significant measures to support climate change adaptation have been implemented in the agricultural sector.', 'Agricultural sector Significant measures to support climate change adaptation have been implemented in the agricultural sector. One of the main measures has attempted to enhance small and medium-sized cattle farmers’ resilience, particularly for those located in the regions that are particularly vulnerable to droughts. This has been done by implementing a prevention approach in their productive system strategy and by widening their knowledge on climate and extreme weather events, including their effects on the livestock health and well-being. These measures have found a foothold on the National Agricultural Information System, which seeks to facilitate decision-making processes and climate risk management. In addition, several index insurance facilities have been developed as risk transfer instruments.', 'In addition, several index insurance facilities have been developed as risk transfer instruments. Among those worth noting are the horticulture insurance, which provides coverage against excess water during harvest, and the insurance for extensive cattle farming on natural grasslands, which provides coverage against severe droughts. The Emergency Agriculture Fund can be used when facing certain adverse events in some agricultural activities that are not protected by any insurance coverage. In addition, the adoption and implementation of the soil usage and management plans builds on the agricultural measures with an adaptation approach. A National Adaptation Plan for the Agricultural Sector is currently underway. Energy In the energy sector, the diversification of the power grid encouraged by the Energy Policy is a major adaptation measure, and it also reduces GHG emissions.', 'Energy In the energy sector, the diversification of the power grid encouraged by the Energy Policy is a major adaptation measure, and it also reduces GHG emissions. The adoption of renewable energies and the promotion of energy efficiency in all sectors of the economy and households have contributed to reducing the vulnerability of the sector and the cost overruns of the power system in case of water deficits. To reduce the climate risks associated to power generation and the negative effects they would have on fiscal accounts, an insurance policy was taken out against droughts and high oil prices, which can be used in combination with the Stabilization Fund the national electricity company has in place.', 'To reduce the climate risks associated to power generation and the negative effects they would have on fiscal accounts, an insurance policy was taken out against droughts and high oil prices, which can be used in combination with the Stabilization Fund the national electricity company has in place. The purpose of the Fund and the insurance policy is to protect consumers against extraordinary price increases linked to water deficit scenarios in hydropower generation by granting the Uruguayan public sector greater financial stability. Tourism Tourism management and planning initiatives in Uruguay have successfully been including climate change considerations. A key aspect for the development of the sector is the capacity travel destinations have to adapt to climate change. A “Climate Change and Tourism” guide was developed in 2011.', 'A “Climate Change and Tourism” guide was developed in 2011. It includes a set of adaptation measures that are still in place today and that are being implemented through land-use planning and management initiatives. The main ones are the development of coastal management plans and the prohibition to build in certain areas. The Green Seal Certification for tourism was established in 2015. It includes different actions to achieve a more resilient performance of the touristic buildings through the use of appropriate design and materials to be better prepared for extreme weather events, the implementation of best practices and the installation of devices to efficiently manage and harness rainwater and prevent erosion.', 'It includes different actions to achieve a more resilient performance of the touristic buildings through the use of appropriate design and materials to be better prepared for extreme weather events, the implementation of best practices and the installation of devices to efficiently manage and harness rainwater and prevent erosion. Climate Services The Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology (hereinafter INUMET) was set up in 2013 to provide public meteorological and climatological services in the country, adjacent ocean areas and other areas of interest. The National Meteorological Network has 23 meteorological stations nationwide, and the rainfall gauge network has over 300 stations throughout the country. As part of their climate services, INUMET offers on its website qualified weather information for the water, agricultural and energy sectors, among others.', 'As part of their climate services, INUMET offers on its website qualified weather information for the water, agricultural and energy sectors, among others. While these global services are provided by INUMET, there are several other institutions in the country that have their own information systems to contribute to the decision-making processes in the face of climate change, among them: the Environmental Information System; the National Environmental Observatory; the National Agricultural Information System; the Information and Support System for Decision-Making in terms of Climate RiskManagement in the Agricultural Sector; the Geographical Information System Viewer of the National Emergency System; and the National Data Infrastructure for Environmental Management (INDaGeA - Decree No. 192/017, of July 17th, 2017). III.iii.', '192/017, of July 17th, 2017). III.iii. Main priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and adaptation measures to address the adverse effects of climate change Below are the main priorities, implementation and support needs, adaptation plans and measures to address the adverse effects of climate change, including the definition of their scope in terms of management and/or the results Uruguay expects to obtain to contribute to the global goal on adaptation. This entails increasing adaptation capabilities, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change to contribute to sustainable development and to achieve an adequate adaptation response in the context of climate change.', 'This entails increasing adaptation capabilities, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change to contribute to sustainable development and to achieve an adequate adaptation response in the context of climate change. To do so, Uruguay may use means of implementation to be provided under the framework of the Convention in terms of financing, technology transfer and capacity building and strengthening. Main priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and adaptation measures to address the adverse effects of climate change. Measures distinguished with an asterisk (*) are those that have also effects on mitigation.', 'Measures distinguished with an asterisk (*) are those that have also effects on mitigation. Social policies (Relative to paragraph 8 of the PNCC) To make available, by 2025, georeferenced information of social vulnerabilities associated to adverse climatic events, adopting human rights and gender perspectives and looking at childhood, population below the poverty line and/or indigence, homeless people, older adults, disabled people, afro-descendants, migrants and rural population. To have relocated, by 2025, between 3500 and 6000 of the households in flood or contaminated zones identified through the National Relocation Plan and other national and departmental instruments, enabling access to basic services to relocated population and assigning new uses to give a different significance to flood zones.', 'To have relocated, by 2025, between 3500 and 6000 of the households in flood or contaminated zones identified through the National Relocation Plan and other national and departmental instruments, enabling access to basic services to relocated population and assigning new uses to give a different significance to flood zones. Health care (Relative to paragraph 9 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and started the implementation of a National Health Adaptation Plan by 2015. To have, by 2020, a Climate Change and Health Training Program for the staff working in the health care sector. To have identified, formulated and implemented by 2025 Environmental Health indicators associated with climate change and health status of the population, contemplating information about the disease burden linked to climate change.', 'To have identified, formulated and implemented by 2025 Environmental Health indicators associated with climate change and health status of the population, contemplating information about the disease burden linked to climate change. An “Assessment for the establishment of models to predict the behavior of vector-borne diseases and zoonosis linked to climate change” will be under development by 2025. To have formulated, adopted and implemented a National Plan for the prevention of diseases transmissible by climate-change sensitive vectors by 2025. An early-warning system for extreme temperature events (heat and cold waves) will have been developed, and it will have been implemented in at least two departments by 2020.', 'An early-warning system for extreme temperature events (heat and cold waves) will have been developed, and it will have been implemented in at least two departments by 2020. To have formulated by 2025 a diagnosis of the response capacity and the infrastructure of health care services and centers to extreme weather events in at least four departments. Disaster Risk Reduction (Relative to paragraph 10 of the PNCC) To have, by 2020, six regional risk-management plans (covering the entire country), those taking into account climate change and variability, with focus in urban and rural population depending on specific vulnerability characteristics.', 'Disaster Risk Reduction (Relative to paragraph 10 of the PNCC) To have, by 2020, six regional risk-management plans (covering the entire country), those taking into account climate change and variability, with focus in urban and rural population depending on specific vulnerability characteristics. To have, by 2025, departmental risk-management instruments that take into account climate change and variability in every department of Uruguay. Departmental risk-management instruments consider at least 25% of municipal areas, and include the participation and perspective of the third level of government by 2025. Ongoing training on climate change and climate risk management for decision-makers and the general population by 2020. At least eight flood cities will have a flood early warning system by 2025.', 'At least eight flood cities will have a flood early warning system by 2025. At least 30 flood cities have maps showing the flood hazards of drainages, riverbanks and/or rising sea levels and storm surges by 2025. Cities, Infrastructure and Land-use planning (Relative to paragraph 11 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and started the implementation of a National Adaptation Plan for Cities and Infrastructure by 2020, including perspectives related to right to the city, urban sustainability and access to urban land. To have implemented by 2020 a Guide for the Preparation of Land-use Planning Instruments, which includes a climate change and variability adaptation component?', 'To have implemented by 2020 a Guide for the Preparation of Land-use Planning Instruments, which includes a climate change and variability adaptation component? Adaptation measures will have been promoted by 2025 in at least 30% of the cities with over 5,000 residents to address vulnerabilities and improve their adaptive capacities. At least seven departments will have regional, departmental or municipal local climate change and variability adaptation plans by 2025. Biodiversity and Ecosystems (Relative to paragraph 12 of the PNCC) The management plans of at least six protected areas will include climate change and variability considerations by 2025.', 'Biodiversity and Ecosystems (Relative to paragraph 12 of the PNCC) The management plans of at least six protected areas will include climate change and variability considerations by 2025. By 2025, 100% of the native forest area will be protected, with the option of increasing said area by 5%, especially in water resource environmental protection areas, attempting to revert degradation processes (*). Coastal areas (Relative to paragraph 13 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and started the implementation of a National Adaptation Plan for Coastal Areas by 2020. To have mapped by 2020 the coastal vulnerability of the River Plate and the Atlantic Ocean to climate change and variability.', 'To have mapped by 2020 the coastal vulnerability of the River Plate and the Atlantic Ocean to climate change and variability. To have an adaptive management strategy in 20% of the coastal line of the Uruguay River, the River Plate and the Atlantic Ocean by 2025, prioritizing the most vulnerable stretches. To have, by 2020, a system for monitoring and assessing adaptation actions in the six coastal departments in coordination with institutions dealing with coastal areas. Water resources (Relative to paragraph 14 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and implemented by 2025 three integrated basin management plans that consider climate change and variability.', 'Water resources (Relative to paragraph 14 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and implemented by 2025 three integrated basin management plans that consider climate change and variability. Agricultural sector ( Relative to paragraph 15 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and started the implementation of a National Adaptation Plan for Agriculture by 2020. Adoption, by 2025, of good practices of natural land management and management of breeding herds in livestock production in an area ranging from 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 ha (10-30% of grasslands), including the supply of forage, regenerative management and the addition of supplements in times of drought, enhancing extension and livestock innovation mechanisms for that purpose (*).', 'Adoption, by 2025, of good practices of natural land management and management of breeding herds in livestock production in an area ranging from 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 ha (10-30% of grasslands), including the supply of forage, regenerative management and the addition of supplements in times of drought, enhancing extension and livestock innovation mechanisms for that purpose (*). To have implemented by 2025 water management models and instruments that promote the rational use of water through reservoirs and dams that are shared among several plots of land. To have designed and implemented, by 2025, risk transfer instruments, such as climate index-based insurances and the Emergency Agriculture Fund (FAE, for its acronym in Spanish).', 'To have implemented by 2025 water management models and instruments that promote the rational use of water through reservoirs and dams that are shared among several plots of land. To have designed and implemented, by 2025, risk transfer instruments, such as climate index-based insurances and the Emergency Agriculture Fund (FAE, for its acronym in Spanish). By 2025, 95% of the agricultural area is under land use and management plans, including plans to reduce erosion and preserve organic matter in croplands, the productivity and water storage capacity have improved, and the risk of erosion during extreme rainfall events has been reduced (*).', 'By 2025, 95% of the agricultural area is under land use and management plans, including plans to reduce erosion and preserve organic matter in croplands, the productivity and water storage capacity have improved, and the risk of erosion during extreme rainfall events has been reduced (*). To have, by 2025, comprehensive information systems for adaptive management in agriculture for the public and private sector, and to have promoted research programs on dryland agriculture, vegetable and fruit crops, forage crops and pastures that better adapt to climate variability. By 2025, 100% of the area of the shelter and shade forests plantations –which provide shelter and well-being for animals, especially in adverse weather situations– has been preserved (78,000 ha) (*).', 'By 2025, 100% of the area of the shelter and shade forests plantations –which provide shelter and well-being for animals, especially in adverse weather situations– has been preserved (78,000 ha) (*). Energy (Relative to paragraphs 18 and 20 of the PNCC) To have formulated, adopted and started the implementation of a National Energy Adaptation Plan by 2015. To have diversified, by 2025, the power grid sources, thus reducing the vulnerabilities resulting from the dependence of hydropower generation on climate conditions, with at least 1,700 installed MW from at least three non-traditional sources, and with the option of power accumulation plants (*).', 'To have diversified, by 2025, the power grid sources, thus reducing the vulnerabilities resulting from the dependence of hydropower generation on climate conditions, with at least 1,700 installed MW from at least three non-traditional sources, and with the option of power accumulation plants (*). Tourism (Relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) The Green Seal Certification, which includes different actions to achieve a more resilient performance of buildings, through the use of appropriate design and materials to be better prepared in the face of extreme weather events, the implementation of best practices and the installation of devices to efficiently manage and harness rainwater, and prevent erosion, will have been awarded to between 4% and 10% of tourist accommodation services by 2025 (*).', 'Tourism (Relative to paragraph 19 of the PNCC) The Green Seal Certification, which includes different actions to achieve a more resilient performance of buildings, through the use of appropriate design and materials to be better prepared in the face of extreme weather events, the implementation of best practices and the installation of devices to efficiently manage and harness rainwater, and prevent erosion, will have been awarded to between 4% and 10% of tourist accommodation services by 2025 (*). Climate Services (Relative to paragraph 7 of the PNCC) To have, by 2025, a comprehensive system for designing and managing climate services for decision-making in the public and/or private sector for the relevant industries.', 'Climate Services (Relative to paragraph 7 of the PNCC) To have, by 2025, a comprehensive system for designing and managing climate services for decision-making in the public and/or private sector for the relevant industries. To have, by 2025, a radar network in the country –to complement the existing regional network–, a radio sounding station and a national telemetric rain gauge network that will help monitor flash floods, among other events. The above chart contains a not exhaustive list of undergoing measures, and also those that are expected to develop, under each area and sector.Section IV Context and key measures relative to capacity building and knowledge creation IV.i.', 'The above chart contains a not exhaustive list of undergoing measures, and also those that are expected to develop, under each area and sector.Section IV Context and key measures relative to capacity building and knowledge creation IV.i. Context relative to capacity building and knowledge creation on climate change in Uruguay Hereby the context of the progress made in cross-cutting aspects for adaptation and mitigation, mainly in relation to capacity building and knowledge creation on issues related to climate change, as well as their dissemination and public awareness to promote cultural change.', 'Context relative to capacity building and knowledge creation on climate change in Uruguay Hereby the context of the progress made in cross-cutting aspects for adaptation and mitigation, mainly in relation to capacity building and knowledge creation on issues related to climate change, as well as their dissemination and public awareness to promote cultural change. This progress is considered in the National Climate Change Policy as areas that need to be strengthened and debated further, both within Uruguay’s own efforts, as well as with support through additional and specific means of implementation, especially through technologies and capacity building at different levels.', 'This progress is considered in the National Climate Change Policy as areas that need to be strengthened and debated further, both within Uruguay’s own efforts, as well as with support through additional and specific means of implementation, especially through technologies and capacity building at different levels. Uruguay has shown interest in dealing with climate change with a cross-cutting approach in relation to the set of public policies through different institutional measures and others relative to public capacity building for management and decision-making. In particular, the Climate Change Unit (which is now the Climate Change Division) was created in 1994 in the Ministry of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment (MVOTMA), acting as an operative and executive body on climate change. In 2000, through Law No.', 'In 2000, through Law No. 17.283 of November 28th of 2000, on General Protection of the Environment, the MVOTMA was appointed as the competent national authority for the implementation and enforcement of the Convention, which was ratified by Uruguay on August 18th, 1994, and approved by Act No. 16.517 on July 22nd, 1994. It should be noted that, being a relatively small country, with both its territory and economy strongly vulnerable to the climate, Uruguay has always promoted and defended the multilateral scope of the Convention.', 'It should be noted that, being a relatively small country, with both its territory and economy strongly vulnerable to the climate, Uruguay has always promoted and defended the multilateral scope of the Convention. Another highly significant stage in institutional development and strengthening was the creation of the through Executive Decree 238/2009, dated May 20th, 2009, on the National Climate Change Response System, with the purpose of coordinating and planning the necessary public and private actions for risk prevention, mitigation, and adaptation to climate change. The SNRCC developed the National Climate Change Response Plan published in January 2010, and the National Climate Change Policy during 2016.', 'The SNRCC developed the National Climate Change Response Plan published in January 2010, and the National Climate Change Policy during 2016. More recently, the National Environmental System (hereinafter SNA) was established through Executive Decree 172/2016 of June 6th, 2016, with the purpose of strengthening, articulating, and coordinating Uruguay s public policies to protect the resources and services provided by the ecosystems, and to increase adaptation to climate change, among other goals. At the same time, this Decree regulates the creation of the National Environment, Water and Climate Change Office of the Presidency of the Republic (hereinafter SNAACC), created through Article 33 of Law No. 19.355 of 19th December, 2015.', '19.355 of 19th December, 2015. The SNA gathers representatives of the National Environmental Cabinet —also created through Decree 172/2016—, the SNAACC, the Uruguayan water state- owned company (Obras Sanitarias del Estado - OSE), the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology, the SNRCC, and the National Emergency System. In addition, the National Environmental Cabinet is formed by the President of the Republic, along with the Minister of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment; the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries; the Minister of Industry, Energy, and Mining; the Minister of National Defense, the Minister of Public Health; the Minister of Economy and Finances; and the National Secretary of Environment, Water and Climate Change.', 'In addition, the National Environmental Cabinet is formed by the President of the Republic, along with the Minister of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment; the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries; the Minister of Industry, Energy, and Mining; the Minister of National Defense, the Minister of Public Health; the Minister of Economy and Finances; and the National Secretary of Environment, Water and Climate Change. Additionally, the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology was created in 2013 with the purpose of providing public meteorological and climatological services in the country, adjacent ocean areas and other areas of interest, actively generating public and official meteorological information for decision-making in the public and private sectors, as well as among the people, being also the country s main connection with the IPCC.', 'Additionally, the Uruguayan Institute of Meteorology was created in 2013 with the purpose of providing public meteorological and climatological services in the country, adjacent ocean areas and other areas of interest, actively generating public and official meteorological information for decision-making in the public and private sectors, as well as among the people, being also the country s main connection with the IPCC. These efforts at the National Government level have been accompanied by the creation of climate change units, working groups and/or offices in several departmental governments.', 'These efforts at the National Government level have been accompanied by the creation of climate change units, working groups and/or offices in several departmental governments. The organized civil society and the private sector have also been empowered to improve their actions and management on these issues, for example, from civil society organizations through measures relative to information and awareness, as well as the design and implementation of local solutions, and the private productive sectors, especially the agricultural and tourism sectors, which are beginning to include in their agendas the analysis of climate change impacts and the design of adaptation strategies.An increasing number of actors, managers, communicators, and institutional, political, productive, and social decision-makers have received training in the past few years, and should continue to do so in the future.', 'The organized civil society and the private sector have also been empowered to improve their actions and management on these issues, for example, from civil society organizations through measures relative to information and awareness, as well as the design and implementation of local solutions, and the private productive sectors, especially the agricultural and tourism sectors, which are beginning to include in their agendas the analysis of climate change impacts and the design of adaptation strategies.An increasing number of actors, managers, communicators, and institutional, political, productive, and social decision-makers have received training in the past few years, and should continue to do so in the future. Collaborative information, communication, and education interinstitutional strategies shall be promoted at international, national, departmental, and local levels, along with the creation and strengthening of collaborative information exchange infrastructures.', 'Collaborative information, communication, and education interinstitutional strategies shall be promoted at international, national, departmental, and local levels, along with the creation and strengthening of collaborative information exchange infrastructures. Additionally, progress has been made in the introduction of the climate change and variability issue in every level of formal and non-formal education environments. Furthermore, there has been an increase in research and development (R&D) and innovation capacities on issues approached by public and private institutions, and the training of researchers in this matter has been strengthened.', 'Furthermore, there has been an increase in research and development (R&D) and innovation capacities on issues approached by public and private institutions, and the training of researchers in this matter has been strengthened. The approach towards dealing with capacity building has been an intra, multi, and transdisciplinary approach, considering the economic, social, environmental, and political spheres, and in different scales, based on improving management and trying to understand the socio-environmental systems and their relation with climate change as complex systems. In 2011, 534 people involved in climate change issues had been identified, 84% of them being researchers; also, 34 institutions related to research and/or management in climate change issues had been identified, with 60 active projects, and 107 publications.6 IV.ii.', 'In 2011, 534 people involved in climate change issues had been identified, 84% of them being researchers; also, 34 institutions related to research and/or management in climate change issues had been identified, with 60 active projects, and 107 publications.6 IV.ii. Context relative to capacity building and knowledge creation on climate change in Uruguay The measures undertaken are still insufficient to face the challenges of implementing the NDC at a national and local level. Thus, more means of implementation shall be necessary to improve the country’s capacities in R&D, monitoring and registry, education and training of managers and actors who can design and implement new answers to climate change issues.', 'Thus, more means of implementation shall be necessary to improve the country’s capacities in R&D, monitoring and registry, education and training of managers and actors who can design and implement new answers to climate change issues. Main capacity building and knowledge creation measures implemented, under implementation, and to be implemented (relative to paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 of the PNCC) Enhance strengthening of public institutions from the three levels of government, and private, academic, and organized civil society institutions, as well as of the existing institutional arrangements, for the participation and coordination of measures planning and implementation.', 'Main capacity building and knowledge creation measures implemented, under implementation, and to be implemented (relative to paragraphs 5, 6, and 7 of the PNCC) Enhance strengthening of public institutions from the three levels of government, and private, academic, and organized civil society institutions, as well as of the existing institutional arrangements, for the participation and coordination of measures planning and implementation. Development and implementation of strategy for training, education in formal and non- formal ambits, and awareness, as appropriate, aimed at different target audiences (on management, communication and decision-making and on the institutional, political, productive and social issues, among others), that shall contribute to the implementation of the different measures and to risk-management empowerment of the population.', 'Development and implementation of strategy for training, education in formal and non- formal ambits, and awareness, as appropriate, aimed at different target audiences (on management, communication and decision-making and on the institutional, political, productive and social issues, among others), that shall contribute to the implementation of the different measures and to risk-management empowerment of the population. Creation and strengthening of scientific-technical exchange networks for the implementation of R&D and innovation projects, both at a national and regional level. Design and implementation of an economic assessment mechanism for loss and damage due to climate events, which allows having a national annual report with information by sector, population and territories affected.', 'Design and implementation of an economic assessment mechanism for loss and damage due to climate events, which allows having a national annual report with information by sector, population and territories affected. Generation and access to information relevant to decision-making by the institutions related to the matter and the population. Social networks strengthening on territories from a rights perspective, contributing to building and outreaching of climate change knowledge, local level decision-making and early-warnings better managing. Identification and promotion of research lines considered a priority for the different sectors in issues related to climate change and variability.', 'Identification and promotion of research lines considered a priority for the different sectors in issues related to climate change and variability. Strengthening of the Environmental Education National Network, promoting that male and female educators develop different projects in classrooms, workshops, and scientific education fairs, as well as non-formal activities relating to climate change in the framework of the Environmental Education National Plan and linking with the Education on Human Rights National Plan. Strengthen and enhance spaces and channels that are already in place for the people to express their concerns and views on how they are affected, and how to deal with the problems related to climate change.', 'Strengthen and enhance spaces and channels that are already in place for the people to express their concerns and views on how they are affected, and how to deal with the problems related to climate change. The above chart contains a not exhaustive list of undergoing measures, and also those that are expected to develop, under each area and sector. 6 2011. Interdisciplinary Center for Climate Change and Variability Response (CIRCVC). SNRCC-CIRCV Agreement, results of the People, Projects, Publications analysis.Section V Information to provide transparency and to improve the understanding of climate change mitigation objectives, and to facilitate their monitoring, reporting and verification V.i.', 'SNRCC-CIRCV Agreement, results of the People, Projects, Publications analysis.Section V Information to provide transparency and to improve the understanding of climate change mitigation objectives, and to facilitate their monitoring, reporting and verification V.i. Scope and coverage Mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC cover all of the CO , CH and N O emissions in the country, and which collectively account for over 99% of Uruguay’s current CO eq emissions, calculated as per the NGHGI 2012 (AR2 GWP100). All emitting sectors as acknowledged by IPCC inventory guidelines are considered. The general objectives in Section I refer to aggregate total emissions for each gas and do not imply contributions by sector.', 'The general objectives in Section I refer to aggregate total emissions for each gas and do not imply contributions by sector. Regarding the provisions established under the Paris Agreement, only unconditional objectives from Section I will be subject in a binding manner to the procedures defined in Article 13 on the enhanced transparency framework for action and support and to eventual provisions related to the mechanism to facilitate the implementation and promote compliance, in a manner that is non-adversarial and non-punitive, as defined in Article 15, and as might be decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties in the Paris Agreement; the share of the conditional objectives presented in Section I will be eventually subject to the same provisions – to be the same defined by Uruguay on a case-by-case basis- for that conditional objectives for which enough support had been received from additional specific means of implementation, for the fulfillment of specific measures contained in Section II.iii.', 'Regarding the provisions established under the Paris Agreement, only unconditional objectives from Section I will be subject in a binding manner to the procedures defined in Article 13 on the enhanced transparency framework for action and support and to eventual provisions related to the mechanism to facilitate the implementation and promote compliance, in a manner that is non-adversarial and non-punitive, as defined in Article 15, and as might be decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties in the Paris Agreement; the share of the conditional objectives presented in Section I will be eventually subject to the same provisions – to be the same defined by Uruguay on a case-by-case basis- for that conditional objectives for which enough support had been received from additional specific means of implementation, for the fulfillment of specific measures contained in Section II.iii. V.ii.', 'Regarding the provisions established under the Paris Agreement, only unconditional objectives from Section I will be subject in a binding manner to the procedures defined in Article 13 on the enhanced transparency framework for action and support and to eventual provisions related to the mechanism to facilitate the implementation and promote compliance, in a manner that is non-adversarial and non-punitive, as defined in Article 15, and as might be decided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties in the Paris Agreement; the share of the conditional objectives presented in Section I will be eventually subject to the same provisions – to be the same defined by Uruguay on a case-by-case basis- for that conditional objectives for which enough support had been received from additional specific means of implementation, for the fulfillment of specific measures contained in Section II.iii. V.ii. Main assumptions The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC were defined considering the country’s current path of development, excluding structural transformations in its productive matrix by 2016, and assuming an average inter annual growth of 0.5% in 2017, 2% in 2018 and 3% between 2019 and 2025.', 'Main assumptions The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC were defined considering the country’s current path of development, excluding structural transformations in its productive matrix by 2016, and assuming an average inter annual growth of 0.5% in 2017, 2% in 2018 and 3% between 2019 and 2025. V.iii. Methodological approach for estimating emissions and removals The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC were prepared using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2000 Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2003 Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, as well as 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the waste sector. V.iv.', 'Methodological approach for estimating emissions and removals The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC were prepared using the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2000 Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, 2003 Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF, as well as 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories for the waste sector. V.iv. Types of objectives and measures that are unconditional and conditional on additional means of implementation The unconditional mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC by 2025, as well as the mitigation measures included in Section II.ii, may include the use of foreign direct investment, the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as various kinds of support from means of implementation, including financing, technology transfer and capacity building.', 'Types of objectives and measures that are unconditional and conditional on additional means of implementation The unconditional mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC by 2025, as well as the mitigation measures included in Section II.ii, may include the use of foreign direct investment, the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol, as well as various kinds of support from means of implementation, including financing, technology transfer and capacity building. The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 that are conditional on additional specific means of implementation, as well as the mitigation measures included in Section II.iii, need the support of additional specific means of implementation, with this support being for the most part, but not exclusively, non- refundable and/or concessional public funding.', 'The mitigation objectives in Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 that are conditional on additional specific means of implementation, as well as the mitigation measures included in Section II.iii, need the support of additional specific means of implementation, with this support being for the most part, but not exclusively, non- refundable and/or concessional public funding. In all cases this support will be defined by Uruguay and then reported specifically on a case-by-case basis, and in relation to the corresponding conditional objectives in Section I and/or the measures in Section II.iii.', 'In all cases this support will be defined by Uruguay and then reported specifically on a case-by-case basis, and in relation to the corresponding conditional objectives in Section I and/or the measures in Section II.iii. On the measures in Section II.iii It should be considered that the quantitative definitions in those measures included in Section II.iii, which are also included in Section II.ii, are not in addition to, but rather already include the quantitative definitions of the measures in Section II.ii. On the measures in Sections III.iii and IV.ii The measures listed in Sections III.iii and IV.ii have been deemed to be necessary and priorities by Uruguay to address the challenge of climate change, through adaptation, capacity building and knowledge creation.', 'On the measures in Sections III.iii and IV.ii The measures listed in Sections III.iii and IV.ii have been deemed to be necessary and priorities by Uruguay to address the challenge of climate change, through adaptation, capacity building and knowledge creation. However, the full implementation of these measures will require support from means of implementation, including financing, technology transfer and capacity building.V.v.', 'However, the full implementation of these measures will require support from means of implementation, including financing, technology transfer and capacity building.V.v. Definition of the target year and data sources to facilitate the monitoring, reporting and verification of the NDC mitigation objectives under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement Definition of the target year and identification of sources for verifying the global objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: - Intensity of CO in 2025 (gas/GDP): the annual intensity for 2025 is estimated, with the CO emissions being those reported in Gg in the NGHGI for 2025 and correcting the power generation activity assuming a year of average water availability7, and with the Gross Domestic Product (hereinafter GDP) in 2025 being the one reported by the Central Bank of Uruguay (hereinafter BCU), considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices.', 'Definition of the target year and data sources to facilitate the monitoring, reporting and verification of the NDC mitigation objectives under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement Definition of the target year and identification of sources for verifying the global objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: - Intensity of CO in 2025 (gas/GDP): the annual intensity for 2025 is estimated, with the CO emissions being those reported in Gg in the NGHGI for 2025 and correcting the power generation activity assuming a year of average water availability7, and with the Gross Domestic Product (hereinafter GDP) in 2025 being the one reported by the Central Bank of Uruguay (hereinafter BCU), considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices. The criteria and drivers used for the energy projections, including vehicle fleet projections, are available at the National Directorate of Energy (hereinafter DNE) of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining (hereinafter MIEM).', 'The criteria and drivers used for the energy projections, including vehicle fleet projections, are available at the National Directorate of Energy (hereinafter DNE) of the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining (hereinafter MIEM). - Intensity of CH and N O in 2025 (gas/GDP): is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 2022 – 2026 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation. With the CH and N O emissions being those of the years 2022 to 2026, estimated in Gg for each gas, reported in the NGHGI, and with 2022 - 2026 GDP values being those reported by the BCU, considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices.', 'With the CH and N O emissions being those of the years 2022 to 2026, estimated in Gg for each gas, reported in the NGHGI, and with 2022 - 2026 GDP values being those reported by the BCU, considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices. Definition of the target year and identification of sources for verifying the specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production - beef: - Intensity of CH and N O in 2025 (gas/beef production measured as kilograms of live weight) is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 2022 – 2026 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation, with CH and N O emissions being those of the years 2022 to 2026, reported in the NGHGI, considering only CH emissions caused by enteric fermentation and manure management, and N O emissions from grazed grasslands and indirect emissions from beef cattle excretions.', 'Definition of the target year and identification of sources for verifying the specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production - beef: - Intensity of CH and N O in 2025 (gas/beef production measured as kilograms of live weight) is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 2022 – 2026 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation, with CH and N O emissions being those of the years 2022 to 2026, reported in the NGHGI, considering only CH emissions caused by enteric fermentation and manure management, and N O emissions from grazed grasslands and indirect emissions from beef cattle excretions. Beef production, measured as kilograms of live weight, in the 2022 to 2026 period, is the production reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the Directorate of Agricultural Statistics (hereinafter DIEA) of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (hereinafter MGAP).', 'Beef production, measured as kilograms of live weight, in the 2022 to 2026 period, is the production reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the Directorate of Agricultural Statistics (hereinafter DIEA) of the Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (hereinafter MGAP). Definition of the target year and identification of sources for verifying the specific objectives of the LULUCF sector - Area of native forests: area reported for the year 2025 in the Forest cartography of the General Directorate of Forestry (hereinafter DGF) of the MGAP. - Area of forest plantations: total area used for forest plantations in 2025, reported by the DIEA, corrected with a 0.77 coefficient in order to obtain the effective management area.', '- Area of forest plantations: total area used for forest plantations in 2025, reported by the DIEA, corrected with a 0.77 coefficient in order to obtain the effective management area. - Area of shade and shelter forests, including silvopastoral systems: area of shade and shelter forests for 2025, including silvopastoral systems, reported in the Forest cartography of the DGF of the MGAP. - Area of natural grasslands: percentage of the area of natural grasslands under good practices management in 2025, reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP. - Area of peatlands: area of peatlands surveyed in 2025 following the methodology of the 2016 National Wetlands Inventory - Inventory for the Merin Lagoon basin and the Atlantic basin.', '- Area of peatlands: area of peatlands surveyed in 2025 following the methodology of the 2016 National Wetlands Inventory - Inventory for the Merin Lagoon basin and the Atlantic basin. - Croplands area: percentage of the croplands area under land use and management plans in 2025, reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP. V.vi. Definition of the values and the base year Definition of values and base year of global objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: - Intensity of CO in 1990 (gas/GDP): it is the relationship between CO emissions in 1990 estimated in Gg of gas and reported in the NGHGI and the GDP of 1990, considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices.', 'Definition of the values and the base year Definition of values and base year of global objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: - Intensity of CO in 1990 (gas/GDP): it is the relationship between CO emissions in 1990 estimated in Gg of gas and reported in the NGHGI and the GDP of 1990, considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices. - Intensity of CH and N O in 1990 (gas/GDP): is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 1987 – 1991 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation. CH and N O emissions of the years 1987 to 1991 are those estimated in Gg for each gas, considered from a reconstructed series of data from the NGHGI 1990 and 1994, and livestock statistics.', 'CH and N O emissions of the years 1987 to 1991 are those estimated in Gg for each gas, considered from a reconstructed series of data from the NGHGI 1990 and 1994, and livestock statistics. The GDP values from the 1987 to 1991 period are used, 7 Given the high interannual variability of the water contributions to the reservoirs of hydroelectric plants, a scenario of average water availability was created, considering available historical data (103 years of weekly water contributions, Source: National Administration of Power Plants and Electrical Transmissions [hereinafter: UTE]) and generating with them 1,000 summary reports that have the same statistical behavior. The optimum expansion of the power generation system for the target demand was projected using the WASP-IV tool.', 'The optimum expansion of the power generation system for the target demand was projected using the WASP-IV tool. This expansion was added to the electrical system modeling being currently used (SimSEE tool).considering a series in Uruguayan Pesos (UYU) at constant 2005 prices. Definition of the values and the base year of the specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production – beef: - Intensity of CH and N O in 1990 (gas/beef production measured as kilograms of live weight): is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 1987 – 1991 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation.', 'Definition of the values and the base year of the specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production – beef: - Intensity of CH and N O in 1990 (gas/beef production measured as kilograms of live weight): is estimated as the average annual intensities in the 1987 – 1991 period, excluding the annual maximum and minimum values in the calculation. CH and N O emissions of the years 1987 to 1991 are those estimated in Gg for each gas, considered from a reconstructed series of data from the NGHGI 1990 and 1994 (considering only CH emissions caused by enteric fermentation and manure management, and N O emissions from grazed grasslands and indirect emissions from beef cattle excretions) and livestock statistics.', 'CH and N O emissions of the years 1987 to 1991 are those estimated in Gg for each gas, considered from a reconstructed series of data from the NGHGI 1990 and 1994 (considering only CH emissions caused by enteric fermentation and manure management, and N O emissions from grazed grasslands and indirect emissions from beef cattle excretions) and livestock statistics. The live weight of beef from the years 1987 to 1991 is the weight reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP.', 'The live weight of beef from the years 1987 to 1991 is the weight reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP. Absolute values CO2 Gg NA NA NA 3.867 NA Relative values - Intensity CO2/GDP Gg/Billions NA NA NA 12.42 NA Base values Gas and activity Unit/year Base value BCF/Live weight Gg/Gg 0.78 O BCF/Live weight Gg/Gg 0.03 Definition of the values and the base year of the specific objectives the LULUCF sector, as appropriate - Area of native forests: area for 2012 reported in the Forest cartography of the DGF of the MGAP (base value: 849,960 ha). - Area of forest plantations: total area used for forest plantations in 2015, reported by the DIEA, corrected with a 0.77 coefficient in order to obtain the effective management area.', '- Area of forest plantations: total area used for forest plantations in 2015, reported by the DIEA, corrected with a 0.77 coefficient in order to obtain the effective management area. (Base value: 763,070 effective hectares of forest plantations area, which accounts for 77% of the total 991,000 hectares used for forest plantations by 2015). - Shade and shelter forests: area of shade and shelter forests for 2012, reported in the 2012 Forest cartography of the DGF of the MGAP (Base value: 77,790 ha). - Area of natural grasslands: surface of natural grasslands under good practices management reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP. (Base value: no data available).', '(Base value: no data available). - Area of peatlands: area of peatlands surveyed in 2016 in the National Wetlands Inventory - Inventory for the Merin Lagoon basin and the Atlantic basin. (Base value: 4,183 ha of peatlands which accounts for 50% of the total area of peatlands in 2016).', '(Base value: 4,183 ha of peatlands which accounts for 50% of the total area of peatlands in 2016). -Agricultural area: agricultural area under land use and management plans reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP (Base value: 1,530,000 ha of agricultural area under land use and management plans in 2016).V.vii International transfer of mitigation results under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Any transfer of emission reduction units carried out in Uruguayan territory must be expressly authorized by a resolution of the Ministry of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment (MVOTMA) acting as the competent national authority for the purposes of implementing and applying the Convention.', '-Agricultural area: agricultural area under land use and management plans reported in the Statistical Yearbook of the DIEA of the MGAP (Base value: 1,530,000 ha of agricultural area under land use and management plans in 2016).V.vii International transfer of mitigation results under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement Any transfer of emission reduction units carried out in Uruguayan territory must be expressly authorized by a resolution of the Ministry of Housing, Land-Use Planning and Environment (MVOTMA) acting as the competent national authority for the purposes of implementing and applying the Convention. All GHG emission reductions units obtained in Uruguayan territory that have not been authorized for their transference, shall be accounted towards the achievement of the mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC.', 'All GHG emission reductions units obtained in Uruguayan territory that have not been authorized for their transference, shall be accounted towards the achievement of the mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC. Apart from that, while Uruguay does not rule out taking part in international GHG emissions trading markets, priority is given to the fulfillment of the commitments in its NDC as stated herein. V.vii.', 'Apart from that, while Uruguay does not rule out taking part in international GHG emissions trading markets, priority is given to the fulfillment of the commitments in its NDC as stated herein. V.vii. Non-binding interpretation of global mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 in relation to the economy presented in CO equivalent Common metrics assessed by the IPCC NGHGI sectors Non-binding interpretation of 2025 mitigation objectives Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, Including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector are not considered) V.viii.', 'Non-binding interpretation of global mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 in relation to the economy presented in CO equivalent Common metrics assessed by the IPCC NGHGI sectors Non-binding interpretation of 2025 mitigation objectives Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, Including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP equivalent GHG emissions intensity regarding GDP (Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry Sector are not considered) V.viii. Non-binding interpretation of the global mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 in relation to the economy presented as avoided emissions of CO equivalent before a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real growth of the economy until 2016, and its projection for 2025 Common metrics assessed by the IPCC NGHGI sectors Non-binding interpretation of 2025 mitigation objectives Emissions avoided between 1990 and 2025 before a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real and expected growth of the economy.', 'Non-binding interpretation of the global mitigation objectives of Uruguay’s NDC by 2025 in relation to the economy presented as avoided emissions of CO equivalent before a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real growth of the economy until 2016, and its projection for 2025 Common metrics assessed by the IPCC NGHGI sectors Non-binding interpretation of 2025 mitigation objectives Emissions avoided between 1990 and 2025 before a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real and expected growth of the economy. Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent of avoided GHG emissions in equivalentV.ix.', 'Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent Energy, including Transport; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes of avoided GHG emissions in equivalent of avoided GHG emissions in equivalentV.ix. Non-binding graphic interpretation of the global mitigation objectives and measures of Uruguay´s NDC by 2025 presented as avoided emissions of CO2 equivalent in relation to a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real growth of the economy until 2016, and its projection for 2025: a) According to GTP100 AR5 GHG Emissions in CO2 eq Mt (GTP100 1990-2025 counterfactual projection (emissions coupled to GDP) 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2015 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 1990-2015 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) - Removals projection in CO2 Mt 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) GHG Emissions projection in eq Mt (GTP100 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenariob) According to GWP100 AR2 - 1990-2025 counterfactual projection (emissions coupled to GDP) 1990-2015 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2015 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) GHG Emissions projection in eq Mt (GWP100 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario - Removals projection in CO2 Mt 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC)V.x.', 'Non-binding graphic interpretation of the global mitigation objectives and measures of Uruguay´s NDC by 2025 presented as avoided emissions of CO2 equivalent in relation to a counterfactual scenario of growth of GHG emissions coupled with the real growth of the economy until 2016, and its projection for 2025: a) According to GTP100 AR5 GHG Emissions in CO2 eq Mt (GTP100 1990-2025 counterfactual projection (emissions coupled to GDP) 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2015 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 1990-2015 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) - Removals projection in CO2 Mt 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) GHG Emissions projection in eq Mt (GTP100 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenariob) According to GWP100 AR2 - 1990-2025 counterfactual projection (emissions coupled to GDP) 1990-2015 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2015 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC) GHG Emissions projection in eq Mt (GWP100 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Gross emissions projection (not considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Unconditional Scenario 2016-2025 Net emissions projection (considering LULUCF) – Conditional Scenario - Removals projection in CO2 Mt 1990-2025 removals projections (not considering SOC and according to NGHGI 1990-2012) 2016-2025 removals projections (considering SOC)V.x. Non-binding presentation of 2030 intended mitigation objectives that might be eventually included in the Second Nationally Determined Contribution: Intended objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: GHG 2030 intended mitigation objectives NGHGI sectors (except LULUCF) Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation emissions intensity regarding GDP emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy, including Transport; and Industrial Processes emissions intensity regarding GDP emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste and Industrial Processes O 51% reduction O emissions intensity regarding GDP O emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes Intended specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production: GHG 2030 intended mitigation objectives Food Production Activity Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) Beef production O 37% reduction O emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) O emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) Beef production The Second Nationally Determined Contribution could eventually include additional specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production for rice and milk.', 'Non-binding presentation of 2030 intended mitigation objectives that might be eventually included in the Second Nationally Determined Contribution: Intended objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding GDP: GHG 2030 intended mitigation objectives NGHGI sectors (except LULUCF) Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation emissions intensity regarding GDP emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy, including Transport; and Industrial Processes emissions intensity regarding GDP emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste and Industrial Processes O 51% reduction O emissions intensity regarding GDP O emissions intensity regarding GDP Energy; Agriculture, including Cattle Raising; Waste; and Industrial Processes Intended specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production: GHG 2030 intended mitigation objectives Food Production Activity Intensity reduction of emissions from base year 1990 Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) Beef production O 37% reduction O emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) O emissions intensity regarding beef production (kilograms of live weight) Beef production The Second Nationally Determined Contribution could eventually include additional specific objectives for GHG emission intensity regarding food production for rice and milk. Intended specific objectives of the LULUCF sector: GHG Carbon pools/ Land use categories 2030 intended mitigation objectives Carbon stock maintenance Unconditional Conditional on additional specific means of implementation Living Biomass in Forest Lands Maintenance of 100% of the native forest area of year 2012 in the native forest area of year 2012 At least maintenance of 100% of the amount of forest plantations effective area of year 2015 --- Maintenance of 100% of the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012 in the shade and shelter forest plantations area of year 2012 including silvopastoral systems Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Grasslands, Peatlands and Croplands emissions from SOC in 10% of the grasslands area emissions from SOC in 45% of the grasslands area emissions from SOC in 50% of the peatlands area of year 2016 emissions from SOC in 100% of the peatlands area of year 2016 emissions from SOC in 75% of the cropland area under Plans of Soil Use and Management of year 2016, as well as CO2 sequestration in the remaining 25% of area ---'] | en-US |
364 | UZB | Uzbekistan | 1st NDC | 2018-11-09 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/INDC%20Uzbekistan%2018-04-2017_Eng.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 94.991733 | 5.428369 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/ab194fdc833c5c86d71dba8a2957ca36bff7c3ee0470c92ac6b8d5446c7e637c.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contributions of the Republic of Uzbekistan (INDC) National Circumstances The global climate change is recognized as an unquestionable fact, and changes in the Earth climate system, observed from the 1950s, are unprecedented. A considerable warming of the atmosphere and ocean has occurred, world snow and ice storage has decreased, and average global sea level has increased. The main reason for climate change is the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in the Earth surface layer of atmosphere. The analysis of observation data collected under the World Meteorological Organization s Global Atmospheric Watch Program shows that the averaged carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases concentrations in atmosphere reaches their new maximum each year. Uzbekistan is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change.', 'Uzbekistan is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. Without additional resource saving measures, the country may face deficiency of water resources, growth in land desertification and degradation, increase in occurrence of droughts and other dangerous phenomena, leading to instability of agricultural production and threatening to the country’s food security. Since the early 1950s the average rates of air temperature growth throughout the territory of Uzbekistan were 0.29оС for each ten years, which is by 2 times higher than the global warming rates. Besides, Uzbekistan has encountered the one of the most complicated problem for the Central Asia region – the Aral Sea ecological disaster. This is virtually one of the largest ecological disasters in the contemporary history.', 'This is virtually one of the largest ecological disasters in the contemporary history. “The Aral Sea, once the unique and one of the most beautiful and largest inland water bodies in the world, has turned out to be at the edge of total disappearance during the life of one generation. This has caused unprecedented disaster and irreversible damage to the local population, ecosystem and biodiversity of the Priaralie”1. The climate change problem is of the global nature, since GHGs emissions are dispensed evenly in atmosphere and do not observe any boundaries. Therefore, only the international cooperation may help to stop increase in greenhouse gas emissions and eventually to decrease adverse impacts of climate change. Uzbekistan has signed and is successfully implementing its obligations under the UNFCCC.', 'Uzbekistan has signed and is successfully implementing its obligations under the UNFCCC. Uzbekistan also acclaims adoption of the new Global Climate Agreement. Uzbekistan is the country with developing economy and the stable annual GDP growth rate of over 8%. The country’s population is more than 31 million people. According to the UN prediction, the country’s population will reach 37 million people by 2030. In the long-term perspective, the structural reforms with focus on development of basic industry sectors, active investment policy for modernization and technological renewal of production, social, motor road and communication infrastructure will play the key role in speeding up paces of economic growth. Strengthening measures and actions aimed at climate change mitigation.', 'Strengthening measures and actions aimed at climate change mitigation. Uzbekistan carries out the targeted policy for energy saving in the key economy sectors. “Decreasing in GDP energy consumption by approximately 2 times as a result of broad introduction of the advanced energy saving technologies 2 has been identified in Uzbekistan as the one of targeted tasks for period up to 2030. 1 I.A.Karimov, International Conference “Development of cooperation in mitigation of ecological disaster impacts in the Aral Sea region”, 29 October 2014.', '1 I.A.Karimov, International Conference “Development of cooperation in mitigation of ecological disaster impacts in the Aral Sea region”, 29 October 2014. 2 Report of the President of RUz, Mr. Islam Karimov, at the extended session of the Cabinet of Ministers devoted to the results of the social and economic development of the country in 2015, and the most important priority directions of economic program for 2016 (16 January 2016).Strengthening the institutional capacity and improving the legal framework are carried out in renewable energy sector and energy efficiency to achieve the long-term sustainable development goals. The draft Long-term Strategy for low carbon development is considered in the country.', 'The draft Long-term Strategy for low carbon development is considered in the country. It identifies target indices to energy efficiency and the “Program of measures for transition to low carbon development” for the key sectors of economy (electric energy, thermal energy, housing and utilities sectors), which are the main contributors to GHGs emission in Uzbekistan. The measures for energy saving will allow decreasing consumption of primary energy, mainly natural gas. Investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are of high priority from both economic (decrease in costs for energy generation) and climate viewpoint (decrease in volumes of greenhouse gas emissions).', 'Investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are of high priority from both economic (decrease in costs for energy generation) and climate viewpoint (decrease in volumes of greenhouse gas emissions). The republic successfully carries out measures for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change impacts, including implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects within the framework of the Kyoto Protocol. Over the entire period of the CDM project activities in Uzbekistan, it has been put into circulation 15,229,536 tons of Certified Emission Reductions in CO2 -equivalent (CERs)3, and attracted foreign private investments in amount of USD 24.4 million.', 'Over the entire period of the CDM project activities in Uzbekistan, it has been put into circulation 15,229,536 tons of Certified Emission Reductions in CO2 -equivalent (CERs)3, and attracted foreign private investments in amount of USD 24.4 million. The gradual modernization of the industry and a number of other measures implemented during the period from 1990 to 2010 have led to decrease in energy consumption of GDP by almost 2.5 times. Specific emissions of СО2 per unit of GDP have been decreased by almost 50%. Measures and actions aimed at energy resources saving have allowed Uzbekistan to stabilize level of greenhouse gas emissions and decrease its contribution to the world-wide emissions.', 'Measures and actions aimed at energy resources saving have allowed Uzbekistan to stabilize level of greenhouse gas emissions and decrease its contribution to the world-wide emissions. According to the GHG inventory data, increase in the GHG emissions during the period from 1990 to 2010 was around 10% only. During the period from 2007 to 2012, in accordance with the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers4, 188 thousand units of vehicles were changed over to run on gas fuel. Great attention is paid in the country to the development of renewable energy sources, especially solar energy. The production and experimental use of solar water heaters for hot water supply to residential houses and social facilities are carried out for more than 10 years.', 'The production and experimental use of solar water heaters for hot water supply to residential houses and social facilities are carried out for more than 10 years. A large-scale project for construction of a number of photovoltaic power plants of 100MW each has been commenced. It is planned to bring up the share of solar energy in the total energy balance of the country to 6% by 2030. Uzbekistan shares opinion of the world community regarding necessity to apply efforts to control the global climate change in accordance with the capabilities and responsibility of each country on a reasonable and equitable basis.', 'Uzbekistan shares opinion of the world community regarding necessity to apply efforts to control the global climate change in accordance with the capabilities and responsibility of each country on a reasonable and equitable basis. Pursuant to the decision of the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change5, 1/СР.20, and in accordance with the national circumstances and sustainable development goals, taking into account transition of the country to a resource-efficient development model, the Republic of Uzbekistan has identified and presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the period up to 2030.', 'Pursuant to the decision of the 20th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change5, 1/СР.20, and in accordance with the national circumstances and sustainable development goals, taking into account transition of the country to a resource-efficient development model, the Republic of Uzbekistan has identified and presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for the period up to 2030. Long-term In the long-term perspective up to 2030, the Republic of Uzbekistan 4 Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers No.30, dated 10 February 2007 “On Measures for Developing the Network of Automobile Gas Filling Compressor Stations and Gas Refilling Stations, and Gradual Change-over of Automobile Transport to Run on Liquefied and Compressed Natural Gas”. 5 1/СР.20 “Lima Call for Climate Action”.', '5 1/СР.20 “Lima Call for Climate Action”. It contains invitation to all Parties to communicate their intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) well in advance.objectives intends to strengthen measures and actions to struggle against climate change, in order to achieve the following objectives: Mitigation Objectives To decrease specific emissions of greenhouse gases per unit of GDP by 10% by 2030 from level of 2010. Achievement of the INDC long-term objective envisages support from the international organizations and financial institutions, ensuring access to the advanced energy saving and environmentally sound technologies, resources for climate financing. Adaptation Uzbekistan will also continue its efforts for adaptation capacity building to reduce risk of climate change adverse impact on various sectors of economy, social sector and Priaralie (Aral Sea coastal zone).', 'Adaptation Uzbekistan will also continue its efforts for adaptation capacity building to reduce risk of climate change adverse impact on various sectors of economy, social sector and Priaralie (Aral Sea coastal zone). Base year 2010 Time frame 2020 - 2030 Greenhouse gases INDC comprises information about three main greenhouse gases (СО2 , O), with their share of approximately 95% in the total emission. INDC is identified in the context of national interests, taking into account decrease in energy consumption for GDP Growth of Uzbekistan’s GDP over the period 1990-2010 was +191%, while greenhouse gas emission for the same period was increased by 10.2% only. Therefore, the GDP growth rates outrun considerably that of the greenhouse gas emission. Achievement of the adopted target index ensures curb of GHGs emissions growth along with development of the economy.', 'Achievement of the adopted target index ensures curb of GHGs emissions growth along with development of the economy. INDC facilitates achievement of the global goal. Intention of the country to curb growth rates of greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing their specific emission per unit of GDP by 10% by 2030 from level of 2010, will not create obstacles for the country’s socio-economic development, and it corresponds to the general goals of policy for improving energy efficiency, decreasing resources consumption by the economy and increasing the share of RES in the country’s energy balance, as well as to the goals of rational use and sustainable development. In future this will allow to the Republic of Uzbekistan jointly with other UNFCCC Parties to achieve the long-term global goal, i.e.', 'In future this will allow to the Republic of Uzbekistan jointly with other UNFCCC Parties to achieve the long-term global goal, i.e. to prevent growth of the average global air temperature by more than 2⁰С. Methodological approaches for assessment and inventory of GHGs emissions “Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC, 1996”. “Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC, 2006”. “Reporting on Climate Change: User Manual for the Guidelines on National Communications from Non-Annex I Parties, 2004”.', '“Reporting on Climate Change: User Manual for the Guidelines on National Communications from Non-Annex I Parties, 2004”. Planning processes for strengthening measures and actions for climate change mitigation and adaptation Political measures There are currently the legally binding programs and acts aimed at ensuring by 2020 the implementation of measures for decrease in energy consumption, introduction of energy saving technologies in various sectors of the economy, social sphere and development of RES: Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. UP-4512, dated 01 March 2013, “On Measures for Further Development of Alternative Energy Sources”; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.', 'UP-4512, dated 01 March 2013, “On Measures for Further Development of Alternative Energy Sources”; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. UP-4707,dated 04 March 2015, “On Program of Measures for Ensuring Structural Reformation, Modernization and Diversification of Production for 2015-2019”; Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP- 2343, dated 05 May 2015, “ On Program of Measures for Reduction in Energy Consumption, Introduction of Energy Saving Technologies in Economy Sectors and Social Sphere for 2015- Program of Actions for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2013-2017; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.', 'PP- 2343, dated 05 May 2015, “ On Program of Measures for Reduction in Energy Consumption, Introduction of Energy Saving Technologies in Economy Sectors and Social Sphere for 2015- Program of Actions for Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2013-2017; Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 255, dated 29 August 2015, “On Integrated Program of Actions for Mitigation of the Aral Sea Disaster Impacts, Rehabilitation and Socio-Economic Development of Priaralie Region for 2015-2018”; Program for Further Development of Agricultural Production for Program for Further Irrigated Lands Improvement and Rational Use of Water Resources for 2013-2017.', '255, dated 29 August 2015, “On Integrated Program of Actions for Mitigation of the Aral Sea Disaster Impacts, Rehabilitation and Socio-Economic Development of Priaralie Region for 2015-2018”; Program for Further Development of Agricultural Production for Program for Further Irrigated Lands Improvement and Rational Use of Water Resources for 2013-2017. The elaborated development concepts are reflected in the following papers: - Analytical Report of the Center for Economic Research (CER) “Uzbekistan Towards 2030: Transition to the Resource-efficient Growth Model”, prepared within the framework of UNDP/WB Joint Project “National Strategy of Structural Reforms of Uzbekistan for - Report “Towards Sustainable Energy: Strategy for Low Carbon Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, prepared within the framework of UNDP/Ministry of Economy Joint Project “Support to Uzbekistan in Transition to Low Carbon Development of National Economy” and reflecting predictions of development of various economy sectors and social sphere, their structural reformation.', 'The elaborated development concepts are reflected in the following papers: - Analytical Report of the Center for Economic Research (CER) “Uzbekistan Towards 2030: Transition to the Resource-efficient Growth Model”, prepared within the framework of UNDP/WB Joint Project “National Strategy of Structural Reforms of Uzbekistan for - Report “Towards Sustainable Energy: Strategy for Low Carbon Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan”, prepared within the framework of UNDP/Ministry of Economy Joint Project “Support to Uzbekistan in Transition to Low Carbon Development of National Economy” and reflecting predictions of development of various economy sectors and social sphere, their structural reformation. Implementation of measures aimed at improvement of energy efficiency in various sectors of economy and social sphere Modernization and technical upgrading of industry; Creation of new production facilities exclusively on the basis of introducing advanced energy efficient and energy saving technologies.', 'Implementation of measures aimed at improvement of energy efficiency in various sectors of economy and social sphere Modernization and technical upgrading of industry; Creation of new production facilities exclusively on the basis of introducing advanced energy efficient and energy saving technologies. Decrease in specific fuel consumption for generation and use of electric energy; Decrease in losses of natural gas with its extraction, processing and transportation; Development and broad use of alternative energy sources: intensive construction of large solar photovoltaic power plants; creation of biogas plants; scaling up of wind power generation; Improvement of energy efficiency of buildings on account of decrease in specific energy consumption; Development of governmental financing schemes and subsidy support to energy saving measures; Extension of transport and logistics communication systems, ensuring efficient energy resources use (including optimization of transportation routes, improvement of motor roads quality, etc.', 'Decrease in specific fuel consumption for generation and use of electric energy; Decrease in losses of natural gas with its extraction, processing and transportation; Development and broad use of alternative energy sources: intensive construction of large solar photovoltaic power plants; creation of biogas plants; scaling up of wind power generation; Improvement of energy efficiency of buildings on account of decrease in specific energy consumption; Development of governmental financing schemes and subsidy support to energy saving measures; Extension of transport and logistics communication systems, ensuring efficient energy resources use (including optimization of transportation routes, improvement of motor roads quality, etc. )’ Expansion of measures on motor vehicles change over to run onalternative fuel.', ')’ Expansion of measures on motor vehicles change over to run onalternative fuel. Development of scientific researches, educational and training activities Carrying out of fundamental researches in the area of climate change, development of system for climate change monitoring and prediction, development of methodologies for assessment of climate change impacts, vulnerability and risks; Expansion of applied scientific researches and designs for introduction of energy saving technologies and RES; Education and advanced training for specialists in the area of energy saving and RES; Development of information systems for efficient solution of climate change problems; Intensification of outreach activities on issues associated with climate change, energy efficiency and resources saving.', 'Development of scientific researches, educational and training activities Carrying out of fundamental researches in the area of climate change, development of system for climate change monitoring and prediction, development of methodologies for assessment of climate change impacts, vulnerability and risks; Expansion of applied scientific researches and designs for introduction of energy saving technologies and RES; Education and advanced training for specialists in the area of energy saving and RES; Development of information systems for efficient solution of climate change problems; Intensification of outreach activities on issues associated with climate change, energy efficiency and resources saving. Development of system for inventory, reporting and control over greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions Improvement of the quality of the greenhouse gases inventory and decrease in the general uncertainty of the GHGs inventory through development and refinement of the national emission factors, approaches and methods for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'Development of system for inventory, reporting and control over greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions Improvement of the quality of the greenhouse gases inventory and decrease in the general uncertainty of the GHGs inventory through development and refinement of the national emission factors, approaches and methods for calculation of greenhouse gas emissions. Development of the system for inventory of greenhouse gas sinks and emissions in the “Land Use Change and Forestry” sector on the basis of advanced GIS technologies. ADAPTATION Adaptation to climate change is the priority direction in Uzbekistan’s activities aimed at decrease in vulnerability and ensuring the country’s sustainability to climate change.', 'ADAPTATION Adaptation to climate change is the priority direction in Uzbekistan’s activities aimed at decrease in vulnerability and ensuring the country’s sustainability to climate change. Adaptation measures cover a wide scope of actions for protecting the communities from adverse impacts of climate change such as extreme droughts and dangerous hydro- meteorological phenomena, associated with the global change in air temperature; increasing the sustainability of strategic infrastructure and ecosystems for conservation of agro- and biodiversity; diminishing harmful impact of the Aral Sea disaster on the environment and life of millions of people living in Priaralie, through, inter alia, implementation of well conceived targeted projects and programs supported by proper financing sources. This will require substantial assistance from the United Nations institutions, other international organizations and partner countries in development.', 'This will require substantial assistance from the United Nations institutions, other international organizations and partner countries in development. Some of the measures and actions for adaptation to climate change presented below are closely related to mitigation measures. Adaptation Measures in Uzbekistan for Period up to 2030 Adaptation of agriculture and water management Improvement of the climate resilience of the agriculture through diversification of food crops production pattern; conservation of germplasm and indigenous plant species and agricultural crops resistant to droughts, pests and diseases; development of biotechnologies and breeding new crop varieties adopted to conditions of changing climate.', 'Adaptation Measures in Uzbekistan for Period up to 2030 Adaptation of agriculture and water management Improvement of the climate resilience of the agriculture through diversification of food crops production pattern; conservation of germplasm and indigenous plant species and agricultural crops resistant to droughts, pests and diseases; development of biotechnologies and breeding new crop varieties adopted to conditions of changing climate. 6 Governmental Program for Further Improvement of Irrigated Lands and Rational Use of Water Resources for the Period 2013-2017; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.PP-1958, dated 19 April 2013; “Uzbekistan Towards 2030: Transition to the Resource-efficient Growth Model”, UNDP/CER (Center for Economic Research) Project, 2015; Program of Measures for Reduction in Energy Consumption, Introduction of Energy Saving Technologies in Economy Sectors and Social Sphere for 2015-2019; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.PP-2343, dated 05 May 2015; and others. Improvement of irrigated lands affected by desertification, soil degradation and drought, increase in soil fertility of irrigated and rainfed lands.', '6 Governmental Program for Further Improvement of Irrigated Lands and Rational Use of Water Resources for the Period 2013-2017; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.PP-1958, dated 19 April 2013; “Uzbekistan Towards 2030: Transition to the Resource-efficient Growth Model”, UNDP/CER (Center for Economic Research) Project, 2015; Program of Measures for Reduction in Energy Consumption, Introduction of Energy Saving Technologies in Economy Sectors and Social Sphere for 2015-2019; Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.PP-2343, dated 05 May 2015; and others. Improvement of irrigated lands affected by desertification, soil degradation and drought, increase in soil fertility of irrigated and rainfed lands. Further improvement of water management practice in irrigated agriculture with wide use of integrated water resources management approaches and innovative technologies for water saving, including broad introduction of drip irrigation systems.', 'Further improvement of water management practice in irrigated agriculture with wide use of integrated water resources management approaches and innovative technologies for water saving, including broad introduction of drip irrigation systems. Improvement of pasture productivity and fodder production in desert and piedmont areas. Adaptation of social sector to Raising of awareness and improvement of access to information about climate change for all groups of population; Development of early warning systems about dangerous hydro- meteorological phenomena and climate risk management; Prevention of diseases onset and aggravation caused by climate change; Widening the participation of the public, scientific institutions, women and local communities in planning and management, taking into account approaches and methods of gender equity.', 'Adaptation of social sector to Raising of awareness and improvement of access to information about climate change for all groups of population; Development of early warning systems about dangerous hydro- meteorological phenomena and climate risk management; Prevention of diseases onset and aggravation caused by climate change; Widening the participation of the public, scientific institutions, women and local communities in planning and management, taking into account approaches and methods of gender equity. Mitigation of the Aral Sea disaster Conservation of the current fragile ecological balance in Priaralie, combating desertification, improvement of management system, efficient and rational water resources use; Creation of conditions for reproduction and conservation of genofond and population health in Priaralie, development of the social infrastructure, extensive network of medical and educational organizations; Creation of essential social and economic mechanisms and incentives for improvement of quality and living standards for population, development of base infrastructure and communication system; Conservation and rehabilitation of flora and fauna biodiversity, including through creation of local water bodies in Priaralie; Expansion of foreign investment attraction for implementation of measures and actions for mitigation of the Aral Sea disaster impacts; Conservation and restoration of forest resources, including afforestation of the dried Aral Sea bottom.', 'Mitigation of the Aral Sea disaster Conservation of the current fragile ecological balance in Priaralie, combating desertification, improvement of management system, efficient and rational water resources use; Creation of conditions for reproduction and conservation of genofond and population health in Priaralie, development of the social infrastructure, extensive network of medical and educational organizations; Creation of essential social and economic mechanisms and incentives for improvement of quality and living standards for population, development of base infrastructure and communication system; Conservation and rehabilitation of flora and fauna biodiversity, including through creation of local water bodies in Priaralie; Expansion of foreign investment attraction for implementation of measures and actions for mitigation of the Aral Sea disaster impacts; Conservation and restoration of forest resources, including afforestation of the dried Aral Sea bottom. Adaptation of ecosystems Restoration of forests in mountain and piedmont areas, conservation of indigenous plant species in semi-deserts and deserts; Conservation, restoration and maintenance of ecological balance in the protected nature territories; Improvement of sustainability in management of fragile desert ecosystems.', 'Adaptation of ecosystems Restoration of forests in mountain and piedmont areas, conservation of indigenous plant species in semi-deserts and deserts; Conservation, restoration and maintenance of ecological balance in the protected nature territories; Improvement of sustainability in management of fragile desert ecosystems. Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and production facilities Introduction of adaptation criteria into governmental investment projects for construction, modernization, O&M of infrastructure in various sectors of economy; Reconstruction and modernization of irrigation and drainage 7 Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Sanitation-and-Epidemiological Safety of Population, No 451, dated 06 August 2015.', 'Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and production facilities Introduction of adaptation criteria into governmental investment projects for construction, modernization, O&M of infrastructure in various sectors of economy; Reconstruction and modernization of irrigation and drainage 7 Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan «On Sanitation-and-Epidemiological Safety of Population, No 451, dated 06 August 2015. 8 Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan No.255, dated 29 August 2015 “On Integrated Program of Measures for Mitigation of the Aral Sea Disaster Impacts, Rehabilitation and Socio-Economic Development of the Priaralie region for 2015-2018”.infrastructure in water management sector; Expansion of sectoral programs for purification of municipal and industrial effluents, ensuring quality of water for drinking wate supply and sanitation; Modernization of gage stations on natural water courses, improvement of water resources monitoring and forecasting; Improvement of the system for monitoring ameliorative conditions of irrigated lands and soil fertility; Application of technologies for protection of littoral and river infrastructure, etc.'] | en-US |
365 | UZB | Uzbekistan | Updated NDC | 2021-10-30 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Uzbekistan_Updated%20NDC_2021_EN.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 94.991733 | 5.428369 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/322047fba724e40c67adbabf0584953456487e058c976acea03d648574c46040.pdf | ['The Republic of Uzbekistan, being committed to the effective and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement, guided by the Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21, 9/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 and in accordance with current internal circumstances and capabilities, has updated its nationally determined contribution. The Republic of Uzbekistan hereby communicates its updated Nationally Determined Contribution and accompanying information to ensure clarity, transparency and understanding. This document is an updated version of the NDC. It provides information on national circumstances, mitigation and adaptation measures and actions that need to be taken to achieve this goal.', 'It provides information on national circumstances, mitigation and adaptation measures and actions that need to be taken to achieve this goal. The Republic of Uzbekistan has increased its commitments in the updated natio nally determined contribution (NDC) and intends to reduce specific gree nhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% by 2030 from the level of 2010 instead of 10% specified in the NDC1.CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 5 2.1 Information needed for clarity, transparency and understanding of the nationally determined contributions ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.2 Additional information on mitigation aspects in the Republic of Uzbekistan …………… 18 3 ADAPTATION…………………………………… 4 WAYS OF UPDATED NDC IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………….… 25ABBREVIATIONS GDP Gross domestic product RES Renewable energy sources HPP Hydro power plant HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons GCF Green Climate Fund COP Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism IFI International financial institutions NAP National adaptation plan GHGs Greenhouse gases GWP Global warming potential of greenhouse gases FBUR First Biennial Updated Report INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPPU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector "Industrial Processes and Product Use" UNDP United Nations Development Programme PFCs Perfluorocarbons UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AFOLU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector "Agriculture, forestry and other types of land use" SW Solid waste TPP Thermal power plant SDG Sustainable Development Goals ICTU Information needed for clarity, transparency and understanding LDN Land Degradation Neutrality NDC Nationally Determined Contribution MRV Monitoring, reporting and verification NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group RCP Representative Concentration PathwaysEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Uzbekistan joined the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 20, 1993.', 'The Republic of Uzbekistan has increased its commitments in the updated natio nally determined contribution (NDC) and intends to reduce specific gree nhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% by 2030 from the level of 2010 instead of 10% specified in the NDC1.CONTENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 5 2.1 Information needed for clarity, transparency and understanding of the nationally determined contributions ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2.2 Additional information on mitigation aspects in the Republic of Uzbekistan …………… 18 3 ADAPTATION…………………………………… 4 WAYS OF UPDATED NDC IMPLEMENTATION…………………………………………………………….… 25ABBREVIATIONS GDP Gross domestic product RES Renewable energy sources HPP Hydro power plant HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons GCF Green Climate Fund COP Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change CDM Clean Development Mechanism IFI International financial institutions NAP National adaptation plan GHGs Greenhouse gases GWP Global warming potential of greenhouse gases FBUR First Biennial Updated Report INDCs Intended Nationally Determined Contributions IPPU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector "Industrial Processes and Product Use" UNDP United Nations Development Programme PFCs Perfluorocarbons UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change AFOLU Greenhouse Gas Inventory Sector "Agriculture, forestry and other types of land use" SW Solid waste TPP Thermal power plant SDG Sustainable Development Goals ICTU Information needed for clarity, transparency and understanding LDN Land Degradation Neutrality NDC Nationally Determined Contribution MRV Monitoring, reporting and verification NACAG Nitric Acid Climate Action Group RCP Representative Concentration PathwaysEXECUTIVE SUMMARY Uzbekistan joined the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on June 20, 1993. Uzbekistan prepared and submitted three National Communications, the First Biennial Update Report (2021) and the Inventory Reports for 1990-2017 in accordance with the UNFCCC requirements and guidelines.', 'Uzbekistan prepared and submitted three National Communications, the First Biennial Update Report (2021) and the Inventory Reports for 1990-2017 in accordance with the UNFCCC requirements and guidelines. The Fourth National Communication is currently being prepared. Uzbekistan signed the Paris Agreement by providing the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution1 to the UNFCCC Secretariat on April 19, 2017.The country ratified the Paris Agreement on October 2, 2018 (Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 491), and thus the INDC became the country’s First NDC (NDC1). In accordance with the NDC1, in the long-term perspective until 2030, the Republic of Uzbekistan seeks to strengthen measures and actions to combat climate change in order to reduce by 2030 specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 10% from the level of 2010.', 'In accordance with the NDC1, in the long-term perspective until 2030, the Republic of Uzbekistan seeks to strengthen measures and actions to combat climate change in order to reduce by 2030 specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 10% from the level of 2010. Decision 1/CP.21 requests to update national contributions by 2020 and every five years thereafter, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement. Uzbekistan shares the view of the world community on the need to make every effort to prevent global climate change.', 'Uzbekistan shares the view of the world community on the need to make every effort to prevent global climate change. Based on the capacity and responsibility and taking into account the country s transition to a resource-efficient "green" development model, which is based on decarbonization of the economy and the ongoing socio-economic reforms in the country, Uzbekistan has updated and strengthened its commitments (NDC) under the Paris Agreement for the period until 2030.', 'Based on the capacity and responsibility and taking into account the country s transition to a resource-efficient "green" development model, which is based on decarbonization of the economy and the ongoing socio-economic reforms in the country, Uzbekistan has updated and strengthened its commitments (NDC) under the Paris Agreement for the period until 2030. The updated NDC has been developed in accordance with the Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21, 9/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 by the Interagency Working Group under overall coordination of the Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the support of the UN Development Program (UNDP) in Uzbekistan.', 'The updated NDC has been developed in accordance with the Decisions of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21, 9/CMA.1 and 18/CMA.1 by the Interagency Working Group under overall coordination of the Center of Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the support of the UN Development Program (UNDP) in Uzbekistan. Representatives of key ministries and agencies, academia and civil society, the private sector and youth took part in the development of the document. The updated commitments (NDC) are aligned with the National Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the socio-economic development goals in accordance with current national circumstances.', 'The updated commitments (NDC) are aligned with the National Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the socio-economic development goals in accordance with current national circumstances. The updated NDC recognizes the important role of structural reforms in ensuring policy changes over the long run, prioritizing energy efficiency measures and the expansion of renewable energy sources, The new goal of the Republic of Uzbekistan in terms of climate change mitigation, which seeks to be achieved by 2030, is hereby formulated as follows: reduce by 2030 specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% from the level of 2010.introduction of resource-saving technologies in key economic sectors and the social sphere, both economically and in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation.', 'The updated NDC recognizes the important role of structural reforms in ensuring policy changes over the long run, prioritizing energy efficiency measures and the expansion of renewable energy sources, The new goal of the Republic of Uzbekistan in terms of climate change mitigation, which seeks to be achieved by 2030, is hereby formulated as follows: reduce by 2030 specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% from the level of 2010.introduction of resource-saving technologies in key economic sectors and the social sphere, both economically and in terms of climate change mitigation and adaptation. The updated NDC goal does not hinder the economic development of Uzbekistan, as it does not imply an absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.', 'The updated NDC goal does not hinder the economic development of Uzbekistan, as it does not imply an absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Achievement of the long-term goal is envisaged with the support of international organizations and financial institutions, access to advanced resource-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, and climate finance resources. The Adaptation section of the updated NDC document presents adaptation measures for agriculture and water management, social sector, ecosystems, strategic infrastructure and production systems, etc., as well as actions to mitigate the consequences of the Aral Sea disaster. 1. NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Uzbekistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of climate change.', 'NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES Uzbekistan is one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of climate change. Without additional measures resource conservation, the country may face shortage of water resources, increased desertification and land degradation, increase in the number of droughts and other dangerous phenomena, which will cause instability in agricultural production and pose a threat to the country s food security. Since the early 1950s, the average growth rate of air temperature throughout Uzbekistan has been 0.29°C every ten years, which is twice the rate of global warming. In addition, Uzbekistan is facing one of the most acute problems for the Central Asian region – the environmental disaster of the Aral Sea, which is actually one of the largest environmental disasters in recent history.', 'In addition, Uzbekistan is facing one of the most acute problems for the Central Asian region – the environmental disaster of the Aral Sea, which is actually one of the largest environmental disasters in recent history. Climate change has a global nature, as greenhouse gas emissions are evenly distributed in the atmosphere and respect no boundaries. Thus, only international cooperation can help stop the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and, ultimately, reduce the adverse effects of climate change. Uzbekistan has signed and is successfully fulfilling its obligations under the UNFCCC. Uzbekistan also welcomes the adoption of the new Global Climate Agreement. Uzbekistan is a resource-rich developing economy with a stable annual GDP growth of over 5%. The country has about 35 million population.', 'The country has about 35 million population. According to UN estimates, the country s population will reach 37 million by 2030. The country has a significant potential in renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, and can meet one’s growing energy needs and make a transition towards a green economy. The election of Shavkat Mirziyoyev as a new President in 2016 and the subsequent shift in strategic priorities have given a new dynamism to the country’s overall development. Since then, Uzbekistan has accelerated policy reforms towards a market system. Modernizing infrastructure and improving the provision of energy services, strengthening the institutional and market structure, and developing a favorable policy and regulatory framework in key sectors of the economy are major reform objectives for the country.', 'Modernizing infrastructure and improving the provision of energy services, strengthening the institutional and market structure, and developing a favorable policy and regulatory framework in key sectors of the economy are major reform objectives for the country. In the long term, structural reforms focusing on the development of basic sectors of industry, active investment policy to modernize and technologically upgrade production, social, automotiveand communications infrastructure will play a key role in accelerating the pace of economic development. Uzbekistan pursues a targeted policy aimed at mitigating climate change, and an energy-efficiency policy in key sectors of the economy plays a decisive role in this.', 'Uzbekistan pursues a targeted policy aimed at mitigating climate change, and an energy-efficiency policy in key sectors of the economy plays a decisive role in this. The country has defined "Reducing the energy intensity of GDP by almost twofold through wide implementation of advanced energy-saving technologies" as one of its development targets for the period of up to 2030 in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan has approved and is now implementing a five-year development strategy, the Action Strategy on Five Priority Areas for Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-20212.', 'Uzbekistan has approved and is now implementing a five-year development strategy, the Action Strategy on Five Priority Areas for Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-20212. The Strategy provides for the reduction of energy and resource intensity of the economy, widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies in production, increased use of renewable energy sources, which will help reduce GHG emissions; adoption of measures to mitigate the adverse impact of global climate change and the drying up of the Aral Sea on agricultural development and livelihoods of the population. In 2017, with the aim of addressing systemic problems, increasing the efficiency of public administration, as well as implementing the tasks identified in this Strategy, an administrative reform was initiated.', 'In 2017, with the aim of addressing systemic problems, increasing the efficiency of public administration, as well as implementing the tasks identified in this Strategy, an administrative reform was initiated. The approved "Concept of Administrative Reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan"3 provides for "the creation of a strategic planning framework that enables generate future models of innovative development of priority areas and industries based on long-term scenarios for increasing the country’s intellectual and technological potential. ".', 'The approved "Concept of Administrative Reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan"3 provides for "the creation of a strategic planning framework that enables generate future models of innovative development of priority areas and industries based on long-term scenarios for increasing the country’s intellectual and technological potential. ". In accordance with the Paris Agreement, Uzbekistan, as a developing country, shall: a) strive to formulate and communicate a long-term low greenhouse gas development strategy based on its own national circumstances; b) develop and implement national adaptation plans; c) take actions aimed at promoting innovation (technology development and transfer) and capacity building at all levels; d) ensure reporting, including National Communications, biennial reports, etc., in accordance with certain requirements; e) cooperate on loss and damage related to the adverse effects of climate change (early warning systems; emergency preparedness; risk assessment and management, etc.)', 'In accordance with the Paris Agreement, Uzbekistan, as a developing country, shall: a) strive to formulate and communicate a long-term low greenhouse gas development strategy based on its own national circumstances; b) develop and implement national adaptation plans; c) take actions aimed at promoting innovation (technology development and transfer) and capacity building at all levels; d) ensure reporting, including National Communications, biennial reports, etc., in accordance with certain requirements; e) cooperate on loss and damage related to the adverse effects of climate change (early warning systems; emergency preparedness; risk assessment and management, etc.) In order to ensure the implementation of commitments under the Paris Agreement, in 2019, Uzbekistan has identified priorities for the transition of the economy to a green development path and adopted the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030 (Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019).', 'In order to ensure the implementation of commitments under the Paris Agreement, in 2019, Uzbekistan has identified priorities for the transition of the economy to a green development path and adopted the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030 (Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019). Recently, the government has intensified efforts to promote the country s green agenda, together with development partners including UNDP, World Bank, FAO, ADB, and others. The country is 2 No. UP-4947 dated 02/07/2017. "On the Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" 3 No.', '"On the Strategy of Actions for the Further Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" 3 No. UP-5185 dated September 8, 2017 "On approval of the Concept of Administrative Reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan"implementing a national strategy for transition to a green economy through the development of a roadmap to 2030 and strives to achieve the following targets: − double the energy-efficiency indicator and reduce the carbon intensity of GDP; − further development of renewable energy sources to bring their share to 25% of the total power generation; − ensure access to modern, affordable and reliable energy supply for up to 100% of the population and sectors of the economy; − upgrade the infrastructure of industrial enterprises, ensure their sustainability by increasing energy efficiency by at least 20% and by wider use of clean and environmentally friendly technologies and industrial processes; − expand the production and use of motor fuels and vehicles with improved energy- efficiency and environmental performance, as well as develop electric transport; − significantly increase the water use efficiency in all sectors of the economy, introduce drip irrigation technologies on up to 1 million hectares of lands and increase yield of crops cultivated on this land by up to 20-40%; − achieve Land Degradation Neutrality; − increase the average productivity of basic agricultural products by 20-25%.', 'UP-5185 dated September 8, 2017 "On approval of the Concept of Administrative Reform in the Republic of Uzbekistan"implementing a national strategy for transition to a green economy through the development of a roadmap to 2030 and strives to achieve the following targets: − double the energy-efficiency indicator and reduce the carbon intensity of GDP; − further development of renewable energy sources to bring their share to 25% of the total power generation; − ensure access to modern, affordable and reliable energy supply for up to 100% of the population and sectors of the economy; − upgrade the infrastructure of industrial enterprises, ensure their sustainability by increasing energy efficiency by at least 20% and by wider use of clean and environmentally friendly technologies and industrial processes; − expand the production and use of motor fuels and vehicles with improved energy- efficiency and environmental performance, as well as develop electric transport; − significantly increase the water use efficiency in all sectors of the economy, introduce drip irrigation technologies on up to 1 million hectares of lands and increase yield of crops cultivated on this land by up to 20-40%; − achieve Land Degradation Neutrality; − increase the average productivity of basic agricultural products by 20-25%. The Law "On the Use of Renewable Energy Sources" and the Law "On Public Private Partnership" adopted in 2019 in Uzbekistan create the legal and regulatory framework to accelerate the implementation of renewable energy projects.', 'The Law "On the Use of Renewable Energy Sources" and the Law "On Public Private Partnership" adopted in 2019 in Uzbekistan create the legal and regulatory framework to accelerate the implementation of renewable energy projects. According to the country s long-term development plans, it plans to increase the share of RES-based power generation to least 25% by 2030. To achieve this target, it is planned to construct new RES facilities with a total capacity of 10 GW, including 5 GW of solar, 3 GW of wind and 1.9 GW of hydropower plants.4,5 The development of hydropower in the country follows the path of tapping the potential of small rivers, irrigation canals, reservoirs, and watercourses.', 'To achieve this target, it is planned to construct new RES facilities with a total capacity of 10 GW, including 5 GW of solar, 3 GW of wind and 1.9 GW of hydropower plants.4,5 The development of hydropower in the country follows the path of tapping the potential of small rivers, irrigation canals, reservoirs, and watercourses. For the first time in its history, Uzbekistan launched solar power plant with a capacity of 100 MW, which will save up to 80 million cubic meters of natural gas annually and prevent about 160 thousand tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Energy conservation measures will reduce the consumption of primary energy, mainly natural gas.', 'Energy conservation measures will reduce the consumption of primary energy, mainly natural gas. Planned investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources have a high priority both economically (reducing energy production costs) and from a climate perspective (reducing greenhouse gas emissions). Activities related to climate change mitigation and adaptation measures are reflected in almost all sectoral strategies, plans and the country s development programs, in particular: Innovative Development Strategy for 2019-2021, Solid Waste Management Strategy for 2019-2028, 4 PP-4422 dated 22.08.2019 "On Accelerated Measures to Improve Energy Efficiency in Sectors of the Economy and Social Sphere, Introduction of Energy-Saving Technologies and Development of Renewable Energy Sources".', 'Activities related to climate change mitigation and adaptation measures are reflected in almost all sectoral strategies, plans and the country s development programs, in particular: Innovative Development Strategy for 2019-2021, Solid Waste Management Strategy for 2019-2028, 4 PP-4422 dated 22.08.2019 "On Accelerated Measures to Improve Energy Efficiency in Sectors of the Economy and Social Sphere, Introduction of Energy-Saving Technologies and Development of Renewable Energy Sources". 5 PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019 "On approval of the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030".Agriculture Development Strategy for 2020-2030, Environmental Protection Concept-2030, Concept on Electricity Supply in 2020-2030, etc.', '5 PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019 "On approval of the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030".Agriculture Development Strategy for 2020-2030, Environmental Protection Concept-2030, Concept on Electricity Supply in 2020-2030, etc. The country is successfully implementing measures to adapt and mitigate the climate change, particularly 15 projects of the Clean Development Mechanism projects under the Kyoto Protocol have been implemented. Over the entire period of CDM projects in Uzbekistan, 15.3 thousand tons of certified emission reductions in CO2 equivalent have been issued and foreign private investments in the amount of 24.4 million US dollars have been attracted. Measures and actions aimed at saving energy resources have allowed Uzbekistan to stabilize the level of greenhouse gas emissions and reduce its contribution to global emissions.', 'Measures and actions aimed at saving energy resources have allowed Uzbekistan to stabilize the level of greenhouse gas emissions and reduce its contribution to global emissions. According to the GHG inventory, the growth in GHG emissions from 1990 to 2017 totaled around 7% only. The gradual modernization of industries and a number of other measures implemented from 1990 to 2017 resulted in the reduction in the energy intensity of GDP by almost 2.5 times. Specific CO2 emissions per unit of GDP decreased by almost 40%. Based on the above, the Republic of Uzbekistan has prepared and hereby communicates its updated NDC1 (hereinafter - NDC2). The updated NDC document consists of the following elements: (1) Mitigation component; (2) Adaptation component; (3) ways of NDC implementation. 2.', 'The updated NDC document consists of the following elements: (1) Mitigation component; (2) Adaptation component; (3) ways of NDC implementation. 2. MITIGATION MEASURES 2.1 Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding of the nationally determined contributions 1 Quantifiable baseline information (a) Baseline year Baseline year: 2010 (b) Quantifiable baseline indicators and their values Total Emissions Baseline -eq. (without removals) -eq. (with removals) -eq. (without removals) -eq. (with removals) -eq. (without removals) -eq. (with removals).', '(with removals) -eq. (without removals) -eq. (with removals). The noted difference in total GHG emissions estimates between NDC1 and NDC2 is due to: − a complete transition from the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; − a transition from the GWP values of the IPCC Second Assessment Report to the GWP values of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report based onthe effects of greenhouse gas emissions over a 100-year period; − use of updated national coefficients; − updated time series of activity data; − taking into account new categories of emissions in the national GHG inventory.', 'The noted difference in total GHG emissions estimates between NDC1 and NDC2 is due to: − a complete transition from the 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories; − a transition from the GWP values of the IPCC Second Assessment Report to the GWP values of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report based onthe effects of greenhouse gas emissions over a 100-year period; − use of updated national coefficients; − updated time series of activity data; − taking into account new categories of emissions in the national GHG inventory. The following are recommended in addition to the mitigation target indicator by 2030: Increase the share of renewable energy sources to 25% of total power generation; Double the energy-efficiency indicator relative to the level of 2018; Halve the energy intensity of GDP.', 'The following are recommended in addition to the mitigation target indicator by 2030: Increase the share of renewable energy sources to 25% of total power generation; Double the energy-efficiency indicator relative to the level of 2018; Halve the energy intensity of GDP. These indicators are included in the National Development Goals, the Green Economy Strategy, the Climate Change Strategy, the Electric Power Development Concept. Baseline indicators: In 2019, the share of RES in the total power generation was 10%, mainly from hydropower, the energy intensity of the economy decreased by 44% (www.iea.org).', 'Baseline indicators: In 2019, the share of RES in the total power generation was 10%, mainly from hydropower, the energy intensity of the economy decreased by 44% (www.iea.org). (с) Target indicator versus benchmark indicator Taking into account national circumstances and the country s capacity, the Republic of Uzbekistan is committed to reducing specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP and by 2030 seeks to reduce this indicator by 35% from the level of 2010 instead of 10% provided for in NDC1. The favorable conditions for achieving the target indicator of reducing by 2030 the carbon intensity of the country s economy by 35% against 2010, which is outlined in the updated NDC2 of Uzbekistan, are as follows: 1.', 'The favorable conditions for achieving the target indicator of reducing by 2030 the carbon intensity of the country s economy by 35% against 2010, which is outlined in the updated NDC2 of Uzbekistan, are as follows: 1. Stable and high GDP growth rate (5-6%) in recent years and its projected high growth in the near future; 2. Continuing increase of the share of less energy-intensive (carbon- intensive) industries in the structure of the economy; 3. Low growth rate of GHG emissions during 1990-2017. 4. The dynamics of total greenhouse gas emissions in the Republic of Uzbekistan after 2010 tends to decrease. Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2010-2017 decreased by 5.4%.', 'Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2010-2017 decreased by 5.4%. In addition, the updated NDC2 of Uzbekistan does not provide for an absolute reduction of greenhouse gas emissions for the period up to 2030, and aims only at certain containment of emission growth, which does not impede the country’s economic development. In fact, the implementation of the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC2) is directly linked to the goals of the country s socio-economic development and depends on the extent to which the ambitious goals for low-carbon development and transition to a green economy, adopted in the country and integrated into government strategies/programs, are achieved. Achievement of the long-term goal is envisaged with the support of international organizations and financial institutions, gaining access toadvanced energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, climate finance resources.', 'Achievement of the long-term goal is envisaged with the support of international organizations and financial institutions, gaining access toadvanced energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies, climate finance resources. Uzbekistan s funding needs to effectively mitigate and adapt to climate change remain significant. Thus, in compliance with Article 4.3 of the Paris Agreement, the NDC2 of the Republic of Uzbekistan reflects its highest possible ambitions and represents progress beyond the commitments made in the NDC1. (d) Data sources used in the benchmark quantitative assessment The main source of information is the Biennial Update Report of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2021).', '(d) Data sources used in the benchmark quantitative assessment The main source of information is the Biennial Update Report of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2021). The calculation of the updated NDC2 target is based on the following: − GHG inventory data for 1990-2017; − projections of GHG emissions for the period until 2030; − assessment of the progress of the NDC implementation; − assessment of emission reduction potential as a result of development strategies and sectoral programs and projects that provide for the active introduction of renewable sources; − GDP forecasts prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction; − main provisions of the Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy and sectoral development programs.', 'The calculation of the updated NDC2 target is based on the following: − GHG inventory data for 1990-2017; − projections of GHG emissions for the period until 2030; − assessment of the progress of the NDC implementation; − assessment of emission reduction potential as a result of development strategies and sectoral programs and projects that provide for the active introduction of renewable sources; − GDP forecasts prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction; − main provisions of the Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy and sectoral development programs. (e) Circumstances under which Uzbekistan may update the indicator values The circumstances for updating the indicators may be related to the need to improve the quality of the national greenhouse gas inventory: refining activity data, using higher-level methodological approaches, updating the national emission factors, and expanding the coverage of emission sources.', '(e) Circumstances under which Uzbekistan may update the indicator values The circumstances for updating the indicators may be related to the need to improve the quality of the national greenhouse gas inventory: refining activity data, using higher-level methodological approaches, updating the national emission factors, and expanding the coverage of emission sources. 2 Implementation timeframe and/or periods (a) Implementation timeframe The commitment period is from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2030. (b) Number of targets for one year or several years, as appropriate A single annual target indicator is set until 2030. 3 Scope and coverage (a) General description of goal The goal is consistent with a relative reduction in specific greenhouse gas emissions per GDP across the economy compared to the baseline year emissions. (b) Gases and sectors covered Gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).', '(b) Gases and sectors covered Gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ), nitrous oxide (N2 O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Sectors covered: Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Agriculture; Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) and Waste.4 Planning processes (a) Planning processes under preparation of the Nationally Determined Contribution, implementation plans The NDC2 was developed under the guidance and supervision of the Center of Hydrometeorological Service (Uzhydromet) and supported by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Uzbekistan, an Inter- Agency Working Group represented by key ministries and agencies, including: − Uzhydromet, which was appointed as the national coordinator for the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement by the governmental decision. − The Ministry of Investments and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for interaction with the Green Climate Fund and attracting investments for NDC implementation.', '− The Ministry of Investments and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for interaction with the Green Climate Fund and attracting investments for NDC implementation. − The Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for the implementation of CDM projects, as well as for the implementation of the Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Transition to a Green Economy. − The State Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Ecology and Environmental Protection. − The Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction coordinate the development and implementation of the National Low-Carbon Development Strategy, one of the main commitments under the Paris Agreement, etc.', '− The Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction coordinate the development and implementation of the National Low-Carbon Development Strategy, one of the main commitments under the Paris Agreement, etc. Legal and regulatory framework: Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Ratification of the Paris Agreement" Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Use of Renewable Energy Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Concept of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan until Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to Implement the National Goals and Targets in the Field of Sustainable Development until 2030" (PKM-841 dated 20.10.2018).', 'Legal and regulatory framework: Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Ratification of the Paris Agreement" Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Use of Renewable Energy Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Concept of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Uzbekistan until Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Approval of the Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On measures to Implement the National Goals and Targets in the Field of Sustainable Development until 2030" (PKM-841 dated 20.10.2018). UNFCCC guidelines "Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of the NDC (ICTU)" provided the methodological framework for the NDC update.', 'UNFCCC guidelines "Information to Facilitate Clarity, Transparency and Understanding of the NDC (ICTU)" provided the methodological framework for the NDC update. The NDC2 was developed based on the analytical framework used to develop the First Biennial Update Report (BUR1) of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the UNFCCC (2021), and reflects the results of mitigation measures that were widely discussed with all national stakeholders.The experience accumulated during the development and approval of the NDC1 served as the main background for the development and promotion of the NDC2. Public consultations process to update the NDC was conducted in accordance with the country s rules and procedures, including civil society participation.', 'Public consultations process to update the NDC was conducted in accordance with the country s rules and procedures, including civil society participation. The following national circumstances were taken into account in the planning process: The Republic of Uzbekistan is located in the central part of the Eurasian continent, within the Amudarya and Syrdarya river basins. The country borders with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Afghanistan. The total border length is 6221 km. The total area of the Republic is 448.9 thousand km2. Uzbekistan is a landlocked country. Uzbekistan’s climate is sharply continental, with large seasonal and daily variations in air temperature, with hot and extended summer, relatively humid spring and unstable winter.', 'Uzbekistan’s climate is sharply continental, with large seasonal and daily variations in air temperature, with hot and extended summer, relatively humid spring and unstable winter. The average annual air temperature in the plains currently (1990-2018) stands at 14.9°С, the warmest month is July (28.8°С), and the coldest month is January (0.9°С). However, the average monthly air temperature across the territory of Uzbekistan sharply varies. An increase in air temperature occurs with high natural variability, which causes significant inter-annual variations. Throughout Uzbekistan, the number of days with high air temperature is growing, for example, in 2019, the number of days with air temperature above 38°C at Tashkent station exceeded the norm by almost 2 times. Uzbekistan is the most populous country in Central Asia.', 'Uzbekistan is the most populous country in Central Asia. The total population is about 35 mln people (as of the beginning of 2021). The urban population accounts for 50.5% of the total population, while the rural population accounts for 49.5%. The country has 30.3% of its population being under the working age, 59.5% of the population is at the working age and 10.2% of people are older than the working age. The average annual population growth totals 1.7%. The literacy rate of the adult population is 99.9% and that of the youth is 100%. Uzbekistan predominantly meets its needs through its own energy resources. At present, the available generating capacity of the country is 12.9 GW. The first 100 MW solar power plant was commissioned in 2021.', 'The first 100 MW solar power plant was commissioned in 2021. In the future, it is planned to increase the share of RES-based power generation up to at least 25% by 2030. To this end, around 10 GW of new RES facilities are to be built, including 5 GW of solar, 3 GW of wind and 1.9 GW of hydroelectric power plants. The total greenhouse gas emissions in Uzbekistan (without CO2 removals in the forestry and other types of land use sector) in 2017 amounted to 189.2 -eq and 180.6 Mt CO2 -eq – with removals. For the first time in the entire assessment period, since 1990, there has been a decrease in GHG emissions.', 'For the first time in the entire assessment period, since 1990, there has been a decrease in GHG emissions. The decrease in total GHG emissions is mainly due to the reduction in emissions in the energy sector, reduction of methane leaks inthe oil and gas industry, including through the implementation of CDM projects. The observed decrease in GHG emissions in the last 7 years was primarily the result of a number of state and sectoral programs adopted and implemented in the country. Energy sector is the dominant sector of the inventory of GHG emissions in the country, accounting for 76.3% of the total GHG emissions (2017), followed by Agriculture sector - 17.8%, Industrial processes and product use - 4.5%, and Waste - 1.4%.', 'Energy sector is the dominant sector of the inventory of GHG emissions in the country, accounting for 76.3% of the total GHG emissions (2017), followed by Agriculture sector - 17.8%, Industrial processes and product use - 4.5%, and Waste - 1.4%. Uzbekistan’s contribution to global emissions is around 0.3%. GHG emissions per capita, in general, total 5.8 t CO2 -eq/person; including CO2 emissions – 3.1 -eq/person; methane emissions – 2.3 t CO2 -eq/person; and nitrous oxide emissions – 0.44 t CO2 -eq/person. In the last five years, there has been a decrease in specific GHG emissions per capita, which is due both to the absolute reduction of GHG emissions and consistently high growth rate of the population (1.6% per year in average).', 'In the last five years, there has been a decrease in specific GHG emissions per capita, which is due both to the absolute reduction of GHG emissions and consistently high growth rate of the population (1.6% per year in average). Implementation plans The NDC2 goals are to be achieved through the following: − increasing the share of renewable energy in power generation to 25%, through construction of solar, wind and small hydropower plants; − further introducing energy-saving technologies in industry, construction, agriculture and other sectors of the economy; − introducing alternative fuels in transportation; − improving productivity of agricultural land; − improving the solid waste management system; − improving the water management system; − expanding forest areas; − introducing effective incentives for resource mobilization; − other measures and actions reflected in the Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy until 2030 (PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019), which is currently under revision and is to be extended until 2050, taking into account Uzbekistan’s increased NDC ambitions, as well as ambitions under a number of medium and long-term sectoral strategies.', 'Implementation plans The NDC2 goals are to be achieved through the following: − increasing the share of renewable energy in power generation to 25%, through construction of solar, wind and small hydropower plants; − further introducing energy-saving technologies in industry, construction, agriculture and other sectors of the economy; − introducing alternative fuels in transportation; − improving productivity of agricultural land; − improving the solid waste management system; − improving the water management system; − expanding forest areas; − introducing effective incentives for resource mobilization; − other measures and actions reflected in the Strategy for Transition to a Green Economy until 2030 (PP-4477 dated 04.10.2019), which is currently under revision and is to be extended until 2050, taking into account Uzbekistan’s increased NDC ambitions, as well as ambitions under a number of medium and long-term sectoral strategies. In the future, the fulfillment of NDC commitments will be monitored in accordance with the documents under development: the National Adaptation Plan and Climate Change Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the Biennial Transparency Report to the UNFCCC.', 'In the future, the fulfillment of NDC commitments will be monitored in accordance with the documents under development: the National Adaptation Plan and Climate Change Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the Biennial Transparency Report to the UNFCCC. Priority is also given to the development of a state system of inventory, reporting and control of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which will contribute to: Improving the quality of GHG inventory and reducing the overall uncertainty of GHG inventory by developing and refining national emissionfactors, approaches and methods for calculating GHG emissions, and improving the quality of activity data. Improving the inventory system of greenhouse gas removals and emissions in the "Forestry and other types of land use" sector, including the use of advanced GIS technologies.', 'Improving the inventory system of greenhouse gas removals and emissions in the "Forestry and other types of land use" sector, including the use of advanced GIS technologies. (b) Institutional mechanisms − The Center of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet) is the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC and is responsible for fulfilling the country s commitments under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.', '(b) Institutional mechanisms − The Center of the Hydrometeorological Service of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzhydromet) is the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC and is responsible for fulfilling the country s commitments under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement. − The following key ministries and agencies are involved in the preparation of the updated NDC: − The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for interaction with the Green Climate Fund and attracting investments for NDC implementation; − The Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for the implementation of CDM projects, as well as for the implementation of the Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Transition to a Green Economy; − The State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection is the Operational and Political Focal Point of the GEF, and is responsible for the allocation of GEF grant funds; − The Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, is responsible for the development and implementation of the National Low-Carbon Development Strategy; − The Ministry of Innovative Development is responsible for the introduction of green economy technologies; − The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development and introduction of climate-resistant and water-saving technologies in agriculture; implementation of measures contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; − The State Committee of Forestry is responsible for the implementation of measures to prevent desertification, conservation and restoration of irrigated and rainfed lands, pastures and forest resources, including on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea; − The Ministry of Transport implements the gradual transition of public transport to natural gas and electric traction, and conducts measures to expand the production and use of vehicles with improved energy efficiency and environmental friendliness; − The Ministry of Construction implements energy efficient and energy- saving innovative solutions in the construction of buildings; − The Ministry of Finance develops financial mechanisms to support the "green" economy; assesses the support received as part of the climate projects and programs; − The State Statistics Committee provides state agencies with statisticalinformation necessary for the preparation and implementation of the NDC; coordinates the work on the implementation of the National SDGs.', '− The following key ministries and agencies are involved in the preparation of the updated NDC: − The Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for interaction with the Green Climate Fund and attracting investments for NDC implementation; − The Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction of the Republic of Uzbekistan is responsible for the implementation of CDM projects, as well as for the implementation of the Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for Transition to a Green Economy; − The State Committee on Ecology and Environmental Protection is the Operational and Political Focal Point of the GEF, and is responsible for the allocation of GEF grant funds; − The Ministry of Energy, together with the Ministry of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction, is responsible for the development and implementation of the National Low-Carbon Development Strategy; − The Ministry of Innovative Development is responsible for the introduction of green economy technologies; − The Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the development and introduction of climate-resistant and water-saving technologies in agriculture; implementation of measures contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions; − The State Committee of Forestry is responsible for the implementation of measures to prevent desertification, conservation and restoration of irrigated and rainfed lands, pastures and forest resources, including on the dried bottom of the Aral Sea; − The Ministry of Transport implements the gradual transition of public transport to natural gas and electric traction, and conducts measures to expand the production and use of vehicles with improved energy efficiency and environmental friendliness; − The Ministry of Construction implements energy efficient and energy- saving innovative solutions in the construction of buildings; − The Ministry of Finance develops financial mechanisms to support the "green" economy; assesses the support received as part of the climate projects and programs; − The State Statistics Committee provides state agencies with statisticalinformation necessary for the preparation and implementation of the NDC; coordinates the work on the implementation of the National SDGs. (c) How the NDC preparation depends on the outcome of the Global Stocktake under Article 4, paragraph 9 of the Paris Agreement In accordance with Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) will conduct its first global inventory in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter, unless the CMA decides otherwise.', '(c) How the NDC preparation depends on the outcome of the Global Stocktake under Article 4, paragraph 9 of the Paris Agreement In accordance with Article 14.2 of the Paris Agreement, the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Agreement (CMA) will conduct its first global inventory in 2023 and every 5 years thereafter, unless the CMA decides otherwise. It is expected that Uzbekistan’s reduction commitments under the updated NDC2 will be taken into account in the Global Inventory Report to be published in 2023. (d) How economic and social impacts of response measures were taken into account in the development of the nationally determined contribution Uzbekistan s GDP growth between 1990 and 2017 was around 400% (in current dollars), while greenhouse gas emissions increased by only 6.7% over the same period.', '(d) How economic and social impacts of response measures were taken into account in the development of the nationally determined contribution Uzbekistan s GDP growth between 1990 and 2017 was around 400% (in current dollars), while greenhouse gas emissions increased by only 6.7% over the same period. Thus, the GDP growth significantly outpaces the growth in greenhouse gas emissions. Achieving the set target ensures that the growth of greenhouse gas emissions remains contained as the economy develops.', 'Achieving the set target ensures that the growth of greenhouse gas emissions remains contained as the economy develops. The country s intention to increase its ambitions on limiting the growth of greenhouse gas emissions by reducing specific GHG emissions per unit of GDP by 35% (NDC2) instead of 10% (NDC1) by 2030 from the level of 2010 will not create obstacles for socio-economic development of the country, and is consistent with the overall policy goals of improving energy efficiency, reducing resource consumption by the economy and increasing the share of RES in the country s energy balance, as well as the goals of rational use and sustainable development (SDG).', 'The country s intention to increase its ambitions on limiting the growth of greenhouse gas emissions by reducing specific GHG emissions per unit of GDP by 35% (NDC2) instead of 10% (NDC1) by 2030 from the level of 2010 will not create obstacles for socio-economic development of the country, and is consistent with the overall policy goals of improving energy efficiency, reducing resource consumption by the economy and increasing the share of RES in the country s energy balance, as well as the goals of rational use and sustainable development (SDG). In the future, this will allow the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with other Parties to the UNFCCC, achieve the long-term global goal of preventing the average global air temperature from rising by more than 2⁰C.', 'In the future, this will allow the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with other Parties to the UNFCCC, achieve the long-term global goal of preventing the average global air temperature from rising by more than 2⁰C. 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and their removal, where appropriate (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches in accordance with paragraph 31 of Decision 1/CP.21 and the accounting guidelines adopted by the COP Accounting approach for emissions in the IPPU sector: The Republic of Uzbekistan does not include in the estimate of emissions of HFCs, PFCs, sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen fluoride in the NDC2, since the contribution of HFCs accounts for only 0.2% of total GHG emissions, and statistical reporting has not yet been developed to estimate emissions of other gases.', '5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and their removal, where appropriate (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches in accordance with paragraph 31 of Decision 1/CP.21 and the accounting guidelines adopted by the COP Accounting approach for emissions in the IPPU sector: The Republic of Uzbekistan does not include in the estimate of emissions of HFCs, PFCs, sulfur hexafluoride and nitrogen fluoride in the NDC2, since the contribution of HFCs accounts for only 0.2% of total GHG emissions, and statistical reporting has not yet been developed to estimate emissions of other gases. The Republic of Uzbekistan will continue to improve the reporting on greenhouse gases in the IPPU sector and expects to expand the range of calculation categories.', 'The Republic of Uzbekistan will continue to improve the reporting on greenhouse gases in the IPPU sector and expects to expand the range of calculation categories. Approach to accounting for emissions in the FOLU sector: Availing the flexibility mechanisms of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Uzbekistan will not include the FOLU sector in the updated NDC2, since the available activity data is not complete, not all carbon pools are included in the emission/removal estimates, many assumptions are used to estimate emissions, and it is extremely difficult to track fulfillment of commitments on increasing removals.The Republic of Uzbekistan can also remove emissions caused by natural perturbations in accordance with the available IPCC guidelines.', 'Approach to accounting for emissions in the FOLU sector: Availing the flexibility mechanisms of the Paris Agreement, the Republic of Uzbekistan will not include the FOLU sector in the updated NDC2, since the available activity data is not complete, not all carbon pools are included in the emission/removal estimates, many assumptions are used to estimate emissions, and it is extremely difficult to track fulfillment of commitments on increasing removals.The Republic of Uzbekistan can also remove emissions caused by natural perturbations in accordance with the available IPCC guidelines. The Republic of Uzbekistan will continue and improve the reporting of greenhouse gases in the AFOLU sector, which will require updating its methodologies. (b) IPCC methodologies and indicators used to estimate anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases Emission estimation methodologies: 2006 IPCC Guidelines.', '(b) IPCC methodologies and indicators used to estimate anthropogenic emissions and removals of greenhouse gases Emission estimation methodologies: 2006 IPCC Guidelines. Indicators applied: The Republic of Uzbekistan intends to apply the 100- year values of the global warming potential (GWP) of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report to calculate and present the final CO2 equivalent values. Transparency Transparency in mitigation and adaptation will be ensured through: − Implementation of an integrated MRV system to track the NDC implementation, including GHG emissions, mitigation measures, adaptation actions and financial support in accordance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (Decision 18/CMA.1); − Preparation of national GHG inventory reports; − Preparation of Biennial Reports and/or Transparency Reports; − Public involvement in the reporting process (inclusive approach).', 'Transparency Transparency in mitigation and adaptation will be ensured through: − Implementation of an integrated MRV system to track the NDC implementation, including GHG emissions, mitigation measures, adaptation actions and financial support in accordance with Article 13 of the Paris Agreement (Decision 18/CMA.1); − Preparation of national GHG inventory reports; − Preparation of Biennial Reports and/or Transparency Reports; − Public involvement in the reporting process (inclusive approach). 6 Why a Party considers its Nationally Determined Contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) Why Uzbekistan considers its Nationally Determined Contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of national circumstances Uzbekistan’s NDC2 goal in terms of reducing specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP has been significantly strengthened compared to the previously defined NDC1 goal (more than 3 times).', '6 Why a Party considers its Nationally Determined Contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances (a) Why Uzbekistan considers its Nationally Determined Contribution to be fair and ambitious in light of national circumstances Uzbekistan’s NDC2 goal in terms of reducing specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP has been significantly strengthened compared to the previously defined NDC1 goal (more than 3 times). The goal is adopted in accordance with the latest GHG inventory data and does not impede the country’s socio-economic development. In the future, this will allow the Republic of Uzbekistan, along with other Parties to the UNFCCC, achieve a long-term global goal - prevent increase in the average global air temperature by more than 2oC. Currently, Uzbekistan’s GHG emissions share in global emissions accounts for about 0.3%.', 'Currently, Uzbekistan’s GHG emissions share in global emissions accounts for about 0.3%. GHG emissions per capita total 5.8 t CO2 -eq/person (2017). Since 1990, they decreased by 2.8 t CO2 -eq/person. High population growth rate and industrial development, including in construction, textile, automotive industry and agriculture require the development of the energy sector. In addition, further aridization of the climate will require additional energy consumption for cooling. In this regard, until 2030, despite the reduction of GHG emissions due to rapid development of RES, according to our estimates, GHG emissions will increase, although insignificantly.', 'In this regard, until 2030, despite the reduction of GHG emissions due to rapid development of RES, according to our estimates, GHG emissions will increase, although insignificantly. Nevertheless, Uzbekistan strives and develops appropriate programs and strategies in order to reduce the intensity of emission growth.Uzbekistan’s economic growth is to be ensured on the basis of "green" and low-carbon development, which will contribute to the global goal of the Convention and the Paris Agreement in accordance with the country s capacity and national circumstances. (b) How Uzbekistan complies with paragraph 3 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement The updated and strengthened Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Uzbekistan represents progress over previously reported Nationally Determined Contribution, as trends in containing the growth rate of specific GHG emissions increase from 10% in 2010 to 35% by 2030.', '(b) How Uzbekistan complies with paragraph 3 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement The updated and strengthened Nationally Determined Contribution of the Republic of Uzbekistan represents progress over previously reported Nationally Determined Contribution, as trends in containing the growth rate of specific GHG emissions increase from 10% in 2010 to 35% by 2030. (c) What was Uzbekistan’s reaction to paragraph 4 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Uzbekistan will continue strengthening its efforts to mitigate climate change, and over time, will move toward economy-wide absolute emission reduction or limitation targets based on national circumstances.', '(c) What was Uzbekistan’s reaction to paragraph 4 of Article 4 of the Paris Agreement The Republic of Uzbekistan will continue strengthening its efforts to mitigate climate change, and over time, will move toward economy-wide absolute emission reduction or limitation targets based on national circumstances. (d) How the Nationally Determined Contributions contribute to the objective of the Convention as set forth in its Article 2 The Republic of Uzbekistan undertakes to reduce specific greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 35% from the level of 2010 by 2030, in accordance with national circumstances and capacity, thereby contributing to stabilizing the global concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that prevents dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. 2.2 Additional information on mitigation aspects in the Republic of Uzbekistan GHG emissions trends for the period 1990-2017.', '2.2 Additional information on mitigation aspects in the Republic of Uzbekistan GHG emissions trends for the period 1990-2017. Inventory and assessment results of greenhouse gas emissions make up the basis for both assessing the progress in terms of NDC implementation, and determining the mitigation potential and future GHG emission estimates and, ultimately, updating the country s commitments under the Paris Agreement. The current inventory covers the period from 1990 to 2017. The key difference between this and previous inventories is that it has been developed using modern IPCC methodologies. Shift to the new methodologies has led to the need to recalculate and refine previous GHG emission estimates for the period 1990-2012. Consequently, the emission estimates obtained in the current inventory slightly differ from the previous estimates.', 'Consequently, the emission estimates obtained in the current inventory slightly differ from the previous estimates. The greenhouse gas inventory covers five sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (FOLU) and Waste. The 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories make up the methodological framework for conducting the inventory. The main estimated GHGs are carbon dioxide (CO2 ), whose global warming potential (GWP) ) with GWP standing at 25 and nitrous oxide (N2 O) with GWP standing at 298.The total greenhouse gas emissions in Uzbekistan, without CO2 removals in the FOLU sector in -eq and 180.6 Mt CO2 -eq with removals. The total GHG emissions for the period 2010-2017 decreased by 10.9 Mt CO2 -eq, which makes up 5.4% reduction (Figure 2.2.1).', 'The total GHG emissions for the period 2010-2017 decreased by 10.9 Mt CO2 -eq, which makes up 5.4% reduction (Figure 2.2.1). GHG emissions per capita total 5.8 t CO2 -eq/person; including CO2 emissions – 3.1 t CO2 - eq/person; methane – 2.3 t CO2 -eq/person; nitrous oxide – 0.44 t CO2 -eq/person. For over the last five years, there has been a decrease in specific GHG emissions per capita due to both absolute reduction of GHG emissions and high population growth rates (1.6% per year on average). Uzbekistan’s contribution to global emissions stands at around 0.3%. Figure 2.2.1.', 'Uzbekistan’s contribution to global emissions stands at around 0.3%. Figure 2.2.1. Dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions for 1990-2017 by sectors The decrease in total GHG emissions is mainly due to the reduction in emissions in the "Energy" sector, due to the reduction of methane leaks in the oil and gas industry, as well as implementation of CDM projects. "Energy" sector makes the greatest contribution to total GHG emissions (76.3%). "Agriculture" accounts for 17.8%, "Industrial Processes and Product Use" – 4.5% and "Waste" – 1.4%.', '"Agriculture" accounts for 17.8%, "Industrial Processes and Product Use" – 4.5% and "Waste" – 1.4%. In the long run, the "Energy" sector will remain the dominant sector in terms of GHG emissions, while at the same time there will be an increasing trend in non-energy GHG emissions (in particular, their share in 2017 totaled 34%, compared to around 18% in 2010), including from agricultural sources. Twenty-one key inventory categories were identified in 2017, including: 10 in "Energy" sector categories, 2 in "Industrial Processes and Product Use" sector categories, 8 in "Agriculture" sector categories, and 1 in "Waste" sector category (Table 2.2.1).Table 2.2.1.', 'Twenty-one key inventory categories were identified in 2017, including: 10 in "Energy" sector categories, 2 in "Industrial Processes and Product Use" sector categories, 8 in "Agriculture" sector categories, and 1 in "Waste" sector category (Table 2.2.1).Table 2.2.1. Greenhouse gas emissions and removals in 2010-2017, Gg СО2 -eq Sector IPCC category GHG emissions / removals (Gg of CO2 -eq) Share of the source in the total emission, % GHG emissions / removals (Gg of CO2 -eq) Share of the source in the total emission, % A B C D Energy Extraction, processing, transportation of natural gas 63,783.31 27.1 47,370.58 22.6 Fuel combustion.', 'Greenhouse gas emissions and removals in 2010-2017, Gg СО2 -eq Sector IPCC category GHG emissions / removals (Gg of CO2 -eq) Share of the source in the total emission, % GHG emissions / removals (Gg of CO2 -eq) Share of the source in the total emission, % A B C D Energy Extraction, processing, transportation of natural gas 63,783.31 27.1 47,370.58 22.6 Fuel combustion. Processing industry and construction 7,580.12 3.2 21,214.68 10.1 Total for sector 163,380.91 144,407.83 Industrial Processes and Product Use Total for sector 8,434.23 8,468.12 Total for sector 25,685.09 33,652.28 Total for sector 2,565.56 2,679.50 Forestry and other types of land use (FOLU) Arable land conserved as arable land -2,002.13 0.9 -1,448.72 0.7 Total for sector -12,949.59 -8,632.24 Total Amount with FOLU 187,116.20 180,575.36 Amount without FOLU 200,065.79 189,207.60 Notes: Column A – GHG emissions/removals in 2010; Column B – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2010; Column C – GHG emissions/removals in 2017; Column D – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2017.Five largest categories, whose contribution to total GHG emissions made up around 63%: − fugitive methane emissions from gas systems in the oil and gas industry (22.7%); − carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heat production (13.3%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from fuel combustion in industry and construction (10.0%); − methane emissions from intestinal fermentation of livestock (9.4%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from residential fuel combustion (8.4%).', 'Processing industry and construction 7,580.12 3.2 21,214.68 10.1 Total for sector 163,380.91 144,407.83 Industrial Processes and Product Use Total for sector 8,434.23 8,468.12 Total for sector 25,685.09 33,652.28 Total for sector 2,565.56 2,679.50 Forestry and other types of land use (FOLU) Arable land conserved as arable land -2,002.13 0.9 -1,448.72 0.7 Total for sector -12,949.59 -8,632.24 Total Amount with FOLU 187,116.20 180,575.36 Amount without FOLU 200,065.79 189,207.60 Notes: Column A – GHG emissions/removals in 2010; Column B – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2010; Column C – GHG emissions/removals in 2017; Column D – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2017.Five largest categories, whose contribution to total GHG emissions made up around 63%: − fugitive methane emissions from gas systems in the oil and gas industry (22.7%); − carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heat production (13.3%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from fuel combustion in industry and construction (10.0%); − methane emissions from intestinal fermentation of livestock (9.4%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from residential fuel combustion (8.4%). Effectiveness of mitigation measures.', 'Processing industry and construction 7,580.12 3.2 21,214.68 10.1 Total for sector 163,380.91 144,407.83 Industrial Processes and Product Use Total for sector 8,434.23 8,468.12 Total for sector 25,685.09 33,652.28 Total for sector 2,565.56 2,679.50 Forestry and other types of land use (FOLU) Arable land conserved as arable land -2,002.13 0.9 -1,448.72 0.7 Total for sector -12,949.59 -8,632.24 Total Amount with FOLU 187,116.20 180,575.36 Amount without FOLU 200,065.79 189,207.60 Notes: Column A – GHG emissions/removals in 2010; Column B – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2010; Column C – GHG emissions/removals in 2017; Column D – this category s contribution to total emissions, %, in 2017.Five largest categories, whose contribution to total GHG emissions made up around 63%: − fugitive methane emissions from gas systems in the oil and gas industry (22.7%); − carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion for electricity and heat production (13.3%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from fuel combustion in industry and construction (10.0%); − methane emissions from intestinal fermentation of livestock (9.4%); − carbon dioxide emissions, from residential fuel combustion (8.4%). Effectiveness of mitigation measures. The decrease in total GHG emissions in 2010-2017 was mainly due to the reduction of emissions in the "Energy" sector, whose contribution in total emissions is over 75%.', 'The decrease in total GHG emissions in 2010-2017 was mainly due to the reduction of emissions in the "Energy" sector, whose contribution in total emissions is over 75%. A significant reduction in GHG emissions in this sector was due to the reduction of methane leaks in the oil and gas industry, including through the implementation of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects. In addition, the "Energy" sector is gradually reducing GHG emissions from fuel combustion through reduction of emissions in energy production and residential sector. Thanks to CDM projects, nitrous oxide emissions in the chemical industry in nitric acid production have also decreased.', 'Thanks to CDM projects, nitrous oxide emissions in the chemical industry in nitric acid production have also decreased. According to experts, it is expected that nitrous oxide emissions in this industry will be practically reduced to zero in the future, through introduction of new technologies supported by the global NACAG program. The observed reduction of GHG emissions for over the last 7 years has been primarily the result of a number of national and industry-level programs adopted and implemented in the country, with an aim of improving energy efficiency, energy and fuel saving in the energy sector, industry, residential sector, transport, as well as introduction of new energy-saving technologies.', 'The observed reduction of GHG emissions for over the last 7 years has been primarily the result of a number of national and industry-level programs adopted and implemented in the country, with an aim of improving energy efficiency, energy and fuel saving in the energy sector, industry, residential sector, transport, as well as introduction of new energy-saving technologies. Climate change adaptation is a priority policy area for Uzbekistan, aimed at reducing vulnerability and ensuring the country s resilience to climate change. According to IPCC6, the most likely climate change related impacts and challenges (with high degree of accuracy) requiring adaptation interventions are associated in Uzbekistan with water and land resources.', 'According to IPCC6, the most likely climate change related impacts and challenges (with high degree of accuracy) requiring adaptation interventions are associated in Uzbekistan with water and land resources. Climate change and impending water crisis, population growth, economic globalization and industrial development have a significant impact on the country s socio-economic systems. Climate-dependent sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, water and forestry, are most affected. Despite advances in irrigation and farming, weather remains a key influence factor on agricultural productivity, soil formation, and natural habitat. The situation is exacerbated by the continuing drying up of the Aral Sea, which has already lost 57% of its area, 80% of its volume and 64% of its depth in the last four decades.', 'The situation is exacerbated by the continuing drying up of the Aral Sea, which has already lost 57% of its area, 80% of its volume and 64% of its depth in the last four decades. The Aral Sea basin 6 IPCC, 2014: Climate Change, 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [core group of authors, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (ed.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 163 pp.now represents a salt desert called Aralkum, which adversely affects the ecology of the entire country. It is also expected that climate aridity will increase across the country, especially in its western part.', 'It is also expected that climate aridity will increase across the country, especially in its western part. The projected reduction in water resources and changing precipitation patterns will lead to even more prolonged droughts and extreme weather events. Water scarcity will increase significantly due to the projected decrease in water resources. The water scarcity in the country, which was 2000 m3 in 2005, is projected to increase to 7,000 m3 by 2030 and to 13,000 m3 by 2050. This will have an adverse impact on agriculture, particularly on the production of cotton, one of the country s main export products. The increased potential of evapotranspiration due to global warming causes a proportional increase in biological water demand in crops and, accordingly, increase in need for irrigation water.', 'The increased potential of evapotranspiration due to global warming causes a proportional increase in biological water demand in crops and, accordingly, increase in need for irrigation water. In the future, if demand for irrigation water will not be fully met due to water scarcity, crop yield reduction is expected. The expected loss of yield in a year of 90% water availability in the near future (2039) under scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 can make up 10-13% for cotton, 10-13% for winter wheat, and 10- 12% for alfalfa.', 'The expected loss of yield in a year of 90% water availability in the near future (2039) under scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 can make up 10-13% for cotton, 10-13% for winter wheat, and 10- 12% for alfalfa. Taking into account the needs of the population, whose number is expected to be over 37 million by 2025, and the need for sustainable development of all sectors of the economy, it is expected that by 2025 the food demand will exceed the production of grain by 26.9%, meat by 92.5%, and milk by 69.5%, etc.', 'Taking into account the needs of the population, whose number is expected to be over 37 million by 2025, and the need for sustainable development of all sectors of the economy, it is expected that by 2025 the food demand will exceed the production of grain by 26.9%, meat by 92.5%, and milk by 69.5%, etc. A key priority in meeting the rapidly growing population’s demand for food products is to increase the climate resilience of agriculture and sustainable use of water and land resources, without endangering the stable functioning of vital ecosystems and their services. To achieve these priorities, Uzbekistan intends to strengthen its adaptive capacity, establish early warning and risk management systems at all levels in synergy with mitigation actions.', 'To achieve these priorities, Uzbekistan intends to strengthen its adaptive capacity, establish early warning and risk management systems at all levels in synergy with mitigation actions. The most disadvantaged layers of the population live in the most arid regions of the country. Their livelihoods depend on agriculture and face increasing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and the availability of natural resources. Under these conditions, the government has recognized the need to implement urgent adaptation measures and actions. An adaptation plan is currently under development. In accordance with state policy, with UNDP’s support and funding from the Green Climate Fund, the country has begun preparing the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). A road map has been developed to advance the NAP process.', 'A road map has been developed to advance the NAP process. The NAP preparation project provides for the achievement of the following results: (1) Strengthened coordination mechanism for intersectoral adaptation planning and implementation of adaptation measures and actions at different levels; (2) Strengthened statistical database and priority adaptation planning and budgeting options identifies at national and sub-national levels; (3) Adaptation financing and investment strategy developed. Agriculture, water resources, health care, housing and emergency management selected as key economic sectors.', 'Agriculture, water resources, health care, housing and emergency management selected as key economic sectors. Nevertheless, national adaptation priorities are reflected in national and sectoral strategies, concepts, projects and programs which are undergoing or in the process of development in the fields of water resources, energy efficiency, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, forestconservation, as well as roadmaps for their implementation approved by the government. These policy documents serve as starting points for promotion and integration into the National Adaptation Plan and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals.', 'These policy documents serve as starting points for promotion and integration into the National Adaptation Plan and the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. Among key policy documents are the Agriculture Development Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030, the Strategy on Transition of the Republic of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030, the State Programs for Development of the Aral Sea Region (2017-2021) and other policy documents that focus, inter alia, on specific actions to protect, preserve and restore degraded agro-ecosystems and conserve biodiversity. These documents serve as a platform for the harmonious promotion of green policies and adaptation measures of key economic sectors to climate change and expected climate challenges and uncertainties.', 'These documents serve as a platform for the harmonious promotion of green policies and adaptation measures of key economic sectors to climate change and expected climate challenges and uncertainties. Uzbekistan s nationally determined commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions also describe the national process and strategic planning directions to strengthen adaptation and mitigation measures.', 'Uzbekistan s nationally determined commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions also describe the national process and strategic planning directions to strengthen adaptation and mitigation measures. Adaptation measures cover a wide range of actions to protect communities from the adverse impacts of climate change, such as extreme droughts and hydrometeorological hazards associated with global warming; increasing the resilience of strategic infrastructure and ecosystems to conserve agrobiodiversity; reducing the adverse impact of the Aral Sea disaster on the environment and the lives of millions of people living in the Aral Sea region, including through well-designed target projects and programs, with financial and technical support from UN institutions, other international organizations and development partner countries. The main strategic directions of climate adaptation presented below are closely related to mitigation measures and remain relevant.', 'The main strategic directions of climate adaptation presented below are closely related to mitigation measures and remain relevant. Table 3.1 Adaptation measures in Uzbekistan until 2030 Sectors Adaptation measures Adaptation in water management − improve the use of water resources and prevent further salinization and land degradation; − construct and reconstruct hydraulic facilities, pumping stations and reservoirs; − upgrade, modernize and automate water management facilities; − widely apply energy-efficient and water-saving technologies for crop irrigation, information and communication technologies and innovations in water management; − improve incentives for water conservation and development of sustainable water management mechanisms.', 'Table 3.1 Adaptation measures in Uzbekistan until 2030 Sectors Adaptation measures Adaptation in water management − improve the use of water resources and prevent further salinization and land degradation; − construct and reconstruct hydraulic facilities, pumping stations and reservoirs; − upgrade, modernize and automate water management facilities; − widely apply energy-efficient and water-saving technologies for crop irrigation, information and communication technologies and innovations in water management; − improve incentives for water conservation and development of sustainable water management mechanisms. Adaptation in agriculture − crop diversification (expansion of perennial tree plantations and perennial grasses); − crop reseeding to ensure consistent coverage of arable land; − attract investments in production and processing, as well as creating value chains for agricultural and food products;Sectors Adaptation measures − breed highly productive livestock breeds and plant species (varieties) resistant to salinity, drought and other hazardous weather events and risks; − preserve the gene pool of local livestock breeds and plant varieties, as well as the gene pool of wild ancestors of cultivated plants; − prevent water pollution with agricultural waste; − introduce organic farming practices; − properly store/process organic animal waste; − restore degraded pastures and introduce sustainable pasture management mechanisms.', 'Adaptation in agriculture − crop diversification (expansion of perennial tree plantations and perennial grasses); − crop reseeding to ensure consistent coverage of arable land; − attract investments in production and processing, as well as creating value chains for agricultural and food products;Sectors Adaptation measures − breed highly productive livestock breeds and plant species (varieties) resistant to salinity, drought and other hazardous weather events and risks; − preserve the gene pool of local livestock breeds and plant varieties, as well as the gene pool of wild ancestors of cultivated plants; − prevent water pollution with agricultural waste; − introduce organic farming practices; − properly store/process organic animal waste; − restore degraded pastures and introduce sustainable pasture management mechanisms. Climate adaptation of social sphere − raise awareness and improve access to information on climate change for all population groups; − develop early warning systems for hydrometeorological hazards and manage climate risks; − prevent the emergence and exacerbation of diseases caused by climate change; − increase participation of public, scientific institutions, women and local communities in planning and management, mainstreaming gender approaches and practices.', 'Climate adaptation of social sphere − raise awareness and improve access to information on climate change for all population groups; − develop early warning systems for hydrometeorological hazards and manage climate risks; − prevent the emergence and exacerbation of diseases caused by climate change; − increase participation of public, scientific institutions, women and local communities in planning and management, mainstreaming gender approaches and practices. Mitigating the Aral Sea disaster − preserve the current fragile ecological balance in the Aral Sea region, combat desertification, improve the management system, efficiently and sustainably use water resources; − create conditions for reproduction and preservation of the gene pool and health of the Aral Sea region population, develop social infrastructure, extensive network of medical and educational organizations; − create the necessary socio-economic frameworks and incentives to improve the quality and living standards of the population, develop basic infrastructure and communication systems; − conserve and restore biodiversity of flora and fauna, including through creation of local water bodies in the Aral Sea region; − enhance foreign investment for the implementation of measures and actions to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters in the Aral Sea; − conserve and restore forest resources, including afforestation of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea.', 'Mitigating the Aral Sea disaster − preserve the current fragile ecological balance in the Aral Sea region, combat desertification, improve the management system, efficiently and sustainably use water resources; − create conditions for reproduction and preservation of the gene pool and health of the Aral Sea region population, develop social infrastructure, extensive network of medical and educational organizations; − create the necessary socio-economic frameworks and incentives to improve the quality and living standards of the population, develop basic infrastructure and communication systems; − conserve and restore biodiversity of flora and fauna, including through creation of local water bodies in the Aral Sea region; − enhance foreign investment for the implementation of measures and actions to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters in the Aral Sea; − conserve and restore forest resources, including afforestation of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea. Ecosystem adaptation − reforest mountains foothills and preserve native plant species in semi-deserts and deserts; − preserve, restore and maintain ecological balance in protected areas; − improve the sustainability of fragile desert ecosystems management.', 'Ecosystem adaptation − reforest mountains foothills and preserve native plant species in semi-deserts and deserts; − preserve, restore and maintain ecological balance in protected areas; − improve the sustainability of fragile desert ecosystems management. Adaptation of strategic − introduce adaptation criteria into public investment projects for construction, modernization, operation and maintenance of infrastructure in various sectors of the economy;Sectors Adaptation measures infrastructure and production facilities − reconstruct and modernize irrigation and drainage infrastructure in the water sector; − expand sectoral programs for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, ensure water quality for drinking water supply and sanitation; − modernize gauging stations on natural watercourses, improve monitoring and forecasting of water resources; − improve monitoring of reclamation state of irrigated lands and soil fertility; − apply technologies to protect riparian and river infrastructure, etc. 4.', 'Adaptation of strategic − introduce adaptation criteria into public investment projects for construction, modernization, operation and maintenance of infrastructure in various sectors of the economy;Sectors Adaptation measures infrastructure and production facilities − reconstruct and modernize irrigation and drainage infrastructure in the water sector; − expand sectoral programs for domestic and industrial wastewater treatment, ensure water quality for drinking water supply and sanitation; − modernize gauging stations on natural watercourses, improve monitoring and forecasting of water resources; − improve monitoring of reclamation state of irrigated lands and soil fertility; − apply technologies to protect riparian and river infrastructure, etc. 4. WAYS OF UPDATED NDC IMPLEMENTATION Fulfillment of the enhanced commitments under NDC will require significant efforts from the country, capacity building at all levels, technical and financial resources, introduction of effective incentive mechanisms, as well as improvement and effective implementation of adopted national and sectoral strategies and plans.', 'WAYS OF UPDATED NDC IMPLEMENTATION Fulfillment of the enhanced commitments under NDC will require significant efforts from the country, capacity building at all levels, technical and financial resources, introduction of effective incentive mechanisms, as well as improvement and effective implementation of adopted national and sectoral strategies and plans. Following are the main of these documents: Strategy for Transition of the Republic of Uzbekistan to a Green Economy for 2019-2030 (Presidential Decree No. 4477 dated 04.10.2019) is aimed at achieving sustainable economic progress through the integration of green economy principles into the ongoing structural reforms.', '4477 dated 04.10.2019) is aimed at achieving sustainable economic progress through the integration of green economy principles into the ongoing structural reforms. The main priorities of the Strategy are as follows: (i) improvement of the energy efficiency of the key sectors of the economy; (ii) diversification of energy consumption and the use of renewable energy sources; (iii) climate adaptation and mitigation, improvement of the use of natural resources and conservation of natural ecosystems; (iv) development of financial and non-financial mechanisms to support the green economy. The Strategy is currently under revision and is to be extended until 2050, taking into account Uzbekistan s increased NDC ambitions and decarbonization of the economy. National Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets until 2030 (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No.', 'National Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and targets until 2030 (Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers No. 841 dated 20.10.2018). The indicator “CO2 emissions per unit of value added” is indicator 9.4.1 from the list of indicators for the implementation of the National SDGs until 2030. Progress in CO2 emission reduction must be included in Uzbekistan s Voluntary National Review on SDG progress. The National SDG indicators also reflect adaptation measures, in particular: Indicator 1.5 “By 2030, increase the resilience vulnerable population, reduce their vulnerability to climate change-induced extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters”; Indicator 6.4.', 'The National SDG indicators also reflect adaptation measures, in particular: Indicator 1.5 “By 2030, increase the resilience vulnerable population, reduce their vulnerability to climate change-induced extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters”; Indicator 6.4. “By 2030, significantly improve water use efficiency in all sectors of the economy”; Indicator 6.5 “By 2030, ensure integrated water resources management at all levels, including, through transboundary cooperation, as necessary”;Indicator 6.6 "By 2030, ensure protection and restoration of water ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers and lakes"; Indicator 13.2 “Include climate change responses in policies, development strategies, with special focus on measures implemented in the Aral Sea region”; Indicator 13.3 “Improve awareness and strengthen the capacity of people and institutions, organizations and businesses on climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning of risks and climate hazards; Indicator 15.2 “Promote sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and significantly increase afforestation and reforestation; Indicator 15.3 “Combat desertification, restore degraded lands and soil, and achieve land degradation neutrality.', '“By 2030, significantly improve water use efficiency in all sectors of the economy”; Indicator 6.5 “By 2030, ensure integrated water resources management at all levels, including, through transboundary cooperation, as necessary”;Indicator 6.6 "By 2030, ensure protection and restoration of water ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers and lakes"; Indicator 13.2 “Include climate change responses in policies, development strategies, with special focus on measures implemented in the Aral Sea region”; Indicator 13.3 “Improve awareness and strengthen the capacity of people and institutions, organizations and businesses on climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warning of risks and climate hazards; Indicator 15.2 “Promote sustainable management of all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and significantly increase afforestation and reforestation; Indicator 15.3 “Combat desertification, restore degraded lands and soil, and achieve land degradation neutrality. “Action Strategy on Five Priority Areas for Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017- 2021” (UP-4947 dated 07.02.2017) provides for the reduction of the energy and resource intensity of the economy, widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies in production, increased use of renewable energy sources, which will help reduce GHG emissions; adoption of systemic measures to mitigate the adverse impact of global climate change and the drying up of the Aral Sea on agriculture development and livelihood of the population.', '“Action Strategy on Five Priority Areas for Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017- 2021” (UP-4947 dated 07.02.2017) provides for the reduction of the energy and resource intensity of the economy, widespread introduction of energy-saving technologies in production, increased use of renewable energy sources, which will help reduce GHG emissions; adoption of systemic measures to mitigate the adverse impact of global climate change and the drying up of the Aral Sea on agriculture development and livelihood of the population. Agriculture Development Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 (Presidential Decree No. 5853 dated 23.10.2019) serves as the country’s main policy document in the development of the agro-food sector.', '5853 dated 23.10.2019) serves as the country’s main policy document in the development of the agro-food sector. The implementation mechanism for key reforms is focused on nine strategic priorities, including: (i) ensuring food security of the population; (ii) creating a favorable agribusiness climate and value chains; (iii) reducing the role of the state in managing the agricultural sector and increasing investment attractiveness; (iv) ensuring the rational use of natural resources and environmental protection, etc. These priority areas provide a solid basis for the implementation of the LDN7 objectives and the achievement of the SDGs of the Republic of Uzbekistan, including the UN SDG-2 – “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture”. Water Sector Development Concept of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 (UP No.', 'Water Sector Development Concept of Uzbekistan for 2020-2030 (UP No. 5863 dated 30.10.2019) is aimed at (1) creating conditions necessary to meet the ever-increasing needs of the population, economic sectors and the environment for water; (2) ensuring reliable and safe operation of water facilities, as well as (3) effective management and rational use of water resources, (4) improving the reclamation state of irrigated lands, (5) achieving water security against the background of increasing water scarcity and global climate change. Taking into account that agriculture is the largest consumer of water resources, and irrigation and reclamation networks mainly serve this sector, the main activities of the Concept are aimed at developing the irrigation and reclamation sector.', 'Taking into account that agriculture is the largest consumer of water resources, and irrigation and reclamation networks mainly serve this sector, the main activities of the Concept are aimed at developing the irrigation and reclamation sector. State Program for the Development of the Aral Sea region in 2017-2021 focuses on implementing a set of technical and institutional interventions involving domestic and external investments and 7 Achieving Land Degradation NeutralityIFI loans, including deposits for combating desertification and water and land management, including: (i) afforestation on 20,000 ha of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea; (ii) implementation of the climate change adaptation program; and (iii) improvement of water management in South Karakalpakstan on 100,000 ha.', 'State Program for the Development of the Aral Sea region in 2017-2021 focuses on implementing a set of technical and institutional interventions involving domestic and external investments and 7 Achieving Land Degradation NeutralityIFI loans, including deposits for combating desertification and water and land management, including: (i) afforestation on 20,000 ha of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea; (ii) implementation of the climate change adaptation program; and (iii) improvement of water management in South Karakalpakstan on 100,000 ha. The Aral Sea Region Development Fund under the Ministry of Finance was established to implement the State Program for the Development of the Aral Sea Region. In December 2018, the Multi-Partner Trust Fund for the Aral Sea Region in Uzbekistan was established under the auspices of the UN.', 'In December 2018, the Multi-Partner Trust Fund for the Aral Sea Region in Uzbekistan was established under the auspices of the UN. For the sustainable development of the region, the Fund will ensure consolidation and mobilization of technical and financial resources of the Government of Uzbekistan, UN agencies and the donor community with the involvement of new knowledge, innovative technologies and approaches in the region. Solid Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019-2028 (PP-4291 dated 17.04.2019).', 'Solid Waste Management Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019-2028 (PP-4291 dated 17.04.2019). The Strategy provides for the implementation of the following main tasks: development of sanitation infrastructure aimed at ensuring full coverage of the population with collection and removal of municipal solid waste (MSW); creating an effective MSW processing system; reducing the volume of MSW sent to landfills, creating modern MSW landfills; optimizing sanitation tariffs; using MSW facilities as sources of alternative energy. Target indicators of the Strategy for MSW management: − cover 100% of the population with MSW collection and removal services; − ensure recycling of at least 60% of MSW; − increase recycling of specific MSW (mercury-containing waste, tires, batteries, etc.)', 'Target indicators of the Strategy for MSW management: − cover 100% of the population with MSW collection and removal services; − ensure recycling of at least 60% of MSW; − increase recycling of specific MSW (mercury-containing waste, tires, batteries, etc.) up to 25%; − reduce the amount of MSW sent to landfills by 60%; − bring all landfills into compliance with the established requirements, complete reclamation of lands of the liquidated landfills; − use alternative energy sources at MSW management facilities up to 35%; − ensure monitoring of 100% landfills. Environmental Protection Concept-2030 (UP-5863 dated 30.10.2019).', 'Environmental Protection Concept-2030 (UP-5863 dated 30.10.2019). The concept provides for a set of measures for the protection of environment (atmospheric air, water, land, soil, subsoil, biodiversity, protected areas) from anthropogenic impact and other adverse factors, expansion of protected areas and improvement of environmentally sound waste management system. It also provides for measures to ensure environmentally sound use of toxic chemical and radioactive substances, increase the level of transparency of state bodies in the field of environmental protection, strengthen the role of civil society in this process and raise the environmental awareness of the population.', 'It also provides for measures to ensure environmentally sound use of toxic chemical and radioactive substances, increase the level of transparency of state bodies in the field of environmental protection, strengthen the role of civil society in this process and raise the environmental awareness of the population. The Concept seeks to achieve the following: − bring the area of forest plantations on the Uzbek part of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea from 28% (0.9 million hectares) to 60% (2 million hectares); − reduce pollutant emissions by 10% (from 2.5 million to 2.2 million tons);− ensure transition of 80% (about 6,500) of public transport units to gas fuel and electric traction; − increase the area covered with forests from 3.2 million to 4.5 million hectares; − increase the area of protected areas from 3.5% (1.5 million hectares) to 12% (5.4 million hectares); − increase the coverage of the population with solid waste collection and removal services − increase recycling of solid waste from 18% (1.3 million tons) to 65% (4.6 million tons).', 'The Concept seeks to achieve the following: − bring the area of forest plantations on the Uzbek part of the dried bottom of the Aral Sea from 28% (0.9 million hectares) to 60% (2 million hectares); − reduce pollutant emissions by 10% (from 2.5 million to 2.2 million tons);− ensure transition of 80% (about 6,500) of public transport units to gas fuel and electric traction; − increase the area covered with forests from 3.2 million to 4.5 million hectares; − increase the area of protected areas from 3.5% (1.5 million hectares) to 12% (5.4 million hectares); − increase the coverage of the population with solid waste collection and removal services − increase recycling of solid waste from 18% (1.3 million tons) to 65% (4.6 million tons). The Concept will be implemented gradually based on three-year roadmaps building on the results achieved and target indicators.', 'The Concept will be implemented gradually based on three-year roadmaps building on the results achieved and target indicators. Uzbekistan attaches great importance to the development of scientific research, educational and training activities, including: − fundamental research in the field of climate change, development of a system for monitoring and forecasting climate change, and development of methodologies for assessment of impact, vulnerability and risks of climate change; − expansion of applied research and solutions on the introduction of energy-saving technologies and RES; − capacity building in the field of energy saving and RES; − introduction of information systems to effectively address climate change issues; − intensify advocacy on climate change, energy efficiency and resource saving; − developing training programs and integrating climate change into secondary school and university curricula.', 'Uzbekistan attaches great importance to the development of scientific research, educational and training activities, including: − fundamental research in the field of climate change, development of a system for monitoring and forecasting climate change, and development of methodologies for assessment of impact, vulnerability and risks of climate change; − expansion of applied research and solutions on the introduction of energy-saving technologies and RES; − capacity building in the field of energy saving and RES; − introduction of information systems to effectively address climate change issues; − intensify advocacy on climate change, energy efficiency and resource saving; − developing training programs and integrating climate change into secondary school and university curricula. To ensure transparency and monitoring of the fulfillment of commitments on NDC2 implementation, an integrated monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system will be developed, with MRV for GHG emissions, MRV for mitigation actions, MRV for adaptation actions and MRV for support being among its components.', 'To ensure transparency and monitoring of the fulfillment of commitments on NDC2 implementation, an integrated monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system will be developed, with MRV for GHG emissions, MRV for mitigation actions, MRV for adaptation actions and MRV for support being among its components. Carbon tax / GHG emissions tax represents one of the most effective and efficient methods for stimulating the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the commitments under the Paris Agreement, thereby, saving resources, especially energy resources, which is consistent with (does not contradict) the national interests of the country.', 'Carbon tax / GHG emissions tax represents one of the most effective and efficient methods for stimulating the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the commitments under the Paris Agreement, thereby, saving resources, especially energy resources, which is consistent with (does not contradict) the national interests of the country. Uzbekistan, like many countries, is considering the possibility of introducing this mechanism, which provides for the involvement of all economic sectors and large enterprises in the fulfillment of commitments and, thus, inclusion of the country’s all existing emission sources in the inventory.'] | en-US |
366 | VUT | Vanuatu | 1st NDC | 2016-09-21 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/VANUATU%20%20INDC%20UNFCCC%20Submission.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.086288 | 0.043974 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/cfe5d3859c925de1dd9ba18ccacd1c8a8bf45bbe97ce958ff90379dd26abc7ef.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF VANUATU The main mitigation contribution is to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM) and Second National Communication (SNC) extended to 2030. The mitigation contribution for the Vanuatu INDC submission is a sector specific target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. This target would replace nearly all fossil fuel requirements for electricity generation in the country and be consistent with the National Energy Road Map (NERM) target of 65% renewable energy by 2020. This contribution would reduce emissions in the energy sector by 72Gg by 2030. Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 (3% per annum).', 'Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 (3% per annum). INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC)The mitigation would thus reduce BAU emissions in the electricity sub-sector by 100% and in the energy sector as a whole by 30%. The target would be conditional, depending on funding commensurate with putting the transition in place being made available from external sources. In addition, Vanuatu will pursue the other mitigation measures in the Vanuatu National Energy Roadmap (2013- 2020), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) report and Vanuatu’s Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) report undertaken by IRENA.', 'In addition, Vanuatu will pursue the other mitigation measures in the Vanuatu National Energy Roadmap (2013- 2020), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) report and Vanuatu’s Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) report undertaken by IRENA. These measures would include a vigorous program of energy efficiency to reduce emissions in all sectors except agriculture and forestry by 15%. The transition to renewable energy based electricity could be accelerated through review and revision of agricultural (coconut oil sector) national policy. Opportunities for reducing the high emissions levels in agriculture will simultaneously be pursued with cooperative programs with nations having similarly high emissions in this sector. The forestry sector mitigation will be attended to as part of the existing REDD+ program.', 'The forestry sector mitigation will be attended to as part of the existing REDD+ program. The Government is also aware that waste management is an other area that need attention. The adaptation component of the INDC does not seek to set adaptation targets for Vanuatu however it provides an opportunity to reiterate the adaptation priorities as identified and prioritised in key national documents such as the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) and the National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy. The NAPA process identified and prioritised adaptation priority needs that were urgent and immediate - those needs for which further delay could increase vulnerability or lead to increased costs at a later stage.', 'The NAPA process identified and prioritised adaptation priority needs that were urgent and immediate - those needs for which further delay could increase vulnerability or lead to increased costs at a later stage. The five NAPA priorities include: Agriculture and food security; Sustaiable tourism development; Community based marine resource management; Sustaiable forest management and Integrated water resource management.', 'The five NAPA priorities include: Agriculture and food security; Sustaiable tourism development; Community based marine resource management; Sustaiable forest management and Integrated water resource management. The National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy identifies five key adaptation strategic priorities and associated actions to further enhance the national adaptation efforts and build resilience across sectors which include the need for: Climate Change vulnerability and multi sector impact assessments; Integrated climate change and disaster risk reduction; Community based adaptation; Loss and damage and Ecosystem based approaches.National Circumstances The Republic of Vanuatu is an island nation located in the Western Pacific Ocean. The country is an archipelago of over 80 islands stretching 1,300 kilometres from North to South.', 'The country is an archipelago of over 80 islands stretching 1,300 kilometres from North to South. Vanuatu’s terrain is mostly mountainous, with narrow coastal plains where larger islands are characterised by rugged volcanic peaks and tropical rainforests. Vanuatu is located in a seismically and volcanically active region and has high exposure to geologic hazards, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides. Vanuatu’s national vision as per the Government’s Priority and Action Agenda (PAA) 2006- 2015 is “An Educated, Healthy and Wealthy Vanuatu”.', 'Vanuatu’s national vision as per the Government’s Priority and Action Agenda (PAA) 2006- 2015 is “An Educated, Healthy and Wealthy Vanuatu”. The goal of the Government of Vanuatu (GoV) is to raise the welfare of its people, and main agendas for action include growing the productive sector, especially agriculture and tourism, maintaining macroeconomic balance, raising public service performance, cutting costs associated with transport and utilities, and improving access to basic services such as health and education. Government of Vanuatu is also committed to achieving MDG goals and targets and significant progress has been made towards achieving the MDG Goals.', 'Government of Vanuatu is also committed to achieving MDG goals and targets and significant progress has been made towards achieving the MDG Goals. Climate change and changing weather patterns are already having a negative impact on all the priority sectors in Vanuatu and most evidence points to the fact that they will be exacerbated by climate change related events in the future. Climate related disasters are one of the main hindrances to economic development in Vanuatu and this will certainly continue. Vanuatu is one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change among the other Pacific island nations. The effects of climate change on agriculture production, fisheries, human health, tourism and well-being will have the consequences of decreasing national income while increasing key social and infrastructure costs.', 'The effects of climate change on agriculture production, fisheries, human health, tourism and well-being will have the consequences of decreasing national income while increasing key social and infrastructure costs. Climate change may affect all areas of life for Ni-Vanuatu people and impact women, men and young people in different ways. Vanuatu has positioned itself as a regional leader in the fields of Climate Change (CC) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and has been widely applauded for its initiative to establish a National Advisory Board for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NAB) as a means of improving coordination and governance around the two issues.', 'Vanuatu has positioned itself as a regional leader in the fields of Climate Change (CC) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and has been widely applauded for its initiative to establish a National Advisory Board for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NAB) as a means of improving coordination and governance around the two issues. Vanuatu’s implementation of the UNFCCC has progressed exponentially in recent years as government sector agencies become more organized and civil society, academic, the private sector, development partners and regional agencies have stepped up their activities in Vanuatu. Vanuatu is committed to formulating strategies, national policies and best practices for addressing GHG emissions and making a practical contribution to the global mitigation efforts.', 'Vanuatu is committed to formulating strategies, national policies and best practices for addressing GHG emissions and making a practical contribution to the global mitigation efforts. While at the same time the country is also pursuing its national and regional development priorities and sustainable development objectives. The development objectives are planned to be achieved by integrating GHG abatement efforts with other social, environmental and economic priorities.Mitigation Contribution Time Frame 2020 - 2030 Type of Contribution Sectoral commitment focussed on a transition to renewable energy in the electricity generation sub-sector under energy generation. Target Level To approach 100% renewable energy in the electricity sub-sector contingent upon appropriate financial and technical support made available GHG Reductions 100% below BAU emissions for electricity sub-sector and 30% for energy sector as a whole.', 'Target Level To approach 100% renewable energy in the electricity sub-sector contingent upon appropriate financial and technical support made available GHG Reductions 100% below BAU emissions for electricity sub-sector and 30% for energy sector as a whole. Sectors Mainly electricity generation sub-sector but with ancillary mitigation possible in forestry, agriculture, transport and energy efficiency sector wide.', 'Sectors Mainly electricity generation sub-sector but with ancillary mitigation possible in forestry, agriculture, transport and energy efficiency sector wide. The key planned mitigation interventions include: Doubling of the wind installed capacity to 5.5 MW by 2025 Installing 10 MW grid connected solar PV by 2025 Commissioning the proposed first stage 4 MW Geothermal plant by 2025 Adding 10 MW grid connected solar PV by 2030 Commissioning the second stage 4 MW Geothermal plant by Substituting and/or replacement of fossil fuels with coconut oil based electricity generation The proposed interventions would need substantial external funding of around US$180 million to proceed at the time frame needed. In addition, substantial technology transfer would be required including institutional support and training.', 'In addition, substantial technology transfer would be required including institutional support and training. Additional planned mitigation interventions include: National Energy Road Map (US$ 210.5 million indicative - with some overlap) Rural Electrification Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) (US$ 5 million indicative) Off grid renewable energy projects under Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries Program (US Energy efficiency measures to be pursued across the board to enable 15% savings in the energy sector.', 'Additional planned mitigation interventions include: National Energy Road Map (US$ 210.5 million indicative - with some overlap) Rural Electrification Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action (NAMA) (US$ 5 million indicative) Off grid renewable energy projects under Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries Program (US Energy efficiency measures to be pursued across the board to enable 15% savings in the energy sector. Forestry sector measures to reduce deforestation and promote good land care to accepted mitigation practices according to REDD+ Planned cooperation with New Zealand and other nations interested in mitigating methane (CH4 ) and associated emissions for ruminant and pasture managementGases Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Methodology The electricity sector emissions were analysed using data from the utilities, customs department and relevant assessments, studies and reports from development partners and civil society organizations.', 'Forestry sector measures to reduce deforestation and promote good land care to accepted mitigation practices according to REDD+ Planned cooperation with New Zealand and other nations interested in mitigating methane (CH4 ) and associated emissions for ruminant and pasture managementGases Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) Methodology The electricity sector emissions were analysed using data from the utilities, customs department and relevant assessments, studies and reports from development partners and civil society organizations. The data for electricity generation were entered into the GHG emission estimation model and converted to CO2 emissions using standard conversion factors. The extrapolated data from the above sources suggests the kWh consumption in the electricity sector will rise at 3.6% per annum until 2020 after which a slightly lower growth rate is used to give an average increase of 3% until 2030.', 'The extrapolated data from the above sources suggests the kWh consumption in the electricity sector will rise at 3.6% per annum until 2020 after which a slightly lower growth rate is used to give an average increase of 3% until 2030. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and UNFCCC software “Non Annex 1 National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Software, Version 1.3.3 was used for the GHG inventory. Sectoral data for GHG estimation compiled from various sources primarily using national data collected from annual reports, statistical reports, studies and brochures of related department/institutions. The projections of emissions data to 2010 was reported in the SNC from similar data sources as the 2000 data and has a similar uncertainty analysis.', 'The projections of emissions data to 2010 was reported in the SNC from similar data sources as the 2000 data and has a similar uncertainty analysis. Planning Process Vanuatu’s INDCs is well aligned with the Government’s Priority Action Agenda Policy Objective 4.5 which is most relevant to Climate Change and states, “to ensure the protection and conservation of Vanuatu’s natural resources and biodiversity, taking climate change issues in consideration.” The contribution is also based on the research undertaken for a number of national initiatives including the Vanuatu National Energy Roadmap (2013- 2020), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) report, Rural electrification NAMA design document by UNDP MDG Carbon and Vanuatu’s Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) report undertaken by IRENA .', 'Planning Process Vanuatu’s INDCs is well aligned with the Government’s Priority Action Agenda Policy Objective 4.5 which is most relevant to Climate Change and states, “to ensure the protection and conservation of Vanuatu’s natural resources and biodiversity, taking climate change issues in consideration.” The contribution is also based on the research undertaken for a number of national initiatives including the Vanuatu National Energy Roadmap (2013- 2020), the Scaling Up Renewable Energy in Low Income Countries (SREP) report, Rural electrification NAMA design document by UNDP MDG Carbon and Vanuatu’s Renewables Readiness Assessment (RRA) report undertaken by IRENA . In addition, relevant data and information has been used from the Government of Vanuatu and various private and civil society organizations. Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Vanuatu’s INDC.', 'Extensive consultations with all relevant stakeholders were held during the preparation of Vanuatu’s INDC. Adaptation Priorities and Goals Priorities For Vanuatu, as an LDC, the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) process identified and prioritised adaptation priority needs that were urgent and immediate - those needs for which further delay could increase vulnerability or lead to increased costs at a later stage. The Vanuatu NAPA identified 11 top adaptation priorities through a national consultation process. These adaptation priorities were further refined to include 5 top priorities for support and implementation. The 5 NAPA priorities include: 1. Agriculture and food security 2. Sustaiable tourism development 3. Community based marine resource management 4. Sustaiable forest management5.', 'Community based marine resource management 4. Sustaiable forest management5. Integrated water resource management Out of the 5 top priorities, Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) financing has been sourced to further elaborate and implement priorities 1 and 5 while a concepts for 2 is being developed. Health, which is among the 6 priorities was not selected for concept development however given interest from key implementing agencies, financing from the LDCF has been secured for concept development and implementation. The NAPA further recognised that the following core issues were relevant to all priorities and should be an integral part of any proposed activities; a.', 'The NAPA further recognised that the following core issues were relevant to all priorities and should be an integral part of any proposed activities; a. Awareness raising at all levels b. Capcity building including institutional capacity c. Research and development d. Promotion of appropriate traditional knowledge and pracitces e. Technology Transfer f. Education and training g. Mainstreaming of climate change and disdaster risk reduction h. Consideration of marine and terrestrial Biodiversity issues The National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy identifies 5 key adaptation strategic priorities and associated actions to further enhance the national adaptation efforts and build resilience across sectors. These strategic priorities from 2015 to 2020 include the need for: 1. Climate Change vulnerability and multi sector impact assessments 2. Integrated climate change and disaster risk reduction 3. Community based adaptation 4. Loss and damage 5.', 'Community based adaptation 4. Loss and damage 5. Ecosystem based approaches Please see annex for detailed information. Support Needed Financial The Climate Public Expenditure and Institutional Review (CPEIR) report for Vanuatu states that Vanuatu has been receiving a lower share of adaptation funding than most other Pacific island countries. To adequately adapt to the impacts of climate change, starting now, the annual cost is estimated to be 1.5% of a country s GDP. For Vanuatu, this equates to an investment of US$9.5million per year. This is substantially higher than the amount of development funding currently being spent on projects that have Adaptation as their principal objective.', 'This is substantially higher than the amount of development funding currently being spent on projects that have Adaptation as their principal objective. In coming years, greater levels of donor funding are likely to be available for climate change adaptation as the economies and budgets of Developed Countries recover from the Global Financial Crisis. As well, as a Least Developed Country, Vanuatu is likely to benefit from the United Nations goal of promoting at least half of these countries to Developing Country status by 2019.To be in a better position to take advantage of CC/DRR funding that will become available, Vanuatu is establishing strong, efficient and sustainable governance arrangements, and demonstrating a track record in maintaining these arrangements.', 'As well, as a Least Developed Country, Vanuatu is likely to benefit from the United Nations goal of promoting at least half of these countries to Developing Country status by 2019.To be in a better position to take advantage of CC/DRR funding that will become available, Vanuatu is establishing strong, efficient and sustainable governance arrangements, and demonstrating a track record in maintaining these arrangements. Ministry of Climate Change is also targeting National Implementing Entity (NIE) accreditation, which will also give it direct access to funding from the Adaptation Fund and potentially other sources of funding for climate change such as the Green Climate Fund.', 'Ministry of Climate Change is also targeting National Implementing Entity (NIE) accreditation, which will also give it direct access to funding from the Adaptation Fund and potentially other sources of funding for climate change such as the Green Climate Fund. Technical A Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) for Vanuatu is needed as a matter of priority to look at implementing a country driven process for identifying and analysing the priority technology needs for mitigating and adapting to climate change. Carrying out the TNA could provide an opportunity to realize the need for new techniques, equipment, knowledge and skills for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and reducing vulnerability to climate change.', 'Carrying out the TNA could provide an opportunity to realize the need for new techniques, equipment, knowledge and skills for mitigating greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and reducing vulnerability to climate change. Capacity At the policy and legislative levels a number of legislative changes are required to reflect the current climate and disaster governance arrangements and clarify the full range of climate and disaster risk responsibilities. Among these are the National Disaster Management Act and the Vanuatu Meteorology Act. At the corporate level the Ministry of Climate Change needs to develop a long term cooperate plan to guide the implementation of its responsibility and also to further guide the agencies under its remit. Agency level cooperate plans are already in existence but lack strong links between the various departments.', 'Agency level cooperate plans are already in existence but lack strong links between the various departments. At the institutional level the need to streamline and strengthen the NAB and its Secretariat is a priority. At the human resource level, no systematic assessment has been carried out to understand the required skills set, existing skills set and the gaps for implementing CC/DRR initiatives. No human resource development plan has been developed. Most training is ad hoc in nature and not linked to a formal professional development strategy. At the information and knowledge management level, systems exist but are not fully utilised. This makes information sharing and learning of lessons difficult. Further, Vanuatu continues to face several barriers as it strives to meet its UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol obligations.', 'Further, Vanuatu continues to face several barriers as it strives to meet its UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol obligations. The various obstacles include insufficient institutional and financial resources; lack of research data; information management problems and; inadequate human resources and infrastructure. More must be done to build awareness both within the Government and the community about Vanuatu’s vulnerability to climate change. There is also an apparent need to feed information, knowledge and technologies to enable improved decision-making and environmental management. Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and reporting on the adaptation activities of the INDC will be conducted at the Ministry level by the CCDRR PMU in close collaboration with the M&E unit of the Prime Minister’s Office, as isthe current practice with projects being implemented under the oversight of the NAB.', 'Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and reporting on the adaptation activities of the INDC will be conducted at the Ministry level by the CCDRR PMU in close collaboration with the M&E unit of the Prime Minister’s Office, as isthe current practice with projects being implemented under the oversight of the NAB. This will ensure that achievements in the implementation of the INDC priorities are appropriately captured and reported on in the Government s Annual Development Report prepared by the Prime Minister s Office. Fairness, Equity and Ambition Fairness, Equity and Ambition Small Island Developing States (SIDS) has been recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as the most vulnerable countries to face the effects of climate change. Vanuatu being a part of SIDS share similar challenges.', 'Vanuatu being a part of SIDS share similar challenges. Vanuatu anticipates many impacts from climate change on its society, economy, environment and human health and Vanuatu through the Ministry of Climate Change is actively cooperating with United Nations agencies and international partners to assess these effects and develop appropriate plans through climate change adaptation and mitigation. Vanuatu’s adaptation plans and programmes intends to support progress towards the country’s national development priorities and the goal of environmental sustainability, by ensuring that a focus on reducing vulnerabilities and risks is incorporated into planning and activities across all sectors of the economy and society. Vanuatu is also keen to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels for the energy needs.', 'Vanuatu is also keen to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels for the energy needs. The National Energy Road Map, which sets out a clear strategy and action plan for the development and use of alternative and sustainable energy sources, has an ambitious goal of reducing the country’s high reliance on imported fossil fuel by meeting 65% of its electricity needs from renewable energy sources. Vanuatu’s past emissions have been miniscule and have only become locally significant in the past decade or two. In general development issues dominate rather than climate change mitigation. Vanuatu is a small developing nation with absolute levels of CO2 eq emissions very small at under 0.0016% of world emissions.', 'Vanuatu is a small developing nation with absolute levels of CO2 eq emissions very small at under 0.0016% of world emissions. The country is also one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and has much to lose should the worst predictions from increased temperature levels eventuate.', 'The country is also one of the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change and has much to lose should the worst predictions from increased temperature levels eventuate. As such the country will do its best to mitigate but would require financial, technical and capacity building support to do so.Annex National Adaptation Programme of Action - Priorities Agriculture and food security Development of resilient crop species including traditional varieties Land use planning and management Water resource management Sustainable forest management Marine resource management and aqua culture Climate change and infrastructure Sustainable livestock farming and management Integrated coastal zone management Sustainable tourism development Vector and water borne disease management Strategic Priority – Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy Actions Climate Vulnerability and Multi- Sector Impact Assessment Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation action and design action to address explicit climate impacts in specific sites through: Vulnerably assessments and risk mapping using multi-hazard approaches as the basis of all adaptation action, conducted prior to implementation with communities and in a participatory, free and informed way Adaptation, appropriate to local communities, being a research priority for all actors, including scientific research, farmer-based trials, traditional indicators and observation systems and demonstration sites Selecting and prioritizing actions based on criteria including effectiveness, efficiency, efficacy, and cost effectiveness using internationally recognized tools (e.g.', 'As such the country will do its best to mitigate but would require financial, technical and capacity building support to do so.Annex National Adaptation Programme of Action - Priorities Agriculture and food security Development of resilient crop species including traditional varieties Land use planning and management Water resource management Sustainable forest management Marine resource management and aqua culture Climate change and infrastructure Sustainable livestock farming and management Integrated coastal zone management Sustainable tourism development Vector and water borne disease management Strategic Priority – Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy Actions Climate Vulnerability and Multi- Sector Impact Assessment Enhance efficiency and effectiveness of adaptation action and design action to address explicit climate impacts in specific sites through: Vulnerably assessments and risk mapping using multi-hazard approaches as the basis of all adaptation action, conducted prior to implementation with communities and in a participatory, free and informed way Adaptation, appropriate to local communities, being a research priority for all actors, including scientific research, farmer-based trials, traditional indicators and observation systems and demonstration sites Selecting and prioritizing actions based on criteria including effectiveness, efficiency, efficacy, and cost effectiveness using internationally recognized tools (e.g. environmental impact assessment, cost benefit analysis) and locally utilized processes Adaptation decisions being based on relevant data and information using already available data, statistics and processes Data and information on adaptation being shared with and incorporated into centralized systems (eg NAB portal) Adopt multi-sectoral approaches and address complex impacts through: Considering adaptation information from multiple sectors and knowledge systems to avoid maladaptation that may result from a narrow, single sector adaptation focus Considering urban and rural adaptation issues equally and fairly in national adaptation planning and action based on vulnerability criteriaIntegrated Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Relevant initiatives and programs must include an integrated climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction approach through: Strategic documents at all levels including both climate change and disaster risk elements in an integrated and compatible way (e.g.', 'environmental impact assessment, cost benefit analysis) and locally utilized processes Adaptation decisions being based on relevant data and information using already available data, statistics and processes Data and information on adaptation being shared with and incorporated into centralized systems (eg NAB portal) Adopt multi-sectoral approaches and address complex impacts through: Considering adaptation information from multiple sectors and knowledge systems to avoid maladaptation that may result from a narrow, single sector adaptation focus Considering urban and rural adaptation issues equally and fairly in national adaptation planning and action based on vulnerability criteriaIntegrated Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Relevant initiatives and programs must include an integrated climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction approach through: Strategic documents at all levels including both climate change and disaster risk elements in an integrated and compatible way (e.g. government policies, provincial plans, community strategies, municipal plans, donor project designs, budget frameworks) Government agencies, CSOs, private sector and academia taking responsibility for identifying their adaptation priorities and incorporating these into their policy, strategic documents, and budgets to implement adaptation and disaster risk reduction action Initiatives endorsed by NAB adhering to an integrated approach Formal and non-formal education programs and curriculums incorporating an integrated approach Community Based Adaptation Adaptation action in communities addresses real, current and priority vulnerabilities through: Community vulnerability assessments and comprehensive profiles being undertaken prior to project implementation The community being fully engaged in, participate in and lead vulnerability assessment process in an appropriate language (e.g.', 'government policies, provincial plans, community strategies, municipal plans, donor project designs, budget frameworks) Government agencies, CSOs, private sector and academia taking responsibility for identifying their adaptation priorities and incorporating these into their policy, strategic documents, and budgets to implement adaptation and disaster risk reduction action Initiatives endorsed by NAB adhering to an integrated approach Formal and non-formal education programs and curriculums incorporating an integrated approach Community Based Adaptation Adaptation action in communities addresses real, current and priority vulnerabilities through: Community vulnerability assessments and comprehensive profiles being undertaken prior to project implementation The community being fully engaged in, participate in and lead vulnerability assessment process in an appropriate language (e.g. colloquial languages, Bislama) Build on and strengthen traditional and customary systems by: Building on and working within traditional knowledge and values so that these systems become more robust, with linkages and synergies with scientific knowledge, thereby avoiding maladaptation Adaptation is owned and driven by communities through: Adaptation implementation plans and actions being developed and driven by the community itself, following its own planning processes that are context specific Existing community engagement, governance and implementation structures and traditional systems being adhered to and strengthened through adaptation initiatives Ecosystem Based Approaches Support ecosystem function and services through action and planning by: Embedding action and planning within an ecosystem, strengthening all interrelated parts and components (social, biological, economic) Prioritizing action incorporating threats and solutions from the ridge to the reef of island communities (e.g.', 'colloquial languages, Bislama) Build on and strengthen traditional and customary systems by: Building on and working within traditional knowledge and values so that these systems become more robust, with linkages and synergies with scientific knowledge, thereby avoiding maladaptation Adaptation is owned and driven by communities through: Adaptation implementation plans and actions being developed and driven by the community itself, following its own planning processes that are context specific Existing community engagement, governance and implementation structures and traditional systems being adhered to and strengthened through adaptation initiatives Ecosystem Based Approaches Support ecosystem function and services through action and planning by: Embedding action and planning within an ecosystem, strengthening all interrelated parts and components (social, biological, economic) Prioritizing action incorporating threats and solutions from the ridge to the reef of island communities (e.g. waste management) Adaptation action building on and incorporating taboos, conservation areas and locally managedareas and protects vulnerable habitats and ecosystems and carbon sinks will be prioritized Quantifying and building into adaptation planning and budgeting the value and benefit of ecosystem services Identifying and minimizing negative impacts on the environment from adaptation activities under Vanuatu’s legislation and international practices Developing advocacy and educational programs for all stakeholders at all levels around the value of ecosystem based adaptation Implementing sound land use planning approaches and policy documents (eg Land Use Planning Policy, Foreshore Development Act, Physical Planning Act)'] | en-US |
367 | VUT | Vanuatu | Updated NDC | 2021-03-22 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Vanuatu%E2%80%99s%20First%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%20(NDC)%20(Updated%20Submission%202020).pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.086288 | 0.043974 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/0998dc7da2c0380b58079d064857abd94f593eb4ed10a071bd809710d2780a98.pdf | ['Vanuatu’s First Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (Updated The Republic of Vanuatu is an island nation located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is an archipelago of over 80 islands stretching 1,300 kilometers from North to South in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu’s society, environment and economy are highly vulnerable to climate change and disaster risks. In Vanuatu climate change is likely to impact all sectors especially agriculture, water, coastal and marine resources and infrastructure as well as tourism. The devastating consequences of the category 5 tropical cyclone in March 2015 and the subsequent severe El Nino event highlight country’s risk from natural disasters.', 'The devastating consequences of the category 5 tropical cyclone in March 2015 and the subsequent severe El Nino event highlight country’s risk from natural disasters. Predicted increases in extreme weather from climate change means Vanuatu will face even greater impacts in the future, also living with the constant threat of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis. Vanuatu has negligible GHG emissions and forest sector act as a net sink; however, the Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA).', 'Vanuatu has negligible GHG emissions and forest sector act as a net sink; however, the Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA). The Government of Republic of Vanuatu notes with great concern that the objective of the Paris Agreement can only be achieved through a significant enhancement of the level of action complemented by international support provided to achieve conditional contributions, as reflected in the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In that spirit, the Republic of Vanuatu presents It’s enhanced NDCs for the period 2021-2030 and calls on all Parties to increase ambition and move collectively onto emission reduction pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement s 1.5°C warming limit. 2.', 'In that spirit, the Republic of Vanuatu presents It’s enhanced NDCs for the period 2021-2030 and calls on all Parties to increase ambition and move collectively onto emission reduction pathways consistent with the Paris Agreement s 1.5°C warming limit. 2. Vanuatu’s Long-Term Vision on Climate Change The Republic of Vanuatu’s long term vision on climate change and aspirations are embedded within the fundamental duties defined under its constitution: “to protect the Republic of Vanuatuand to safeguard the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations” and guided by its National Vision - “A stable, sustainable and prosperous Vanuatu”, under the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2016 to 2030 also called Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan.', 'Vanuatu’s Long-Term Vision on Climate Change The Republic of Vanuatu’s long term vision on climate change and aspirations are embedded within the fundamental duties defined under its constitution: “to protect the Republic of Vanuatuand to safeguard the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations” and guided by its National Vision - “A stable, sustainable and prosperous Vanuatu”, under the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2016 to 2030 also called Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan. The collective developmental aspirations under the NSDP includes: A vibrant cultural identity underpinning a peaceful, just and inclusive society; Supported by responsive and capable state institutions delivering quality public services, including health and education, to all citizens; Maintaining a pristine natural environment on land and at sea that serves our food, cultural, economic and ecological needs; With enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change and natural disasters; and A stable economy based on equitable, sustainable growth that creates jobs and income earning opportunities accessible to all people in rural and urban areas.', 'The collective developmental aspirations under the NSDP includes: A vibrant cultural identity underpinning a peaceful, just and inclusive society; Supported by responsive and capable state institutions delivering quality public services, including health and education, to all citizens; Maintaining a pristine natural environment on land and at sea that serves our food, cultural, economic and ecological needs; With enhanced resilience and adaptive capacity to climate change and natural disasters; and A stable economy based on equitable, sustainable growth that creates jobs and income earning opportunities accessible to all people in rural and urban areas. The Republic of Vanuatu’s long-term climate action vision is governed by the Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030 (CCDRR Policy – to promotes good governance and establishes priorities and strategies for future climate actions; and ‘Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.', 'The Republic of Vanuatu’s long-term climate action vision is governed by the Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030 (CCDRR Policy – to promotes good governance and establishes priorities and strategies for future climate actions; and ‘Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No. 25 of 2016 (Climate Change Act)’, that provides provisions (governance and administrative provisions), transparency and roles and responsibility for meteorology, geological hazards and climate change and for related purposes. 3. Vanuatu’s First NDC Submission (2016) Vanuatu submitted its first NDC to the UNFCCC on 21st September 2016. The main mitigation contribution under this submission is to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM) and Second National Communication (SNC) extended to 2030.', 'The main mitigation contribution under this submission is to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM) and Second National Communication (SNC) extended to 2030. The mitigation contribution for the Vanuatu INDC submission is a sector specific target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. This target would replace nearly all fossil fuel requirements for electricity generation in the country and be consistent with the National Energy Road Map (NERM) target of 65% renewable energy by 2020. This contribution would reduce emissions in the energy sector by 72Gg by 2030. Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 (3% per annum).', 'Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 (3% per annum). The mitigation would thus reduce BAU emissions in the electricity sub-sector by 100% and in the energy sector as a whole by 30%. The target would be conditional, depending on funding commensurate with putting the transition in place being made available from external sources. In addition, The transition to renewable energy based electricity could be accelerated through review and revision of agricultural (coconut oil sector) national policy. Opportunities for reducing the high emissions levels in agriculture will simultaneously be pursued with cooperative programs with nations having similarly high emissions in this sector.', 'Opportunities for reducing the high emissions levels in agriculture will simultaneously be pursued with cooperative programs with nations having similarly high emissions in this sector. The forestry sector mitigation will be attended to as part of the existing REDD+ program. The Government is also aware that waste management is an other area that need attention.4. Mitigation Component of Updated NDC Vanuatu’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) Type Activity-based mitigation targets, sectoral and policy targets in key sectors, including emissions reduction in some sub-sectors. The GHG emission reduction targets in this section are all conditional upon international support (financial and technical support) made available.', 'The GHG emission reduction targets in this section are all conditional upon international support (financial and technical support) made available. Coverage Energy; Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU); and Waste Single year target – 2030, including updates on 2025 targets Energy Energy Industry (Electricity Generation) By 2030, Renewable Energy Capacity Addition and substituting (replacement) of fossil fuels with Coconut (Copra) Oil based Electricity Generation: transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity generation sector.', 'Coverage Energy; Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU); and Waste Single year target – 2030, including updates on 2025 targets Energy Energy Industry (Electricity Generation) By 2030, Renewable Energy Capacity Addition and substituting (replacement) of fossil fuels with Coconut (Copra) Oil based Electricity Generation: transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity generation sector. Transport By 2030, 10% improvement in transport (land and marine) energy efficiency Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility): by 2030, (a) Introduce Electric Vehicles (e-buses) for public transportation (10% of total Public Buses); (b) Introduce Electric Cars (e-Cars) in Vanuatu (10% of government fleet); and (c) 1000 Electric Two wheelers (e-bikes) /Three Wheelers (e- rickshaw) By 2030, 20 % Bio-diesel (bio-fuel) Blending in Diesel By 2030, Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles Other Sectors - Commercial, Institutional and Residential By 2030, (a) 100% electricity access by households in off-grid areas; (b) 100% electricity access by public institutions (on- and off-grid); (c) 13% electricity sector end-use efficiency; (d) 14% improve biomass end use (improved cook stoves and drying) efficiency; (e) 65% renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows.', 'Transport By 2030, 10% improvement in transport (land and marine) energy efficiency Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility): by 2030, (a) Introduce Electric Vehicles (e-buses) for public transportation (10% of total Public Buses); (b) Introduce Electric Cars (e-Cars) in Vanuatu (10% of government fleet); and (c) 1000 Electric Two wheelers (e-bikes) /Three Wheelers (e- rickshaw) By 2030, 20 % Bio-diesel (bio-fuel) Blending in Diesel By 2030, Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles Other Sectors - Commercial, Institutional and Residential By 2030, (a) 100% electricity access by households in off-grid areas; (b) 100% electricity access by public institutions (on- and off-grid); (c) 13% electricity sector end-use efficiency; (d) 14% improve biomass end use (improved cook stoves and drying) efficiency; (e) 65% renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows. By 2030, installation of 1000 numbers of Biogas Plants for Commercial and Residential Use By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial andResidential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) By 2030, Increase Ecotourism Supported by Local Communities These three energy sub-sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately 78.786 Gg CO2e from energy sector in comparison to BAU scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario.', 'By 2030, installation of 1000 numbers of Biogas Plants for Commercial and Residential Use By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial andResidential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) By 2030, Increase Ecotourism Supported by Local Communities These three energy sub-sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately 78.786 Gg CO2e from energy sector in comparison to BAU scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario. IPPU Not applicable for Vanuatu, hence not included.', 'IPPU Not applicable for Vanuatu, hence not included. AFOLU Livestock By 2030, Training and capacity building for livestock farming and pasture management By 2030, Converting Pastures to Silvopastural Livestock Systems By 2030, International Collaboration to Improve Livestock Efficiency The impact of above mitigation measures in livestock sub-sector’s net GHG emissions reduction of about 30.977 Gg CO2eq in 2030; which is around 9% lesser than the GHG emissions in BAU scenario. It is to be noted that, actual GHG mitigation potentials of the above measures are not estimated due to lack of availability of data and defined methodology; however, the cumulative impact of these measure will result in higher than the estimate GHG emissions reductions. Forestry The forestry sector in Vanuatu is a net carbon sink.', 'Forestry The forestry sector in Vanuatu is a net carbon sink. Sustainable logging practices are being practiced in Vanuatu for commercial logging. Vanuatu is committed to maintaining its forest cover in the country and is expected to remain net carbon negative in future as well. The REDD+ programme is currently being implemented in Vanuatu to improve sustainable forest management practices. No specific NDC actions identified for forestry sub-sector as the measures to reduce deforestation and promote good land care to accepted mitigation practices are still under development under the REDD+ initiative.', 'No specific NDC actions identified for forestry sub-sector as the measures to reduce deforestation and promote good land care to accepted mitigation practices are still under development under the REDD+ initiative. Based on the results and outcome from the REDD+ initiative, potential mitigation interventions shall be included in future NDC update.Waste Solid Waste (Municipal Solid Waste) By 2030, Implement Waste to Energy Plant for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): (a) Waste to Energy Plant for Port Villa; (b) Waste to Energy Plant for Luganville; and (c) Waste to Energy Plant for Lenakel.', 'Based on the results and outcome from the REDD+ initiative, potential mitigation interventions shall be included in future NDC update.Waste Solid Waste (Municipal Solid Waste) By 2030, Implement Waste to Energy Plant for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): (a) Waste to Energy Plant for Port Villa; (b) Waste to Energy Plant for Luganville; and (c) Waste to Energy Plant for Lenakel. By 2030, Introduce Composting for municipal organic waste to produce soil enhancer By 2030, Implement Collect, Sort and Export of Recyclable Materials (first phase) for Port Vila By 2030, Develop and Implement National Plastics Strategy Waste Water By 2030, Implement Waste Water Management System in Vanuatu: (a) Centralised Waste water collection and treatment system in municipal area including awareness and capacity building By 2030, Improvements to Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio- Toilets With the waste sector mitigation measures, the waste sector’s net GHG emissions will reduce about 29.335 Gg in 2030 in comparison to BAU scenario; which is around 56% lesser than the BAU scenario GHG emissions.', 'By 2030, Introduce Composting for municipal organic waste to produce soil enhancer By 2030, Implement Collect, Sort and Export of Recyclable Materials (first phase) for Port Vila By 2030, Develop and Implement National Plastics Strategy Waste Water By 2030, Implement Waste Water Management System in Vanuatu: (a) Centralised Waste water collection and treatment system in municipal area including awareness and capacity building By 2030, Improvements to Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio- Toilets With the waste sector mitigation measures, the waste sector’s net GHG emissions will reduce about 29.335 Gg in 2030 in comparison to BAU scenario; which is around 56% lesser than the BAU scenario GHG emissions. It is to be noted that, GHG mitigation potentials for some of the measures identified for the waste sector are not estimated due to lack of data availability of methodology; however, the cumulative impact of the additional measure will result in higher GHG emissions reductions from waste sector.', 'It is to be noted that, GHG mitigation potentials for some of the measures identified for the waste sector are not estimated due to lack of data availability of methodology; however, the cumulative impact of the additional measure will result in higher GHG emissions reductions from waste sector. Detailed Description of Mitigation Component of NDC1 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) 2010 (Base year) b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year As per the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (under the second National Communication Report), the net GHG emissions (excluding removals) for the base .', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) 2010 (Base year) b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year As per the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (under the second National Communication Report), the net GHG emissions (excluding removals) for the base . The direct GHG emission for the following IPCC sectors is: 1 In accordance with the guidelines intend to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)Energy: 122.44 Gg Gg CO2eq IPPU: 0 Gg Gg CO2eq c. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The quantified targets presented in this section are all conditional, will be implemented upon international (Technical and Financial) support by 2030.', 'The direct GHG emission for the following IPCC sectors is: 1 In accordance with the guidelines intend to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)Energy: 122.44 Gg Gg CO2eq IPPU: 0 Gg Gg CO2eq c. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction The quantified targets presented in this section are all conditional, will be implemented upon international (Technical and Financial) support by 2030. Energy Sector: Renewable Energy Generation -Grid Connected (%) Improve transport (land and marine) energy efficiency - - 10% Improve biomass end use (cooking and drying) efficiency - - 14% Electric Vehicles – e-Buses - - public transport buses Electric Vehicles – e-Cars government fleet Electric Vehicles – - - 1000 No.', 'Energy Sector: Renewable Energy Generation -Grid Connected (%) Improve transport (land and marine) energy efficiency - - 10% Improve biomass end use (cooking and drying) efficiency - - 14% Electric Vehicles – e-Buses - - public transport buses Electric Vehicles – e-Cars government fleet Electric Vehicles – - - 1000 No. Bio-diesel (bio- fuel) Blending in Diesel - - 20% Renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows - - 65% Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector - - 5% Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) - - 10 No.Waste Sector: Waste to Energy Plant - - 3 Composting Plant - - 1 Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio- Toilets - - 1000 d. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information The policies presented in this section will be developed/enhanced and implemented upon international (Technical and Financial) support by 2030.', 'Bio-diesel (bio- fuel) Blending in Diesel - - 20% Renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows - - 65% Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector - - 5% Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) - - 10 No.Waste Sector: Waste to Energy Plant - - 3 Composting Plant - - 1 Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio- Toilets - - 1000 d. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information The policies presented in this section will be developed/enhanced and implemented upon international (Technical and Financial) support by 2030. The policy targets that are not quantified are: Energy Sector: Implementation of NERM: 2016-2030 National coconut oil strategy Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles National Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility) Policy Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector policy Ecotourism Policy (Supported by Local Communities) AFOLU Sector: Sustainable Forest Management Policy and REDD+ Programme/ strategy Livestock farming and pasture management Waste Sector: Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy – Waste to Energy and Composting, Recycling etc.', 'The policy targets that are not quantified are: Energy Sector: Implementation of NERM: 2016-2030 National coconut oil strategy Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles National Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility) Policy Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector policy Ecotourism Policy (Supported by Local Communities) AFOLU Sector: Sustainable Forest Management Policy and REDD+ Programme/ strategy Livestock farming and pasture management Waste Sector: Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy – Waste to Energy and Composting, Recycling etc. Waste Water Management Policy e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data references and documents assessed (but not limited) include: Vanuatu’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC); National Sustainable Development Plan: 2016-2030 (NSDP or Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan); Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Policy; Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.25 of 2016; National Energy Roadmap (NERM): 2016- 2030 and NERM-Implementation Plan; NDC implementation roadmap; National Communications (NC-1,2 and 3- draft); Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) Reports Data and information provided by the Government of Vanuatu line ministries and departments; Public and Private Sector and, Stakeholder consultation including NGOs and Development Partners International experts’ consultation f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Under following circumstances under which Vanuatu may update or change the values of the reference indicators: Some of the actions are part of NERM- implementation plan and subject to international support (Technical and Financial); in the delay or absence of support.', 'Waste Water Management Policy e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) The key data references and documents assessed (but not limited) include: Vanuatu’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC); National Sustainable Development Plan: 2016-2030 (NSDP or Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan); Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Policy; Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.25 of 2016; National Energy Roadmap (NERM): 2016- 2030 and NERM-Implementation Plan; NDC implementation roadmap; National Communications (NC-1,2 and 3- draft); Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) Reports Data and information provided by the Government of Vanuatu line ministries and departments; Public and Private Sector and, Stakeholder consultation including NGOs and Development Partners International experts’ consultation f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Under following circumstances under which Vanuatu may update or change the values of the reference indicators: Some of the actions are part of NERM- implementation plan and subject to international support (Technical and Financial); in the delay or absence of support. In the next greenhouse gas inventory, Vanuatu may update the reference indicators of existing sectors and/or may provide new values for sectors that were not previously covered.', 'In the next greenhouse gas inventory, Vanuatu may update the reference indicators of existing sectors and/or may provide new values for sectors that were not previously covered. Vanuatu is very prone to natural disasters (Typhoon, tsunami, cyclones, earthquake, volcano eruption etc. ), in the case of any major natural disaster or pandemic situation similar to COVID-19, Vanuatu may update/change the reference point. Vanuatu is in the process of from the least developed country (LDC) category; hence any major change in economic and social environment may lead to update or change the values of the reference indicators.2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; b.', 'Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target 2030, including updates on 2025 targets. (The NDC interventions will be implemented phase wise as per annual work plan; however, the selected target year is 2030). 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; Sectoral activity-based and policy targets, including emissions reduction in some sectors. The Government of Vanuatu will meet conditional targets upon on international support on financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b.', 'The Government of Vanuatu will meet conditional targets upon on international support on financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The IPCC Sectors, Sub-sector and Gases applicable for Vanuatu: Energy Industries - Electricity Generation/Renewable Energy Transport Other Sectors (Residential, Institutional and Commercial) (2) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) - Not Applicable (3) Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Livestock Forests – Not Included Solid Waste Waste WaterGases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) ● Nitrous Oxide (NO2 ) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; Vanuatu is a small island nation with limited economic sectors and activity; hence all the IPCC sectors, sub-sectors and categories are not applicable.', 'Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; The IPCC Sectors, Sub-sector and Gases applicable for Vanuatu: Energy Industries - Electricity Generation/Renewable Energy Transport Other Sectors (Residential, Institutional and Commercial) (2) Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) - Not Applicable (3) Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Livestock Forests – Not Included Solid Waste Waste WaterGases: ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ● Methane (CH4 ) ● Nitrous Oxide (NO2 ) c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; Vanuatu is a small island nation with limited economic sectors and activity; hence all the IPCC sectors, sub-sectors and categories are not applicable. In addition, Vanuatu has on technical, financial and skilled resources limitation to collect data, process and analysis of data; hence some of the category not critical or with negligible existence have been excluded.', 'In addition, Vanuatu has on technical, financial and skilled resources limitation to collect data, process and analysis of data; hence some of the category not critical or with negligible existence have been excluded. All the key categories and gases identified for Vanuatu have been included in the NDC. Furthermore, Vanuatu is willing to include other remaining categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals (as may become applicable) in its future nationally determined contributions and will continue to include it for all future NDCs. Vanuatu will extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC over time to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removal, as more robust data becomes available. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'd. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local The Republic of Vanuatu’s NDC has been developed through an inclusive and participatorycommunities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; process, with a series of public and in-person consultations. The Republic of Vanuatu’s NDC enhancement process was led by the Department of Climate Change (DoCC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology, Geo- Hazards, Energy, Environment and Disaster Management (MoCC).', 'The Republic of Vanuatu’s NDC enhancement process was led by the Department of Climate Change (DoCC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology, Geo- Hazards, Energy, Environment and Disaster Management (MoCC). The stakeholders of all line ministries and department of Government of Vanuatu engaged in the NDC enhancement/revision including Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation, Department of Forests, Department of Meteorology, Department of Geological Hazards, Department of Fisheries, Department of Livestock, Department of Biosecurity, Department of Strategic Planning and Aid Coordination, Department of Women’s Affairs gender policy etc. also participated in the NDC enhancement process. The private sector including utility companies, energy sector vendors, development partners and NGOs were engaged and consulted during the NDC revision process.', 'The private sector including utility companies, energy sector vendors, development partners and NGOs were engaged and consulted during the NDC revision process. The consultation was carried out at the national level given the small size and population of Vanuatu and COVID-19 emergency measures sub-national level consultation could not take place. However; the government departments, private sector participants, NGOs and development partners also involve with the projects and programme at sub- national level and adequately represented sub- national level stakeholders. Gender equality and other vulnerable group inclusion was an integral part of NDC enhancement process, the gender expert with the DoCC Team was engaged in NDC enhancement and reviewed the enhanced NDC options to review the gender-responsive considerations.', 'Gender equality and other vulnerable group inclusion was an integral part of NDC enhancement process, the gender expert with the DoCC Team was engaged in NDC enhancement and reviewed the enhanced NDC options to review the gender-responsive considerations. The enhanced NDC actions/measures complies with key issues and requirements of gender sensitivedesign as per the national policies and ‘Gender Analysis and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)’ guidance. None of the identified enhanced NDC actions impacts negatively on gender equality and women’s rights, limits access or influence on women’s access to and control over natural resources and the goods and services covered under the enhanced NDC. Furthermore, the align with the requirements under NSDP and NERM; both the policy extensively covers the gender responsive, youth-specific needs and roles; specifically, on green employment, awareness and capacity building.', 'Furthermore, the align with the requirements under NSDP and NERM; both the policy extensively covers the gender responsive, youth-specific needs and roles; specifically, on green employment, awareness and capacity building. The enhanced NDC actions/measure will contribute positively on gender, youth and other vulnerable group-specific needs and will provide them opportunities to play actively role in design and implementation. Series of internal and external consultation carried out during the NDC enhancement process and a national level public consultation conducted to receive the comments and feedback on NDC. Further, the enhanced/revised NDC has been endorsed by the Vanuatu s National Advisory Board on Climate Change & Disaster Risk reduction (NAB - the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programs, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu) and Council of Ministers (CoM), Government of Vanuatu.', 'Further, the enhanced/revised NDC has been endorsed by the Vanuatu s National Advisory Board on Climate Change & Disaster Risk reduction (NAB - the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programs, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu) and Council of Ministers (CoM), Government of Vanuatu. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: (a) National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; The Republic of Vanuatu is an island nation located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is an archipelago of over 80 islands stretching 1,300 kilometers from North to South in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is located between latitude 12º to 23º South and longitude 166º to 173º East.', 'Vanuatu is located between latitude 12º to 23º South and longitude 166º to 173º East. Vanuatu’s terrain is mostly mountainous, with narrow coastal plains with a total land area of12,336 km2 and a maritime exclusive economic zone of 680,000 km2. Almost 74% of the land area in Vanuatu is covered by natural vegetation, with around one third covered by forest; which is more than 36.1% (440,000 hectares covered by tropical forest). The largest island is Espiritu Santo, while the island of Efate is home to the capital, Port Vila and the central Vanuatu Government. From largest to smallest, the islands are Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentecost, Epi, Ambae or Aoba, Vanua Lava, Gaua, Maewo, Malo, and Anatom or Aneityum.', 'From largest to smallest, the islands are Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentecost, Epi, Ambae or Aoba, Vanua Lava, Gaua, Maewo, Malo, and Anatom or Aneityum. The two largest islands; Espiritu Santo and Malekula comprise nearly 50% of the total land mass. Larger islands are characterised by rugged volcanic peaks and tropical rainforests. The highest peak, Mount Tabwemasana on Espiritu Santo, is 1877m above mean sea level and the total coastline is about 2,528 km long. Vanuatu is geographically located in the “ring of fire” and the “cyclone belt” of the Pacific. The island nation is located in a seismically and volcanically active region and has high exposure to geologic hazards, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides.', 'The island nation is located in a seismically and volcanically active region and has high exposure to geologic hazards, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides. Almost 81% of its landmass and 76% of its population is exposed to two or more potential hazards including volcanic eruptions, cyclones, earthquakes, droughts, tsunamis, storm surge, coastal and river flooding and landslides. Vanuatu is situated in a tropical maritime climate with characteristic uniform temperature, high humidity and variable rainfall. The tropical climate is moderated by southeast trade winds that occur from May to October. There are two main seasons, hot and wet from November to April, and cool and dry from May to October. Being an equatorial country, Vanuatu has relatively uniform temperature throughout the year with daily temperature ranging from 20°C to 30°C.', 'Being an equatorial country, Vanuatu has relatively uniform temperature throughout the year with daily temperature ranging from 20°C to 30°C. Temperatures in the warmest months (January‑February) are about 4°C higher than those in the coolest months (July-August). According to the most recent (Mini) census undertaken in 2016, Vanuatu’s population was reported to be a total count of 272,459 compared to a population count of 234,023 in the last 2009 census. Vanuatu’s population is largely based within its’ rural areas – 75% as per 2016 mini census. Vanuatu is traditionally known for its strong cultural heritage tradition activities and subsistence farming. The four mainstays of Vanuatu’s economy are agriculture, tourism, offshore financial services, and raising cattle. Exports include copra, kava, beef, cocoa, and timber, and imports include machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and fuel.', 'Exports include copra, kava, beef, cocoa, and timber, and imports include machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and fuel. In 2017, Vanuatu’s economy grew by 4.4% with a strong performance over the last three previous years. Subsequently it was further projected for the economy to grow by 3.4% in 2018 from 2017 growth levels. Growth was primarily driven by construction activities related to the on-going infrastructure development projects and reconstruction projects from tropical cyclone Pam (VNSO 2019; RBV 2018). (b) Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; In addition to the planning process discussed in section 4 (a) (i). The Government of Vanuatu has taken one of its kind initiative to identify the circular economy options for Vanuatu and constituted the metabolic analysis of its economy and economic sectors.', 'The Government of Vanuatu has taken one of its kind initiative to identify the circular economy options for Vanuatu and constituted the metabolic analysis of its economy and economic sectors. A metabolic assessment has been conducted to define a resource efficient and low-carbon future for Vanuatu. The metabolic assessment observed that, the average material uses and per capita GHG emissions in Vanuatu is low in comparison to the global average. The existing consumption- based resource footprint of Vanuatu is 58% relatively circular. Already for 58% of the materials used, the country is relying on secondary or renewable materials and energy sources.The remaining 42% of material use is not circular and can be characterised as following a linear ‘take-make-waste’ trajectory.', 'Already for 58% of the materials used, the country is relying on secondary or renewable materials and energy sources.The remaining 42% of material use is not circular and can be characterised as following a linear ‘take-make-waste’ trajectory. These 42% of materials are mostly of foreign origin and collide with the development ambitions of the country since they create issues with waste disposal and the deterioration of natural assets as a result of the pollution of soils, surface waters and marine environments. The circular economy analysis identified some of the opportunities which contribute to the domestic and transboundary (international) GHG emission reductions. Some of the key circular economy actions (CE strategies) identified by the metabolic assessment have been include in Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC.', 'Some of the key circular economy actions (CE strategies) identified by the metabolic assessment have been include in Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC. Furthermore, the Government of Vanuatu has also developed and implemented Integrated Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Tool for Energy Sector (currently being enhanced to cover additional mitigation sectors according to the updated NDC) and a Monitoring, Reporting Verification Tool for NERM 2016-2030. Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool is a first of Its kind initiative to integrate most of the domestic and international climate action monitoring, tracking and reporting requirements. Further, it supports government agencies, development partners, d and NGOs towards evidence-based decisions and data insights reporting. Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool has been customized to track, monitor and report data critical for climate actions and sustainable development goals.', 'Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool has been customized to track, monitor and report data critical for climate actions and sustainable development goals. (c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA) and supports the its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, also limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C; this may poses lower risks for Vanuatu in comparison to 2°C or higher temperatures.The Government of Vanuatu’s commitment reflect in its declaration: “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record; FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.” b.', '(c) Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA) and supports the its objective, aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, also limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C; this may poses lower risks for Vanuatu in comparison to 2°C or higher temperatures.The Government of Vanuatu’s commitment reflect in its declaration: “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record; FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.” b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; As a responsible party to PA, Government of Vanuatu will comply with the decisions under PA and actively participate in the first global stock take in 2023.', 'c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; As a responsible party to PA, Government of Vanuatu will comply with the decisions under PA and actively participate in the first global stock take in 2023. Furthermore, Vanuatu, enhanced NDCs for the period 2020-2030 is more ambitious than its previous one, both in terms of its sectoral coverageand in terms of its net emission reduction contribution as well. Vanuatu calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement.', 'Vanuatu calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC and annex ii.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC and annex ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co-benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC and annex 5.', 'Please refer section 4 Adaptation Component of NDC and annex 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Vanuatu account for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories). Two additional guidelines will be considered for quality assurance: the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventory (2000) and the IPCCGood Practice Guideline for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (2003).', 'Two additional guidelines will be considered for quality assurance: the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventory (2000) and the IPCCGood Practice Guideline for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (2003). b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; As discussed above, Vanuatu will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies where relevant when accounting for various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report, Biennial Transparency Report, or National Communications.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; As discussed above, Vanuatu will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies where relevant when accounting for various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report, Biennial Transparency Report, or National Communications. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; As discussed above, The IPCC 2006 Guidelines have been used to calculate emissions in the GHG Inventory for National Communication and NDC.', 'c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; As discussed above, The IPCC 2006 Guidelines have been used to calculate emissions in the GHG Inventory for National Communication and NDC. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; Further to above discussion, the preparation of national GHG inventories for Vanuatu, uses both Tier1 and Tier2 methodologies (as appropriate) of 2006 IPCC guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i.', 'e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; As discussed in the above sections, all the categories are not applicable for Vanuatu. Furthermore, due to limited data availability and capacity limitation, not all the sectors are covered in Vanuatu’s NDC. However, in the future, Vanuatu would like to update its emission inventories; and will cover all the applicable sectors following the 2006 IPCC guidelines. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Please refer 5 (e) (i) iii.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Please refer 5 (e) (i) iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Please refer 5 (e) (i)f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Not Applicable ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non-greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not Applicable iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not Applicable iv.', 'For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Not Applicable iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not Applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Vanuatu will explore opportunities for climate resilient socio-economic development with international cooperation and support including carbon market under Article 6. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Vanuatu is a small island least developed country, that has an insignificant contribution to global GHG emissions, historically it’s GHG emissions have been very low: Vanuatu’s total CO2equivalen emissions was around 0.0011% of the Global GHG emissions for year 2015. Though, Vanuatu isamong the most vulnerable to climate change and its impact. Further, Vanuatu has taken an ambitious target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. With this enhanced NDC, Vanuatu is planning to further reduce its national GHG emissions by 2030.', 'With this enhanced NDC, Vanuatu is planning to further reduce its national GHG emissions by 2030. This NDC, and the accompanying information, reflects Vanuatu’s commitment under the Paris Agreement to address climate change. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Same as above c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC builds on the ambition of its first NDC, both in terms of its sectoral coverage and in terms of its net emission reduction contribution as well.', 'Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Same as above c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC builds on the ambition of its first NDC, both in terms of its sectoral coverage and in terms of its net emission reduction contribution as well. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; In addition to the sectoral activity-based targets for electricity generation, transport energy efficiency, other livestock, waste sector, this NDC also includes additional policy targets for sectors where data and/or baseline information is not available such as for livestock, solid waste and waste water management. This paves way for Vanuatu to establish economy-wide emissions target, based on national circumstances and capabilities.', 'This paves way for Vanuatu to establish economy-wide emissions target, based on national circumstances and capabilities. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. In addition to the sectoral activity-based targets Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC also includes policy targets (See section 1(d)) for areas where data and/or baseline information is not available. These areas include livestock and waste management. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; Please refer section 6(a)b. How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Please refer section 6(a) 5.', 'How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. Please refer section 6(a) 5. Adaptation Component of Updated NDC As per Article 7.10 and 7.11 of the Paris Agreement, Vanuatu will submit an adaptation communication, which will include its priorities, implementation and support needs, plans and actions through the National Adaptation Plan (NAP). The NAP will outline Vanuatu s contribution towards meeting the adaptation goal set out in the Paris Agreement and the required means of implementation to implement that contribution fully. However, in early 2020, with support from the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Hub the Vanuatu Government set out to enhance the adaptation component of its NDC.', 'However, in early 2020, with support from the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Hub the Vanuatu Government set out to enhance the adaptation component of its NDC. The purpose of that particular process was to strengthen the existing content on adaptation in the NDC by developing quantifiable targets for adaptation that will be communicated to the UNFCCC. The objectives were to do so through developing national quantifiable climate change adaptation targets and indicators for the in two priority sectors: agriculture and water. Further to this, this process aimed to determine how to incorporate climate change loss and damage (L&D) considerations into the development of water and agriculture sector targets and indicators.', 'Further to this, this process aimed to determine how to incorporate climate change loss and damage (L&D) considerations into the development of water and agriculture sector targets and indicators. Adaptation targets and indicators for the water and agriculture sector were developed with the objectives of maintaining food security, income security and water security. Stakeholders placed high priority on income security by strengthening small-medium enterprises. Such a target has not emerged before in any of the previous policies or strategies. A second area of importance was the production of food for own consumption. The overarching goal for the agricultural sector was identified as: “Agriculture is able to support household income and food needs in a changing climate”.', 'The overarching goal for the agricultural sector was identified as: “Agriculture is able to support household income and food needs in a changing climate”. To achieve this goal, two targets were established (Annexed): Target Ag1: By 2022, 80% of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators are able to generate sufficient income to cover essential household needs and services in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Target Ag2: By 2030, 100% of identified measures for enhancing the resilience of subsistence agriculture in a changing climate in the six provinces have been implemented. The developed targets and indicators for the water sector were broad but with a focus on ensuring water availability during average rainfall amount as well as drought by means of appropriate infrastructure.', 'The developed targets and indicators for the water sector were broad but with a focus on ensuring water availability during average rainfall amount as well as drought by means of appropriate infrastructure. The overarching goal for the water sector was identified as: "The water management system is able to support water needs for all communities in a changing climate". In contributing to the achievement of this goal, two targets were established: Target Wa1: By 2030, 100% of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces have developed DWSSP and are able to address water needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', 'In contributing to the achievement of this goal, two targets were established: Target Wa1: By 2030, 100% of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces have developed DWSSP and are able to address water needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Target Wa2: By 2030, 6 climate-resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.Loss and Damage (L&D) Loss and damage from climate change impact is included in Vanuatu’s National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy (NCCDRRP) and outlines concrete actions. National stakeholders identified L&D as already occurring, observable and is seen as a future threat, in some instances existential.', 'National stakeholders identified L&D as already occurring, observable and is seen as a future threat, in some instances existential. Stakeholders identified all types of L&D which included, floods, storms, hurricanes, salinisation and slow onset events. Assistance is required in terms of finance and capacity building in order to be able to address L&D. Targets and indicators were developed that are in line with the actions outlined in the NCCDRRP and are based on stakeholders’ responses of what is needed to address L&D. All targets and indicators for adaptation and L&D that are presented here are country-driven and in line with existing policies and frameworks, allowing for integration of adaptation efforts in already existing national processes.', 'All targets and indicators for adaptation and L&D that are presented here are country-driven and in line with existing policies and frameworks, allowing for integration of adaptation efforts in already existing national processes. The process applied in this initiative provide a basis to expand adaptation targets and indicators development to other sectors that occur next in the order of priority for Vanuatu such as the fisheries and ocean sector as well as tourism. The same applies to NDC reporting on agriculture and water sectors. Once in-country capacity is increased and improved, adaptation reporting in other sectors can be included. 6. Means of Implementation The tentative cost of achieving the Vanuatu’s conditional mitigation targets is estimated to be USD $ 173.6 Million.', 'Means of Implementation The tentative cost of achieving the Vanuatu’s conditional mitigation targets is estimated to be USD $ 173.6 Million. This cost estimation does not cover the costs of existing measures i.e. measures included in the first NDC of Vanuatu); since these measure are already under implementation and already budgeted under NERM: 2016-2030. Furthermore, the costs for additional measures are tentative and based on similar international experiences, national circumstances of Vanuatu and other assumptions. A detailed scoping and feasibility study of enhanced NDC measures will be conducted under the NDC implementation roadmap development to determine the exact additional investment requirements.', 'A detailed scoping and feasibility study of enhanced NDC measures will be conducted under the NDC implementation roadmap development to determine the exact additional investment requirements. To achieve the conditional targets, Vanuatu anticipates financial, technological and capacity building support from global funds such as the Green Climate Fund, Global Environment Facility, Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund; and bilateral/multilateral agencies and development partners. These funds will be utilized to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action. The activities will be implemented over a period of 10 years (2021 -2030) by integrating them under the budget as various subsidy policies, projects or programmes.', 'The activities will be implemented over a period of 10 years (2021 -2030) by integrating them under the budget as various subsidy policies, projects or programmes. As these targets are well aligned with the country’s existing policies and plans, they will have high ownership and will be implemented in a timely manner. Vanuatu has already in place the institutional structure for implementation of enhanced NDC, the National Advisory Board (NAB), is the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programs, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu.', 'Vanuatu has already in place the institutional structure for implementation of enhanced NDC, the National Advisory Board (NAB), is the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programs, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu. NAB develops Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change policies, guidelines and positions, advises on international and regional DRR and CC obligations, facilitates and endorses the development of new DRR & CC programs, projects, initiatives and activities, acts as a focal point for information ‑ sharing and coordination on CC/DRR, as well as guides and coordinates the development of national climate finance processes.The Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation (MoCC), Meteorology & Geo-Hazards, Energy, Environment and National Disaster Management is the nodal agency as part of the Government s efforts to streamline Vanuatu s climate change natural disaster responses and sustainable development of the environment.', 'NAB develops Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change policies, guidelines and positions, advises on international and regional DRR and CC obligations, facilitates and endorses the development of new DRR & CC programs, projects, initiatives and activities, acts as a focal point for information ‑ sharing and coordination on CC/DRR, as well as guides and coordinates the development of national climate finance processes.The Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation (MoCC), Meteorology & Geo-Hazards, Energy, Environment and National Disaster Management is the nodal agency as part of the Government s efforts to streamline Vanuatu s climate change natural disaster responses and sustainable development of the environment. The Department of Climate Change (DoCC) within the Ministry of Climate Change, mandated to: ensure that high quality services are provided in relation to climate change in Vanuatu.', 'The Department of Climate Change (DoCC) within the Ministry of Climate Change, mandated to: ensure that high quality services are provided in relation to climate change in Vanuatu. The Ministry and the National Advisory Board (NAB) are mandated with coordinating all government and non-government initiatives addressing climate change and disaster risk reduction in the country. The Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC will be implemented in close coordination with other line ministries like Ministry of Infrastructure and Public Utilities (MIPU), Ministries of Education and Health, Ministry of Finance etc. other government departments specially Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environment, Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA); Public and private sector mainly UNELCO Engie (UNELCO), Vanuatu Utilities & Infrastructure Limited (VUI) and Other Private Sector Service Providers; Doner agencies and development partners and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs).', 'other government departments specially Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environment, Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA); Public and private sector mainly UNELCO Engie (UNELCO), Vanuatu Utilities & Infrastructure Limited (VUI) and Other Private Sector Service Providers; Doner agencies and development partners and Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs). Figure 1: Vanuatu’s Climate Change-Organizational Structure CABINET Office of the Minister CORPORATE SERVICES UNIT Office of the Director General National Advisory Board (NAB) National Disaster Committee (NDC) Department of Climate Change Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department Department of Environment Protection and Conservation Department of Energy National Disaster Management Office Director-Climate Change Director - Meteorology and Geohazards Director - Environment Protection and Conservation Director - Energy Director - National Disaster Management - Management, Planning, Co-ordination, & Operations - Provincial Liaison - Finance & Administration - Projects - Monitoring & Communication - Finance & Administration - Geo-Hazards - ITC & Engineering - Forecasting - Observations (Bauerfield, Pekoa, Sola, Ambae, Lamap, Whitegrass, Analcahuet) - Environmental Protection - Biodiversity and Conservation - Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment - Provincial Outreach - Finance, Administration and Support Services - Off- Grid - On-Grid - Petroleum - Energy Efficiency & Conservation - Finance & AdministrationAnnexure-1 Identified Targets and Indicators for the Agriculture Sector Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag1: By agriculture SMEs and private sector operators are able to generate sufficient income to cover essential household needs and services in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Ag1.1: Climate vulnerable agriculture SMEs and private sector operators for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human- rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment.', 'Figure 1: Vanuatu’s Climate Change-Organizational Structure CABINET Office of the Minister CORPORATE SERVICES UNIT Office of the Director General National Advisory Board (NAB) National Disaster Committee (NDC) Department of Climate Change Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department Department of Environment Protection and Conservation Department of Energy National Disaster Management Office Director-Climate Change Director - Meteorology and Geohazards Director - Environment Protection and Conservation Director - Energy Director - National Disaster Management - Management, Planning, Co-ordination, & Operations - Provincial Liaison - Finance & Administration - Projects - Monitoring & Communication - Finance & Administration - Geo-Hazards - ITC & Engineering - Forecasting - Observations (Bauerfield, Pekoa, Sola, Ambae, Lamap, Whitegrass, Analcahuet) - Environmental Protection - Biodiversity and Conservation - Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment - Provincial Outreach - Finance, Administration and Support Services - Off- Grid - On-Grid - Petroleum - Energy Efficiency & Conservation - Finance & AdministrationAnnexure-1 Identified Targets and Indicators for the Agriculture Sector Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag1: By agriculture SMEs and private sector operators are able to generate sufficient income to cover essential household needs and services in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Ag1.1: Climate vulnerable agriculture SMEs and private sector operators for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human- rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 1.1.2; Indicator Ag1.2: Natural resource related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', '[ENV 1.1.2; Indicator Ag1.2: Natural resource related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. soil and land quality and access, stocks of climate resilience seedlings) [SOC 1.7.2] Indicator Ag1.3: Infrastructure related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. inter-island freight; extension services, stocks of climate resilience biotechnology and equipment; [post-disaster] value chain support system). [ECO 3.4.1] Indicator Ag1.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', '[ECO 3.4.1] Indicator Ag1.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. climate and Indicator Ag1.7: Proportion of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces operating in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO Indicator Ag1.8: Changes in the number of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the most vulnerable communities in each of the six provinces. [ENV 1.1.3; ECO 3.4.2] Indicator Ag1.9: Proportion of men and women operating agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1] Indicator Ag1.10: Turnover generated by agriculture SMEs and private sector operators, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', '[ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1] Indicator Ag1.10: Turnover generated by agriculture SMEs and private sector operators, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV Indicator Ag2.11: Percentage of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators covered by crop and livestock insurance Indicator Ag1.12: Proportion of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces operating on customary land in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1] ENV 1.1.1 Proportion of households engaged in production of food for own consumption ENV 1.1.2 Up to date data on primary production (agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity) available for analysis and informed decision-making and reporting ENV 1.1.3 Average incidence of food poverty at the household level (Food Poverty Line) SOC 1.2.2 Proportion of population possessing common and basic traditional production skills related to weaving, transport, housing, farming, food preparation ENV 1.4.2 Total number of people receiving training in food storage and preservation per year indisaster resilient cropping training, produce market, value chain production, etc).', '[ENV Indicator Ag2.11: Percentage of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators covered by crop and livestock insurance Indicator Ag1.12: Proportion of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces operating on customary land in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1] ENV 1.1.1 Proportion of households engaged in production of food for own consumption ENV 1.1.2 Up to date data on primary production (agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity) available for analysis and informed decision-making and reporting ENV 1.1.3 Average incidence of food poverty at the household level (Food Poverty Line) SOC 1.2.2 Proportion of population possessing common and basic traditional production skills related to weaving, transport, housing, farming, food preparation ENV 1.4.2 Total number of people receiving training in food storage and preservation per year indisaster resilient cropping training, produce market, value chain production, etc). [ENV 1.4.2; ENV Indicator Ag1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (community decision-making, planning and action related to supporting agriculture SMEs at community, area, province level) Indicator Ag1.6: Financing related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', '[ENV 1.4.2; ENV Indicator Ag1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (community decision-making, planning and action related to supporting agriculture SMEs at community, area, province level) Indicator Ag1.6: Financing related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. agriculture SME insurance cover) Indicator Ag1.13: Total number of agriculture- based rural producer cooperatives registered by province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag1.14: Total number of primary, secondary and tertiary schools that teach climate resilient commercial agriculture.', 'agriculture SME insurance cover) Indicator Ag1.13: Total number of agriculture- based rural producer cooperatives registered by province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag1.14: Total number of primary, secondary and tertiary schools that teach climate resilient commercial agriculture. MALFFB led, NGO or partnered initiatives ENV 1.4.3 Establishment of land use capability mapping systems to determine which crops and farming systems are best suited to different areas ENV 1.3.2 Domestic food price level ENV 1.5.1 Proportion of producers across the productive sector that have undergone Agro-Met training ENV 1.5.3 Proportion of farmers involved in integrated farming practices ECO 3.4.1 Total annual number of agricultural extension services per capita by province ENV 3.1.2 Institutional strengthening of NAB, Department of Climate Change and other MoCC departments ECO 3.4.2 Total number of rural producer cooperatives registered by province ECO 4.2.1 Proportion of rural households engaged Target Ag2: By identified measures for enhancing the resilience of subsistence agriculture in a changing climate in the six provinces have been implemented.', 'MALFFB led, NGO or partnered initiatives ENV 1.4.3 Establishment of land use capability mapping systems to determine which crops and farming systems are best suited to different areas ENV 1.3.2 Domestic food price level ENV 1.5.1 Proportion of producers across the productive sector that have undergone Agro-Met training ENV 1.5.3 Proportion of farmers involved in integrated farming practices ECO 3.4.1 Total annual number of agricultural extension services per capita by province ENV 3.1.2 Institutional strengthening of NAB, Department of Climate Change and other MoCC departments ECO 3.4.2 Total number of rural producer cooperatives registered by province ECO 4.2.1 Proportion of rural households engaged Target Ag2: By identified measures for enhancing the resilience of subsistence agriculture in a changing climate in the six provinces have been implemented. Indicator Ag2.1: Climate vulnerabilities of subsistence agriculture for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human- rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment.', 'Indicator Ag2.1: Climate vulnerabilities of subsistence agriculture for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human- rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 1.1.2; Indicator Ag2.2: Natural resource related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. soil and land quality and access) Indicator Ag2.7: Proportion of subsistence gardens in each of the six provinces producing food in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag2.8: Changes in the level subsistence agriculture harvests in the most vulnerable communities in each of the six provinces by cultivation area and individual crop performance.', 'soil and land quality and access) Indicator Ag2.7: Proportion of subsistence gardens in each of the six provinces producing food in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag2.8: Changes in the level subsistence agriculture harvests in the most vulnerable communities in each of the six provinces by cultivation area and individual crop performance. Indicator Ag2.9: Proportion of men and women engaged in subsistence agriculture in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster andIndicator Ag2.3: Infrastructure related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. outer island roads, extension services, stocks of climate resilience seedlings and equipment). [ECO 3.4.1] Indicator Ag2.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', '[ECO 3.4.1] Indicator Ag2.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. climate and disaster resilient cropping training, number of farms and/or level of crop harvest per farmer in normal and stress times). [ENV Indicator Ag2.5: Institutional and governance related measures to subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (community decision-making, planning and action related to supporting agriculture SMEs at community, area, province level) Indicator Ag2.6: Finance related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. agriculture SME insurance) environmentally) stressed times. [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag2.10: Subsistence crop turnover generated by, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', '[ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Ag2.10: Subsistence crop turnover generated by, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV 1.1.3] Indicator Ag2.11: Percentage of subsistence gardens covered by crop insurance [no reference to insurance in NSDP] Indicator Ag2.12: Percentage of subsistence farmers in continuing to apply traditional knowledge and access planting materials for subsistence purposes. [SOC 1.2.2] Indicator Ag2.13: Average incidence of food poverty at the household level post-disaster (Food Poverty Line) [ENV 1.1.3] Indicator Ag2.14: Total number of primary, secondary and tertiary schools that teach climate resilient subsistent agriculture. Indicator Ag1.15: Number of households with access to sustainable climate-smart quality food production sufficient for daily food consumption in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', 'Indicator Ag1.15: Number of households with access to sustainable climate-smart quality food production sufficient for daily food consumption in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV 1.1.1] in trade with family in urban centres ECO 4.3.1 Total number of processed local products produced per annum for domestic consumption and export ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exportsAnnexure-2 Identified Adaptation Targets and Indicators for the Water Sector Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa1: By water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces have developed DWSSP and are able to address water needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Wa1.1: Water-climate vulnerable rural communities for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human-rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment.', '[ENV 1.1.1] in trade with family in urban centres ECO 4.3.1 Total number of processed local products produced per annum for domestic consumption and export ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exportsAnnexure-2 Identified Adaptation Targets and Indicators for the Water Sector Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa1: By water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces have developed DWSSP and are able to address water needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Wa1.1: Water-climate vulnerable rural communities for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human-rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 4.2.2; Indicator Wa 1.2: Natural resource related measures to addressing water- climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', '[ENV 4.2.2; Indicator Wa 1.2: Natural resource related measures to addressing water- climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. protection of natural water sources; improved wastewater disposal; water quality) [ENV 4.2.1; ECO Indicator Wa 1.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to address water- climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. cyclone-proof tanks, water treatment, watsan technology for drought (scarcity) periods) [ECO 2.2.1; Indicator Wa1.4: Skills related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the Indicator Wa 1.7: Proportion of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with adequate access to water supply in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ENV Indicator Wa1.8: Proportion of men and women with adequate access to water in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', 'cyclone-proof tanks, water treatment, watsan technology for drought (scarcity) periods) [ECO 2.2.1; Indicator Wa1.4: Skills related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the Indicator Wa 1.7: Proportion of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with adequate access to water supply in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ENV Indicator Wa1.8: Proportion of men and women with adequate access to water in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Wa1.9: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance Indicator Wa1.9: Number of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with at least 5 individuals who have been trained on climate- resilient water management.', '[ECO 3.4.2; ECO Indicator Wa1.9: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance Indicator Wa1.9: Number of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with at least 5 individuals who have been trained on climate- resilient water management. SOC 4.1.1 Proportion of government departments with gender responsive policies, legislation and programs SOC 4.1.2 Number of decisions in which women participate SOC 4.1.3 Indicators of women’s empowerment ENV 3.4.1 Percentage of public schools using the climate change and disaster risk reduction modules in national curriculum at all levels ENV 4.2.1 Number of declared Water Protection Zones (Target: 6 Water Protection Zones declared Establishment of GIS mapping relevant to the management of forestsix provinces identified and implemented (e.g. post-disaster water safety training) Indicator Wa1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', 'post-disaster water safety training) Indicator Wa1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. community water governance; water efficiency measures; development, implementation and monitoring of community DWSSP) [ECO 2.2.1] Indicator Wa1.6: Financing related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g.', 'community water governance; water efficiency measures; development, implementation and monitoring of community DWSSP) [ECO 2.2.1] Indicator Wa1.6: Financing related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. community water system insurance cover) [ECO 2.2.1; SOC 6.5.1; SOC activities (Target: By areas of significance mapped) SOC 4.4.1 Proportion of the activities of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) implemented SOC 4.4.2 Proportion of human rights related conventions ratified SOC 4.5.1 Proportion of Government Offices and public facilities with ramp access or some disability friendly rating SOC 6.5.1 Change in annual budget going to Provinces, Municipalities towards operations/programs (Devolution of funding authority) SOC 6.8.1 Percentage of aid the government sector reported on the government’s budget ENV 3.3.1 Number of support plans available to communities for coordination, planning,preparedness, response and recovery ECO 2.2.1 Proportion of population with reliable access to safe drinking water (Target: 100% by Target Wa2: By resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Wa2.1: Climate-resilient natural water sources for urban water supply needs identified and mapped using GIS [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2] Indicator Wa 2.2: Natural resource related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g.', 'community water system insurance cover) [ECO 2.2.1; SOC 6.5.1; SOC activities (Target: By areas of significance mapped) SOC 4.4.1 Proportion of the activities of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) implemented SOC 4.4.2 Proportion of human rights related conventions ratified SOC 4.5.1 Proportion of Government Offices and public facilities with ramp access or some disability friendly rating SOC 6.5.1 Change in annual budget going to Provinces, Municipalities towards operations/programs (Devolution of funding authority) SOC 6.8.1 Percentage of aid the government sector reported on the government’s budget ENV 3.3.1 Number of support plans available to communities for coordination, planning,preparedness, response and recovery ECO 2.2.1 Proportion of population with reliable access to safe drinking water (Target: 100% by Target Wa2: By resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times Indicator Wa2.1: Climate-resilient natural water sources for urban water supply needs identified and mapped using GIS [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2] Indicator Wa 2.2: Natural resource related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. reforestation of Indicator Wa 2.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g.', 'reforestation of Indicator Wa 2.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. fencing of water source) [ECO 2.2.1] Indicator Wa 2.4: Skills related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. watershed reforestation training) [ECO 2.2.1; Indicator Wa 2.5: Institutional and governance related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g.', 'watershed reforestation training) [ECO 2.2.1; Indicator Wa 2.5: Institutional and governance related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. Indicator Wa2.7: Proportion of urban household with access to climate-resilient natural water source in the six provinces [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2; ECO Indicator Wa2.8: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable urban communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.1 Number of declared Water Protection Zones (Target: 6 Water Protection Zones declared Establishment of GIS mapping relevant to the management of forest activities (Target: By areas of significance mapped) ENV 4.4.2 Number of integrated coastal management plans developed and implemented ENV 4.6.1 Annual estimated area (square km) of reforestation and rehabilitation ENV 4.6.2 Proportion of licensees harvesting within their allocatedlegislating projection of watershed) [ECO Indicator Wa 2.6: Financing related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g.', 'Indicator Wa2.7: Proportion of urban household with access to climate-resilient natural water source in the six provinces [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2; ECO Indicator Wa2.8: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable urban communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.1 Number of declared Water Protection Zones (Target: 6 Water Protection Zones declared Establishment of GIS mapping relevant to the management of forest activities (Target: By areas of significance mapped) ENV 4.4.2 Number of integrated coastal management plans developed and implemented ENV 4.6.1 Annual estimated area (square km) of reforestation and rehabilitation ENV 4.6.2 Proportion of licensees harvesting within their allocatedlegislating projection of watershed) [ECO Indicator Wa 2.6: Financing related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. reforestation of watershed) [ECO 2.2.1] quota or Proportion of licensee operations being monitored ENV 4.3.1 Proportion of extraction activities complying with EIA requirements ENV 4.7.1 Total annual outreach and awareness activities undertaken by or in partnership with the DEPC ECO 2.2.1 Proportion of population with reliable access to safe drinking water (Target: 100% by -------------------'] | en-US |
368 | VUT | Vanuatu | Updated NDC | 2022-08-09 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.2 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-08/Vanuatu%20NDC%20Revised%20and%20Enhanced.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Oceania | 0 | 0.086288 | 0.043974 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/41cd506094cd30edb8da9f8a4569cba69d8b17e9984c0b9bc73abd17c1d77be4.pdf | ['Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced 1st Nationally Determined ContributionPursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) reflects highest-level ambitions on adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage.', 'Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced 1st Nationally Determined ContributionPursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) reflects highest-level ambitions on adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage. Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced 1st Nationally Determined ContributionTorba Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea SanmaCONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Vanuatu’s Science-Based Commitments 1 Long Term Vision on Climate Change 2 NDC Enhancement 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 3 Vanuatu’s INDC 2016 (Mitigation) 3 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Mitigation) 3 ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION 7 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Adaptation) 7 LOSS AND DAMAGE CONTRIBUTION 35 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Loss and Damage) 35 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 39Acknowledgements The Government of Vanuatu would like to acknowledge the support towards this NDC by the NDC Support Programme enabled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMU), the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the European Union and the Government of Spain, the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Government of Ireland, as well as the Enhancing Vanuatu’s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub.', 'Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced 1st Nationally Determined ContributionTorba Penama Malampa Shefa Tafea SanmaCONTENTS Acknowledgements iii Vanuatu’s Science-Based Commitments 1 Long Term Vision on Climate Change 2 NDC Enhancement 2 MITIGATION CONTRIBUTION 3 Vanuatu’s INDC 2016 (Mitigation) 3 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Mitigation) 3 ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTION 7 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Adaptation) 7 LOSS AND DAMAGE CONTRIBUTION 35 Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Loss and Damage) 35 MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION 39Acknowledgements The Government of Vanuatu would like to acknowledge the support towards this NDC by the NDC Support Programme enabled by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection (BMU), the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the European Union and the Government of Spain, the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Government of Ireland, as well as the Enhancing Vanuatu’s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub. Special thanks to the Vanuatu NDC Enhancement Committee, which oversaw the revision and increased ambition in Vanuatu’s commitments in 2021, comprising Mr. Mike Waiwai, Director, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Florence Iautu, Strategic Manager, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction; Mr. Nelson Kalo, Mitigation Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Pauliane Basil, Adaptation Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Anne- Marie Robert, Climate Finance Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Diana Hinge, Climate Finance Advisor, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction; Mr Ian Iercet, NDC Coordinator Mitigation, Department of Climate Change; and Ms. Leana William, MEA Officer, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction.', 'Special thanks to the Vanuatu NDC Enhancement Committee, which oversaw the revision and increased ambition in Vanuatu’s commitments in 2021, comprising Mr. Mike Waiwai, Director, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Florence Iautu, Strategic Manager, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction; Mr. Nelson Kalo, Mitigation Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Pauliane Basil, Adaptation Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Anne- Marie Robert, Climate Finance Officer, Department of Climate Change; Ms. Diana Hinge, Climate Finance Advisor, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction; Mr Ian Iercet, NDC Coordinator Mitigation, Department of Climate Change; and Ms. Leana William, MEA Officer, National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. The Minister of Climate Change, Honourable Silas Bule Melve, and the Director General, Mrs. Esline Garaebiti, continue to provide critical leadership to elevate and oversee implementation of Vanuatu’s climate commitments.', 'The Minister of Climate Change, Honourable Silas Bule Melve, and the Director General, Mrs. Esline Garaebiti, continue to provide critical leadership to elevate and oversee implementation of Vanuatu’s climate commitments. Many technical experts and consultants enabled the compilation of this document, including Dr. Christopher Bartlett, Dr. Srikanth Subbarao, Mr. Naveen Pawar, Dr. Melanie Pill, Dr Patrina Dumaru, Mr. Malcolm Dalesa and Mr. Tom Sloan.', 'Many technical experts and consultants enabled the compilation of this document, including Dr. Christopher Bartlett, Dr. Srikanth Subbarao, Mr. Naveen Pawar, Dr. Melanie Pill, Dr Patrina Dumaru, Mr. Malcolm Dalesa and Mr. Tom Sloan. This enhanced NDC would not be possible without the incredible commitment and action of Vanuatu’s line agencies and sectors and the members of the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, who are the engine room behind the nation’s aspirations towards resilience.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Introduction Vanuatu submits this updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC), in which our political leaders, technical experts and civil society have considered how our nation can move to a global net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions society (Article 4.1) whilst being resilient to the unavoidable impacts of climate change (Article 7.1), minimising, averting and addressing loss and damage (Article 8) in the context of the long-term temperature goal (Article 2), while determining our financial needs (Article 9) that shall be provided by developed country Parties in continuation of their existing obligations under the UNFCCC.', 'This enhanced NDC would not be possible without the incredible commitment and action of Vanuatu’s line agencies and sectors and the members of the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction, who are the engine room behind the nation’s aspirations towards resilience.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Introduction Vanuatu submits this updated and enhanced nationally determined contribution (NDC), in which our political leaders, technical experts and civil society have considered how our nation can move to a global net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions society (Article 4.1) whilst being resilient to the unavoidable impacts of climate change (Article 7.1), minimising, averting and addressing loss and damage (Article 8) in the context of the long-term temperature goal (Article 2), while determining our financial needs (Article 9) that shall be provided by developed country Parties in continuation of their existing obligations under the UNFCCC. Vanuatu is already a carbon-negative country.', 'Vanuatu is already a carbon-negative country. With forests covering 70% of its islands, and its maritime jurisdiction comprising 98% of the nation, the big ocean state of Vanuatu is already a carbon sink - absorbing more carbon dioxide than it produces - thus freely providing a critical environmental service to carbon emitting countries around the world. Moving beyond our current Net Zero status, this NDC recommits Vanuatu to rapidly phasing out fossil fuels, deeply decarbonising and transitioning completely to a circular economy.', 'Moving beyond our current Net Zero status, this NDC recommits Vanuatu to rapidly phasing out fossil fuels, deeply decarbonising and transitioning completely to a circular economy. Pursuant to Article 4 of the Paris Agreement, and to demonstrate that Vanuatu is an action-focused leader in its calls for all Parties to make ambitious commitments to limit the global average temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, Vanuatu’s NDC reflects the highest ambitions on adaptation, mitigation, and loss and damage. As per Decision 4/CMA.1, Vanuatu’s information provides clarity, transparency and understanding. This updated and enhanced NDC contains 20 Mitigation commitments, 116 Adaptation commitments, 12 Loss & Damage commitments and is based on the ambitions, policies and workplans of Vanuatu s frontline sector agencies.', 'This updated and enhanced NDC contains 20 Mitigation commitments, 116 Adaptation commitments, 12 Loss & Damage commitments and is based on the ambitions, policies and workplans of Vanuatu s frontline sector agencies. Targets and commitments are conditional upon international finance, action, support, technology and capacity development. The approximate conditional cost of achieving Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced NDC is USD 1,214,350,000. Vanuatu’s Science-Based Commitments The international climate regime, including the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, is built upon a clear understanding of the threats posed by, and the causes of, climate change. More than a century and a half of industrialisation, along with the clear-felling of forests and certain farming methods, has led to increased quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.', 'More than a century and a half of industrialisation, along with the clear-felling of forests and certain farming methods, has led to increased quantities of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. The Paris Agreement set out a global commitment to limiting warming to well below 2°C while pursuing efforts to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C. Vanuatu bases its nationally determined commitments on the best available science, which confirms the existential nature of the current climate crisis and the urgency with which we, and all nations, must act. The Republic of Vanuatu signed the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 21 September 2016.', 'The Republic of Vanuatu signed the Paris Agreement on 22 April 2016 and deposited its instrument of ratification on 21 September 2016. The Government of the Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective and transparent implementation of the Agreement and submitted its declaration, which reads, in part: “…the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of the best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.”2 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that to limit global warming to 1.5°C, global emissions need to be roughly halved by around 2030 (compared to 2018) and reach net zero around 2050.', 'The Government of the Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective and transparent implementation of the Agreement and submitted its declaration, which reads, in part: “…the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of the best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.”2 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change estimates that to limit global warming to 1.5°C, global emissions need to be roughly halved by around 2030 (compared to 2018) and reach net zero around 2050. Net zero refers to the situation in which emissions reduce to almost zero, and any remaining emissions are removed from the atmosphere.', 'Net zero refers to the situation in which emissions reduce to almost zero, and any remaining emissions are removed from the atmosphere. The IPCC AR6 report suggests that under all scenarios examined, Earth is likely to reach the crucial 1.5º warming limit in the early 2030s unless deep cuts are made to CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change and its consequences are already being felt. Beyond 1.5º, the situation will rapidly deteriorate This expected increase of the global mean temperature is associated with rising sea levels, rapidly changing ecosystems and more extreme and slow-onset events such as heat waves, storms and flooding. The impacts undermine global efforts for development and prosperity everywhere, and particularly in small island developing states like Vanuatu.', 'The impacts undermine global efforts for development and prosperity everywhere, and particularly in small island developing states like Vanuatu. Long Term Vision on Climate Change The Republic of Vanuatu’s long term vision on climate change and aspirations are embedded within the fundamental duties defined under its constitution: “to protect the Republic of Vanuatu and to safeguard the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations” and guided by its National Vision - “A stable, sustainable and prosperous Vanuatu”, under the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2016–2030 also called Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan.', 'Long Term Vision on Climate Change The Republic of Vanuatu’s long term vision on climate change and aspirations are embedded within the fundamental duties defined under its constitution: “to protect the Republic of Vanuatu and to safeguard the national wealth, resources and environment in the interests of the present generation and of future generations” and guided by its National Vision - “A stable, sustainable and prosperous Vanuatu”, under the National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP) 2016–2030 also called Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan. The Republic of Vanuatu’s long-term climate action vision is governed by the Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030 (CCDRR Policy – to promote good governance and establishes priorities and strategies for future climate actions; and Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.', 'The Republic of Vanuatu’s long-term climate action vision is governed by the Vanuatu Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy 2016-2030 (CCDRR Policy – to promote good governance and establishes priorities and strategies for future climate actions; and Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No. 25 of 2016 (Climate Change Act), that provides institutions (governance and administrative provisions), transparency and roles and responsibility for departments of meteorology, geological hazards and climate change and for related purposes. In May 2022, the Parliament of the Republic of Vanuatu Declared a Climate Emergency, reaffirming that climate change is the single greatest threat to the livelihoods, security, and wellbeing of the peoples of Vanuatu, and decided to: a.', 'In May 2022, the Parliament of the Republic of Vanuatu Declared a Climate Emergency, reaffirming that climate change is the single greatest threat to the livelihoods, security, and wellbeing of the peoples of Vanuatu, and decided to: a. Respond to the climate emergency in ways that emphasize equity, self-determination, culture, tradition, democracy, and the protection of fundamental human rights. b. Submit a new and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution which demonstrates global highest levels of ambition with targets on Vanuatu’s sector priorities in adaptation and loss & damage.', 'Submit a new and enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution which demonstrates global highest levels of ambition with targets on Vanuatu’s sector priorities in adaptation and loss & damage. c. Pursue all suitable avenues under international and domestic law to prevent harm resulting from climate change, including protecting the rights of present and future generations, including, by seeking an Advisory Opinion from the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States under international law to protect the rights of present and future generations against the adverse effects of climate change. d. Further engage the public and civil society in climate-emergency and climate justice related deliberations.', 'd. Further engage the public and civil society in climate-emergency and climate justice related deliberations. NDC Enhancement Pursuant to Articles 4.2 and 4.11 of the PA and Decision 1/CP.21 paragraph 23, the Republic of Vanuatu, taking into account its national circumstances and capabilities, hereby communicates its revised and further enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution under the agreement for 2021–2030. The Government of the Republic of Vanuatu notes with great concern that the objective of the agreement can only be achieved by intensifying the level of action significantly, complemented by international support, to achieve conditional contributions, as reflected in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).', 'The Government of the Republic of Vanuatu notes with great concern that the objective of the agreement can only be achieved by intensifying the level of action significantly, complemented by international support, to achieve conditional contributions, as reflected in the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). In that spirit, the Republic of Vanuatu presents its enhanced NDC for 2021–2030 and calls on all Parties to increase their ambitions in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the Agreement.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Contribution Vanuatu’s INDC 2016 (Mitigation) Vanuatu submitted its initial NDC to the UNFCCC on 21st September 2016.', 'In that spirit, the Republic of Vanuatu presents its enhanced NDC for 2021–2030 and calls on all Parties to increase their ambitions in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the Agreement.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Contribution Vanuatu’s INDC 2016 (Mitigation) Vanuatu submitted its initial NDC to the UNFCCC on 21st September 2016. The main mitigation contribution under the initial submission was to achieve the outcomes and targets under the National Energy Road Map (NERM) and Second National Communication (SNC) extended to 2030. The mitigation contribution for the Vanuatu INDC submission was a sector specific target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030.', 'The mitigation contribution for the Vanuatu INDC submission was a sector specific target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. This target would replace nearly all fossil fuel requirements for electricity generation in the country and be consistent with the National Energy Road Map (NERM) target of 65% renewable energy by 2020. This contribution would reduce emissions in the energy sector by 72Gg by 2030. Emissions in this sector were around 130 Gg in 2010 but are expected to rise to 240 Gg by 2030 (3% per annum). Vanuatu’s INDC mitigation contribution would thus reduce business as usual (BAU) emissions in the electricity sub-sector by 100% and in the energy sector by 30%.', 'Vanuatu’s INDC mitigation contribution would thus reduce business as usual (BAU) emissions in the electricity sub-sector by 100% and in the energy sector by 30%. The target was conditional, depending on funding commensurate with putting the transition in place being made available from external sources. In addition, the transition to renewable energy-based electricity could be accelerated through the review of agricultural (coconut oil sector) national policy. Opportunities for reducing the high emissions levels in agriculture were to be simultaneously pursued through cooperative programmes with nations having similarly high emissions in this sector. The forestry sector mitigation was to be treated as part of the existing REDD+ programme. The Government was also aware that waste management required further attention.', 'The Government was also aware that waste management required further attention. Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Mitigation) Type Activity-based mitigation targets, sectoral and policy targets in key sectors, including emissions reduction in some sub-sectors. The GHG emission reduction targets in this section are all conditional upon international support (financial and technical support) made available. Coverage Energy; Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU); and Waste. Timeframe From 1 January 2021 – 31 December 2030. Single year target: 2030, including updates on 2025 targets.4 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Priority Area # Commitment Policy Notes NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD Electricity Generation M1 By 2030, Renewable Energy Capacity Addition and substituting (replacement) of fossil fuels with Coconut (Copra) Oil based Electricity Generation: transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity generation sector.', 'Single year target: 2030, including updates on 2025 targets.4 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Priority Area # Commitment Policy Notes NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD Electricity Generation M1 By 2030, Renewable Energy Capacity Addition and substituting (replacement) of fossil fuels with Coconut (Copra) Oil based Electricity Generation: transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity generation sector. NA ECO 2.3 100 Already budgeted under NERM in transport (land and marine) energy efficiency. NA ECO 2.2 100 Already budgeted under NERM M3 Electric Vehicles (e-mobility): by 2030, (a) Introduce e-buses for public transportation (10% of total public buses); (b) Introduce e-cars in Vanuatu (10% of government fleet); and (c) 1000 electric two wheelers (e-bikes)/three wheelers (e-rickshaw). (bio-fuel) blending in diesel. M5 By 2030, Mileage and Emission Standards for Vehicles.', 'M5 By 2030, Mileage and Emission Standards for Vehicles. Commercial, Institutional and Residential access by households in off- grid areas; (b) 100% electricity access by public institutions (on- and off- grid); (c) 13% electricity sector end- use efficiency; (d) 14% improve biomass end use (improved cook stoves and drying) efficiency; (e) 65% renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows. These three energy sub- sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately 78.786 Gg e from energy sector compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario. Biogas Plants for Commercial and Residential Use. M8 By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building).', 'M8 By 2030, Increase Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector, (a) 5% increase in Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector; and (b) 10 Numbers of Energy Efficient Building (Green Building). These three energy sub- sector targets collectively can reduce GHG emissions approximately e from energy sector compared to business as usual (BAU) scenario in 2030, which is around 40% reduction in comparison to energy sector’s GHG emissions from the BAU scenario.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Priority Area # Commitment Policy Notes NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD Tourism M9 By 2030, Increase Ecotourism Supported by Local Communities. Livestock: Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) M10 By 2030, Training and capacity building for livestock farming and pasture management. The impact of above mitigation measures in livestock sub-sector’s net GHG emissions reduction of about 30.977 Gg CO2 eq in 2030; which is around 9% less than the GHG emissions in BAU scenario.', 'The impact of above mitigation measures in livestock sub-sector’s net GHG emissions reduction of about 30.977 Gg CO2 eq in 2030; which is around 9% less than the GHG emissions in BAU scenario. It is to be noted that actual GHG mitigation potentials of the above measures are not estimated due to lack of data and defined methodology. However, the cumulative impact of these measures will result in higher than the estimated GHG emissions reductions. M11 By 2030, Converting Pastures to Silvo-pastural Livestock Systems. Collaboration to Improve Livestock Efficiency. Forestry: Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) M13 In 2030, the forestry sector in Vanuatu remains a net carbon sink. Vanuatu is committed to maintaining its forest cover and is expected to remain net carbon negative in future. The REDD+ programme is being implemented in Vanuatu to improve sustainable forest management practices.', 'The REDD+ programme is being implemented in Vanuatu to improve sustainable forest management practices. No specific mitigation NDC actions identified for forestry sub-sector as the measures to reduce deforestation and promote good land care to accepted mitigation practices are still under development under the REDD+ initiative. Based on the results and outcome from the REDD+ initiative, potential mitigation interventions shall be included in future NDC updates. included in Adaptation Targets M14 In 2030, sustainable logging practices will continue to be practiced in Vanuatu for commercial logging. included in Adaptation Targets6 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Priority Area # Commitment Policy Notes NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD Municipal Solid Waste M15 By 2030, Implement Waste to Energy Plant for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): (a) Waste to Energy Plant for Port Villa; (b) Waste to Energy Plant for Luganville; and (c) Waste to Energy Plant for Lenakel.', 'included in Adaptation Targets6 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Mitigation Priority Area # Commitment Policy Notes NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD Municipal Solid Waste M15 By 2030, Implement Waste to Energy Plant for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW): (a) Waste to Energy Plant for Port Villa; (b) Waste to Energy Plant for Luganville; and (c) Waste to Energy Plant for Lenakel. With the waste sector mitigation measures, the waste sector’s net GHG emissions will reduce about 29.335 Gg in 2030 in comparison to BAU scenario; which is 56% less than the BAU scenario GHG emissions. It is to be noted that GHG mitigation potentials for some of the measures identified for the waste sector are not estimated due to lack of data or methodology. However, the cumulative impact of the additional measures will result in higher GHG emissions reductions from waste sector. M16 By 2030, Introduce Composting for municipal organic waste to produce soil enhancer.', 'M16 By 2030, Introduce Composting for municipal organic waste to produce soil enhancer. M17 By 2030, Implement Collect, Sort and Export of Recyclable Materials (first phase) for Port Vila. M18 By 2030, Develop and Implement National Plastics Strategy. Wastewater M19 By 2030, Implement Wastewater Management System in Vanuatu: (a) Centralised Wastewater collection and treatment system in municipal area including awareness and capacity building. M20 By 2030, Improvements to Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio-Toilets.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Adaptation Contribution Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Adaptation) Vanuatu has prioritised transformative adaptation action in its National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, with a strategic goal of resilient development, including implementing activities that enable Vanuatu to absorb and quickly bounce back from climate shocks and stresses.', 'M20 By 2030, Improvements to Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio-Toilets.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Adaptation Contribution Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Adaptation) Vanuatu has prioritised transformative adaptation action in its National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy, with a strategic goal of resilient development, including implementing activities that enable Vanuatu to absorb and quickly bounce back from climate shocks and stresses. The following Adaptation Targets have been defined in an inclusive, participatory and decentralised way by the sectors that are themselves implementing and planning for a resilient future.', 'The following Adaptation Targets have been defined in an inclusive, participatory and decentralised way by the sectors that are themselves implementing and planning for a resilient future. For each target, the specific policy reference is provided, as well as the link to Vanuatu’s National Sustainable Development Plan (NSDP), the most relevant Global Sustainable Development Goal (SGD), the level of conditionality of finance required from developed country Parties, and the overall financial envelope to successfully meet the target by 2030. AGRICULTURE Sixty per cent (60%) of Vanuatu’s population relies on agriculture as the basis of household incomes and livelihoods, and it accounts for around 23% of GDP.', 'AGRICULTURE Sixty per cent (60%) of Vanuatu’s population relies on agriculture as the basis of household incomes and livelihoods, and it accounts for around 23% of GDP. Much agriculture activity is micro-scale subsistence, for household consumption or sale at local markets, and dependent on rainfall, making the sector extremely vulnerable to climate impacts, loss and damage. Adaptation in the agriculture sector is one of the government’s highest priorities, with a goal of agriculture’s ability to support household income and food needs in a changing climate. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: AGRICULTURE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A1 Vanuatu commits to mainstream climate variability, climate change and disaster risk reduction using adaptation and mitigation strategies in all agriculture initiatives and developments (Agriculture Sector Policy 12.1), including provide adequate funding for activities to address climate change (VASP 12.1.4).', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: AGRICULTURE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A1 Vanuatu commits to mainstream climate variability, climate change and disaster risk reduction using adaptation and mitigation strategies in all agriculture initiatives and developments (Agriculture Sector Policy 12.1), including provide adequate funding for activities to address climate change (VASP 12.1.4). Agriculture Sector Policy A2 Vanuatu commits to formulating climate and disaster preparedness plans for the productive sector. Overarching Productive Sector Policy A3 Vanuatu commits to implementing measures for enhancing the resilience of subsistence agriculture in all six provinces by 2030 (NDC Adaptation Target Ag2). NDC Adaptation Targets A4 Vanuatu commits to enhancing traditional agricultural practices, focusing on disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. A5 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that by 2030 at least 30% of producers have undergone Agro-Meteorology training.', 'A5 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that by 2030 at least 30% of producers have undergone Agro-Meteorology training. NSDP M&E Framework A6 Vanuatu commits to improve access to appropriate technology, knowledge and skills in food production (NSDP ENV 1.4), and ensuring that at least 5% of all training conducted by Government and NGOs will cover food preservation and storage (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 1.4.2). NSDP M&E Framework8 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A7 Vanuatu commits to providing subsidies for small-scale primary producers (agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries) and exploring other small-grant and soft loan options to make these livelihood activities more resilient and recover from climate loss and damage, especially through partnerships with the private sector, international organisations, development partners and NGOs.', 'NSDP M&E Framework8 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A7 Vanuatu commits to providing subsidies for small-scale primary producers (agriculture, livestock, forestry and fisheries) and exploring other small-grant and soft loan options to make these livelihood activities more resilient and recover from climate loss and damage, especially through partnerships with the private sector, international organisations, development partners and NGOs. Vanuatu Recovery Strategy A8 Vanuatu commits to scale up Climate Information Services initiatives for producers so they can better understand the impacts of climate change and variability on food production, farming practices and markets. Gudfala Kakae Policy A9 Vanuatu commits to increase access of farmers and enterprises to agricultural and climate financing (including risk sharing and insurance services). Gudfala Kakae Policy A10 Vanuatu commits to upscaling climate-smart management practices in the fruit and vegetable sector.', 'Gudfala Kakae Policy A10 Vanuatu commits to upscaling climate-smart management practices in the fruit and vegetable sector. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A11 Vanuatu commits to establish effective governance systems for managing climate-proofed fruit and vegetable market centres at the municipality and provincial levels. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A12 Vanuatu commits to conduct training on climate-proofed fruit and vegetable nursery infrastructure. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A13 Vanuatu commits to identify, increase and enhance importation of fruit and vegetable cultivars and rootstocks with high tolerance to climate change stresses. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A14 Vanuatu commits to develop a national fruit and vegetable contingency plan with specific actions aimed at assisting policy makers and farmers in minimising costs incurred during climate extremes. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A15 Vanuatu commits to encourage the use of improved genetic varieties of fruits and vegetables suited for climate extreme conditions.', 'Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A15 Vanuatu commits to encourage the use of improved genetic varieties of fruits and vegetables suited for climate extreme conditions. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A16 Vanuatu commits to create a national fruit and vegetable support and recovery fund to be used for supporting farmers and growers during extreme climatic conditions and disasters. Fruit and Vegetable Strategy A17 Vanuatu commits to incorporate climate change and environmental issues into coconut industry development. National Coconut Strategy A18 Vanuatu commits to train farmers on the advantages and benefits of using nursery grown kava planting materials for climate resilience.', 'National Coconut Strategy A18 Vanuatu commits to train farmers on the advantages and benefits of using nursery grown kava planting materials for climate resilience. National Kava Strategy ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: AGRICULTUREVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 BIOSECURITY In the context of a changing climate, Vanuatu must continue to protect its borders against the introduction and spread of foreign pests and diseases that could affect crops, animals, humans and the environment, and, to enhance trade of Vanuatu’s products. Biosecurity is crucial to maintain good health, wellbeing and progress in the life of our climate resilient community. The increased impact of pest damage to crops and the environment due to climate change poses a great threat to the livelihood of Vanuatu citizens.', 'The increased impact of pest damage to crops and the environment due to climate change poses a great threat to the livelihood of Vanuatu citizens. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: BIOSECURITY Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A19 Vanuatu commits to a collaborative effort against damage caused by pests and diseases due to favourable climatic conditions as a result of climate change (Biosecurity Policy TA 15), specifically by entering into formal agreements between Biosecurity Vanuatu and climate change organisations (local, regional and international) (Biosecurity Policy D 2b). Biosecurity Policy10 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 FISHERIES Vanuatu recognises the severe adverse impacts of climate change on Vanuatu fisheries and marine ecosystems and the need for the fisheries sector to urgently adapt and address the loss and damage from climate-related disasters. 61% of households in Vanuatu regularly go fishing.', '61% of households in Vanuatu regularly go fishing. The direct and indirect effects of climate change are expected to reduce the productivity of coastal fisheries in Vanuatu by 20– 50% by 2100. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FISHERIES Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A20 Vanuatu commits to strengthen community- based fisheries management and climate adaptation, including preserving traditional resource management and fishing practices (National Fisheries Policy SA 25), ensuring that 40 integrated coastal management plans developed and implemented by 2030 (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 4.4.2) National Fisheries Sector Policy A21 Vanuatu commits to improve access to appropriate adaptation technology, knowledge and skills in fisheries food production (NSDP ENV 1.4), and ensuring that by 2030, there are 100 FADs distributed throughout Vanuatu (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 1.4.1).', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FISHERIES Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A20 Vanuatu commits to strengthen community- based fisheries management and climate adaptation, including preserving traditional resource management and fishing practices (National Fisheries Policy SA 25), ensuring that 40 integrated coastal management plans developed and implemented by 2030 (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 4.4.2) National Fisheries Sector Policy A21 Vanuatu commits to improve access to appropriate adaptation technology, knowledge and skills in fisheries food production (NSDP ENV 1.4), and ensuring that by 2030, there are 100 FADs distributed throughout Vanuatu (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 1.4.1). NSDP M&E Framework A22 Vanuatu commits to regularly monitor and evaluate the state of coastal fisheries including to develop and implement procedures for climate change monitoring and impact assessment protocols.', 'NSDP M&E Framework A22 Vanuatu commits to regularly monitor and evaluate the state of coastal fisheries including to develop and implement procedures for climate change monitoring and impact assessment protocols. Vanuatu Coastal Fisheries StrategyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 FORESTRY Impacts of climate change on the people and forests of Vanuatu are diverse and cross-sectoral, including inundation of forested land in low-lying areas, increased incidence of pests and diseases, prolonged periods of drought and flood conditions, increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, salinisation of forested land close to the coasts and the penetration of saltwater into the subterranean freshwater resources, adversely affecting forests and trees. Changing temperature and precipitation regimes are influencing the productivity of forested land and require the adaptation or introduction of new trees and silvicultural production systems.', 'Changing temperature and precipitation regimes are influencing the productivity of forested land and require the adaptation or introduction of new trees and silvicultural production systems. The combined impacts of climate change, population growth and soil fertility declines will exert a growing and cumulative pressure on the remaining lowland forests of Vanuatu to be converted to agricultural land. On the other hand, Vanuatu’s forests offer opportunities for climate change mitigation through carbon conservation (SFM, protected areas, reducing of deforestation and forest degradation), carbon sequestration (afforestation and reforestation), and carbon substitution (replacement of carbon intensive products and fuels through wood products). ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FORESTRY Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A23 Vanuatu commits to develop forestry-related climate change adaptation demonstration projects including concerns for food security, soil stabilisation, water management, and coastal erosion.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FORESTRY Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A23 Vanuatu commits to develop forestry-related climate change adaptation demonstration projects including concerns for food security, soil stabilisation, water management, and coastal erosion. National Forest Policy A24 Vanuatu commits to introduce and promote climate change-resilient tree species and varieties. National Forest Policy A25 Vanuatu commits to maintain and enhance food security through agroforestry systems. National Forest Policy A26 Vanuatu commits to undertake ground cover initiatives to prevent soil and coastal erosion. National Forest Policy A27 Vanuatu commits to systematically assess and continuously monitor the impacts of climate change on forest systems (i.e. through PSPs permanent sample plots). National Forest Policy A28 Vanuatu commits to minimise wind damage to crops and infrastructure by trialling windbreak species and systems. National Forest Policy A29 Vanuatu commits to establish and manage buffer zones around climate sensitive ecosystems, and undertake enrichment planting within these areas.', 'National Forest Policy A29 Vanuatu commits to establish and manage buffer zones around climate sensitive ecosystems, and undertake enrichment planting within these areas. National Forest Policy A30 Vanuatu commits to conserve, protect and sustainably manage mangrove forests and mangrove ecosystems, wetlands, and shoreline trees especially as a measure to enhance resilience to the impacts of climate change. National Forest Policy12 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A31 Vanuatu commits to apply sustainable forest management concepts to reduce forest degradation and thus GHG emissions and to maintain healthy forest ecosystems to enhance resilience against the negative impacts of climate change. National Forest Policy A32 Vanuatu commits to promote and enable farmer and community-based afforestation and reforestation programme for climate change adaptation.', 'National Forest Policy A32 Vanuatu commits to promote and enable farmer and community-based afforestation and reforestation programme for climate change adaptation. National Forest Policy A33 Vanuatu commits to hold regular meetings or REDD+ programmes with officials from across government departments, NGOs and private sector, including training and workshops to raise the capacity of relevant stakeholders. Vanuatu REDD+ R Package A34 Vanuatu commits to undertake cost benefit analyses and studies to better understand degradation dynamics and forest landscape restoration needs. Forest and Landscape Restoration Strategy A35 Vanuatu commits to develop a sustainable funding strategy for forest landscape restoration. Forest and Landscape Restoration Strategy ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FORESTRYVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 LIVESTOCK Vanuatu requires a livestock sector that is modern, sustainably managed to benefit all its stakeholders, contributes to greater socio-economic development, and ensures sound environmental and climate resilience practices.', 'Forest and Landscape Restoration Strategy ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FORESTRYVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 LIVESTOCK Vanuatu requires a livestock sector that is modern, sustainably managed to benefit all its stakeholders, contributes to greater socio-economic development, and ensures sound environmental and climate resilience practices. Despite successes on climate change adaptation, farmers do not yet have sufficient knowledge or skills on breeds, farming systems or other methods to cope with the negative impacts of climate change. All too often animals become the victim of environmental disasters and adverse climatic conditions. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: LIVESTOCK Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A36 Vanuatu commits to promote ‘No Regrets Development’ such that livestock related directives and strategies will not contribute to further climate change impacts or environmental degradation but rather facilitate adaptation, risk reduction and environmental integrity.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: LIVESTOCK Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A36 Vanuatu commits to promote ‘No Regrets Development’ such that livestock related directives and strategies will not contribute to further climate change impacts or environmental degradation but rather facilitate adaptation, risk reduction and environmental integrity. National Livestock Policy A37 Vanuatu commits to maintain a good balance between livestock farming and effective environmental management, including keeping farmers well informed about climate risk measures they may employ related to cyclones or ENSO events. National Livestock Policy © Stuart Chape14 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 WATER Vanuatu recognises that Climate Change vulnerability significantly impacts the safety, security and availability of water; and so aims to strengthen coordination with other sectors and partners to understand, predict, design and invest to secure Vanuatu’s water future. Currently, limited freshwater is available due to small water catchments.', 'Currently, limited freshwater is available due to small water catchments. Some of the most profound impacts of climate variability and change will be felt in the water sector, particularly in water scarce areas and small islands that depend entirely on rainwater. In Vanuatu, both ground and surface water are used for domestic purposes. In urban areas the main water source is shallow aquifers whereas in rural areas various sources are used such as bores, wells, springs, rivers and rainwater catchments. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: WATER Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A38 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that all people have reliable access to safe drinking water.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: WATER Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A38 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that all people have reliable access to safe drinking water. NSDP M&E Framework A39 Vanuatu commits to strengthened climate risk management through mapping water resources (ground, surface, rain) and increase storage, giving priority to rain / ground water for drinking and surface water for agriculture and industry. National Water Policy A40 Vanuatu commits to improved climate preparedness, response and recovery for the water sector: building on local knowledge to improve the protection of water supplies, strengthen response through improved data management and sharing knowledge to build back better after climate loss and damage events.', 'National Water Policy A40 Vanuatu commits to improved climate preparedness, response and recovery for the water sector: building on local knowledge to improve the protection of water supplies, strengthen response through improved data management and sharing knowledge to build back better after climate loss and damage events. National Water Policy A41 Vanuatu commits to protect climate-vulnerable watersheds, catchments and freshwater resources, including community water sources (NSDP ENV 4.2), ensuring the declaration of 6 Water Protection Zones by 2030 (NDC Adaptation Target Wa2 & NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 4.2.1). NDC Adaptation Targets A42 Vanuatu commits that 60% of communities in the six provinces have developed drinking Water Safety and Security Plans (DWSSPs).', 'NDC Adaptation Targets A42 Vanuatu commits that 60% of communities in the six provinces have developed drinking Water Safety and Security Plans (DWSSPs). NDC Adaptation TargetsVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 HEALTH Vanuatu, like other countries in the region, faces a “triple health burden”: communicable diseases such as dengue, combined with increasing rates of non-communicable diseases and the effects of climate change. Vanuatu is vulnerable to climate change natural disasters which create public health emergencies, such as water and food contamination and other emerging diseases. Climate change related events will continue to threaten Vanuatu with the potential to impact on health service planning and delivery.', 'Climate change related events will continue to threaten Vanuatu with the potential to impact on health service planning and delivery. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: HEALTH Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A43 Vanuatu commits to implement programmes that create, promote and protect a better environment and hygienic conditions to improve health, climate resilience, and wellbeing of the people of Vanuatu. Ministry of Health Policy A44 Vanuatu commits to establish an Environmental Health Authority that will develop standards for all Vanuatu in the areas of clinical waste, food, water, solid waste management, housing, pollution, sanitation and port health. Ministry of Health Policy A45 Vanuatu commits to develop and refine public health emergency procedures.', 'Ministry of Health Policy A45 Vanuatu commits to develop and refine public health emergency procedures. Environmental Health Policy A46 Vanuatu commits to ensure that climate displaced people, people at risk of displacement, internal migrants, people living in informal settlements, communities relocating to new locations and host communities, have continued access to basic health and medical services, including post- sexual assault treatment and care relating to sexual and reproductive health and chronic illness, as well as nutrition advice and information. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy16 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ENVIRONMENT The key challenge facing Vanuatu in the context of environmental management and development planning is climate change. Vanuatu’s diverse ecosystems are being threatened by climate change as are the livelihoods and wellbeing of the ni-Vanuatu people who rely on them for income and food.', 'Vanuatu’s diverse ecosystems are being threatened by climate change as are the livelihoods and wellbeing of the ni-Vanuatu people who rely on them for income and food. Ecosystems provide cost- effective adaptation services, and effective natural resource management can minimise the risks of climate change and disasters while enhancing livelihoods resilience. Vanuatu’s environmental goals include climate resilience and nature-based solutions to achieve a strong and resilient nation in the face of climate change and disaster risks. The focus of Vanuatu’s conservation efforts is on the needs and interests of people, including resilience to climate change. Climate change related loss of biodiversity affects the livelihoods of rural and urban populations.', 'Climate change related loss of biodiversity affects the livelihoods of rural and urban populations. In Vanuatu, biodiversity is our food, our culture, our tradition, our money, our medicine, our shelter, our fresh air (oxygen), our firewood, our coastline stabiliser, our protector against storm surge, protector of our freshwater systems, our carbon sequestration sink and our ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change. Our biodiversity is vital for our survival. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: ENVIRONMENT Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A47 Vanuatu commits to prioritising development actions that minimise threats and incorporates climate solutions from the ‘ridge to the reef’ of island communities (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), by strengthening local authorities and municipal planning authorities to enact and enforce land use planning laws and regulations (NEPIP PO2.2).', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: ENVIRONMENT Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A47 Vanuatu commits to prioritising development actions that minimise threats and incorporates climate solutions from the ‘ridge to the reef’ of island communities (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), by strengthening local authorities and municipal planning authorities to enact and enforce land use planning laws and regulations (NEPIP PO2.2). National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A48 Vanuatu commits to prioritising adaptation and risk reduction actions that build on, incorporate and protect taboos and conservation areas (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), including by officially registered 20 Community Conservation Areas (CCAs) by 2030 (NEPIP 1.2.1). National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A49 Vanuatu commits to identifying and minimising negative impacts on the environment from proposed adaptation and risk reduction activities (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), ensuring that 90% of development projects comply with EIA requirements by 2030 (NEPIP 1.5.5).', 'National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A49 Vanuatu commits to identifying and minimising negative impacts on the environment from proposed adaptation and risk reduction activities (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), ensuring that 90% of development projects comply with EIA requirements by 2030 (NEPIP 1.5.5). National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A50 Vanuatu commits to quantifying the value and benefit of ecosystem services for resilience and building this into planning and budgeting (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), including adding questions about ecosystem services in national surveys (NEPIP 5.1.12). National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A51 Vanuatu commits to developing advocacy and educational programmes around the value of ecosystem-based adaptation (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), including at least one model school in each province implementing environmental resilience programmes by 2030 (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 5.5.1).', 'National Environment Policy, CCDRR Policy NEPIP CCDRR A51 Vanuatu commits to developing advocacy and educational programmes around the value of ecosystem-based adaptation (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.5), including at least one model school in each province implementing environmental resilience programmes by 2030 (NSDP SMART Indicator ENV 5.5.1). CCDRR Policy A52 Vanuatu commits to conserve at least 17% of important biodiversity areas, at least 30% of natural forest, at least 10% of wetland areas, and 10% of marine areas through effective community and government management measures by 2030. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action PlanVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 OCEANS Vanuatu is a Big Ocean State. Planning and management for use of marine resources, particularly living marine resources, must be able to respond to considerable climate uncertainty.', 'Planning and management for use of marine resources, particularly living marine resources, must be able to respond to considerable climate uncertainty. Beyond planning for uncertainty, understanding the impacts and effects of climate change and other stressors, such as cyclones, coastal flooding, is also key to maintaining a healthy environment. This will influence how we use and value our coasts and seas both now and in the future. Adaptation of management, including in the marine environment, is necessary to deal with the potential impacts of these changes, many of which are already in train. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: OCEANS Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A53 Vanuatu commits to manage increasing climate risk of the whole marine area through the incorporation of appropriate adaptation and resilience-building strategies into sustainable development, conservation and governance actions at all levels.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: OCEANS Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A53 Vanuatu commits to manage increasing climate risk of the whole marine area through the incorporation of appropriate adaptation and resilience-building strategies into sustainable development, conservation and governance actions at all levels. Vanuatu Oceans Policy A54 Vanuatu commits to adopt and implement National Disaster Prevention and Response Plans in relation to risk management in marine and coastal areas, accompanied by protection programmes (re-housing, protection and adaptation) for communities settled in high-risk areas on the coasts. Vanuatu Oceans Policy A55 Vanuatu commits to protect naturally resistant or resilient areas including coral reefs that still have high coral cover and mangroves and coastal wetlands which can migrate inland. Vanuatu Oceans Policy A56 Vanuatu commits to Integrate uncertainty into marine protected area planning, management and evaluation, for example, by replicating protection across space.', 'Vanuatu Oceans Policy A56 Vanuatu commits to Integrate uncertainty into marine protected area planning, management and evaluation, for example, by replicating protection across space. Vanuatu Oceans Policy A57 Vanuatu commits to establish controls on the removal of beach sediment that contributes to coastal erosion and loss of protection. Vanuatu Oceans Policy A58 Vanuatu commits to apply adaptive management in coastal and marine areas, including working with traditional leaders, when implementing this policy. Vanuatu Oceans Policy18 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 WASTE Vanuatu has uniquely fragile marine, aquatic and terrestrial resources due to its size, lack of natural storage, competing land uses and vulnerability to climate change. Pollution due to settlements and other developments can have a significant impact on public health, quality of life, the environment and on economic development.', 'Pollution due to settlements and other developments can have a significant impact on public health, quality of life, the environment and on economic development. The main types of pollutants threatening Vanuatu include increased loads of nutrients, sediments and pesticides in sewage and storm water runoff and in agricultural runoff. Climate change is putting further pressure on natural resources, threatening the long-term viability of communities and islands. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: WASTE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A59 Vanuatu commits to developing, for all 6 provincial governments, a Waste Management Plan by 2030. National Waste Management & Pollution Control Strategy A60 Vanuatu commits to ensuring at least two pollution guidelines/standards are in force by 2030. National Waste Management & Pollution Control Strategy A61 Vanuatu commits to Develop and deliver Training of Trainers (TOT) programme on waste management, pollution control and clean production.', 'National Waste Management & Pollution Control Strategy A61 Vanuatu commits to Develop and deliver Training of Trainers (TOT) programme on waste management, pollution control and clean production. National Waste Management & Pollution Control Strategy A62 Vanuatu commits to develop and implement a waste minimisation plan (Including 3Rs, composting, characterisation, source separation) by 2030. National Waste Management & Pollution Control Strategy A63 Vanuatu commits to approving and installing at least 1 waste treatment and storage facility in each province. National Waste Management & Pollution Control StrategyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Increasing access to ICTs for Vanuatu citizens is transforming government services and public administration, as well as supercharging advances in the socio-economic development of the nation and its resilience to climate change.', 'National Waste Management & Pollution Control StrategyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) Increasing access to ICTs for Vanuatu citizens is transforming government services and public administration, as well as supercharging advances in the socio-economic development of the nation and its resilience to climate change. While there are risks and downsides of the increased use of and dependence on ICTs, the country is working to empower users with tools and services, and enhancing relevance of ICTs by promoting the availability of local content and through capacity building programmes. ICTs unleash creative collaborations and climate-focused actions of various public and private entities, academia, civil society and the public in general, especially through online platforms for multi-stakeholder and multi-sector coordination and collaboration.', 'ICTs unleash creative collaborations and climate-focused actions of various public and private entities, academia, civil society and the public in general, especially through online platforms for multi-stakeholder and multi-sector coordination and collaboration. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: ICT Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A64 Vanuatu commits to using ICTs in climate change mitigation and adaptation, ensuring that GoV planning and response agencies shall have potential to have free access to public and private network infrastructure and resources.20 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 INFRASTRUCTURE Infrastructure is the foundation for climate resilient development in urban and rural areas, operating industries and commerce, improving living standards, delivering community services and driving economic growth. Vanuatu has made substantial progress in providing infrastructure, and planning for further investment is underway in individual sub-sectors.', 'Vanuatu has made substantial progress in providing infrastructure, and planning for further investment is underway in individual sub-sectors. However, the current stock of Government of Vanuatu (GoV) supported infrastructure assets remains compromised by climate change, despite recent climate proofing efforts, due primarily to inadequate resources for operation and maintenance once they are deployed. As climate extremes become more intense and change in frequency, there are ever more critical challenges for developing public infrastructure in Vanuatu, particularly in remote outer islands. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: INFRASTRUCTURE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A65 Vanuatu commits to provide infrastructure services that contribute to inclusive (broad- based and gender-balanced) economic growth, human development, and poverty reduction, with increasing resilience to climate risks.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: INFRASTRUCTURE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A65 Vanuatu commits to provide infrastructure services that contribute to inclusive (broad- based and gender-balanced) economic growth, human development, and poverty reduction, with increasing resilience to climate risks. Vanuatu Infrastructure Strategy and Implementation Plan A66 Vanuatu commits to assessing, for all new government infrastructure investments, the “Resilience of Project Assets to Climate Change and Natural Disaster Risk”, and build to high climate change and disaster risk reduction standards, with backup, failover, low vulnerability location, etc.', 'Vanuatu Infrastructure Strategy and Implementation Plan A66 Vanuatu commits to assessing, for all new government infrastructure investments, the “Resilience of Project Assets to Climate Change and Natural Disaster Risk”, and build to high climate change and disaster risk reduction standards, with backup, failover, low vulnerability location, etc. Vanuatu Infrastructure Strategy and Implementation Plan pp 110 and A67 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that the design and construction of public and other major infrastructure and development projects consider current and projected risks to minimise loss and damage, especially by developing and adhering to climate-proofed building codes, environmental impact assessments, regulations and development guidelines.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Planning for disaster risk reduction and climate change resilience must include persons with disabilities at the national, provincial and community levels. Evidence from Vanuatu indicates that persons with disabilities experience greater risk in a disaster.', 'Evidence from Vanuatu indicates that persons with disabilities experience greater risk in a disaster. They are less likely to evacuate safely and without injury due to a lack of accessible information regarding evacuation processes, and limited availability of accessible evacuation shelters. Persons with disabilities are not always included adequately in community or national disaster risk reduction planning and response processes or structures such as Community Disaster and Climate Change Committees, and Clusters. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A68 Vanuatu commits to support mainstreaming of the rights of persons with disabilities in all policies, plans and programmes across the climate change sector. Vanuatu Disability and Inclusive Development Policy A69 Vanuatu commits to work with persons with disabilities to identify barriers to climate change initiatives.', 'Vanuatu Disability and Inclusive Development Policy A69 Vanuatu commits to work with persons with disabilities to identify barriers to climate change initiatives. Vanuatu Disability and Inclusive Development Policy A70 Vanuatu commits to strengthen the inclusion of organisations of persons with disabilities in national climate decision-making process involving planning and programme implementation which directly and indirectly affects their lives. Vanuatu Disability and Inclusive Development Policy22 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Climate vulnerability and its consequences not only reflect existing gender inequality, they also reinforce and exacerbate socially constructed relations of power, norms, and practices that constrain progress toward gender equality in Vanuatu.', 'Vanuatu Disability and Inclusive Development Policy22 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Climate vulnerability and its consequences not only reflect existing gender inequality, they also reinforce and exacerbate socially constructed relations of power, norms, and practices that constrain progress toward gender equality in Vanuatu. This includes culturally influenced gender roles and responsibilities that confine women’s activities and mobility to the home; traditions that limit women’s access to natural, financial, and social capital, and thus their ability to cope with climate shocks and to adapt to climate change; and norms that inhibit women’s ability to access information, knowledge, skills, and capacity building that could be lifesaving during and after a weather-related disaster.', 'This includes culturally influenced gender roles and responsibilities that confine women’s activities and mobility to the home; traditions that limit women’s access to natural, financial, and social capital, and thus their ability to cope with climate shocks and to adapt to climate change; and norms that inhibit women’s ability to access information, knowledge, skills, and capacity building that could be lifesaving during and after a weather-related disaster. As a result, women and girls in Vanuatu experience heightened social, economic, and health impacts of climate change. More women than men (49% and 41% respectively) are involved in the subsistence economy in Vanuatu, which makes them more susceptible to climate change, disasters and other livelihood stresses.', 'More women than men (49% and 41% respectively) are involved in the subsistence economy in Vanuatu, which makes them more susceptible to climate change, disasters and other livelihood stresses. When age is added to considerations of gender - that is, if the focus is specifically on girls - there is another layer of vulnerability and impact through which climate change intersects. After climate events, adolescent girls are at additional risk of being pulled out of school to help alleviate extra domestic burdens, like fetching water, that are shouldered by women in households under climate-related stress. Leaving school also makes girls less likely to be informed about climate change and further increases their vulnerability.', 'Leaving school also makes girls less likely to be informed about climate change and further increases their vulnerability. Such circumstances put into play the early onset of key life transitions, including early pregnancy, that function to direct girls into a cycle of intergenerational poverty, vulnerability, and marginalisation. Despite the potential for exacerbated vulnerability, women and girls are highly impactful agents of change in Vanuatu, holding important traditional decision-making roles in their families, communities and schools. Women and girls have unique abilities as drivers of solutions when they are empowered, as men and women have different coping mechanisms, capacities and experiences in the face of climate change.', 'Women and girls have unique abilities as drivers of solutions when they are empowered, as men and women have different coping mechanisms, capacities and experiences in the face of climate change. Women and girls play an important role in climate change adaptation and mitigation because of their roles in core climate change sectors: agriculture, livestock management, energy, disaster risk reduction (DRR), forestry, water management and health. Increasingly, women are entering, but still under-represented in, renewable energy and mitigation activities in Vanuatu. Women’s local and environmental knowledge and survival strategies are major ingredients for recovery and resilience.', 'Women’s local and environmental knowledge and survival strategies are major ingredients for recovery and resilience. Based on the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is evident that people who are already most vulnerable and marginalised will experience the greatest impacts of climate change. The lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual and ally (LGBTQIA+) community is one such group, which, because of its social vulnerability, is a hidden victim of climate change to a wide extent. LGBTQIA+ individuals are uniquely vulnerable to exclusion, violence and exploitation because of the cumulative impacts of social stigma, discrimination and hatred. The social stigma around the LGBTQIA+ community also makes several social opportunities and infrastructure unavailable to them.', 'The social stigma around the LGBTQIA+ community also makes several social opportunities and infrastructure unavailable to them. The roots of climate change are tied with the roots of multiple oppressions.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: GENDER AND SOCIAL INCLUSION Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A71 Vanuatu commits to upholding gender equity and responsiveness when implementing climate action and planning for durable solutions that are responsive to the different risks and needs of all people, including women and girls, men, and children. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy A72 Vanuatu aims to ensure that all people are empowered agents of change and thus included in climate action planning and have equal opportunities to lead community-driven mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage response processes.', 'Disaster Induced Displacement Policy A72 Vanuatu aims to ensure that all people are empowered agents of change and thus included in climate action planning and have equal opportunities to lead community-driven mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage response processes. CCDRR Policy A73 Vanuatu commits to adhering to best-practice monitoring, evaluation and learning processes in its climate change programming that receive endorsement from the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction including promoting the use of gender analysis, sex-disaggregated data, and gender indicators. CCDRR Policy A74 Vanuatu commits to strengthen gender responsiveness of climate change and disaster institutions and decision-making processes. National Gender Equality Policy A75 Vanuatu commits to recognising diversity among women and girls in Vanuatu and their varied abilities, aspirations, circumstances and vulnerabilities, including women and girls with disabilities, widows, women-headed households, adolescent girls and elderly women.', 'National Gender Equality Policy A75 Vanuatu commits to recognising diversity among women and girls in Vanuatu and their varied abilities, aspirations, circumstances and vulnerabilities, including women and girls with disabilities, widows, women-headed households, adolescent girls and elderly women. National Gender Equality Policy A76 Vanuatu commits to implementing women- led initiatives that contribute towards climate adaptation. National Gender Equality Policy A77 Vanuatu commits to enhancing coordination between the Gender Protection Cluster and national, provincial, municipal and community disaster and climate change committees and governance bodies. National Gender Equality Policy A78 Vanuatu commits to implementing Vanuatu’s international and regional commitments to gender equality, human rights and climate change. National Gender Equality Policy24 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE JUSTICE Climate change can and does have differing social, economic, public health, and other adverse impacts on underprivileged populations.', 'National Gender Equality Policy24 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE JUSTICE Climate change can and does have differing social, economic, public health, and other adverse impacts on underprivileged populations. Global warming is an ethical and political issue, not purely environmental or physical in nature. In Vanuatu, the government recognises the need to relate the causes and effects of climate change to concepts of environmental justice and social justice. There are real concerns about the inequitable outcomes for different people and places associated with vulnerability to climate impacts, loss and damage. Climate change is fundamentally an issue of human rights that connects the local to national to the global, with those who are most affected having contributed least to climate change.', 'Climate change is fundamentally an issue of human rights that connects the local to national to the global, with those who are most affected having contributed least to climate change. Climate change is one of the greatest threats to human rights of our generation, posing a serious risk to the fundamental rights to life, health, food and an adequate standard of living of individuals and communities across Vanuatu. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE JUSTICE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A79 Vanuatu commits to make climate justice a part of the mandate of government programming, including directing line agencies to develop programmes, policies, and activities to address the disproportionate health, environmental, economic, cultural and social impacts of climate change on disadvantaged communities and individuals.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: HUMAN RIGHTS AND CLIMATE JUSTICE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A79 Vanuatu commits to make climate justice a part of the mandate of government programming, including directing line agencies to develop programmes, policies, and activities to address the disproportionate health, environmental, economic, cultural and social impacts of climate change on disadvantaged communities and individuals. Climate Diplomacy Strategy A80 Vanuatu commits to calling for the UN General Assembly to adopt a resolution requesting the International Court of Justice to provide an Advisory Opinion on the obligations of states under international law to protect the rights of present and future generations against the adverse effects of climate change.', 'Climate Diplomacy Strategy A80 Vanuatu commits to calling for the UN General Assembly to adopt a resolution requesting the International Court of Justice to provide an Advisory Opinion on the obligations of states under international law to protect the rights of present and future generations against the adverse effects of climate change. Climate Diplomacy StrategyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Vanuatu’s hundreds of unique indigenous cultures manage livelihood risks in a changing climate with traditional knowledge and solutions that deserve greater attention and consideration within national and global climate action arenas. Vanuatu’s indigenous peoples’ traditional ecological knowledge is based on a life lived in marginal and challenging environments, already implementing mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage strategies as part of traditional natural resources management.', 'Vanuatu’s indigenous peoples’ traditional ecological knowledge is based on a life lived in marginal and challenging environments, already implementing mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage strategies as part of traditional natural resources management. Climate induced loss and damage threatens the survival of this traditional knowledge, and destroys records relating to personal identification, ownership of assets and land. Traditional knowledge is the practices, systems, skills and “know-how” developed by a community and passed on from one generation to another, forming part of the spiritual and cultural identity of the group.', 'Traditional knowledge is the practices, systems, skills and “know-how” developed by a community and passed on from one generation to another, forming part of the spiritual and cultural identity of the group. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A81 Vanuatu commits to build on and share existing traditional knowledge and expand its use by collecting, recording and incorporating climate- relevant traditional knowledge into planning, decision-making, and school curricula, while ensuring appropriate cultural protocols are respected. A82 Vanuatu commits to preserve and enhance cultural and traditional knowledge (NSDP SOC 1.2) including appropriate climate adaptation and resilience practices relating to land tenure, agriculture, climate, biodiversity, music, weaving, dance and ceremonial rites that may enhance the cultural resilience of communities facing climate impacts.', 'A82 Vanuatu commits to preserve and enhance cultural and traditional knowledge (NSDP SOC 1.2) including appropriate climate adaptation and resilience practices relating to land tenure, agriculture, climate, biodiversity, music, weaving, dance and ceremonial rites that may enhance the cultural resilience of communities facing climate impacts. A83 Vanuatu commits to map traditional knowledge of communities at risk of displacement and investigate ways for traditional knowledge to be used in adaptation efforts. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy A84 Vanuatu commits to bridging the gap between traditional and scientific knowledge to make contributions from indigenous peoples to climate action more visible. Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services26 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 YOUTH Children and future generations are bearing, and will continue to bear, the brunt of the impact on a polluted, degraded planet.', 'Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services26 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 YOUTH Children and future generations are bearing, and will continue to bear, the brunt of the impact on a polluted, degraded planet. Climate change and its effects on ni-Vanuatu youth is fast becoming a critical issue. Some of the leading killers of children worldwide are highly sensitive to climate change. Higher temperatures have been linked to increased rates of malnutrition, cholera, diarrhoeal disease and vector-borne diseases like dengue and malaria. Children’s underdeveloped immune systems put them at far greater risk of contracting these diseases and succumbing to their complications. Additionally, the loss of a parent or home due to a climate change-induced natural disaster certainly changes a child’s world but it also can jeopardise their development.', 'Additionally, the loss of a parent or home due to a climate change-induced natural disaster certainly changes a child’s world but it also can jeopardise their development. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: YOUTH Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A85 Vanuatu commits that every child, regardless of climate and disaster circumstances, must be able to access the education system. Child Protection Policy A86 Vanuatu commits that 100% of schools incorporate climate risk management activities in their School Implementation Plans by 2030. Vanuatu Education Training Sector Strategic Plan A87 Vanuatu commits to reduce gaps in relation to climate disaster responsiveness of school facilities. Vanuatu Education Training Sector Strategic Plan A88 Vanuatu commits to enable youth to play active leadership roles in adapting to climate change, including promote programmes and projects that create awareness, skills and capacities among youth on climate action.', 'Vanuatu Education Training Sector Strategic Plan A88 Vanuatu commits to enable youth to play active leadership roles in adapting to climate change, including promote programmes and projects that create awareness, skills and capacities among youth on climate action. National Youth Development Policy A89 Vanuatu commits to introduce concepts of sustainable development in regard to issues involving climate change and the environment at the primary level. Education Policy StatementVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 COLLABORATION Climate adaptation action in Vanuatu can only be met if we work together. International investment, action and support are critically needed to ensure innovative and resilient development. Putting this NDC into effect will necessitate a transformative shift from business as usual.', 'Putting this NDC into effect will necessitate a transformative shift from business as usual. Working through a whole of government approach across the three pillars of sustainable development will need a renewed focus on building and strengthening institutional capacity. It also requires strong coordination of the partnerships with business, civil society, development agencies and donors, aligning their contributions to our national climate priorities and ensuring programme delivery takes place through national systems. To build a better and more resilient Vanuatu, we need to be supportive, empathetic, inventive, passionate and, above all, cooperative.', 'To build a better and more resilient Vanuatu, we need to be supportive, empathetic, inventive, passionate and, above all, cooperative. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: COLLABORATION Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A90 Vanuatu commits to continue meaningful consultation with actors outside of government, including the private sector and civil society, as an important element in the analysis, context-setting and identification of partners for climate actions. Civil society organisations (CSOs), non-government organisations (NGOs) and community- based organisations (CBOs) are important actors at subnational and community levels, particularly for ensuring the integration of climate action at the local level, and with women, girls, youth, children, indigenous minorities, the elderly and people with disabilities.', 'Civil society organisations (CSOs), non-government organisations (NGOs) and community- based organisations (CBOs) are important actors at subnational and community levels, particularly for ensuring the integration of climate action at the local level, and with women, girls, youth, children, indigenous minorities, the elderly and people with disabilities. CCDRR Policy A91 Vanuatu commits to strengthen its climate action and planning consultation processes, building on the current multi-sector National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction and its founding principle of inclusive collaboration. CCDRR Policy A92 Vanuatu commits to minimising top-down methods of resolving climate adaptation and loss and damage challenges, and instead prioritises community-led approaches to increase participation and ensure all people are given choices and making decisions about options without coercion.', 'CCDRR Policy A92 Vanuatu commits to minimising top-down methods of resolving climate adaptation and loss and damage challenges, and instead prioritises community-led approaches to increase participation and ensure all people are given choices and making decisions about options without coercion. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy28 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 DECENTRALISATION Decentralisation brings government closer to the people by providing citizens with greater control over decision-making processes and allowing their direct participation in public service delivery. Urban areas on several islands are growing rapidly, and thus hold the key to successful national emission reduction and development of adaptative capacities. Vanuatu’s urban and peri-urban residents are increasingly vulnerable to multiple climate change risks and these risks are especially critical for the urban poor and marginalised populations.', 'Vanuatu’s urban and peri-urban residents are increasingly vulnerable to multiple climate change risks and these risks are especially critical for the urban poor and marginalised populations. There is a need to 1) devolve decision-making authority, functions and resources for more effective delivery of climate related services; 2) design and implement mechanisms to ensure a “bottom up” flow of integrated and resilient development planning and budgeting from the Area Councils (ACs) to the National Government, and 3) enhance political and administrative authority in order to effectively and efficiently deliver climate action and services to the grassroots level.', 'There is a need to 1) devolve decision-making authority, functions and resources for more effective delivery of climate related services; 2) design and implement mechanisms to ensure a “bottom up” flow of integrated and resilient development planning and budgeting from the Area Councils (ACs) to the National Government, and 3) enhance political and administrative authority in order to effectively and efficiently deliver climate action and services to the grassroots level. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: DECENTRALISATION Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A93 Vanuatu commits to strengthen provincial and area level coordination for implementation, in line with the Decentralisation Plan, such that Provincial and Community Climate Change Committees take a lead role in responding to climate concerns at the local level.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: DECENTRALISATION Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A93 Vanuatu commits to strengthen provincial and area level coordination for implementation, in line with the Decentralisation Plan, such that Provincial and Community Climate Change Committees take a lead role in responding to climate concerns at the local level. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy A94 Vanuatu commits, by expanding decentralisation processes and renewed focus on municipal development, to boost urban-rural resource efficiency and build on municipality, ward and area council’s ambitious climate and resilience plans. Decentralisation Policy A95 Vanuatu commits to produce and supply detailed land use capability maps and supporting information to rural authorities (including provincial councils) that shall include information on climate risks and hazard. Vanuatu Land Use Planning PolicyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 GOVERNANCE Strategic frameworks and institutional structures can deliver effective climate change initiatives in a coordinated, integrated and complementary manner.', 'Vanuatu Land Use Planning PolicyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 GOVERNANCE Strategic frameworks and institutional structures can deliver effective climate change initiatives in a coordinated, integrated and complementary manner. The vulnerability of ni-Vanuatu communities to climate change impacts highlights important human dimensions of risk management. Effective governance is vital to ensure accountable decision-making and responsible use of resources. Elements of good governance include strong institutions, transparent processes, robust financial management, and participation from various societal groups.', 'Elements of good governance include strong institutions, transparent processes, robust financial management, and participation from various societal groups. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: GOVERNANCE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A96 Vanuatu commits to further mainstreaming climate governance roles and responsibilities across the whole of government, including by strengthening the multi-agency National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR Policy 7.1.1), and catalysing institutional change by establishing focal points and resilience units within diverse ministries and departments to decentralise and broaden climate action (CCDRR policy pp5). CCDRR Policy A97 Vanuatu commits to integrating and harmonising climate change requirements into sectoral legislation and policies.', 'CCDRR Policy A97 Vanuatu commits to integrating and harmonising climate change requirements into sectoral legislation and policies. CCDRR Policy A98 Vanuatu commits to broaden its climate resilient development and policymaking beyond a focus on economic growth, by expanding the use of a culturally relevant and comprehensive set of indicators for use in tracking progress towards achieving sustainable development and climate action goals.30 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 CLIMATE POLICY AND PLANS The National Policy on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction 2016-2030, provides the framework to ensure that our communities, environment and economy are resilient to the impacts of climate change and disaster risks. The policy ensures that risks are identified, assessed, reduced and managed.', 'The policy ensures that risks are identified, assessed, reduced and managed. It was formulated following a risk governance assessment to analyse Vanuatu’s climate change and disaster risk governance capacity and needs at both national and local levels. The policy applies six principles: 1) accountability, 2) sustainability, 3) equity, 4) community focus, 5) collaboration, and 6) innovation. It aims to be implemented by all Government agencies and non-Governmental stakeholders. The policy takes a practical approach regarding Vanuatu’s resources, exposure to risks, and demographic situation. It seeks to strengthen existing capacity at national, provincial and area council levels, drawing on the country’s rich heritage, traditional knowledge, and the lessons learned from the broad range of initiatives regarding climate change and disaster risk reduction.', 'It seeks to strengthen existing capacity at national, provincial and area council levels, drawing on the country’s rich heritage, traditional knowledge, and the lessons learned from the broad range of initiatives regarding climate change and disaster risk reduction. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: CLIMATE POLICY AND PLANS Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A99 Vanuatu commits to, as soon as possible, commence the process to develop a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) and complete it by the end of 2025. CCDRR Policy A100 Vanuatu commits to, as soon as possible, commence the process to develop an Adaptation Communication, which will also include information on limits to adaptation resulting in Loss and Damage, and submit it to the UNFCCC by the end of 2025.', 'CCDRR Policy A100 Vanuatu commits to, as soon as possible, commence the process to develop an Adaptation Communication, which will also include information on limits to adaptation resulting in Loss and Damage, and submit it to the UNFCCC by the end of 2025. CCDRR PolicyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES Meteorology and climate services must reach all end-users, and play a central role in effectively helping people manage and adapt to climate variability and change in Vanuatu. The production and dissemination of climate data and information, an integral part of what can be referred to as a Climate Early Warning System (CLEWS), are an essential part of Vanuatu’s adaptation strategy.', 'The production and dissemination of climate data and information, an integral part of what can be referred to as a Climate Early Warning System (CLEWS), are an essential part of Vanuatu’s adaptation strategy. The goal of Vanuatu’s CLEWS is for it to be integrated with other hazard warnings as a Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for the benefit of all ni-Vanuatu society. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATE INFORMATION SERVICES Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A101 Vanuatu commits to tailor climate information so that it best meets the needs of Provincial Government and directly informs their climate action and response plans. Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services A102 Vanuatu commits to work with key sectors and Provincial Government to develop tailored Climate Watches accompanied by actions that are tailored to the capacity of the end-user and incorporate traditional knowledge where appropriate.', 'Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services A102 Vanuatu commits to work with key sectors and Provincial Government to develop tailored Climate Watches accompanied by actions that are tailored to the capacity of the end-user and incorporate traditional knowledge where appropriate. Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services A103 Vanuatu commits to improve its Climate Early Warning System (CLEWS), with tailored climate bulletins issued to specific end-users and incorporating mobile phone apps. Vanuatu Framework for Climate Services32 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 TOURISM Vanuatu is the 8th most tourism dependant country in the world, and is seeking to address its dependencies on tourism while supporting its people to stay strong and resilient in the face of future challenges. Sustainable tourism relies on the actions of people, cooperation between the public and private sector and consideration of rural communities.', 'Sustainable tourism relies on the actions of people, cooperation between the public and private sector and consideration of rural communities. Therefore, increasing rural involvement in the tourism industry is prioritised through enhancing quality of services and improving infrastructure in rural areas, increasing sustainable local and foreign investment partnerships, diversification through agritourism and providing better access and marketing of all provinces. Tourism contributions to the economy are significant and the continued integration into the overall economy (both urban and rural) is critical to continued economic growth. ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: TOURISM Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A104 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that tourism planning will encourage climate change adaptation strategies for the development, siting, design, and management of facilities as well as consider how tourism sites contribute to the sustainability and resilience of Vanuatu.', 'ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: TOURISM Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A104 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that tourism planning will encourage climate change adaptation strategies for the development, siting, design, and management of facilities as well as consider how tourism sites contribute to the sustainability and resilience of Vanuatu. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A105 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that the tourism industry stakeholders are aware of climate-related risks and actively engage in climate change adaptation strategies. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A106 Vanuatu commits to undertaking an inventory of all significant environmental and cultural resources are listed in provincial tourism plans, and placing restrictions on types of development in these areas, including sites that pose or exacerbate a climate change risk or exposure. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A107 Vanuatu commits to undertaking Preliminary Social and Environmental Impact Assessments on all tourism development applications that integrate climate change adaptation strategies.', 'Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A107 Vanuatu commits to undertaking Preliminary Social and Environmental Impact Assessments on all tourism development applications that integrate climate change adaptation strategies. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A108 Vanuatu commits to implanting internationally recognised Sustainability Standards and Certification programmes to demonstrate leadership in climate-sensitive green growth. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A109 Vanuatu commits to tasking a National Tourism Committee with managing the tourism industry’s activities in relation to climate change adaptation and resilience strategies. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A110 Vanuatu commits to community-based adaptation projects developed through partnerships between tourism operators and tourism dependent communities to reduce vulnerabilities to climate change. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A111 Vanuatu commits to tourism product diversification, underpinned by training and capacity building in rural areas, to enhance the resilience of rural populations.', 'Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A111 Vanuatu commits to tourism product diversification, underpinned by training and capacity building in rural areas, to enhance the resilience of rural populations. Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy A112 Vanuatu commits to filling climate technology gaps in the agriculture sector, especially related to crop diversification and new varieties, agroforestry and Farmer Field Schools, as well as the water sector, especially related to rainwater harvesting from roof tops, Water Safety Plans and Flood Hazard Mapping. Technology Needs AssessmentVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 FINANCE With hardly any global carbon budget left, there can be no delay in action.', 'Technology Needs AssessmentVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 FINANCE With hardly any global carbon budget left, there can be no delay in action. Transformational action on emissions reduction must occur as fast as possible in rich countries, followed by unprecedented rapid reduction rates in low emission countries like Vanuatu – enabled by significantly enhanced finance and support from richer countries for climate mitigation, resilience building, adaptation and Loss and Damage provisions. As developing countries like Vanuatu have contributed little to present day emission levels, the Paris Agreement clearly articulates the role developed countries play in efforts to both reducing emissions and supporting the mitigation and adaptation efforts of developing countries.', 'As developing countries like Vanuatu have contributed little to present day emission levels, the Paris Agreement clearly articulates the role developed countries play in efforts to both reducing emissions and supporting the mitigation and adaptation efforts of developing countries. As such, many of Vanuatu’s most ambitious commitments are conditional upon receiving international support (finance, technology transfer and capacity building). ADAPTATION PRIORITY AREA: FINANCE Commitment Sector Policy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD A113 Vanuatu commits to identifying innovative sustainable financing mechanisms to support the establishment and management of ecosystem-based climate adaptation in Vanuatu. These may include initiatives such as a green tax, tax benefit systems, establishment of trusts or endowment funds (NBSAP CA3.2), payment of ecosystem services (NBSAP FIW2.4) and exploring options for a climate change and disaster risk reduction insurance or risk sharing scheme (CCDRR Policy 7.1.1).', 'These may include initiatives such as a green tax, tax benefit systems, establishment of trusts or endowment funds (NBSAP CA3.2), payment of ecosystem services (NBSAP FIW2.4) and exploring options for a climate change and disaster risk reduction insurance or risk sharing scheme (CCDRR Policy 7.1.1). National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, CCDRR Policy NBSAP NBSAP CCDRR A114 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that adequate resourcing is available for climate change and disaster risk reduction activities, building financial capacity to manage resources, and enabling access to increased international funding. CCDRR Policy A115 Vanuatu commits to obtaining National Implementing Entity accreditation from the major climate change funds, including by meeting fiduciary standards and making measurable improvements in climate change and disaster risk reduction budgeting, financial statements, reporting, audit processes, procurement practices, project management, and transparency policies (CCDRR Policy 7.2.2).', 'CCDRR Policy A115 Vanuatu commits to obtaining National Implementing Entity accreditation from the major climate change funds, including by meeting fiduciary standards and making measurable improvements in climate change and disaster risk reduction budgeting, financial statements, reporting, audit processes, procurement practices, project management, and transparency policies (CCDRR Policy 7.2.2). CCDRR Policy A116 Vanuatu commits to gender-responsive budgeting for climate change, including prioritising climate financing tools that target women’s grassroots initiatives and resilient development outcomes.34 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 NUMBER OF SECTORAL ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS ICT Biosecurity Policy Livestock Human Rights Meteorology Infrastructure Governance Fisheries Disability Decentralization Collaboration Indigenous Health Finance Youth Water Waste Oceans Environment Gender Tourism Forestry AgricultureVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Loss and Damage Contribution Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Loss and Damage) Through no fault of its own considering its negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (0.0016%), Vanuatu is already experiencing devastating effects of climate change manifested as loss and damage.', 'CCDRR Policy A116 Vanuatu commits to gender-responsive budgeting for climate change, including prioritising climate financing tools that target women’s grassroots initiatives and resilient development outcomes.34 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 NUMBER OF SECTORAL ADAPTATION CONTRIBUTIONS ICT Biosecurity Policy Livestock Human Rights Meteorology Infrastructure Governance Fisheries Disability Decentralization Collaboration Indigenous Health Finance Youth Water Waste Oceans Environment Gender Tourism Forestry AgricultureVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Loss and Damage Contribution Vanuatu Enhanced NDC (Loss and Damage) Through no fault of its own considering its negligible contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (0.0016%), Vanuatu is already experiencing devastating effects of climate change manifested as loss and damage. Vanuatu annually suffers irrecoverable loss and damage from climate change events, including for example over 600 million USD (more than 60% of GDP) as a result of one storm, Cyclone Harold in 2020, and billions more over the last decade from slow onset impacts like ocean acidification killing our coral reefs, and sea level rise eating away our coastlines.', 'Vanuatu annually suffers irrecoverable loss and damage from climate change events, including for example over 600 million USD (more than 60% of GDP) as a result of one storm, Cyclone Harold in 2020, and billions more over the last decade from slow onset impacts like ocean acidification killing our coral reefs, and sea level rise eating away our coastlines. Loss and damage from climate change impacts is included in Vanuatu’s National Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy (CCDRR) which also outlines concrete actions. National stakeholders have identified irreversible loss and damage resulting from all climate hazards, including from floods, storms, cyclones, salinisation, sea level rise and more. The most challenging issues include addressing loss and damage from slow onset events and addressing non-economic losses and damages.', 'The most challenging issues include addressing loss and damage from slow onset events and addressing non-economic losses and damages. Action and support for addressing loss and damage is urgently required, including finance, technology and capacity building. Vanuatu has championed the right to compensation for climate loss and damage in all avenues, particularly as States and corporations fail to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and continue to expand the exploration, extraction and use fossil fuels. Vanuatu will continue to push for the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage, and the Santiago Network on Loss and Damage to step up and provide finance, action and other urgently needed support to small island developing states like Vanuatu.', 'Vanuatu will continue to push for the Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage, and the Santiago Network on Loss and Damage to step up and provide finance, action and other urgently needed support to small island developing states like Vanuatu. Where UN mechanisms are unable to provide adequate relief from loss and damage resulting from the negligent actions of fossil fuel-related companies and the states that subsidise them, Vanuatu will seek redress elsewhere. Vanuatu calls for the establishment and rapid mobilization of a Loss and Damage Finance Facility under the UNFCCC in order to fill critical financial gaps experienced already by our most vulnerable communities, and to address loss and damage through constructive multilateral process and thereby avoid costly legal pathways.', 'Vanuatu calls for the establishment and rapid mobilization of a Loss and Damage Finance Facility under the UNFCCC in order to fill critical financial gaps experienced already by our most vulnerable communities, and to address loss and damage through constructive multilateral process and thereby avoid costly legal pathways. In this context, when the Republic of Vanuatu deposited its Paris Agreement instrument of ratification on 21 September 2016, the compendium declaration reads, in part: “…the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record.” The following Loss and Damage Targets have been defined in a decentralised way, by the sectors that are themselves implementing and planning for a resilient future.36 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 PRIORITY AREA: LOSS AND DAMAGE Commitment Sector P olicy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD L1 Vanuatu commits to contribute to and engage constructively with the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage and associated committees, bodies and networks thereof.', 'In this context, when the Republic of Vanuatu deposited its Paris Agreement instrument of ratification on 21 September 2016, the compendium declaration reads, in part: “…the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record.” The following Loss and Damage Targets have been defined in a decentralised way, by the sectors that are themselves implementing and planning for a resilient future.36 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 PRIORITY AREA: LOSS AND DAMAGE Commitment Sector P olicy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD L1 Vanuatu commits to contribute to and engage constructively with the UNFCCC, Paris Agreement, Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage and associated committees, bodies and networks thereof. CCDRR Policy L2 Vanuatu commits to establish mechanisms to assess and redress loss and damage incurred as a result of climate change.', 'CCDRR Policy L2 Vanuatu commits to establish mechanisms to assess and redress loss and damage incurred as a result of climate change. CCDRR Policy L3 Vanuatu commits to developing a loss and damage implementation framework, including risk sharing, insurance and compensation approaches at replacement value by 2030. CCDRR Policy L4 Vanuatu commits to conducting assessments on potential and actual loss and damage across the country linked with ongoing vulnerability assessment processes, and quantifying losses (e.g. food security, culture, ecosystem services and integrity) (National CCDRR Policy 7.4.4), particularly though the Post Disaster Needs Assessment approach. CCDRR Policy L5 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that the design and construction of public and other major infrastructure and development projects consider current and projected risks in order to minimise, avert and address loss and damage, especially by developing and adhering to climate-proofed building codes, environmental impact assessments, regulations and development guidelines.', 'CCDRR Policy L5 Vanuatu commits to ensuring that the design and construction of public and other major infrastructure and development projects consider current and projected risks in order to minimise, avert and address loss and damage, especially by developing and adhering to climate-proofed building codes, environmental impact assessments, regulations and development guidelines. CCDRR Policy L6 Vanuatu commits to implement affordable micro- insurance and “climate insurance” models to provide additional safety nets to remedy loss of income, damage to housing, infrastructure, crops and other assets from climate disasters. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy L7 Vanuatu commits to facilitate community-led plans to ensure connections to ancestors and relatives buried in original locations are sustained, and as an important cultural aspect of relocation planning.', 'Disaster Induced Displacement Policy L7 Vanuatu commits to facilitate community-led plans to ensure connections to ancestors and relatives buried in original locations are sustained, and as an important cultural aspect of relocation planning. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy L8 Vanuatu commits to provide continuing support for life-saving and essential health care to affected populations, including rapid measures to repair and/or rebuild damaged health facilities, and erect temporary health facilities with particular attention on restoring WASH infrastructure. Health Cluster Strategic Plan L9 Vanuatu commits to address the needs of and provide durable solutions for people affected by displacement, including people at-risk of displacement, displaced people, internal migrants, people living in informal settlements, and host communities (CCDRR Relocation Policy Strategic Area 10) by enabling ministries to work together to provide protections for people at each stage of the displacement cycle (CCDRR Relocation Policy Strategic Area 3).', 'Health Cluster Strategic Plan L9 Vanuatu commits to address the needs of and provide durable solutions for people affected by displacement, including people at-risk of displacement, displaced people, internal migrants, people living in informal settlements, and host communities (CCDRR Relocation Policy Strategic Area 10) by enabling ministries to work together to provide protections for people at each stage of the displacement cycle (CCDRR Relocation Policy Strategic Area 3). Disaster Induced Displacement Policy Area 10 &VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Commitment Sector P olicy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD L10 Vanuatu commits to careful consideration of planned relocation as an option of last resort, and where communities do need to move away from hazards, either temporarily or permanently, Vanuatu aims to ensure that lessons learned from previous relocation experiences globally and in the Pacific are considered, so that movement takes place with dignity and with appropriate safeguards and human rights protections in place.', 'Disaster Induced Displacement Policy Area 10 &VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Commitment Sector P olicy Policy Reference NSDP Reference SDG Goal Most Relevant Conditionality (Expressed as %) Finance Required USD L10 Vanuatu commits to careful consideration of planned relocation as an option of last resort, and where communities do need to move away from hazards, either temporarily or permanently, Vanuatu aims to ensure that lessons learned from previous relocation experiences globally and in the Pacific are considered, so that movement takes place with dignity and with appropriate safeguards and human rights protections in place. Disaster Induced Displacement Policy L11 Vanuatu commits to expand its calls for finance to address the loss, damage, harm and injury suffered by our people and our nation resulting from climate change (including quantifiable as well as intangible and non-economic impacts) within the multilateral climate regime.', 'Disaster Induced Displacement Policy L11 Vanuatu commits to expand its calls for finance to address the loss, damage, harm and injury suffered by our people and our nation resulting from climate change (including quantifiable as well as intangible and non-economic impacts) within the multilateral climate regime. Climate Diplomacy Strategy L12 Vanuatu commits to pursue finance and other forms of support for loss, damage, harm and injury resulting from climate change (including quantifiable as well as intangible and non-economic impacts), beyond the UNFCCC where the multilateral climate processes fail to adequately address the issue. Climate Diplomacy Strategy PRIORITY AREA: LOSS AND DAMAGE38 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Means of Implementation In total, the approximate cost of achieving Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced NDC is USD 1,214,350,000.', 'Climate Diplomacy Strategy PRIORITY AREA: LOSS AND DAMAGE38 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Means of Implementation In total, the approximate cost of achieving Vanuatu’s Revised and Enhanced NDC is USD 1,214,350,000. VANUATU S NDC CLIMATE FINANCE NEEDS USD 1,214,350,000 Vanuatu’s conditional mitigation targets are estimated to cost USD 315,600,000. This cost estimate does not cover the costs of existing measures i.e. measures included in the first NDC of Vanuatu, since these measures are under implementation and already budgeted under NERM 2016–2030. Furthermore, the costs for additional measures are tentative and based on similar international experiences, national circumstances of Vanuatu and other assumptions.', 'Furthermore, the costs for additional measures are tentative and based on similar international experiences, national circumstances of Vanuatu and other assumptions. A detailed scoping and feasibility study of enhanced NDC measures will be conducted under the NDC implementation roadmap development to determine the exact additional investment requirements. The approximate cost of achieving Vanuatu’s conditional adaptation targets is estimated to be USD 721,080,000 and loss and damage targets are estimated to cost USD 177,670,000.', 'The approximate cost of achieving Vanuatu’s conditional adaptation targets is estimated to be USD 721,080,000 and loss and damage targets are estimated to cost USD 177,670,000. ADAPTATION + LOSS AND DAMAGE FINANCE REQUIREMENTS TO ACHIEVE NDC TARGETS40 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 These figures represent the highest priority placed by Vanuatu on resilience, and the extremely high costs associated with the limits to adaptation, as exemplified by the devastating financial, social and environmental losses and damages experienced already and expected to increase exponentially as climate change accelerates. The costs for these measures are tentative and based on similar international experiences, national circumstances of Vanuatu and other assumptions.', 'The costs for these measures are tentative and based on similar international experiences, national circumstances of Vanuatu and other assumptions. Finance, technology and capacity are urgently required to undertake detailed scoping and feasibility studies of the enhanced NDC to determine the exact additional investment requirements. To achieve all mitigation, adaptation and loss and damage conditional targets, Vanuatu anticipates financial, technological and capacity building support from global funds such as the Green Climate Fund, Global Environment Facility, Adaptation Fund, Least Developed Countries Fund; and bilateral/multilateral agencies and development partners. These funds will be used to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action.', 'These funds will be used to bolster limited national resources and technical capacities for scaling up climate action. The activities will be implemented over a period of 10 years (2021–2030) by integrating them under the government’s recurrent budgets as various subsidy policies, projects or programmes. As these targets are well aligned with the country’s existing policies and plans, they will have high ownership and will be implemented in a timely manner. Vanuatu has the institutional structure for implementation of the enhanced NDC. The National Advisory Board on Climate Change & Disaster Risk Reduction (NAB) is the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programmes, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu.', 'The National Advisory Board on Climate Change & Disaster Risk Reduction (NAB) is the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programmes, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu. The NAB develops Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change policies, guidelines and positions, advises on international and regional DRR and CC obligations, facilitates and endorses the development of new DRR and CC programmes, projects, initiatives and activities, acts as a focal point for information sharing and coordination on CC/DRR, and guides and coordinates the development of national climate finance processes.', 'The NAB develops Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and Climate Change policies, guidelines and positions, advises on international and regional DRR and CC obligations, facilitates and endorses the development of new DRR and CC programmes, projects, initiatives and activities, acts as a focal point for information sharing and coordination on CC/DRR, and guides and coordinates the development of national climate finance processes. The Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation (MoCC), Meteorology and Geo-Hazards, Energy, Environment and National Disaster Management is the nodal agency as part of the Government’s efforts to streamline Vanuatu’s climate change natural disaster responses and sustainable development of the environment.', 'The Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation (MoCC), Meteorology and Geo-Hazards, Energy, Environment and National Disaster Management is the nodal agency as part of the Government’s efforts to streamline Vanuatu’s climate change natural disaster responses and sustainable development of the environment. The Department of Climate Change (DoCC), within the Ministry of Climate Change, is mandated to ensure that high quality services are provided in relation to climate change in Vanuatu. The Ministry and the National Advisory Board (NAB) are mandated with coordinating all government and non-government initiatives addressing climate change and disaster risk reduction in the country.', 'The Ministry and the National Advisory Board (NAB) are mandated with coordinating all government and non-government initiatives addressing climate change and disaster risk reduction in the country. The Vanuatu revised and enhanced NDC will be implemented in close coordination with other line ministries including, but not limited to, the Ministries of Lands, Infrastructure and Public Utilities, Education, Health, Agriculture, Justice and Community Services, Foreign Affairs, Finance, etc., and other government departments including the Department of Climate Change (DoCC), Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environment, Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA), public and private sector mainly UNELCO Engie (UNELCO), Vanuatu Utilities and Infrastructure Limited (VUI), and other private sector service providers; donor agencies and development partners and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 VANUATU’S MINISTRY OF CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE CABINET Office of the Minister National Advisory Board (NAB) Department of Climate Change Director, Climate Change ■ Projects ■ Monitoring and Communication ■ Finance and Administration Director, Meteorology and Geohazards ■ Geo-Hazards ■ ITC and Engineering ■ Forecasting ■ Observations (Bauerfield, Pekoa, Sola, Ambae, Lamap, Whitegrass, Analcahuet) Director, Environment Protection and Conservation ■ Environmental Protection ■ Biodiversity and Conservation ■ Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment ■ Provincial Outreach ■ Finance, Administration and Support Services Director, Energy ■ Off-Grid ■ On-Grid ■ Petroleum ■ Energy Efficiency and Conservation ■ Finance and Administration Director, National Disaster Management ■ Management, Planning, Coordination and Operations ■ Provincial Liaison ■ Finance and Administration Department of Meteorology and Geohazards Department of Environment Protection and Conservation Department of Energy National Disaster Management Office CORPORATE SERVICES UNIT Office of the Director General National Disaster Committee (NDC)42 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX I Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Information on Vanuatu’s NDC provided in according to guidelines in Decision 4/CMA.1 Type of NDC: Adaptation, Loss and Damage and Mitigation Activity-based targets, sectoral and policy targets across multiple sectors, including emissions reduction in some sub-sectors.', 'The Vanuatu revised and enhanced NDC will be implemented in close coordination with other line ministries including, but not limited to, the Ministries of Lands, Infrastructure and Public Utilities, Education, Health, Agriculture, Justice and Community Services, Foreign Affairs, Finance, etc., and other government departments including the Department of Climate Change (DoCC), Department of Energy (DoE), Department of Environment, Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA), public and private sector mainly UNELCO Engie (UNELCO), Vanuatu Utilities and Infrastructure Limited (VUI), and other private sector service providers; donor agencies and development partners and non-governmental organisations (NGOs).VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 VANUATU’S MINISTRY OF CLIMATE CHANGE ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE CABINET Office of the Minister National Advisory Board (NAB) Department of Climate Change Director, Climate Change ■ Projects ■ Monitoring and Communication ■ Finance and Administration Director, Meteorology and Geohazards ■ Geo-Hazards ■ ITC and Engineering ■ Forecasting ■ Observations (Bauerfield, Pekoa, Sola, Ambae, Lamap, Whitegrass, Analcahuet) Director, Environment Protection and Conservation ■ Environmental Protection ■ Biodiversity and Conservation ■ Environmental Planning and Impact Assessment ■ Provincial Outreach ■ Finance, Administration and Support Services Director, Energy ■ Off-Grid ■ On-Grid ■ Petroleum ■ Energy Efficiency and Conservation ■ Finance and Administration Director, National Disaster Management ■ Management, Planning, Coordination and Operations ■ Provincial Liaison ■ Finance and Administration Department of Meteorology and Geohazards Department of Environment Protection and Conservation Department of Energy National Disaster Management Office CORPORATE SERVICES UNIT Office of the Director General National Disaster Committee (NDC)42 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX I Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding Information on Vanuatu’s NDC provided in according to guidelines in Decision 4/CMA.1 Type of NDC: Adaptation, Loss and Damage and Mitigation Activity-based targets, sectoral and policy targets across multiple sectors, including emissions reduction in some sub-sectors. The GHG emission reduction targets in this section are all conditional upon international support (financial and technical support) being made available.', 'The GHG emission reduction targets in this section are all conditional upon international support (financial and technical support) being made available. Most of the adaptation and loss and damage targets are fully or partially conditional upon international action and support (finance, capacity and technical) being made available. Information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of the enhanced nationally determined contribution of Vanuatu for the timeframe 2021–2030. 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s). The reference year used in Vanuatu’s updated NDC is 2010. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year.', 'The reference year used in Vanuatu’s updated NDC is 2010. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year. As per the Greenhouse Gas Inventory (under the second National Communication Report), the net GHG emissions (excluding removals) for the base year, was 728. 359 Gg CO2 eq. The direct GHG emission for the following IPCC sectors is: ■ Energy: 122.44 Gg Gg CO2 eq ■ IPPU: 0 Gg Gg CO2 eq ■ AFOLU: 587.48 Gg CO2 eq ■ Waste: 10.75 Gg CO2 eq ■ Others: 0 Gg CO2 eq.44 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1.', 'The direct GHG emission for the following IPCC sectors is: ■ Energy: 122.44 Gg Gg CO2 eq ■ IPPU: 0 Gg Gg CO2 eq ■ AFOLU: 587.48 Gg CO2 eq ■ Waste: 10.75 Gg CO2 eq ■ Others: 0 Gg CO2 eq.44 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or policies and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b). above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information. The mitigation policies presented in this NDC will be further developed/enhanced and implemented upon international (technical and financial) support by 2030.', 'The mitigation policies presented in this NDC will be further developed/enhanced and implemented upon international (technical and financial) support by 2030. The mitigation policy targets that are not quantified are: Energy Sector: ■ Implementation of NERM: 2016-2030 ■ National coconut oil strategy ■ Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles ■ National Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility) Policy ■ Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector policy ■ Ecotourism Policy (Supported by Local Communities) AFOLU Sector: ■ Sustainable Forest Management Policy and REDD+ Programme/ strategy ■ Livestock farming and pasture management Waste Sector: ■ Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy – Waste to Energy and Composting, Recycling, etc.', 'The mitigation policy targets that are not quantified are: Energy Sector: ■ Implementation of NERM: 2016-2030 ■ National coconut oil strategy ■ Milage and Emission Standards for Vehicles ■ National Electric Vehicles (e-Mobility) Policy ■ Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector policy ■ Ecotourism Policy (Supported by Local Communities) AFOLU Sector: ■ Sustainable Forest Management Policy and REDD+ Programme/ strategy ■ Livestock farming and pasture management Waste Sector: ■ Municipal Solid Waste Management Policy – Waste to Energy and Composting, Recycling, etc. ■ Wastewater Management Policy The Adaptation and Loss and Damage targets and policy measures highlighted in this NDC have been developed and published by sector agencies and line departments working on climate change issues.', '■ Wastewater Management Policy The Adaptation and Loss and Damage targets and policy measures highlighted in this NDC have been developed and published by sector agencies and line departments working on climate change issues. It is expected that government budget will cover some part of those policy targets, but due to Vanuatu’s status as a recently graduated LDC, budget limitations are highly likely, further amplifying the need for international action and support.', 'It is expected that government budget will cover some part of those policy targets, but due to Vanuatu’s status as a recently graduated LDC, budget limitations are highly likely, further amplifying the need for international action and support. ■ Agriculture Sector Policy ■ Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ■ Biosecurity Policy ■ Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy ■ Disability Policy and Plan of Action ■ Disaster Induced Displacement Policy ■ Education Training Sector Strategic Plan ■ Environment Policy and Implementation Plan ■ Environmental Health Policy ■ Fisheries Sector Policy ■ Forest Policy ■ Framework for Climate Services ■ Fruits and Vegetable Strategy ■ Gender Equality Policy ■ Gudfala Kakae Policy ■ Health Cluster Strategic Plan ■ Infrastructure Strategic Investment Plan ■ Livestock Policy ■ Ministry of Health Policy ■ National Child Protection Policy ■ National Coconut Strategy ■ National Energy Roadmap ■ National ICT Policy ■ National Kava Strategy ■ National Roadmap for Coastal Fisheries ■ National Sustainable Development Plan ■ NSDP M&E Framework ■ Oceans Policy ■ Overarching Productive Sector Policy ■ Vanuatu Recovery Strategy ■ Vanuatu REDD+ R Package ■ Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy ■ Third National Communications to the UNFCCC ■ Waste Management and Pollution Control Strategy and Implementation Plan ■ Water Strategy ■ Vanuatu Agritourism Plan of Action ■ Vanuatu Water Policy ■ Youth Development PolicyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1.', '■ Agriculture Sector Policy ■ Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ■ Biosecurity Policy ■ Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy ■ Disability Policy and Plan of Action ■ Disaster Induced Displacement Policy ■ Education Training Sector Strategic Plan ■ Environment Policy and Implementation Plan ■ Environmental Health Policy ■ Fisheries Sector Policy ■ Forest Policy ■ Framework for Climate Services ■ Fruits and Vegetable Strategy ■ Gender Equality Policy ■ Gudfala Kakae Policy ■ Health Cluster Strategic Plan ■ Infrastructure Strategic Investment Plan ■ Livestock Policy ■ Ministry of Health Policy ■ National Child Protection Policy ■ National Coconut Strategy ■ National Energy Roadmap ■ National ICT Policy ■ National Kava Strategy ■ National Roadmap for Coastal Fisheries ■ National Sustainable Development Plan ■ NSDP M&E Framework ■ Oceans Policy ■ Overarching Productive Sector Policy ■ Vanuatu Recovery Strategy ■ Vanuatu REDD+ R Package ■ Vanuatu Sustainable Tourism Policy ■ Third National Communications to the UNFCCC ■ Waste Management and Pollution Control Strategy and Implementation Plan ■ Water Strategy ■ Vanuatu Agritourism Plan of Action ■ Vanuatu Water Policy ■ Youth Development PolicyVANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction. The quantified mitigation targets presented in this NDC are all conditional, and will be implemented upon international (technical and financial) support by 2030. Most of the adaptation and loss and damage targets are fully or partially conditional upon international action and support (finance, capacity and technical) being made available. In some cases, adaptation and loss and damage numerical targets are expressed in the commitments highlighted above.', 'In some cases, adaptation and loss and damage numerical targets are expressed in the commitments highlighted above. Energy Sector Renewable Energy Generation Grid Connected (%) 11.69% 50% 100% Improve transport (land and marine) energy efficiency - - 10% Improve biomass end use (cooking and drying) efficiency - - 14% Electric Vehicles – e-buses - - 10% of public transport buses Electric Vehicles – e-Cars 10% of government fleet Electric Vehicles – 2/3 wheelers - - 1000 No.', 'Energy Sector Renewable Energy Generation Grid Connected (%) 11.69% 50% 100% Improve transport (land and marine) energy efficiency - - 10% Improve biomass end use (cooking and drying) efficiency - - 14% Electric Vehicles – e-buses - - 10% of public transport buses Electric Vehicles – e-Cars 10% of government fleet Electric Vehicles – 2/3 wheelers - - 1000 No. Bio-diesel (bio fuel) blending in diesel - - 20% Renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows - - 65% Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector - - 5% Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) - - 10 No Waste Sector Waste to EnergyPlant - - 3 Composting Plant - - 1 Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio-Toilets - - 1000 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s).', 'Bio-diesel (bio fuel) blending in diesel - - 20% Renewable electricity use by rural tourism bungalows - - 65% Energy Efficiency in Commercial and Residential Sector - - 5% Energy Efficient Building (Green Building) - - 10 No Waste Sector Waste to EnergyPlant - - 3 Composting Plant - - 1 Public and Communal Toilet Facilities including Bio-Toilets - - 1000 e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s). The key data references and documents assessed include, but are not limited to: ■ Vanuatu’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC); ■ National Sustainable Development Plan: 2016-2030 (NSDP or Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan); ■ Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Policy; ■ Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.25 of 2016; ■ National Energy Roadmap (NERM): 2016- 2030 and NERM-Implementation Plan; ■ NDC implementation roadmap; ■ National Communications (NC-1,2 and 3); ■ Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) Reports ■ Data and information provided by the Government of Vanuatu line ministries and departments; Public and Private Sector and, Stakeholder consultation including NGOs, and ■ Expert guidance at the National NDC Summit (April 2021) ■ Development Partners ■ International experts’ consultation46 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1.', 'The key data references and documents assessed include, but are not limited to: ■ Vanuatu’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC); ■ National Sustainable Development Plan: 2016-2030 (NSDP or Vanuatu 2030: The People’s Plan); ■ Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (CCDRR) Policy; ■ Meteorology, Geological Hazards and Climate Change Act No.25 of 2016; ■ National Energy Roadmap (NERM): 2016- 2030 and NERM-Implementation Plan; ■ NDC implementation roadmap; ■ National Communications (NC-1,2 and 3); ■ Utilities Regulatory Authority (URA) Reports ■ Data and information provided by the Government of Vanuatu line ministries and departments; Public and Private Sector and, Stakeholder consultation including NGOs, and ■ Expert guidance at the National NDC Summit (April 2021) ■ Development Partners ■ International experts’ consultation46 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators.', 'Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. Vanuatu may update the base year data in future NDCs on the basis of: ■ Additional technical analysis in Biennial Update Reports, National Communications, and as the economic impacts of COVID-19 become better understood. ■ Lack of climate finance, capacity or technical support from developed country parties and other international sources. ■ Sector adaptation/Loss and Damage policies and targets are reviewed and amended. ■ Some of the mitigation actions are part of the NERM implementation plan and subject to international support (technical and financial); in the delay or absence of support.', '■ Some of the mitigation actions are part of the NERM implementation plan and subject to international support (technical and financial); in the delay or absence of support. ■ In the next greenhouse gas inventory, Vanuatu may update the reference indicators of existing sectors and/or may provide new values for sectors that were not previously covered. ■ Vanuatu is prone to and highly vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters (tsunami, cyclones, earthquakes, volcano eruptions, etc. ), in the case of any major natural disaster or pandemic situation similar to COVID-19, Vanuatu may update/change the reference point.', '), in the case of any major natural disaster or pandemic situation similar to COVID-19, Vanuatu may update/change the reference point. ■ Vanuatu is in a transition phase after graduation from the least developed country (LDC) category; hence any major change in economic and social environment may lead to updates or change the values of the reference indicators. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/ or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA. Several targets are a continuation and expansion of efforts listed in the first NDC. Vanuatu has already begun to implement these targets. The new mitigation adaptation and loss and damage target time frame is from 1July 2021–31 December 2030. b.', 'The new mitigation adaptation and loss and damage target time frame is from 1July 2021–31 December 2030. b. Whether it is a single- year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target 2030, including updates in 2025. (The NDC interventions will be implemented in phases as per annual work plans; however, the target final year is 2030).VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target. Vanuatu enhanced and revised NDC presents sectoral activity-based and policy targets on adaptation, loss and damage and mitigation, including emissions reduction in some sectors. The Government of Vanuatu will meet conditional targets upon on receiving international action and support including financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b.', 'The Government of Vanuatu will meet conditional targets upon on receiving international action and support including financing, technology transfer and/or capacity building. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines. The IPCC Sectors, Sub-sector and Gases applicable for Vanuatu: ■ Energy Industries - Electricity ■ Generation/Renewable Energy ■ Transport ■ Other Sectors (Residential, Institutional and Commercial) 2. Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) - Not Applicable 3. Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) ■ Livestock ■ Forests – Not Included ■ Solid Waste ■ Wastewater Gases: ■ Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ■ Methane (CH4 ) ■ Nitrous Oxide (NO2 ) A co-benefit of reducing CO2 emission from the above-mentioned sectors is that there will also be concomitant reductions in emissions in other gases like NMVOCs.', 'Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) ■ Livestock ■ Forests – Not Included ■ Solid Waste ■ Wastewater Gases: ■ Carbon Dioxide (CO2 ) ■ Methane (CH4 ) ■ Nitrous Oxide (NO2 ) A co-benefit of reducing CO2 emission from the above-mentioned sectors is that there will also be concomitant reductions in emissions in other gases like NMVOCs. The Adaptation and Loss and Damage sectors covered by this NDC include: ■ Agriculture ■ Biosecurity ■ Fisheries ■ Forestry ■ Livestock ■ Water ■ Health ■ Environment ■ Oceans ■ Waste ■ ICT ■ Infrastructure ■ Disability ■ Gender ■ Human Rights ■ Indigenous ■ Youth ■ Collaboration ■ Decentralisation ■ Governance ■ Policy ■ Meteorology ■ Tourism ■ Finance48 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 3. Scope and coverage c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21.', 'Scope and coverage c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21. As per paragraph 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, Vanuatu is not including all IPCC sectors, sub-sectors and categories. Regardless, Vanuatu’s NDC target constitutes the highest possible ambition, in the context of our national analyses of mitigation potential. According to national circumstances that Vanuatu is a small-island state, with limited technical, financial and skilled resources to collect data, process and analyse data, Vanuatu has decided that at this time, other sources and sinks of emissions (most of negligible relevance for Vanuatu) would not be included in this updated NDC. Note that all key categories and gases identified as relevant for Vanuatu have been included in the NDC.', 'Note that all key categories and gases identified as relevant for Vanuatu have been included in the NDC. Furthermore, Vanuatu is willing to include other remaining categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals (as may become applicable) in its future nationally determined contributions. Vanuatu aims to extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC over time to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removal, as more robust data, finance, technical support and capacity becomes available. This approach is in line with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” Vanuatu plans to demonstrate leadership among developing countries by continuing to enhance its mitigation efforts and to move towards economy-wide emissions limitation or reduction targets over time.', 'This approach is in line with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” Vanuatu plans to demonstrate leadership among developing countries by continuing to enhance its mitigation efforts and to move towards economy-wide emissions limitation or reduction targets over time. In keeping with Article 2 of the UNFCCC, Vanuatu demands that emission stabilisation should be achieved globally, and domestically by all countries within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', 'd. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. The majority of Vanuatu’s adaptation and loss and damage commitments contain mitigation co-benefits. In many cases (for example in infrastructure, forestry and waste adaptation targets), it is difficult to classify a target as primarily adaptation or purely mitigation.', 'In many cases (for example in infrastructure, forestry and waste adaptation targets), it is difficult to classify a target as primarily adaptation or purely mitigation. Some of the co-benefits expected for specific activities are as follows: ■ Carbon sequestration by developing and implementing better practices in agricultural, livestock and forestry production; ■ Climate proofing buildings and infrastructure often involves using more fossil fuel efficient designs and lowering emissions profiles ■ Reduced emissions from implementing fuel efficient technologies for aquaculture and fishing operations; ■ Reduced emissions from wastewater management and introduction of renewable energy technologies in the Water sector; ■ Reduced emissions from implementing resilient ecosystem and environmental activities to better manage the available ecosystem services and resources.', 'Some of the co-benefits expected for specific activities are as follows: ■ Carbon sequestration by developing and implementing better practices in agricultural, livestock and forestry production; ■ Climate proofing buildings and infrastructure often involves using more fossil fuel efficient designs and lowering emissions profiles ■ Reduced emissions from implementing fuel efficient technologies for aquaculture and fishing operations; ■ Reduced emissions from wastewater management and introduction of renewable energy technologies in the Water sector; ■ Reduced emissions from implementing resilient ecosystem and environmental activities to better manage the available ecosystem services and resources. The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions contained within this NDC were not quantitatively evaluated due to a lack of quality data and technical resources.', 'The mitigation co-benefits of adaptation actions contained within this NDC were not quantitatively evaluated due to a lack of quality data and technical resources. However, Vanuatu will soon begin efforts to develop its NAP, including a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan which will focus on tracking the implementation of the cross-sectoral measures with mitigation co-benefits. This tool will monitor and evaluate adaptation, and to some extent, mitigation actions on climate change implemented in Vanuatu and include new or additional information as part of the NAP iterative process.', 'This tool will monitor and evaluate adaptation, and to some extent, mitigation actions on climate change implemented in Vanuatu and include new or additional information as part of the NAP iterative process. The mitigation co-benefits from forest sector interventions cannot be included at this point due to ongoing negotiations on Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, in conjunction with Vanuatu’s rollout of a national REDD+ programme.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender- responsive manner. The Republic of Vanuatu’s NDC has been through two iterations from 2021–2022, with the primary purpose of making it more ambitious by including sector-led adaptation and loss and damage commitments. Both iterations of the revised and enhanced NDC have been developed through an inclusive and participatory process, with a series of public and in-person consultations. The mitigation enhancement process was led by the Department of Climate Change (DoCC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology, GeoHazards Energy, Environment and Disaster Management (MoCC).', 'The mitigation enhancement process was led by the Department of Climate Change (DoCC) under the guidance of the Ministry of Climate Change Adaptation, Meteorology, GeoHazards Energy, Environment and Disaster Management (MoCC). The stakeholders of all line ministries and departments of Government of Vanuatu engaged in the mitigation revision included the Department of Energy, Department of Environmental Protection and Conservation, Department of Forests, Department of Meteorology, Department of Geological Hazards, Department of Fisheries, Department of Livestock, Department of Biosecurity, Department of Strategic Planning and Aid Coordination, Department of Women’s Affairs gender policy, etc., also participated in the NDC enhancement process. The private sector including utility companies, energy sector vendors, development partners and NGOs were engaged and consulted during the NDC revision process.', 'The private sector including utility companies, energy sector vendors, development partners and NGOs were engaged and consulted during the NDC revision process. On 27 May 2022, the Parliament of the Republic of Vanuatu officially Declared a Climate Emergency including the decision to submit this revised and enhanced NDC before COP27 as per obligations under the COP26 Glasgow Pact. The adaptation and loss and damage enhancement process involved stakeholders from the Departments of Climate Change, Environment, Energy, Environment, Water, Meteorology/Geohazards, Strategic Policy Planning/Aid Coordination, Local Authorities, Finance, Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries, Biosecurity, Foreign Affairs, Public Works, Women’s Affairs, State Law, Disaster Management, Education, Tourism and Statistics.', 'The adaptation and loss and damage enhancement process involved stakeholders from the Departments of Climate Change, Environment, Energy, Environment, Water, Meteorology/Geohazards, Strategic Policy Planning/Aid Coordination, Local Authorities, Finance, Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry, Fisheries, Biosecurity, Foreign Affairs, Public Works, Women’s Affairs, State Law, Disaster Management, Education, Tourism and Statistics. In addition, the following representatives from private sector and non-government organizations provided expert guidance and input: Vanuatu Climate Action Network, Vanuatu Association of NGOs, Vanuatu Climate Adaptation Project, Save the Children, Live and Learn, Global Green Growth Institute, UK High Commission, Vanuatu Business Resilience Council, UN Development Programme, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the Pacific Community, German Agency for International Cooperation, UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and the Pacific NDC Hub.', 'In addition, the following representatives from private sector and non-government organizations provided expert guidance and input: Vanuatu Climate Action Network, Vanuatu Association of NGOs, Vanuatu Climate Adaptation Project, Save the Children, Live and Learn, Global Green Growth Institute, UK High Commission, Vanuatu Business Resilience Council, UN Development Programme, Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the Pacific Community, German Agency for International Cooperation, UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Union for the Conservation of Nature and the Pacific NDC Hub. Consultations were carried out at the national level for mitigation given the small size and population of Vanuatu and COVID-19 emergency measures, while adaptation and loss and damage consultations also reached the largest province of SANMA.', 'Consultations were carried out at the national level for mitigation given the small size and population of Vanuatu and COVID-19 emergency measures, while adaptation and loss and damage consultations also reached the largest province of SANMA. However, the government departments, private sector participants, NGOs and development partners are also involved with projects and programmes at subnational level and thus adequately represented subnational level stakeholders. Gender equality and the inclusion of women, youth, people with disabilities, and other vulnerable groups was an integral part of the NDC enhancement process. A gender expert within the Department of Climate Change Team reviewed the gender-responsive considerations in the enhanced NDC.', 'A gender expert within the Department of Climate Change Team reviewed the gender-responsive considerations in the enhanced NDC. n addition, a gender analysis was commissioned by the Pacific NDC Hub and provided recommendations on the gender- sensitive implementation of this revised and enhanced NDC. The enhanced NDC actions/measures comply with key issues and requirements of gender sensitive design as per the national policies and ‘Gender Analysis and Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)’ guidance. None of the enhanced NDC actions are expected to impact negatively on gender equality and women’s rights, or limit women’s access to and control over natural resources and the goods and services covered under the enhanced NDC. Furthermore, all targets and commitments align with the requirements under NSDP, CCDRR Policy and NERM.', 'Furthermore, all targets and commitments align with the requirements under NSDP, CCDRR Policy and NERM. These policies extensively promote gender responsive, youth-specific needs and roles on green employment, awareness and capacity building. The enhanced NDC actions/measure will contribute positively on gender, youth and other vulnerable group-specific needs and will provide these demographics the opportunity to play a more active role in design and implementation. All targets have undergone scrutiny by experts and leaders through a series of internal and external consultation carried out during the NDC enhancement process and several national level public consultations to receive the comments and feedback.', 'All targets have undergone scrutiny by experts and leaders through a series of internal and external consultation carried out during the NDC enhancement process and several national level public consultations to receive the comments and feedback. Further, the enhanced/revised NDC has been endorsed by the Vanuatu’s National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NAB – the supreme policy making and advisory body for all disaster risk reduction and climate change programmes, projects, initiatives and activities in Vanuatu) and Council of Ministers (CoM), Government of Vanuatu.50 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process a. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication.', 'Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a(ii)a National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication. Geography: The Republic of Vanuatu is an island nation located in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is an archipelago of over 80 islands stretching 1,300 kilometres from North to South in the Western Pacific Ocean. Vanuatu is located between latitude 12º to 23º South and longitude 166º to 173º East. Vanuatu’s terrain is mostly mountainous, with narrow coastal plains with a total land area of 12,336 km2 and a maritime exclusive economic zone of 680,000 km2. Almost 74% of the land area in Vanuatu is covered by natural vegetation, with around one third covered by forest; which is more than 36.1% (440,000 hectares covered by tropical forest).', 'Almost 74% of the land area in Vanuatu is covered by natural vegetation, with around one third covered by forest; which is more than 36.1% (440,000 hectares covered by tropical forest). The largest island is Espiritu Santo, while the island of Efate is home to the capital, Port Vila and the central Vanuatu Government. From largest to smallest, the islands are Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, Erromango, Ambrym, Tanna, Pentecost, Epi, Ambae or Aoba, Vanua Lava, Gaua, Maewo, Malo, and Anatom or Aneityum. The two largest islands, Espiritu Santo and Malekula, comprise nearly 50% of the total land mass. Larger islands are characterised by rugged volcanic peaks and tropical rainforests.', 'Larger islands are characterised by rugged volcanic peaks and tropical rainforests. The highest peak, Mount Tabwemasana on Espiritu Santo, is 1877m above mean sea level and the total coastline is about 2,528 km long. Vanuatu is geographically located in the “ring of fire” and the “cyclone belt” of the Pacific. The island nation is located in a seismically and volcanically active region and has high exposure to geologic hazards, including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and landslides. Almost 81% of its landmass and 76% of its population is exposed to two or more potential hazards including volcanic eruptions, cyclones, earthquakes, droughts, tsunamis, storm surges, coastal and river flooding and landslides. Climate: Vanuatu is situated in a tropical maritime climate with characteristic uniform temperature, high humidity and variable rainfall.', 'Climate: Vanuatu is situated in a tropical maritime climate with characteristic uniform temperature, high humidity and variable rainfall. The tropical climate is moderated by southeast trade winds that occur from May to October. There are two main seasons, hot and wet from November to April, and cool and dry from May to October. Being an equatorial country, Vanuatu has relatively uniform temperature throughout the year with daily temperature ranging from 20°C to 30°C. Temperatures in the warmest months (January- February) are about 4°C higher than those in the coolest months (July-August). Population: According to the most recent National Population and Housing censuses (NPHC) of 2020, Vanuatu s population was 300,019 compared to 272,459 in 2016 s mini census and 234,023 in 2009 s census.', 'Population: According to the most recent National Population and Housing censuses (NPHC) of 2020, Vanuatu s population was 300,019 compared to 272,459 in 2016 s mini census and 234,023 in 2009 s census. Vanuatu s population is largely based within rural areas ~77.7% as per 2020 NPHC. Economy: Vanuatu is traditionally known for its strong cultural heritage, traditional activities and subsistence farming. The four mainstays of Vanuatu’s economy are agriculture, tourism, offshore financial services, and raising cattle. Exports include copra, kava, beef, cocoa, and timber, and imports include machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, and fuel. In 2017, Vanuatu’s economy grew by 4.4% with a strong performance over the last three years. Subsequently it was further projected for the economy to grow by 3.4% in 2018 from 2017 growth levels.', 'Subsequently it was further projected for the economy to grow by 3.4% in 2018 from 2017 growth levels. Growth was primarily driven by construction activities related to the on-going infrastructure development projects and reconstruction projects from category 5 tropical cyclone Pam in 2015. In early 2020, category 5 tropical cyclone Harold struck multiple islands in Northern Vanuatu causing losses and damages of over 60% of GDP. Soon afterward the COVID-19 lockdowns took a serious toll on tourism and other service sectors. With no income tax revenues, the Government has maintained budget flows through its citizenship by investment programmes. Overall, the economy has stagnated since 2020 requiring extensive government subsidies and private sector support programmes.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process a. ii.', 'Overall, the economy has stagnated since 2020 requiring extensive government subsidies and private sector support programmes.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process a. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: a(ii)b Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC. In addition to the planning process discussed in section 4 (a) (i). The Government of Vanuatu has taken a one-of-a-kind initiative to identify the circular economy options for Vanuatu and constituted the metabolic analysis of its economy and economic sectors. A metabolic assessment has been conducted to define a resource efficient and low-carbon future for Vanuatu. The metabolic assessment observed that the average material uses and per capita GHG emissions in Vanuatu is low in comparison to the global average.', 'The metabolic assessment observed that the average material uses and per capita GHG emissions in Vanuatu is low in comparison to the global average. The existing consumption-based resource footprint of Vanuatu is 58%, which is already relatively circular, meaning that 58% of the materials used in the country is relying on secondary or renewable materials and energy sources. The remaining 42% of material use is not circular and can be characterised as following a linear ‘take-make-waste’ trajectory. These 42% of materials are mostly of foreign origin and undermine the development ambitions of the country since they create issues with waste disposal and the deterioration of natural assets as a result of the pollution of soils, surface waters and marine environments.', 'These 42% of materials are mostly of foreign origin and undermine the development ambitions of the country since they create issues with waste disposal and the deterioration of natural assets as a result of the pollution of soils, surface waters and marine environments. The circular economy analysis identified some of the opportunities which contribute to the domestic and transboundary (international) GHG emission reductions. Some of the key circular economy actions (CE strategies) identified by the metabolic assessment have been included in Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC. Furthermore, the Government of Vanuatu has also developed and implemented an Integrated Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Tool for the Energy Sector (currently being enhanced to cover additional mitigation sectors according to the updated NDC) and a Monitoring, Reporting Verification Tool for NERM 2016–2030.', 'Furthermore, the Government of Vanuatu has also developed and implemented an Integrated Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Tool for the Energy Sector (currently being enhanced to cover additional mitigation sectors according to the updated NDC) and a Monitoring, Reporting Verification Tool for NERM 2016–2030. Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool is a first of Its kind initiative to integrate most of the domestic and international climate action monitoring, tracking and reporting requirements. Further, it supports government agencies, development partners, and NGOs towards evidence-based decisions and data insights reporting. Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool has been customised to track, monitor and report data critical for climate actions and sustainable development goals.', 'Vanuatu’s integrated MRV Tool has been customised to track, monitor and report data critical for climate actions and sustainable development goals. One of Vanuatu’s most advanced and transformative best practices is the establishment of the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction which achieves two goals: 1) the merging of resources to address both climate and non-climate disasters into a single institutional framework and 2) providing a single entry point for climate change policy and governance which embodies a range of ministries, sectors and stakeholders. This enhanced and revised NDC would not have been able to include both adaptation and loss and damage without such an integrated and comprehensive institutional structure.', 'This enhanced and revised NDC would not have been able to include both adaptation and loss and damage without such an integrated and comprehensive institutional structure. Another important best practice employed in the development of this NDC is the full reliance and decentralisation of climate action to sectors. Sector agencies and stakeholders know best the ambitions and realities of action and have already codified these into their endorsed and gazetted policies, plans and strategies. Thus, this NDC uses the outstanding work being planned and actioned, without duplicating work or causing consultation fatigue.', 'Thus, this NDC uses the outstanding work being planned and actioned, without duplicating work or causing consultation fatigue. The following are additional best practices that have been identified during the preparation of Vanuatu’s NDC: A key component of Vanuatu’s NDC is that it was built upon existing processes, data collection, policies, initiatives, and commitments. In doing so, Vanuatu was able to take advantage of updated inventories, robust data and crosscutting expertise. Capitalising on the synergies and timing of the different processes, Vanuatu increased collaboration across Implementing Partners and reduced the need to conduct separate stakeholder consultations on similar issues, therefore reducing stakeholder fatigue. It is essential for Implementing Partners to work together in a seamless manner.', 'It is essential for Implementing Partners to work together in a seamless manner. The engagement of stakeholders from public sector, private sector, academia and civil society was key to ensuring the interest and buy-in to the NDC process and revised targets. a(ii)c Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement. The Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA), and supports its aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, and also limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C; which poses lower risks for Vanuatu in comparison to 2°C or higher temperatures.', 'The Government of Republic of Vanuatu is fully committed to effective, and transparent implementation of the Paris Agreement (PA), and supports its aims to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, and also limit global average temperature rise to 1.5°C; which poses lower risks for Vanuatu in comparison to 2°C or higher temperatures. The Government of Vanuatu’s commitment is reflected in its declaration: “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record; FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.”52 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4.', 'The Government of Vanuatu’s commitment is reflected in its declaration: “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record; FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.”52 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process b.', 'The Government of Vanuatu’s commitment is reflected in its declaration: “WHEREAS the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record; FURTHERMORE, the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests.”52 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 4. Planning Process b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organisations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16– 18, of the Paris Agreement. Vanuatu is not part of an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stock take, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement. As a responsible party of the Paris Agreement, the Government of Vanuatu will comply with the decisions under the PA and actively participate in the first global stock take in 2023.', 'As a responsible party of the Paris Agreement, the Government of Vanuatu will comply with the decisions under the PA and actively participate in the first global stock take in 2023. Furthermore, Vanuatu’s enhanced NDCs for 2021–2030 is more ambitious than its previous one, both in terms of its sectoral coverage and in terms of its net emission reduction contribution as well. Importantly, Vanuatu’s enhanced and revised NDC now includes both adaptation and loss and damage contributions and targets. Vanuatu calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement.', 'Vanuatu calls on all Parties to increase ambition in line with the best available and most recent science and obligations under the agreement. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC. The effects on vulnerability, resilience, economic transformation and standards of living were considered in developing the updated NDC. The majority of households in Vanuatu are located in remote locations with no on-grid electricity access, in fact, most households already rely on renewable energy to meet their basic lighting and cooking needs.', 'The majority of households in Vanuatu are located in remote locations with no on-grid electricity access, in fact, most households already rely on renewable energy to meet their basic lighting and cooking needs. Thus there will be minimal consequences for the people of Vanuatu as the nation enables the transition of economies and societies away from fossil fuels and towards a low-carbon future. Rather, the implementation of mitigation policies, programmes and actions “in-jurisdiction” are widely expected to bring adaptation and resilience co-benefits. ii.', 'Rather, the implementation of mitigation policies, programmes and actions “in-jurisdiction” are widely expected to bring adaptation and resilience co-benefits. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. There are multiple projects and project concepts currently underway and already approved by the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction which are expected to have mitigation co- benefits from adaptation and loss and damage actions.', 'There are multiple projects and project concepts currently underway and already approved by the National Advisory Board on Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction which are expected to have mitigation co- benefits from adaptation and loss and damage actions. For example: Climate Information Services for Resilient Development in Vanuatu (Van-KIRAP)- including adaptation activities around climate start agriculture, expanded use of renewable energy, climate smart tourism and other adaptation-mitigation initiatives. Adaptation to Climate Change in the Coastal Zone in Vanuatu Project (VCAP2) – includes climate smart infrastructure as well as ecosystem-based adaptation (protected forest areas) and other adaptation- mitigation initiatives. Blue Carbon Project will focus on protecting and enhancing management of coastal habitats including coral reefs and mangroves and other adaptation-mitigation initiatives.', 'Blue Carbon Project will focus on protecting and enhancing management of coastal habitats including coral reefs and mangroves and other adaptation-mitigation initiatives. Vanuatu Community-based Climate Resilience project will reduce the climate-related vulnerabilities of communities across Vanuatu; increase their resilience to climate variability, extremes and change; and build the adaptive capacity required to ensure communities can maintain sustainable development pathways across a wide range of climate futures. As mentioned in 3(d) above, Vanuatu is still in the process of developing additional programming for other priority sectors for adaptation and loss and damage.', 'As mentioned in 3(d) above, Vanuatu is still in the process of developing additional programming for other priority sectors for adaptation and loss and damage. As the development of the NAP is a continuous and ongoing process, these might, in the future, include projects with mitigation co-benefits on adaptation actions; however, they are not mentioned here as the specific projects could change or additional projects added to the current project portfolios.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA. Vanuatu accounts for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories). Two additional guidelines will be considered for quality assurance: the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventory (2000) and the IPCC Good Practice Guideline for Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (2003). b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution.', 'b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution. As discussed above, Vanuatu will also apply specific assumptions and methodologies where relevant when accounting for various policies and measures in its Biennial Update Report, Biennial Transparency Report, or National Communications. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate. As discussed above, the IPCC 2006 Guidelines have been used to calculate emissions in the GHG Inventory for National Communication and NDC. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals.', 'd. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals. Further to above discussion, the preparation of national GHG inventories for Vanuatu, uses both Tier1 and Tier2 methodologies (as appropriate) of 2006 IPCC guidelines. e. Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests. f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i.', 'f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/ or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used. Not applicable. Please see Section 5(a-e) for assumptions and methodologies used.54 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: f. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse- gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable. Not applicable. iii. For climate forces included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forces are estimated. Not applicable. iv. Further technical information, as necessary. Not applicable.', 'Further technical information, as necessary. Not applicable. g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Vanuatu will explore opportunities for climate resilient socio-economic development with international cooperation and support including carbon market under Article 6. National level market-based instruments, such as cap-and-trade emission trading schemes and offsetting, may be a solution in Vanuatu to price carbon emissions and keep the costs of mitigation in Vanuatu low. These will be investigated further for applicability. Vanuatu is in the process of implementing a national REDD+ programme. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; The Government of Vanuatu is steadfast in its conviction that global mitigation efforts should focus on stabilising global GHG emissions at levels that will limit increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5°C above preindustrial levels. Vanuatu is a small island developing country, that has an insignificant contribution to global GHG emissions, historically its GHG emissions have been very low: Vanuatu’s total CO2 equivalent emissions was approximately 0.0011% of the Global GHG emissions for 2015.', 'Vanuatu is a small island developing country, that has an insignificant contribution to global GHG emissions, historically its GHG emissions have been very low: Vanuatu’s total CO2 equivalent emissions was approximately 0.0011% of the Global GHG emissions for 2015. Vanuatu has taken an ambitious target of transitioning to close to 100% renewable energy in the electricity sector by 2030. With this enhanced NDC, Vanuatu is planning to further reduce its national GHG emissions by 2030. Vanuatu’s adaptation and loss and damage targets are some of the most ambitious and comprehensive in the world, highlighting the priority of these two pillars of the Paris Agreement to Vanuatu. Thus, this NDC, and the accompanying information, reflects Vanuatu’s commitment under the Paris Agreement to address climate change.', 'Thus, this NDC, and the accompanying information, reflects Vanuatu’s commitment under the Paris Agreement to address climate change. Vanuatu’s NDC target constitutes the highest possible ambition, in the context of our national analyses of mitigation potential. Vanuatu plans to demonstrate leadership among developing countries by continuing to enhance our mitigation efforts and to move towards economy-wide emissions limitation or reduction targets over time. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity. Vanuatu aims to extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC over time to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removal, as more robust data, finance, technical support and capacity becomes available.', 'Vanuatu aims to extend the scope of the coverage of its NDC over time to all categories of anthropogenic emissions and removal, as more robust data, finance, technical support and capacity becomes available. This approach is in line with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” In keeping with Article 2 of the UNFCCC, Vanuatu demands that emission stabilisation should be achieved globally, and domestically by all countries within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 6.', 'This approach is in line with the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in the light of different national circumstances.” In keeping with Article 2 of the UNFCCC, Vanuatu demands that emission stabilisation should be achieved globally, and domestically by all countries within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement. Vanuatu’s updated NDC represents a significant enhancement of its first NDC.', 'Vanuatu’s updated NDC represents a significant enhancement of its first NDC. Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC builds on the ambition of its first NDC, both in terms of its sectoral coverage and in terms of its net emission reduction contribution as well. Most significantly, this NDC now includes a range of adaptation and loss and damage commitments and targets which set us up for a more resilience future. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement. The ambition of this target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions.', 'The ambition of this target must be considered against the background of the country’s small, open economy and limitations in natural, financial, technological and human resources to implement the measures necessary to achieve the intended emissions reductions. It must also be noted that the value of Vanuatu’s forest cover as a carbon sink is recognised, despite the fact that these values are not included in the projections. In addition to the sectoral activity-based targets for electricity generation, transport energy efficiency, other livestock, and waste sector, this NDC also includes additional policy targets for sectors where data and/or baseline information is not available such as for livestock, solid waste and wastewater management. This paves way for Vanuatu to establish economy-wide emissions target, based on national circumstances and capabilities.', 'This paves way for Vanuatu to establish economy-wide emissions target, based on national circumstances and capabilities. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Vanuatu, as a SIDS and considering Article 4, paragraph 6, has the option to prepare and communicate strategies, plans and actions reflecting its special circumstances. In light of Vanuatu’s commitment to limiting increases in global average temperatures to well below 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, it has submitted quantifiable targets as outlined in 1(b) above. As Vanuatu’s NDC now covers adaptation, loss and damage as well as mitigation, its plans and actions addressing adaptation and the possible limits to adaptation that may result in loss and damage, are outlined by Vanuatu ‘s various submissions to the UNFCCC.', 'As Vanuatu’s NDC now covers adaptation, loss and damage as well as mitigation, its plans and actions addressing adaptation and the possible limits to adaptation that may result in loss and damage, are outlined by Vanuatu ‘s various submissions to the UNFCCC. In addition to the sectoral activity-based mitigation targets Vanuatu’s enhanced NDC also includes policy targets (See section 1(d)) for areas where data and/or baseline information is not available. These mitigation areas include livestock and waste management. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its Article 2 a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. See 6(a) above.', 'How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2. See 6(a) above. Vanuatu feels that Article 2 of the convention is closely linked to Article 8 of the Paris Agreement on the importance of averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable development in reducing the risk of loss and damage. Sadly, Vanuatu has reached the limits of adaptation in many instances, with climate change already causing loss and damage as exemplified in Article 2, disenabling ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, witnessing threats to food security, and observing devastation to economic development.', 'Sadly, Vanuatu has reached the limits of adaptation in many instances, with climate change already causing loss and damage as exemplified in Article 2, disenabling ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, witnessing threats to food security, and observing devastation to economic development. In this context, Vanuatu’s enhanced and revised NDC makes every effort to more comprehensively to undertake adaptation action, while at the same time, calling for increased support to address loss and damage. All three Pillars of the Paris Agreement are critical, and equally addressed in this NDC. b. How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6(a) above.', 'How the NDC contributes towards Article 2, paragraph 1(a), and Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See 6(a) above. Vanuatu is planning to work on a long-term strategy to decarbonise the economy in line with Article 2 paragraph 1(a) and Article 4 paragraph 1.56 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX II Additional Identified Targets and Indicators for the Agriculture Sector This Annex II is complementary to the revised and enhanced NDC, and is the result of work undertaken by the "Enhancing Vanuatu s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets" project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub.', 'Vanuatu is planning to work on a long-term strategy to decarbonise the economy in line with Article 2 paragraph 1(a) and Article 4 paragraph 1.56 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX II Additional Identified Targets and Indicators for the Agriculture Sector This Annex II is complementary to the revised and enhanced NDC, and is the result of work undertaken by the "Enhancing Vanuatu s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets" project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub. Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag1: By agriculture SMEs and private sector operators are able to generate sufficient income to cover essential household needs and services in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', 'Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag1: By agriculture SMEs and private sector operators are able to generate sufficient income to cover essential household needs and services in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Indicator Ag1.1: Climate vulnerable agriculture SMEs and private sector operators for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 1.1.2; ENV 1.1.3; ENV 1.4.3]. Indicator Ag1.2: Natural resource related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. soil and land quality and access, stocks of climate resilience seedlings) [SOC 1.7.2]. Indicator Ag1.3: Infrastructure related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. inter-island freight; extension services, stocks of climate resilience biotechnology and equipment; [post-disaster] value chain support system). [ECO 3.4.1].', 'inter-island freight; extension services, stocks of climate resilience biotechnology and equipment; [post-disaster] value chain support system). [ECO 3.4.1]. Indicator Ag1.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. climate and disaster resilient cropping training, produce market, value chain production, etc). [ENV 1.4.2; ENV 1.5.1]. Indicator Ag1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (community decision- making, planning and action related to supporting agriculture SMEs at community, area, province level). Indicator Ag1.6: Financing related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. agriculture SME insurance cover).', 'Indicator Ag1.6: Financing related measures to strengthen agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. agriculture SME insurance cover). Indicator Ag1.7: Proportion of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces operating in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag1.8: Changes in the number of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in the most vulnerable communities in each of the six provinces. [ENV 1.1.3; ECO 3.4.2]. Indicator Ag1.9: Proportion of men and women operating agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag1.10: Turnover generated by agriculture SMEs and private sector operators, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV 1.1.3].', 'Indicator Ag1.10: Turnover generated by agriculture SMEs and private sector operators, by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV 1.1.3]. Indicator Ag2.11: Percentage of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators covered by crop and livestock insurance. Indicator Ag1.12: Proportion of agriculture SMEs and private sector operators in each of the six provinces operating on customary land in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag1.13: Total number of agriculture based rural producer cooperatives registered by province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag1.14: Total number of primary, secondary and tertiary schools that teach climate resilient commercial agriculture. ENV 1.1.1 Proportion of households engaged in production of food for own consumption.', 'ENV 1.1.1 Proportion of households engaged in production of food for own consumption. ENV 1.1.2 Up to date data on primary production (agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity) available for analysis and informed decision-making and reporting. ENV 1.1.3 Average incidence of food poverty at the household level (Food Poverty Line). SOC 1.2.2 Proportion of population possessing common and basic traditional production skills related to weaving, transport, housing, farming, food preparation. ENV 1.4.2 Total number of people receiving training in food storage and preservation per year in MALFFB led, NGO or partnered initiatives. ENV 1.4.3 Establishment of land use capability mapping systems to determine which crops and farming systems are best suited to different areas. ENV 1.3.2 Domestic food price level. ENV 1.5.1 Proportion of producers across the productive sector that have undergone Agro-Met training. ENV 1.5.3 Proportion of farmers involved in integrated farming practices.', 'ENV 1.5.3 Proportion of farmers involved in integrated farming practices. ECO 3.4.1 Total annual number of agricultural extension services per capita by province. ENV 3.1.2 Institutional strengthening of NAB, Department of Climate Change and other MoCC departments. ECO 3.4.2 Total number of rural producer cooperatives registered by province. ECO 4.2.1 Proportion of rural households engaged. ECO 4.3.1 Total number of processed local products produced per annum for domestic consumption and export. ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exports.58 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag2 Indicator Ag2.1: Climate vulnerabilities of subsistence agriculture for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment.', 'ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exports.58 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Ag2 Indicator Ag2.1: Climate vulnerabilities of subsistence agriculture for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 1.1.2; ENV 1.1.3; ENV 1.4.3]. Indicator Ag2.2: Natural resource related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. soil and land quality and access) [SOC 1.7.2] environmentally) stressed times. [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag2.3: Infrastructure related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. outer island roads, extension services, stocks of climate resilience seedlings and equipment). [ECO 3.4.1].', 'outer island roads, extension services, stocks of climate resilience seedlings and equipment). [ECO 3.4.1]. Indicator Ag2.4: Skills and training related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. climate and disaster resilient cropping training, number of farms and/or level of crop harvest per farmer in normal and stress times). [ENV 1.4.2; ENV 1.5.1]. Indicator Ag2.5: Institutional and governance related measures to subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (community decision- making, planning and action related to supporting agriculture SMEs at community, area, province level). Indicator Ag2.6: Finance related measures to strengthen subsistence agriculture in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. agriculture SME insurance). Indicator Ag2.7: Proportion of subsistence gardens in each of the six provinces producing food in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1].', 'Indicator Ag2.7: Proportion of subsistence gardens in each of the six provinces producing food in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Ag2.8: Changes in the level subsistence agriculture harvests in the most vulnerable communities in each of the six provinces by cultivation area and individual crop performance [ENV 1.1.3; ECO 3.4.2]. Indicator Ag2.9: Proportion of men and women engaged in subsistence agriculture in each of the six provinces in normal and climate/ disaster times, and in trade with family in urban centres. Indicator Ag2.10: Subsistence crop turnover generated by gender and province in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. [ENV 1.1.3]. Indicator Ag2.11: Percentage of subsistence gardens covered by crop insurance [no reference to insurance in NSDP]. Indicator Ag2.12: Percentage of subsistence farmers in continuing to apply traditional knowledge and access planting materials for subsistence purposes. [SOC 1.2.2].', 'Indicator Ag2.12: Percentage of subsistence farmers in continuing to apply traditional knowledge and access planting materials for subsistence purposes. [SOC 1.2.2]. Indicator Ag2.13: Average incidence of food poverty at the household level post-disaster (Food Poverty Line) [ENV 1.1.3]. Indicator Ag2.14: Total number of primary, secondary and tertiary schools that teach climate resilient subsistent agriculture. Indicator Ag1.15: Number of households with access to sustainable climate-smart quality food production sufficient for daily food consumption in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ENV 1.1.1]. ENV 1.1.1 Proportion of households engaged in production of food for own consumption. ENV 1.1.2 Up to date data on primary production (agriculture, livestock, forestry, fisheries, biosecurity) available for analysis and informed decision-making and reporting. ENV 1.1.3 Average incidence of food poverty at the household level (Food Poverty Line).', 'ENV 1.1.3 Average incidence of food poverty at the household level (Food Poverty Line). SOC 1.2.2 Proportion of population possessing common and basic traditional production skills related to weaving, transport, housing, farming, food preparation. ENV 1.4.2 Total number of people receiving training in food storage and preservation per year in MALFFB led, NGO or partnered initiatives. ENV 1.4.3 Establishment of land use capability mapping systems to determine which crops and farming systems are best suited to different areas. ENV 1.3.2 Domestic food price level. ENV 1.5.1 Proportion of producers across the productive sector that have undergone Agro-Met training. ENV 1.5.3 Proportion of farmers involved in integrated farming practices. ECO 3.4.1 Total annual number of agricultural extension services per capita by province. ENV 3.1.2 Institutional strengthening of NAB, Department of Climate Change and other MoCC departments.', 'ENV 3.1.2 Institutional strengthening of NAB, Department of Climate Change and other MoCC departments. ECO 3.4.2 Total number of rural producer cooperatives registered by province. ECO 4.2.1 Proportion of rural households engaged. ECO 4.3.1 Total number of processed local products produced per annum for domestic consumption and export. ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exports.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX III Additional Identified Targets and Indicators for the Water Sector This Annex II is complementary to the revised and enhanced NDC, and is the result of work undertaken by the "Enhancing Vanuatu s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub".', 'ECO 4.3.2 Ratio of processed export commodities (including coconut, kava, cocoa, coffee) to raw exports.VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 ANNEX III Additional Identified Targets and Indicators for the Water Sector This Annex II is complementary to the revised and enhanced NDC, and is the result of work undertaken by the "Enhancing Vanuatu s NDC to include quantifiable adaptation targets project enabled by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and the Regional Pacific Nationally Determined Contributions Hub". Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa1: By water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces have developed DWSSP and are able to address water needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Indicator Wa1.1: Water-climate vulnerable rural communities for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human-rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment.', 'Indicator Wa1.1: Water-climate vulnerable rural communities for all six provinces mapped, using GIS as well as human-rights based, gender-sensitive and socially inclusive approaches and methods of assessment. [ENV 4.2.2; ECO 2.2.1; SOC 4.1.1; SOC 4.1.2; SOC 4.4.2]. Indicator Wa1.2: Natural resource related measures to addressing water climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. protection of natural water sources; improved wastewater disposal; water quality) [ENV 4.2.1; ECO 2.2.1; ENV 3.4.1]. Indicator Wa1.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to address water climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. cyclone-proof tanks, water treatment, water technology for drought (scarcity) periods) [ECO 2.2.1; SOC 4.5.1; SOC 4.5.2]. Indicator Wa1.4: Skills related measures to address water climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. post-disaster water safety training) SOC 4.4.1].', 'post-disaster water safety training) SOC 4.4.1]. Indicator Wa1.5: Institutional and governance related measures to address water climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. community water governance; water efficiency measures; development, implementation and monitoring of community DWSSP) [ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa1.6: Financing related measures to address water-climate vulnerability of rural communities in the six provinces identified and implemented (e.g. community water system insurance ENV 3.3.1]. Indicator Wa1.7: Proportion of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with adequate access to water supply in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ENV 4.2.1; ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa1.8: Proportion of men and women with adequate access to water in each of the six provinces in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times [ECO 3.4.2; ECO 4.2.1]. Indicator Wa1.9: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance.', 'Indicator Wa1.9: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable rural communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance. Indicator Wa1.10: Number of water-climate vulnerable rural communities with at least 5 individuals who have been trained on climate resilient water management. SOC 4.1.1 Proportion of government departments with gender responsive policies, legislation and programmes. SOC 4.1.2 Number of decisions in which women participate. SOC 4.1.3 Indicators of women’s empowerment. ENV 3.4.1 Percentage of public schools using the climate change and disaster risk reduction modules in national curricula at all levels. ENV 4.2.1 Number of declared Water Protection Zones. TARGET: 6 Water Protection Zones declared. ENV 4.2.2 Establishment of GIS mapping relevant to the management of forest activities (Target: By 2030 100% of forest areas of significance mapped). SOC 4.4.1 Proportion of the activities of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) implemented.', 'SOC 4.4.1 Proportion of the activities of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) implemented. SOC 4.4.2 Proportion of human rights related conventions ratified. SOC 4.5.1 Proportion of Government Offices and public facilities with ramp access or some disability friendly rating. SOC 6.5.1 Change in annual budget going to Provinces, Municipalities towards operations/programmes (Devolution of funding authority). SOC 6.8.1 Percentage of aid the government sector reported on the government’s budget. ENV 3.3.1 Number of support plans available to communities for coordination, planning, preparedness, response and recovery. ECO 2.2.1 Proportion of population with reliable access to safe drinking water. TARGET: 100% by 2030.60 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa2: By resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times.', 'TARGET: 100% by 2030.60 VANUATU’S REVISED AND ENHANCED 1ST NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION 2021–2030 Targets Process-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Outcome-based Indicators [relatable NSDP Indicators] Relatable NSDP Indicator Target Wa2: By resilient water protection zones declared and sufficiently provides urban water supply needs in normal and (climate, disaster and environmentally) stressed times. Indicator Wa2.1: Climate-resilient natural water sources for urban water supply needs identified and mapped using GIS [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2]. Indicator Wa 2.2: Natural resource related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. reforestation of watershed) [ECO 2.2.1; ENV 4.3.1; ENV 4.6.1; ENV 4.6.2]. Indicator Wa 2.3: Infrastructure (including technology and services) related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. fencing of water source) [ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa 2.4: Skills related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. watershed reforestation training) [ECO 2.2.1; ENV4.7.1].', 'Indicator Wa 2.4: Skills related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. watershed reforestation training) [ECO 2.2.1; ENV4.7.1]. Indicator Wa 2.5: Institutional and governance related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. legislating projection of watershed) [ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa 2.6: Financing related measures to protect climate vulnerable urban water sources identified and implemented (e.g. reforestation of watershed) [ECO 2.2.1] disaster resilient cropping training, produce market, value chain production, etc). [ENV 1.4.2; ENV 1.5.1]. Indicator Wa2.7: Proportion of urban household with access to climate-resilient natural water source in the six provinces [ENV 4.2.1; ENV 4.2.2; ECO 2.2.1]. Indicator Wa2.8: Percentage of water-climate vulnerable urban communities in the six provinces covered by water insurance [ENV 4.2.1; ECO 2.2.1]. ENV 4.2.1 Number of declared Water Protection Zones. TARGET: 6 Water Protection Zones declared.', 'TARGET: 6 Water Protection Zones declared. ENV 4.2.2 Establishment of GIS mapping relevant to the management of forest activities TARGET: By 2030 100% of forest areas of significance mapped. ENV 4.4.2 Number of integrated coastal management plans developed and implemented. ENV 4.6.1 Annual estimated area (square km) of reforestation and rehabilitation. ENV 4.6.2 Proportion of licensees harvesting within their allocated quota or Proportion of licensee operations being monitored. ENV 4.3.1 Proportion of extraction activities complying with EIA requirements. ENV 4.7.1 Total annual outreach and awareness activities undertaken by or in partnership with the DEPC. ECO 2.2.1 Proportion of population with reliable access to safe drinking water. TARGET: 100% by 2030 MALFFB led, NGO or partnered initiatives.Efate, Vanuatu © Stuart Chape'] | en-US |
369 | VEN | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | 1st NDC | 2018-02-27 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Primera%20%20NDC%20Venezuela.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 110.057333 | 25.56808 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/d120993786b92f950118bc635777b26383432b8f09e0e0bd38f504809cabbe66.pdf | ['Primera Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos- 2 - A.-Presentación • Desde su fundación nuestro país creció sobre los ideales de libertad, justicia, independencia, democracia e inclusión; orientado a la reducción de inequidades y el empoderamiento de los pueblos. La lucha de Venezuela por la independencia de los poderes coloniales se extendió a cinco países, bajo la convicción del derecho y deber de los pueblos de elegir su propio destino desde la justicia y convivencia solidaria. Esa lucha aún continúa.', 'La lucha de Venezuela por la independencia de los poderes coloniales se extendió a cinco países, bajo la convicción del derecho y deber de los pueblos de elegir su propio destino desde la justicia y convivencia solidaria. Esa lucha aún continúa. • Simón Bolívar, reconocido como el padre de la patria venezolana, definió una geopolítica americana anticolonialista y antiimperialista; dejó trazados los elementos conceptuales fundamentales, las categorías de lo que es una tesis geopolítica que reivindicamos 200 años después: la necesidad de construir el equilibrio de las naciones, un mundo de justicia, un mundo de paz.', '• Simón Bolívar, reconocido como el padre de la patria venezolana, definió una geopolítica americana anticolonialista y antiimperialista; dejó trazados los elementos conceptuales fundamentales, las categorías de lo que es una tesis geopolítica que reivindicamos 200 años después: la necesidad de construir el equilibrio de las naciones, un mundo de justicia, un mundo de paz. • Estamos convencidos y convencidas de que los valores capitalistas como el consumismo, el individualismo y el crecimiento ilimitado son la base de la enorme crisis social, política y ambiental que atraviesa nuestra civilización. En palabras del comandante Chávez: “El capitalismo, la economía capitalista, termina destrozando el ambiente, destrozando la sociedad, destrozando el planeta.', 'En palabras del comandante Chávez: “El capitalismo, la economía capitalista, termina destrozando el ambiente, destrozando la sociedad, destrozando el planeta. Es la economía capitalista la causa fundamental de los destrozos que hay hoy sobre el planeta, de los grandes desequilibrios naturales, climáticos, que han roto el equilibrio en la Tierra”. “Es práctica y éticamente inadmisible sacrificar a la especie humana invocando de manera demencial la vigencia de un modelo socioeconómico con una galopante capacidad destructiva. Es suicida insistir en diseminarlo e imponerlo como remedio infalible para los males de los cuales es, precisamente, el principal causante”.', 'Es suicida insistir en diseminarlo e imponerlo como remedio infalible para los males de los cuales es, precisamente, el principal causante”. • Los valores capitalistas deben ser reemplazados por valores basados en la justicia, la equidad, la solidaridad, la vida comunitaria, la armonía con la naturaleza de la que somos parte y el respeto de sus ciclos, el respeto de la espiritualidad de los pueblos; y el respeto por los valores y saberes indígenas y campesinos. En otras palabras, deben ser reemplazados por valores ecosocialistas. Creemos que nuestras sociedades deben cambiar y que esa transformación solo puede ocurrir desde las raíces, desde la participación, acciones y saberes de grupos y organizaciones sociales de base, desde la justicia, la equidad, el respeto y la inclusión.', 'Creemos que nuestras sociedades deben cambiar y que esa transformación solo puede ocurrir desde las raíces, desde la participación, acciones y saberes de grupos y organizaciones sociales de base, desde la justicia, la equidad, el respeto y la inclusión. • Venezuela ha asumido el reto de la transformación. Somos ecosocialistas, por convicción de espíritu y razón. Afirmamos nuestro compromiso con la- 3 - construcción de un modelo alternativo de desarrollo y nuestra voluntad inquebrantable de trabajar hombro a hombro con todos los que quieran aceptar la responsabilidad que los pueblos del mundo nos han dado.', 'Afirmamos nuestro compromiso con la- 3 - construcción de un modelo alternativo de desarrollo y nuestra voluntad inquebrantable de trabajar hombro a hombro con todos los que quieran aceptar la responsabilidad que los pueblos del mundo nos han dado. Como afirmó el presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros en la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas, creemos necesario un nuevo concepto, un nuevo mundo como necesidad de la humanidad; una geopolítica de respeto de los pueblos, de la identidad; una política de convivencia; una política de paz con justicia, con igualdad; una política que rechace todo intento de imponer la voluntad de un país sobre otro; sea por la vía de la amenaza y el uso de la fuerza, o por la vía financiera, económica, cultural y política.', 'Como afirmó el presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros en la Asamblea de las Naciones Unidas, creemos necesario un nuevo concepto, un nuevo mundo como necesidad de la humanidad; una geopolítica de respeto de los pueblos, de la identidad; una política de convivencia; una política de paz con justicia, con igualdad; una política que rechace todo intento de imponer la voluntad de un país sobre otro; sea por la vía de la amenaza y el uso de la fuerza, o por la vía financiera, económica, cultural y política. • Nuestra Constitución, aprobada en referéndum popular en 1999, consagra los Derechos Ambientales y es pionera al establecer que “es un derecho y un deber de cada generación proteger y mantener el ambiente en beneficio de sí misma y del mundo futuro.', '• Nuestra Constitución, aprobada en referéndum popular en 1999, consagra los Derechos Ambientales y es pionera al establecer que “es un derecho y un deber de cada generación proteger y mantener el ambiente en beneficio de sí misma y del mundo futuro. Toda persona tiene derecho individual y colectivamente a disfrutar de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Estado protegerá el ambiente, la diversidad biológica, los recursos genéticos, los procesos ecológicos, los parques nacionales y monumentos naturales y demás áreas de especial importancia ecológica. El genoma de los seres vivos no podrá ser patentado, y la ley que se refiera a los principios bioéticos regulará la materia.', 'El genoma de los seres vivos no podrá ser patentado, y la ley que se refiera a los principios bioéticos regulará la materia. Es una obligación fundamental del Estado, con la activa participación de la sociedad, garantizar que la población se desenvuelva en un ambiente libre de contaminación, en donde el aire, el agua, los suelos, las costas, el clima, la capa de ozono, las especies vivas, sean especialmente protegidos de conformidad con la ley.” • El Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, aprobado como Ley Nacional en 2013, hace manifiesta nuestra voluntad de transformar el país y contribuir a salvar la vida en el planeta hacia un mundo justo y sustentable; organizado sobre las bases de instituciones internacionales verdaderamente democráticas; y orientado a la suprema felicidad social perdurable y el Buen Vivir.', 'Es una obligación fundamental del Estado, con la activa participación de la sociedad, garantizar que la población se desenvuelva en un ambiente libre de contaminación, en donde el aire, el agua, los suelos, las costas, el clima, la capa de ozono, las especies vivas, sean especialmente protegidos de conformidad con la ley.” • El Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, aprobado como Ley Nacional en 2013, hace manifiesta nuestra voluntad de transformar el país y contribuir a salvar la vida en el planeta hacia un mundo justo y sustentable; organizado sobre las bases de instituciones internacionales verdaderamente democráticas; y orientado a la suprema felicidad social perdurable y el Buen Vivir. • Desarrollando los principios constitucionales, Venezuela ha revisado, actualizado y fortalecido su marco legal impulsando una gestión socioambiental equitativa, justa y efectiva.', '• Desarrollando los principios constitucionales, Venezuela ha revisado, actualizado y fortalecido su marco legal impulsando una gestión socioambiental equitativa, justa y efectiva. Un ejemplo de esto es la revolucionaria Ley de Semillas (2015).', 'Un ejemplo de esto es la revolucionaria Ley de Semillas (2015). El objeto de esta Ley es “preservar, proteger, garantizar la producción, multiplicación, conservación, libre circulación y el uso de la semilla, así como la promoción, investigación, innovación, distribución e intercambio de la misma, desde una visión agroecológica socialista, privilegiando la producción- 4 - nacional de semillas, haciendo especial énfasis en la valoración de la semilla indígena, afrodescendiente, campesina y local, contraria a las patentes y derecho de obtentor sobre la semilla, prohibiendo la liberación, el uso, la multiplicación, la entrada al país y la producción nacional de semillas transgénicas con el fin de alcanzar y garantizar la seguridad y soberanía agroalimentaria, el derecho a una alimentación sana y nutritiva, la conservación y protección de la diversidad biológica, así como la preservación de la vida en el planeta de conformidad con lo establecido en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.” • El Cambio Climático es uno de los mayores problemas que afecta actualmente al planeta, situación esta que transciende lo ambiental y debe ser considerado en sus dimensiones ética, económica, social y política.', 'El objeto de esta Ley es “preservar, proteger, garantizar la producción, multiplicación, conservación, libre circulación y el uso de la semilla, así como la promoción, investigación, innovación, distribución e intercambio de la misma, desde una visión agroecológica socialista, privilegiando la producción- 4 - nacional de semillas, haciendo especial énfasis en la valoración de la semilla indígena, afrodescendiente, campesina y local, contraria a las patentes y derecho de obtentor sobre la semilla, prohibiendo la liberación, el uso, la multiplicación, la entrada al país y la producción nacional de semillas transgénicas con el fin de alcanzar y garantizar la seguridad y soberanía agroalimentaria, el derecho a una alimentación sana y nutritiva, la conservación y protección de la diversidad biológica, así como la preservación de la vida en el planeta de conformidad con lo establecido en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.” • El Cambio Climático es uno de los mayores problemas que afecta actualmente al planeta, situación esta que transciende lo ambiental y debe ser considerado en sus dimensiones ética, económica, social y política. Es, de hecho, una de las manifestaciones más claras de la crisis del capitalismo como sistema depredador que hace imposible una vida sana, plena, solidaria y en paz sobre la tierra.', 'Es, de hecho, una de las manifestaciones más claras de la crisis del capitalismo como sistema depredador que hace imposible una vida sana, plena, solidaria y en paz sobre la tierra. • La lucha contra el Cambio Climático materializa en efecto el enfrentamiento entre dos modelos y visiones de mundo. Los países desarrollados buscan perpetuar los esquemas hegemónicos que los favorecen, fortaleciendo los patrones de consumo, producción, control, dominación y mercados que enriquecen a sus élites dominantes. Los países en desarrollo exigen el derecho a erradicar la pobreza y elegir sus propias formas de desarrollo sin sufrir las consecuencias y cargar el lastre generado por los niveles de consumo insostenibles de los países llamados desarrollados.', 'Los países en desarrollo exigen el derecho a erradicar la pobreza y elegir sus propias formas de desarrollo sin sufrir las consecuencias y cargar el lastre generado por los niveles de consumo insostenibles de los países llamados desarrollados. • Esta lucha tiene muchas facetas, una de ellas es la que está desarrollándose bajo la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Lo que se está negociando allí va mucho más allá de las acciones para la mitigación o adaptación: se están negociando las futuras relaciones de poder basadas en el uso y distribución de la energía y los elementos naturales que marcarán las estructuras hegemónicas del futuro. • La estrategia para combatir el Cambio Climático debe ser efectiva pero también justa y equitativa.', '• La estrategia para combatir el Cambio Climático debe ser efectiva pero también justa y equitativa. Esto es, debe considerar las responsabilidades históricas y contribuir a disminuir las inequidades que afectan negativamente a numerosos países y grupos sociales, no a profundizarlas. Los principios y compromisos que reconocieron todos los países firmantes de las Convención Marco de Naciones Unidades sobre Cambio Climático establecen bases éticas y prácticas en este sentido, en particular en lo referente a las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas y a las prioridades que debe tener el desarrollo y- 5 - la erradicación de la pobreza para los países en desarrollo. A esto debe añadirse, tal como se acordó en Rio+20, el derecho de cada país de decidir libremente sus propias formas y vías de desarrollo sustentable.', 'A esto debe añadirse, tal como se acordó en Rio+20, el derecho de cada país de decidir libremente sus propias formas y vías de desarrollo sustentable. La lucha de los países en desarrollo contra el Cambio Climático es la lucha por la defensa de la Convención, sus principios y disposiciones, es la lucha por la vida. • Son los pueblos, representados por sus gobiernos, los que tienen el deber y la responsabilidad de mediar y equilibrar los intereses de los distintos actores que hacen vida dentro de sus países. No es posible ni aceptable delegar responsabilidades de Estado en el sector privado.', 'No es posible ni aceptable delegar responsabilidades de Estado en el sector privado. La Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático es y debe ser una Convención guiada por los países, no una ronda de negocios enfocada hacia cuestionados mecanismos de mercado o un espacio para el enriquecimiento de la empresa privada. Cada país debe decidir internamente, de acuerdo a sus necesidades, prioridades y modelo de desarrollo, como se articularían esfuerzos con los sectores no gubernamentales o subnacionales, pretender imponer un esquema uniforme para todas las naciones es contrario al respecto de las soberanías nacionales.', 'Cada país debe decidir internamente, de acuerdo a sus necesidades, prioridades y modelo de desarrollo, como se articularían esfuerzos con los sectores no gubernamentales o subnacionales, pretender imponer un esquema uniforme para todas las naciones es contrario al respecto de las soberanías nacionales. • No hay solución sin justicia y sólo puede haber justicia si los errores y atropellos del pasado son corregidos ahora, en este presente que nos ha tocado vivir y que dejará su marca en el futuro. Cualquier acuerdo a espaldas de la justicia y el pasado es una estafa a los pueblos del mundo que tienen su mirada puesta en nosotros.', 'Cualquier acuerdo a espaldas de la justicia y el pasado es una estafa a los pueblos del mundo que tienen su mirada puesta en nosotros. Debemos mirar con optimismo, compromiso y dignidad el futuro, con los pies plantados firmemente en el presente, desde una clara consciencia de la justicia y de la historia. • El Cambio Climático es una de las facetas de la crisis ambiental global generada por patrones de producción y consumo excesivos e insostenibles, particularmente en los países desarrollados. Por consiguiente, sólo la modificación de estos patrones constituye una solución verdadera y perdurable a la crisis ambiental y por consiguiente al Cambio Climático.', 'Por consiguiente, sólo la modificación de estos patrones constituye una solución verdadera y perdurable a la crisis ambiental y por consiguiente al Cambio Climático. • Venezuela, siendo un país con zonas de baja altitud, zonas insulares, zonas costeras bajas, zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y zonas con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; además de ser un país en desarrollo cuya economía depende particularmente de la producción, uso y exportación de combustibles fósiles, categorías todas establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidades sobre Cambio Climático como de alta vulnerabilidad; es un país particularmente sensible a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático y a los efectos secundarios de- 6 - potenciales medidas de respuesta.', '• Venezuela, siendo un país con zonas de baja altitud, zonas insulares, zonas costeras bajas, zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y zonas con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; además de ser un país en desarrollo cuya economía depende particularmente de la producción, uso y exportación de combustibles fósiles, categorías todas establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidades sobre Cambio Climático como de alta vulnerabilidad; es un país particularmente sensible a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático y a los efectos secundarios de- 6 - potenciales medidas de respuesta. Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho patente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, producción de alimentos, generación de electricidad y diversidad biológica, entre otras.', 'Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho patente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, producción de alimentos, generación de electricidad y diversidad biológica, entre otras. Frente a esta situación Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada, reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad a un alto costo para la nación • A pesar de que Venezuela no es un país con responsabilidades históricas en Cambio Climático, ha emprendido una ambiciosa serie de acciones financiadas nacionalmente con gran incidencia en reparación de pérdidas y daños, adaptación y mitigación.', 'Frente a esta situación Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada, reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad a un alto costo para la nación • A pesar de que Venezuela no es un país con responsabilidades históricas en Cambio Climático, ha emprendido una ambiciosa serie de acciones financiadas nacionalmente con gran incidencia en reparación de pérdidas y daños, adaptación y mitigación. En el marco de lo acordado bajo la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidades sobre Cambio Climático en relación a las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC), Venezuela, comprometida en la construcción de un modelo económico productivo ecosocialista, presenta aquí algunas de sus contribuciones en esta materia.', 'En el marco de lo acordado bajo la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidades sobre Cambio Climático en relación a las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDC), Venezuela, comprometida en la construcción de un modelo económico productivo ecosocialista, presenta aquí algunas de sus contribuciones en esta materia. Estas acciones se articulan en el marco del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, en el cual se plantea la profundización de políticas ecosocialistas con un alto impacto social, económico y ambiental en materia de Cambio Climático. Venezuela presenta ambiciosas contribuciones en adaptación y mitigación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable. Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y con financiamiento propio.', 'Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y con financiamiento propio. Las mismas no habían sido presentadas formalmente, hasta ahora, en el marco de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático. El Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación establece la prioridad de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático en el marco de un desarrollo integral, humanista y ecosocialista orientado al Buen Vivir en armonía con la Madre Tierra. • La emisiones de Venezuela (0.24 Gton CO2eq/año) sólo representan el 0.49% de la emisiones mundiales de gases de efecto invernadero. Sin embargo, como parte de las políticas establecidas en el plan de desarrollo económico y social del país, Venezuela se propone implementar un Plan Nacional de Mitigación en conjunto con un Plan Nacional de Adaptación.', 'Sin embargo, como parte de las políticas establecidas en el plan de desarrollo económico y social del país, Venezuela se propone implementar un Plan Nacional de Mitigación en conjunto con un Plan Nacional de Adaptación. El Plan Nacional de Mitigación apuntará a la reducción de las emisiones del país en al menos un 20% para 2030 en relación al escenario inercial, entendido este como un escenario hipotético en el cual no se implementa el plan.', 'El Plan Nacional de Mitigación apuntará a la reducción de las emisiones del país en al menos un 20% para 2030 en relación al escenario inercial, entendido este como un escenario hipotético en el cual no se implementa el plan. El grado en que se alcance esta meta dependerá del cumplimiento de los compromisos de los países desarrollados en cuanto a provisión de financiamiento, transferencia de tecnología y formación de capacidades de acuerdo al Artículo 4.7 de la Convención.- 7 - Fuentes de información base: (Emisiones de dióxido de carbono derivadas de la quema de combustibles fósiles y de la fabricación de cemento. Incluyen el dióxido de carbono producido por el consumo de combustibles sólidos, líquidos, gases combustibles y la quema de gas).', 'Incluyen el dióxido de carbono producido por el consumo de combustibles sólidos, líquidos, gases combustibles y la quema de gas). • Está claro, sin embargo, que las acciones y políticas de un solo país no son suficientes. Sólo si los países que tienen responsabilidades históricas asumen a cabalidad dichas responsabilidades mediante ambiciosas metas de mitigación (entre 50 y 70% de reducción de las emisiones actuales según el IPCC en su 5to informe, estimado que probablemente aumente a medida que se mejora el conocimiento) y la provisión confiable, suficiente y predecible de medios de implementación (financiamiento, transferencia tecnológica y formación de capacidades) a los países en desarrollo; podemos aspirar a una solución real, justa y perdurable al problema del Cambio Climático.', 'Sólo si los países que tienen responsabilidades históricas asumen a cabalidad dichas responsabilidades mediante ambiciosas metas de mitigación (entre 50 y 70% de reducción de las emisiones actuales según el IPCC en su 5to informe, estimado que probablemente aumente a medida que se mejora el conocimiento) y la provisión confiable, suficiente y predecible de medios de implementación (financiamiento, transferencia tecnológica y formación de capacidades) a los países en desarrollo; podemos aspirar a una solución real, justa y perdurable al problema del Cambio Climático. Esto pasa por el establecimiento de metas globales para todos los medios de implementación, y sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación para el cumplimiento de las mismas por parte de los países desarrollados.', 'Esto pasa por el establecimiento de metas globales para todos los medios de implementación, y sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación para el cumplimiento de las mismas por parte de los países desarrollados. Los medios de financiamiento deben provenir de fondos públicos y ser administrados bajo la Convención de acuerdo a las prioridades y necesidades establecidas nacionalmente por cada país. La transferencia tecnológica debe estar orientada al “desarrollo y el mejoramiento de las capacidades y tecnologías endógenas de las Partes que son países en desarrollo” (Art. 4.5, CMNUCC) considerando mecanismos para la flexibilización de los derechos de propiedad intelectual que hagan esto posible.', '4.5, CMNUCC) considerando mecanismos para la flexibilización de los derechos de propiedad intelectual que hagan esto posible. El nuevo acuerdo firmado en París debe ser un acuerdo basado en la justicia y orientado a profundizar la implementación de la Convención bajo sus principios y disposiciones; que establezca vías para saldar la deuda climática de los países desarrollados, y facilitar el ejercicio del derecho al desarrollo y la- 8 - erradicación de la pobreza en los países en desarrollo, un acuerdo que potencie el desarrollo sustentable, justo, equitativo y solidario del planeta.', 'El nuevo acuerdo firmado en París debe ser un acuerdo basado en la justicia y orientado a profundizar la implementación de la Convención bajo sus principios y disposiciones; que establezca vías para saldar la deuda climática de los países desarrollados, y facilitar el ejercicio del derecho al desarrollo y la- 8 - erradicación de la pobreza en los países en desarrollo, un acuerdo que potencie el desarrollo sustentable, justo, equitativo y solidario del planeta. • De acuerdo a lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y su Acuerdo de París, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta aquí sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos.- 9 - B.- Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación o mitigación del Cambio Climático y sus efectos Venezuela ha desarrollado una serie de programas dentro de los cuales ha emprendido acciones importantes, contribuyendo con el combate al Cambio Climático y sus efectos desde una perspectiva de justicia e inclusión social.', '• De acuerdo a lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y su Acuerdo de París, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta aquí sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos.- 9 - B.- Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación o mitigación del Cambio Climático y sus efectos Venezuela ha desarrollado una serie de programas dentro de los cuales ha emprendido acciones importantes, contribuyendo con el combate al Cambio Climático y sus efectos desde una perspectiva de justicia e inclusión social. Estos programas podrían profundizarse y multiplicarse mediante el cumplimiento de los compromisos de provisión de medios de implementación por parte los países desarrollados bajo la Convención.', 'Estos programas podrían profundizarse y multiplicarse mediante el cumplimiento de los compromisos de provisión de medios de implementación por parte los países desarrollados bajo la Convención. Se enumeran algunos a continuación: INDUSTRIA Industria Petrolera • Como medidas compensatorias asociadas a los proyectos de PDVSA y ordenadas en la legislación ambiental, la industria petrolera ha llevado a cabo el establecimiento y mantenimiento de bosques compensatorios en un área total de 14.423 hectáreas. Estos sistemas agroforestales (bosques compensatorios, de producción y de protección) funcionan como sumideros de carbono. Actualmente se lleva a cabo la validación de las variables de campo para realizar la estimación de fijación de CO2 . Se tiene previsto para el periodo 2016-2019 el establecimiento de 2.184 hectáreas adicionales de Sistemas Agroforestales.', 'Se tiene previsto para el periodo 2016-2019 el establecimiento de 2.184 hectáreas adicionales de Sistemas Agroforestales. • La industria desarrolla actualmente un importante número de Proyectos para la minimización o aprovechamiento del gas quemado y/o venteado por PDVSA en sus operaciones de exploración y producción; esto implica la adecuación de las operaciones y las instalaciones en términos de infraestructura y facilidades para el aprovechamiento del gas natural. Se estima que en un periodo de dos años se han dejado de emitir a la atmósfera, por el aprovechamiento del gas natural, un total acumulado de eq.', 'Se estima que en un periodo de dos años se han dejado de emitir a la atmósfera, por el aprovechamiento del gas natural, un total acumulado de eq. Para el periodo 2016-2019 se tiene previsto culminar los proyectos futuros, y se estima que gracias a la ejecución de estos proyectos se dejará de emitir a la atmósfera la cantidad de 538,2 KTon- 10 - eq /año.', 'Para el periodo 2016-2019 se tiene previsto culminar los proyectos futuros, y se estima que gracias a la ejecución de estos proyectos se dejará de emitir a la atmósfera la cantidad de 538,2 KTon- 10 - eq /año. Industrias Básicas e Intermedias ▪Plan 200 fábricas Socialistas: Creación y repotenciación de empresas de reciclaje; Pulpaca (empresa con capacidad de reciclaje de madera y papel para la fabricación de bobinas de papel), línea de reciclaje de INVEPAL, VENEVIDRIO (Utilización hasta un 90% de vidrio para reciclaje en su proceso productivo), Complejo Siderúrgico y SIDOR utilización hasta un 100% de chatarra en su proceso productivo, proyecto de instalación de líneas de producción en las empresas de la corporación del plástico, alianzas estratégicas con el sector privado para el suministro de materia prima secundaria para la industria y propuesta de ley de Gestión y Recuperación de Residuos como Materia Prima Secundaria para su Incorporación en la Industria Nacional.', 'Industrias Básicas e Intermedias ▪Plan 200 fábricas Socialistas: Creación y repotenciación de empresas de reciclaje; Pulpaca (empresa con capacidad de reciclaje de madera y papel para la fabricación de bobinas de papel), línea de reciclaje de INVEPAL, VENEVIDRIO (Utilización hasta un 90% de vidrio para reciclaje en su proceso productivo), Complejo Siderúrgico y SIDOR utilización hasta un 100% de chatarra en su proceso productivo, proyecto de instalación de líneas de producción en las empresas de la corporación del plástico, alianzas estratégicas con el sector privado para el suministro de materia prima secundaria para la industria y propuesta de ley de Gestión y Recuperación de Residuos como Materia Prima Secundaria para su Incorporación en la Industria Nacional. Todas estas iniciativas generan un aumento en la eficiencia energética y una disminución en la necesidad de extracción de materia prima, lo que se traduce en disminución de emisiones asociada a procesos industriales.', 'Todas estas iniciativas generan un aumento en la eficiencia energética y una disminución en la necesidad de extracción de materia prima, lo que se traduce en disminución de emisiones asociada a procesos industriales. ▪Proyecto nacional de eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono: La eliminación progresiva del uso de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono e inciden en el cambio climático, en cumplimiento con el Protocolo de Montreal, busca la reducción del consumo país en un 10% para el año 2015 con respecto a su línea base de consumo país establecidas en 207 toneladas de potencial agotador de ozono, asociados al uso de hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), principalmente en refrigeración, aire acondicionado y espumas de poliuretano.', '▪Proyecto nacional de eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono: La eliminación progresiva del uso de las sustancias que agotan la capa de ozono e inciden en el cambio climático, en cumplimiento con el Protocolo de Montreal, busca la reducción del consumo país en un 10% para el año 2015 con respecto a su línea base de consumo país establecidas en 207 toneladas de potencial agotador de ozono, asociados al uso de hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), principalmente en refrigeración, aire acondicionado y espumas de poliuretano. Mediante el plan de formación y sensibilización de los actores involucrados sobre el peligro ambiental que representa el uso indebido de los refrigerantes halogenados, así como la adecuación de la norma legal correspondiente. Esto ha significado la reducción de 2.5 MTon CO2 eq.', 'Esto ha significado la reducción de 2.5 MTon CO2 eq. ENERGIA ELÉCTRICA Eficiencia energética, uso racional de la energía y energías complementarias ▪Cerca del 70% de la energía en Venezuela es hidroeléctrica, esto implica que el país es excepcionalmente limpio en su matriz energética pero a- 11 - la vez altamente vulnerable a las sequías. ▪La eficiencia energética, el uso racional de la energía y el impulso de energías complementarias se ha fortalecido como política con la creación del Despacho de Viceministro de Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica.', '▪La eficiencia energética, el uso racional de la energía y el impulso de energías complementarias se ha fortalecido como política con la creación del Despacho de Viceministro de Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica. ▪Con el objetivo de disminuir esta vulnerabilidad nacional en cuanto a generación eléctrica frente a la sequía, se han construido centrales termoeléctricas, generándose una reducción de 4,38% de la dependencia de producción de energía a través de grandes Centrales Hidroeléctricas, con respecto a la matriz energética del año 2010.', '▪Con el objetivo de disminuir esta vulnerabilidad nacional en cuanto a generación eléctrica frente a la sequía, se han construido centrales termoeléctricas, generándose una reducción de 4,38% de la dependencia de producción de energía a través de grandes Centrales Hidroeléctricas, con respecto a la matriz energética del año 2010. Por otra parte, se inició la substitución de tecnología de generación termoeléctrica basada en combustibles líquidos (diesel y fuel-oíl) por gas natural y tecnologías de ciclo combinado en plantas generadoras del país, registrándose a la fecha un incremento de 6,92% en la generación con turbinas a gas con respecto a la matriz energética nacional del 2010.', 'Por otra parte, se inició la substitución de tecnología de generación termoeléctrica basada en combustibles líquidos (diesel y fuel-oíl) por gas natural y tecnologías de ciclo combinado en plantas generadoras del país, registrándose a la fecha un incremento de 6,92% en la generación con turbinas a gas con respecto a la matriz energética nacional del 2010. ▪Mediante el Programa de Sustitución de Bombillos Incandescentes por Bombillos Ahorradores desde 2006 hasta el 1er semestre de 2015 se han instalado 206.000.000 (206 millones) de Lámparas Fluorescentes Compactas (LFC). ▪Otras medidas incluyen: • Programa de reemplazo de equipos acondicionadores de aire (A/A) y refrigeradores por equipos eficientes. Se sustituyeron 42.504 A/A (entre los años 2011-2013) y 3.077 refrigeradores durante el año 2012. • Construcción de dos parques de generación eólica de alta capacidad (Paraguaná y la Guajira).', '• Construcción de dos parques de generación eólica de alta capacidad (Paraguaná y la Guajira). • Implementación del Programa Sembrando Luz que permite dotar de servicio eléctrico a comunidades aisladas, a través de sistemas híbridos de energía eólica y solar. El manejo de las instalaciones asociadas ha implicado 1.327 acciones de capacitación con 14.617 beneficiados. • Promulgación de normativa legal sobre Eficiencia Energética: Ley de uso racional y eficiente de la energía; Resoluciones sobre Eficiencia Energética para el Sector Público y Privado; Reglamentos Técnicos- 12 - sobre parámetros de eficiencia energética en artefactos eléctricos: A/A, Refrigeradores, LFC; Prohibición gradual de importación de Bombillos incandescentes. Normas de etiquetado de eficiencia energética; tarifas eléctricas escalonadas de acuerdo a consumo, prohibición de importación de dispositivos ineficientes. •\uf020\uf020\uf020Implementación del Plan Banda Verde dirigido al sector residencial.', '•\uf020\uf020\uf020Implementación del Plan Banda Verde dirigido al sector residencial. Mediante este plan los hogares que se mantienen dentro de las bandas de consumo energético establecidas para cada región del país reciben un subsidio en la tarifa eléctrica. • Resoluciones ministerial es para reducción de consumo eléctrico en el sector público y privado. Obteniéndose a la fecha una reducción de 12% en el consumo de energía eléctrica para el sector público y de 8% para el sector privado. Educación Energética y Campaña comunicacional • Conformación de 3.000 Brigadas Educativas Integrales Comunitarias a nivel nacional, encuentros de saberes y experiencias, municipales estadales y nacionales.', 'Educación Energética y Campaña comunicacional • Conformación de 3.000 Brigadas Educativas Integrales Comunitarias a nivel nacional, encuentros de saberes y experiencias, municipales estadales y nacionales. • Inclusión de contenidos sobre el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica (UREE) en la Colección de Libros Bicentenario y en las computadoras del programa masivo de computadoras para estudiantes de educación básica y bachillerato “Canaimitas”. • Acciones de formación dirigidas al Poder Popular: Organizaciones, Comunas, Consejos Comunales, Instituciones. • Realización de doce Diplomados en eficiencia energética dirigidos a los trabajadores del sector público y privados a nivel nacional. • Inclusión de contenidos sobre uso racional de la energía, eficiencia energética y energías renovables, en estudios de pregrados, especializaciones, estudios no conducentes a grado y otros.', '• Inclusión de contenidos sobre uso racional de la energía, eficiencia energética y energías renovables, en estudios de pregrados, especializaciones, estudios no conducentes a grado y otros. • Inclusión de contenidos relativos a la energía y su impacto en el ambiente dentro de los planes de estudio escolares. • Encuentros escolares estadales y nacionales con niños y niñas de educación primaria sobre uso racional y eficiente de la energía. • Campañas comunicacionales masivas de ahorro energético:- 13 - "Ahorrar energía es tarea de todos", "Soy Consciente, Consumo Eficiente". VIVIENDA Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela ▪La Gran Misión Vivienda surge en 2010 como respuesta a la emergencia generada por lluvias torrenciales que afectaron a cientos de miles de habitantes de las zonas más pobres del país.', 'VIVIENDA Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela ▪La Gran Misión Vivienda surge en 2010 como respuesta a la emergencia generada por lluvias torrenciales que afectaron a cientos de miles de habitantes de las zonas más pobres del país. A través de esta Misión se han construido y entregado más de 800 mil viviendas hasta Noviembre de 2015 y se plantea la construcción de tres millones de viviendas como meta acumulada para 2019. Esta misión significa una respuesta a pérdidas y daños por lluvias extremas para cerca de 150 mil personas afectadas y una reducción de vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos de Cambio Climático para más de 12 millones de personas.', 'Esta misión significa una respuesta a pérdidas y daños por lluvias extremas para cerca de 150 mil personas afectadas y una reducción de vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos de Cambio Climático para más de 12 millones de personas. TRANSPORTE Misión Transporte ▪Bajo el lema de “Movilidad colectiva para el buen vivir”, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Transporte Terrestre y Obras Publicas desarrolla la Misión Transporte, creada el 27 de Marzo de 2014. La Misión transporte se estructura en vértices de acción: Registro Nacional, Cobertura Territorial, Servicios, Financiamiento, Educación, Infraestructura y Movilidad Urbana. Su implementación implica el uso más eficiente de los medios de transporte y la mejora y actualización del parque automotor resultando en mayor eficiencia y menores emisiones. La misma comprende: •\uf020Masificación de las Proveedurías de Repuestos e Insumos.', 'La misma comprende: •\uf020Masificación de las Proveedurías de Repuestos e Insumos. • Seguridad de Usuarios y Transportistas en el Marco de la Misión A Toda Vida Venezuela. •\uf020Financiamiento a través de la Banca Pública para la Renovación de Flota. •\uf020Refugios para Gandolas y Autobuses Extraurbanos. •\uf020Refugios de Motorizados. •\uf020Escuela de conductores.- 14 - •\uf020Construcción y acondicionamiento de Terminales de Pasajeros. •\uf020Asfaltado en el trazado de las rutas de transporte urbano. •\uf020Construcción de soluciones viales en ciudades. •\uf020Constitución de Nuevos Sistemas de Transporte. Principales Logros de la Misión Transporte ▪ Censo Nacional de Transportistas: Permite actualizar el registro de Transportistas: condición laboral, situación de flota, rutas, paradas y estado de las unidades. Involucra también el registro de las necesidades insatisfechas de transporte de todas las comunidades.', 'Involucra también el registro de las necesidades insatisfechas de transporte de todas las comunidades. A la fecha se han censado 96.500 Transportistas y han sido registradas 3000 comunidades. Se contempla la instalación de las Mesas técnicas de Movilidad: las cuales reunirán a todas las fuerzas vivas de cada estado a fin de estudiar los problemas de tráfico y plantear sus posibles soluciones. Este diagnóstico permitirá además establecer un mapa de movilidad en cada ciudad. ▪ Se ha desarrollado un plan de construcción, reconstrucción y mantenimiento de vialidades en todo el territorio nacional, por lo que 51 soluciones viales habrán sido habilitadas antes de terminar el año 2015.', '▪ Se ha desarrollado un plan de construcción, reconstrucción y mantenimiento de vialidades en todo el territorio nacional, por lo que 51 soluciones viales habrán sido habilitadas antes de terminar el año 2015. Estas soluciones permiten la descongestión del tráfico y considerables reducciones de tiempo en los tiempos de movilización vehicular, logrando disminuir el impacto ambiental del parque vehicular del país. ▪ Han sido creados nuevos sistemas BRT (Bus de Transito Rápido) en las ciudades de Maracay, Barquisimeto, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Puerto La Cruz, Mérida y Caracas. Estos sistemas especiales de Transporte poseen canales exclusivos, parados inteligentes y sistemas de seguridad con ubicación satelital.', 'Estos sistemas especiales de Transporte poseen canales exclusivos, parados inteligentes y sistemas de seguridad con ubicación satelital. ▪ Han sido creados 45 nuevos sistemas de transporte público superficial con unidades de última generación que recorren 329 nuevas rutas operativas atendiendo a más de 3 millones de personas en 120 ciudades del país. ▪ Inauguración de la Planta de Autobuses Yutong, que forma parte del convenio China–Venezuela, con una capacidad de ensamblaje de 14 modernas unidades por día.- 15 - ▪ Creación del Banco del Transportista y entrega de créditos del estado para el sector transporte a través de la banca pública, lo que ha permitido la renovación de la flota mediante la entrega de 715 Unidades a 405 líneas beneficiadas.', '▪ Inauguración de la Planta de Autobuses Yutong, que forma parte del convenio China–Venezuela, con una capacidad de ensamblaje de 14 modernas unidades por día.- 15 - ▪ Creación del Banco del Transportista y entrega de créditos del estado para el sector transporte a través de la banca pública, lo que ha permitido la renovación de la flota mediante la entrega de 715 Unidades a 405 líneas beneficiadas. Construcción y expansión de Sistemas de Transporte Masivo con la consecuente disminución en el uso de vehículos. ▪ En la actualidad, la C.A. Metro de Caracas ejecuta un conjunto de proyectos de expansión de Líneas, tal es el caso de la Línea 5 (12,5 Km y 10 estaciones) y el Sistema Caracas-Guarenas–Guatire (30 Km y 7 estaciones).', 'Metro de Caracas ejecuta un conjunto de proyectos de expansión de Líneas, tal es el caso de la Línea 5 (12,5 Km y 10 estaciones) y el Sistema Caracas-Guarenas–Guatire (30 Km y 7 estaciones). Además, se lleva a cabo la renovación y reacondicionamiento de la Línea 1. Estos trabajos son complementados por dos proyectos, que constituyen soluciones de transporte auxiliares al sistema Metro, como lo es el Metro cable Mariche y el Cable tren Bolivariano. ▪ Actualmente está en construcción la Línea II del Sistema Metro Los Teques, que irá desde la Estación Alí Primera, ubicada en el sector El Tambor, hasta San Antonio de los Altos, tendrá una longitud de 12 kilómetros y estará distribuida por seis (06) estaciones, las cuales recorrerán los municipios Guaicaipuro, Carrizal y Los Salias.', '▪ Actualmente está en construcción la Línea II del Sistema Metro Los Teques, que irá desde la Estación Alí Primera, ubicada en el sector El Tambor, hasta San Antonio de los Altos, tendrá una longitud de 12 kilómetros y estará distribuida por seis (06) estaciones, las cuales recorrerán los municipios Guaicaipuro, Carrizal y Los Salias. ▪ Se encuentra en construcción la Línea 2 del Sistema Metro de Valencia, en la capital del estado Carabobo, la cual tendrá una extensión de 4,3 Km y beneficiará aproximadamente a más de 1.800.000 personas.', '▪ Se encuentra en construcción la Línea 2 del Sistema Metro de Valencia, en la capital del estado Carabobo, la cual tendrá una extensión de 4,3 Km y beneficiará aproximadamente a más de 1.800.000 personas. ▪ Se encuentra en construcción el Ferrocarril Puerto Cabello – La Encrucijada, el cual posee una longitud 108,8 kilómetros y está enfocado al desarrollo del eje Norte – Costero del país, mediante un sistema de transporte intermodal, moderno, rápido y económico capaz movilizar más de 14 millones de usuarios al año y transportar más de 11 millones de toneladas de carga anuales. Tendrá seis estaciones: Puerto Cabello, Naguanagua, Guacara, San Joaquín, Mariara y Maracay.', 'Tendrá seis estaciones: Puerto Cabello, Naguanagua, Guacara, San Joaquín, Mariara y Maracay. Además de San Diego y La Encrucijada que servirán para la colocación de mercancía ganadera, agrícola, pecuaria e industrial, y su posterior distribución en todo el territorio nacional. Gracias a este ramal ferroviario se disminuirá significativamente la circulación del transporte de carga. Esta obra generará 5 mil 422 plazas de trabajo.- 16 - SALUD Aumento de la cobertura en atención médica ▪ Antes de la Revolución Bolivariana en 1999, más del 60% de las personas que vivían en sectores populares nunca habían acudido a un Médico para una consulta de chequeo general.', 'Esta obra generará 5 mil 422 plazas de trabajo.- 16 - SALUD Aumento de la cobertura en atención médica ▪ Antes de la Revolución Bolivariana en 1999, más del 60% de las personas que vivían en sectores populares nunca habían acudido a un Médico para una consulta de chequeo general. En 2015 se cumplen 12 años desde la creación de Barrio Adentro, misión sin precedentes que permite el acceso a los servicios de salud de alta tecnología de forma gratuita a sectores significativos de la población. Barrio Adentro es responsable de al menos 704 millones 958 mil consultas médicas gratuitas en los últimos 12 años.', 'Barrio Adentro es responsable de al menos 704 millones 958 mil consultas médicas gratuitas en los últimos 12 años. ▪ Barrio Adentro es creado en 2003 con la ayuda del gobierno de Cuba, para ofrecer servicios de salud a la población venezolana en ambulatorios pequeños construidos y dotados de insumos médicos en zonas anteriormente desatendidas. Más adelante se creó Barrio Adentro II para ampliar los servicios médicos, con la construcción de ambulatorios más grandes, y luego en 2005 Barrio Adentro III mediante el cual se construyeron 600 Centros Diagnósticos integrales y 600 Salas de Rehabilitación integral. En 2006 se inicia Barrio Adentro IV con la inauguración de centros especializados como el Hospital Cardiológico Infantil en Caracas.', 'En 2006 se inicia Barrio Adentro IV con la inauguración de centros especializados como el Hospital Cardiológico Infantil en Caracas. ▪ La creación de estos programas de salud implican una disminución de la vulnerabilidad frente a enfermedades, incluyendo aquellas cuya incidencia y distribución geográfica aumentará como consecuencia de Cambio Climático. ORGANIZACIÓN POPULAR Y PARTICIPACIÓN • El fortalecimiento de la organización social en Venezuela es determinante para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad frente al Cambio Climático. El Censo Comunal 2013 permitió cuantificar en todo el país 40.035 Consejos Comunales, 1.401 Comunas, 1.294 Salas de Batalla Social y 28.791 Movimientos Sociales, que suman 71.521 organizaciones sociales. Actualmente se han registrado 1377 comunas y 45333 consejos comunales (Fuente: Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comunas (2015) estadísticas. Consultado el 2/11/2015. Disponible en', 'Consultado el 2/11/2015. Disponible en Las Comunas y los- 17 - Consejos Comunales son formas de organización social que a través de procesos de territorialización generan acciones de reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de la autoconstrucción, la organización para la producción sustentable y la organización para la vida en comunidades donde el transporte y el consumo se reducen por la territorialización y ubicación accesible de servicios e insumos para la vida: escuelas locales, mercados, centros de salud, entre otros.', 'Las Comunas y los- 17 - Consejos Comunales son formas de organización social que a través de procesos de territorialización generan acciones de reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de la autoconstrucción, la organización para la producción sustentable y la organización para la vida en comunidades donde el transporte y el consumo se reducen por la territorialización y ubicación accesible de servicios e insumos para la vida: escuelas locales, mercados, centros de salud, entre otros. DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA Estrategia Nacional de Diversidad Biológica • Desde 2010, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela cuenta con la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 – 2020 (ENCDB) y su Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN), adelantándonos cinco años a la Meta 17 para el 2015 del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica (Aichi) del Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica.', 'DIVERSIDAD BIOLÓGICA Estrategia Nacional de Diversidad Biológica • Desde 2010, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela cuenta con la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 – 2020 (ENCDB) y su Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN), adelantándonos cinco años a la Meta 17 para el 2015 del Plan Estratégico para la Diversidad Biológica (Aichi) del Convenio sobre Diversidad Biológica. La ENCDB y su PAN, como parte del Primer y Segundo Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, dicta los lineamientos fundamentales que permitirán, durante este decenio, la articulación nacional para la construcción colectiva de un modelo de vida alternativo fundamentado en la sustentabilidad.', 'La ENCDB y su PAN, como parte del Primer y Segundo Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, dicta los lineamientos fundamentales que permitirán, durante este decenio, la articulación nacional para la construcción colectiva de un modelo de vida alternativo fundamentado en la sustentabilidad. Estos instrumentos, representan el marco metodológico, conceptual y político alineado al proyecto de país, para el ejercicio soberano de la conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica, disminuyendo así la vulnerabilidad frente a los múltiples efectos adversos del Cambio Climático. • La ENCDB y su PAN fueron construidos con la participación simultánea de comunidades organizadas, estudiantes, colectivos, profesores, funcionarios y militantes, organizados en mesas de trabajo en numerosos talleres, los cuales contaron con la participación de más de 5.000 personas a nivel nacional.', '• La ENCDB y su PAN fueron construidos con la participación simultánea de comunidades organizadas, estudiantes, colectivos, profesores, funcionarios y militantes, organizados en mesas de trabajo en numerosos talleres, los cuales contaron con la participación de más de 5.000 personas a nivel nacional. Durante estos encuentros se generaron debates que permitieron la inclusión de las distintas visiones de mundo presentes en nuestro territorio, promoviendo la planificación estratégica desde las realidades locales y aprovechando las fortalezas de las diferentes regiones del país.- 18 - Congreso Venezolano de Diversidad Biológica • El Congreso Venezolano de Diversidad Biológica ha sido un espacio para el encuentro de saberes y el intercambio de experiencias.', 'Durante estos encuentros se generaron debates que permitieron la inclusión de las distintas visiones de mundo presentes en nuestro territorio, promoviendo la planificación estratégica desde las realidades locales y aprovechando las fortalezas de las diferentes regiones del país.- 18 - Congreso Venezolano de Diversidad Biológica • El Congreso Venezolano de Diversidad Biológica ha sido un espacio para el encuentro de saberes y el intercambio de experiencias. Durante seis años consecutivos ha permitido consolidar formas anti- coloniales y soberanas de circulación de conocimiento, haciendo posible el surgimiento de nuevos actores y actoras productoras de saberes a través del diálogo. Estos congresos se caracterizan por la presencia de distintas matrices de racionalidad, la complementariedad de las visiones, el reconocimiento de la diversidad y el intercambio de experiencias como premisas.', 'Estos congresos se caracterizan por la presencia de distintas matrices de racionalidad, la complementariedad de las visiones, el reconocimiento de la diversidad y el intercambio de experiencias como premisas. • A su vez, este espacio funciona como un mecanismo de socialización del conocimiento acerca de la diversidad biológica desde distintos enfoques y perspectivas. El congreso se enmarca en la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010-2020, con el objetivo de socializar el conocimiento y promover la inclusión y la justicia social. Este congreso contribuye al seguimiento de la propia estrategia y su plan y se viene consolidando como un espacio periódico (anual/bienal) para el intercambio de saberes y experiencias sobre conservación de la Diversidad Biológica con compromiso social.', 'Este congreso contribuye al seguimiento de la propia estrategia y su plan y se viene consolidando como un espacio periódico (anual/bienal) para el intercambio de saberes y experiencias sobre conservación de la Diversidad Biológica con compromiso social. • Este evento periódico se encuentra respaldado por una resolución ministerial, que busca garantizar su continuidad, además convirtiéndose en un espacio de encuentro entre instituciones, colectivos, productores, productoras, cultores de la ciencia, comuneros, comuneras, militantes, aficionados, aficionadas y todos los distintos actores vinculados con la preservación de la vida y el buen vivir, incluyendo la adaptación al Cambio Climático. Hasta la fecha han participado más de 12 mil personas. SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA Y AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE Uno de los sectores que son más fuertemente impactados por el Cambio Climático es el sector de producción de alimentos.', 'SOBERANÍA ALIMENTARIA Y AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE Uno de los sectores que son más fuertemente impactados por el Cambio Climático es el sector de producción de alimentos. La promoción de sistemas agroecológicos basados en la sustentabilidad y el respeto de los procesos ecosistémicos naturales, sistemas agrícolas urbanos y periurbanos y la prevención de riesgos climáticos, constituyen medidas muy efectivas de adaptación al Cambio Climático. Se enumeran a- 19 - continuación algunas acciones y programas en este sentido: Red de laboratorios de insumos biológicos: ▪ Existen 28 laboratorios de producción de insumos biológicos (bio controladores y biofertilzantes) a nivel nacional para sustituir el uso de agrotóxicos. Se han desarrollo protocolos de manejo de insumos biológicos para producción de semillas, así como para planes de siembra de maíz, leguminosas y hortalizas.', 'Se han desarrollo protocolos de manejo de insumos biológicos para producción de semillas, así como para planes de siembra de maíz, leguminosas y hortalizas. Esta red de laboratorios está bajo responsabilidad del Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral (INSAI). Conservación de la agrobiodiversidad: ▪ Se han realizado seis Congresos anuales sobre Diversidad Biológica, en donde se discuten temas asociados a la diversidad cultural y biológica. La discusión para el fortalecimiento de la organización de los movimientos sociales en torno a la valoración, conservación, reproducción y distribución de las semillas campesinas, indígenas y afrodescendientes, es una contribución relevante para el sector de la agrobiodiversidad.', 'La discusión para el fortalecimiento de la organización de los movimientos sociales en torno a la valoración, conservación, reproducción y distribución de las semillas campesinas, indígenas y afrodescendientes, es una contribución relevante para el sector de la agrobiodiversidad. En este mismo orden de ideas, se ha fortalecido un movimiento campesino, indígena, intelectual y cultural que tiene como eje articulador la protección de la diversidad biológica y cultural asociada a las semillas, como defensa contra el cambio climático, y que desarrolla actividades de organización, difusión de material audiovisual, formación y producción de alimentos y semillas con altos saldos organizativos, en espacios rurales y urbanos apoyados por la institucionalidad venezolana.', 'En este mismo orden de ideas, se ha fortalecido un movimiento campesino, indígena, intelectual y cultural que tiene como eje articulador la protección de la diversidad biológica y cultural asociada a las semillas, como defensa contra el cambio climático, y que desarrolla actividades de organización, difusión de material audiovisual, formación y producción de alimentos y semillas con altos saldos organizativos, en espacios rurales y urbanos apoyados por la institucionalidad venezolana. ▪ Se han llevado a cabo experiencias de rescate de papas y otros rubros andinos nativos e incorporado estas variedades a los planes nacionales y políticas públicas sobre las semillas. ▪ En 2015 se promulgó la Ley de Semillas.', '▪ En 2015 se promulgó la Ley de Semillas. Esta Ley está orientada a preservar, proteger y garantizar la producción, multiplicación, conservación, libre circulación y el uso de la semilla; así como la promoción, investigación, innovación, distribución e intercambio de la misma, desde una visión agroecológica socialista; privilegiando la producción nacional de semillas y haciendo especial énfasis en la valoración de la semilla indígena, afrodescendiente, campesina- 20 - y local. Agroecología ▪ Programa todas las manos a la siembra: Se creó por resolución del Ministerio de Poder Popular para la Educación (Resolución Nº024, de fecha 15 de abril de 2009).', 'Agroecología ▪ Programa todas las manos a la siembra: Se creó por resolución del Ministerio de Poder Popular para la Educación (Resolución Nº024, de fecha 15 de abril de 2009). El programa Nacional establece la incorporación de los contenidos referentes a la agroecología en el desarrollo curricular, dentro del eje de integrador Ambiente y Salud Integral, donde la agroecología debe formar parte de los procesos de aprendizaje en el Sistema Educativo Venezolano, desde la educación inicial hasta la secundaria. ▪ Creación de programas de formación de Licenciatura y Diplomado en Agroecología (Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela e Instituto de Estudios Avanzados). ▪ Creación del Instituto Universitario Latinoamericano de Agroecología Paulo Freire (IALA). ▪ Programa de huertos urbanos y periurbanos.', '▪ Programa de huertos urbanos y periurbanos. Programa de agricultura urbana y periurbana “Agrociudad” ▪En 2009 se creó este programa a nivel nacional para fomentar y consolidar la agricultura urbana y periurbana, como un sistema de organización e integración familiar y comunal, que garantice la sustentabilidad en cuanto al mejoramiento de la disponibilidad de los alimentos. Estuvo bajo responsabilidad de la fundación CIARA y ahora FONDAS (Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Agrario Socialista del Ministerio del Poder Popular para Agricultura y Tierras). En el caso del Distrito Capital, este año se creó la secretaría de Caracas Productiva en el Gobierno de Distrito Capital, llamada a impulsar las experiencias productivas en la ciudad con enfoque agroecológico.', 'En el caso del Distrito Capital, este año se creó la secretaría de Caracas Productiva en el Gobierno de Distrito Capital, llamada a impulsar las experiencias productivas en la ciudad con enfoque agroecológico. Esta secretaría articula 550 experiencias productivas en la ciudad, disminuyendo la vulnerabilidad frente al Cambio Climático en el área de agricultura y producción de alimentos. Reducción de los riesgos climáticos en las actividades agropecuarias ▪\uf020Establecimiento de Calendarios de Siembra por el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH), para minimizar los riesgos en la- 21 - producción agrícola y el manejo adecuado de agua y de insumos en general, como factores clave en el logro de la plena soberanía alimentaria. Entre otras cosas implica realizar Zonificaciones Agrometeorológicas. Algunos beneficios esperados son: •\uf020\uf020\uf020Reducción de los impactos de veranillos y sequías meteorológicas.', 'Algunos beneficios esperados son: •\uf020\uf020\uf020Reducción de los impactos de veranillos y sequías meteorológicas. • Escogencia de pastos resistentes a sequías y de zonas inundables. •\uf020\uf020\uf020Selección de Zonas Aptas para el desarrollo de cultivos con un Manejo Integral de los Recursos Hídricos. • Mapas de Calendarios de Siembra para todas las zonas agrícolas del país. •\uf020\uf020\uf020Mapa de Tipos Climáticos a escala nacional • Zonificación Agroclimática al menos para 15 cultivos que demanda la patria como prioritarios. • Monitoreo permanente de eventos extremos climáticos como sequías y excesos de lluvias que afecten la productividad. • Disponer de una unidad de agrometeorología encargada de dar respuesta oportuna a los productores del campo, seguros agrícolas y decisores.', '• Disponer de una unidad de agrometeorología encargada de dar respuesta oportuna a los productores del campo, seguros agrícolas y decisores. CONSERVACIÓN Y MANEJO DEL AGUA • En 1999 el Gobierno Bolivariano inició, a través de las Mesas Técnicas de Agua, un proceso de incorporación del Poder Popular a la gestión del agua, constituyéndose estos en espacios públicos y permanentes donde el pueblo organizado ejerce el derecho a la participación protagónica y la corresponsabilidad relacionada con el servicio de agua potable y saneamiento ambiental.', 'CONSERVACIÓN Y MANEJO DEL AGUA • En 1999 el Gobierno Bolivariano inició, a través de las Mesas Técnicas de Agua, un proceso de incorporación del Poder Popular a la gestión del agua, constituyéndose estos en espacios públicos y permanentes donde el pueblo organizado ejerce el derecho a la participación protagónica y la corresponsabilidad relacionada con el servicio de agua potable y saneamiento ambiental. Estas organizaciones comunitarias permiten potenciar las capacidades del Poder Popular para el diagnóstico, atención de sus necesidades, formulación y acompañamiento en la ejecución de proyectos comunitarios con la gestión directa de los recursos financieros, fomentando a su vez la creación de una cultura y valores ambientales para la conservación y el uso eficiente del agua.', 'Estas organizaciones comunitarias permiten potenciar las capacidades del Poder Popular para el diagnóstico, atención de sus necesidades, formulación y acompañamiento en la ejecución de proyectos comunitarios con la gestión directa de los recursos financieros, fomentando a su vez la creación de una cultura y valores ambientales para la conservación y el uso eficiente del agua. • En 2015, nacen las Salas de Gestión Comunitaria del Agua que permiten la articulación de todos los entes involucrados en la gestión del agua, incluyendo las mesas técnicas de aguas y otras formas de organización- 22 - popular y aumentando la eficiencia en la gestión de las redes de distribución de agua potable y de recolección aguas servidas de su territorio.', '• En 2015, nacen las Salas de Gestión Comunitaria del Agua que permiten la articulación de todos los entes involucrados en la gestión del agua, incluyendo las mesas técnicas de aguas y otras formas de organización- 22 - popular y aumentando la eficiencia en la gestión de las redes de distribución de agua potable y de recolección aguas servidas de su territorio. • En la actualidad existen 7454 mesas técnicas de agua en todo el territorio nacional.', '• En la actualidad existen 7454 mesas técnicas de agua en todo el territorio nacional. Esta organización es parte de los logros que han permitido que más del 96% de la población venezolana tenga acceso al servicio de agua potable y sea participante protagónico de la gestión del servicio, aumentando la eficiencia y disminuyendo la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del Cambio Climático sobre la disponibilidad y calidad del agua. CONSERVACIÓN Y USO SOSTENIBLE DE LOS BOSQUES La conservación y el manejo sustentable de los bosques es una medida de gran incidencia tanto en adaptación, disminuyendo la vulnerabilidad de los bosques, como en mitigación, debido a la protección de sumideros y al aumento de la captura de CO2 por los mismos.', 'CONSERVACIÓN Y USO SOSTENIBLE DE LOS BOSQUES La conservación y el manejo sustentable de los bosques es una medida de gran incidencia tanto en adaptación, disminuyendo la vulnerabilidad de los bosques, como en mitigación, debido a la protección de sumideros y al aumento de la captura de CO2 por los mismos. Generación de instrumentos legales para la preservación del patrimonio forestal y el aprovechamiento sustentable de bosques: Cálculo de volumen de madera extraída del bosque por una nueva fórmula (Smalian), que sincera en un 95% el volumen real; se han reducido así los impactos de explotación y permite la modernización de los procesos de aserrío e industrialización. Regula el aprovechamiento de especies forestales, considerando los diámetros mínimos de cortabilidad, garantiza los procesos de sucesión ecológica, estructura del bosque y biodiversidad.', 'Regula el aprovechamiento de especies forestales, considerando los diámetros mínimos de cortabilidad, garantiza los procesos de sucesión ecológica, estructura del bosque y biodiversidad. Implica la adopción de prácticas de gestión forestal sustentable como el mapeo de árboles aprovechables para la optimización del trazado de las vías de extracción. Selección y Registro de Árboles Semilleros, preservando bancos de germoplasma y como fuentes de semillas, a objeto de garantizarla mega diversidad del Bosque Tropical. Utilización de técnicas de impacto reducido para el aprovechamiento forestal, disminuyendo en un 70% el impacto sobre el Bosque con relación a las Técnicas de- 23 - Extracción aplicadas tradicionalmente.', 'Utilización de técnicas de impacto reducido para el aprovechamiento forestal, disminuyendo en un 70% el impacto sobre el Bosque con relación a las Técnicas de- 23 - Extracción aplicadas tradicionalmente. Empresa Nacional Forestal Socialista (ENAFOR) En el año 2010 se crea la ENAFOR, con un enfoque para el manejo forestal sostenible, sustentado en un nuevo paradigma para el manejo del bosque, que considera técnicas de bajo impacto y la planificación de las actividades forestales, en el cual prevalece lo ambiental y social sobre los aspectos económicos; impulsa proyectos de manejo integral del bosque, bajo el principio de uso múltiple, promoviendo la participación directa de comunidades locales y otras organizaciones sociales en la producción, procesamiento y distribución de bienes y servicios derivados del bosque.', 'Empresa Nacional Forestal Socialista (ENAFOR) En el año 2010 se crea la ENAFOR, con un enfoque para el manejo forestal sostenible, sustentado en un nuevo paradigma para el manejo del bosque, que considera técnicas de bajo impacto y la planificación de las actividades forestales, en el cual prevalece lo ambiental y social sobre los aspectos económicos; impulsa proyectos de manejo integral del bosque, bajo el principio de uso múltiple, promoviendo la participación directa de comunidades locales y otras organizaciones sociales en la producción, procesamiento y distribución de bienes y servicios derivados del bosque. Esta empresa ha implementado en la Reserva Forestal Imataca (RFI) el Plan de Manejo Forestal Sustentable de la unidad de Manejo Imataca V, cuyos resultados se resumen a continuación: • Implantación del nuevo modelo de producción forestal en una superficie de ciento sesenta y seis mil trescientas cincuenta hectáreas (166.350 ha), con posibilidad de expandirse a un millón de hectáreas (1.000.000ha).', 'Esta empresa ha implementado en la Reserva Forestal Imataca (RFI) el Plan de Manejo Forestal Sustentable de la unidad de Manejo Imataca V, cuyos resultados se resumen a continuación: • Implantación del nuevo modelo de producción forestal en una superficie de ciento sesenta y seis mil trescientas cincuenta hectáreas (166.350 ha), con posibilidad de expandirse a un millón de hectáreas (1.000.000ha). • De acuerdo con las estimaciones realizadas por ENAFOR, para un área de 200.000 ha de bosques intervenidos y no intervenidos en la RFI (Unidades III y V), el carbono almacenado en los mismos equivale a 159 ton/ha, lo que da como resultado para esa superficie un total de 31.800.000 ton de C (116.388.000 tCO2eq), como línea base.', '• De acuerdo con las estimaciones realizadas por ENAFOR, para un área de 200.000 ha de bosques intervenidos y no intervenidos en la RFI (Unidades III y V), el carbono almacenado en los mismos equivale a 159 ton/ha, lo que da como resultado para esa superficie un total de 31.800.000 ton de C (116.388.000 tCO2eq), como línea base. Con la aplicación del nuevo Modelo de Manejo Forestal aplicando las Normas Técnicas y Legales, se estimó como Emisiones evitadas directas: 1.136.759,35 tCO2eq para los 5 años del proyecto en 25.000 ha (227.351 tCO2eq para 5.000 ha/año) y emisiones evitadas indirectas: 18.188.149 tCO2eq para los 5 años del proyecto (3.637.629CO2eq por año en 80.000ha).', 'Con la aplicación del nuevo Modelo de Manejo Forestal aplicando las Normas Técnicas y Legales, se estimó como Emisiones evitadas directas: 1.136.759,35 tCO2eq para los 5 años del proyecto en 25.000 ha (227.351 tCO2eq para 5.000 ha/año) y emisiones evitadas indirectas: 18.188.149 tCO2eq para los 5 años del proyecto (3.637.629CO2eq por año en 80.000ha). Como línea base se estima una pérdida de 453.135 ton/añoCO2eq por uso de técnicas forestales convencionales para un área de aprovechamiento de 5.000 ha/año. • ENAFOR, ha producido doscientas mil (200.000) plantas de las cuales el 60% ciento veinte mil (120.000) han sido donadas para su plantación por las misiones Árbol y Vivienda, esto equivale a una- 24 - superficie cercana cien hectáreas (100 ha).', '• ENAFOR, ha producido doscientas mil (200.000) plantas de las cuales el 60% ciento veinte mil (120.000) han sido donadas para su plantación por las misiones Árbol y Vivienda, esto equivale a una- 24 - superficie cercana cien hectáreas (100 ha). Las restantes ochenta mil hectáreas (80.000ha) han sido plantadas por ENAFOR para una superficie equivalente de cincuenta hectáreas (50 ha). Se han incorporado comunidades a las diferentes actividades del Manejo Forestal Sustentable, tales como: agroforestería, mediciones de árboles, piqueros, viveristas, y desarrollo social. • Establecimiento de Banco de Germoplasma para la preservación de especies forestales. Inventario Nacional Forestal Proyecto cuyo objetivo general es suministrar información estadística y cartográfica homogénea, detallada, confiable y continua sobre el estado y la evolución de los recursos forestales.', 'Inventario Nacional Forestal Proyecto cuyo objetivo general es suministrar información estadística y cartográfica homogénea, detallada, confiable y continua sobre el estado y la evolución de los recursos forestales. Así como el cálculo de potencial de carbono y CO2 eq de todos los tipos de bosques a escala nacional. En este sentido se han inventariado 133 parcelas que representan una superficie de seis millones novecientos noventa y dos mil novecientos cincuenta y tres hectáreas (6.992.953 ha), equivalentes al 7,62% de todo el territorio nacional. ▪Proyecto monitoreo de cambios de cobertura en la Región amazónica de Venezuela.', '▪Proyecto monitoreo de cambios de cobertura en la Región amazónica de Venezuela. Consiste en la elaboración sistemática de: Mapas de Deforestación de los años 2000-2010-2013-2014, el Plan Nacional de Monitoreo de cambios de cobertura en tiempo real y el Estudio de Línea Base que permita planificar la reducción de las fuentes de GEI. Prevención y Control de Incendios Forestales El país ha desarrollado una política de resguardo de los Parques Nacionales y Monumentos Naturales, principalmente de las especies forestales que se encuentran dentro de dichas áreas. Se han combatido de manera oportuna más de 2.883 eventos dentro de las áreas protegidas administradas por el Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES) en el periodo 2011-2015.', 'Se han combatido de manera oportuna más de 2.883 eventos dentro de las áreas protegidas administradas por el Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES) en el periodo 2011-2015. La toma de acciones efectivas permitió el resguardo del 98.47% de las zonas boscosas ubicadas dentro de las áreas protegidas.- 25 - Misión Árbol ▪ La Misión Árbol es un ambicioso plan nacional de reforestación impulsado por el Estado desde 2006 donde participan las comunidades (Consejos Comunales, Comités Conservacionistas, Escuelas, etc.) y las instituciones públicas. La reforestación se hace con fines de educación, conservación, agroforestales e industriales basada en el manejo integral y sustentable orientado al Buen Vivir. Dicha reforestación contempla la recolección de semillas, producción de plantas en viveros institucionales, escolares o comunitarios, plantación y mantenimiento por cuatro años continuos.', 'Dicha reforestación contempla la recolección de semillas, producción de plantas en viveros institucionales, escolares o comunitarios, plantación y mantenimiento por cuatro años continuos. A la fecha se han establecido más de 30 millones de plantas. INVESTIGACIÓN, MONITOREO Y OBSERVACIÓN SISTEMÁTICA Investigación en Cambio Climático ▪Desde 2011 el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Educación Universitaria Ciencia y Tecnología ha financiado 128 proyectos de investigación en el área de Cambio Climático. Estos proyectos fueron seleccionados en convocatorias abiertas a comunidades organizadas, fundaciones, universidades y centros de investigación en todo el territorio nacional. Se enfocan en la mitigación y adaptación en una amplia gama de temas que incluyen energías complementarias, producción agrícola sustentable, educación, vivienda, inventario de emisiones, información básica, modelos predictivos y conservación y uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica.', 'Se enfocan en la mitigación y adaptación en una amplia gama de temas que incluyen energías complementarias, producción agrícola sustentable, educación, vivienda, inventario de emisiones, información básica, modelos predictivos y conservación y uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica. Incremento de capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo hidrometeorológico y la predicción del clima en el país ▪Densificación de la red existente de estaciones hidrometeorológicas automáticas a nivel nacional Actualmente el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH) desarrolla el proyecto de automatizar la red hidrometeorológica del país a tiempo cuasireal, con el fin de recuperar la continuidad de los registros históricos y obtener mayor cobertura espacial en función de los tipos climáticos y la hidrología nacional.', 'Incremento de capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo hidrometeorológico y la predicción del clima en el país ▪Densificación de la red existente de estaciones hidrometeorológicas automáticas a nivel nacional Actualmente el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH) desarrolla el proyecto de automatizar la red hidrometeorológica del país a tiempo cuasireal, con el fin de recuperar la continuidad de los registros históricos y obtener mayor cobertura espacial en función de los tipos climáticos y la hidrología nacional. A la fecha se han instalado cerca de 300 estaciones hidrometeorológicas,- 26 - sin embargo se desarrollan proyectos y convenios para densificar aún más la red existente.', 'A la fecha se han instalado cerca de 300 estaciones hidrometeorológicas,- 26 - sin embargo se desarrollan proyectos y convenios para densificar aún más la red existente. ▪Predicción del clima futuro Los Modelos Climáticos regionales permitirán la elaboración de las líneas de acción a ser consideradas dentro de las estrategias de adaptación para el Cambio Climático; también permitirán el desarrollo de los estudios para el Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero y entregarán precisiones técnicas para la mitigación voluntaria.', '▪Predicción del clima futuro Los Modelos Climáticos regionales permitirán la elaboración de las líneas de acción a ser consideradas dentro de las estrategias de adaptación para el Cambio Climático; también permitirán el desarrollo de los estudios para el Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero y entregarán precisiones técnicas para la mitigación voluntaria. Otros beneficios de desarrollar estos modelos son: •\uf020\uf020\uf020Reducción de los riesgos por la Variabilidad Climática y el Cambio Climático, en los sectores específicos de Agua, Agricultura, Energía Salud y Desastre, seleccionados por la OMM para la implementación del Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos (MMSC), a la cual el Estado venezolano adicionaría la Biodiversidad por su compromiso con los espacios naturales protegidos.', 'Otros beneficios de desarrollar estos modelos son: •\uf020\uf020\uf020Reducción de los riesgos por la Variabilidad Climática y el Cambio Climático, en los sectores específicos de Agua, Agricultura, Energía Salud y Desastre, seleccionados por la OMM para la implementación del Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos (MMSC), a la cual el Estado venezolano adicionaría la Biodiversidad por su compromiso con los espacios naturales protegidos. • Establecimiento de Modelos e Indicadores Climáticos e hidrológicos para el monitoreo continuo de los eventos hidrometeorológicos adversos actuales y proyectados. •\uf020\uf020\uf020Elaboración de índices de Evidencias de Cambio Climático y Variabilidad Climática.', '•\uf020\uf020\uf020Elaboración de índices de Evidencias de Cambio Climático y Variabilidad Climática. EDUCACIÓN Políticas Educativas, participación comunitaria y formación socioambiental para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático ▪ La casa matriz de las Empresas Hidrológicas de Venezuela, HIDROVEN, ha desarrollado una importante gestión de acompañamiento técnico-económico a las comunidades para la autoconstrucción de los servicios de Agua Potable y Saneamiento ambiental, utilizando como estructura de organización las Mesas Técnicas de Agua. Estas son organizaciones comunitarias de base dedicadas a mejorar la provisión, mantenimiento y operación del servicio de agua potable y saneamiento.', 'Estas son organizaciones comunitarias de base dedicadas a mejorar la provisión, mantenimiento y operación del servicio de agua potable y saneamiento. Se han conformado 7.454 Mesas Técnicas de Agua a nivel nacional y 74 Consejos Comunitarios de Agua.- 27 - ▪ En el marco del programa de formación y participación se han desarrollado 355 proyectos comunitarios beneficiando a 423 comunidades y 442.809 personas, se han formado maestros y maestras en relación al Cambio Climático, se han realizado Encuentros de Saberes del Agua, se han formado a los y las trabajadoras de HIDROVEN en relación al Cambio Climático, se han conformado 1.118 Brigadas Integrales Comunitarias en las escuelas y 594 Mesas Técnicas de Agua Escolar. ▪ Elaboración y divulgación de publicaciones dirigidas al Subsistema de Educación básica con contenidos de calidad.', '▪ Elaboración y divulgación de publicaciones dirigidas al Subsistema de Educación básica con contenidos de calidad. “El Fichero de Educación Ambiental para Maestras y Maestros”. Desplegable: “Somos Ambiente” N°3 y N°4. Herramienta de apoyo para la educación ambiental y divulgación en diversos temas, entre ellos los relacionados al cambio climático. El fichero consta de diez tópicos; uno de ellos es: Cambio Climático. ▪ Otras instancias de participación popular como el “Colectivo Intersectorial de Gestión Educativo Ambiental y Participación Comunitaria. 2010-2015 (CIGEA)” y la “Red de Vigilantes Voluntarios Del Ambiente (REDVIVA)”: Han brindado apoyo a la gestión ambiental, fomentando la participación proactiva y corresponsable de la comunidad y las instituciones. Acciones de Formación Socio ambiental sensibilizando en la temática del Cambio Climático. Se han formado 10.215 Vigilantes Voluntarios.', 'Se han formado 10.215 Vigilantes Voluntarios. MANEJO DE DESECHOS Uno de los sectores responsable de la mayor emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) a escala global es el sector de desechos y residuos sólidos; de allí la importancia de la elaboración y ejecución de planes de manejo que tengan incidencia en la reducción de emisiones y en la implementación de sistemas de disposición final y uso eficiente de los gases generados por este sector. Plan Nacional de Saneamiento de Vertederos y Construcción de Rellenos Sanitarios. Entre los logros del Plan se encuentran: • Saneamiento de vertederos.- 28 - • Construcción de rellenos sanitarios. • Construcción de estaciones de transferencia. • Recuperación de sitios de disposición final.', '• Recuperación de sitios de disposición final. La operación adecuada de los sitios de disposición final de residuos y desechos sólidos, minimiza la ocurrencia de enfermedades infectocontagiosa (enfermedades vectoriales), permitiendo a la vez, la captura controlada del CH4 generado, estableciendo condiciones para implantar a corto plazo un sistema para su eliminación. Plan Estratégico Integral para la Dotación de Equipos y Maquinaria para el Manejo de los Residuos y Desechos Sólidos. Entre los logros del Plan se encuentran: ▪Optimización de las actividades de recolección y transporte de los desechos y residuos en el ámbito municipal, reduce la proliferación de vertederos clandestinos, minimizando la ocurrencia de enfermedades infectocontagiosa (enfermedades vectoriales), y la contaminación de aguas y suelos. Reorganización y adecuación de la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental.', 'Reorganización y adecuación de la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental. ▪Creación de un nuevo Viceministerio, con visión ecosocialista para la Gestión Integral de los Desechos y Residuos, que ejercerá la rectoría en esta materia. La gestión eficiente y eficaz de los desechos y residuos mediante una regulación progresiva y una planificación estratégica, contribuye a la minimización de la generación de desechos y residuos, por la vía de su prevención o de su aprovechamiento, procurando evitar que estos desechos incrementen las emisiones actuales, dado que se convertirían en nuevas fuentes de emisión de GEI. ORDENACIÓN AMBIENTAL Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación de Territorio (2010) • Instrumento de planificación de carácter nacional que orienta el desarrollo de todos los sectores económicos, socioculturales y ambientales del país.', 'ORDENACIÓN AMBIENTAL Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación de Territorio (2010) • Instrumento de planificación de carácter nacional que orienta el desarrollo de todos los sectores económicos, socioculturales y ambientales del país. Se estima que la implementación de este plan genera una disminución en la vulnerabilidad de la población y las- 29 - actividades socioproductivas en los procesos de ocupación espacial frente al Cambio Climático en los próximos 20 años. Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (POGIZC) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. • El POGIZC está en su fase final de elaboración y establece el marco de referencia espacial y temporal que garantice la conservación, el uso y aprovechamiento sustentable de las zonas costeras y permita elevar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores.', '• El POGIZC está en su fase final de elaboración y establece el marco de referencia espacial y temporal que garantice la conservación, el uso y aprovechamiento sustentable de las zonas costeras y permita elevar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores. Para ello, define 10 Programas para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras. El POGIZC ha servido de base para la generación de una serie de documentos técnicos relevantes para el apoyo en la toma de decisiones en materia de adaptación al Cambio Climático: • Implicaciones del Cambio Climático en las Zonas Costeras y el Espacio Acuático de Venezuela (2011).', 'El POGIZC ha servido de base para la generación de una serie de documentos técnicos relevantes para el apoyo en la toma de decisiones en materia de adaptación al Cambio Climático: • Implicaciones del Cambio Climático en las Zonas Costeras y el Espacio Acuático de Venezuela (2011). • Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela, 2014 (En Elaboración) • Dominio Público en las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela: Criterios para su Delimitación (Documento validado con los Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras Central y Estadales). Proyecto de Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco "Hugo Chávez Frías".', 'Proyecto de Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco "Hugo Chávez Frías". • Instrumento de planificación de carácter regional que orienta el desarrollo con base a la principal industria del país que es la petrolera, en armonía con otros sectores económicos-productivos de la Nación bajo un enfoque ambientalmente responsable. Al identificar las amenazas, especialmente las de índole tecnológica, se propone en el marco del plan, programas de investigación y seguimiento de los procesos industriales, particularmente aquellos que pudieran incrementar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI).', 'Al identificar las amenazas, especialmente las de índole tecnológica, se propone en el marco del plan, programas de investigación y seguimiento de los procesos industriales, particularmente aquellos que pudieran incrementar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU) • Instrumentos de gestión del territorio que identifican las áreas de valor- 30 - estratégico para el país en cuanto a la Preservación, Protección, Producción y acciones Geoestratégicas, para las cuales se identifican unidades de ordenamiento y se establecen usos y actividades de acuerdo a sus objetivos de creación.', 'Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU) • Instrumentos de gestión del territorio que identifican las áreas de valor- 30 - estratégico para el país en cuanto a la Preservación, Protección, Producción y acciones Geoestratégicas, para las cuales se identifican unidades de ordenamiento y se establecen usos y actividades de acuerdo a sus objetivos de creación. Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio Siguiendo el sistema jerárquico de ordenación del territorio, se han abordado cuatro (4) planes de entidades federales considerando la variable riesgo para los análisis y asignaciones de uso, entre los que se encuentran aprobados los estados: Falcón (2004), Táchira (2005), Miranda (2011) y sin aprobar el correspondiente al estado Vargas.', 'Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio Siguiendo el sistema jerárquico de ordenación del territorio, se han abordado cuatro (4) planes de entidades federales considerando la variable riesgo para los análisis y asignaciones de uso, entre los que se encuentran aprobados los estados: Falcón (2004), Táchira (2005), Miranda (2011) y sin aprobar el correspondiente al estado Vargas. El incorporar la variable riesgo en el resto de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio, así como los que se generen a nivel municipal, urbano, local y comunal permitirá disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y sus actividades socioproductivas.', 'El incorporar la variable riesgo en el resto de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio, así como los que se generen a nivel municipal, urbano, local y comunal permitirá disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y sus actividades socioproductivas. GESTION DE RIESGO, EMERGENCIA Y DESASTRES Bases legales ▪Creación del Despacho de Viceministro para la Gestión de Riesgo y Protección Civil y promulgación de la Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos, promulgada según Gaceta Oficial Nº39.095 del 9 de enero de 2009. Ley que explícitamente considera los riesgos asociados al Cambio Climático.', 'Ley que explícitamente considera los riesgos asociados al Cambio Climático. Planes, proyectos y estrategias en curso ▪Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos: Tiene por objeto desarrollar líneas estratégicas que permitan el estudio, identificación y delimitación del riesgo, como base en el proceso de planificación, así como el desarrollo de proyectos de mitigación de riesgo en todo el territorio nacional.', 'Planes, proyectos y estrategias en curso ▪Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos: Tiene por objeto desarrollar líneas estratégicas que permitan el estudio, identificación y delimitación del riesgo, como base en el proceso de planificación, así como el desarrollo de proyectos de mitigación de riesgo en todo el territorio nacional. ▪Atlas de Exposición ante amenazas socionaturales y Tecnológicas: Documento Técnico concebido como un Atlas que servirá de fuente de información y consulta para el proceso de planificación y ordenación territorial, sectorial y población al del país sobre la base de la gestión para la minimización del riesgo.- 31 - ▪Registro Nacional de Información para la Gestión Integral de Riesgo de Desastres: Proyecto destinado a garantizar la integración y estandarización de información interinstitucional a través de la creación y el fortalecimiento de una plataforma tecnológica para la consulta, por parte de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas en todo el territorio nacional.', '▪Atlas de Exposición ante amenazas socionaturales y Tecnológicas: Documento Técnico concebido como un Atlas que servirá de fuente de información y consulta para el proceso de planificación y ordenación territorial, sectorial y población al del país sobre la base de la gestión para la minimización del riesgo.- 31 - ▪Registro Nacional de Información para la Gestión Integral de Riesgo de Desastres: Proyecto destinado a garantizar la integración y estandarización de información interinstitucional a través de la creación y el fortalecimiento de una plataforma tecnológica para la consulta, por parte de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas en todo el territorio nacional. ▪Construcción de Indicadores de Vulnerabilidad: Proyecto destinado a la construcción de indicadores de vulnerabilidad en el ámbito ambiental, social, físico, institucional y económico, adaptados a la realidad nacional y generadores de información relacionada a las condiciones de fragilidad, exposición y capacidades en dichos ámbitos.', '▪Construcción de Indicadores de Vulnerabilidad: Proyecto destinado a la construcción de indicadores de vulnerabilidad en el ámbito ambiental, social, físico, institucional y económico, adaptados a la realidad nacional y generadores de información relacionada a las condiciones de fragilidad, exposición y capacidades en dichos ámbitos. Tiene como meta la aplicación de los indicadores en el proceso de planificación y gestión, por parte de las instituciones públicas y privadas en el territorio nacional.', 'Tiene como meta la aplicación de los indicadores en el proceso de planificación y gestión, por parte de las instituciones públicas y privadas en el territorio nacional. ▪Gabinetes Municipales de Riesgos Socionaturales y tecnológicos: Proyecto nacional enmarcado en el artículo 14 de la Ley de Gestión de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos; el objeto del mismo es dar cumplimiento a la política nacional en gestión de riesgo y lograr la coordinación de las actividades en el ámbito territorial, mediante la incorporación de la variable riesgo en las gestión de los entes del desarrollo regional y local de acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley.', '▪Gabinetes Municipales de Riesgos Socionaturales y tecnológicos: Proyecto nacional enmarcado en el artículo 14 de la Ley de Gestión de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos; el objeto del mismo es dar cumplimiento a la política nacional en gestión de riesgo y lograr la coordinación de las actividades en el ámbito territorial, mediante la incorporación de la variable riesgo en las gestión de los entes del desarrollo regional y local de acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley. ▪Fortalecimiento de las capacidades locales para la gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en comunidades: Tiene por objeto la planificación y ejecución de acciones integrales en comunidades del Área Metropolitana de Caracas, para el incremento en la capacidad de respuesta por parte de las comunidades ante eventos de origen natural y tecnológico.', '▪Fortalecimiento de las capacidades locales para la gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en comunidades: Tiene por objeto la planificación y ejecución de acciones integrales en comunidades del Área Metropolitana de Caracas, para el incremento en la capacidad de respuesta por parte de las comunidades ante eventos de origen natural y tecnológico. ▪Gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en el Sector Salud: Proyecto enmarcado en el desarrollo de lineamientos para la aplicación de la gestión integral de riesgo en el sector salud a nivel nacional cuyo objeto es el fortalecimiento de capacidades de respuesta, por parte del sector salud, ante eventos adversos.', '▪Gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en el Sector Salud: Proyecto enmarcado en el desarrollo de lineamientos para la aplicación de la gestión integral de riesgo en el sector salud a nivel nacional cuyo objeto es el fortalecimiento de capacidades de respuesta, por parte del sector salud, ante eventos adversos. ▪Coordinación Regional: A través de la UNASUR y el MERCOSUR Venezuela participa activamente en grupos de trabajo para la cooperación en la prevención de los desastres y en la lucha contra las causas y los efectos del cambio climático; estos buscan aumentar la- 32 - coordinación en la prevención y respuesta ante desastres socionaturales y lograr un mecanismo de asistencia mutua en el ámbito subregional, a través de políticas, estrategias, planes y actividades en estimación, prevención, reducción del riesgo, preparación y respuesta a desastres, asistencia humanitaria, rehabilitación y reconstrucción, así como la asistencia técnica e intercambio de experiencias en la materia.- 33 - C.-Políticas nacionales para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos Venezuela cuenta con un Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación que incluye un fuerte componente ecosocialista socioambiental cuya implementación ataca las causas principales del Cambio Climático.', '▪Coordinación Regional: A través de la UNASUR y el MERCOSUR Venezuela participa activamente en grupos de trabajo para la cooperación en la prevención de los desastres y en la lucha contra las causas y los efectos del cambio climático; estos buscan aumentar la- 32 - coordinación en la prevención y respuesta ante desastres socionaturales y lograr un mecanismo de asistencia mutua en el ámbito subregional, a través de políticas, estrategias, planes y actividades en estimación, prevención, reducción del riesgo, preparación y respuesta a desastres, asistencia humanitaria, rehabilitación y reconstrucción, así como la asistencia técnica e intercambio de experiencias en la materia.- 33 - C.-Políticas nacionales para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos Venezuela cuenta con un Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación que incluye un fuerte componente ecosocialista socioambiental cuya implementación ataca las causas principales del Cambio Climático. Si bien el Plan es un todo articulado y solo puede entenderse e implementarse desde una visión integral del mismo, a continuación se enumeran algunos de los objetivos del Plan con más relevancia este sentido: Objetivo Histórico No 5 Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana.', 'Si bien el Plan es un todo articulado y solo puede entenderse e implementarse desde una visión integral del mismo, a continuación se enumeran algunos de los objetivos del Plan con más relevancia este sentido: Objetivo Histórico No 5 Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana. Objetivo Nacional 5.1 Construir e impulsar el modelo económico productivo eco-socialista, basado en una relación armónica entre el hombre y la naturaleza, que garantice el uso y aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza. Objetivos Estratégicos y Generales 5.1.1. Impulsar de manera colectiva la construcción y consolidación del socialismo como única opción frente al modelo depredador, discriminador e insostenible capitalista. 5.1.1.1.', 'Impulsar de manera colectiva la construcción y consolidación del socialismo como única opción frente al modelo depredador, discriminador e insostenible capitalista. 5.1.1.1. Garantizar la soberanía y participación protagónica del Poder Popular organizado para la toma de decisiones, desde el intercambio de conocimientos, racionalidades y formas de vida, para construir el ecosocialismo. 5.1.1.2. Desarrollar una política integral de conservación, aprovechamiento sustentable, protección y divulgación científica de la diversidad biológica y de los reservorios de agua del país. 5.1.1.3. Impulsar y garantizar nuevos procesos de producción y valorización de conocimientos científicos, ancestrales, tradicionales y populares, así como nuevas relaciones entre ellos, con especial- 34 - Atención a las prácticas de los grupos sociales invisibilizados y discriminados por el capitalismo y el neocolonialismo. 5.1.2.', 'Impulsar y garantizar nuevos procesos de producción y valorización de conocimientos científicos, ancestrales, tradicionales y populares, así como nuevas relaciones entre ellos, con especial- 34 - Atención a las prácticas de los grupos sociales invisibilizados y discriminados por el capitalismo y el neocolonialismo. 5.1.2. Promover, a nivel nacional e internacional, una ética ecosocialista que impulse la transformación de los patrones insostenibles de producción y de consumo propios del sistema capitalista. 5.1.2.1. Impulsar y desarrollar una visión de derechos de la Madre Tierra, como representación de los derechos de las generaciones presentes y futuras, así como de respeto a las otras formas de vida. 5.1.2.2. Priorizar los intereses comunes sobre los individuales, desde una perspectiva centrada en el equilibrio con la naturaleza y el respeto de las generaciones presentes y futuras.', 'Priorizar los intereses comunes sobre los individuales, desde una perspectiva centrada en el equilibrio con la naturaleza y el respeto de las generaciones presentes y futuras. 5.1.2.3. Promover la igualdad sustantiva entre géneros, personas, culturas y comunidades. 5.1.2.4. Fomentar un nuevo esquema de valores, orientado al respeto y preservación de la naturaleza, que transforme la conciencia colectiva, sobre los patrones capitalistas de producción y consumo. 5.1.3. Generar alternativas socio-productivas y nuevos esquemas de cooperación social, económica y financiera para el apalancamiento del ecosocialismo y el establecimiento de un comercio justo, bajo los principios de complementariedad, cooperación, soberanía y solidaridad.', 'Generar alternativas socio-productivas y nuevos esquemas de cooperación social, económica y financiera para el apalancamiento del ecosocialismo y el establecimiento de un comercio justo, bajo los principios de complementariedad, cooperación, soberanía y solidaridad. 5.1.3.1 Promover la investigación, la innovación y la producción de insumos tecnológicos debajo impacto ambiental, así como el rescate de tecnologías ancestrales para la producción y procesamiento agrícola y pecuario, entre otros, aumentando los índices de eficacia y productividad. 5.1.3.2. Promover la generación y apropiación social del conocimiento, tecnología e innovación que permitan la conservación y el aprovechamiento sustentable, justo y equitativo de la diversidad biológica, garantizando la soberanía del Estado sobre sus recursos naturales. 5.1.3.3. Crear sistemas urbanos ecológicos, con diseños arquitectónicos equilibrados con los ecosistemas naturales que reduzcan los niveles de contaminación ambiental. 5.1.3.4.', 'Crear sistemas urbanos ecológicos, con diseños arquitectónicos equilibrados con los ecosistemas naturales que reduzcan los niveles de contaminación ambiental. 5.1.3.4. Promover el desarrollo de actividades de turismo sustentable y sostenible para el disfrute de la población.- 35 - 5.1.3.5. Constituir un sistema nacional, regional y local para el aprovechamiento de residuos y desechos, para la creación de insumos útiles para el vivir bien, dándole prioridad a su uso como materias primas secundarias para la industria nacional. 5.1.3.6. Preservar y manejar las áreas estratégicas para la conservación, tales como las ABRAE, por los beneficios vitales que se derivan de su conservación y su contribución a la suprema felicidad social. 5.1.3.7. Promover la conformación de redes locales, nacionales e internacionales para el impulso del modelo ecosocialista. 5.1.3.8.', 'Promover la conformación de redes locales, nacionales e internacionales para el impulso del modelo ecosocialista. 5.1.3.8. Promover prácticas de conservación del ambiente en la actividad socio-productiva, superando el criterio de "eficiencia económica" por ser una práctica desvinculada de la racionalidad en el uso de los recursos naturales. 5.1.3.9. Implementar políticas de financiamiento para el desarrollo de unidades productivas, promoviendo el uso de tecnologías amigables con el ambiente. 5.1.3.10. Rescatar los saberes ancestrales de los pueblos originarios sobre los procesos productivos, para el desarrollo de tecnologías sustentables que incidan en los nuevos esquemas de relacionamiento internacional. 5.1.3.11.', 'Rescatar los saberes ancestrales de los pueblos originarios sobre los procesos productivos, para el desarrollo de tecnologías sustentables que incidan en los nuevos esquemas de relacionamiento internacional. 5.1.3.11. Fomentar medios de pago alternativos que trasciendan el uso de monedas (de papel y metálicas), facilitando el establecimiento del comercio justo entre los pueblos suramericanos y países aliados, a la vez que se modifique la influencia del dólar estadounidense como patrón referencial en el comercio internacional. 5.1.3.12. Facilitar el acceso a los pequeños y medianos productores y a las formas asociativas de propiedad y de producción, para su inserción efectiva en las cadenas de valor intrarregionales, con sostenibilidad ambiental. 5.1.4.', 'Facilitar el acceso a los pequeños y medianos productores y a las formas asociativas de propiedad y de producción, para su inserción efectiva en las cadenas de valor intrarregionales, con sostenibilidad ambiental. 5.1.4. Impulsarla protección del ambiente, la eficiencia en la utilización de recursos y el logro de un desarrollo sostenible, implementando la reducción y el reúso en todas las actividades económicas públicas y privadas. 5.1.4.1. Promover el uso sustentable y sostenible de los recursos naturales en los procesos de producción, circulación y consumo de los- 36 - bienes, productos y servicios, así como la disminución de desechos, fomentando campañas permanentes de concienciación. 5.1.4.2.', 'Promover el uso sustentable y sostenible de los recursos naturales en los procesos de producción, circulación y consumo de los- 36 - bienes, productos y servicios, así como la disminución de desechos, fomentando campañas permanentes de concienciación. 5.1.4.2. Fomentar el reúso de los residuos para su utilización como materias primas o bienes finales; a través de la conformación de circuitos que incluyan la clasificación de residuos por parte de toda la población, estableciendo centros de acopio y unidades productivas transformadoras. 5.1.4.3. Desarrollar normativas legales que promuevan la implementación del reúso en el país. 5.1.5. Mejorar sustancialmente las condiciones socioambientales de las ciudades. 5.1.5.1. Promover ciudades energéticamente eficientes, mediante el uso de tecnologías ahorradoras de energía, así como basadas en el uso de energías limpias (eólicas, solares, gas, entre otras). 5.1.5.2.', 'Promover ciudades energéticamente eficientes, mediante el uso de tecnologías ahorradoras de energía, así como basadas en el uso de energías limpias (eólicas, solares, gas, entre otras). 5.1.5.2. Desarrollar sistemas de transporte público eficientes en el uso de recursos y de bajo impacto ambiental. 5.1.5.3. Aumentar la densidad de áreas verdes por habitante, mediante la construcción de parques y espacios de socialización naturales. 5.1.5.4. Promover sistemas constructivos no contaminantes y sistemas de viviendas ecoeficientes. 5.1.5.5. Establecer a la chatarra ferrosa y no ferrosa como un insumo de interés nacional para el proceso productivo, a efecto de atender la estructura de costos de los productos y el cuidado del ambiente así como eficiencia energética. 5.1.6.', 'Establecer a la chatarra ferrosa y no ferrosa como un insumo de interés nacional para el proceso productivo, a efecto de atender la estructura de costos de los productos y el cuidado del ambiente así como eficiencia energética. 5.1.6. Impulsar la generación de energías limpias, aumentando su participación en la matriz energética nacional y promoviendo la soberanía tecnológica. 5.1.6.1. Desarrollar proyectos de generación de energía eólica, para incrementar su participación en la matriz energética. 5.1.6.2. Aumentar la generación de energía solar mediante la instalación de fábricas de paneles solares, que atiendan prioritariamente la demanda energética de las poblaciones aisladas. 5.1.6.3. Realizar estudios para el desarrollo de fuentes energéticas marinas específicamente la ola motriz y la mareomotriz; con el fin de- 37 - aprovechar la potencialidad de nuestras extensas costas.', 'Realizar estudios para el desarrollo de fuentes energéticas marinas específicamente la ola motriz y la mareomotriz; con el fin de- 37 - aprovechar la potencialidad de nuestras extensas costas. Objetivo Nacional 5.2. Proteger y defender la soberanía permanente del Estado sobre los recursos naturales para el beneficio supremo de nuestro Pueblo, que será su principal garante. Objetivos Estratégicos y Generales 5.2.1. Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques. 5.2.1.1. Mantener el liderazgo en las negociación es internacionales multilaterales y regionales, relacionadas con los respectivos marcos jurídicos sectoriales ambientales. 5.2.1.2.', 'Mantener el liderazgo en las negociación es internacionales multilaterales y regionales, relacionadas con los respectivos marcos jurídicos sectoriales ambientales. 5.2.1.2. Promover la conservación y el uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica, en un marco regional, continental y mundial orientado a la integración, soberanía y el vivir bien. 5.2.1.3. Profundizar, articuladamente entre instancias del Poder Público y el Poder Popular, la protección integral del agua como un deber, haciendo uso responsable de la misma e impulsando espacios nacionales e internacionales de discusión sobre su uso y democratización. 5.2.1.4. Mantener la independencia en el manejo del sistema de obtención, purificación, administración y suministro de agua potable. 5.2.1.5.', 'Mantener la independencia en el manejo del sistema de obtención, purificación, administración y suministro de agua potable. 5.2.1.5. Proteger las cuencas hidrográficas del país y todos los recursos naturales presentes en ellas, promoviendo su gestión integral, haciendo especial énfasis en las situadas al sur del Orinoco. 5.2.1.6. Continuar impulsando el reconocimiento del acceso al agua potable como un derecho humano en todos los ámbitos nacionales e internacionales. 5.2.1.7. Garantizar el control soberano sobre el conocimiento, extracción, distribución, comercialización y usos de los minerales estratégicos, de manera sostenible, en función de los más altos intereses nacionales. 5.2.2. Desmontar y luchar contra los esquemas internacionales que- 38 - promueven la mercantilización de la naturaleza, de los servicios ambientales y de los ecosistemas. 5.2.2.1.', 'Desmontar y luchar contra los esquemas internacionales que- 38 - promueven la mercantilización de la naturaleza, de los servicios ambientales y de los ecosistemas. 5.2.2.1. Activar alianzas estratégicas para la lucha contra la mercantilización de la naturaleza en todos los ámbitos nacionales e internacionales. 5.2.2.2. Impulsar el desarrollo de una visión desde el Sur que permita fortalecer la defensa de los intereses regionales en materia ambiental. 5.2.2.3. Impulsar en los organismos de integración suramericana ALBA, CELAC, UNASUR, MERCORSUR, PETROCARIBE, así como en los diversos espacios internacionales a los que asiste Venezuela, el concepto de “bajo impacto ambiental” de forma transversal en todas las acciones emprendidas. 5.2.3. Promover la cooperación, a nivel regional, para el manejo integrado de los recursos naturales transfronterizos. 5.2.3.1.', 'Promover la cooperación, a nivel regional, para el manejo integrado de los recursos naturales transfronterizos. 5.2.3.1. Reimpulsar la cooperación con los países fronterizos en temas de gestión ambiental y zonas ecológicas de interés común conforme a los principios del derecho internacional, respetando la soberanía nacional. 5.2.3.2. Defender los derechos territoriales y la soberanía del Estado venezolano en las negociaciones relacionadas con la administración de los espacios marinos, submarinos y oceánicos, así como de la diversidad biológica presente en esos espacios. 5.2.4. Luchar contra la securitización de los problemas ambientales mundiales, para evitar la incorporación de los temas ambientales y humanos como temas de “Seguridad internacional” por parte de las potencias hegemónicas. 5.2.4.1.', 'Luchar contra la securitización de los problemas ambientales mundiales, para evitar la incorporación de los temas ambientales y humanos como temas de “Seguridad internacional” por parte de las potencias hegemónicas. 5.2.4.1. Mantener vigilancia del desarrollo de la agenda del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas para evitar la injerencia en los temas ambientales y humanos, y su tratamiento como temas de seguridad ciudadana internacional, lo cual atenta contra la soberanía de los pueblos. 5.2.4.2. Fortalecer los debates sustantivos en temas económicos, sociales y ambientales en todos los ámbitos internacionales, regionales y multilaterales, para que las decisiones se tomen de manera inclusiva y transparente, sin orientaciones de corte neo-colonial por parte de los- 39 - países desarrollados, promoviendo la incorporación del Poder Popular y en particular los movimientos sociales en estos espacios.', 'Fortalecer los debates sustantivos en temas económicos, sociales y ambientales en todos los ámbitos internacionales, regionales y multilaterales, para que las decisiones se tomen de manera inclusiva y transparente, sin orientaciones de corte neo-colonial por parte de los- 39 - países desarrollados, promoviendo la incorporación del Poder Popular y en particular los movimientos sociales en estos espacios. Objetivo Nacional 5.4. Contribuir a la conformación de un gran movimiento mundial para contener las causas y reparar los efectos de cambio climático que ocurren como consecuencia del modelo capitalista depredador. Objetivos Estratégicos y Generales 5.4.1. Continuar la lucha por la preservación, el respeto y el fortalecimiento del régimen climático conformado por la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y su Protocolo de Kioto. 5.4.1.1.', 'Continuar la lucha por la preservación, el respeto y el fortalecimiento del régimen climático conformado por la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas para el Cambio Climático y su Protocolo de Kioto. 5.4.1.1. Desmontar los esquemas de mercados internacionales de carbono que legitiman la compra de derechos de contaminación y la impune destrucción del planeta. 5.4.1.2. Promover e impulsar el fortalecimiento del régimen jurídico climático vigente, con énfasis en las responsabilidades históricas de los países desarrollados. 5.4.1.3. Impulsar y apoyar acciones que promuevan la justicia internacional con relación al incumplimiento de los países desarrollados de sus obligaciones en el marco del Protocolo de Kioto. 5.4.1.4. Iniciar un proceso de transformación de las disposiciones legales nacionales para garantizar la administración y la protección del patrimonio natural, en la construcción del ecosocialismo. 5.4.2.', 'Iniciar un proceso de transformación de las disposiciones legales nacionales para garantizar la administración y la protección del patrimonio natural, en la construcción del ecosocialismo. 5.4.2. Diseñar un plan de mitigación que abarque los sectores productivos emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como una contribución voluntaria nacional a los esfuerzos para salvar el planeta. 5.4.2.1. Promover la adecuación tecnológica para una transformación del sector productivo, de manera sustentable, con especial énfasis en el sector energético, agrícola y pecuario, incorporando el principio de prevención y manejo de los desechos sólidos y peligrosos. 5.4.2.2. Impulsar a nivel regional e internacional compromisos por parte de todos los países y medidas nacionales de mitigación que contribuyan a corregir el deterioro ambiental que genera el cambio climático global. 5.4.2.3.', 'Impulsar a nivel regional e internacional compromisos por parte de todos los países y medidas nacionales de mitigación que contribuyan a corregir el deterioro ambiental que genera el cambio climático global. 5.4.2.3. Posicionar a Venezuela como referente mundial en la lucha por el cumplimiento de los acuerdos establecidos y de su impulso por la- 40 - construcción de un nuevo sistema ecosocialista. 5.4.3. Diseñar un plan nacional de adaptación que permita al país prepararse para los escenarios e impactos climáticos que se producirán debido a la irresponsabilidad de los países industrializados, contaminadores del mundo. 5.4.3.1.', 'Diseñar un plan nacional de adaptación que permita al país prepararse para los escenarios e impactos climáticos que se producirán debido a la irresponsabilidad de los países industrializados, contaminadores del mundo. 5.4.3.1. Coordinar acciones con todos los entes nacionales encargados de la planificación territorial y la gestión de desastres, con una visión prospectiva del incremento de temperatura previsto para los próximos 20 años, en función de las promesas de mitigación que logren consolidarse en el marco de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas. 5.4.3.2. Calcular los costos derivados de las pérdidas y daños resultantes de situaciones extremas climáticas, incluyendo seguros y reaseguros para sectores sensibles específicos (como la agricultura), las cuales deberán sumarse a la deuda ecológica de los países industrializados. 5.4.3.3.', 'Calcular los costos derivados de las pérdidas y daños resultantes de situaciones extremas climáticas, incluyendo seguros y reaseguros para sectores sensibles específicos (como la agricultura), las cuales deberán sumarse a la deuda ecológica de los países industrializados. 5.4.3.3. Fomentar el desarrollo de planes municipales y locales de adaptación para escenarios de manejo de riesgo que involucren directamente la corresponsabilidad entre el Estado y el Poder Popular.'] | es-ES |
370 | VEN | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of | Updated NDC | 2021-11-09 00:00:00 | uploaded | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Actualizacion%20NDC%20Venezuela.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Latin America and the Caribbean | 0 | 110.057333 | 25.56808 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/1cfadedf105af0e8aaca046d94fe2382338c29ed59606296b83f761b8f50d1b9.pdf | ['Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC AGRADECIMIENTOS La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, a través del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, como Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, hace un extenso agradecimiento por todo el apoyo recibido para este proceso de Actualización de la “Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”; resaltando el compromiso Institucional de los diferentes sectores involucrados de los Ministerios y Organismos, que permitieron incorporar nuevos elementos esenciales para el fortalecimiento de la acción climática, que llevará a nuestro país a la implementación de acciones enmarcadas hacia un desarrollo sustentable.', 'Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC AGRADECIMIENTOS La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, a través del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, como Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, hace un extenso agradecimiento por todo el apoyo recibido para este proceso de Actualización de la “Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”; resaltando el compromiso Institucional de los diferentes sectores involucrados de los Ministerios y Organismos, que permitieron incorporar nuevos elementos esenciales para el fortalecimiento de la acción climática, que llevará a nuestro país a la implementación de acciones enmarcadas hacia un desarrollo sustentable. En este sentido, Venezuela persigue con la Actualización de las CND, sentar las bases de la “Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático” en nuestro país, como eje transversal en las políticas públicas integradoras e inclusivas de índole económico, social, sanitario, cultural, educativo, ambiental, tecnológico, político e institucional, entre otras, que permitan generar y articular capacidades que impulsen una acción transformadora frente al cambio climático, con la profundidad y urgencia que este desafío requiere para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad en la población y de los espacios naturales.', 'En este sentido, Venezuela persigue con la Actualización de las CND, sentar las bases de la “Acción para el Empoderamiento Climático” en nuestro país, como eje transversal en las políticas públicas integradoras e inclusivas de índole económico, social, sanitario, cultural, educativo, ambiental, tecnológico, político e institucional, entre otras, que permitan generar y articular capacidades que impulsen una acción transformadora frente al cambio climático, con la profundidad y urgencia que este desafío requiere para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad en la población y de los espacios naturales. Con la finalidad de aumentar las capacidades de respuestas y crear las bases de la resiliencia contextualizada en el marco de la educación, la investigación, la formación, sensibilización social, el acceso a la información, la participación ciudadana, el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología y de las innovaciones, para consolidar de esta manera las políticas de inclusión y participación, incluidas las referidas a la equidad de género e intergeneracionales, que permitan aumentar el papel protagónico y determinante de la mujer como dinamizadora de los procesos de luchas contra el cambio climático, así como a las juventudes, los niños y niñas, y las personas adultas mayores.', 'Con la finalidad de aumentar las capacidades de respuestas y crear las bases de la resiliencia contextualizada en el marco de la educación, la investigación, la formación, sensibilización social, el acceso a la información, la participación ciudadana, el desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología y de las innovaciones, para consolidar de esta manera las políticas de inclusión y participación, incluidas las referidas a la equidad de género e intergeneracionales, que permitan aumentar el papel protagónico y determinante de la mujer como dinamizadora de los procesos de luchas contra el cambio climático, así como a las juventudes, los niños y niñas, y las personas adultas mayores. Asimismo, con la presentación de la actualización de la CND, Venezuela procura contribuir efectivamente al cumplimiento de las metas globales del Acuerdo de París, el cual tiene entre sus objetivos mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de 2 °C, con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir con los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 °C, bajo el criterio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas que permitan afrontar los efectos del Cambio Climático, para la preservación de las generaciones presentes y futuras.', 'Asimismo, con la presentación de la actualización de la CND, Venezuela procura contribuir efectivamente al cumplimiento de las metas globales del Acuerdo de París, el cual tiene entre sus objetivos mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial por debajo de 2 °C, con respecto a los niveles preindustriales y proseguir con los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 °C, bajo el criterio de las responsabilidades comunes pero diferenciadas que permitan afrontar los efectos del Cambio Climático, para la preservación de las generaciones presentes y futuras. El documento recoge las consideraciones técnicas emanadas de debates formulados por el equipo del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, nutrido con el trabajo de expertos en la materia, así como de un diverso grupo de actores e instituciones involucradas en el tema de cambio climático, además de las experiencias de otros países que cuentan actualmente con sus CND actualizadas, y las orientaciones derivadas de los foros internacionales en los cuales participó el país.', 'El documento recoge las consideraciones técnicas emanadas de debates formulados por el equipo del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, nutrido con el trabajo de expertos en la materia, así como de un diverso grupo de actores e instituciones involucradas en el tema de cambio climático, además de las experiencias de otros países que cuentan actualmente con sus CND actualizadas, y las orientaciones derivadas de los foros internacionales en los cuales participó el país. Venezuela, a través de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación de Cambio Climático del Ministro del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, inició el proceso de revisión y actualización de su CND, con el apoyo de los diferentes sectores e instituciones así como las Direcciones Generales Sustantivas, para la construcción colectiva de la CND, a presentarse en el marco de la celebración de la COP 26, en Glasgow, Reino Unido del 31 de Octubre al 12 de noviembre del 2021.', 'Venezuela, a través de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación de Cambio Climático del Ministro del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo, inició el proceso de revisión y actualización de su CND, con el apoyo de los diferentes sectores e instituciones así como las Direcciones Generales Sustantivas, para la construcción colectiva de la CND, a presentarse en el marco de la celebración de la COP 26, en Glasgow, Reino Unido del 31 de Octubre al 12 de noviembre del 2021. JOSUÉ ALEJANDRO LORCA VEGA Ministro del Poder Popular para el EcosocialismoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) DE LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA AUTORIDADES Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nicolás Maduro Moros Ministro del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Ministro del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Exteriores Félix Plasencia EQUIPO COORDINADOR Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo / Viceministro de Gestión Ecosocialista del Ambiente Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales Miguel Serrano Yorlandis Chiquito Carlos González ELABORACIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Whitman Machado Abigail Castillo Carmona (Edición) Héctor Fernández Linares (Edición) MINISTERIOS DEL ESTADO PARTICIPANTES Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Ministro Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Viceministerio de Gestión Ecosocialista del Ambiente.', 'JOSUÉ ALEJANDRO LORCA VEGA Ministro del Poder Popular para el EcosocialismoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) DE LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA AUTORIDADES Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nicolás Maduro Moros Ministro del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Ministro del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Exteriores Félix Plasencia EQUIPO COORDINADOR Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo / Viceministro de Gestión Ecosocialista del Ambiente Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales Miguel Serrano Yorlandis Chiquito Carlos González ELABORACIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Whitman Machado Abigail Castillo Carmona (Edición) Héctor Fernández Linares (Edición) MINISTERIOS DEL ESTADO PARTICIPANTES Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo Ministro Josué Alejandro Lorca Vega Viceministerio de Gestión Ecosocialista del Ambiente. Viceministro de Gestión Integral de la Basura Luis Simón Palacios Parada Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Whitman Machado Dirección General de Políticas de Gestión y Conservación de Ecosistemas Franklin José Linares Vizcaya Abigail Castillo Carmona Dirección de Conservación de Suelos, Desertificación y Sequía Saida Rivero SánchezRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Airo Tortoza Oropeza Dirección de Ordenación del Territorio Felicia Contreras Zambrano Dirección de Conservación de Cuencas Hidrográficas Carlín Ferreira Torres Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica Carlíz Díaz Rosario Madriz Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal Johan Walter Chacón Chacón José Azuaje Danmar Herrera José Rojas Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental Yurly Tiberio Freisanet Cabrera Dirección General de Infraestructura de la Basura Marly Jimenez Jacobo Prada Fundación Misión Árbol Wilmer Jose Vásquez Matheus Dirección General de la Fundación Misión Árbol David Guillen Director de Investigación e innovación Fundación Misión Árbol Arnaldo Vega Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Exteriores Canciller, Embajador Félix Plasencia Viceministro para Temas Multilaterales/ Punto Focal Político de la CMNUCC Rubén Darío Molina (Desde octubre 2021); Daniela Rodríguez (Desde octubre 2020) Dirección de Organismos Internacionales / Jefa Negociadora para Cambio Climático Isabel Di Carlo Quero Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Interiores, Justicia y Paz Ministro G/J Remigio Ceballos Ichaso Viceministro para la Gestión de Riesgo y Protección Civil C/N Eduardo Hurtado Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Productiva y Tierras Ministro Wilmar Castro Soteldo Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales.', 'Viceministro de Gestión Integral de la Basura Luis Simón Palacios Parada Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático / Punto Focal Técnico de la CMNUCC Darvid Gustavo Villegas Jáuregui Hortensia Ernestina Fonseca Blanco Yusbelys Carolina Belisario Arteaga Marciel Maholy Linares Colorado Whitman Machado Dirección General de Políticas de Gestión y Conservación de Ecosistemas Franklin José Linares Vizcaya Abigail Castillo Carmona Dirección de Conservación de Suelos, Desertificación y Sequía Saida Rivero SánchezRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Airo Tortoza Oropeza Dirección de Ordenación del Territorio Felicia Contreras Zambrano Dirección de Conservación de Cuencas Hidrográficas Carlín Ferreira Torres Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica Carlíz Díaz Rosario Madriz Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal Johan Walter Chacón Chacón José Azuaje Danmar Herrera José Rojas Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental Yurly Tiberio Freisanet Cabrera Dirección General de Infraestructura de la Basura Marly Jimenez Jacobo Prada Fundación Misión Árbol Wilmer Jose Vásquez Matheus Dirección General de la Fundación Misión Árbol David Guillen Director de Investigación e innovación Fundación Misión Árbol Arnaldo Vega Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Exteriores Canciller, Embajador Félix Plasencia Viceministro para Temas Multilaterales/ Punto Focal Político de la CMNUCC Rubén Darío Molina (Desde octubre 2021); Daniela Rodríguez (Desde octubre 2020) Dirección de Organismos Internacionales / Jefa Negociadora para Cambio Climático Isabel Di Carlo Quero Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Relaciones Interiores, Justicia y Paz Ministro G/J Remigio Ceballos Ichaso Viceministro para la Gestión de Riesgo y Protección Civil C/N Eduardo Hurtado Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Productiva y Tierras Ministro Wilmar Castro Soteldo Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales. Danny Mota Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral (INSAI) Ligmar López Empresa del Estado Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano Geovanny Gabriel Silva Correa Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Urbana Ministra Greicys Dayamni Barrios Prada Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales.', 'Danny Mota Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral (INSAI) Ligmar López Empresa del Estado Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano Geovanny Gabriel Silva Correa Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Urbana Ministra Greicys Dayamni Barrios Prada Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales. Deivy Minaya Director General de la Fundación Capacitación e Innovación para Apoyar la Revolución Agraria CIARA David Gómez.', 'Deivy Minaya Director General de la Fundación Capacitación e Innovación para Apoyar la Revolución Agraria CIARA David Gómez. Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Atención de las Aguas Ministro Rodolfo Marco Torres Dirección General de la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas PúblicasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Briguel Luis Martínez Porras Dirección de línea de la Oficina Estratégica de seguimiento y evaluación de políticas públicas Directora de Monitoreo de Instrucciones de Alto Gobierno Marifred Isabel Lameda Sulbarán Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ciencia y Tecnología Ministra Gabriela Jiménez Ramírez Viceministerio de Investigación y Aplicación del Conocimiento Francisco Duran Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC/ Centro de Ecología Carlos Méndez Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comuna y Movimientos Sociales Ministra Noris Herrera Rodríguez Coordinación de Asuntos Multilaterales.', 'Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Atención de las Aguas Ministro Rodolfo Marco Torres Dirección General de la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas PúblicasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Briguel Luis Martínez Porras Dirección de línea de la Oficina Estratégica de seguimiento y evaluación de políticas públicas Directora de Monitoreo de Instrucciones de Alto Gobierno Marifred Isabel Lameda Sulbarán Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ciencia y Tecnología Ministra Gabriela Jiménez Ramírez Viceministerio de Investigación y Aplicación del Conocimiento Francisco Duran Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas IVIC/ Centro de Ecología Carlos Méndez Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comuna y Movimientos Sociales Ministra Noris Herrera Rodríguez Coordinación de Asuntos Multilaterales. Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales José Enrique Aguirre Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico Ministro William Serantes Pinto Dirección del Despacho del Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico Rafael Da Silva Dirección General de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales Arianna Rodríguez Dirección General de Gestión Ecosocialista de Desarrollo Minero.', 'Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales José Enrique Aguirre Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico Ministro William Serantes Pinto Dirección del Despacho del Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico Rafael Da Silva Dirección General de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales Arianna Rodríguez Dirección General de Gestión Ecosocialista de Desarrollo Minero. Jiraleiska Hernández Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Ministra Yelitze Santaella Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (DGOIAI) Nick Oneto Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria Ministra Tibisay Lucena (Desde octubre 2021); Cesar Trompiz (Hasta octubre 2021) Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (OIAI) Anny Pérez Izaguirre José Contreras Kenneth Berroteran Roselyn Sánchez Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos (UVH): Mirla Fonseca Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt (UNERMB) Rixio Romero Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela (UBV)/Centro de Estudios Ambientales Juan Carlos Santander Torres Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica Ministro CG.', 'Jiraleiska Hernández Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Ministra Yelitze Santaella Dirección General de la Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (DGOIAI) Nick Oneto Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria Ministra Tibisay Lucena (Desde octubre 2021); Cesar Trompiz (Hasta octubre 2021) Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (OIAI) Anny Pérez Izaguirre José Contreras Kenneth Berroteran Roselyn Sánchez Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos (UVH): Mirla Fonseca Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt (UNERMB) Rixio Romero Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela (UBV)/Centro de Estudios Ambientales Juan Carlos Santander Torres Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica Ministro CG. Néstor Luis Reverol Torres Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica Tania Masea Dirección General de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica Benjamín Bustamante Vivian Rodríguez Carlos Cruz Dalemys Suarez Francisco Reyes Luis Sánchez Ludexis Godoy Ministerio del Poder Popular para Hábitat y ViviendaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ministro G/D Ildemaro Villarroel Viceministerio de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano Arq.', 'Néstor Luis Reverol Torres Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica Tania Masea Dirección General de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica Benjamín Bustamante Vivian Rodríguez Carlos Cruz Dalemys Suarez Francisco Reyes Luis Sánchez Ludexis Godoy Ministerio del Poder Popular para Hábitat y ViviendaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ministro G/D Ildemaro Villarroel Viceministerio de Vivienda y Desarrollo Urbano Arq. María Yorley Luna Gamez Dirección General de Ecoconstrucción Carlos Cedeño Ministerio del Poder Popular de Industrias y Producción Nacional Ministro Jorge Arreaza Fundación Fondo Venezolano de Reconversión Industrial y Tecnológica (FONDOIN) María Carolina Rendiles Carmelina Flores Betilde Urbina Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Juventud y el Deporte Ministro Mervin Maldonado Primera Viceministra de Juventud y Deporte Jessica Bello Dirección General de la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas Públicas.', 'María Yorley Luna Gamez Dirección General de Ecoconstrucción Carlos Cedeño Ministerio del Poder Popular de Industrias y Producción Nacional Ministro Jorge Arreaza Fundación Fondo Venezolano de Reconversión Industrial y Tecnológica (FONDOIN) María Carolina Rendiles Carmelina Flores Betilde Urbina Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Juventud y el Deporte Ministro Mervin Maldonado Primera Viceministra de Juventud y Deporte Jessica Bello Dirección General de la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas Públicas. Lourdes Baltodano Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Mujer y la Igualdad de Género Ministra Margaud Godoy Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (OIAI) Génesis Marcano Jimenes Ministerio del Poder Popular de Petróleo Ministro Tareck El Aissami Dirección Ejecutiva de Ambiental de PDVSA José Acosta Tony Escalante Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social del Trabajo Ministro José Ramón Rivero Dirección de seguro Social, adscrita al Viceministerio de Prevención Social.', 'Lourdes Baltodano Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Mujer y la Igualdad de Género Ministra Margaud Godoy Oficina de Integración y Asuntos Internacionales (OIAI) Génesis Marcano Jimenes Ministerio del Poder Popular de Petróleo Ministro Tareck El Aissami Dirección Ejecutiva de Ambiental de PDVSA José Acosta Tony Escalante Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social del Trabajo Ministro José Ramón Rivero Dirección de seguro Social, adscrita al Viceministerio de Prevención Social. Nelly Palacios Dirección General de Salud y Seguridad Laboral en el Trabajo, adscrita al Viceministerio de Prevención Social Oswaldo Sánchez Ministerio del Poder Popular para los Pueblos Indígenas Ministra Roside González Viceministra de Pueblos Indígenas María Soledad Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud Ministro Carlos Alvarado Viceministerio de Redes de Salud Colectiva Maricela Bermúdez Dirección General de Salud Ambiental Coronel Luis Gotta Dorania Plaza Orietta Pulgar Gilfredo Polanco Gleny Meneses Ministro del Poder Popular para el Transporte Ministro Hipólito Abreu.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) DE LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA ÍNDICE GENERAL EQUIPO COORDINADOR 4 ELABORACIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO .4 MINISTERIOS DEL ESTADO PARTICIPANTES.4 ÍNDICE GENERAL .8 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS.11 2.1.', 'Nelly Palacios Dirección General de Salud y Seguridad Laboral en el Trabajo, adscrita al Viceministerio de Prevención Social Oswaldo Sánchez Ministerio del Poder Popular para los Pueblos Indígenas Ministra Roside González Viceministra de Pueblos Indígenas María Soledad Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud Ministro Carlos Alvarado Viceministerio de Redes de Salud Colectiva Maricela Bermúdez Dirección General de Salud Ambiental Coronel Luis Gotta Dorania Plaza Orietta Pulgar Gilfredo Polanco Gleny Meneses Ministro del Poder Popular para el Transporte Ministro Hipólito Abreu.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) DE LA REPÚBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA ÍNDICE GENERAL EQUIPO COORDINADOR 4 ELABORACIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO .4 MINISTERIOS DEL ESTADO PARTICIPANTES.4 ÍNDICE GENERAL .8 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS.11 2.1. LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CMNUCC) . 21 2.2. EL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO 21 2.3.', 'EL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO 21 2.3. LA ENMIENDA DE DOHA DEL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO 21 2.4. LA RATIFICACIÓN DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO 2.5. EL CONTEXTO JURÍDICO DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO . 22 3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA CND - IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS DE LA CONVENCIÓN Y EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS .23 4.1. ARREGLO INSTITUCIONAL 27 5. SOBRE LA GOBERNANZA DEL FINANCIAMIENTO CLIMÁTICO .28 6. MEDIDAS COERCITIVAS UNILATERALES .28 8. VISIÓN POLÍTICA DE DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DEL PAÍS .31 8.1. PLAN DE LA PATRIA 2019 - 2025. . 31República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 9. INTEGRACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA AGENDA 2030 - ODS - ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO .34 10.1.', 'INTEGRACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA AGENDA 2030 - ODS - ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO .34 10.1. ACCIONES Y PROGRAMAS CON IMPACTO EN MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y SUS EFECTOS . 37 10.2. PROPUESTAS POR SECTORES 37 10.2.1. Sector Energía . 38 Energía Eléctrica 38 Petróleo: Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) 57 10.2.1. Sector Industria . 75 10.2.2. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal - Fundación Misión Árbol) . 82 10.2.3. Sector Desechos 91 11.1. INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LOS IMPACTOS, RIESGOS Y VULNERABILIDAD RESPECTO A LOS EFECTOS ADVERSOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO . 95 11.2. OBJETIVO NACIONAL RELATIVO A LA ADAPTACIÓN 96 11.2.1. Enfoques Transversales que Orientan la Adaptación . 97 11.2.2. Acciones y Programas con Impacto en Adaptación . 97 11.3. PROPUESTA POR SECTORES 97 11.3.1.', 'PROPUESTA POR SECTORES 97 11.3.1. Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) . 98 11.3.2. Sector Agricultura Urbana . 106 11.3.3. Sector Agua . 108 11.3.4. Sector Asentamiento Urbano (Vivienda) . 115 11.3.5. Sector Ciencia y Tecnología 117 11.3.6. Sector Comunas (Organización Popular) 120 11.3.7. Sector Educación Básica . 122 11.3.8. Sector Educación Universitaria 126 11.3.9. Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) . 129 11.3.10. Sector Juventud y Deporte 131 11.3.11. Sector Minería 134 11.3.12. Sector Pueblos Indígenas 138 11.3.13. Sector Riesgo y Desastre 140 11.3.14. Sector Salud 142República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.15. Sector Trabajo (Justicias Social) 145 11.3.16. Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales) 148 11.3.17.', 'Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales) 148 11.3.17. Sector Ecosistemas (Zona Costera, Ordenamiento Territorial, Montañas, Humedales) 152 11.3.18. Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica) . 161 12. NECESIDADES DE APOYO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN 165 ANEXO: PROCESO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA SEGUNDA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) 167 REFERENCIAS . 171República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ÍNDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 01. Descripción y Características de los tipos de Clima Según la clasificación de Köppen, en Venezuela.¡Error! Marcador no definido. Tabla 02. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 03. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 04.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 04. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del sector Tabla 05. Cantidad de Personas Capacitadas por Año en los Talleres FONDOIN73 Tabla 06. Proyección de Personas Capacitadas Periodo 2021-2025 en los Talleres Tabla 07. Técnicos en las Prácticas Idóneas de Operación Realizados por Tabla 08. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Industria (Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental - Tabla 09. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca.58 Tabla 10. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.61 Tabla 11.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.61 Tabla 11. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI63 Tabla 12. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Metro Caracas, C.A.64 Tabla 13. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A Tabla 14. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC)69 Tabla 15.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC)69 Tabla 15. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal).78República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Tabla 16. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol).81 Tabla 17. Políticas de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) de Venezuela, presentadas por el Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura).84 ÍNDICE DE FICHAS Tabla 01. Descripción y Características de los tipos de Clima Según la clasificación de Köppen, en Venezuela.¡Error! Marcador no definido. Tabla 02. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 03. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 04.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Tabla 04. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del sector Tabla 05. Cantidad de Personas Capacitadas por Año en los Talleres FONDOIN73 Tabla 06. Proyección de Personas Capacitadas Periodo 2021-2025 en los Talleres Tabla 07. Técnicos en las Prácticas Idóneas de Operación Realizados por Tabla 08. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Industria (Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental - Tabla 09. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca.58 Tabla 10. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.61 Tabla 11.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.61 Tabla 11. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI63República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Tabla 12. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Metro Caracas, C.A.64 Tabla 13. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A Tabla 14. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC)69 Tabla 15.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC)69 Tabla 15. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal).78 Tabla 16. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol).81 Tabla 17.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol).81 Tabla 17. Políticas de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) de Venezuela, presentadas por el Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura).84República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS Y SIGLAS Acrónimos y Siglas Definición ABRAE Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial ALBA – TCP Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos AP Acuerdo de Paris ASIC Área de Salud Integral Comunitaria CAPRADE Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres CDB Convenio de Diversidad Biológica CDH Consejo de Derechos Humanos CIAGROA Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales CIPDE Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno CLCC Cátedra Libre de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CONARE Compañía Nacional de Reforestación CONEA Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales COP Conferencia de las Partes CORPOELEC Corporación Eléctrica Nacional CRBV Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela CSCV Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano CTCZC Comité de Trabajo Central de las Zonas Costeras CTP Consejos Productivos de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras CTZCNE Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras a Nivel Estadal DDHH Derechos Humanos EEDI Índice de Eficiencia Energética de Proyecto EIRD Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastre ENAFOR Empresa Nacional Forestal ENCDB Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica EPU Examen Periódico Universal FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura FEVP Fundación Escuela Venezolana de Planificación FONAGUAS Fondo Nacional para la Gestión Integral de las Aguas FONDOIN Fundación Fondo de Reconversión Industrial y TecnológicaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición FUNDELEC Fundación para el Desarrollo Eléctrico GCF Fondo Verde del Clima GCMs Modelos Climáticos de Circulación Atmosférica Global GEF Global Environment Facility (Fondo para el medio ambiente Mundial) GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GIICC Grupo Inter-institucional de Cambio Climático GNV Gas Natural Vehicular HCFC Hidroclorofluorocarbonos HFC Hidrofluorocarbonos HIDROVEN Hidrológica de Venezuela ICAT Iniciativa para la Transparencia en la Acción Climática IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IFLA Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano INAMEH Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología INE Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INPARQUES Instituto Nacional de Parques INSAI Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático LABINNOVANS Laboratorio Bolivariano de Innovación para Alimentos, Ambiente, Nutrición y Salud LED Diodo Emisor de Luz (por sus siglas en inglés) LFC Lámparas Fluorescentes Compactas MAH Marco de Acción de Hyogo MARNR Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables MARPOL Convenio internacional para prevenir la contaminación por los buques MCU Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales MDL Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio MINAGUAS Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Atención de las Aguas Mincyt Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y la Tecnología MINEA Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo y Aguas MINEC Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo MINPPAU Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Urbana MMSC Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos MPPA Ministerio del Poder Popular para el AmbienteRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición MPPDME Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico MPPE Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación MPPEE Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica MPPEF Ministerio del Poder Popular de Economía y Finanzas MPPEU Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria MPPS Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud MRV Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación CND Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas NDT Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra ODM Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible OMI Organización Marítima Internacional OMM Organización Meteorológica Mundial OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas OPS Organización Panamericana de la Salud PDEL Planes de Desarrollo Estratégico Local PDVSA Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anónima PEP Parque Eólico de Paraguaná PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNB Policía Nacional Bolivariana PNEA Programa Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEDUCEEE Programa Nacional de Educación Energética y Eficiencia Energética PNFA-PSCD Programa Nacional de Formación Avanzada en Producción Sostenible de Cacao y Sus Derivados PNOT Plan Nacional de Ordenación de Territorio (Proyecto) PNUD Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo PNUMA Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente POGIZC Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (Proyecto) PORU Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso PPD Programa de Pequeñas Donaciones RDS Residuos y Desechos Sólidos REM Rehabilitación, Estabilización y Mantenimiento RFI Reserva Forestal ImatacaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición RT Reglamento Técnico SAO Sustancias Agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono SENAFIM Servicio Nacional de Fiscalización e Inspección Minera SENCAMER Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos SIGIZC Sistemas de Información para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras SINIB Sistema Nacional Integrado de Información Forestal SIPP Sistema Integrado del Poder Popular SNICA Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Aguas SNME Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico UBV Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela UGE Unidades de Gestión Energética UNEFA Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional UNERMB Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt UNERS Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez UNERVEN Unidad de Energía Renovable Venezuela UREEE Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica USB Universidad Simón Bolívar UVH Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos VENAVEGA Corporación Venezolana de Navegación WCPA Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas ZDEN Zonas de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional ZODI Zona Operativa de Defensa IntegralRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El Cambio Climático es uno de los mayores problemas que afecta actualmente al planeta, esta situación transciende lo ambiental y debe ser considerado en sus dimensiones ética, humana, socio-económica y política.', 'Políticas de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) de Venezuela, presentadas por el Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura).84República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC LISTA DE ACRÓNIMOS Y SIGLAS Acrónimos y Siglas Definición ABRAE Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial ALBA – TCP Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos AP Acuerdo de Paris ASIC Área de Salud Integral Comunitaria CAPRADE Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres CDB Convenio de Diversidad Biológica CDH Consejo de Derechos Humanos CIAGROA Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales CIPDE Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno CLCC Cátedra Libre de Cambio Climático CMNUCC Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático CONARE Compañía Nacional de Reforestación CONEA Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales COP Conferencia de las Partes CORPOELEC Corporación Eléctrica Nacional CRBV Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela CSCV Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano CTCZC Comité de Trabajo Central de las Zonas Costeras CTP Consejos Productivos de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras CTZCNE Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras a Nivel Estadal DDHH Derechos Humanos EEDI Índice de Eficiencia Energética de Proyecto EIRD Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastre ENAFOR Empresa Nacional Forestal ENCDB Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica EPU Examen Periódico Universal FAO Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura FEVP Fundación Escuela Venezolana de Planificación FONAGUAS Fondo Nacional para la Gestión Integral de las Aguas FONDOIN Fundación Fondo de Reconversión Industrial y TecnológicaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición FUNDELEC Fundación para el Desarrollo Eléctrico GCF Fondo Verde del Clima GCMs Modelos Climáticos de Circulación Atmosférica Global GEF Global Environment Facility (Fondo para el medio ambiente Mundial) GEI Gases de Efecto Invernadero GIICC Grupo Inter-institucional de Cambio Climático GNV Gas Natural Vehicular HCFC Hidroclorofluorocarbonos HFC Hidrofluorocarbonos HIDROVEN Hidrológica de Venezuela ICAT Iniciativa para la Transparencia en la Acción Climática IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IFLA Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano INAMEH Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología INE Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas INPARQUES Instituto Nacional de Parques INSAI Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral IPCC Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático LABINNOVANS Laboratorio Bolivariano de Innovación para Alimentos, Ambiente, Nutrición y Salud LED Diodo Emisor de Luz (por sus siglas en inglés) LFC Lámparas Fluorescentes Compactas MAH Marco de Acción de Hyogo MARNR Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables MARPOL Convenio internacional para prevenir la contaminación por los buques MCU Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales MDL Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio MINAGUAS Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Atención de las Aguas Mincyt Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Ciencia y la Tecnología MINEA Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo y Aguas MINEC Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo MINPPAU Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Urbana MMSC Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos MPPA Ministerio del Poder Popular para el AmbienteRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición MPPDME Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico MPPE Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación MPPEE Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica MPPEF Ministerio del Poder Popular de Economía y Finanzas MPPEU Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria MPPS Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud MRV Monitoreo, Reporte y Verificación CND Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas NDT Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra ODM Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio ODS Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible OMI Organización Marítima Internacional OMM Organización Meteorológica Mundial OMS Organización Mundial de la Salud ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas OPS Organización Panamericana de la Salud PDEL Planes de Desarrollo Estratégico Local PDVSA Petróleos de Venezuela Sociedad Anónima PEP Parque Eólico de Paraguaná PIB Producto Interno Bruto PNB Policía Nacional Bolivariana PNEA Programa Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEDUCEEE Programa Nacional de Educación Energética y Eficiencia Energética PNFA-PSCD Programa Nacional de Formación Avanzada en Producción Sostenible de Cacao y Sus Derivados PNOT Plan Nacional de Ordenación de Territorio (Proyecto) PNUD Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo PNUMA Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente POGIZC Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (Proyecto) PORU Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso PPD Programa de Pequeñas Donaciones RDS Residuos y Desechos Sólidos REM Rehabilitación, Estabilización y Mantenimiento RFI Reserva Forestal ImatacaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acrónimos y Siglas Definición RT Reglamento Técnico SAO Sustancias Agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono SENAFIM Servicio Nacional de Fiscalización e Inspección Minera SENCAMER Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos SIGIZC Sistemas de Información para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras SINIB Sistema Nacional Integrado de Información Forestal SIPP Sistema Integrado del Poder Popular SNICA Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Aguas SNME Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico UBV Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela UGE Unidades de Gestión Energética UNEFA Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional UNERMB Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt UNERS Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez UNERVEN Unidad de Energía Renovable Venezuela UREEE Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica USB Universidad Simón Bolívar UVH Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos VENAVEGA Corporación Venezolana de Navegación WCPA Comisión Mundial de Áreas Protegidas ZDEN Zonas de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional ZODI Zona Operativa de Defensa IntegralRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El Cambio Climático es uno de los mayores problemas que afecta actualmente al planeta, esta situación transciende lo ambiental y debe ser considerado en sus dimensiones ética, humana, socio-económica y política. Es, de hecho, una de las manifestaciones más claras de la crisis del capitalismo como sistema depredador de la naturaleza que hace imposible una vida sana, plena, solidaria y en paz sobre la tierra.', 'Es, de hecho, una de las manifestaciones más claras de la crisis del capitalismo como sistema depredador de la naturaleza que hace imposible una vida sana, plena, solidaria y en paz sobre la tierra. Así mismo se traduce, en una dimensión de la crisis ambiental global generada por patrones de producción y consumo insostenibles, particularmente en los países desarrollados, los cuales tienen una responsabilidad histórica en su generación. Por consiguiente, sólo la modificación de estos patrones constituye una solución verdadera y perdurable a la crisis ambiental y por consiguiente a la crisis del clima.', 'Por consiguiente, sólo la modificación de estos patrones constituye una solución verdadera y perdurable a la crisis ambiental y por consiguiente a la crisis del clima. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, siendo un país caracterizado por presentar espacios insulares y costas de baja altitud, con zonas áridas y semiáridas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; cuya economía principal depende particularmente de la producción, uso y exportación de combustibles fósiles; es considerado, según las categorías establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC, 1992), como de alta vulnerabilidad; y particularmente sensible a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático y a las consecuencias secundarias de potenciales medidas de respuesta.', 'La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, siendo un país caracterizado por presentar espacios insulares y costas de baja altitud, con zonas áridas y semiáridas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles; cuya economía principal depende particularmente de la producción, uso y exportación de combustibles fósiles; es considerado, según las categorías establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC, 1992), como de alta vulnerabilidad; y particularmente sensible a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático y a las consecuencias secundarias de potenciales medidas de respuesta. Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho evidente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, en la producción de alimentos, en la generación de hidroelectricidad, en la diversidad biológica, entre otras como las acaecidas durante los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2021 en los estados Mérida, Táchira y Anzoátegui.', 'Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho evidente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, en la producción de alimentos, en la generación de hidroelectricidad, en la diversidad biológica, entre otras como las acaecidas durante los meses de agosto y septiembre de 2021 en los estados Mérida, Táchira y Anzoátegui. Frente a esta situación la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala con importantes inversiones, que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada para reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad.', 'Frente a esta situación la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala con importantes inversiones, que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada para reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad. En el marco de lo acordado bajo la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París (AP), Venezuela presenta la actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND), comprometida en la construcción de un modelo económico productivo ecosocialista.', 'En el marco de lo acordado bajo la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París (AP), Venezuela presenta la actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND), comprometida en la construcción de un modelo económico productivo ecosocialista. Estas acciones se articulan en el marco del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación Ley del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, donde se plantea la profundización de políticas ecosocialistas con un alto impacto en lo social, económico y ambiental para contribuir en la lucha contra el Cambio Climático.', 'Estas acciones se articulan en el marco del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación Ley del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, donde se plantea la profundización de políticas ecosocialistas con un alto impacto en lo social, económico y ambiental para contribuir en la lucha contra el Cambio Climático. De igual forma, dicha CND permite reafirmar el compromiso que en materia climática tiene el país, en los distintos espacios multilaterales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, como en los mecanismos de concertación regionales y entre regiones como lo son: LaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Conferencia Iberoamericana de Ministros y Ministras de Ambiente, el Foro de Ministros y Ministros de Ambiente del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Reunión de Ministras, Ministros y Altas Autoridades de Ambiente de la Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos (ALBA - TCP), la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y caribeños (CELAC), entre otros.', 'De igual forma, dicha CND permite reafirmar el compromiso que en materia climática tiene el país, en los distintos espacios multilaterales del sistema de las Naciones Unidas, como en los mecanismos de concertación regionales y entre regiones como lo son: LaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Conferencia Iberoamericana de Ministros y Ministras de Ambiente, el Foro de Ministros y Ministros de Ambiente del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Reunión de Ministras, Ministros y Altas Autoridades de Ambiente de la Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos (ALBA - TCP), la Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y caribeños (CELAC), entre otros. Para este proceso de actualización, se han tomado en cuenta los lineamientos sobre la transparencia emanados de las siguientes Decisiones 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21 y 9/CMA.1.', 'Para este proceso de actualización, se han tomado en cuenta los lineamientos sobre la transparencia emanados de las siguientes Decisiones 4/CMA.1, 1/CP.21 y 9/CMA.1. Igualmente se han incorporado las recomendaciones de las instancias y organismos de apoyo en cuanto a elementos considerados como esenciales para aumentar el nivel de ambición y la robustez de la información. En esta actualización y presentación de la CND, se incorporan elementos relativos al género y la equidad, que permiten avanzar en los objetivos nacionales de lucha contra la pobreza y la desigualdad, en el marco de la planificación nacional para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Agenda 2030.', 'En esta actualización y presentación de la CND, se incorporan elementos relativos al género y la equidad, que permiten avanzar en los objetivos nacionales de lucha contra la pobreza y la desigualdad, en el marco de la planificación nacional para el logro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) y la Agenda 2030. Igualmente, se incorporan en los elementos, la imposición de Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU) que atentan contra los derechos humanos de la población venezolana, y la situación especial por la pandemia del COVID-19, que ha exigido un replanteamiento y reacomodo de la planificación y de la administración del Estado para hacer frente a la situación crítica y al escenario de recuperación post 2020.', 'Igualmente, se incorporan en los elementos, la imposición de Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU) que atentan contra los derechos humanos de la población venezolana, y la situación especial por la pandemia del COVID-19, que ha exigido un replanteamiento y reacomodo de la planificación y de la administración del Estado para hacer frente a la situación crítica y al escenario de recuperación post 2020. En tal sentido, Venezuela presenta sus contribuciones en adaptación y mitigación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable. Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y sin financiamiento internacional.', 'Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y sin financiamiento internacional. Las mismas no habían sido actualizadas, hasta ahora, debido a la ilegal aplicación de las Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU) que atentan contra los derechos humanos de la población y la circunstancia sanitaria de la pandemia del COVID-19. Dicha actualización está enmarcada en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, el cual establece la prioridad de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático en el marco de un desarrollo integral, humanista y ecosocialista orientado al Buen Vivir en armonía con la Madre Tierra.', 'Dicha actualización está enmarcada en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, el cual establece la prioridad de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático en el marco de un desarrollo integral, humanista y ecosocialista orientado al Buen Vivir en armonía con la Madre Tierra. Para cada compromiso, se incluye una breve descripción del contexto con referencia a las circunstancias del sector o área estratégica correspondiente, seguida de una tabla resumen que incluye el compromiso con su meta, la entidad rectora, el tipo de compromiso, indicadores preliminares y los ODS a los que contribuyen.', 'Para cada compromiso, se incluye una breve descripción del contexto con referencia a las circunstancias del sector o área estratégica correspondiente, seguida de una tabla resumen que incluye el compromiso con su meta, la entidad rectora, el tipo de compromiso, indicadores preliminares y los ODS a los que contribuyen. La descripción de cada compromiso se complementa con una breve referencia indicativa con respecto a los aspectos operativos relacionados con los medios de implementación, su potencial de integración, adaptación - mitigación y culminando con una declaración de la ambición a largo plazo.', 'La descripción de cada compromiso se complementa con una breve referencia indicativa con respecto a los aspectos operativos relacionados con los medios de implementación, su potencial de integración, adaptación - mitigación y culminando con una declaración de la ambición a largo plazo. De acuerdo a lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y su Acuerdo de París, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta aquí la actualización de suRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos.', 'De acuerdo a lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y su Acuerdo de París, la República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta aquí la actualización de suRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Contribución Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos. Esta actualización de la Contribución debe ser examinadas a la luz del principio de las Responsabilidades Comunes pero Diferenciadas, lo cual implica, entre otros elementos, que para poder materializar los compromisos expresados por los países en desarrollo, se requieren los recursos financieros previstos para apoyar las acciones en los países en desarrollo, así como, la transferencia de tecnología y la creación de capacidades, que de forma incremental deben aportar los países desarrollados, conforme a sus obligaciones establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París.', 'Esta actualización de la Contribución debe ser examinadas a la luz del principio de las Responsabilidades Comunes pero Diferenciadas, lo cual implica, entre otros elementos, que para poder materializar los compromisos expresados por los países en desarrollo, se requieren los recursos financieros previstos para apoyar las acciones en los países en desarrollo, así como, la transferencia de tecnología y la creación de capacidades, que de forma incremental deben aportar los países desarrollados, conforme a sus obligaciones establecidas en la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París. Para finalizar, esta actualización de la CND se enmarca en un proceso nacional de construcción colectiva de una propuesta de Ley sobre Cambio Climático para el país, que involucra a diferentes actores y sectores, comunidades organizadas y movimientos sociales, y que se aspira adoptar en el periodo legislativo del 2021 al 2026.', 'Para finalizar, esta actualización de la CND se enmarca en un proceso nacional de construcción colectiva de una propuesta de Ley sobre Cambio Climático para el país, que involucra a diferentes actores y sectores, comunidades organizadas y movimientos sociales, y que se aspira adoptar en el periodo legislativo del 2021 al 2026. Como parte de las obligaciones asumidas ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República Bolivariana de Venezuela aceptó el compromiso de informar todo lo relevante a los contenidos, que por mandato de la Convención se establece para la preparación de las Comunicaciones Nacionales en Cambio Climático.', 'Como parte de las obligaciones asumidas ante la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), la República Bolivariana de Venezuela aceptó el compromiso de informar todo lo relevante a los contenidos, que por mandato de la Convención se establece para la preparación de las Comunicaciones Nacionales en Cambio Climático. El compromiso político de Venezuela es de alto nivel en la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, tal como fue expresado por el Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros, durante la intervención en la 75° Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, celebrada en octubre de 2020, a saber: Todos debemos trabajar por la salvación de nuestro Planeta.', 'El compromiso político de Venezuela es de alto nivel en la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, tal como fue expresado por el Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros, durante la intervención en la 75° Asamblea General de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, celebrada en octubre de 2020, a saber: Todos debemos trabajar por la salvación de nuestro Planeta. Hacemos un llamado a alcanzar el más alto compromiso político para combatir el cambio climático que es una realidad: para combatir el cambio climático como una prioridad urgente. Reconocemos la importancia de fortalecer las acciones de mitigación y adaptación, de conformidad con la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París.', 'Reconocemos la importancia de fortalecer las acciones de mitigación y adaptación, de conformidad con la Convención Marco de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático y el Acuerdo de París. Reafirmamos entonces, la importancia de los medios de implementación para que los países en desarrollo puedan llevar a cabo sus acciones climáticas. Noam Chomsky lo alertaba hace poco: “no queda mucho tiempo”. Reiterando de esta manera el gran compromiso político al más alto nivel en la lucha contra el cambio climático. 2.1.', 'Reiterando de esta manera el gran compromiso político al más alto nivel en la lucha contra el cambio climático. 2.1. LA CONVENCIÓN MARCO DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO (CMNUCC)República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Este instrumento fue aprobado en 1992 y ratificado por Venezuela en el año 1994, mediante la Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela N° 4.825 Extraordinario del 27 de diciembre de 1994. 2.2. EL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO Aprobado y publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 38.081 del 07 de diciembre de 2004. Este protocolo establece compromisos y metas sobre las reducciones de emisiones para los países del Anexo I, y reducciones voluntarias para los países No Anexo I.', 'Este protocolo establece compromisos y metas sobre las reducciones de emisiones para los países del Anexo I, y reducciones voluntarias para los países No Anexo I. En el mismo, el Ministerio con competencia ambiental, presentó un Punto de Cuenta al Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se limita la implementación del Protocolo de Kyoto en nuestro país, específicamente los apartados relativos a los mecanismos de flexibilización previstos en este Protocolo, denominados Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio (MDL). Esta decisión presidencial de no recurrir a los Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio posteriormente será plasmada en los Planes Nacionales de Gobierno, Primer y Segundo Plan de la Patria. 2.3.', 'Esta decisión presidencial de no recurrir a los Mecanismos de Desarrollo Limpio posteriormente será plasmada en los Planes Nacionales de Gobierno, Primer y Segundo Plan de la Patria. 2.3. LA ENMIENDA DE DOHA DEL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO Esta enmienda fue aprobada en la COP-18 de Catar en el 2012, y ratificada por Venezuela en el año 2017, la cual establece el período subsiguiente de compromisos para los países del Anexo I posterior al año 2012, y se aumenta a ocho años el segundo periodo (2012 - 2020). 2.4.', 'LA ENMIENDA DE DOHA DEL PROTOCOLO DE KYOTO Esta enmienda fue aprobada en la COP-18 de Catar en el 2012, y ratificada por Venezuela en el año 2017, la cual establece el período subsiguiente de compromisos para los países del Anexo I posterior al año 2012, y se aumenta a ocho años el segundo periodo (2012 - 2020). 2.4. LA RATIFICACIÓN DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO En la COP-21 de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, (CMNUCC), Venezuela adopta el Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático el 12 de diciembre de 2015.', 'LA RATIFICACIÓN DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO En la COP-21 de la Conferencia de las Partes de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático, (CMNUCC), Venezuela adopta el Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático el 12 de diciembre de 2015. En abril de 2016, Venezuela suscribe el Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático en la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) en el acto conmemorativo del Día de la Tierra, el 22 de abril. El 21 de julio de 2017, Venezuela completa los pasos requeridos para la ratificación del Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático, con el depósito del instrumento de ratificación ante el depositario en la ONU.', 'El 21 de julio de 2017, Venezuela completa los pasos requeridos para la ratificación del Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático, con el depósito del instrumento de ratificación ante el depositario en la ONU. Para ese momento la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se convierte en Estado Parte del Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático 154°, en el mes de julio de 2017. La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela da facultades al Ejecutivo para la adopción de acuerdos internacionales, Artículo 236° sobre las Atribuciones delRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Presidente de la República: “4. Dirigir las relaciones exteriores de la República y celebrar y ratificar los tratados, convenios o acuerdos internacionales.” 2.5.', 'Dirigir las relaciones exteriores de la República y celebrar y ratificar los tratados, convenios o acuerdos internacionales.” 2.5. EL CONTEXTO JURÍDICO DEL ACUERDO DE PARÍS SOBRE CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO El Acuerdo de París sobre Cambio Climático es un instrumento jurídico para la implementación de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático (CMNUCC), por eso los principios y provisiones de la Convención prevalecen y guían la implementación de dicho acuerdo. El trabajo previo de elaboración y discusión de la Contribución prevista y determinada a nivel Nacional de Venezuela fue adelantado, por el entonces Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo y Aguas (MINEA), en los años previos 2013 y 2014, hoy Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC), compilando los aportes obtenidos mediante consultas interministeriales.', 'El trabajo previo de elaboración y discusión de la Contribución prevista y determinada a nivel Nacional de Venezuela fue adelantado, por el entonces Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo y Aguas (MINEA), en los años previos 2013 y 2014, hoy Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC), compilando los aportes obtenidos mediante consultas interministeriales. Formalizándose su entrega en la plenaria de adopción del Acuerdo de París en la XXI Conferencia de las Partes (COP- 21), en el mes de diciembre de 2015.', 'Formalizándose su entrega en la plenaria de adopción del Acuerdo de París en la XXI Conferencia de las Partes (COP- 21), en el mes de diciembre de 2015. En este orden de ideas, Venezuela formalizó su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la CMUNCC, con sede en Bonn, Alemania, y posteriormente hizo entrega formalmente en el mes de febrero de 2018, ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. 3.', 'En este orden de ideas, Venezuela formalizó su Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la CMUNCC, con sede en Bonn, Alemania, y posteriormente hizo entrega formalmente en el mes de febrero de 2018, ante la Secretaría Ejecutiva de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. 3. DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA CND - IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS DE LA CONVENCIÓN Y EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS La República Bolivariana de Venezuela tiene un alto compromiso político, dentro del marco en el Acuerdo de París, adoptado mediante la decisión 1/CP.21, que aborda áreas cruciales necesarias para combatir el cambio climático.', 'DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS GENERALES DE LA CND - IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LOS OBJETIVOS DE LA CONVENCIÓN Y EL ACUERDO DE PARÍS La República Bolivariana de Venezuela tiene un alto compromiso político, dentro del marco en el Acuerdo de París, adoptado mediante la decisión 1/CP.21, que aborda áreas cruciales necesarias para combatir el cambio climático. Por tanto, el objetivo general de las CND para Venezuela es implementar políticas, acciones y esfuerzos que promuevan la reducción de gases de efecto invernadero y el aumento de la resiliencia y disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los sectores priorizados. Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán encaminados a través de las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento.', 'Estas acciones y esfuerzos se verán encaminados a través de las líneas estratégicas y medidas identificadas en las secciones posteriores del documento. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela ratifica su compromiso en reducir sus emisiones de GEI en un 20% al año 2030 con relación al escenario inercial. Para ello, el país contempla actividades en diversos sectores entre lasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC acciones de adaptación y mitigación, siendo la adaptación la prioridad nacional. El grado en que se alcance esta meta dependerá del cumplimiento de los compromisos de los países desarrollados en cuanto a provisión de financiamiento, transferencia de tecnología y formación de capacidades de acuerdo a lo previsto en el Artículo 4.7 de la Convención.', 'El grado en que se alcance esta meta dependerá del cumplimiento de los compromisos de los países desarrollados en cuanto a provisión de financiamiento, transferencia de tecnología y formación de capacidades de acuerdo a lo previsto en el Artículo 4.7 de la Convención. En este sentido, el país fundamenta el cumplimiento de su CND, como una prioridad para la lucha contra la pobreza y su derecho al desarrollo, bajo los principios contemplados en la CMNUCC y otros instrumentos internacionales vigentes y relevantes, incluyendo la Agenda 2030 y los ODS. Una implementación ambiciosa de las CND es esencial para asegurar que los niveles máximos de emisiones globales en el futuro cercano y los riesgos climáticos se reduzcan, para que simultáneamente se puedan lograr beneficios colaterales de desarrollo.', 'Una implementación ambiciosa de las CND es esencial para asegurar que los niveles máximos de emisiones globales en el futuro cercano y los riesgos climáticos se reduzcan, para que simultáneamente se puedan lograr beneficios colaterales de desarrollo. El Acuerdo de París solicita a cada país que esboce y comunique sus acciones climáticas posteriores a 2020; y así implementar sus contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional. A continuación, se exponen algunos de estos aspectos clave: ▪ Objetivo a largo plazo referente a la temperatura (artículo 2) El Acuerdo de París, al tratar de fortalecer la respuesta mundial al cambio climático, reafirma el objetivo de limitar el aumento de la temperatura mundial muy por debajo de los 2 °C, al tiempo que prosiguen los esfuerzos para limitarlo a 1,5 °C.', 'A continuación, se exponen algunos de estos aspectos clave: ▪ Objetivo a largo plazo referente a la temperatura (artículo 2) El Acuerdo de París, al tratar de fortalecer la respuesta mundial al cambio climático, reafirma el objetivo de limitar el aumento de la temperatura mundial muy por debajo de los 2 °C, al tiempo que prosiguen los esfuerzos para limitarlo a 1,5 °C. ▪ Punto máximo y neutralidad climática (artículo 4) Para alcanzar este objetivo de temperatura, las Partes se proponen alcanzar cuanto antes el punto máximo de las emisiones de GEI a nivel mundial, y a reconocer que ese punto máximo llevará más tiempo a las Partes que son países en desarrollo, con el fin de lograr un equilibrio entre las emisiones antropógenas por las fuentes y la absorción por los sumideros de GEI en la segunda mitad del siglo.', '▪ Punto máximo y neutralidad climática (artículo 4) Para alcanzar este objetivo de temperatura, las Partes se proponen alcanzar cuanto antes el punto máximo de las emisiones de GEI a nivel mundial, y a reconocer que ese punto máximo llevará más tiempo a las Partes que son países en desarrollo, con el fin de lograr un equilibrio entre las emisiones antropógenas por las fuentes y la absorción por los sumideros de GEI en la segunda mitad del siglo. ▪ Mitigación (artículo 4) El Acuerdo de París establece compromisos vinculantes de todas las Partes para preparar, comunicar y mantener una CND y aplicar medidas nacionales para lograrlos.', '▪ Mitigación (artículo 4) El Acuerdo de París establece compromisos vinculantes de todas las Partes para preparar, comunicar y mantener una CND y aplicar medidas nacionales para lograrlos. También establece que las Partes comunicarán sus contribuciones determinadas a nivel nacional cada cinco años, y proporcionarán la información necesaria para la claridad y la transparencia. Para establecer una base firme para una mayor ambición, cada contribución determinada a nivel nacional sucesiva representará una progresión más allá de la anterior, y reflejará la mayor ambición posible.', 'Para establecer una base firme para una mayor ambición, cada contribución determinada a nivel nacional sucesiva representará una progresión más allá de la anterior, y reflejará la mayor ambición posible. Los países desarrollados deberían seguir asumiendo el liderazgo mediante el establecimiento de objetivos de reducción absolutos para toda la economía, mientras que los países en desarrollo deberían seguir intensificando sus esfuerzos de mitigación, mientras se les alienta a avanzar hacia la consecución de los objetivos para toda la economía a lo largo del tiempo, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ▪ Sumideros y depósitos (artículo 5) -El Acuerdo de París también alienta a las Partes a conservar y mejorar, según proceda, los sumideros y depósitos de GEI a que se hace referencia en el apartado d) del párrafo 1 del artículo 4 de la Convención, incluidos los bosques.', 'Los países desarrollados deberían seguir asumiendo el liderazgo mediante el establecimiento de objetivos de reducción absolutos para toda la economía, mientras que los países en desarrollo deberían seguir intensificando sus esfuerzos de mitigación, mientras se les alienta a avanzar hacia la consecución de los objetivos para toda la economía a lo largo del tiempo, a la luz de las diferentes circunstancias nacionales.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ▪ Sumideros y depósitos (artículo 5) -El Acuerdo de París también alienta a las Partes a conservar y mejorar, según proceda, los sumideros y depósitos de GEI a que se hace referencia en el apartado d) del párrafo 1 del artículo 4 de la Convención, incluidos los bosques. ▪ Participación voluntaria / Enfoques relacionados y no relacionados con el mercado (artículo 6) El Acuerdo de París reconoce la posibilidad de participación voluntaria entre las Partes para permitir una mayor ambición y establece principios -incluidos la integridad ambiental, la transparencia y una contabilidad sólida- para cualquier cooperación que implique la transferencia internacional de los resultados de la mitigación.', '▪ Participación voluntaria / Enfoques relacionados y no relacionados con el mercado (artículo 6) El Acuerdo de París reconoce la posibilidad de participación voluntaria entre las Partes para permitir una mayor ambición y establece principios -incluidos la integridad ambiental, la transparencia y una contabilidad sólida- para cualquier cooperación que implique la transferencia internacional de los resultados de la mitigación. Establece un mecanismo para contribuir a la mitigación de las emisiones de GEI y apoyar el desarrollo sostenible, y define un marco para los enfoques no mercantiles del desarrollo sostenible. ▪ Adaptación (artículo 7).', 'Establece un mecanismo para contribuir a la mitigación de las emisiones de GEI y apoyar el desarrollo sostenible, y define un marco para los enfoques no mercantiles del desarrollo sostenible. ▪ Adaptación (artículo 7). El Acuerdo de París establece un objetivo mundial sobre la adaptación, a saber, el aumento de la capacidad de adaptación, el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia y la reducción de la vulnerabilidad al cambio climático en el contexto del objetivo de temperatura del Acuerdo. Su objetivo es fortalecer significativamente los esfuerzos nacionales de adaptación, incluso mediante el apoyo y la cooperación internacional. El Acuerdo reconoce que la adaptación es un reto mundial al que se enfrentan todos.', 'El Acuerdo reconoce que la adaptación es un reto mundial al que se enfrentan todos. Todas las Partes deberían dedicarse a la adaptación, incluso mediante la formulación y aplicación de planes nacionales de adaptación, y deberían presentar y actualizar periódicamente una comunicación de adaptación en la que se describan sus prioridades, necesidades, planes y medidas. Deben reconocerse los esfuerzos de adaptación de los países en desarrollo. ▪ Pérdidas y daños (artículo 8) En el Acuerdo de París se reconoce la importancia de evitar, reducir al mínimo y hacer frente a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con los efectos adversos del cambio climático, incluidos los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y los fenómenos de evolución lenta, y la contribución del desarrollo sostenible a la reducción del riesgo de pérdidas y daños.', '▪ Pérdidas y daños (artículo 8) En el Acuerdo de París se reconoce la importancia de evitar, reducir al mínimo y hacer frente a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con los efectos adversos del cambio climático, incluidos los fenómenos meteorológicos extremos y los fenómenos de evolución lenta, y la contribución del desarrollo sostenible a la reducción del riesgo de pérdidas y daños. Las Partes deberían reforzar la comprensión, las medidas y el apoyo, incluso a través del Mecanismo Internacional de Varsovia para las Pérdidas y los Daños, de manera cooperativa y facilitativa con respecto a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', 'Las Partes deberían reforzar la comprensión, las medidas y el apoyo, incluso a través del Mecanismo Internacional de Varsovia para las Pérdidas y los Daños, de manera cooperativa y facilitativa con respecto a las pérdidas y los daños relacionados con los efectos adversos del cambio climático. ▪ Recursos financieros, tecnológicos y para el fomento de la capacidad (artículos 9, 10 y 11) El Acuerdo de París reafirma las obligaciones de los países desarrollados de apoyar los esfuerzos de las Partes que son países en desarrollo para construir un futuro limpio y resistente al clima, al tiempo que alienta por primera vez a otras Partes a que presten o sigan prestando ese apoyo de manera voluntaria.', '▪ Recursos financieros, tecnológicos y para el fomento de la capacidad (artículos 9, 10 y 11) El Acuerdo de París reafirma las obligaciones de los países desarrollados de apoyar los esfuerzos de las Partes que son países en desarrollo para construir un futuro limpio y resistente al clima, al tiempo que alienta por primera vez a otras Partes a que presten o sigan prestando ese apoyo de manera voluntaria. El suministro de recursos también debe tener por objeto lograr un equilibrio entre la adaptación y la mitigación.', 'El suministro de recursos también debe tener por objeto lograr un equilibrio entre la adaptación y la mitigación. Además de informar sobre la financiación ya proporcionada, las Partes que son países desarrollados se comprometen a proporcionar informaciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC transparente e indicativa sobre el apoyo futuro para las partes que son países en desarrollo, incluidos los niveles previstos de financiación pública. El Acuerdo de París también establece que el Mecanismo Financiero de la Convención, incluido el Fondo Verde del Clima (Green Climate Fund), que servirá al Acuerdo.', 'El Acuerdo de París también establece que el Mecanismo Financiero de la Convención, incluido el Fondo Verde del Clima (Green Climate Fund), que servirá al Acuerdo. También se fortalece la cooperación internacional en materia de desarrollo y transferencia de tecnología para el clima, y el fortalecimiento de capacidades institucionales en las Partes del mundo en desarrollo mediante los acuerdos institucionales ad hoc que sean necesarios. ▪ La educación, la formación, la sensibilización y participación del público y el acceso público a la información sobre el cambio climático (artículo 12). También deberán reforzarse en el marco del Acuerdo. ▪ Transparencia (artículo14), implementación y cumplimiento (artículo 15).', '▪ Transparencia (artículo14), implementación y cumplimiento (artículo 15). El Acuerdo de París se basa en un sólido sistema de transparencia y contabilidad para proporcionar claridad sobre las medidas y el apoyo de las Partes, con flexibilidad para las diferentes capacidades de las Partes. Además de presentar información sobre mitigación, adaptación y apoyo, el Acuerdo exige que la información presentada por cada Parte se someta a un examen internacional de expertos técnicos. El Acuerdo también incluye un mecanismo que facilitará la aplicación y promoverá el cumplimiento de manera no contenciosa y no punitiva, e informará anualmente a la CP/RA. ▪ Balance mundial (artículo 14).', '▪ Balance mundial (artículo 14). Un "balance mundial", que tendrá lugar en 2023 y cada cinco años a partir de entonces, evaluará el progreso colectivo hacia el logro de los objetivos del Acuerdo de una manera global y facilitadora. Se basará en la mejor ciencia disponible y en su objetivo mundial a largo plazo. Su resultado servirá de base para que las Partes actualicen y mejoren sus medidas y apoyen y aumenten la cooperación internacional en la lucha contra el cambio climático. 4.', 'Su resultado servirá de base para que las Partes actualicen y mejoren sus medidas y apoyen y aumenten la cooperación internacional en la lucha contra el cambio climático. 4. MARCO CONTITUCIONAL La República Bolivariana de Venezuela reafirma su compromiso con la construcción de un modelo alternativo de desarrollo una geopolítica de respeto de los pueblos, de la identidad; una política de convivencia; una política de paz con justicia, con igualdad; una política que rechace todo intento de imponer la voluntad de un país sobre otro; sea por la vía de la amenaza y el uso de la fuerza, o por la vía financiera, económica, cultural y política.', 'MARCO CONTITUCIONAL La República Bolivariana de Venezuela reafirma su compromiso con la construcción de un modelo alternativo de desarrollo una geopolítica de respeto de los pueblos, de la identidad; una política de convivencia; una política de paz con justicia, con igualdad; una política que rechace todo intento de imponer la voluntad de un país sobre otro; sea por la vía de la amenaza y el uso de la fuerza, o por la vía financiera, económica, cultural y política. La Constitución de la República Bolivariana, aprobada en referéndum popular en 1999, consagra los Derechos Ambientales y es pionera al establecer que:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Es un derecho y un deber de cada generación proteger y mantener el ambiente en beneficio de sí misma y del mundo futuro.', 'La Constitución de la República Bolivariana, aprobada en referéndum popular en 1999, consagra los Derechos Ambientales y es pionera al establecer que:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Es un derecho y un deber de cada generación proteger y mantener el ambiente en beneficio de sí misma y del mundo futuro. Toda persona tiene derecho individual y colectivamente a disfrutar de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Estado protegerá el ambiente, la diversidad biológica, los recursos genéticos, los procesos ecológicos, los parques nacionales y monumentos naturales y demás áreas de especial importancia ecológica. El genoma de los seres vivos no podrá ser patentado, y la ley que se refiera a los principios bioéticos regulará la materia.', 'El genoma de los seres vivos no podrá ser patentado, y la ley que se refiera a los principios bioéticos regulará la materia. Es una obligación fundamental del Estado, con la activa participación de la sociedad, garantizar que la población se desenvuelva en un ambiente libre de contaminación, en donde el aire, el agua, los suelos, las costas, el clima, la capa de ozono, las especies vivas, sean especialmente protegidos de conformidad con la ley. Desarrollando los principios constitucionales, Venezuela ha revisado, actualizado y fortalecido su marco legal impulsando una gestión socioambiental equitativa, justa y efectiva. 4.1. ARREGLO INSTITUCIONAL Las CND tienen como objeto atender las disposiciones establecidas en el Acuerdo de París, así como también promover la adaptación y mitigación en nuestro país ante el desafío del cambio climático.', 'ARREGLO INSTITUCIONAL Las CND tienen como objeto atender las disposiciones establecidas en el Acuerdo de París, así como también promover la adaptación y mitigación en nuestro país ante el desafío del cambio climático. Para centrar mejor los esfuerzos hacia el objetivo a largo plazo, el Acuerdo de París invita a los países a formular y presentar para 2020 estrategias de desarrollo a largo plazo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Para centrar mejor los esfuerzos hacia el objetivo a largo plazo, el Acuerdo de París invita a los países a formular y presentar para 2020 estrategias de desarrollo a largo plazo con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. En este sentido, el 16 de enero del año 2019, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo (MINEC), como Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, crea en su estructura organizativa la “Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático” cuyo objetivo es promover la participación, sensibilización, sistematización y consolidación de acciones para la conservación y protección ante los efectos del Cambio Climático, mediante el diseño e implementación de políticas y lineamientos aplicados a nivel nacional, en materia de adaptación, mitigación y pérdidas y daños asociados.', 'En este sentido, el 16 de enero del año 2019, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo (MINEC), como Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, crea en su estructura organizativa la “Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático” cuyo objetivo es promover la participación, sensibilización, sistematización y consolidación de acciones para la conservación y protección ante los efectos del Cambio Climático, mediante el diseño e implementación de políticas y lineamientos aplicados a nivel nacional, en materia de adaptación, mitigación y pérdidas y daños asociados. Esta Dirección General es el Punto Focal Técnico ante la CMNUCC, y además busca fortalecer el Ecosocialismo como un valor axiológico de la gestión ambiental en el ámbito de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, profundizando el modelo político, económico y social sustentable, asumido de manera colectiva y responsable con la naturaleza.', 'Esta Dirección General es el Punto Focal Técnico ante la CMNUCC, y además busca fortalecer el Ecosocialismo como un valor axiológico de la gestión ambiental en el ámbito de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, profundizando el modelo político, económico y social sustentable, asumido de manera colectiva y responsable con la naturaleza. Para instrumentar estas tareas la Dirección General se estructuró en cuatro Direcciones de Línea: Dirección de Adaptación de Cambio Climático; Dirección de Mitigación de Cambio Climático; Dirección de Formulación de Políticas, Seguimiento y Control de Cambio Climático; y la Dirección de Pérdidas y Daños por Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La creación de esta institucionalidad permite sentar las bases para la coordinación interinstitucional permanente con otros sectores en materia de Cambio Climático.', 'Para instrumentar estas tareas la Dirección General se estructuró en cuatro Direcciones de Línea: Dirección de Adaptación de Cambio Climático; Dirección de Mitigación de Cambio Climático; Dirección de Formulación de Políticas, Seguimiento y Control de Cambio Climático; y la Dirección de Pérdidas y Daños por Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La creación de esta institucionalidad permite sentar las bases para la coordinación interinstitucional permanente con otros sectores en materia de Cambio Climático. Asimismo, busca la coordinación de acciones con los órganos y entes encargados de la planificación territorial y la gestión de desastres.', 'Asimismo, busca la coordinación de acciones con los órganos y entes encargados de la planificación territorial y la gestión de desastres. El MINEC, a través de la “Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático”, será encargada de consolidar la información nacional sobre Cambio Climático y coordinar la elaboración de los informes nacionales en el contexto de la CMNUCC y sus instrumentos conexos. 5.', 'El MINEC, a través de la “Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático”, será encargada de consolidar la información nacional sobre Cambio Climático y coordinar la elaboración de los informes nacionales en el contexto de la CMNUCC y sus instrumentos conexos. 5. SOBRE LA GOBERNANZA DEL FINANCIAMIENTO CLIMÁTICO La República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha adoptado arreglos institucionales para el acceso al financiamiento climático, mediante el nombramiento del “Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo como la Autoridad Nacional designada ante el Fondo Verde del Clima”, con las competencias inherentes al referido cargo de Ministro, según el Decreto N° 4.585 de fecha 21 de septiembre de 2021, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 42.217 de la misma fecha.', 'SOBRE LA GOBERNANZA DEL FINANCIAMIENTO CLIMÁTICO La República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha adoptado arreglos institucionales para el acceso al financiamiento climático, mediante el nombramiento del “Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo como la Autoridad Nacional designada ante el Fondo Verde del Clima”, con las competencias inherentes al referido cargo de Ministro, según el Decreto N° 4.585 de fecha 21 de septiembre de 2021, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 42.217 de la misma fecha. Mediante Decreto Presidencial se crea la “Comisión Presidencial denominada Comité Nacional del Fondo Verde para el Clima”, según Decreto N° 4.586 de fecha 21 de septiembre de 2021, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 42.217 de la misma fecha, como órgano asesor del Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela con carácter permanente que tendrá las siguientes funciones: a. Priorización colectiva de proyectos.', 'Mediante Decreto Presidencial se crea la “Comisión Presidencial denominada Comité Nacional del Fondo Verde para el Clima”, según Decreto N° 4.586 de fecha 21 de septiembre de 2021, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 42.217 de la misma fecha, como órgano asesor del Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela con carácter permanente que tendrá las siguientes funciones: a. Priorización colectiva de proyectos. b. Presentar al Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, para su aprobación los planes de inversión, y proyectos que serán ejecutados en el marco del Fondo Verde para el Clima. Estos arreglos determinan las relaciones de coordinación entre las diferentes instancias del Ejecutivo Nacional.', 'Estos arreglos determinan las relaciones de coordinación entre las diferentes instancias del Ejecutivo Nacional. Esta Comisión Presidencial se encargará de liderar, coordinar y aprobar las estrategias y políticas públicas necesarias para prevenir y responder a los impactos del cambio climático, así como hacer cumplir el marco legal e institucional adecuado para tales fines. 6.', 'Esta Comisión Presidencial se encargará de liderar, coordinar y aprobar las estrategias y políticas públicas necesarias para prevenir y responder a los impactos del cambio climático, así como hacer cumplir el marco legal e institucional adecuado para tales fines. 6. MEDIDAS COERCITIVAS UNILATERALES El sector ambiental desde la perspectiva del Ecosocialismo, como valor axiológico de la gestión ambiental asumido por el Estado Venezolano, no escapa de los efectosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC negativos generados por la imposición de las Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU), y otras medidas restrictivas o punitivas contra nuestro país; en un contexto internacional que requiere la ejecución y seguimiento de los acuerdos consensuados para hacer frente al Cambio Climático y al manejo responsable de los problemas ambientales capaces de degradar al ambiente de los sistemas urbanos y rurales.', 'MEDIDAS COERCITIVAS UNILATERALES El sector ambiental desde la perspectiva del Ecosocialismo, como valor axiológico de la gestión ambiental asumido por el Estado Venezolano, no escapa de los efectosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC negativos generados por la imposición de las Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU), y otras medidas restrictivas o punitivas contra nuestro país; en un contexto internacional que requiere la ejecución y seguimiento de los acuerdos consensuados para hacer frente al Cambio Climático y al manejo responsable de los problemas ambientales capaces de degradar al ambiente de los sistemas urbanos y rurales. Las MCU, traducidas en sanciones económicas, embargos, bloqueos y restricciones tienen un impacto negativo en el goce y disfrute pleno de los Derechos Humanos Fundamentales de las ciudadanas y ciudadanos, entre ellos: el derecho a la vida, a la alimentación, a la salud y asistencia médica, a la educación, al trabajo, al vestido, a la vivienda, a servicios públicos y al ejercicio pleno de la dignidad humana.', 'Las MCU, traducidas en sanciones económicas, embargos, bloqueos y restricciones tienen un impacto negativo en el goce y disfrute pleno de los Derechos Humanos Fundamentales de las ciudadanas y ciudadanos, entre ellos: el derecho a la vida, a la alimentación, a la salud y asistencia médica, a la educación, al trabajo, al vestido, a la vivienda, a servicios públicos y al ejercicio pleno de la dignidad humana. El 26 de septiembre de 2014, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó la Resolución 27/21 y Corr.1, sobre derechos humanos y MCU, la cual hace hincapié en que dichas medidas, son contrarias al derecho internacional, el derecho humanitario internacional, a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y las normas y los principios que rigen las relaciones pacíficas entre los Estados, y se insiste en que, a largo plazo, esas medidas pueden causar problemas sociales y plantear dificultades de índole humanitaria en los Estados a las que se apliquen.', 'El 26 de septiembre de 2014, el Consejo de Derechos Humanos aprobó la Resolución 27/21 y Corr.1, sobre derechos humanos y MCU, la cual hace hincapié en que dichas medidas, son contrarias al derecho internacional, el derecho humanitario internacional, a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y las normas y los principios que rigen las relaciones pacíficas entre los Estados, y se insiste en que, a largo plazo, esas medidas pueden causar problemas sociales y plantear dificultades de índole humanitaria en los Estados a las que se apliquen. En la actualidad hay consenso, a nivel internacional, de los efectos negativos sobre los derechos humanos en la población civil del país, objeto de dichas sanciones y su incidencia en la pobreza de amplios sectores de la población, afectando especialmente a grupos vulnerables como: mujeres, niñas y niños, campesinos, ancianos y discapacitados, entre otros.', 'En la actualidad hay consenso, a nivel internacional, de los efectos negativos sobre los derechos humanos en la población civil del país, objeto de dichas sanciones y su incidencia en la pobreza de amplios sectores de la población, afectando especialmente a grupos vulnerables como: mujeres, niñas y niños, campesinos, ancianos y discapacitados, entre otros. En el contexto de la evaluación de los principales impactos de las MCU en las competencias del MINEC, se ha incluido en el presente informe, un análisis descriptivo en las siguientes áreas: política ambiental internacional, manejo integral de la basura, manejo de desechos médicos hospitalarios, fiscalización y control de impactos ambientales de las actividades susceptibles a degradar el ambiente, cambio climático, los compromisos de la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible y los Parques Recreativos como servicio público.', 'En el contexto de la evaluación de los principales impactos de las MCU en las competencias del MINEC, se ha incluido en el presente informe, un análisis descriptivo en las siguientes áreas: política ambiental internacional, manejo integral de la basura, manejo de desechos médicos hospitalarios, fiscalización y control de impactos ambientales de las actividades susceptibles a degradar el ambiente, cambio climático, los compromisos de la Agenda 2030 para el desarrollo sostenible y los Parques Recreativos como servicio público. En el ámbito internacional, aún cuando, nuestro país participa en al menos 74 espacios multilaterales ambientales, a los que constantemente esta institución reporta los avances de los compromisos adquiridos, las MCU han restringido la participación de Venezuela en algunas de las reuniones, donde los gobiernos sedes no han dado respuesta a la solicitud de visa de los funcionarios que debían asistir.', 'En el ámbito internacional, aún cuando, nuestro país participa en al menos 74 espacios multilaterales ambientales, a los que constantemente esta institución reporta los avances de los compromisos adquiridos, las MCU han restringido la participación de Venezuela en algunas de las reuniones, donde los gobiernos sedes no han dado respuesta a la solicitud de visa de los funcionarios que debían asistir. Esta situación, constituye una clara violación de las normas de Derecho Internacional Público.', 'Esta situación, constituye una clara violación de las normas de Derecho Internacional Público. En lo referido a la movilización de recursos, para facilitar la implementación efectiva de las políticas ambientales, las MCU han evitado que la institución pueda acceder a la banca multilateral, como el BID; a los Derechos Especiales de Giro del Fondo Monetario Internacional; así como reducir la posibilidad de recibir financiamiento para fortalecer la cooperación SUR-SUR, y los programas y proyectos que ésta institución veníaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ejecutando con los países de la región.', 'En lo referido a la movilización de recursos, para facilitar la implementación efectiva de las políticas ambientales, las MCU han evitado que la institución pueda acceder a la banca multilateral, como el BID; a los Derechos Especiales de Giro del Fondo Monetario Internacional; así como reducir la posibilidad de recibir financiamiento para fortalecer la cooperación SUR-SUR, y los programas y proyectos que ésta institución veníaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ejecutando con los países de la región. Es así como las MCU, inciden en la implementación de las CND, lo cual disminuye una vez más el accionar del Acuerdo de París, al afectar a los sectores involucrados en dichas CND.', 'Es así como las MCU, inciden en la implementación de las CND, lo cual disminuye una vez más el accionar del Acuerdo de París, al afectar a los sectores involucrados en dichas CND. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela al igual que gran parte de los países de la región, está sometida a vulnerabilidades al cambio climático, por lo que, como signataria del Acuerdo de París, es responsable de dar cumplimiento a acciones que contribuyan a la lucha contra el Cambio Climático.', 'La República Bolivariana de Venezuela al igual que gran parte de los países de la región, está sometida a vulnerabilidades al cambio climático, por lo que, como signataria del Acuerdo de París, es responsable de dar cumplimiento a acciones que contribuyan a la lucha contra el Cambio Climático. En tal sentido, cabe mencionar que las MCU van en contra a lo establecido en el Acuerdo de Paris, puesto que, disminuyen la capacidad y efectividad de las acciones necesarias para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático, incidiendo negativamente también en los planes de recuperación sostenibles Post COVID-19, así como las acciones ante eventuales desastres relacionados con el clima en la región.', 'En tal sentido, cabe mencionar que las MCU van en contra a lo establecido en el Acuerdo de Paris, puesto que, disminuyen la capacidad y efectividad de las acciones necesarias para la adaptación a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático, incidiendo negativamente también en los planes de recuperación sostenibles Post COVID-19, así como las acciones ante eventuales desastres relacionados con el clima en la región. En síntesis, se deben contemplar los siguientes elementos que posibilitan el cumplimiento de la CND: • El multilateralismo debe respetar el Derecho Internacional, incluidos los derechos humanos, el Derecho ambiental y el derecho al desarrollo sustentable de las naciones, incluido el derecho a la autodeterminación, y no interferir en las reglas multilaterales del comercio internacional.', 'En síntesis, se deben contemplar los siguientes elementos que posibilitan el cumplimiento de la CND: • El multilateralismo debe respetar el Derecho Internacional, incluidos los derechos humanos, el Derecho ambiental y el derecho al desarrollo sustentable de las naciones, incluido el derecho a la autodeterminación, y no interferir en las reglas multilaterales del comercio internacional. • Las MCU ignoran no solo las normas legales, sino que también son una flagrante violación de los principios éticos y pueden ser vistas como un crimen de lesa humanidad. • Las MCU son acciones discrecionales contrarias al Derecho Internacional, para someter a quienes transgredieron los imperativos ideológicos hegemónicos. • Las MCU colocan a la población en una situación frágil, la infraestructura y las instituciones se ven afectadas.', '• Las MCU colocan a la población en una situación frágil, la infraestructura y las instituciones se ven afectadas. • Existe un impacto directo de las MCU en los derechos básicos de las personas como el agua o un medio ambiente sano. • Existe un vínculo profundo, aunque de impacto indirecto, entre el Cambio Climático y las MCU, porque afectan la capacidad de un país para responder a la crisis del Cambio Climático. • Las MCU tienen un tremendo impacto en la acción climática: adaptación, mitigación, adquisición de tecnologías y promoción de la adaptación tecnológica para las transformaciones eficientes en sectores como: energía, transporte, provisión de agua, medio ambiente saludable, entre otros.', '• Las MCU tienen un tremendo impacto en la acción climática: adaptación, mitigación, adquisición de tecnologías y promoción de la adaptación tecnológica para las transformaciones eficientes en sectores como: energía, transporte, provisión de agua, medio ambiente saludable, entre otros. • Además, la aplicación de las MCU es particularmente inmoral en medio de la crisis que vivimos de la pandemia COVID-19. • El financiamiento y la provisión de medios de implementación para el Cambio Climático es uno de los temas cruciales para la implementación, y las MCU implican laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC exclusión o discriminación de algunos países del sistema financiero internacional, incluso para opciones de acreditación.', '• El financiamiento y la provisión de medios de implementación para el Cambio Climático es uno de los temas cruciales para la implementación, y las MCU implican laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC exclusión o discriminación de algunos países del sistema financiero internacional, incluso para opciones de acreditación. • La acción climática demanda no solo liderazgo, sino también solidaridad y coherencia en las acciones relacionadas con la “justicia climática” en la discusión sobre Cambio Climático. 7. COYUNTURA - COVID 19 A la situación nacional generada por la aplicación ilegal de las MCU, se suman los efectos producidos por la crisis sanitaria de la pandemia de la COVID-19, que demandan la adopción inmediata de medidas para la protección del pueblo venezolano.', 'COYUNTURA - COVID 19 A la situación nacional generada por la aplicación ilegal de las MCU, se suman los efectos producidos por la crisis sanitaria de la pandemia de la COVID-19, que demandan la adopción inmediata de medidas para la protección del pueblo venezolano. Como ha sido reconocido por la CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe) la pandemia visibilizó los problemas estructurales del sistema del modelo económico, y las carencias del sistema de protección social en América Latina y el Caribe.', 'Como ha sido reconocido por la CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe) la pandemia visibilizó los problemas estructurales del sistema del modelo económico, y las carencias del sistema de protección social en América Latina y el Caribe. Sobre las estimaciones de la afectación de la crisis sanitaria en los años 2020 y 2021, la CEPAL ha señalado que para la región de América Latina y el Caribe representa un retroceso de una década en la lucha contra la reducción de la pobreza, lo que implica que ello incidirá en los planes ya previstos por los países sobre cambio climático, llevando a la necesaria priorización de medidas orientadas a la adaptación y las pérdidas y danos.', 'Sobre las estimaciones de la afectación de la crisis sanitaria en los años 2020 y 2021, la CEPAL ha señalado que para la región de América Latina y el Caribe representa un retroceso de una década en la lucha contra la reducción de la pobreza, lo que implica que ello incidirá en los planes ya previstos por los países sobre cambio climático, llevando a la necesaria priorización de medidas orientadas a la adaptación y las pérdidas y danos. La crisis de la pandemia, aunado a las ilegales MCU, son un llamado a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la salud humana y su interrelación con la salud del planeta. 8. VISIÓN POLÍTICA DE DESARROLLO SUSTENTABLE DEL PAÍS 8.1. PLAN DE LA PATRIA 2019 - 2025.', 'PLAN DE LA PATRIA 2019 - 2025. El Plan de la Patria: "Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación de Venezuela" es un plan a mediano plazo para el período 2019 - 2025, que contiene lineamientos generales para su implementación. Este instrumento prevé 5 Objetivos Históricos: 1. Defender, expandir y consolidar el bien más preciado que hemos reconquistado después de 200 años: la Independencia Nacional. 2. Continuar construyendo el socialismo bolivariano del siglo XXI, en Venezuela, como alternativa al sistema destructivo y salvaje del capitalismo y con ello asegurar la “mayor suma de seguridad social, mayor suma de estabilidad política y la mayor suma de felicidad” para nuestro pueblo.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 3.', 'Continuar construyendo el socialismo bolivariano del siglo XXI, en Venezuela, como alternativa al sistema destructivo y salvaje del capitalismo y con ello asegurar la “mayor suma de seguridad social, mayor suma de estabilidad política y la mayor suma de felicidad” para nuestro pueblo.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 3. Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la Gran Potencia Naciente de América Latina y el Caribe, que garanticen la conformación de una zona de paz en Nuestra América. 4. Contribuir al desarrollo de una nueva Geopolítica Internacional en la cual tome cuerpo un mundo multicéntrico y pluripolar que permita lograr el equilibrio del Universo y garantizar la Paz planetaria. 5.', 'Contribuir al desarrollo de una nueva Geopolítica Internacional en la cual tome cuerpo un mundo multicéntrico y pluripolar que permita lograr el equilibrio del Universo y garantizar la Paz planetaria. 5. Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana. Se señalan como puntos importantes los que se describen a continuación: ▪ Bases materiales para la transición humanamente gratificante hacia el socialismo, transformación de la cultura rentista petrolera en un modelo económico productivo incluyente, eficiente y justo, liberando las fuerzas productivas, a efectos de satisfacer las necesidades de nuestra población impulsando nuevos métodos de gestión socialista y un tejido productivo de ruptura del metabolismo del capital.', 'Se señalan como puntos importantes los que se describen a continuación: ▪ Bases materiales para la transición humanamente gratificante hacia el socialismo, transformación de la cultura rentista petrolera en un modelo económico productivo incluyente, eficiente y justo, liberando las fuerzas productivas, a efectos de satisfacer las necesidades de nuestra población impulsando nuevos métodos de gestión socialista y un tejido productivo de ruptura del metabolismo del capital. ▪ Nuevo andamiaje económico y financiero de la sociedad: La ruptura de amarras del modelo colonial, comercial expoliativo, focalizando el desarrollo de la estructura de soporte del modelo productivo. Se atienden de manera particular los mecanismos internacionales comerciales y financieros, para fortalecer el funcionamiento soberano de la economía nacional, estimulando nuevos mecanismos geopolíticos, criptomonedas y arquitectura financiera alternativa.', 'Se atienden de manera particular los mecanismos internacionales comerciales y financieros, para fortalecer el funcionamiento soberano de la economía nacional, estimulando nuevos mecanismos geopolíticos, criptomonedas y arquitectura financiera alternativa. ▪ Recursos estratégicos nacionales, garantizando la preservación de los recursos hidrocarburíferos, mineros y acuíferos como patrimonio de las generaciones presentes y futuras, así como el rol de Venezuela como potencia energética mundial. ▪ Protección social del Pueblo, la justicia, la concepción de los servicios como necesidades y no mercancías, garantizando su eficiencia y sostenibilidad, así como la expansión, en la satisfacción dialéctica de necesidades, del sistema de misiones y grandes misiones. Se asume el desarrollo programático constitucional de los derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales como derechos humanos de la población.', 'Se asume el desarrollo programático constitucional de los derechos civiles, políticos, económicos, sociales, culturales y ambientales como derechos humanos de la población. ▪ La descolonización como componente fundamental de la ruptura histórica, fundada en las bases indigenistas, feministas, afrodescendientes, nuestra americana y de profundo arraigo nacional bolivariano o la transformación revolucionaria del Estado, para la irrupción definitiva del Estado popular, participativo y comunal, garantizando el control popular y la transferencia de competencias para el combate a la ineficiencia, el burocratismo y la corrupción, desde la participación plena del pueblo organizado en la planificación, acción, seguimiento, control y gestión conjunta pueblo-Gobierno.', '▪ La descolonización como componente fundamental de la ruptura histórica, fundada en las bases indigenistas, feministas, afrodescendientes, nuestra americana y de profundo arraigo nacional bolivariano o la transformación revolucionaria del Estado, para la irrupción definitiva del Estado popular, participativo y comunal, garantizando el control popular y la transferencia de competencias para el combate a la ineficiencia, el burocratismo y la corrupción, desde la participación plena del pueblo organizado en la planificación, acción, seguimiento, control y gestión conjunta pueblo-Gobierno. ▪ Bono demográfico y el potencial histórico de la juventud como estrategia transversal, con el direccionamiento sectorial y espacial en la nueva matrizRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC productiva nacional y en especial, mediante el desarrollo del conocimiento y la tecnología en el proceso de sustitución de importaciones e impulso de los motores económicos productivos priorizados del país.', '▪ Bono demográfico y el potencial histórico de la juventud como estrategia transversal, con el direccionamiento sectorial y espacial en la nueva matrizRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC productiva nacional y en especial, mediante el desarrollo del conocimiento y la tecnología en el proceso de sustitución de importaciones e impulso de los motores económicos productivos priorizados del país. ▪ Sistema territorial nacional y el sistema de planes de desarrollo para su descolonización y direccionamiento con el desarrollo pleno nacional. El desarrollo de la dimensión espacial del socialismo a partir de la regionalización sistémica, geohistórica y funcional, el sistema urbano-regional y el desarrollo de la infraestructura, servicios y movilidad.', 'El desarrollo de la dimensión espacial del socialismo a partir de la regionalización sistémica, geohistórica y funcional, el sistema urbano-regional y el desarrollo de la infraestructura, servicios y movilidad. ▪ La ciudad socialista, rompiendo los esquemas capitalistas de desigualdad social y económica del espacio, reorganizando con criterio de justicia las dinámicas de la renta de la tierra, especialización económica de la ciudad y sus sectores urbanos, el equipamiento, infraestructura y espacio público, así como un sistema integrado de usos del suelo y transporte. ▪ El injerto del sistema productivo y la economía del mantenimiento.', '▪ El injerto del sistema productivo y la economía del mantenimiento. El Plan de la Patria desarrolla políticas específicas para la ruptura del metabolismo del capital y el impulso de un nuevo sistema de actores y dinámicas económicas para la atención de las demandas sociales del sistema de misiones y grandes misiones y de protección social del Pueblo. Así como las políticas específicas direccionadas a la economía del mantenimiento, desde la máxima de hacer más con menos y mejor como doctrina económica y cultural del Estado y sociedad venezolana.', 'Así como las políticas específicas direccionadas a la economía del mantenimiento, desde la máxima de hacer más con menos y mejor como doctrina económica y cultural del Estado y sociedad venezolana. ▪ El ecosocialismo como doctrina revolucionaria y modelo histórico social fundamentado en el respeto a los derechos de la Madre Tierra y del vivir bien de nuestro pueblo, desarrollando el principio de la unidad dentro de la diversidad, la visión integral y sistémica, la participación popular, el rol del Estado Nación, la incorporación de tecnologías y formas de organización de la producción, distribución y consumo, que apunten al aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza. 9.', '▪ El ecosocialismo como doctrina revolucionaria y modelo histórico social fundamentado en el respeto a los derechos de la Madre Tierra y del vivir bien de nuestro pueblo, desarrollando el principio de la unidad dentro de la diversidad, la visión integral y sistémica, la participación popular, el rol del Estado Nación, la incorporación de tecnologías y formas de organización de la producción, distribución y consumo, que apunten al aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza. 9. INTEGRACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA AGENDA 2030 - ODS - ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, incluye 17 Objetivos y 169 metas, presenta una visión ambiciosa del desarrollo sostenible e integra sus dimensiones económica, social y ambiental, siendo la expresión de los deseos, aspiraciones y prioridades de la comunidad internacional para los próximos 15 años.', 'INTEGRACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN GENERAL DE LA AGENDA 2030 - ODS - ESTRATEGIA A LARGO PLAZO La Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, incluye 17 Objetivos y 169 metas, presenta una visión ambiciosa del desarrollo sostenible e integra sus dimensiones económica, social y ambiental, siendo la expresión de los deseos, aspiraciones y prioridades de la comunidad internacional para los próximos 15 años. Ésta es una agenda transformadora, que pone a la igualdad y dignidad de las personas en el centro y llama a cambiar nuestro estilo de desarrollo, respetando el ambiente.', 'Ésta es una agenda transformadora, que pone a la igualdad y dignidad de las personas en el centro y llama a cambiar nuestro estilo de desarrollo, respetando el ambiente. Es un compromiso universal adquirido tanto por países desarrollados como en desarrollo, en el marco de una alianza mundial reforzada, que toma en cuenta losRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC medios de implementación para realizar el cambio y la prevención de desastres por eventos naturales extremos, así como la mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático.', 'Es un compromiso universal adquirido tanto por países desarrollados como en desarrollo, en el marco de una alianza mundial reforzada, que toma en cuenta losRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC medios de implementación para realizar el cambio y la prevención de desastres por eventos naturales extremos, así como la mitigación y adaptación al Cambio Climático. En este sentido, la presentación nacional voluntaria va más allá del cumplimiento de una formalidad ante un organismo multilateral, que constituye para Venezuela una expresión de voluntad política respecto a la elevación del nivel de vida del pueblo, y garantiza en su objetivo fundamental la construcción histórica del Socialismo, orientado por la premisa de alcanzar la Mayor Suma de Felicidad Posible.', 'En este sentido, la presentación nacional voluntaria va más allá del cumplimiento de una formalidad ante un organismo multilateral, que constituye para Venezuela una expresión de voluntad política respecto a la elevación del nivel de vida del pueblo, y garantiza en su objetivo fundamental la construcción histórica del Socialismo, orientado por la premisa de alcanzar la Mayor Suma de Felicidad Posible. Venezuela observa que la construcción del Socialismo en la que se encuentra es perfectamente compatible con el avance de los ODS, de hecho es una oportunidad para su implementación práctica e impulso, en tanto, aspira a dar mayor profundidad y coherencia al trabajo conjunto con la cooperación internacional para financiar y fortalecer la implementación y monitoreo de los ODS, de acuerdo con los planes nacionales, y contribuyendo con la sostenibilidad y fortalecimiento de los 15 Motores Económicos Productivos que se establecieron para el impulso económico del país.', 'Venezuela observa que la construcción del Socialismo en la que se encuentra es perfectamente compatible con el avance de los ODS, de hecho es una oportunidad para su implementación práctica e impulso, en tanto, aspira a dar mayor profundidad y coherencia al trabajo conjunto con la cooperación internacional para financiar y fortalecer la implementación y monitoreo de los ODS, de acuerdo con los planes nacionales, y contribuyendo con la sostenibilidad y fortalecimiento de los 15 Motores Económicos Productivos que se establecieron para el impulso económico del país. Para ello se requiere cooperación en el desarrollo de las capacidades para garantizar la integralidad y la intersectorialidad de las políticas públicas y sus indicadores.', 'Para ello se requiere cooperación en el desarrollo de las capacidades para garantizar la integralidad y la intersectorialidad de las políticas públicas y sus indicadores. Asimismo, los ODS apuntan a estimular el crecimiento económico sostenible mediante el aumento de los niveles de productividad y la innovación tecnológica. Desarrollar estos aspectos no constituye una tarea fácil, sin embargo, el país está comprometido al desarrollo de políticas que estimulen el espíritu emprendedor de sus ciudadanos y comunidades, así como la creación de fuentes de trabajo para el desarrollo de su población e impulsando el empleo pleno y productivo.', 'Desarrollar estos aspectos no constituye una tarea fácil, sin embargo, el país está comprometido al desarrollo de políticas que estimulen el espíritu emprendedor de sus ciudadanos y comunidades, así como la creación de fuentes de trabajo para el desarrollo de su población e impulsando el empleo pleno y productivo. El Plan de la Patria, se compagina con los ODS, por lo que se asume expandir el horizonte temporal del Plan y el Plan Nacional de Derechos Humanos hasta el 2030 a través de su vinculación con la Agenda de Desarrollo Sostenible 2015 - 2030. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela considera como Buenas Prácticas, cuatro motores interrelacionados que se constituyeron como claves para avanzar: 1.', 'La República Bolivariana de Venezuela considera como Buenas Prácticas, cuatro motores interrelacionados que se constituyeron como claves para avanzar: 1. El compromiso político al más alto nivel para la adaptación de los órganos y entes de la Administración Pública en sus planes operacionales para la implementación de los ODS y rendir cuentas sobre ello bajo la supervisión del Consejo de Ministros de las seis Vicepresidencias Sectoriales para hacer seguimiento a la implementación de los ODS; 2. El lanzamiento de un proceso de enriquecimiento del marco general de políticas públicas establecidos en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2013 - 2019 sobre la base del contenido de la Agenda 2030; 3.', 'El lanzamiento de un proceso de enriquecimiento del marco general de políticas públicas establecidos en el Plan Nacional de Desarrollo 2013 - 2019 sobre la base del contenido de la Agenda 2030; 3. La instrucción destinada es el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) para desagregar la data respectiva y visibilizar la información sobre sectores más vulnerables: niños, niñas y adolescentes, afrodescendientes, pueblos indígenas,República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC personas con discapacidad, adultos mayores y mujeres, entre otros, bajo el principio de “No dejar nadie atrás” y 4.', 'La instrucción destinada es el Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) para desagregar la data respectiva y visibilizar la información sobre sectores más vulnerables: niños, niñas y adolescentes, afrodescendientes, pueblos indígenas,República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC personas con discapacidad, adultos mayores y mujeres, entre otros, bajo el principio de “No dejar nadie atrás” y 4. La incorporación activa de la participación política, protagónica y corresponsable mediante la consulta a los movimientos sociales, actores no estatales, sectores productivos, académicos y a los Consejos del Gobierno Popular como base para la apropiación de la Agenda 2030 “desde abajo, hacia arriba”.', 'La incorporación activa de la participación política, protagónica y corresponsable mediante la consulta a los movimientos sociales, actores no estatales, sectores productivos, académicos y a los Consejos del Gobierno Popular como base para la apropiación de la Agenda 2030 “desde abajo, hacia arriba”. Este compromiso político, asumido al más alto nivel, se visibiliza en la instrucción política del Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros para la apropiación colectiva de los ODS, anunciado en Consejo de Ministros el 29 de septiembre de 2015, la cual ha estado seguida de los arreglos institucionales y legales: Pueblo - Estado - Pueblo, destinados a la implementación de la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible, conjuntamente con el Plan de Desarrollo Nacional: Plan de la Patria 2013 - 2019.', 'Este compromiso político, asumido al más alto nivel, se visibiliza en la instrucción política del Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros para la apropiación colectiva de los ODS, anunciado en Consejo de Ministros el 29 de septiembre de 2015, la cual ha estado seguida de los arreglos institucionales y legales: Pueblo - Estado - Pueblo, destinados a la implementación de la Agenda 2030 de Desarrollo Sostenible, conjuntamente con el Plan de Desarrollo Nacional: Plan de la Patria 2013 - 2019. Estas prioridades se sustentan en las orientaciones de políticas de desarrollo del Estado venezolano establecidas constitucionalmente, en nuestra visión nacional del desarrollo sustentable con acento especial en la dimensión social, con políticas públicas con enfoque de derechos humanos y en las lecciones aprendidas en la implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM).', 'Estas prioridades se sustentan en las orientaciones de políticas de desarrollo del Estado venezolano establecidas constitucionalmente, en nuestra visión nacional del desarrollo sustentable con acento especial en la dimensión social, con políticas públicas con enfoque de derechos humanos y en las lecciones aprendidas en la implementación de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM). El abordaje de estas prioridades se realiza desde una perspectiva integral, la dimensión Ecosocialista del modelo nacional expresa la voluntad política para el impulso simultáneo a las dimensiones social, ambiental y económica sobre las cuales se sustenta la Agenda 2030.', 'El abordaje de estas prioridades se realiza desde una perspectiva integral, la dimensión Ecosocialista del modelo nacional expresa la voluntad política para el impulso simultáneo a las dimensiones social, ambiental y económica sobre las cuales se sustenta la Agenda 2030. En resumen, reiteradamente el Estado venezolano ha manifestado su compromiso de sostener los niveles de la inversión social realizada en la historia reciente como mecanismo para protección al pueblo y avance en la consecución de la Suprema Felicidad Social, meta superior de la construcción del Socialismo Bolivariano perfectamente alineada con los ODS.', 'En resumen, reiteradamente el Estado venezolano ha manifestado su compromiso de sostener los niveles de la inversión social realizada en la historia reciente como mecanismo para protección al pueblo y avance en la consecución de la Suprema Felicidad Social, meta superior de la construcción del Socialismo Bolivariano perfectamente alineada con los ODS. El objetivo específico de la CND en materia de mitigación, es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de GEI identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del Cambio Climático en el país.', 'El objetivo específico de la CND en materia de mitigación, es contribuir a los esfuerzos globales de reducción de GEI identificando sectores, medidas y líneas de acción que aporten a la mitigación del Cambio Climático en el país. A través de estas acciones, se pretende implementar el literal a) del artículo 2 del Acuerdo de París, que estipula como uno de los objetivos del Acuerdo: “Mantener el aumento de la temperatura media mundial muy por debajo de 2 ºC con respecto a los niveles preindustriales, y proseguir los esfuerzos para limitar ese aumento de la temperatura a 1,5 ºC, reconociendo que ello reduciría considerablemente los riesgos y los efectos del cambio climático”. Las emisiones de Venezuela (0,24 Ggton CO2 eq/año) sólo representan el 0,49% de las emisiones mundiales de GEI.', 'Las emisiones de Venezuela (0,24 Ggton CO2 eq/año) sólo representan el 0,49% de las emisiones mundiales de GEI. Sin embargo, como parte de las políticas establecidas enRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC el plan de desarrollo económico y social del país, en el cual se propone implementar un Plan Nacional de Mitigación en conjunto con un Plan Nacional de Adaptación. Está claro, sin embargo, que las acciones y políticas de un solo país no son suficientes. Sólo si los países que tienen responsabilidades históricas asumen a cabalidad dichas responsabilidades mediante metas ambiciosas de mitigación (entre 50 y 70% de reducción de las emisiones actuales según el IPCC en su 5to.', 'Sólo si los países que tienen responsabilidades históricas asumen a cabalidad dichas responsabilidades mediante metas ambiciosas de mitigación (entre 50 y 70% de reducción de las emisiones actuales según el IPCC en su 5to. informe, estimado que probablemente aumente a medida que se mejore el conocimiento) y la provisión confiable, suficiente y predecible de medios de implementación (financiamiento, transferencia tecnológica y formación de capacidades) a los países en desarrollo; podemos aspirar a una solución real, justa y perdurable al problema del Cambio Climático. Esto pasa por el establecimiento de metas globales para todos los medios de implementación, sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación para el cumplimiento de las mismas por parte de los países desarrollados.', 'Esto pasa por el establecimiento de metas globales para todos los medios de implementación, sistemas de monitoreo, reporte y verificación para el cumplimiento de las mismas por parte de los países desarrollados. Los medios de financiamiento deben provenir de fondos públicos y ser administrados bajo la Convención de acuerdo a las prioridades y necesidades establecidas nacionalmente por cada país. La transferencia tecnológica debe estar orientada al “desarrollo y al mejoramiento de las capacidades y tecnologías endógenas de las Partes que son países en desarrollo” (Art. 4.5, CMNUCC) considerando mecanismos para la flexibilización de los derechos de propiedad intelectual que hagan esto posible.', '4.5, CMNUCC) considerando mecanismos para la flexibilización de los derechos de propiedad intelectual que hagan esto posible. El acuerdo de París debe garantizar la implementación de la Convención bajo sus principios y disposiciones; así como propiciar vías para saldar la deuda climática de los países desarrollados. 10.1. ACCIONES Y PROGRAMAS CON IMPACTO EN MITIGACIÓN DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y SUS EFECTOS Venezuela ha desarrollado una serie de programas dentro de los cuales ha emprendido acciones importantes, contribuyendo con el combate al Cambio Climático y sus efectos desde una perspectiva de justicia e inclusión social. Estos programas podrían profundizarse y multiplicarse mediante el cumplimiento de los compromisos de provisión de medios de implementación por parte de los países desarrollados bajo la CMNUCC. 10.2.', 'Estos programas podrían profundizarse y multiplicarse mediante el cumplimiento de los compromisos de provisión de medios de implementación por parte de los países desarrollados bajo la CMNUCC. 10.2. PROPUESTAS POR SECTORES Las propuestas por sectores vinculados a las Acciones y Programas con Impacto en Mitigación del Cambio Climático y sus efectos para el caso de Venezuela se han categorizado en cinco grandes sectores, señalados a continuación: ▪ Sector Energía.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ✓ Energía Eléctrica ✓ Petróleo: Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA). ✓ Sector Transporte (Terrestre y Subterráneo, Acuático y Aéreo). ▪ Sector Industria. ✓ Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (FONDOIN). ▪ Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal - Fundación Misión Árbol). ▪ Sector Desechos.', '▪ Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal - Fundación Misión Árbol). ▪ Sector Desechos. La actualización de la CND para 2021, se realizó partiendo de la revisión de la CND anterior, así como, las políticas estructurales sectoriales considerando la evaluación, cumplimiento de metas y proyección al 2030. Tomando en cuenta las Reglas de Katowice (Decisión 4/CMA.1), para la revisión y actualización de las CND, cada ente gubernamental reformuló y/o actualizó las políticas, programas y líneas de acción dentro de sus Planes Sectoriales, que contribuyan a mitigar o disminuir las emisiones de los GEI. En este sentido, las consideraciones más relevantes que se tomaron en cuenta al momento de la revisión y actualización de las CND se mencionan a continuación: 1.', 'En este sentido, las consideraciones más relevantes que se tomaron en cuenta al momento de la revisión y actualización de las CND se mencionan a continuación: 1. Año base; inicio de la implementación de la acción climática. 2. Plazos de aplicación; se estimará de 5 o 10 años. 3. Alcance y cobertura; identificando si la acción es local, regional o nacional. 4. Procesos de planificación. 5. Enfoques metodológicos. 6. Estimación de absorción antropógena; donde se proyectará la contribución de emisiones negativas de GEI al aplicar la acción climática. 7. Motivos considerados para que su contribución sea justa y ambiciosa. Dentro del proceso de formulación de la CND, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados a saber: 10.2.1.', 'Dentro del proceso de formulación de la CND, en el componente de mitigación se abordaron los cinco sectores priorizados a saber: 10.2.1. Sector Energía ✓ Energía Eléctrica El análisis de los efectos del Cambio Climático en el planeta Tierra, desde la visión crítica y compleja, evidencia que una de las causas que origina dicho evento es la emanación exacerbada de dióxido de carbono, producto de la combustión de combustibles fósiles, requeridos para el sostenimiento del modelo económicoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC imperante del capitalismo. En el marco de este modelo socioeconómico y de la lógica impuesta por las grandes potencias, principales responsables, directas e indirectamente, de la degradación y desequilibrio ecológico y ambiental del planeta.', 'En el marco de este modelo socioeconómico y de la lógica impuesta por las grandes potencias, principales responsables, directas e indirectamente, de la degradación y desequilibrio ecológico y ambiental del planeta. La variación del clima constituye un fenómeno natural en la dinámica terrestre; sin embargo, el problema que enfrenta la humanidad es la variación acelerada del clima, como consecuencia del aumento de emisiones de los gases de efecto invernadero. En tal sentido, América Latina y específicamente Venezuela no escapa a esa realidad, lo que ocasiona fuertes sequías, que producen una reducción alarmante de los niveles de nuestros ríos y embalses, de los que depende el 70% del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, así como la deforestación en las cuencas hidrográficas que surten dichos embalses.', 'En tal sentido, América Latina y específicamente Venezuela no escapa a esa realidad, lo que ocasiona fuertes sequías, que producen una reducción alarmante de los niveles de nuestros ríos y embalses, de los que depende el 70% del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional, así como la deforestación en las cuencas hidrográficas que surten dichos embalses. La respuesta estructural al problema planteado se enfoca en el cambio del modelo económico social global imperante por uno emergente, que se soporte en el desarrollo sustentable y en valores sociales humanistas para la transformación social. En correspondencia con el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, en el marco de los ejes transversales asumidos por el Gobierno Bolivariano del Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros, plantea el ecosocialismo como el modo de “Fortalecer el sector eléctrico Nacional”.', 'En correspondencia con el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, en el marco de los ejes transversales asumidos por el Gobierno Bolivariano del Presidente Nicolás Maduro Moros, plantea el ecosocialismo como el modo de “Fortalecer el sector eléctrico Nacional”. La generación de energía eléctrica es 79.73% proveniente de centrales hidroeléctricas, el 20% restante, en centrales termoeléctricas, así como un aprovechamiento de energía eólica y pequeños sistemas de generación de energías renovables con utilización de energía solar, eólica y microcentrales hidroeléctricas, en comunidades aisladas, indígenas y fronterizas. La generación termoeléctrica se realiza con combustibles fósiles, siendo el 96,13% con Gas Natural, 3,65% con Diésel y 0,21% con Full Oíl.', 'La generación termoeléctrica se realiza con combustibles fósiles, siendo el 96,13% con Gas Natural, 3,65% con Diésel y 0,21% con Full Oíl. El estado venezolano garantiza el suministro de energía eléctrica, mediante la empresa Corporación Eléctrica Nacional (CORPOELEC), ente adscrito al Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica. El Sistema Eléctrico Nacional interconecta las 131 plantas de generación hidroeléctricas, termoeléctricas y eólica, con las 885 subestaciones y sistemas de transmisión y distribución. La Demanda Máxima en el año 2021 es de 12.839MW.', 'La Demanda Máxima en el año 2021 es de 12.839MW. Es por ello que se presentan en este documento, una serie de acciones derivadas del Programa Nacional de Educación Energética y Eficiencia Energética (PNEDUCEEE), el cual fue diseñado considerando los referentes fundamentales de la política gubernamental en cuanto al uso racional y eficiente de la energía, como un eje transversal para el desarrollo del país, tales como: la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, los horizontes planteados en el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, la Ley Orgánica del Sistema y Servicio Eléctrico, Ley de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía y Normativas relacionadas con la materia, Reglamento Orgánico del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica, así como los Lineamientos del Ministro y del Despacho del Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El PNEDUCEEE, como Programa Estructurante del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, refleja los pasos para la implementación de las Políticas Estructurantes: “Intensificar el Uso Racional y Eficiente de Energía Eléctrica y la inclusión progresiva de las comunidades”, e Impulsar un Cambio en la Matriz de Fuentes de Generación de Electricidad, que favorezca el uso de energías renovables.', 'Es por ello que se presentan en este documento, una serie de acciones derivadas del Programa Nacional de Educación Energética y Eficiencia Energética (PNEDUCEEE), el cual fue diseñado considerando los referentes fundamentales de la política gubernamental en cuanto al uso racional y eficiente de la energía, como un eje transversal para el desarrollo del país, tales como: la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, los horizontes planteados en el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, la Ley Orgánica del Sistema y Servicio Eléctrico, Ley de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía y Normativas relacionadas con la materia, Reglamento Orgánico del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica, así como los Lineamientos del Ministro y del Despacho del Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El PNEDUCEEE, como Programa Estructurante del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, refleja los pasos para la implementación de las Políticas Estructurantes: “Intensificar el Uso Racional y Eficiente de Energía Eléctrica y la inclusión progresiva de las comunidades”, e Impulsar un Cambio en la Matriz de Fuentes de Generación de Electricidad, que favorezca el uso de energías renovables. El PNEDUCEEE está inspirado en los preceptos del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025: Este plan es para dar el salto cualitativo en la construcción de un nuevo tiempo histórico, en la transición al socialismo. utilizando como directriz la carta de navegación construida con la Constitución pionera, la que abrió las sendas y se constituyó como la hoja de ruta sobre los temas estructurales, para la transformación definitiva de la sociedad.', 'El PNEDUCEEE está inspirado en los preceptos del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025: Este plan es para dar el salto cualitativo en la construcción de un nuevo tiempo histórico, en la transición al socialismo. utilizando como directriz la carta de navegación construida con la Constitución pionera, la que abrió las sendas y se constituyó como la hoja de ruta sobre los temas estructurales, para la transformación definitiva de la sociedad. Este Plan tiene coherencia absoluta con nuestra línea histórica, desde el Libro Azul del Comandante Chávez. Es una profundización del Plan de la Patria 2012 - 2013 al 2018.', 'Es una profundización del Plan de la Patria 2012 - 2013 al 2018. Su arquitectura, sus objetivos históricos son los mismos, signados por la radicalización en la construcción del pensamiento chavista y revolucionario, de la direccionalidad histórica al socialismo.” En el caso de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica es considerado un asunto de interés público, siendo el MPPEE el responsable de implementar políticas para avanzar hacia la eficiencia energética.', 'Su arquitectura, sus objetivos históricos son los mismos, signados por la radicalización en la construcción del pensamiento chavista y revolucionario, de la direccionalidad histórica al socialismo.” En el caso de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica es considerado un asunto de interés público, siendo el MPPEE el responsable de implementar políticas para avanzar hacia la eficiencia energética. El Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica, a través de la Dirección General de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía y la Dirección General de Energías Alternativas, son los responsables de impulsar, a través de este Programa y del Programa Nacional de Energías Alternativas (PNEA), las políticas necesarias para coadyuvar en el uso consciente y eficiente de la Energía.', 'El Viceministerio para Nuevas Fuentes y Uso Racional de la Energía Eléctrica, a través de la Dirección General de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía y la Dirección General de Energías Alternativas, son los responsables de impulsar, a través de este Programa y del Programa Nacional de Energías Alternativas (PNEA), las políticas necesarias para coadyuvar en el uso consciente y eficiente de la Energía. El PNEDUCEEE, es el instrumento que logra contener los Programas, Proyectos, Actividades enfocadas en una gestión eficiente de la energía y tiene entre sus propósitos: diseñar y coordinar la implementación de cinco (5) Programas: 1. Educación Energética. 2. Normalización y Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética. 3. Edificaciones Energéticamente Eficientes. 4. Sectoriales: Residencial, Público y Privado. Eficiencia Energética en el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional.', 'Eficiencia Energética en el Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. El PNEA tiene como objetivo promover el desarrollo, uso y aprovechamiento de las energías alternativas, favoreciendo la generación del uso de fuentes renovables para el desarrollo sostenible de sectores productivos, planteando para ello los siguientes objetivos específicos: ▪ Diversificar la matriz de generación eléctrica con el desarrollo de fuentes de energías renovables, tales como la solar, eólica, hídrica y biomasa, entre otras.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ▪ Promover programas de formación y divulgación en materia de energías de fuentes renovables. ▪ Consolidar un marco normativo técnico y legal que permita regular el desarrollo y uso de las fuentes de energías de fuentes renovables.', '▪ Consolidar un marco normativo técnico y legal que permita regular el desarrollo y uso de las fuentes de energías de fuentes renovables. ▪ Promover la Cooperación Internacional en energías renovables impulsando esquemas de financiamiento. ▪ Promover el financiamiento nacional en energías renovables impulsando esquemas de financiamiento. ▪ Prestar asesoría y asistencia técnica a las iniciativas públicas y privadas en proyectos de energías de fuentes renovables. Dentro de este contexto, se presentan un conjunto de acciones enfocadas en el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la energía como políticas enmarcadas en las CND en función de lo acordado bajo la CMNUCC.', 'Dentro de este contexto, se presentan un conjunto de acciones enfocadas en el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la energía como políticas enmarcadas en las CND en función de lo acordado bajo la CMNUCC. El Sector Eléctrico a través del órgano rector del MPPEE comprometido en la construcción de un modelo económico productivo ecosocialista, presenta aquí algunas de sus contribuciones en esta materia. Estas acciones se articulan en el marco del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, en el cual se plantea la profundización de políticas ecosocialistas con un alto impacto social, económico y ambiental en materia de Cambio Climático. El MPPEE presenta ambiciosas contribuciones en mitigación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable.', 'El MPPEE presenta ambiciosas contribuciones en mitigación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable. A continuación se presenta un listado de políticas climáticas contenidas en el documento oficial de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas de Venezuela, presentado en el año 2017, que se deberán aplicar a los anteriores criterios, así como a las nuevas políticas trazadas en el Plan de La Patria correspondiente a cada ente gubernamental. La Tabla 01 muestra las CND correspondientes al Sector Energía y en la Tabla 02 se presentan para el Sector Energías Alternativas. Tabla 01. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Energía. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía.', 'Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Sustitución de Bombillos Incandescentes por Tecnología LED, desde el 2016 al presente. Año base Mediante el Programa de Sustitución de Bombillos Incandescentes por Lámparas LED, desde 2016 hasta el 1er semestre de 2021, se han instalado 9.500.000,00 lámparas LED, estimando una disminución en la demanda eléctrica de 193,8 MW y 565,9 GWh en reducción del consumo de energía, lo que representó evitar 23.072 Ton CO2e de emisiones de GasesRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía de Efecto Invernadero. Por otra parte, a través del Programa de Sustitución de Bombillos Incandescentes por Lámparas LED, desde el 2022 hasta el 2024 se proyecta instalar 11.250.000,00 lámparas LED, lo que permitirá la disminución de la demanda eléctrica en 229,5 MW y 670,1 GWh en reducción del consumo de energía, lo cual representa evitar 28.000 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero; a partir del año 2025 se estima que no se comercialicen bombillos incandescentes en el país, por la implementación de las medidas de su prohibición.', 'Por otra parte, a través del Programa de Sustitución de Bombillos Incandescentes por Lámparas LED, desde el 2022 hasta el 2024 se proyecta instalar 11.250.000,00 lámparas LED, lo que permitirá la disminución de la demanda eléctrica en 229,5 MW y 670,1 GWh en reducción del consumo de energía, lo cual representa evitar 28.000 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero; a partir del año 2025 se estima que no se comercialicen bombillos incandescentes en el país, por la implementación de las medidas de su prohibición. Mediante la Sustitución de Alumbrado Público convencional por Lámparas LED desde 2020 hasta el 1er semestre de 2021, se han instalado 71.000, lámparas LED, lo que permitió la disminución de la demanda eléctrica en 19,9 MW y 87,1 GWh, lo que represento evitar 3.5 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Mediante la Sustitución de Alumbrado Público convencional por Lámparas LED desde 2020 hasta el 1er semestre de 2021, se han instalado 71.000, lámparas LED, lo que permitió la disminución de la demanda eléctrica en 19,9 MW y 87,1 GWh, lo que represento evitar 3.5 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de tecnología (LED) se estima que continúe en los próximos 10 años. Teniendo en cuenta que inició en el año 2016, sería una política implementada en un periodo de 14 años; al 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitieron lineamientos a implementarse, se ha hecho seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política; se ha hecho evaluación de las acciones realizadas; además de desarrollar indicadores de impacto producto de los resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se suspendió el uso de lámparas LFC por su contenido de mercurio, elemento contaminante y riesgoso para la salud. Se migró a las lámparas LED por sus ventajas ambientales, menor consumo de energía, mayor durabilidad y compatibilidad con los portalámparas (sockets o sócates) existentes en todos los hogares.', 'Se migró a las lámparas LED por sus ventajas ambientales, menor consumo de energía, mayor durabilidad y compatibilidad con los portalámparas (sockets o sócates) existentes en todos los hogares. Su mayor durabilidad reduce la frecuencia de reemplazos, costos individuales y ambientales. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Programa de reemplazo de equipos acondicionadores de aire (A/A) y refrigeradores por equipos eficientes. Se sustituyeron 42.504 A/A (entre los años 2011-2013) y 3.077 refrigeradores durante el año 2012.', 'Se sustituyeron 42.504 A/A (entre los años 2011-2013) y 3.077 refrigeradores durante el año 2012. Año base Con la implementación de la Ley de uso racional y eficiente de la energía y de los Reglamentos Técnicos sobre Eficiencia Energética en artefactosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía eléctricos: A/A, refrigeradores y congeladores, desde 2016 hasta el 1er semestre de 2021 se logró disminuir la demanda de energía eléctrica en 668 MW y 1951 GWh en consumo de energía, lo que representó evitar 80.000 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero.', 'Sector Energía eléctricos: A/A, refrigeradores y congeladores, desde 2016 hasta el 1er semestre de 2021 se logró disminuir la demanda de energía eléctrica en 668 MW y 1951 GWh en consumo de energía, lo que representó evitar 80.000 Ton CO2e de emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero. Plazos La implementación de estas políticas con este tipo de programa de reemplazos de equipos eléctricos acondicionadores de aire (A/A) y refrigeradores por equipos eficientes, fue durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2011, finalizando a mediados del año 2016. Alcance y cobertura La acción estuvo dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura La acción estuvo dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitieron lineamientos a implementarse por la Corporación Eléctrica Nacional (CORPOELEC), se hizo seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política se evaluaron los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además de desarrollar indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución No se continuó con dicha política debido a la Resolución conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica N°031, y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio (MinComercio) N°089-13, mediante la cual se dicta el reglamento Técnico para el etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en aparatos de Refrigeración y Congelación, Publicada en Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N°40.235 de fecha 23 de agosto de 2013. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía.', 'Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Elaborar Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en aparatos de Refrigeración y Congelación. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se ha reducido desde mediados del 2015 a mediados del 2021 una cantidad de 22,5 tCO2eq; se espera continuar contribuyendo en la disminución de la demanda en 7524 GWh lo cual se traduce en 200,61 tCO2e; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a la CND. Plazos La implementación de estas políticas permanece vigente, se están valorando posibles mejoras o actualizaciones 2015-2030.', 'Plazos La implementación de estas políticas permanece vigente, se están valorando posibles mejoras o actualizaciones 2015-2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción estuvo y estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se continuará con esta política; una vez sea desarrollada alguna actualización o mejora en la misma, se emitirá la resolución respectiva conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica (MPPEE) y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en Lavadoras de Uso Doméstico.', 'Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en Lavadoras de Uso Doméstico. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 5.178 tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030; este reglamento ya está elaborado, y está para la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 138 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (CND).', 'Año base Se estima reducir 5.178 tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030; este reglamento ya está elaborado, y está para la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 138 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionalmente determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta el limitante para la aprobación de las mismas, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT.', 'Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta el limitante para la aprobación de las mismas, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT. De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementar por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto.', 'Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementar por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del MPPEE y del MinComercio; se espera sea en el segundo semestre del 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023.', 'Sector Energía Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del MPPEE y del MinComercio; se espera sea en el segundo semestre del 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023. Estimación de costo 1.500,00$ es el costo estimado para la adquisición de las normas IEC. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en Calentadores Eléctricos de Acumulación. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI).', 'Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 2.226 tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030. Este reglamento ya está elaborado, y se encuentra para la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 50,16 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND).', 'Este reglamento ya está elaborado, y se encuentra para la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 50,16 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación de esta política (2023-2030) con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta la limitante de no estar aprobada, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT. De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI.', 'De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional se espera sea en el 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023. Estimación de costo 1.500,00$ es el costo estimado para la adquisición de las normas IEC.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía.', 'Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en Secadoras Eléctricas Tipo Tambor. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 1.617 tCO2eq a partir del 2024 al 2030.', 'Año base Se estima reducir 1.617 tCO2eq a partir del 2024 al 2030. Este reglamento ya está elaborado, se espera la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 43,74 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia, hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta la limitante de no estar aprobada, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT.', 'Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta la limitante de no estar aprobada, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT. De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto.', 'Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional se espera sea en el 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023. Estimación de costo 1.500,00$ es el costo estimado para la adquisición de las normas IEC. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación.', 'Estimación de costo 1.500,00$ es el costo estimado para la adquisición de las normas IEC. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética y Riesgo Eléctrico en Equipos de Cocción (No-portátiles y Portátiles). Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI).República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Año base Se estima reducir 13.830tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030, este reglamento ya está elaborado, se espera la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda a 322,76 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta la limitante de no estar aprobada, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT.', 'Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta la limitante de no estar aprobada, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboración de los ensayos citados en dicho RT. De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto.', 'Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional se espera sea en el 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reglamento Técnico para el Etiquetado de Eficiencia Energética en Televisores. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 1.350,2 tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030.', 'Año base Se estima reducir 1.350,2 tCO2eq a partir del 2023 al 2030. Este reglamento ya está elaborado, falta la aprobación por parte del Servicio Autónomo Nacional de Calidad, Normalización, Metrología, Normas y Reglamentos Técnicos (SENCAMER); sin embargo, se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 30,61 GWh dos años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta el limitante para la aprobación de las mismas, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboraciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación.', 'Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de Reglamento Técnico (RT) actualmente presenta el limitante para la aprobación de las mismas, motivado a no disponer de las Normas IEC necesarias, para la elaboraciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía de los ensayos citados en dicho RT. De no disponer de estas normas, se estará perdiendo su aplicabilidad y por ende, no se estará contribuyendo en la mitigación de GEI. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional se espera sea en el 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrá en práctica esta política una vez sea emitida una Resolución conjunta del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica y del Ministerio del Poder Popular Para el Comercio Nacional se espera sea en el 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2023. Estimación de costo 1.500,00$ es el costo estimado para la adquisición de las normas IEC. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Impulsar la Resolución de Prohibición de Luminarias Incandescentes. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI).', 'Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 35.873 tCO2eq a partir del 2024 al 2030. Esta Resolución ya fue emitida; se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 867,66 GWh tres años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND).', 'Esta Resolución ya fue emitida; se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 867,66 GWh tres años luego de su puesta en vigencia hasta el 2030; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos El 05 de enero de 2018, fue publicada por el MPPEE y Ministerio del Poder Popular de Economía y Finanzas (MPPEF), la Resolución Conjunta 531 (2018), que tiene por objeto establecer la prohibición de producción, distribución y comercialización, así como implementar la regulación de importación, de lámparas incandescentes de tipo convencional en todo el territorio de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementarse por CORPOELEC, se haráRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se hará énfasis en retomar y activar la resolución conjunta 531 del 05 de enero de 2018.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Se hará énfasis en retomar y activar la resolución conjunta 531 del 05 de enero de 2018. Se espera sea en el segundo semestre del 2021 para que comience a impactar en el 2024. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Promover el impacto en Edificaciones Eficientes por Incorporación de Auto Generación. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución en relación a la disminución de las emisiones (tC02-eq), el cual forma parte de los Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). Año base Se estima reducir 50.568 tCO2eq a partir del 2024 al 2030.', 'Año base Se estima reducir 50.568 tCO2eq a partir del 2024 al 2030. Se espera contribuir en la reducción de la demanda con 1.229 GWh, inmediatamente con la implementación del proyecto de Auto Generación; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las CND. Plazos La implementación de esta política con este tipo de alcance actualmente presenta la limitante del factor inversión financiera. Debe identificarse fuentes de financiamiento internacional para ejecutar los proyectos, y contribuir en la mitigación de GEI en el periodo previsto 2024- 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional.', 'Alcance y cobertura La acción estará dirigida a todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán lineamientos a implementar por CORPOELEC, se hará seguimiento y control al desarrollo de dicha política, se evaluarán los resultados y las acciones realizadas, además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Se pondrán en práctica políticas que promuevan las oportunidades de ahorro y la incorporación de autogeneración (preferiblemente con fuentes alternativas del tipo renovables porque contaminan menos). Estimación de costo Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Acción Fortalecer el Impulso de la campaña comunicacional "Activa la Conciencia con Energía y Eficiencia" que se estima sea divulgada en el tercer Trimestre 2021. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución.', 'Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución. Año base Se espera desarrollar la campaña de concienciación a partir del tercer Trimestre 2021; el despliegue en su totalidad a finales del año 2021 y principios del año 2022 a nivel nacional, se estima contribuir en la disminución de 102.343,17 tCO2e; e incidirá en el compromiso global del país en relación a las contribuciones nacionales determinadas (CND). Plazos La implementación se estima a corto, mediano y largo plazo, a partir del segundo semestre 2021, finalizando en el año 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida a todos los usuarios del servicio eléctrico del país. Trabajando de manera progresiva en un despliegue por sectores (Sector Educación Básica; Sector Poder Popular, Sector Público y Privado, Sector Residencial y Sector Universitario).', 'Trabajando de manera progresiva en un despliegue por sectores (Sector Educación Básica; Sector Poder Popular, Sector Público y Privado, Sector Residencial y Sector Universitario). Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el MPPEE, donde se emitirán los lineamientos y se implementaran las acciones, además se desarrollaran indicadores y se evaluaran los resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución A través de esta campaña se persigue lograr de forma exhaustiva, objetiva, técnica, socioeconómicamente relevante, la comprensión sobre un mejor uso de la energía eléctrica en las distintas actividades humanas. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Desarrollar y fortalecer las líneas de investigación, innovación y desarrollo de sistemas constructivos nacionales, para el logro de edificaciones energéticamente eficientes. Año base La culminación de la normativa se estima a finales del año 2022; a partir del año 2023 se tiene como meta implementarse a nivel nacional, para finalizar en el año 2030. Se estima una disminución en la demanda de manera escalonada a partir de su implementación, en un periodo de 7 años; lo que equivale a reducir 12.801,20 tCO2 eq en dicho periodo.', 'Se estima una disminución en la demanda de manera escalonada a partir de su implementación, en un periodo de 7 años; lo que equivale a reducir 12.801,20 tCO2 eq en dicho periodo. Plazos Tipo Residencial y tipo Alojamiento Turístico se tomará para corto plazo (de 1 a 2 años); Tipo Centro Comercial y tipo Administrativo se tomará para mediano plazo (2 a 5 años); e incorporación de mejoras a edificaciones ya construidas en el 2025-2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de tipo Residencial, Administrativas, Centros Comerciales y Alojamiento Turístico en todo el territorio nacional.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Energía Eléctrica, donde se proyectan las políticas y se implementan las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Diseñar la normativa para la construcción de edificaciones eficientes, para lograr la neutralidad del carbono en edificios al año 2050. Se busca, igualmente, que la cantidad de emisiones de GEI producidas por estas construcciones durante todo su ciclo de vida, se reduzcan al máximo posible y logren ser compensadas al alcanzar un balance neto igual a cero.', 'Se busca, igualmente, que la cantidad de emisiones de GEI producidas por estas construcciones durante todo su ciclo de vida, se reduzcan al máximo posible y logren ser compensadas al alcanzar un balance neto igual a cero. Estimación de costo 12.530,50 $ estimación de costo para dar inicio en el año base. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía.', 'Sector Energía Política Pública Impulsar la Eficiencia Energética y el Uso Racional de la Energía. Acción Reimpulsar las actividades relacionadas con el Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica (UREEE) a través del Seguimiento y Control de las Unidades de Gestión Energética (UGE) del sector privado y público descritas en Programa Nacional de Educación Energética y Eficiencia Energética, con el fin de optimizar el consumo de energía eléctrica en dichas instalaciones y así lograr una disminución en al menos el 10% del consumo de la energía (usando hidrocarburos) durante los próximos 8 años (2022 - 2030). Año base Se reducirán las emisiones de 82.980 tCO2eq en un periodo de 8 años; por las actividades desempeñadas a través de las UGE en las instalaciones del sector Privado y Público.', 'Año base Se reducirán las emisiones de 82.980 tCO2eq en un periodo de 8 años; por las actividades desempeñadas a través de las UGE en las instalaciones del sector Privado y Público. Plazos Se estima iniciar las actividades para el último semestre del año 2021, extendiéndose en su totalidad a finales del año 2022. El impacto se irá visualizando desde el 2022 al 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida a las instalaciones de sector Privado y Público en todo el territorio nacional. Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Energía Eléctrica, donde se emitirán lineamientos con carácter de políticas de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica (UREEE); además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto y se evaluarán los resultados.', 'Planificación Se conformará un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Energía Eléctrica, donde se emitirán lineamientos con carácter de políticas de Uso Racional y Eficiente de la Energía Eléctrica (UREEE); además se desarrollarán indicadores de impacto y se evaluarán los resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI, se utilizarán las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución La implementación de las Unidades de Gestión Energética (UGE) tendrá aplicación en todas las instalaciones del sector público y privado, logrando la optimización del uso de la energía y la disminución de la demanda deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energía energía eléctrica en el sector eléctrico, impactando de forma positiva en la disminución de GEI. Estimación de costo 11.232,59 $ estimación de costo para dar inicio en el año base. Tabla 02. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Energías Complementarias. Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas Política Pública Política estructurante: Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuente de generación de electricidad que favorezca el uso de energías renovables. Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025).', 'Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025). Programa estructurante: Sistema de parques eólicos, sistemas fotovoltaicos y otros sistemas alternativos de generación de energía en el país (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA (2021-2025). Acción Se construyó el Parque Eólico de Paraguaná (PEP), ubicado en el estado Falcón, conformado por 54 aerogeneradores para una capacidad instalada de 71,82 MW. Año base 2012 Alcance y cobertura Nacional Planificación Se desarrollará un plan de acción que asegure el mantenimiento preventivo y mayor de los aerogeneradores instalados asegurando su operatividad hasta el 2030. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución El PEP se encuentra conformado por 54 aerogeneradores para una capacidad instalada de 71,82 MW, con un nivel de operatividad medio anual de 30MW, lo que equivale a 131,4 GWh año. Se estima que se contribuirá evitando la emisión de GEI 26.787,2tCO2e media anual. Estimación de costo Por estimar.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas Política Pública (Continua) Política estructurante: Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuente de generación de electricidad que favorezca el uso de energías renovables. Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía.', 'Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025). Política Pública (Continuación) Programa estructurante: Sistema de parques eólicos, sistemas fotovoltaicos y otros sistemas alternativos de generación de energía en el país. Sistemas con fuentes alternas de energía en comunidades aisladas indígenas y fronterizas. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025). Acción Construcción y operación de 3.362 sistemas con energías renovables (solar y eólico) en comunidades indígenas, zonas fronterizas y aisladas.', 'Acción Construcción y operación de 3.362 sistemas con energías renovables (solar y eólico) en comunidades indígenas, zonas fronterizas y aisladas. Año base 2008 Alcance y cobertura Nacional Planificación Se desarrollará un plan de acción desde la Dirección General de Energías Alternativas que asegure el mantenimiento y operatividad de los sistemas instalados con la participación de la Fundación para el Desarrollo Eléctrico (FUNDELEC) y la Corporación Eléctrica Nacional (CORPOELEC) asegurando su funcionamiento hasta el 2030. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Los 3.362 sistemas instalados en comunidades indígenas, zonas fronterizas y aisladas tiene una capacidad instalada de 3,01 MW, que equivale a un acumulado de 10.2 GWh en un periodo de 9 años.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Los 3.362 sistemas instalados en comunidades indígenas, zonas fronterizas y aisladas tiene una capacidad instalada de 3,01 MW, que equivale a un acumulado de 10.2 GWh en un periodo de 9 años. Se estima para la consideración una disminución de GEI con un nivel de operatividad medio anual del 70%; esto contribuirá en un periodo de 9 años a la disminución Estimación de costo Por estimar. Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas Política Pública Política estructurante: Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuente de generación de electricidad que favorezca el uso de energías renovables.', 'Sector Energías Alternativas Política Pública Política estructurante: Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuente de generación de electricidad que favorezca el uso de energías renovables. Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025) Programa estructurante: Sistema de parques eólicos, sistemas fotovoltaicos y otros sistemas alternativos de generación de energía en el país. Sistemas con fuentes alternas de energía en comunidades aisladas indígenas y fronterizas. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025).República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas Acción Aumentar la generación de energía solar mediante la instalación de fábricas de paneles solares, que atiendan prioritariamente la demanda energética a nivel nacional. Año base 2021 Alcance y cobertura Nacional Planificación Establecer un plan de actualización, modernización y puesta en funcionamiento que permita a la empresa UNERVEN rediseñar y mejorar los procesos de producción para los paneles solares a fin de incrementar la eficiencia. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución 19.158 módulos solares fotovoltaicos fabricados anualmente, equivalente a 3,74 MW. Con la instalación promedio anual del 70% de los paneles fabricados se espera generar en 9 años un acumulado de 3,8 GWh.', 'Con la instalación promedio anual del 70% de los paneles fabricados se espera generar en 9 años un acumulado de 3,8 GWh. Se estima para la consideración una disminución de GEI 774,67 tCO2 Estimación de costo Por estimar. Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas Política Pública Política estructurante: Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuente de generación de electricidad que favorezca el uso de energías renovables. Ampliar esta matriz energética incorporando nuevas fuentes de energía. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025).', '(Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025). Programa estructurante: Sistema de parques eólicos, sistemas fotovoltaicos y otros sistemas alternativos de generación de energía en el país ((Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y Plan Nacional de Energías Alternativas PNEA 2021-2025) Acción Desarrollo e implementación de proyectos de generación de energía eólica, para incrementar su participación en la matriz energética. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución. Año base 2010 Plazos ▪ 2010-2021 a través de 54 aerogeneradores que tienen una capacidad instalada de 71,82 MW, con un nivel de operatividad medio anual de 30MW lo que equivale a 258,7GWh anuales, y a 1.576,8 GWh acumulados para el periodo.', 'Año base 2010 Plazos ▪ 2010-2021 a través de 54 aerogeneradores que tienen una capacidad instalada de 71,82 MW, con un nivel de operatividad medio anual de 30MW lo que equivale a 258,7GWh anuales, y a 1.576,8 GWh acumulados para el periodo. ▪ 2022 - 2030 Considerando alcanzar una operatividad del 70% del PEP y a través de las capacidades de fabricación de UNERVEN incorporar 1MW eólico a baja escala interanual, a fin de incorporar 50 MW (220,2 GWh anuales) de nuevos proyectos eólicos a instalar a partir del 2022. Alcance y NacionalRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Eje Mitigación. Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización Energía CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Energías Alternativas cobertura Planificación ▪ Impulsar la reactivación y modernización de la Unidad de Producción de UNERVEN ▪ Recuperación del Parque Eólico de Paraguaná en el estado Falcón. ▪ Se desarrollará un plan de acción que asegure el mantenimiento y operatividad de los sistemas híbridos instalados asegurando su funcionamiento hasta el 2030. ▪ Formulación e implementación de nuevos proyectos de generación de energía eólica contemplados en el PNEA. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución ▪ 2010-2021 71,82 MW de capacidad instalada a través de 54 aerogeneradores del PEP.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución ▪ 2010-2021 71,82 MW de capacidad instalada a través de 54 aerogeneradores del PEP. Se estima para la consideración a la disminución de GEI un nivel de operatividad medio anual de 30MW y 1.576,8 GWh acumulados para el periodo. Se estima que se contribuyó en evitar la emisión de GEI acumulada de 321.446,45 tCO2 ▪ 2022 - 2030 71,82 MW de capacidad a través de 54 aerogeneradores del PEP incrementar su operatividad anual a un 70%, equivalente a una capacidad a 50 MW media anual y 220,2 GWh anuales. Se estima que se contribuirá en evitar la emision de GEI acumulada de 44.889,97 Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Política Pública Política estructurante: Intensificar el uso racional y eficiente de energía Eléctrica y la inclusión progresiva de las comunidades.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Política Pública Política estructurante: Intensificar el uso racional y eficiente de energía Eléctrica y la inclusión progresiva de las comunidades. Impulsar un cambio en la matriz de fuentes de Generación de electricidad. Acción Promoción de programas de formación a nivel de pregrados, estudios de cuarto nivel y programas no conducentes a grado en instituciones públicas y privadas dirigidas al uso racional y eficiente de la energía y energías renovables. Esta Acción climática apuntala a un compromiso por parte de la Institución.', 'Esta Acción climática apuntala a un compromiso por parte de la Institución. Año base 2018 Alcance y cobertura Nacional Planificación Conformar conjuntamente con el Ministerio del PP para la educación superior mesas de Trabajo dirigidas a impulsar programas de formación a nivel de pregrados, estudios de cuarto nivel y programas no conducentes a grado en instituciones públicas y privadas dirigidas al uso racional y eficiente de la energía y energías renovables. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizaron las metodologías y métricas del IPCC.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Consideraciones de la contribución No se cuentan con indicadores que permitan la medición de los GEI Estimación de costo Por estimar.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Consideraciones de la contribución No se cuentan con indicadores que permitan la medición de los GEI Estimación de costo Por estimar. Petróleo: Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) El Ministerio de Poder Popular para Petróleo a través de su empresa Petróleos de Venezuela PDVSA, dirige la política de producción petrolera de la nación. En tal sentido, como empresa del estado venezolano, en perfecta alienación a las directrices del gobierno nacional reafirma su compromiso en el mantenimiento de las 14.423 hectáreas de bosques sumideros de carbono constituidos por las plantaciones compensatorias exigidas en las autorizaciones ambientales asociadas a los proyectos de inversión y de los bosques de protección ambiental bajo custodia de la industria petrolera.', 'En tal sentido, como empresa del estado venezolano, en perfecta alienación a las directrices del gobierno nacional reafirma su compromiso en el mantenimiento de las 14.423 hectáreas de bosques sumideros de carbono constituidos por las plantaciones compensatorias exigidas en las autorizaciones ambientales asociadas a los proyectos de inversión y de los bosques de protección ambiental bajo custodia de la industria petrolera. De igual manera, y con la visión estratégica de disminuir la quema y venteo del gas natural en las áreas operacionales de PDVSA, se ejecutarán proyectos para el aprovechamiento de este valioso recurso energético en alineación con lo establecido en el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025.', 'De igual manera, y con la visión estratégica de disminuir la quema y venteo del gas natural en las áreas operacionales de PDVSA, se ejecutarán proyectos para el aprovechamiento de este valioso recurso energético en alineación con lo establecido en el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025. La estrategia a seguir por la industria petrolera venezolana, será redefinida considerando el doble desafío que se nos presenta, como primer reto, tenemos las metas establecidas en la contribución nacional determinada y en paralelo, debemos plantar cara a las medidas coercitivas unilaterales impuestas contra la República Bolivariana de Venezuela por aquellas naciones que históricamente han sido los que mayor impacto negativo han ejercido contra el clima, fundamentando su desarrollo económico en el modelo de acumulación capitalista.', 'La estrategia a seguir por la industria petrolera venezolana, será redefinida considerando el doble desafío que se nos presenta, como primer reto, tenemos las metas establecidas en la contribución nacional determinada y en paralelo, debemos plantar cara a las medidas coercitivas unilaterales impuestas contra la República Bolivariana de Venezuela por aquellas naciones que históricamente han sido los que mayor impacto negativo han ejercido contra el clima, fundamentando su desarrollo económico en el modelo de acumulación capitalista. Las medidas coercitivas unilaterales han tenido un impacto negativo sustancial en las ingresos y capacidades productivas de PDVSA, obligando a destinar recursos a elementos medulares de la empresa para mantener sus operaciones, sin embargo, más allá de considerar estas restricciones una condicionante permanente en la capacidad de la corporación para atender los aspectos ambientales, se transforma en un elemento que nos obliga a reestructurar los mecanismos de actuación tomando como base el compromiso de los trabajadores y la fuerza creadora de las comunidades donde se prevé continuar con los programas de reforestación, mantenimiento de bosques y la ejecución de proyectos de minimización de la quema y venteo del gas natural.', 'Las medidas coercitivas unilaterales han tenido un impacto negativo sustancial en las ingresos y capacidades productivas de PDVSA, obligando a destinar recursos a elementos medulares de la empresa para mantener sus operaciones, sin embargo, más allá de considerar estas restricciones una condicionante permanente en la capacidad de la corporación para atender los aspectos ambientales, se transforma en un elemento que nos obliga a reestructurar los mecanismos de actuación tomando como base el compromiso de los trabajadores y la fuerza creadora de las comunidades donde se prevé continuar con los programas de reforestación, mantenimiento de bosques y la ejecución de proyectos de minimización de la quema y venteo del gas natural. A continuación, se presenta la Tabla 03, referente a las CND correspondiente al Sector Industria Petrolera. Tabla 03.', 'A continuación, se presenta la Tabla 03, referente a las CND correspondiente al Sector Industria Petrolera. Tabla 03. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del sector Industria Petrolera.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera Política Pública Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2019 - 2025. Objetivo 5.2.1: Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques. Acción Establecimiento de sistemas forestales, agroforestales y sumideros de carbono para la recuperación ambiental de áreas naturales.', 'Acción Establecimiento de sistemas forestales, agroforestales y sumideros de carbono para la recuperación ambiental de áreas naturales. Continuar con el establecimiento de sistemas forestales y agroforestales para la recuperación ambiental y ecológica de áreas degradadas dentro de las cuencas hidrográficas priorizadas por el Ente Rector, como medida compensatoria de las afectaciones ambientales generadas por la actividad petrolera, así como el establecimiento de nuevas áreas naturales como sumideros de carbono en contribución al Plan Nacional de Mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Continuar con el establecimiento de sistemas forestales y agroforestales para la recuperación ambiental y ecológica de áreas degradadas dentro de las cuencas hidrográficas priorizadas por el Ente Rector, como medida compensatoria de las afectaciones ambientales generadas por la actividad petrolera, así como el establecimiento de nuevas áreas naturales como sumideros de carbono en contribución al Plan Nacional de Mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero. Año base 2022 Alcance y cobertura Como medidas compensatorias asociadas a los proyectos de PDVSA y exigidas en las autorizaciones ambientales, la industria petrolera y gasífera durante el periodo 1998 - 2020, en acuerdo con la autoridad ambiental nacional, estableció un total de 3.289 hectáreas de bosques compensatorios y sumideros de carbono en diferentes áreas de influencia de las operaciones de PDVSA, filiales y empresas mixtas.', 'Año base 2022 Alcance y cobertura Como medidas compensatorias asociadas a los proyectos de PDVSA y exigidas en las autorizaciones ambientales, la industria petrolera y gasífera durante el periodo 1998 - 2020, en acuerdo con la autoridad ambiental nacional, estableció un total de 3.289 hectáreas de bosques compensatorios y sumideros de carbono en diferentes áreas de influencia de las operaciones de PDVSA, filiales y empresas mixtas. Para el período 2021 - 2030 se estima un incremento de 1.820 Ha referidos a bosques compensatorios y adicionalmente 126 Ha de sistemas agroforestales a ubicar en las cuencas de los ríos Caris, Guarapiche, Morichal, Pao y Limón, entre otras, producto de la ejecución de los nuevos proyectos asociados al plan de incremento de producción.', 'Para el período 2021 - 2030 se estima un incremento de 1.820 Ha referidos a bosques compensatorios y adicionalmente 126 Ha de sistemas agroforestales a ubicar en las cuencas de los ríos Caris, Guarapiche, Morichal, Pao y Limón, entre otras, producto de la ejecución de los nuevos proyectos asociados al plan de incremento de producción. Planificación El establecimiento de los sistemas agroforestales, bosques compensatorios y sumideros de carbono, serán ejecutados de acuerdo al plan de inversión e incremento de producción de PDVSA y los requerimientos legales establecidos en las autorizaciones ambientales asociadas a la ejecución de los proyectos. Adicionalmente, esta acción prevé incorporar aliados que contribuyan a la sustentabilidad en el tiempo: comunidades organizadas, instituciones públicas y privadas, universidades, Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, entre otras.', 'Adicionalmente, esta acción prevé incorporar aliados que contribuyan a la sustentabilidad en el tiempo: comunidades organizadas, instituciones públicas y privadas, universidades, Autoridad Nacional Ambiental, entre otras. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos PDVSA en alianza con la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental cuenta con una matriz de jerarquización de las cuencas hidrográficas que deben ser atendidas para su recuperación ambiental y ecológica, tomando en consideración variables técnicas como el grado de intervención, capacidad de uso de la tierra, desertificación, oferta hídrica, entre otras variables, incluyendo la propagación de especies y restauración ecológica de ecosistemas protegidos por la legislación venezolana.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos PDVSA en alianza con la Autoridad Nacional Ambiental cuenta con una matriz de jerarquización de las cuencas hidrográficas que deben ser atendidas para su recuperación ambiental y ecológica, tomando en consideración variables técnicas como el grado de intervención, capacidad de uso de la tierra, desertificación, oferta hídrica, entre otras variables, incluyendo la propagación de especies y restauración ecológica de ecosistemas protegidos por la legislación venezolana. Consideraciones de la contribución En el marco de los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable (ODS), el establecimiento de bosques sumideros de carbono son consideradas medidas para combatir el cambio climático (Obj14) y mejorar las condiciones para la diversidad biológica, gestión de los recursos naturalesRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera y productividad de la tierra (Obj15). Estimación de costo Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Meta ODS: 15.3 De aquí al 2030, luchar contra la desertificación, rehabilitar las tierras y los suelos degradados, incluidas las tierras afectadas por la desertificación, la sequía y las inundaciones, y procurar lograr un mundo con efecto neutro en la degradación del suelo. Indicador ODS: 15.3.1 Proporción de tierras degradadas en comparación con la superficie total. Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera Política Pública Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2019 - 2025. Objetivo 5.4.2: Diseñar un plan de mitigación que abarque los sectores productivos emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como una contribución voluntaria nacional a los esfuerzos para salvar el planeta.', 'Objetivo 5.4.2: Diseñar un plan de mitigación que abarque los sectores productivos emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como una contribución voluntaria nacional a los esfuerzos para salvar el planeta. Acción Estimación del carbono capturado en los bosques establecidos y resguardados por PDVSA. Cuantificar la cantidad de carbono fijado en la biomasa de los bosques compensatorios y de producción establecidos por PDVSA, Filiales y Empresas Mixtas, además de los bosques de conservación que se encuentran bajo la protección y custodia de la industria petrolera y gasífera, los cuales a su vez funcionan como sumideros de carbono distribuidos en diferentes cuencas hidrográficas a nivel nacional. Acción que tributa al Plan Nacional de Mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Acción que tributa al Plan Nacional de Mitigación de los gases de efecto invernadero. Año base 2022 Alcance y cobertura Aplicar en un periodo de cuatro (4) años, la metodología para estimar la cantidad de carbono fijado en la biomasa de 14.423 hectáreas constituidas por los bosques compensatorios, de protección y de producción establecido por PDVSA, Filiales y Empresas Mixtas, ubicados en las áreas de influencia de las operaciones de la empresa petrolera y gasífera, así como en las zonas protectoras bajo custodia de PDVSA. Es importante señalar, que dichos bosques en su fase de crecimiento consumen CO2 atmosférico y lo incorporan como carbono en su biomasa, contribuyendo a disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del país y aportando oxígeno al planeta.', 'Es importante señalar, que dichos bosques en su fase de crecimiento consumen CO2 atmosférico y lo incorporan como carbono en su biomasa, contribuyendo a disminuir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del país y aportando oxígeno al planeta. Planificación Para el cálculo de carbono captado en los bosques, se establecerán alianzas con instituciones educativas y de investigación, comunidades organizadas y entes rectores en materia ambiental, para la validación de los lotes boscosos objeto de estudio, definición de la herramienta a emplear y el método de trabajo que estará disponible para su aplicación.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera Se prevé la solicitud de recursos financieros internacionales mediante un esquema de gastos no reembolsables para la ejecución del proyecto. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos El proyecto de estimación de carbono captado en la biomasa de los bosques se basa en la aplicación del método indirecto de estimación de biomasa y carbono fijado, haciendo uso de ecuaciones alométricas y factores de expansión, de acuerdo a los procedimientos aprobados por el IPCC, RAINFOR y la FAO. Consideracione s de la contribución En el marco de los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable (ODS), adoptar medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos (Obj13). Estimación de costo $ 865.000. Actualmente se realizan mesas de trabajo con el Min. Ecosocialismo para financiamiento internacional.', 'Actualmente se realizan mesas de trabajo con el Min. Ecosocialismo para financiamiento internacional. Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Meta ODS: 13.2: Cuantificación de carbono capturado por unidad de superficie evaluada Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera Política Pública Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2019 - 2025. Objetivo 5.4.2: Diseñar un plan de mitigación que abarque los sectores productivos emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como una contribución voluntaria nacional a los esfuerzos para salvar el planeta. Programa Estructurante: Plan de aprovechamiento del venteo de gas natural con el fin de incrementar la disponibilidad para el mercado interno. Acción Proyectos de minimización de quema y venteo de gas natural.', 'Acción Proyectos de minimización de quema y venteo de gas natural. Continuar con la ejecución de los proyectos para el aprovechamiento energético del gas natural generados en las actividades de producción de hidrocarburos y en consecuencia minimizar la quema y venteo del recurso gasífero en las áreas operacionales de la industria petrolera y gasífera. Año base 2022 Alcance y cobertura Para el periodo 2021 - 2030, en los estados Anzoátegui y Monagas, se tiene planificado continuar con la ejecución de los proyectos asociados al aumento de las capacidades operacionales para el aprovechamiento del gas natural asociado, estimando una reducción de aproximadamente 75% de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) generados como emisiones fugitivas en la industria petrolera.', 'Año base 2022 Alcance y cobertura Para el periodo 2021 - 2030, en los estados Anzoátegui y Monagas, se tiene planificado continuar con la ejecución de los proyectos asociados al aumento de las capacidades operacionales para el aprovechamiento del gas natural asociado, estimando una reducción de aproximadamente 75% de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) generados como emisiones fugitivas en la industria petrolera. Planificación Los proyectos abarcan la Ingeniería, Procura y Construcción de la infraestructura y equipos necesarios para la compresión, tratamiento y distribución del gas natural asociado, lo cual requerirá en gran medida la participación de empresas especializadas nacionales e internacionales para la culminación en el tiempo previsto de los mismos.', 'Planificación Los proyectos abarcan la Ingeniería, Procura y Construcción de la infraestructura y equipos necesarios para la compresión, tratamiento y distribución del gas natural asociado, lo cual requerirá en gran medida la participación de empresas especializadas nacionales e internacionales para la culminación en el tiempo previsto de los mismos. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Disminución de la quema y venteo de gas natural, mediante el incremento de las capacidades de compresión, tratamiento y distribución para el consumo interno de la industria petrolera, así como para el consumo en el mercado interno nacional. La cuantificación de la reducción deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Energía Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Industria Petrolera emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero proyectadas, se realizará utilizando la metodología del IPCCC.', 'Industria Petrolera emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero proyectadas, se realizará utilizando la metodología del IPCCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Maximizar y valorizar los recursos gasíferos del país e impulsando el desarrollo endógeno en materia de aprovechamiento del gas natural. Adicionalmente, contribuye en la disminución de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero del país que de acuerdo a la Segunda Comunicación Nacional sobre Cambio Climático, esta actividad representa el 17,4% del aporte al inventario nacional. Estimación de costo Por estimar. Indicadores relacionados con los ODS % de reducción de gas natural quemado y venteado. ✓ Transporte Venezuela cuenta con una red de autopistas y carreteras de más de 96.000 km, que cubren la mayor parte del territorio nacional. Es una de las redes más desarrolladas de América Latina.', 'Es una de las redes más desarrolladas de América Latina. La densidad de la vialidad es más alta en la región centro-norte del país, donde se concentra la mayoría de la población. Actualmente, las actividades de transporte están bajo la competencia del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Transporte, institución orientada a la optimización del servicio de transporte terrestre, aéreo, acuático, infraestructura vial y sus servicios conexos. Una herramienta fundamental para alcanzar este objetivo fue la creación, en el año 2014, de la Misión Transporte, que ha alcanzado numerosos logros.', 'Una herramienta fundamental para alcanzar este objetivo fue la creación, en el año 2014, de la Misión Transporte, que ha alcanzado numerosos logros. El país cuenta con sistemas urbanos de transporte terrestre y subterráneo, creados o significativamente extendidos en los últimos años, que incluyen al Metro de Caracas, Metro de Maracaibo, Metro de Valencia, Metro de Los Teques y metrocables (en varias zonas de difícil acceso) y sistemas de buses con vías de uso exclusivo (Trolebús Mérida, Bus Caracas, TransMaracay, TransBarca, TransCarabobo, TransFalcón y TransAnzoátegui). En cuanto a transporte acuático, Venezuela posee una serie de puertos en el mar Caribe entre los cuales destacan Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Puerto La Cruz, Puerto Sucre, Guanta, Punta Cardón y Punta de Piedras.', 'En cuanto a transporte acuático, Venezuela posee una serie de puertos en el mar Caribe entre los cuales destacan Amuay, Bajo Grande, El Tablazo, La Guaira, La Salina, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Puerto La Cruz, Puerto Sucre, Guanta, Punta Cardón y Punta de Piedras. Además, existen puertos fluviales de importancia como Puerto Ordaz, Paluay Matanzas, ubicados en el río Orinoco. Cuenta también con 127 aeropuertos con pistas pavimentadas (transporte aéreo), quince de ellos con pistas mayores de 2.500 metros. Entre ellos destacan los aeropuertos internacionales de Maiquetía, Valencia, Punto Fijo, Porlamar, Maracaibo,República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Barcelona, Barquisimeto, San Cristóbal, Ciudad Guayana, Maturín, Cumaná y San Antonio del Táchira.', 'Entre ellos destacan los aeropuertos internacionales de Maiquetía, Valencia, Punto Fijo, Porlamar, Maracaibo,República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Barcelona, Barquisimeto, San Cristóbal, Ciudad Guayana, Maturín, Cumaná y San Antonio del Táchira. En cuanto a ferrocarriles Venezuela tiene 447 km de vías ferroviarias en expansión. A continuación se muestra la Tabla 04 referente a las CND del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. -Tromerca; en la Tabla 5 el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.; en la Tabla 6 para el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI; en la Tabla 7 para el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo – Metro de Caracas, C.A.', '-Tromerca; en la Tabla 5 el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A.; en la Tabla 6 para el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI; en la Tabla 7 para el Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo – Metro de Caracas, C.A. ; en la Tabla 8 para el Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A (Venavega); y en la Tabla 9 Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC). Tabla 04. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A.', 'Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. -Tromerca Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3. Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la gran potencia naciente de América latina y el Caribe, que garantice la conformación de una zona de paz en nuestra América. Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y su mantenimiento.', 'Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y su mantenimiento. Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos.', 'Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos. Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2007, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Trolebús, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios de forma ecológica, mitigando la contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) se debe reducir de 0,5 a 0,25 g/kWh y las emisiones de partículas (PM) deben reducirse de 0,05 a 0,03 g/kWh.', 'Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2007, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Trolebús, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios de forma ecológica, mitigando la contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) se debe reducir de 0,5 a 0,25 g/kWh y las emisiones de partículas (PM) deben reducirse de 0,05 a 0,03 g/kWh. Con la renovación de flota y en las actuales mantener los motores óptimos para su funcionamiento y recuperar la infraestructura eléctrica del sistema trolebús.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Con la renovación de flota y en las actuales mantener los motores óptimos para su funcionamiento y recuperar la infraestructura eléctrica del sistema trolebús.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. -Tromerca Consideraciones de la contribución El Proyecto del Sistema de Transporte masivo de Mérida fue creado con el objetivo de mitigar el impacto ambiental, en una ciudad turística, rodeada por la sierra nevada de Venezuela, convirtiéndose en la única ciudad del mundo con un sistema de transporte masivo de pasajeros, con una población menor de 500.000 habitantes.', '-Tromerca Consideraciones de la contribución El Proyecto del Sistema de Transporte masivo de Mérida fue creado con el objetivo de mitigar el impacto ambiental, en una ciudad turística, rodeada por la sierra nevada de Venezuela, convirtiéndose en la única ciudad del mundo con un sistema de transporte masivo de pasajeros, con una población menor de 500.000 habitantes. A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales.', 'A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales. Inversión Para la recuperación de la infraestructura eléctrica se requieren $ 30.000.000 y así lograr tener operativas las unidades en modo eléctrico Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Estas unidades tienen motor dual, (eléctrico y diesel), su uso preferencial es el eléctrico, sin embargo, con la renovación de la flota la norma pasará de Euro 3 a Euro 6 (0,05 g/km a 0,005ᶜ g/km) Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3.', '- Tromerca Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3. Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la gran potencia naciente de América latina y el Caribe, que garantice la conformación de una zona de paz en nuestra América. Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y mantenimiento de los mismos Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos.', 'Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y mantenimiento de los mismos Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos. Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2012, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Telecabinas, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios de forma ecológica, sin contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Garantizar los mantenimientos y optimizar la infraestructura del sistema y reemplazo de piezas, partes y repuestosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2012, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Telecabinas, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios de forma ecológica, sin contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Garantizar los mantenimientos y optimizar la infraestructura del sistema y reemplazo de piezas, partes y repuestosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca Consideraciones de la contribución El Proyecto del Sistema de Transporte masivo de Mérida fue creado con el objetivo de mitigar el impacto ambiental, en una ciudad turística, rodeada por la sierra nevada de Venezuela, convirtiéndose en la única ciudad del mundo con un sistema de transporte masivo de pasajeros, con una población menor de 500.000 habitantes. A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales.', 'A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales. Inversión 15.000.000 € para sus mantenimientos mecánicos, electrónicos y reemplazos de partes Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Esta tecnología es 100% limpia, no genera gases contaminantes. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3.', '- Tromerca Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3. Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la gran potencia naciente de América latina y el Caribe, que garantice la conformación de una zona de paz en nuestra América. Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y mantenimiento de los mismos Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos.', 'Este plan enmarca la conectividad de la movilidad a nivel local, regional y nacional, con énfasis en la reducción del impacto ambiental, utilizando tecnologías limpias y garantizando la optimización y mantenimiento de los mismos Acción Garantizar el servicio de transporte público masivo, mediante la operación permanente y efectiva del sistema, prestando el servicio de forma permanente, puntual, solidaria, cómoda, segura y ecológica, adoptando del Objetivo 13: Cambio climático, medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos. Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2014, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Yutong, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios, mitigando la contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica conectando los 23 municipios del Estado Mérida Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) se debe reducir de 0,5 a 0,25 g/kWh y las emisiones de partículas (PM) deben reducirse de 0,05 a 0,03 g/kWh.', 'Año base Este proyecto enmarcado dentro de la conservación del ambiente está operativo desde el año 2014, y su optimización y mantenimiento se programa anualmente Plazos Estas acciones tendrán de plazo hasta 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Continuar 100% con la operación del Sistema Yutong, garantizando la movilidad de los usuarios, mitigando la contaminación, visual, sónica y atmosférica conectando los 23 municipios del Estado Mérida Planificación Realizar planes para la adquisición y mantenimiento de equipos e instalaciones a fin de garantizar la prestación permanente, continua y eficaz del servicio y preservar el medio ambiente ofreciendo tecnologías limpias Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Las emisiones de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) se debe reducir de 0,5 a 0,25 g/kWh y las emisiones de partículas (PM) deben reducirse de 0,05 a 0,03 g/kWh. Con la renovación de flota y en las actuales mantener los motores óptimos para su funcionamiento.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Con la renovación de flota y en las actuales mantener los motores óptimos para su funcionamiento.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Terrestre - Trolebús Mérida, C.A. - Tromerca Consideraciones de la contribución El Proyecto del Sistema de Transporte masivo de Mérida fue creado con el objetivo de mitigar el impacto ambiental, en una ciudad turística, rodeada por la sierra nevada de Venezuela, convirtiéndose en la única ciudad del mundo con un sistema de transporte masivo de pasajeros, con una población menor de 500.000 habitantes.', '- Tromerca Consideraciones de la contribución El Proyecto del Sistema de Transporte masivo de Mérida fue creado con el objetivo de mitigar el impacto ambiental, en una ciudad turística, rodeada por la sierra nevada de Venezuela, convirtiéndose en la única ciudad del mundo con un sistema de transporte masivo de pasajeros, con una población menor de 500.000 habitantes. A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales.', 'A parte de considerar tecnologías limpias, se pretende organizar el sistema de transporte público convencional, con la intención de que se conviertan en alimentadoras del proyecto, y de esta manera motivar el uso del transporte masivo, y mitigar la congestión vehicular en los corredores viales. Inversión $ 8.000.000 para sus mantenimientos mecánicos, eléctricos y reemplazos de partes Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Estas unidades tienen motor diesel, con la renovación de la flota al cumplir su vida útil (sin embargo, se cumple con los mantenimientos rutinarios, preventivos y correctivos), la norma pasará de Euro 3 a Euro 6 (0,05 g/km a 0,005ᶜ g/km) Tabla 5. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Política Pública 3.2.5.2.3. Establecer una política nacional de modernización del sistema de transporte tecnologías y políticas industriales, así como matriz energética. 5.5.1.4.2. Generar una política de transporte público, así como su sistema industrial y Tecnológico para el empleo de sistemas de gas y alternativos. Acción Culminación de etapa CKD de la Planta de Autobuses Yutong para el ensamblaje de unidades diésel y a gas cumpliendo con los estándares de calidad de la Euro 5.', 'Acción Culminación de etapa CKD de la Planta de Autobuses Yutong para el ensamblaje de unidades diésel y a gas cumpliendo con los estándares de calidad de la Euro 5. Año base En propuesta Plazos 8 años Alcance y cobertura Disminuir la contaminación del aire, con el ajuste a la normativa Euro 5 para reducir las emisiones de CO2. Para mejorar la calidad del aire utilizando nuevas tecnologías que limpien cada vez más los gases emanados por las unidades Yutong. Planificación Cumplir con la normativa en cuanto a la utilización de especificaciones técnicas establecidas en la Euro 5.', 'Planificación Cumplir con la normativa en cuanto a la utilización de especificaciones técnicas establecidas en la Euro 5. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos monóxido de carbono: 500 mg/km; partículas: 5 mg/km (o una reducción del 80 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma Euro 4); óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx): 180 mg/km (o una reducción del 20 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma Euro 4); emisiones combinadas de hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno: 230 mg/km.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Consideraciones de la contribución Se reducirán las emisiones combinadas de hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno procedentes de los vehículos diésel (vehículos destinados al transporte), para limitarlas.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Consideraciones de la contribución Se reducirán las emisiones combinadas de hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno procedentes de los vehículos diésel (vehículos destinados al transporte), para limitarlas. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020-2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Política Publica 3.2.5.2.3. Establecer una política nacional de modernización del sistema de transporte, tecnologías y políticas industriales, así como matriz energética. 5.5.1.4.2. Generar una política de transporte público, así como su sistema industrial y Tecnológico para el empleo de sistemas de gas y alternativos. Acción Efectuar mantenimientos preventivos de la Flota Yutong a nivel nacional ajustados a las normativas de la Euro 5, en cuanto al uso del combustible y los filtros.', 'Acción Efectuar mantenimientos preventivos de la Flota Yutong a nivel nacional ajustados a las normativas de la Euro 5, en cuanto al uso del combustible y los filtros. Año base Se iniciará a partir del año 2022. Plazos 8 años Alcance y cobertura Disminuir las emisiones en los próximos años para evitar una mayor contaminación del aire, con el ajuste a la normativa Euro 5 para reducir en un 40% las emisiones de CO2. Para mejorar la calidad del aire utilizando nuevas tecnologías que limpien cada vez más los gases emanados por las unidades Yutong Planificación Cumplir con la normativa en cuanto a la utilización de especificaciones técnicas los combustibles y los filtros.', 'Para mejorar la calidad del aire utilizando nuevas tecnologías que limpien cada vez más los gases emanados por las unidades Yutong Planificación Cumplir con la normativa en cuanto a la utilización de especificaciones técnicas los combustibles y los filtros. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos ▪ Monóxido de carbono: 500 mg/km; ▪ Partículas: 5 mg/km (o una reducción del 80 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma euro 4); ▪ Óxidos de nitrógeno (nox): 180 mg/km (o una reducción del 20 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma euro 4); ▪ Emisiones combinadas de hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno: 230 mg/km. Consideraciones de la contribución Reducción de las emisiones contaminantes y mayor rendimiento en el combustible. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020- 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Política Publica 3.2.5.2.3.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020- 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. Política Publica 3.2.5.2.3. Establecer una política nacional de modernización del sistema de transporte, tecnologías y políticas industriales, así como matriz energética. 5.5.1.4.2. Generar una política de transporte público, así como su sistemaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020- 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Planta de Autobuses Yutong Venezuela, S.A. industrial y Tecnológico para el empleo de sistemas de gas y alternativos. Acción Garantizar los mantenimientos preventivos y correctivos a las unidades de gas natural vehicular (GNV), de la Flota Yutong a nivel nacional. Año base Se iniciará a partir del año 2022.', 'Año base Se iniciará a partir del año 2022. Plazos 8 años Alcance y cobertura Disminuir las emisiones en los próximos años para evitar una mayor contaminación del aire, con el ajuste a la normativa Euro 5 para reducir en un 40% las emisiones de CO2. Para mejorar la calidad del aire utilizando nuevas tecnologías que limpien cada vez más los gases emanados por las unidades Yutong Planificación Cumplir con la normativa en cuanto a la utilización de especificaciones técnicas. Para cumplir los objetivos se deberá adecuar la infraestructura energética de GNV.', 'Para cumplir los objetivos se deberá adecuar la infraestructura energética de GNV. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos ▪ Monóxido de carbono: 500 mg/km; ▪ Partículas: 5 mg/km (o una reducción del 80 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma euro 4); ▪ Óxidos de nitrógeno (nox): 180 mg/km (o una reducción del 20 % de las emisiones respecto de la norma euro 4);emisiones combinadas de hidrocarburos y óxidos de nitrógeno: 230 mg/km. Consideraciones de la contribución Reducción de las emisiones contaminantes al utilizar GNV. Inversión El GNV en Venezuela sin costo alguno, por lo que lo hace un combustible accesible además es menos emisor de GEI. Pertenece a las energías alternativas no renovables Tabla 6.', 'Pertenece a las energías alternativas no renovables Tabla 6. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019 - 2025) 3.2.5.2.3. Establecer una política nacional de modernización del sistema de transporte, Tecnologías y políticas industriales, así como matriz energética. 5.5.1.4.2. Generar una política de transporte público, así como su sistema industrial y Tecnológico para el empleo de sistemas de gas y energías alternativas. 5.5.1.4.3. Generar una política integral de intervención del ecosistema urbano, tomando elementos como el empleo del gas natural vehicular (GNV) como principal combustible del transporte público.', 'Generar una política integral de intervención del ecosistema urbano, tomando elementos como el empleo del gas natural vehicular (GNV) como principal combustible del transporte público. Acción Creación de Sistemas BRT (Bus de Tránsito Rápido) en las ciudades deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Terrestre - Sistema Socialista de Transporte José Antonio Anzoátegui” S.A. - TRANZOATEGUI Maracay, Barquisimeto, Barcelona, Maracaibo, Puerto la Cruz, Mérida y Caracas. Año base El programa de conversión y renovación de la flota actual de transporte público de diesel para ser ajustadas a la norma Euro 5, se iniciará a partir del año 2022.', 'Año base El programa de conversión y renovación de la flota actual de transporte público de diesel para ser ajustadas a la norma Euro 5, se iniciará a partir del año 2022. El programa de sustituir el transporte público Diesel en unidades de transporte en base a GNV se iniciará a partir del año 2022.', 'El programa de sustituir el transporte público Diesel en unidades de transporte en base a GNV se iniciará a partir del año 2022. Plazos Estos programas se estarán realizando en un periodo de ocho (8) años a partir del 2022 y hasta el 2030 para cumplir la meta del 100% Alcance y cobertura Se estima alcanzar una reducción del 80% del Monóxido de carbono unos 500 mg/km, con respecto a la norma anterior Euro 4 por medio de la conversión del transporte público con base a GNV y por otra parte, el ajuste de la normativa Euro 5 a las unidades de transporte público diesel actuales. Planificación Para cumplir los objetivos se deberá adecuar la infraestructura energética de GNV así como mejorar la calidad del combustible diesel en el país.', 'Planificación Para cumplir los objetivos se deberá adecuar la infraestructura energética de GNV así como mejorar la calidad del combustible diesel en el país. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se emplearán los siguientes factores de emisión: 2,33 y 2,83 kg CO2e/l de gasolina y diésel, respectivamente (IPCC 2006). En el caso del GNV, se emplea un factor de emisión de 2,09kg CO2/m3. La estimación de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero causadas por el uso de esos combustibles fósiles, se calcularán con base a volumen promedio vendido por estación deservicio anualmente y multiplicado por el factor de conversión.', 'La estimación de las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero causadas por el uso de esos combustibles fósiles, se calcularán con base a volumen promedio vendido por estación deservicio anualmente y multiplicado por el factor de conversión. Consideraciones de la contribución Un mayor uso de unidades de transporte con sistema GNV capaces de emitir en menor cantidad los Gases de Efecto Invernadero y el constante chequeo del fiel cumplimiento de las unidades a diesel son las consideraciones a tomar en cuenta en estos programas. Indicadores relacionados con los ODS 11.6.2 Niveles medios anuales de partículas finas en suspensión (por ejemplo, PM2.5 y PM10) en las ciudades (ponderados según la población). Tabla 7. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Terrestre y Subterráneo - Metro Caracas, C.A. Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Subterráneo - METRO CARACAS, C.A. Política Pública Plan de La Patria (2019-2025) Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la gran potencia naciente de América Latina y el Caribe, que garantice la conformación de una zona de paz en nuestra América. 3.2. Profundizar la construcción de una Nueva Geopolítica Nacional empleando como elementos estructurantes la regionalización sistémica, geohistórica y funcional, el sistema urbano regional y la infraestructura, servicios y movilidad en el desarrollo de la dimensión espacial del Socialismo. 3.2.5.', 'Profundizar la construcción de una Nueva Geopolítica Nacional empleando como elementos estructurantes la regionalización sistémica, geohistórica y funcional, el sistema urbano regional y la infraestructura, servicios y movilidad en el desarrollo de la dimensión espacial del Socialismo. 3.2.5. Articular, mantener y generar un sólido sistema de movilidad nacional, intermodal, eficiente e interconectado, correlacionado con lasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Subterráneo - METRO CARACAS, C.A. dinámicas funcionales de especialización económica y flujos actuales y proyectados, sistema urbano regional, así como su sistema de mantenimiento, monitoreo, gestión y componentes industriales del mismo. 3.2.5.3.', 'dinámicas funcionales de especialización económica y flujos actuales y proyectados, sistema urbano regional, así como su sistema de mantenimiento, monitoreo, gestión y componentes industriales del mismo. 3.2.5.3. Fortalecer, articular e interconectar la infraestructura de transporte para un sistema intermodal asociado a la dinámica urbano regional y visión integral de país. Objetivos Específicos: 3.2.5.3.4. Dar mantenimiento y conservación a los sistemas metro del país, a fin de mantener los niveles de calidad del servicio de transporte metro. Acción Proyecto Tren Caracas. Año base Desde el año 2020 Plazos Hasta el 2022. Alcance y cobertura Se han realizado a la fecha de la emisión de este documento cinco (5) trenes. Se tiene programado para el año 2022 once (11) Trenes del Sur- Oeste del Área Metropolitana de Caracas.', 'Se tiene programado para el año 2022 once (11) Trenes del Sur- Oeste del Área Metropolitana de Caracas. El total de trenes a recuperar son veintidós (22) Planificación Se debe cumplir con el programa de trabajo. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Demanda estimada de pasajeros: 1.383.000 para el 2022; lo que equivale a una disminución de las emisiones de 10.142.000 gr CO2. Consideraciones de la contribución Disminución de emisiones de CO2. Inversión Bs. 14.339.948,00 Indicadores relacionados con los ODS 11.6.2 Niveles medios anuales de partículas finas en suspensión (por ejemplo, PM2.5 y PM10) en las ciudades (ponderados según la población). Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación.', 'Sector Terrestre y Subterráneo Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.Sector Transporte Subterráneo - METRO CARACAS (C.A) Política Pública Objetivo Histórico: Convertir a Venezuela en un país potencia en lo social, lo económico y lo político dentro de la gran potencia naciente de América latina y el Caribe, que garantice la conformación de una zona de paz en nuestra América. Acción Línea 5. Plaza Venezuela - Miranda II Año base Desde el año 2006 Plazos Hasta el 15/12/2025 Alcance y cobertura Comprende la construcción y puesta en servicio de 7,5 km de vía férrea y sistema integral con 5 estaciones: Bello Monte, Tamanaco, Chuao, Bello Campo y Miranda II.', 'Plaza Venezuela - Miranda II Año base Desde el año 2006 Plazos Hasta el 15/12/2025 Alcance y cobertura Comprende la construcción y puesta en servicio de 7,5 km de vía férrea y sistema integral con 5 estaciones: Bello Monte, Tamanaco, Chuao, Bello Campo y Miranda II. Esa línea permitirá la movilización de más de 300.000 usuarios y la descongestión de la Línea 1, además de constituirse en unaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC alternativa de conexión expedita para los usuarios de los Altos Mirandinos que llegan a Las Adjuntas, con el Este de la Ciudad Capital. Planificación Se debe cumplir con el programa de trabajo.', 'Planificación Se debe cumplir con el programa de trabajo. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Déficit de la oferta de transporte público que incrementa las emisiones de CO2 debido al uso de vehículos particulares a gasolina y diésel. Consideraciones de la contribución Demanda estimada de pasajeros 78.613 para el 2022; lo que equivale a una disminución de las emisiones de 186.030 gr CO2 Inversión Bs. 13.030.021,00 Indicadores relacionados con los ODS 11.6.2 Niveles medios anuales de partículas finas en suspensión (por ejemplo, PM2.5 y PM10) en las ciudades (ponderados según la población). Tabla 8. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A (Venavega). Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) Política Publica Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 3.2.5.', 'Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) Política Publica Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 3.2.5. Articular, mantener y generar un sólido sistema de movilidad nacional, intermodal, eficiente e interconectado, correlacionado con las dinámicas funcionales de especialización económica y flujos actuales y proyectados, sistema urbano regional, así como su sistema de mantenimiento, monitoreo, gestión y componentes industriales del mismo. 3.2.5.2.3. Establecer una política nacional de modernización del sistema de transporte, tecnologías y políticas industriales 5.1.5.1. Promover la investigación y desarrollo de proyectos de energías renovables, a partir de las potencialidades presentes en el territorio, para reducir el impacto ambiental y la vulnerabilidad del modelo energético, así como la soberanía tecnológica.', 'Promover la investigación y desarrollo de proyectos de energías renovables, a partir de las potencialidades presentes en el territorio, para reducir el impacto ambiental y la vulnerabilidad del modelo energético, así como la soberanía tecnológica. Acción (Continua) Se proyecta realizar un Plan de Gestión de eficiencia energética, atendiendo la planificación de las travesías, la mayor frecuencia de la limpieza de las partes sumergidas del buque y la hélice, la introducción de medidas técnicas como los sistemas de recuperación de calor residual o incluso instalación de nuevas hélices, para lo cual se requiere de inversiones en el sector.', 'Acción (Continua) Se proyecta realizar un Plan de Gestión de eficiencia energética, atendiendo la planificación de las travesías, la mayor frecuencia de la limpieza de las partes sumergidas del buque y la hélice, la introducción de medidas técnicas como los sistemas de recuperación de calor residual o incluso instalación de nuevas hélices, para lo cual se requiere de inversiones en el sector. Elaboración de Plan de cooperación entre los distintos sectores acuáticos en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, para ello, es importante incluir medidas regulatorias, técnicas, operativas y económicas, como la provisión de suministro de energía en los puertos a los buques mediante fuentes renovables, la infraestructura de apoyo al suministro de combustibles alternativos bajos en carbonos y de carbono cero, los programas de incentivos para buques ecológicos y la reducción de velocidad de los buques.', 'Elaboración de Plan de cooperación entre los distintos sectores acuáticos en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, para ello, es importante incluir medidas regulatorias, técnicas, operativas y económicas, como la provisión de suministro de energía en los puertos a los buques mediante fuentes renovables, la infraestructura de apoyo al suministro de combustibles alternativos bajos en carbonos y de carbono cero, los programas de incentivos para buques ecológicos y la reducción de velocidad de los buques. Reducción de velocidad de la flota actual en sus operaciones, tomando en cuenta aspectos de seguridad, distancia recorrida, impacto comercial.', 'Reducción de velocidad de la flota actual en sus operaciones, tomando en cuenta aspectos de seguridad, distancia recorrida, impacto comercial. Se recomienda realizar sinergia con entes gubernamentales para la implementación de biocombustibles, la ventaja de los biocombustibles es su capacidad para ser utilizados fácilmente en la flota existente, lo que significa que pueden reemplazar de forma rápida los combustibles hidrocarburos líquidos. Sin embargo, es un imperativo que dichos biocombustibles seRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) produzcan a partir de materias primas sostenibles y utilizando suministros de energía sostenibles.', 'Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) produzcan a partir de materias primas sostenibles y utilizando suministros de energía sostenibles. Se busca implementar medidas que permitan la disminución de emisiones de gases; usando algunos de los métodos equivalentes aprobados, tales como los sistemas de limpieza de los gases de escape que ayudan a limpiar las emisiones antes de que sean liberadas en la atmósfera. Igualmente, se propone la aplicación de políticas y medidas eficaces, para hacer frente al cambio climático, a fin de asegurar beneficios mundiales al menor costo posible, permitiendo la construcción de sumideros y depósitos pertinentes de gases de efecto invernadero y abarcar todos los sectores económicos.', 'Igualmente, se propone la aplicación de políticas y medidas eficaces, para hacer frente al cambio climático, a fin de asegurar beneficios mundiales al menor costo posible, permitiendo la construcción de sumideros y depósitos pertinentes de gases de efecto invernadero y abarcar todos los sectores económicos. Acción (Continuación) Apoyo a centros de investigación que promuevan, desarrollen con especialistas recomendaciones para frenar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero que permitan combatir el cambio climático y ejecutar medidas efectivas en el sector del transporte acuático. Renovación de flota y estudio de adecuación de la flota existente con medidas ecológicas que permita disminuir las emisiones de gases.', 'Renovación de flota y estudio de adecuación de la flota existente con medidas ecológicas que permita disminuir las emisiones de gases. Sinergia con entes del Estado que permitan que el combustible utilizado por los buques cumpla con el Convenio Internacional para prevenir la contaminación de los buques, mejor conocido como el Convenio MARPOL. Desde el 1 de enero de 2020, el límite de contenido de azufre en el combustible usado a bordo de los buques que operen fuera de las zonas de control de emisiones designadas será de 0.50 % masa/masa.', 'Desde el 1 de enero de 2020, el límite de contenido de azufre en el combustible usado a bordo de los buques que operen fuera de las zonas de control de emisiones designadas será de 0.50 % masa/masa. De esta forma, se reducirá significativamente la cantidad de óxidos de azufre que emanan de los buques, lo que debería tener grandes beneficios tanto para la salud como para el medio ambiente mundiales, especialmente, para las poblaciones que viven cerca de los puertos y costas Año base 2022 Plazos Estas acciones tendrán un plazo de 8 años, para lograr reducir las emisiones de gases en un porcentaje significativo al 2030.', 'De esta forma, se reducirá significativamente la cantidad de óxidos de azufre que emanan de los buques, lo que debería tener grandes beneficios tanto para la salud como para el medio ambiente mundiales, especialmente, para las poblaciones que viven cerca de los puertos y costas Año base 2022 Plazos Estas acciones tendrán un plazo de 8 años, para lograr reducir las emisiones de gases en un porcentaje significativo al 2030. Alcance y cobertura Se estima que el uso de las energías alternativas en los puertos, así como uso de medidas ecológicas en la flota actual, así como el programa de investigación de efectos climáticos en el sector acuático y cumplimiento de normativas internacionales, permitirán la reducción de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en el corto, mediano y largo plazo y evitará multas a nivel internacional a los buques.', 'Alcance y cobertura Se estima que el uso de las energías alternativas en los puertos, así como uso de medidas ecológicas en la flota actual, así como el programa de investigación de efectos climáticos en el sector acuático y cumplimiento de normativas internacionales, permitirán la reducción de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero en el corto, mediano y largo plazo y evitará multas a nivel internacional a los buques. Planificación Para cumplir los objetivos trazados se requiere la sinergia de los puertos, adecuación de las energías alternativas, limpieza y adecuación de nuestra a uso de medidas ecológicas, así como adecuar el combustible a lo establecido en el Convenio MARPOL. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Análisis económico y social del cambio climático en el sector del transporte marítimo.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Análisis económico y social del cambio climático en el sector del transporte marítimo. Consideraciones de la contribución En el marco de lo establecido en el Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático, en el cual el principal objetivo es fortalecer la respuesta mundial frente laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) (Continua) amenaza del cambio climático, limitando el aumento de la temperatura mundial, la Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A (VENAVEGA), empresa del Estado creada el 15 de septiembre del 2010, bajo la visión estratégica del Comandante Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, bajo el Decreto N° 7.677, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 39.510, realiza sus mejores esfuerzos para contribuir con la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y para adaptarse al cambio climático, en aras de preservar la vida en el paneta y salvaguardar la especie humana.', 'Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) (Continua) amenaza del cambio climático, limitando el aumento de la temperatura mundial, la Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A (VENAVEGA), empresa del Estado creada el 15 de septiembre del 2010, bajo la visión estratégica del Comandante Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías, bajo el Decreto N° 7.677, publicado en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 39.510, realiza sus mejores esfuerzos para contribuir con la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y para adaptarse al cambio climático, en aras de preservar la vida en el paneta y salvaguardar la especie humana. Consideraciones de la contribución (Continuación) La misión de esta empresa es prestar servicio comercial naviero competitivo con estándares operacionales de eficiencia y eficacia, con alto sentido de responsabilidad, orientando la gestión a la mejora continua en pro del desarrollo del país, con la visión de ser reconocida como la naviera bandera de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela con altos estándares de competitividad, seguridad, preservación del medio ambiente y excelencia en la prestación de servicios en el ámbito nacional e internacional.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución (Continuación) La misión de esta empresa es prestar servicio comercial naviero competitivo con estándares operacionales de eficiencia y eficacia, con alto sentido de responsabilidad, orientando la gestión a la mejora continua en pro del desarrollo del país, con la visión de ser reconocida como la naviera bandera de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela con altos estándares de competitividad, seguridad, preservación del medio ambiente y excelencia en la prestación de servicios en el ámbito nacional e internacional. En ese sentido, esta Corporación trabaja continuamente para luchar contra el cambio climático y sus efectos.', 'En ese sentido, esta Corporación trabaja continuamente para luchar contra el cambio climático y sus efectos. Asimismo, VENAVEGA como empresa naviera del Estado, trabaja para adaptarse a las medidas de la Organización Marítima Internacional (OMI), en cuanto al tratado para prevenir la contaminación del mar (Convenio MARPOL), el índice de eficiencia energética de proyecto (EEDI), de carácter obligatorio para los buques nuevos y el Plan de gestión de la eficiencia energética del buque. La idea es contribuir para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero procedentes del transporte marítimo con el fin de salvaguardar la vida humana, para eso esta compañía realiza sus mejores esfuerzos por implementar medidas que permitan reducir la intensidad del carbono del transporte marítimo en el corto, mediano y largo plazo.', 'La idea es contribuir para reducir los gases de efecto invernadero procedentes del transporte marítimo con el fin de salvaguardar la vida humana, para eso esta compañía realiza sus mejores esfuerzos por implementar medidas que permitan reducir la intensidad del carbono del transporte marítimo en el corto, mediano y largo plazo. Inversión EUR 3.000.0000 aproximados para la implementación de medidas ecológicas a los buques y adecuación de la misma para reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Inversión EUR 3.000.0000 aproximados para la implementación de medidas ecológicas a los buques y adecuación de la misma para reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Indicadores relacionados con los ODS 1 Desarrollar infraestructuras fiables, sostenibles, resilientes y de calidad, incluidas infraestructuras regionales y transfronterizas, para apoyar el desarrollo económico y el bienestar humano, haciendo especial hincapié en el acceso asequible y equitativo para todos ▪ 9.2 Promover una industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y, de aquí a 2030, aumentar significativamente la contribución de la industria al empleo y al producto interno bruto, de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales, y duplicar esa contribución en los países menos adelantados ▪ 9.4 Modernizar la infraestructura y reconvertir las industrias para que sean sostenibles, utilizando los recursos con mayor eficacia y promoviendo la adopción de tecnologías y procesos industriales limpios y ambientalmente racionales, y logrando que todos los países tomen medidas de acuerdo con sus capacidades respectivas ▪ 9.5 Aumentar la investigación científica y mejorar la capacidad tecnológica de los sectores industriales de todos los países, en particularRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación.', 'Indicadores relacionados con los ODS 1 Desarrollar infraestructuras fiables, sostenibles, resilientes y de calidad, incluidas infraestructuras regionales y transfronterizas, para apoyar el desarrollo económico y el bienestar humano, haciendo especial hincapié en el acceso asequible y equitativo para todos ▪ 9.2 Promover una industrialización inclusiva y sostenible y, de aquí a 2030, aumentar significativamente la contribución de la industria al empleo y al producto interno bruto, de acuerdo con las circunstancias nacionales, y duplicar esa contribución en los países menos adelantados ▪ 9.4 Modernizar la infraestructura y reconvertir las industrias para que sean sostenibles, utilizando los recursos con mayor eficacia y promoviendo la adopción de tecnologías y procesos industriales limpios y ambientalmente racionales, y logrando que todos los países tomen medidas de acuerdo con sus capacidades respectivas ▪ 9.5 Aumentar la investigación científica y mejorar la capacidad tecnológica de los sectores industriales de todos los países, en particularRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Acuático - Corporación Venezolana de Navegación, S.A. (Venavega) los países en desarrollo, entre otras cosas fomentando la innovación y aumentando considerablemente, de aquí a 2030. (Marco de indicadores mundiales para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y metas de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible) Tabla 9. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC) Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC) Política Publica El Plan de la Patria, Segundo Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación, 2013-2019, aprobado como Ley Nacional en 2013, manifiesta la voluntad de transformar el país y contribuir a salvar la vida en el planeta hacia un mundo justo y sustentable; organizado sobre bases e instituciones internacionales democráticas. En tal sentido, se desarrolla en su contenido el Objetivo Histórico Nº 5: Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana. Su implementación se dirige a atacar las causas principales del Cambio Climático.', 'Su implementación se dirige a atacar las causas principales del Cambio Climático. Acción El Estado venezolano, a través del INAC, ha planificado un conjunto de medidas que han contribuido a mitigar las emisiones de CO2 en la aviación civil, de acuerdo a sus realidades y compromisos internacionales. Estas han sido desarrolladas de acuerdo a diferentes niveles de implementación.', 'Estas han sido desarrolladas de acuerdo a diferentes niveles de implementación. Inicialmente, el INAC ha priorizado las medidas organizacionales, operacionales y tecnológicas, entre las cuales se puede mencionar: ▪ El Plan de modernización de flotas con aeronaves del sector público y privado; ▪ La modernización e instalación de nuevos sistemas de vigilancia y control para el tránsito aéreo de la FIR Maiquetía; ▪ Implementación de procedimientos PBN, incluyendo rutas RNAV y procedimientos de aproximación, ascensos y descensos continuos; ▪ Implantación de la Gestión de Flujo de Tránsito Aéreo (ATFM) en los aeropuertos internacionales de mayor afluencia comercial y la aplicación de estrategia por bloques “ASBU” (Mejoras por Bloques del Sistema de Aviación), entre otros.', 'Inicialmente, el INAC ha priorizado las medidas organizacionales, operacionales y tecnológicas, entre las cuales se puede mencionar: ▪ El Plan de modernización de flotas con aeronaves del sector público y privado; ▪ La modernización e instalación de nuevos sistemas de vigilancia y control para el tránsito aéreo de la FIR Maiquetía; ▪ Implementación de procedimientos PBN, incluyendo rutas RNAV y procedimientos de aproximación, ascensos y descensos continuos; ▪ Implantación de la Gestión de Flujo de Tránsito Aéreo (ATFM) en los aeropuertos internacionales de mayor afluencia comercial y la aplicación de estrategia por bloques “ASBU” (Mejoras por Bloques del Sistema de Aviación), entre otros. Año base Estas medidas entran en vigencia a partir del año de publicación del Plan de Acción y Reducción de Emisiones de CO2.', 'Año base Estas medidas entran en vigencia a partir del año de publicación del Plan de Acción y Reducción de Emisiones de CO2. Plazos Se estima que las medidas anteriormente descritas estén totalmente implementadas en el período 2018-2021. Alcance y cobertura Se estima que se reducirán las emisiones de CO2 a nivel nacional. Planificación Las principales medidas en ejecución son las siguientes: ▪ Creación de la Unidad de Gestión Ambiental dentro de la estructura de la Autoridad Aeronáutica ▪ Plan modernización de Flotas ▪ Nuevo Sistema de Vigilancia MSR - 970S (Radar Secundario) de la FIR Maiquetía ▪ Modernización y reubicación del Sistema de Radioayudas VORRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Transporte Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Transporte Aéreo - Instituto Nacional de Aeronáutica Civil (INAC) ▪ Reducción del tiempo de aeronaves en tierra Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos El sector Transporte Aviación Civil contabilizó solo el 6% de las emisiones totales, equivalente a tres mil doscientos cuarenta y dos (3.242) Gg de COeq. El método de estimación de emisiones por referencia resultó en una discrepancia de 4,9% al método sectorial, menor al 5% de diferencia considerado como aceptable entre los métodos de referencia y sectorial. Indicadores relacionados con los ODS Objetivo 12: Producción y consumo responsable Objetivo 13: Acción por el clima 10.2.2. Sector Industria ✓ Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (FONDOIN) El papel del Estado como ente regulador en la industrialización del país es muy importante.', 'Sector Industria ✓ Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (FONDOIN) El papel del Estado como ente regulador en la industrialización del país es muy importante. Entre los entes encargados de la regulación, formulación y seguimiento de políticas, planificación y realización de las actividades en materia de industrias, se cuenta con el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Industrias y Producción Nacional.', 'Entre los entes encargados de la regulación, formulación y seguimiento de políticas, planificación y realización de las actividades en materia de industrias, se cuenta con el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Industrias y Producción Nacional. Ante el progresivo agotamiento de la capa de ozono ocasionada por el uso a nivel mundial de los hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), el Estado Venezolano, en observancia de una política respetuosa de la conservación del ambiente y especialmente de la capa de ozono, se hizo Parte en el año 1987 del Convenio de Viena sobre la Protección de la Capa de Ozono así como de su Protocolo de Montreal relativo a las Sustancias que Agotan la Capa de Ozono, dos años después.', 'Ante el progresivo agotamiento de la capa de ozono ocasionada por el uso a nivel mundial de los hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), el Estado Venezolano, en observancia de una política respetuosa de la conservación del ambiente y especialmente de la capa de ozono, se hizo Parte en el año 1987 del Convenio de Viena sobre la Protección de la Capa de Ozono así como de su Protocolo de Montreal relativo a las Sustancias que Agotan la Capa de Ozono, dos años después. Recientemente, la Asamblea Nacional aprobó en segunda discusión la incorporación de la Enmienda de Kigali, en octubre de 2021.', 'Recientemente, la Asamblea Nacional aprobó en segunda discusión la incorporación de la Enmienda de Kigali, en octubre de 2021. En el régimen jurídico creado a través de estos instrumentos internacionales se indican criterios con los que se persigue alcanzar una reducción gradual en la producción y consumo de las sustancias agotadoras del ozono, con el objetivo final de eliminarlas. Atendiendo a lo determinado en el Convenio de Viena y en las disposiciones de control sobre las sustancias agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono (SAO) contenidas en el Protocolo de Montreal y sus enmiendas así como en las decisiones asumidas en las reuniones internacionales de dichos acuerdos.', 'Atendiendo a lo determinado en el Convenio de Viena y en las disposiciones de control sobre las sustancias agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono (SAO) contenidas en el Protocolo de Montreal y sus enmiendas así como en las decisiones asumidas en las reuniones internacionales de dichos acuerdos. En este sentido, se desarrolló un Plan Nacional de Eliminación Progresiva de las Sustancias Agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se han ejecutado actividades asociadas a la sensibilización, formación y reconversión del uso de estas sustancias (hidroclorofluorocarbonos HCFC) aRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC alternativas no agotadoras.', 'En este sentido, se desarrolló un Plan Nacional de Eliminación Progresiva de las Sustancias Agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se han ejecutado actividades asociadas a la sensibilización, formación y reconversión del uso de estas sustancias (hidroclorofluorocarbonos HCFC) aRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC alternativas no agotadoras. Dentro de las actividades que se han ejecutado se pueden mencionar: ▪ Apoyo y asistencia técnica para fortalecer el marco jurídico para discutir la prohibición de las importaciones, control de nuevas instalaciones con equipos de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire que usan HCFC y HFC.', 'Dentro de las actividades que se han ejecutado se pueden mencionar: ▪ Apoyo y asistencia técnica para fortalecer el marco jurídico para discutir la prohibición de las importaciones, control de nuevas instalaciones con equipos de refrigeración y acondicionamiento de aire que usan HCFC y HFC. ▪ Actualización de material de capacitación en las buenas prácticas para la refrigeración para abordar tres niveles de formación básica, intermedia y avanzada de acuerdo al nivel de formación del técnico. ▪ Distribución de material divulgativo de juegos, material informativo y educativo sobre prácticas idóneas a los técnicos en refrigeración; la capa de ozono y el clima. ▪ Implementación del Programa Cero Fugas en los sectores de hospitales y conservación de alimentos y empresas de servicio privadas.', '▪ Implementación del Programa Cero Fugas en los sectores de hospitales y conservación de alimentos y empresas de servicio privadas. Capacitación en conservación de equipos y refrigerantes, y asistencia técnica a los grandes usuarios finales sobre inventario y evaluación de equipos, reparación de equipos (fugas), desarrollo de índices de desempeño de equipos y refrigerantes. El programa logró ayudar a 40 instalaciones diversas; en dicho programa se incentiva a evitar las fugas, una de las principales causas del agotamiento del ozono y del calentamiento global y se incentiva a la reconversión a sustancias naturales. Actualmente el proyecto sigue su difusión en el Estado Mérida. ▪ Campaña divulgativa para la promoción de tecnologías eco-energéticas con bajo potencial de calentamiento atmosférico.', '▪ Campaña divulgativa para la promoción de tecnologías eco-energéticas con bajo potencial de calentamiento atmosférico. ▪ Reconversión en el Hospital Materno Infantil de Caricuao, el proyecto inició en el año 2018 ejecutando la primera fase, que consistió en la instalación de un sistema de agua helada que consta de un “chiller” con capacidad de 5 toneladas de refrigeración y que emplea como refrigerante, R-290 (propano) y que surte de aire fresco la sala de pediatría B. Durante el año 2019, se estructuró la planificación, asociada a la ejecución de la segunda fase del proyecto, que consiste en la reconversión y repotenciación de tres (3) “chillers” de 20 Tr, que actualmente contienen R-22 y que utilizarán R-290, una vez efectuado el trabajo.', '▪ Reconversión en el Hospital Materno Infantil de Caricuao, el proyecto inició en el año 2018 ejecutando la primera fase, que consistió en la instalación de un sistema de agua helada que consta de un “chiller” con capacidad de 5 toneladas de refrigeración y que emplea como refrigerante, R-290 (propano) y que surte de aire fresco la sala de pediatría B. Durante el año 2019, se estructuró la planificación, asociada a la ejecución de la segunda fase del proyecto, que consiste en la reconversión y repotenciación de tres (3) “chillers” de 20 Tr, que actualmente contienen R-22 y que utilizarán R-290, una vez efectuado el trabajo. Las áreas del hospital beneficiadas con este proyecto fueron: Quirófano A, Quirófano B, Sala de Recuperación, Pasillo que conecta los quirófanos A y B y la Sala de Recuperación, Áreas de oficinas 20, Sala de partos y pre-parto.', 'Las áreas del hospital beneficiadas con este proyecto fueron: Quirófano A, Quirófano B, Sala de Recuperación, Pasillo que conecta los quirófanos A y B y la Sala de Recuperación, Áreas de oficinas 20, Sala de partos y pre-parto. ▪ En el área de climatización, la Posada Puerto Escondido, ubicada en Cepe, estado Aragua, se reconvirtió empleando R-290, en doce (12), aires acondicionados de ventana con capacidades entre 10.000 y 12.000 BTU/h, siendo este un ejemplo de que el refrigerante HC, se puede aplicar de forma segura en este tipo de equipos, siempre y cuando se cumplan con las normas de seguridad y con las cargas máximas de refrigerante establecidas en la norma UNE-EN-378.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Con respecto al porcentaje de reducción, antes del surgimiento de la Enmienda de Kigali, las opciones o alternativas previstas para la sustitución de las SAO, eran los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC).', '▪ En el área de climatización, la Posada Puerto Escondido, ubicada en Cepe, estado Aragua, se reconvirtió empleando R-290, en doce (12), aires acondicionados de ventana con capacidades entre 10.000 y 12.000 BTU/h, siendo este un ejemplo de que el refrigerante HC, se puede aplicar de forma segura en este tipo de equipos, siempre y cuando se cumplan con las normas de seguridad y con las cargas máximas de refrigerante establecidas en la norma UNE-EN-378.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Con respecto al porcentaje de reducción, antes del surgimiento de la Enmienda de Kigali, las opciones o alternativas previstas para la sustitución de las SAO, eran los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC). De acuerdo a nuestro calendario de eliminación progresiva hemos reducido más de un 35% de consumo de sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono.', 'De acuerdo a nuestro calendario de eliminación progresiva hemos reducido más de un 35% de consumo de sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono. Esta reducción se fundamenta en la reducción de las importaciones y la producción de las sustancias. Actualmente, Venezuela a través de FONDOIN se encuentra en una campaña de promoción del uso de alternativas naturales como el dióxido de Carbono, amoniaco, hidrocarburos como el R-290, R-600 y R-600a en el sector refrigeración, los cuales no agotan el ozono y no contribuyen con el calentamiento global.', 'Actualmente, Venezuela a través de FONDOIN se encuentra en una campaña de promoción del uso de alternativas naturales como el dióxido de Carbono, amoniaco, hidrocarburos como el R-290, R-600 y R-600a en el sector refrigeración, los cuales no agotan el ozono y no contribuyen con el calentamiento global. Por su parte en lo que respecta a los Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), los mismos corresponden a sustancias usadas como sustitutos de las SAO, que no agotan la Capa de Ozono pero tienen impactos negativos al ambiente por poseer un alto potencial de calentamiento global; en esta inclusión se hace manifiesto el reconocimiento y corresponsabilidad de las Partes en asumir el control de estas sustancias cuyo uso se ha incrementado exponencialmente debido a la eliminación mundial y progresiva de las SAO.', 'Por su parte en lo que respecta a los Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), los mismos corresponden a sustancias usadas como sustitutos de las SAO, que no agotan la Capa de Ozono pero tienen impactos negativos al ambiente por poseer un alto potencial de calentamiento global; en esta inclusión se hace manifiesto el reconocimiento y corresponsabilidad de las Partes en asumir el control de estas sustancias cuyo uso se ha incrementado exponencialmente debido a la eliminación mundial y progresiva de las SAO. En este sentido, el Estado Venezolano comprometido con la construcción e impulso del modelo económico productivo ecosocialista, basado en una relación armónica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza, que garantice el uso y aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza, en el marco del 5 Objetivo Histórico del Plan de la Patria que establece: "Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana", históricamente ha asumido compromisos internacionales ambientales, que incluyen la protección de la capa de ozono.', 'En este sentido, el Estado Venezolano comprometido con la construcción e impulso del modelo económico productivo ecosocialista, basado en una relación armónica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza, que garantice el uso y aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza, en el marco del 5 Objetivo Histórico del Plan de la Patria que establece: "Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana", históricamente ha asumido compromisos internacionales ambientales, que incluyen la protección de la capa de ozono. De esta manera, en octubre del año 2016 se aprobó en el seno de la 28va Reunión de las Partes (MOP28) desarrollada en Rwanda Kigali -Decisión XXVII/1.-, la enmienda que incluye el control de los HFC en el mencionado protocolo.', 'De esta manera, en octubre del año 2016 se aprobó en el seno de la 28va Reunión de las Partes (MOP28) desarrollada en Rwanda Kigali -Decisión XXVII/1.-, la enmienda que incluye el control de los HFC en el mencionado protocolo. En la misma se acuerda regular el consumo de los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC), lo cual conlleva a asumir nuevos retos y compromisos. El MINEC ha llevado a cabo actividades conmemorativas sobre el Día Internacional de la Capa de Ozono tales como: el uso de bicicletas para promover la movilidad y el cambio de modos de trasporte por uno más sustentable y bailoterapias, obras de títeres, jornadas de reforestación, limpieza de playas, talleres de sensibilización sobre la capa de ozono).', 'El MINEC ha llevado a cabo actividades conmemorativas sobre el Día Internacional de la Capa de Ozono tales como: el uso de bicicletas para promover la movilidad y el cambio de modos de trasporte por uno más sustentable y bailoterapias, obras de títeres, jornadas de reforestación, limpieza de playas, talleres de sensibilización sobre la capa de ozono). El MINEC desarrolló un operativo de calle, a través de las Unidades Territoriales dirigidos a las empresas del sector de mantenimiento que prestan servicios en la instalación o reparación de aires acondicionados, a objeto de brindar orientación en el manejo seguro de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono y con alto potencialRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC de calentamiento global, así como a exigirles su inscripción en el registro de actividades capaces de degradar el ambiente.', 'El MINEC desarrolló un operativo de calle, a través de las Unidades Territoriales dirigidos a las empresas del sector de mantenimiento que prestan servicios en la instalación o reparación de aires acondicionados, a objeto de brindar orientación en el manejo seguro de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono y con alto potencialRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC de calentamiento global, así como a exigirles su inscripción en el registro de actividades capaces de degradar el ambiente. El MINEC de la mano con FONDOIN ha ejecutado talleres de formación para fortalecer los mecanismos de control del comercio de sustancias y equipos que usan HCFC y HFC contando con la participación del SENIAT y la Guardia Nacional Bolivariana, logrando capacitar funcionarios gubernamentales.', 'El MINEC de la mano con FONDOIN ha ejecutado talleres de formación para fortalecer los mecanismos de control del comercio de sustancias y equipos que usan HCFC y HFC contando con la participación del SENIAT y la Guardia Nacional Bolivariana, logrando capacitar funcionarios gubernamentales. En el marco del Programa Jugar Aprendiendo llevado a cabo por FONDOIN, con la cooperación del museo de los niños se desarrolló un despliegue de actividades como: Rutas Amigos de la Tierra, Talleres de Prácticas Ecológicas “Amigos de la Tierra” y el programa Institucional de FONDOIN. U.E.D. Escuela Teresa Pages Parra y U.E.NE. Eduardo Crema. Los resultados principales se presentan en la Tabla 010, así como su proyección mediante la Tabla 010.', 'Los resultados principales se presentan en la Tabla 010, así como su proyección mediante la Tabla 010. Cantidad de Personas Capacitadas por Año en los Talleres FONDOIN Año Cantidad de Personas Capacitadas Tabla 011. Proyección de Personas Capacitadas Periodo 2021-2025 en los Talleres FONDOIN Año Cantidad de Personas Capacitadas Por último, FONDOIN realizó entrega de material educativo como herramientas de apoyo para el contenido programático referente a la capa de ozono y cambio climático a los centros educativos. En el marco de estas actividades, se lograron atender 4600 niños y 572 docentes en materia de capa de ozono, cambio climático, cuidado del agua, y energías verdes.', 'En el marco de estas actividades, se lograron atender 4600 niños y 572 docentes en materia de capa de ozono, cambio climático, cuidado del agua, y energías verdes. En cuanto a la implementación del programa de capacitación y acreditación de técnicos llevado a cabo por FONDOIN a nivel nacional, se han capacitado en el período 2015 - 2020, 2.117 técnicos en las prácticas idóneas de operación, mantenimiento y servicio, incluyendo recuperación y reutilización de los sistemas de refrigeración, selección yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC adopción adecuadas de tecnologías alternativas de los HCFC. Gracias al programa se acreditaron 1.911 técnicos (Tabla 012). Tabla 012.', 'Gracias al programa se acreditaron 1.911 técnicos (Tabla 012). Tabla 012. Técnicos en las Prácticas Idóneas de Operación Realizados por FONDOIN Año Capacitados Acreditados Actualmente FONDOIN, se encuentra en proceso para lograr la acreditación por parte de SENCAMER, a fin de darle más fuerza al programa de capacitación para los técnicos en refrigeración en sus diversos niveles básico, intermedio y avanzado, a fin de seguir formando y concientizando en las buenas prácticas y evitar las fugas de los gases.', 'Técnicos en las Prácticas Idóneas de Operación Realizados por FONDOIN Año Capacitados Acreditados Actualmente FONDOIN, se encuentra en proceso para lograr la acreditación por parte de SENCAMER, a fin de darle más fuerza al programa de capacitación para los técnicos en refrigeración en sus diversos niveles básico, intermedio y avanzado, a fin de seguir formando y concientizando en las buenas prácticas y evitar las fugas de los gases. Asimismo, en el marco de promover el uso de los hidrocarburos como refrigerantes alternativos, nos encontramos trabajando conjuntamente la Dirección de Emisiones y Efluentes, FONDOIN y SENCAMER en el Proyecto de Norma Venezolana COVENIN denominada Guía para Uso Seguro de los Refrigerantes Inflamables en Sistemas de Refrigeración y Aire Acondicionado, como medida así como en un programa especial para el manejo y uso de los hidrocarburos en los sistemas de refrigeración, mucho más exigente por los riesgos asociados a la sustancia.', 'Asimismo, en el marco de promover el uso de los hidrocarburos como refrigerantes alternativos, nos encontramos trabajando conjuntamente la Dirección de Emisiones y Efluentes, FONDOIN y SENCAMER en el Proyecto de Norma Venezolana COVENIN denominada Guía para Uso Seguro de los Refrigerantes Inflamables en Sistemas de Refrigeración y Aire Acondicionado, como medida así como en un programa especial para el manejo y uso de los hidrocarburos en los sistemas de refrigeración, mucho más exigente por los riesgos asociados a la sustancia. En el marco del cronograma de eliminación de los Hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), sustancias listadas en el Grupo I del Anexo C del Protocolo de Montreal, la Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental a través de la Dirección de Emisiones y Efluentes ha diseñado diferentes estrategias teniendo en cuenta los compromisos país de eliminación de los HCFC.', 'En el marco del cronograma de eliminación de los Hidroclorofluorocarbonos (HCFC), sustancias listadas en el Grupo I del Anexo C del Protocolo de Montreal, la Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental a través de la Dirección de Emisiones y Efluentes ha diseñado diferentes estrategias teniendo en cuenta los compromisos país de eliminación de los HCFC. Entre ellas resulta perentorio actualizar el marco normativo vigente, para continuar garantizando el cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos por el país en el marco del Protocolo de Montreal.', 'Entre ellas resulta perentorio actualizar el marco normativo vigente, para continuar garantizando el cumplimiento de los compromisos adquiridos por el país en el marco del Protocolo de Montreal. En este contexto, el marco normativo ha sido fundamental para soportar las estrategias planteadas y adelantadas en el país, en términos de control del consumo de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono (SAO), en la cual se estableció la línea base de consumo país, las sustancias sujetas a control, el cronograma de eliminación y las medidas de control al comercio para el cumplimiento de los cronogramas de eliminación de los HCFC.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Actualmente se cuenta con una propuesta de actualización del Decreto N° 4335 de la mano con FONDOIN y la cual está relacionada principalmente con los compromisos asumidos en la Decimonovena Reunión de las Partes del Protocolo de Montreal, llevada a cabo del 17 al 21 de septiembre de 2007, en la cual se elaboró la Decisión XIX/6 sobre ajustes del mencionado Protocolo en relación con las sustancias controladas del Grupo I del anexo C (Hidroclorofluorocarbonos).', 'En este contexto, el marco normativo ha sido fundamental para soportar las estrategias planteadas y adelantadas en el país, en términos de control del consumo de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono (SAO), en la cual se estableció la línea base de consumo país, las sustancias sujetas a control, el cronograma de eliminación y las medidas de control al comercio para el cumplimiento de los cronogramas de eliminación de los HCFC.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Actualmente se cuenta con una propuesta de actualización del Decreto N° 4335 de la mano con FONDOIN y la cual está relacionada principalmente con los compromisos asumidos en la Decimonovena Reunión de las Partes del Protocolo de Montreal, llevada a cabo del 17 al 21 de septiembre de 2007, en la cual se elaboró la Decisión XIX/6 sobre ajustes del mencionado Protocolo en relación con las sustancias controladas del Grupo I del anexo C (Hidroclorofluorocarbonos). En esta disposición, las Partes convienen en acelerar la producción y consumo de los HCFC’s, realizando un ajuste en conformidad con el párrafo 9 del artículo 2 del Protocolo de Montreal.', 'En esta disposición, las Partes convienen en acelerar la producción y consumo de los HCFC’s, realizando un ajuste en conformidad con el párrafo 9 del artículo 2 del Protocolo de Montreal. Es importante resaltar que la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, previo a la aprobación de la Enmienda de Kigali, demostrando una vez más su compromiso en temas ambientales, promulga en el año 2015 la Resolución 227 relativa a las “Normas sobre el Control, Importación y Manejo de Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC)”, Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 40.693 de fecha 01 de julio de 2015 y de la cual actualmente existe una propuesta de actualización.', 'Es importante resaltar que la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, previo a la aprobación de la Enmienda de Kigali, demostrando una vez más su compromiso en temas ambientales, promulga en el año 2015 la Resolución 227 relativa a las “Normas sobre el Control, Importación y Manejo de Hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC)”, Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 40.693 de fecha 01 de julio de 2015 y de la cual actualmente existe una propuesta de actualización. Se estima que para finales del año 2021 o principios del año 2022 ya se cuente con la propuesta de norma ya publicada, asimismo, previéndose que esta normativa sea revisada cada dos años en virtud de la dinámica del Protocolo de Montreal y la Enmienda de Kigali.', 'Se estima que para finales del año 2021 o principios del año 2022 ya se cuente con la propuesta de norma ya publicada, asimismo, previéndose que esta normativa sea revisada cada dos años en virtud de la dinámica del Protocolo de Montreal y la Enmienda de Kigali. Asimismo, actualmente se cuenta con un Comité de Normas Técnicas (CT25) presidida por SENCAMER y en donde forman parte las instituciones del estado vinculante con los gases refrigerantes. Dicho comité, actualmente se encuentra elaborando las siguientes propuestas de normas técnicas: ▪ Sustancias a ser usadas como Refrigerantes. ▪ Detección y Control de Fugas de Refrigerantes en Sistemas de Refrigeración y Climatización Industriales o Comerciales.', '▪ Detección y Control de Fugas de Refrigerantes en Sistemas de Refrigeración y Climatización Industriales o Comerciales. A continuación, se presenta la Tabla 013, referente a la eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono, del Sector Industria. Tabla 013. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Industria (Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental - FONDOIN). Sector Industria Eje Mitigación.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Industria (Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental - FONDOIN). Sector Industria Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono Política Pública Es una obligación fundamental del Estado, con la activa participación de la sociedad, garantizar que la población se desenvuelva en un ambiente libre de contaminación, en donde el aire, el agua, los suelos, las costas, el clima, la capa de ozono, las especies vivas, sean especialmente protegidos, de conformidad con la ley.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Industria Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono 5.4.2.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030 Eliminación progresiva de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono 5.4.2. Diseñar un plan de mitigación que abarque los sectores productivos emisores de gases de efecto invernadero, como una contribución voluntaria nacional a los esfuerzos para salvar el planeta. 5.2.1.2.2. Impulsar las tecnologías limpias industriales que garanticen efluentes y emisiones con menos necesidad de tratamiento para su pureza. Fuente: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Plan de la Patria. 2019 - 2025.', 'Fuente: Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Plan de la Patria. 2019 - 2025. Acción Plan Nacional de Eliminación Progresiva de las Sustancias Agotadoras de la Capa de Ozono en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, sin embargo actualmente se está trabajando en la ratificación de la Enmienda de Kigali, con la finalidad de abordar a futuro el calendario de eliminación progresiva de los gases propulsores del calentamiento atmosférico (HFC). Año base El programa se inició 2015 Plazos Hasta el 2040 Alcance y cobertura Años 2030-2040 un promedio anual del 2,5% para servicios de mantenimiento.', 'Año base El programa se inició 2015 Plazos Hasta el 2040 Alcance y cobertura Años 2030-2040 un promedio anual del 2,5% para servicios de mantenimiento. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos La metodología es sistémica, lo que se busca es lograr consolidar y poner operativos los centros de acopio, centros de regeneración, centro de destrucción de estas sustancias a fin de garantizar la emisión cero de gases refrigerantes a la atmósfera y consigo contribuir en la protección de la capa de ozono y el clima; además de contar con un buen sistema de formación y certificación de los técnicos en refrigeración a través de los recursos entregados por la Secretaría a FONDOIN.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos La metodología es sistémica, lo que se busca es lograr consolidar y poner operativos los centros de acopio, centros de regeneración, centro de destrucción de estas sustancias a fin de garantizar la emisión cero de gases refrigerantes a la atmósfera y consigo contribuir en la protección de la capa de ozono y el clima; además de contar con un buen sistema de formación y certificación de los técnicos en refrigeración a través de los recursos entregados por la Secretaría a FONDOIN. Por otro lado, el plan se basa fundamentalmente en reducir el consumo y las importaciones de los refrigerantes SAO y con potenciales de calentamiento por encima de 500GWP.', 'Por otro lado, el plan se basa fundamentalmente en reducir el consumo y las importaciones de los refrigerantes SAO y con potenciales de calentamiento por encima de 500GWP. Entonces debe basarse en primer lugar, en un robusto programa de capacitación en refrigeración acompañado del programa de certificación y en segundo lugar contar con una regulación actualizada hasta las disposiciones de Kigali, que se haga cumplir con un programa de control posterior para hacer el seguimiento de los productos que salen al mercado. Consideraciones de la contribución Para el período 2021-2025 de acuerdo al calendario de eliminación progresiva, Venezuela debe reducir un 32,5% del nivel base de consumo, es decir 67,25 toneladas PAO, (Potencial de Agotamiento de Ozono), alrededor de 121.722,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente. 10.2.3.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Para el período 2021-2025 de acuerdo al calendario de eliminación progresiva, Venezuela debe reducir un 32,5% del nivel base de consumo, es decir 67,25 toneladas PAO, (Potencial de Agotamiento de Ozono), alrededor de 121.722,5 toneladas de CO2 equivalente. 10.2.3. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal - Fundación Misión Árbol)República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El patrimonio forestal del país abarca la totalidad de los ecosistemas y recursos forestales comprendidos en el territorio nacional, incluidos los bosques naturales, plantaciones forestales, árboles fuera del bosque, así como también las tierras forestales y las formas de vegetación no arbórea asociadas o no al bosque.', 'Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal - Fundación Misión Árbol)República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC El patrimonio forestal del país abarca la totalidad de los ecosistemas y recursos forestales comprendidos en el territorio nacional, incluidos los bosques naturales, plantaciones forestales, árboles fuera del bosque, así como también las tierras forestales y las formas de vegetación no arbórea asociadas o no al bosque. Gran parte de la superficie de Venezuela está cubierta por una enorme variedad de bosques tropicales, mosaicos muy complejos y biodiversos, que varían desde bosques de apenas unos pocos metros de altura y con un solo estrato, hasta bosques de gran tamaño, pluriestratificados, de entre 40-50 m o más de altura; también se encuentran bosques dominados prácticamente por una sola especie (coetáneos), al lado de bosques con 150 a200 especies arbóreas por hectárea (heteroetáneos).', 'Gran parte de la superficie de Venezuela está cubierta por una enorme variedad de bosques tropicales, mosaicos muy complejos y biodiversos, que varían desde bosques de apenas unos pocos metros de altura y con un solo estrato, hasta bosques de gran tamaño, pluriestratificados, de entre 40-50 m o más de altura; también se encuentran bosques dominados prácticamente por una sola especie (coetáneos), al lado de bosques con 150 a200 especies arbóreas por hectárea (heteroetáneos). Los bosques en Venezuela suelen crecer en todos los ambientes terrestres e inundables de las tierras bajas, medias y altas, hasta una elevación aproximada de 3.000 m s. n. m. en la región de Los Andes (la gran mayoría entre los 0 y 2.500 m s. n. m., es decir, las zonas macrotérmicas y mesotérmicas del país).', 'Los bosques en Venezuela suelen crecer en todos los ambientes terrestres e inundables de las tierras bajas, medias y altas, hasta una elevación aproximada de 3.000 m s. n. m. en la región de Los Andes (la gran mayoría entre los 0 y 2.500 m s. n. m., es decir, las zonas macrotérmicas y mesotérmicas del país). Aún por encima de este límite general de árboles, existe otro tipo de bosque, el chiribital, que forma comunidades arbóreas muy aisladas y reducidas en superficie y en alturas hasta los 3.800 / 4.200 m s. n. m. Entre las principales formaciones boscosas de Venezuela tenemos: bosques húmedos, bosques secos, bosques nublados, bosques siempre verdes, bosques de manglar y bosques de palmas.', 'Aún por encima de este límite general de árboles, existe otro tipo de bosque, el chiribital, que forma comunidades arbóreas muy aisladas y reducidas en superficie y en alturas hasta los 3.800 / 4.200 m s. n. m. Entre las principales formaciones boscosas de Venezuela tenemos: bosques húmedos, bosques secos, bosques nublados, bosques siempre verdes, bosques de manglar y bosques de palmas. En el año 2014, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente, hoy MINEC, publica el mapa de cobertura vegetal de Venezuela, a escala 1:2.000.000, presentando la cartografía actualizada de la cobertura vegetal del país, en 75 cartas a escala 1:250 000.', 'En el año 2014, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente, hoy MINEC, publica el mapa de cobertura vegetal de Venezuela, a escala 1:2.000.000, presentando la cartografía actualizada de la cobertura vegetal del país, en 75 cartas a escala 1:250 000. Una buena proporción de este patrimonio forestal venezolano se encuentra bajo la categoría de ABRAE, que representan el 67,52% de la superficie terrestre total del país, donde las funciones de protección y conservación de la diversidad biológica asignadas a los bosques representan el 37,26%; la función de la producción forestal bajo planes de manejo representa el 17,7% y el restante 19,11% está dado por la función de uso múltiple del bosque.', 'Una buena proporción de este patrimonio forestal venezolano se encuentra bajo la categoría de ABRAE, que representan el 67,52% de la superficie terrestre total del país, donde las funciones de protección y conservación de la diversidad biológica asignadas a los bosques representan el 37,26%; la función de la producción forestal bajo planes de manejo representa el 17,7% y el restante 19,11% está dado por la función de uso múltiple del bosque. Esta condición de protección incluye al país entre las diez naciones con mayor extensión de bosques designados para la protección del suelo y el agua (FAO, 2016).', 'Esta condición de protección incluye al país entre las diez naciones con mayor extensión de bosques designados para la protección del suelo y el agua (FAO, 2016). La deforestación en Venezuela, para la década 1990-2000 se situó en 288.000 ha/año y para la siguiente década 2000-2010 se ubicó en 164.600 ha/año, disminuyendo la pérdida de cobertura de bosques en un 42,9% (MPPA, 2010). Las plantaciones forestales con fines comerciales han sido desarrolladas principalmente por el sector público con una participación del 72,7%; solo el 27,24 corresponde al sector privado. Para el año 2013, la superficie forestal plantada alcanzó 557.000 ha (Estadísticas forestales, 2009 - 2013.', 'Para el año 2013, la superficie forestal plantada alcanzó 557.000 ha (Estadísticas forestales, 2009 - 2013. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente).República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En el marco de la nueva política forestal nacional y la ley de bosques (2013) vigente, la orientación del aprovechamiento del patrimonio forestal nacional reviste cambios sustantivos en cuanto al manejo y el modelo de desarrollo forestal a seguir. Actualmente, el sector Forestal constituye uno de los motores de desarrollo de la Agenda Económica Bolivariana para fortalecer el modelo productivo ecosocialista.', 'Actualmente, el sector Forestal constituye uno de los motores de desarrollo de la Agenda Económica Bolivariana para fortalecer el modelo productivo ecosocialista. A continuación, se presenta la Tabla 14, referente a las CND, presentadas por el Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) y en la Tabla 15 para el Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol). Tabla 14. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal). Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Política Pública Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques.', 'Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Política Pública Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030). Acción Integrar la conservación de la biodiversidad, el manejo sostenible de la tierra y la mitigación del cambio climático en la Ordenación Forestal para el Manejo Forestal Sustentable; En el marco de la "Ordenación Forestal Sustentable y Conservación de Bosques en la Perspectiva Ecosocial” que se desarrolla con financiamiento del GEF y como agencia implementadora FAO.', 'Acción Integrar la conservación de la biodiversidad, el manejo sostenible de la tierra y la mitigación del cambio climático en la Ordenación Forestal para el Manejo Forestal Sustentable; En el marco de la "Ordenación Forestal Sustentable y Conservación de Bosques en la Perspectiva Ecosocial” que se desarrolla con financiamiento del GEF y como agencia implementadora FAO. Se prevé un accionar en los componentes: Sistema Nacional Integrado de Información Forestal (SINIB) que tiene como resultados esperados 4.465.909 ha de ecosistemas forestales monitoreados y evaluados, asimismo: a) complementar el inventario forestal nacional con productos temáticos mejorados sobre biodiversidad y GEI; b) fortalecer el procesamiento de la información geoespacial y socioeconómica; y C) monitoreo participativo de cobertura forestal. Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución.', 'Esta Acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la Institución. Fortalecimiento de capacidades e instrumentos innovadores para el Manejo Forestal Sostenible, que tiene como resultado que las comunidades interesadas y los gobiernos nacionales y locales involucrados en la gestión forestal sostenible a través de nuevas herramientas de gestión participativa abarquen al menos 166.634 ha de bosques y que resulten en poblaciones estabilizadas de especies forestales en peligro de importancia mundial y evitar la emisión de 24 millones de toneladas de CO2eq y detener los procesos de degradación de tierras. Así como el diseño e implementación inicial de un programa nacional de certificación forestal. Acción Restauración, conservación y MFS/MST de bosques en zonas afectadas por procesos de degradación.', 'Acción Restauración, conservación y MFS/MST de bosques en zonas afectadas por procesos de degradación. Se espera como resultado, capacidades técnicas e institucionales para la restauración de bosques y tierras forestales aplicando MFS/MST fortalecidas a través del desarrollo de lineamientos nacionales de restauración y regeneración de 3000 ha de bosques mediante estrategias de MFS/MST es decir reforestación, sistemas agroforestales, silvicultura análoga bajo un enfoque ecosistémico que prioriza la multifuncionalidad de los bosques y que da como resultado poblaciones estandarizadas de especies forestales deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) importancia mundial en peligro y secuestro de 0,2 millones de toneladas de CO2eq y procesos de degradación de tierras detenidos en 3000 ha. Año base Inicio del proyecto en el año 2016 (año base) previsto para un periodo de 5 años Plazos La implementación de la acción se estima para un periodo de 6 años, Alcance y cobertura La acción es local y está dirigida al sector forestal específicamente hacia la emisión y absorción de CO2.', 'Año base Inicio del proyecto en el año 2016 (año base) previsto para un periodo de 5 años Plazos La implementación de la acción se estima para un periodo de 6 años, Alcance y cobertura La acción es local y está dirigida al sector forestal específicamente hacia la emisión y absorción de CO2. Planificación Las principales instituciones involucradas en el proyecto serán el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC) y sus entes adscritos la Empresa Nacional Forestal (ENFORESTAL), la Compañía Nacional de Reforestación (CONARE), el Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano (IFLA), la Misión Árbol del MINEC y la Organización de Naciones Unidas para la alimentación y la Agricultura en su condición de Agencia Implementadora del GEF.', 'Planificación Las principales instituciones involucradas en el proyecto serán el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC) y sus entes adscritos la Empresa Nacional Forestal (ENFORESTAL), la Compañía Nacional de Reforestación (CONARE), el Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano (IFLA), la Misión Árbol del MINEC y la Organización de Naciones Unidas para la alimentación y la Agricultura en su condición de Agencia Implementadora del GEF. Se estableció una Unidad de Gestión del Proyecto conformada por un Equipo de Proyecto financiado por el GEF Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las absorciones de CO2 se utilizan las metodologías del IPCC.', 'Se estableció una Unidad de Gestión del Proyecto conformada por un Equipo de Proyecto financiado por el GEF Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las absorciones de CO2 se utilizan las metodologías del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Las instituciones gubernamentales involucradas y su personal y las comunidades locales indígenas y no indígenas de la Reserva Forestal Imataca (RFI) recibirán apoyo para desarrollar sus capacidades de manejo sostenible de bosques y tierras, y conservación y uso sostenible de la biodiversidad, generando beneficios ambientales globales. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Política Pública Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030). Acción Se prevé Mantener la tasa de cambio de la cobertura de bosque en un 0,20 % equivalente a 90.000 hectáreas/año para el año 2030, fomentando y ejecutando medidas el control forestal y ambiental.', 'Acción Se prevé Mantener la tasa de cambio de la cobertura de bosque en un 0,20 % equivalente a 90.000 hectáreas/año para el año 2030, fomentando y ejecutando medidas el control forestal y ambiental. Año base La acción tiene como año base 2020, estimando una cobertura boscosa de 46.230.900 millones de hectáreas (FRA 2020), para ello se implementarán acciones para fortalecer los mecanismos de trazabilidad forestal, la educación y concientización a las comunidades sobre el efecto de las deforestaciones o cambio de uso del suelo en el cambio climático; asimismo se gestionarán acciones hacia el manejo del bosque y la reposición del bosque mediante diferentes métodos silviculturales.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Plazos La implementación de la acción se estima para un periodo de 10 años, 2020 - 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción es nacional y está dirigida al sector forestal específicamente hacia la protección conservación de bosques relacionado directamente con la captura/secuestro de CO2. Planificación Se prevé un grupo de trabajo para el monitoreo de los bosques apoyado con el uso de sensores remotos y programas de sistemas de información, así como validación de información en el terreno; la acción estará dirigida por el Ministerio del PP para el Ecosocialismo/Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal. Se requerirá la consultoría de expertos para proyectar políticas, implementar acciones y desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados.', 'Se requerirá la consultoría de expertos para proyectar políticas, implementar acciones y desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de estimación de las emisiones y absorciones antropogénicas de GEI se utilizan las metodologías del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Disminuir el cambio de la cobertura boscosa favorece positivamente el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas boscosos, la diversidad biológica y sus hábitats. Igualmente contribuye a reducir la erosión del suelo, la desertificación y conservar fuentes hídricas entre otros. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Política Pública Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques.', 'Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) Política Pública Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional e internacional para la protección, conservación y gestión sustentable de áreas estratégicas, tales como fuentes y reservorios de agua dulce (superficial y subterránea), cuencas hidrográficas, diversidad biológica, mares, océanos y bosques. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030). Acción Promover el establecimiento de 155.000 hectáreas de bosques plantados en un periodo de 8 años con fines de uso múltiple, con diferentes especies forestales, en el marco de los controles forestales otorgados para el manejo y aprovechamiento del patrimonio forestal. Esta acción climática apuntala a un compromiso de la institución. Año base La acción iniciará a partir del año 2022, con el fomento del establecimiento de bosques plantados y sistemas agroforestales.', 'Año base La acción iniciará a partir del año 2022, con el fomento del establecimiento de bosques plantados y sistemas agroforestales. Plazos La implementación de la acción se estima para un periodo de 8 años, tomando como año base el año 2022, finalizando en el 2030. Alcance y cobertura La acción es nacional y está dirigida al sector forestal específicamente hacia la absorción de CO2. Planificación Se prevé un accionar en el cumplimiento de las medidas ambientales establecidas en las autorizaciones para el manejo y aprovechamiento forestal, así como fomentar que las empresas plantadoras aumenten su superficie de manejo y de proyectos de reforestación con las comunidades. La acción estará dirigida por el Ministerio del PP para el Ecosocialismo/Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal.', 'La acción estará dirigida por el Ministerio del PP para el Ecosocialismo/Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal. Supuestos y Para el cálculo de estimación de las absorciones de CO2 se utilizan lasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Dirección General de Patrimonio Forestal) enfoques Metodológicos metodologías del IPCC. Consideraciones de la contribución Esta acción permitirá aumentar la superficie de bosque y favorece la captura de CO2 a la atmósfera por su actuación como sumidero de carbono. Tabla 15. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) del Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol). Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Impulsar la conformación de brigadas, escolares, comunales e institucionales, con la finalidad de consolidar en un gran movimiento Ecosocialista, que permita alcanzar el quinto objetivo histórico del Plan de la Patria. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030) Acción Se prevé implementar la conformación de 11.414 ecobrigadas en diversos sectores para fomentar el empoderamiento de las estructuras del poder popular y sector estudiantil de las prácticas Ecosocialistas. Esta acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de capacidades de la Institución. Año base Se espera agrupar 400.000 EcoBrigadistas desde el año 2021 en 11.414 ecobrigadas. Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025.', 'Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de Bosques relacionada directamente con la Reforestación y Captura de carbono. Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo dirigido por la Fundación Misión Árbol donde se proyectan las políticas y se implementan las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para la conformación y funcionamiento de las ecobrigadas, se creó el manual de Guardianes del árbol.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para la conformación y funcionamiento de las ecobrigadas, se creó el manual de Guardianes del árbol. Consideraciones de la contribución La conformación de los guardianes del árbol tendrá un alto impacto en el desarrollo de las políticas de la Fundación, ya que se consolidará un gran movimiento Ecosocialista que tendrá un papel activo en la producción y plantación de 8.700.000 árboles en zonas degradadas. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Producir la cantidad de 8.797.255 plantas de especies autóctonas: Forestales, Frutales, Medicinales y Ornamentales promoviendo el uso de prácticas agroecológicas (Plan de la patria 2019 - 2025-2030 y el Plan de Producción Nacional 2021) Acción Se prevé la instalación de 55 viveros institucionales y 240 viveros comunales para la producción de más de 8 millones de plantasRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) autóctonas y promisorias. Esta medida apuntala a una medida de Fortalecimiento de Capacidades y a un compromiso de la institución.', 'Esta medida apuntala a una medida de Fortalecimiento de Capacidades y a un compromiso de la institución. Año base Se espera producir 8.797.255 plantas en un periodo de 5 años a partir del año 2021. Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de Bosques relacionada directamente con la Reforestación y Captura de carbono. Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo con los entes adscritos al MINEC, encargados de la reproducción vegetal, donde se proyectan las políticas y se implementan las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se desarrolló el plan de producción 2021-2025 y el plan de instalación y desarrollo de viveros comunales.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se desarrolló el plan de producción 2021-2025 y el plan de instalación y desarrollo de viveros comunales. Consideraciones de la contribución Con este programa se espera aportar a través de la producción de más de 8 millones de plantas, beneficios y servicios ambientales al ecosistema, al restablecer o incrementar la cobertura arbórea del país, se aumenta la fertilidad de los suelos mejorando la retención de humedad, la estructura física del mismo y el contenido de nutrientes. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Producir bioinsumos, disminuyendo el uso de agroquímicos con la finalidad de desarrollar prácticas agroecológicas en los procesos de reproducción de material vegetal en viveros.', 'Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Producir bioinsumos, disminuyendo el uso de agroquímicos con la finalidad de desarrollar prácticas agroecológicas en los procesos de reproducción de material vegetal en viveros. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030 y el Plan de Producción de Bioinsumos) Acción Se prevé la producción de: 2.705 litros de biocontroladores, 119 litros de biofertilizante, y 1.288,30 m3 de sustrato. Esta acción climática apuntala a una medida de Fortalecimiento de Capacidades y a un compromiso de la institución. Año base El inicio de este plan de producción de bioinsumos está previsto para el año 2021. Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025.', 'Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de Bosques relacionado directamente con la Reforestación y Captura de carbono. Planificación Se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo el MPPE y el MINPPAU para implementar las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se desarrolló un manual de elaboración de bioinsumos.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se desarrolló un manual de elaboración de bioinsumos. Consideraciones de la contribución La sustitución del uso de agroquímicos por el uso de bioinsumos ayuda a mejorar la eficiencia en la nutrición y sanidad de las plantas reproducidas en los viveros agregando valor en origen y aumentando el rendimiento de manera sostenible; a través de su uso se impulsan laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) agricultura sostenible y la seguridad alimentaria, de la mano de una mayor conciencia ambiental. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Recuperar la cobertura boscosa nacional, teniendo como prioridad las cuencas hidrográficas y las zonas degradadas en parques nacionales y monumentos naturales. (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030 y la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021) Acción Establecer 88 Bosques frutales, 127 Bosques policromáticos los cuales ocuparan un área de 480 hectáreas, para embellecimiento de plazas, avenidas, comunidades: con el establecimiento de 300.000 plantas ornamentales, con la finalidad de establecer núcleos verdes urbanos para la captura de C02. Año base Se espera iniciar con este plan el segundo semestre del año 2021. Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025.', 'Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025. Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de Bosques relacionado directamente con la Reforestación y Captura de carbono. Planificación Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021, para implementar las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021 y se utilizó las metodologías para el establecimiento de bosques de la FAO. Consideraciones de la contribución Los bosques contribuyen al equilibrio del oxígeno atmosférico, además de captar el dióxido de carbono uno de los principales gases con efecto de invernadero, además de hospedar más del 80% de la biodiversidad terrestre.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Los bosques contribuyen al equilibrio del oxígeno atmosférico, además de captar el dióxido de carbono uno de los principales gases con efecto de invernadero, además de hospedar más del 80% de la biodiversidad terrestre. La conformación de estos tendrá un impacto positivo en la calidad del aire ya que se incrementará la generación de oxígeno, así como la captura de dióxido de carbono. Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Política Pública Establecer árboles de especies autóctonas y promisorias, en cuencas hidrográficas, zonas degradadas en parques nacionales y monumentos naturales, con la finalidad de incrementar los sumideros de carbono (Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025-2030 y la Estrategia Nacional de Acción Se prevé establecer la plantación de 4.800.000 árboles en 4000 jornadas de reforestación, con la finalidad de establecer núcleos verdes para la captura de C02. Año base Se espera iniciar con este plan el segundo semestre del año 2021. Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación.', 'Plazos La implementación se estima durante un periodo de 5 años, a partir del año 2021, finalizando en el año 2025.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Bosque Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Bosque (Fundación Misión Árbol) Alcance y cobertura La acción está dirigida al sector de Bosques relacionado directamente con la Reforestación y Captura de carbono. Planificación Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021, para implementar las acciones, además de desarrollar indicadores y evaluar resultados. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021 y se utilizó las metodologías para el establecimiento de bosques de la FAO.', 'Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Reforestación 2021 y se utilizó las metodologías para el establecimiento de bosques de la FAO. Consideraciones de la contribución El incremento de los sumideros de carbono en parques nacionales y monumentos naturales contribuirán al equilibrio del oxígeno atmosférico, además de captar el dióxido de carbono emitidos por la acción antrópica a la atmósfera, además de ser una fuente para la retención de agua en las cuencas hidrográficas 10.2.4. Sector Desechos La cobertura de los servicios de recolección de desechos sólidos alcanzaba el 85% del país para el año 2010, un incremento del 11% en relación al año 1999.', 'Sector Desechos La cobertura de los servicios de recolección de desechos sólidos alcanzaba el 85% del país para el año 2010, un incremento del 11% en relación al año 1999. Por otra parte, la cantidad de desechos sólidos generados habían aumentado de 7 millones de toneladas al año en 1999 a 10 millones en el 2010, y la generación diaria por persona de 0,79 a 0,98 kilos en el mismo período. La recolección de desechos sólidos municipales por estado es proporcional al número de habitantes, siendo los estados Zulia, Miranda, Carabobo, Anzoátegui y el Distrito Capital las entidades con mayor cantidad de desechos colectados. La mayoría de los desechos va a vertederos con niveles variables de control y manejo.', 'La mayoría de los desechos va a vertederos con niveles variables de control y manejo. A continuación, se presenta la Tabla 16, referente a las CND correspondiente al Sector Desechos. Tabla 16. Políticas de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND) de Venezuela, presentadas por el Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura). Sector Desechos Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura) Política Publica Promover acciones en el ámbito nacional que permita el adecuado manejo de los residuos y desechos sólidos (basura) generados por la población del país, haciendo énfasis en la gestión integral de la basura, con el fin de reducir su generación y garantizar que su recolección, aprovechamiento y disposición final sea realizada en forma sanitaria y ambientalmente segura (Ley de Gestión Integral de la Basura y Plan de la Patria. 2019 - 2025). Las principales políticas públicas propuestas son las siguientes: 1.', 'Las principales políticas públicas propuestas son las siguientes: 1. Ordenar el territorio y asegurar la base de sustentación ecológica, mediante la formulación e implementación de planes para las distintas escalas territoriales, la preservación de cuencas hidrográficas y cuerpos de agua, la conservación y preservación de ambientes naturales, el impulso de programas de manejo integral de desechos sólidos y laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Desechos Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura) cultura de los pueblos. 2.', 'Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura) cultura de los pueblos. 2. Construir las políticas públicas industriales sobre los materiales de consumo masivo por la población, sus variables ambientales, así como el reciclaje del mismo, a efectos de edificar un balance ecológico de materiales y energía de la sociedad y modificar el balance de desechos sólidos de la misma. 3. Definir políticas públicas de estandarización a efectos de procura, desarrollo industrial y tecnológico y sustitución de importaciones, como política de Estado, de las tipologías de sistemas y subsistemas de recolección de desechos sólidos, a efectos de generar economía de escala y sistemas efectivos de mantenimiento. 4. Generar las políticas públicas en materia de vertedores y rellenos sanitarios, así como sus variables ambientales, sanitarias y tecnológicas. 5.', 'Generar las políticas públicas en materia de vertedores y rellenos sanitarios, así como sus variables ambientales, sanitarias y tecnológicas. 5. Desarrollar políticas para la mitigación de riesgos y reducción de impacto ambiental en el sistema de recolección y disposición final de desechos sólidos. 6. Desarrollar las distintas tipologías de recolección de desechos sólidos y sus sistemas industriales, equipamiento y acompañamiento popular de la gestión y contraloría, a efectos de hacerlas oportunas, periódicas, suficientes. 7. Impulsar el sistema económico productivo del reciclaje, generando valor económico a la basura a escala local, así como su empleo industrial y control de contrabando de extracción. Acción 1.', 'Impulsar el sistema económico productivo del reciclaje, generando valor económico a la basura a escala local, así como su empleo industrial y control de contrabando de extracción. Acción 1. Plan Nacional de Saneamiento de 35 Vertederos, a nivel nacional para la recuperación de sitios de disposición final y el control y captura y uso de Metano (CH4) generado. 2. Plan Nacional de Construcción de 2 Rellenos Sanitarios para el control y captura de Metano (CH4) generado. 3. Plan Nacional de Construcción de 4 Estaciones de Transferencia para contribuir con el manejo adecuado de los residuos y desechos sólidos. Esta acción climática apuntala al Fortalecimiento de Capacidades de la institución. Año base Año 2020 con un periodo operativo de 10 años: 2021-2025 y 2026-2030. Plazos 1.', 'Año base Año 2020 con un periodo operativo de 10 años: 2021-2025 y 2026-2030. Plazos 1. Se estima para el año 2025 realizar las siguientes acciones: saneamiento del 40% de los vertederos de Desechos Sólidos Urbanos, equivalente a 14 sitios; construcción del 50% de los rellenos sanitarios, equivalente a 1 sitio y construcción del 75% de las estaciones de transferencia, equivalente a 3 estaciones. 2. Se estima para el año 2030 realizar las siguientes acciones: saneamiento del 60% de los vertederos de Desechos Sólidos Urbanos, equivalente a 21 sitios; construcción del 50% de los rellenos sanitarios, equivalente a 1 sitio y construcción del 25% de las estaciones de transferencia, equivalente a 1 estación.', 'Se estima para el año 2030 realizar las siguientes acciones: saneamiento del 60% de los vertederos de Desechos Sólidos Urbanos, equivalente a 21 sitios; construcción del 50% de los rellenos sanitarios, equivalente a 1 sitio y construcción del 25% de las estaciones de transferencia, equivalente a 1 estación. Alcance y cobertura La acción es nacional y se estima que con las acciones realizadas se capturarán 17.134 Ton/año de CO2 (eq) Planificación Las principales instituciones involucradas en el proyecto son: Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC), y Gobernaciones y alcaldías deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Sector Desechos Eje Mitigación. Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030.', 'Actualización CND Proyección 2020 - 2030. Sector Desechos (Viceministerio de Gestión Integral de la Basura) los estados involucrados; los cuales estarán sujetos a una Oficina de Coordinación Nacional de Manejo y Control de los RDS. Supuestos y enfoques Metodológicos Para el cálculo de las emisiones de los GEI, se utilizan las metodologías del IPCC, basados en factores de emisión, cálculos de ingeniería y modelos matemáticos para obtener datos aceptables que ayuden en la formulación, aplicación, evaluación de estrategias y medidas de política ambiental para promover la gestión sustentable de RDS. Consideraciones de la contribución Las instituciones involucradas en el cálculo de los GEI, deberán recibir apoyo técnico y financiamiento para desarrollar sus capacidades en esta área.', 'Consideraciones de la contribución Las instituciones involucradas en el cálculo de los GEI, deberán recibir apoyo técnico y financiamiento para desarrollar sus capacidades en esta área. La Convención Marco establece en su artículo 4, que las Partes deberán formular, aplicar, publicar y actualizar regularmente programas nacionales y, según proceda, regionales, que contengan (…) medidas para facilitar la adaptación adecuada al cambio climático.', 'La Convención Marco establece en su artículo 4, que las Partes deberán formular, aplicar, publicar y actualizar regularmente programas nacionales y, según proceda, regionales, que contengan (…) medidas para facilitar la adaptación adecuada al cambio climático. Con el Acuerdo de París se fortalece el enfoque de adaptación; específicamente en su artículo 2, literal b, que plantea la necesidad de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de GEI; de igual forma, el artículo 7, establece una meta global de adaptación, reconociendo que la necesidad actual de adaptación es considerable, y que un menor nivel de mitigación aumentará la necesidad de esfuerzos adicionales de adaptación.', 'Con el Acuerdo de París se fortalece el enfoque de adaptación; específicamente en su artículo 2, literal b, que plantea la necesidad de aumentar la capacidad de adaptación a los efectos adversos del cambio climático y promover la resiliencia al clima y un desarrollo con bajas emisiones de GEI; de igual forma, el artículo 7, establece una meta global de adaptación, reconociendo que la necesidad actual de adaptación es considerable, y que un menor nivel de mitigación aumentará la necesidad de esfuerzos adicionales de adaptación. Ambos marcos jurídicos de cambio climático (CMNUCC y Acuerdo de París) orientan la preparación y contenido de la Comunicación de Adaptación.', 'Ambos marcos jurídicos de cambio climático (CMNUCC y Acuerdo de París) orientan la preparación y contenido de la Comunicación de Adaptación. El Informe del Grupo I sobre las Bases Físicas del Cambio Climático (2021), del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos sobre el Cambio Climático (IPCC), concluye que el calentamiento en el sistema climático es una realidad y que se están observando cambios que no tienen precedentes. Los cambios significativos en las variables climatológicas, en particular de la precipitación y la temperatura, ponen en riesgo el desarrollo normal de la sociedad en muchos países, y muy especialmente a la población de escasos recursos de los llamados países en vías de desarrollo, quienes padecerán los efectos más negativos debido a su mayor vulnerabilidad.', 'Los cambios significativos en las variables climatológicas, en particular de la precipitación y la temperatura, ponen en riesgo el desarrollo normal de la sociedad en muchos países, y muy especialmente a la población de escasos recursos de los llamados países en vías de desarrollo, quienes padecerán los efectos más negativos debido a su mayor vulnerabilidad. En septiembre del 2015, la ONU aprobó la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, junto con una Agenda que incluye 17 ODS y 169 metas a ser alcanzadas por los países en el período 2016-2030 con el fin de avanzar hacia un mundo sostenible. El ObjetivoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 13, de los ODS está dirigido a: “Adoptar medidas urgentes contra el cambio climático”.', 'El ObjetivoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 13, de los ODS está dirigido a: “Adoptar medidas urgentes contra el cambio climático”. A su vez, este objetivo presenta cinco metas que incluyen, entre otras: Fortalecer la resiliencia y la capacidad de adaptación a los riesgos relacionados con el clima y los desastres naturales en todos los países; incorporar medidas relativas al cambio climático en las políticas, estrategias y planes nacionales; y mejorar la educación, la sensibilización y la capacidad humana e institucional en relación con la mitigación del cambio climático, la adaptación a él, la reducción de sus efectos y la alerta temprana.', 'A su vez, este objetivo presenta cinco metas que incluyen, entre otras: Fortalecer la resiliencia y la capacidad de adaptación a los riesgos relacionados con el clima y los desastres naturales en todos los países; incorporar medidas relativas al cambio climático en las políticas, estrategias y planes nacionales; y mejorar la educación, la sensibilización y la capacidad humana e institucional en relación con la mitigación del cambio climático, la adaptación a él, la reducción de sus efectos y la alerta temprana. La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV) en su artículo 127, determina que es un derecho individual y colectivo el disfrute de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.', 'La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela (CRBV) en su artículo 127, determina que es un derecho individual y colectivo el disfrute de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. Igualmente, la CRBV artículo 55 prescribe que …toda persona tiene derecho a la protección por parte del Estado a través de los órganos de seguridad ciudadana regulados por ley, frente a situaciones que constituyan amenaza, vulnerabilidad o riesgo para la integridad física de las personas, sus propiedades, el disfrute de sus derechos y el cumplimiento de sus deberes”.', 'Igualmente, la CRBV artículo 55 prescribe que …toda persona tiene derecho a la protección por parte del Estado a través de los órganos de seguridad ciudadana regulados por ley, frente a situaciones que constituyan amenaza, vulnerabilidad o riesgo para la integridad física de las personas, sus propiedades, el disfrute de sus derechos y el cumplimiento de sus deberes”. Con respecto a la legislación que puede ser pertinente a los procesos de adaptación al cambio climático, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente del 2006, en su Artículo 23 incluye como parte de los lineamientos para la planificación del ambiente la inserción en los mismos de los sistemas de prevención de riesgos.', 'Con respecto a la legislación que puede ser pertinente a los procesos de adaptación al cambio climático, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente del 2006, en su Artículo 23 incluye como parte de los lineamientos para la planificación del ambiente la inserción en los mismos de los sistemas de prevención de riesgos. En lo jurídico, Venezuela cuenta con un sustancial marco legal y normativo, que regula la implementación de políticas, programas, planes y proyectos, y fundamenta las acciones del Estado orientadas a la adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático, para enfrentar las condiciones de vulnerabilidad.', 'En lo jurídico, Venezuela cuenta con un sustancial marco legal y normativo, que regula la implementación de políticas, programas, planes y proyectos, y fundamenta las acciones del Estado orientadas a la adaptación a los efectos del cambio climático, para enfrentar las condiciones de vulnerabilidad. En primera instancia se tiene el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, hoy convertido en ley, que desarrolla cinco objetivos históricos, siendo el 5 Objetivo Histórico: Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana, el cual expresa los lineamientos y mandatos referidos al tema ambiental y específicamente al cambio climático en el objetivo nacional 5.4.', 'En primera instancia se tiene el Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, hoy convertido en ley, que desarrolla cinco objetivos históricos, siendo el 5 Objetivo Histórico: Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana, el cual expresa los lineamientos y mandatos referidos al tema ambiental y específicamente al cambio climático en el objetivo nacional 5.4. Asimismo, en Venezuela se han adoptado los lineamientos de prevención y atención de desastres de diversas instancias internacionales como es el caso de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastres - EIRD. En el marco de la EIRD, Venezuela participó en la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Reducción de los Desastres, celebrada en 2005 en Kobe - Japón.', 'En el marco de la EIRD, Venezuela participó en la Conferencia Mundial sobre la Reducción de los Desastres, celebrada en 2005 en Kobe - Japón. En dicho evento fue adoptado el Marco de Acción de Hyogo - MAH, 2005 - 2015, cuyo objetivo general es aumentar la resiliencia de las naciones y las comunidades ante los desastres al lograr, para el año 2015, una reducción considerable de las pérdidas que ocasionan losRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC desastres, tanto en términos de vidas humanas como en cuanto a los bienes sociales, económicos y ambientales de las comunidades y los países.', 'En dicho evento fue adoptado el Marco de Acción de Hyogo - MAH, 2005 - 2015, cuyo objetivo general es aumentar la resiliencia de las naciones y las comunidades ante los desastres al lograr, para el año 2015, una reducción considerable de las pérdidas que ocasionan losRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC desastres, tanto en términos de vidas humanas como en cuanto a los bienes sociales, económicos y ambientales de las comunidades y los países. Desde la perspectiva de las responsabilidades compartidas pero diferenciadas, Venezuela ha venido desarrollando políticas de Estado en acciones correlativas a la adaptación al Cambio Climático y a los compromisos asumidos en el marco de la CMNUCC. 11.1.', 'Desde la perspectiva de las responsabilidades compartidas pero diferenciadas, Venezuela ha venido desarrollando políticas de Estado en acciones correlativas a la adaptación al Cambio Climático y a los compromisos asumidos en el marco de la CMNUCC. 11.1. INFORMACIÓN SOBRE LOS IMPACTOS, RIESGOS Y VULNERABILIDAD RESPECTO A LOS EFECTOS ADVERSOS DEL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO La vulnerabilidad de Venezuela referente al cambio climático tuvo como trabajos pioneros los desarrollados en el marco del Proyecto Pan-Earth (Harwell, 1993) que permitieron la generación de los primeros escenarios de Cambio Climático para Venezuela, basados en modelos de circulación atmosférica. Posteriormente, se efectuaron diversos estudios sobre posibles impactos en el sector agrícola, en zonas costeras y en recursos hídricos (Acevedo et al, 1995; Maytin et al, 1995; Olivo et al, 2001).', 'Posteriormente, se efectuaron diversos estudios sobre posibles impactos en el sector agrícola, en zonas costeras y en recursos hídricos (Acevedo et al, 1995; Maytin et al, 1995; Olivo et al, 2001). Más recientemente, y tal como se mencionó anteriormente, se publicó la Primera Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático (MARN, 2005), que además de incluir un Segundo Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de GEI, realizado en 1999, presenta los resultados de los estudios realizados en Venezuela, para determinar la vulnerabilidad climática del país, los impactos asociados y las medidas de adaptación.', 'Más recientemente, y tal como se mencionó anteriormente, se publicó la Primera Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático (MARN, 2005), que además de incluir un Segundo Inventario Nacional de Emisiones de GEI, realizado en 1999, presenta los resultados de los estudios realizados en Venezuela, para determinar la vulnerabilidad climática del país, los impactos asociados y las medidas de adaptación. Adicionalmente, la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela prevé la administración de riesgos y emergencias como competencias del Poder Público Nacional, así como la Ley de la Organización Nacional de Protección Civil y Administración de Desastres, donde se viene desarrollando un proceso multidisciplinario y multisectorial para incorporar la gestión de riesgos y la reducción de desastres en la planificación del desarrollo económico y social.', 'Adicionalmente, la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela prevé la administración de riesgos y emergencias como competencias del Poder Público Nacional, así como la Ley de la Organización Nacional de Protección Civil y Administración de Desastres, donde se viene desarrollando un proceso multidisciplinario y multisectorial para incorporar la gestión de riesgos y la reducción de desastres en la planificación del desarrollo económico y social. En dicho proceso participan los ministerios vinculados con la materia (Ambiente, Ciencia y Tecnología, Educación, Cultura y Deportes, Educación Superior, Agricultura y Tierras, Energía y Minas, Salud y Desarrollo Social, Interior y Justicia, y Relaciones Exteriores), además de empresas vinculadas con sectores específicos, como el sector del agua (HIDROVEN) y del sector petrolero (PDVSA), así como, otros organismos e instituciones académicas relacionados, como el Instituto Geográfico de Venezuela Simón Bolívar y las universidades.', 'En dicho proceso participan los ministerios vinculados con la materia (Ambiente, Ciencia y Tecnología, Educación, Cultura y Deportes, Educación Superior, Agricultura y Tierras, Energía y Minas, Salud y Desarrollo Social, Interior y Justicia, y Relaciones Exteriores), además de empresas vinculadas con sectores específicos, como el sector del agua (HIDROVEN) y del sector petrolero (PDVSA), así como, otros organismos e instituciones académicas relacionados, como el Instituto Geográfico de Venezuela Simón Bolívar y las universidades. A nivel regional andino, Venezuela participa en el Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres (CAPRADE), donde se ha formulado la Estrategia Andina para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Los esfuerzos de coordinación a nivel nacional se realizan a través del Comité Coordinador Nacional de Protección Civil y Administración de Desastres, el cual está conformado por todos los despachos del Ejecutivo Nacional y que agrupa a los sectores y niveles de gobierno, con la participación de la representación de los gobernadores de estado, alcaldes y organizaciones no gubernamentales, así como la Coordinación Nacional de Bomberos y organismos de administración de emergencias de carácter civil.', 'A nivel regional andino, Venezuela participa en el Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres (CAPRADE), donde se ha formulado la Estrategia Andina para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Los esfuerzos de coordinación a nivel nacional se realizan a través del Comité Coordinador Nacional de Protección Civil y Administración de Desastres, el cual está conformado por todos los despachos del Ejecutivo Nacional y que agrupa a los sectores y niveles de gobierno, con la participación de la representación de los gobernadores de estado, alcaldes y organizaciones no gubernamentales, así como la Coordinación Nacional de Bomberos y organismos de administración de emergencias de carácter civil. En el seno del Comité se prevé además la constitución de subcomités técnicos sectoriales y equipos de trabajo especializados para acciones y medidas en materia de protección civil y administración de desastres.', 'En el seno del Comité se prevé además la constitución de subcomités técnicos sectoriales y equipos de trabajo especializados para acciones y medidas en materia de protección civil y administración de desastres. En cumplimiento de lo establecido en la Constitución de la República y de las líneas generales de Política Exterior, el país ha adoptado los lineamientos de prevención y atención de desastres de diversas instancias internacionales como es el caso de la Estrategia Internacional para la Reducción de Desastres - EIRD. 11.2. OBJETIVO NACIONAL RELATIVO A LA ADAPTACIÓN La República Bolivariana de Venezuela asume el compromiso político al más alto nivel para la adaptación de todos los órganos y entes de la Administración Pública en sus planes operacionales para la implementación de los ODS.', 'OBJETIVO NACIONAL RELATIVO A LA ADAPTACIÓN La República Bolivariana de Venezuela asume el compromiso político al más alto nivel para la adaptación de todos los órganos y entes de la Administración Pública en sus planes operacionales para la implementación de los ODS. Para lograr el éxito en adaptación, es necesario sumar esfuerzo continuo de todos los actores sociales, ya que se requiere un profundo cambio en los modelos de producción, patrones de uso de los recursos naturales y en el consumo de bienes y servicios. En este sentido, se deben alcanzar los objetivos según proceda: a. Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático mediante el fomento de la capacidad de adaptación y la resiliencia.', 'En este sentido, se deben alcanzar los objetivos según proceda: a. Reducir la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático mediante el fomento de la capacidad de adaptación y la resiliencia. b. Facilitar la integración de la adaptación al cambio climático, de manera coherente, en las políticas, los programas y las actividades pertinentes, nuevas y existentes, en particular los procesos y estrategias de planificación del desarrollo, en todos los sectores pertinentes y en los diferentes niveles. 11.2.1. Enfoques Transversales que orientan la Adaptación Venezuela presenta ambiciosas contribuciones en adaptación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable.', 'Enfoques Transversales que orientan la Adaptación Venezuela presenta ambiciosas contribuciones en adaptación, abarcando acciones y políticas hacia un desarrollo justo y sustentable. Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y con financiamiento propio, enmarcadas en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación (Plan de la Patria), el cual establece la prioridad de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático en el marco de un desarrollo integral, humanista y ecosocialista orientado al Buen Vivir en armonía con la Madre Tierra. 11.2.2.', 'Estas contribuciones se han adelantado de forma voluntaria y con financiamiento propio, enmarcadas en el Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación (Plan de la Patria), el cual establece la prioridad de la lucha contra el Cambio Climático en el marco de un desarrollo integral, humanista y ecosocialista orientado al Buen Vivir en armonía con la Madre Tierra. 11.2.2. Acciones y Programas con Impacto en AdaptaciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta mediante este documento, sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND), a través de las acciones y programas con impacto en Adaptación, para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos, tomando en consideración lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la CMNUCC, 1992, el Acuerdo de París 2015.', 'Acciones y Programas con Impacto en AdaptaciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La República Bolivariana de Venezuela presenta mediante este documento, sus Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND), a través de las acciones y programas con impacto en Adaptación, para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos, tomando en consideración lo establecido en las decisiones bajo la CMNUCC, 1992, el Acuerdo de París 2015. 11.3. PROPUESTA POR SECTORES Bajo este contexto, se actualizan las fichas referentes a las Políticas contenidas en el Documento Oficial de las CND de Venezuela, que fueron presentadas en el año 2017, y que abarcaran el período 2020 - 2030, bajo los siguientes sectores: ▪ Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria). ▪ Sector Agricultura Urbana. ▪ Sector Agua.', '▪ Sector Agricultura Urbana. ▪ Sector Agua. ▪ Sector Asentamientos Urbanos (Viviendas). ▪ Sector Ciencia y Tecnología. ▪ Sector Comunas (Organización Popular). ▪ Sector Educación Básica. ▪ Sector Educación Universitaria. ▪ Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género). ▪ Sector Juventud y Deporte. ▪ Sector Minería. ▪ Sector Pueblos Indígenas. ▪ Sector Riesgo y Desastre. ▪ Sector Salud. ▪ Sector Trabajo (Justicia Social). ▪ Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales). ▪ Sector Ecosistemas (Zona Costera, Ordenamiento Territorial, Montañas, Humedales). ▪ Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica). 11.3.1.', '▪ Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica). 11.3.1. Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) El sector agrícola es uno de los que presenta mayor riesgo ante el cambio climático, aunado a los procesos antropogénicos, mientras más drásticos sean los cambios delRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC clima mayor es el reto para los agricultores o productores, en cuanto a las condiciones para la producción y beneficios derivados de la actividad.', 'Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) El sector agrícola es uno de los que presenta mayor riesgo ante el cambio climático, aunado a los procesos antropogénicos, mientras más drásticos sean los cambios delRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC clima mayor es el reto para los agricultores o productores, en cuanto a las condiciones para la producción y beneficios derivados de la actividad. Sin embargo, de este sector provienen gran parte de los gases invernadero a nivel mundial, principalmente debido al uso intensivo de fertilizantes y plaguicidas sintéticos, el proceso digestivo de los rumiantes, el uso excesivo de la energía fósil y el manejo e uso inadecuado de los suelo (erosión, contaminación), por lo que la actividad agrícola entonces tiene una gran responsabilidad en el cambio climático, pero además, es una de las más afectadas por este.', 'Sin embargo, de este sector provienen gran parte de los gases invernadero a nivel mundial, principalmente debido al uso intensivo de fertilizantes y plaguicidas sintéticos, el proceso digestivo de los rumiantes, el uso excesivo de la energía fósil y el manejo e uso inadecuado de los suelo (erosión, contaminación), por lo que la actividad agrícola entonces tiene una gran responsabilidad en el cambio climático, pero además, es una de las más afectadas por este. A nivel mundial se han generado diversas alternativas para subsanar esta situación.', 'A nivel mundial se han generado diversas alternativas para subsanar esta situación. La agroecología surge como un tipo de agricultura alternativa y ancestral, para hacer frente a las prácticas convencionales, al impulsarse las prácticas sostenibles como la producción y uso de bioinsumos, los cultivos de cobertura, así como, la combinación entre cultivos y ganadería, agroforestería, entre otros, que permiten un mayor secuestro de carbono; en ella, el materialismo de la agricultura convencional se sustituye por una visión más respetuosa con el entorno y busca coexistir con el ambiente sin atentar contra él, y como valor agregado minimizar el impacto ambiental y la inocuidad de los alimentos.', 'La agroecología surge como un tipo de agricultura alternativa y ancestral, para hacer frente a las prácticas convencionales, al impulsarse las prácticas sostenibles como la producción y uso de bioinsumos, los cultivos de cobertura, así como, la combinación entre cultivos y ganadería, agroforestería, entre otros, que permiten un mayor secuestro de carbono; en ella, el materialismo de la agricultura convencional se sustituye por una visión más respetuosa con el entorno y busca coexistir con el ambiente sin atentar contra él, y como valor agregado minimizar el impacto ambiental y la inocuidad de los alimentos. Es importante recordar que el cambio climático, afecta los patrones de fenología de cultivos y rendimientos, por lo que el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Productiva y Tierras (MPPAPT), a través del Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral (INSAI), sus laboratorios de bioinsumos provee a los agricultores de insumos agrícolas biológicos, con la finalidad de disminuir la carga tóxica y la huella de carbono, reducir los costos de producción y tener sistemas más resilientes y sostenibles.', 'Es importante recordar que el cambio climático, afecta los patrones de fenología de cultivos y rendimientos, por lo que el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Productiva y Tierras (MPPAPT), a través del Instituto Nacional de Salud Agrícola Integral (INSAI), sus laboratorios de bioinsumos provee a los agricultores de insumos agrícolas biológicos, con la finalidad de disminuir la carga tóxica y la huella de carbono, reducir los costos de producción y tener sistemas más resilientes y sostenibles. En complemento a estas políticas, el INSAI ha realizado actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores (pequeños, grandes, rurales, urbanos, entre otros) a nivel nacional, en las cuales, se les capacita en la producción artesanal y uso de insumos agroecológicos (bioles, purines, abonos orgánicos, abonos verdes, caldos minerales etc.', 'En complemento a estas políticas, el INSAI ha realizado actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores (pequeños, grandes, rurales, urbanos, entre otros) a nivel nacional, en las cuales, se les capacita en la producción artesanal y uso de insumos agroecológicos (bioles, purines, abonos orgánicos, abonos verdes, caldos minerales etc. ), con la finalidad de que se apropien de estas tecnologías y esto les permitirá hacer los cambios y ajustes de cara a los cambios climáticos.', '), con la finalidad de que se apropien de estas tecnologías y esto les permitirá hacer los cambios y ajustes de cara a los cambios climáticos. Finalmente, es importante resaltar que en los últimos años los esfuerzos realizados se han visto mermados por el impacto de las medidas coercitivas y unilaterales a los que ha sido sometido el país y la pandemia de la COVID - 19, disminuyendo la capacidad productiva de los laboratorios de bioinsumos y la cantidad de actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores.', 'Finalmente, es importante resaltar que en los últimos años los esfuerzos realizados se han visto mermados por el impacto de las medidas coercitivas y unilaterales a los que ha sido sometido el país y la pandemia de la COVID - 19, disminuyendo la capacidad productiva de los laboratorios de bioinsumos y la cantidad de actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores. A continuación, se presenta Ficha 01 el Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) y laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 02 para la Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano S.A, ante la mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático y el proceso productivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L), en Venezuela. Ficha 01.', 'A continuación, se presenta Ficha 01 el Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) y laRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 02 para la Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano S.A, ante la mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático y el proceso productivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L), en Venezuela. Ficha 01. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación - Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Desarrollo e implementación de los sistemas agroecológicos (Red de laboratorios de insumos biológicos). Descripción de los Resultados de la Acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela Cuadro 1.', 'Descripción de los Resultados de la Acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela Cuadro 1. Producción de bioinsumos agrícolas en los laboratorios. Año Biofertilizantes (Lts) Biocontroladores (Dosis) Cuadro 2. Resultados de las actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores, a nivel nacional. Año Actividades de Captación, Formación y Acompañamientos Beneficiarios * Datos hasta Junio 2021República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 ▪ Se crearán y aplicarán diez (10) instrumentos jurídicos, para implementar acciones para producción agroecológicas de cultivos para disminuir la carga tóxica y minimizar los impactos del cambio climático, así como para la regulación o prohibición del uso agrícola de plaguicidas sintéticos altamente tóxicos.', 'Año Actividades de Captación, Formación y Acompañamientos Beneficiarios * Datos hasta Junio 2021República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 ▪ Se crearán y aplicarán diez (10) instrumentos jurídicos, para implementar acciones para producción agroecológicas de cultivos para disminuir la carga tóxica y minimizar los impactos del cambio climático, así como para la regulación o prohibición del uso agrícola de plaguicidas sintéticos altamente tóxicos. ▪ Se realizarán 90 sistemas agroecológicos “No-contaminantes”. ▪ Se realizarán 50.000 actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento para producción agroecológica u orgánica a productores, a nivel nacional. Se espera beneficiar a 200.000 agricultores. ▪ Se producirán 20.000 Litros de biofertilizantes y 20.000 dosis de biocontroladores, en los laboratorios de bioinsumos agrícolas.', '▪ Se producirán 20.000 Litros de biofertilizantes y 20.000 dosis de biocontroladores, en los laboratorios de bioinsumos agrícolas. Descripción de la acción 1. Los instrumentos jurídicos se desarrollarán en la sede central del INSAI, por el personal de la Dirección de Agresología y Participación Popular y la Consultoría Jurídica, una vez realizado un diagnóstico de las necesidades nacionales, y la revisión de las políticas públicas y directrices emanadas por el MPPAT, con respecto al cambio climático y la conservación del ambiente. 2. Los sistemas agroecológicos, se desarrollarán en conjunto con comunidades agrícolas organizadas, en áreas rurales y urbanas. Con esta acción se espera beneficiar a 90 comunidades agrícolas en la obtención de conocimientos técnicos, para aumentar la resiliencia de cara a los cambios climáticos. 3.', 'Con esta acción se espera beneficiar a 90 comunidades agrícolas en la obtención de conocimientos técnicos, para aumentar la resiliencia de cara a los cambios climáticos. 3. Las actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento se realizarán, a través de visitas e inspecciones de los técnicos de campo, a nivel nacional para que los productores se adapten a las nuevas variaciones climáticas que se están presentando en el presente a futuro, se espera beneficiar a 200.000 agricultores. 4. La producción de bioinsumos se realizarán en los laboratorios del INSAI, para beneficiar a los agricultores de las comunidades aledañas, con el fin de contribuir a la disminución de los gases efecto invernadero ocasionados por los compuestos Nox.', 'La producción de bioinsumos se realizarán en los laboratorios del INSAI, para beneficiar a los agricultores de las comunidades aledañas, con el fin de contribuir a la disminución de los gases efecto invernadero ocasionados por los compuestos Nox. Institución responsable de las acciones INSAI Vinculación con ODS Indicadores Nº de instrumentos jurídicos Nº de beneficiarios Nº de actividades de captación, formación y acompañamiento Nº de sistema agroecológicosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 02. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) - Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano S.A, ante la mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático y el proceso productivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L), en Venezuela.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Agricultura (Seguridad Alimentaria) - Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano S.A, ante la mitigación/adaptación del cambio climático y el proceso productivo del cacao (Theobroma cacao L), en Venezuela. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND). Acciones y programas emprendidos desde la CSCV con impacto en adaptación actualización de la contribución nacionalmente determinada (CND). 1. Desarrollo sostenible del cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en el país, como rubro estratégico para la protección y conservación del ambiente y por ende impulsar la soberanía y seguridad agroalimentaria adaptada a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. 2.', 'Desarrollo sostenible del cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L) en el país, como rubro estratégico para la protección y conservación del ambiente y por ende impulsar la soberanía y seguridad agroalimentaria adaptada a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. 2. Se Incrementará progresivamente la fundación, mantenimiento y rehabilitación de sistemas agroforestales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L), sustentado en los principios agroecológicos como alternativa sostenible de producción agrícola a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. 3. Propuesta para la creación de la Ley Nacional del Cacao, como mecanismo jurídico que garantice la producción sostenible del cacao y sus derivados.', 'Propuesta para la creación de la Ley Nacional del Cacao, como mecanismo jurídico que garantice la producción sostenible del cacao y sus derivados. Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela Conservación de la agrobiodiversidad • Se han realizado ferias dirigidas a productores y artesanos del sector cacao en apoyo a impulsar la producción sostenible del rubro cacao, a su vez se han efectuado talleres y jornadas de formación integral a productores a nivel nacional. • Se han desarrollado abordajes comunitarios en sectores dedicados al sector cacao, con el fin de propiciar experiencias para la producción sostenible del cacao y sus derivados.', '• Se han desarrollado abordajes comunitarios en sectores dedicados al sector cacao, con el fin de propiciar experiencias para la producción sostenible del cacao y sus derivados. • Se obtuvo la Certificación de origen del cacao carenero superior en la región de barlovento, como mecanismo de conservación de la agrobiodiversidad para minimizar los impactos del cambio climático en el cacao que posee Venezuela. • Se participó en el lanzamiento del Proyecto para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad en Venezuela, junto al Ministerio del Ecosocialismo y La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), creando un entorno favorable para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad.', '• Se participó en el lanzamiento del Proyecto para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad en Venezuela, junto al Ministerio del Ecosocialismo y La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO), creando un entorno favorable para la conservación y el uso sostenible de la biodiversidad. • Por medio del Decreto 8.157 creado en abril del 2011 que declaró al cacao de producción nacional, bien de primera necesidad y pilar fundamental de la seguridad y soberanía agroalimentaria de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, otorgando de carácter prioritario la producción de cacao, chocolate sus productos y subproductos en todo el país.', '• Por medio del Decreto 8.157 creado en abril del 2011 que declaró al cacao de producción nacional, bien de primera necesidad y pilar fundamental de la seguridad y soberanía agroalimentaria de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, otorgando de carácter prioritario la producción de cacao, chocolate sus productos y subproductos en todo el país. Agroecología • En el año 2018, la Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento “Argelia Laya” crea el primer postgrado a nivel nacional especializado en el sector cacao, denominado Programa Nacional de Formación Avanzada en Producción Sostenible de Cacao y Sus Derivados (PNFA- PSCD) como alternativa sostenible de producción agrícola a las nuevas condiciones Climáticas.', 'Agroecología • En el año 2018, la Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Barlovento “Argelia Laya” crea el primer postgrado a nivel nacional especializado en el sector cacao, denominado Programa Nacional de Formación Avanzada en Producción Sostenible de Cacao y Sus Derivados (PNFA- PSCD) como alternativa sostenible de producción agrícola a las nuevas condiciones Climáticas. Reducción de los riesgos climáticos en las actividades agropecuarias • Se han desarrollado actividades de extensionismo rural en comunidades cacaoteras con la finalidad de asesorar a los cacaocultores en el manejo del cultivo cacao y aportar a la adaptación del cacao cultor a una nueva forma de desempeño agrario que promueva la sostenibilidad del ambiente, limitando el uso de productos sintéticos en las plantaciones a fin de promover el cultivo y captura de CO2 de esta forma reducir el dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera e impulsar el rendimiento de la plantación y la cosecha.', 'Reducción de los riesgos climáticos en las actividades agropecuarias • Se han desarrollado actividades de extensionismo rural en comunidades cacaoteras con la finalidad de asesorar a los cacaocultores en el manejo del cultivo cacao y aportar a la adaptación del cacao cultor a una nueva forma de desempeño agrario que promueva la sostenibilidad del ambiente, limitando el uso de productos sintéticos en las plantaciones a fin de promover el cultivo y captura de CO2 de esta forma reducir el dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera e impulsar el rendimiento de la plantación y la cosecha. • Por medio de la consulta de las acciones realizadas para los Objetivos de Desarrollo SostenibleRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC se propone al cacao como un rubro estratégico para la conservación y preservación del ambiente, de esta manera impulsar el cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L), como alternativa de reforestación en Venezuela.', '• Por medio de la consulta de las acciones realizadas para los Objetivos de Desarrollo SostenibleRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC se propone al cacao como un rubro estratégico para la conservación y preservación del ambiente, de esta manera impulsar el cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L), como alternativa de reforestación en Venezuela. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se fortalecerá el marco legal vigente para el desarrollo sostenible del rubro cacao implementando acciones para asegurar la protección del cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L) siendo sumamente relevantes para la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria ante los impactos del cambio climático.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se fortalecerá el marco legal vigente para el desarrollo sostenible del rubro cacao implementando acciones para asegurar la protección del cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L) siendo sumamente relevantes para la agricultura y la seguridad alimentaria ante los impactos del cambio climático. o Se incrementará la superficie sembrada y rehabilitada del cultivo cacao con la práctica y uso de viveros (siembra) se pretende contribuir a la reducción de la emisión mundial de gases de efecto invernadero y a su vez se consolidarán el desarrollo de prácticas agroecológicas implementadas por los cacaocultores.', 'o Se incrementará la superficie sembrada y rehabilitada del cultivo cacao con la práctica y uso de viveros (siembra) se pretende contribuir a la reducción de la emisión mundial de gases de efecto invernadero y a su vez se consolidarán el desarrollo de prácticas agroecológicas implementadas por los cacaocultores. o Se fortalecerá el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas, formación y procesos de transferencia tecnológica como estrategia para contribuir a la prevención y atención óptima del agroecosistema cacao, con el fin de propiciar la sostenibilidad y resiliencia del cultivo de cacao a las nuevas condiciones climáticas.', 'o Se fortalecerá el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas, formación y procesos de transferencia tecnológica como estrategia para contribuir a la prevención y atención óptima del agroecosistema cacao, con el fin de propiciar la sostenibilidad y resiliencia del cultivo de cacao a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. o Se fortalecerá la práctica del cacao cultura como una actividad agrícola-social, promoviendo que las familias que se desempeñan laboralmente en esta área puedan evidenciar el rendimiento en la producción y la cualidad del fruto, está íntimamente relacionado con el uso de estrategias de sostenibilidad con el ambiental. Descripción de la acción Promover y proteger la producción del cultivo de cacao, mediante el impulso de la Ley Nacional del Cacao en Venezuela.', 'Descripción de la acción Promover y proteger la producción del cultivo de cacao, mediante el impulso de la Ley Nacional del Cacao en Venezuela. Esta herramienta jurídica establecerá normas relativas a la protección de la genética del cacao venezolano, al igual de regular procesos administrativos, desarrollo, exportación, coordinación y supervisión de las actividades formativas, producción, procesamiento y distribución, donde la Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano, S.A como ente responsable de las actividades en el sector cacao, tome mayor responsabilidad jurídica en esta materia. Incrementar progresivamente la fundación, mantenimiento y rehabilitación de sistemas agroforestales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L), sustentado en los principios agroecológicos como alternativa sostenible de producción agrícola.', 'Incrementar progresivamente la fundación, mantenimiento y rehabilitación de sistemas agroforestales de cacao (Theobroma cacao L), sustentado en los principios agroecológicos como alternativa sostenible de producción agrícola. La producción sostenible de cacao es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de nuestros cacaocultores, no obstante, dentro del consumo de los recursos naturales como ya se ha mencionado hay formas de producción que desgastan y degradan dichos recursos, siendo la agricultura una de las actividades que cuando se aplica indebidamente tributa en esta problemática.', 'La producción sostenible de cacao es fundamental para mejorar la calidad de vida de nuestros cacaocultores, no obstante, dentro del consumo de los recursos naturales como ya se ha mencionado hay formas de producción que desgastan y degradan dichos recursos, siendo la agricultura una de las actividades que cuando se aplica indebidamente tributa en esta problemática. No obstante el cultivo cacao posee unas características particulares que hacen del mismo un sistema sostenible de producción agrícola, las plantaciones de cacao son fundadas en sistemas agroforestales que mantienen sinergias entre sus componentes, permitiendo el aprovechamiento de hojarascas provenientes de los árboles forestales y cacao para aportar material orgánico al suelo, además que crea una cobertura vegetal que protege al suelo de factores abióticos, en este sentido dentro de este sistema se crea un microclima para plantas como heliconias que sirven de nicho a insectos polinizadores de cacao.', 'No obstante el cultivo cacao posee unas características particulares que hacen del mismo un sistema sostenible de producción agrícola, las plantaciones de cacao son fundadas en sistemas agroforestales que mantienen sinergias entre sus componentes, permitiendo el aprovechamiento de hojarascas provenientes de los árboles forestales y cacao para aportar material orgánico al suelo, además que crea una cobertura vegetal que protege al suelo de factores abióticos, en este sentido dentro de este sistema se crea un microclima para plantas como heliconias que sirven de nicho a insectos polinizadores de cacao. Esto solo son algunas de las interacciones que brindan este tipo de sistema, que son reconocidos como ecológicos y conservacionistas. Por tales razones la producción agrícola de cacao es una modalidad de consumo sostenible.', 'Por tales razones la producción agrícola de cacao es una modalidad de consumo sostenible. Desarrollo de investigaciones científicas, formación y procesos de transferencia tecnológica como estrategia para contribuir a la prevención y atención óptima del agroecosistema cacao, con el fin de propiciar la sostenibilidad y resiliencia del cultivo de cacao a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. Se fortalecerán procesos para el impulso y desarrollo de investigaciones científicas en el sector cacao, atendiendo temas claves para la creación de conocimientos e innovaciones que aborden el agroecosistema cacao.', 'Se fortalecerán procesos para el impulso y desarrollo de investigaciones científicas en el sector cacao, atendiendo temas claves para la creación de conocimientos e innovaciones que aborden el agroecosistema cacao. Siendo los sistemas agroforestales cacaoteros espacios productivos que ofrecen beneficios al ambiente, debido a las cualidades del sistema, aportando a la conservación del suelo y biodiversidad existente.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Institución responsable de la acciones: Corporación Socialista del Cacao Venezolano S.A Vinculación con ODS La CSCV se vincula con los ODS: ODS 1: Fin de la Pobreza. Erradicar la pobreza extrema para todas las personas del mundo. ODS 2: Hambre Cero.', 'Erradicar la pobreza extrema para todas las personas del mundo. ODS 2: Hambre Cero. Poner fin al hambre y asegurar el acceso a todas las personas una alimentación sana, nutritiva y suficiente para un año ODS 11: Conseguir que las ciudades y los asentamientos humanos sean inclusivos, seguros, resilientes y sostenibles. ODS 13: Tomar medidas urgentes para combatir el cambio climático y sus efectos. ODS 15: Proteger, restaurar y promover la utilización sostenible de los ecosistemas terrestres, gestionar de manera sostenible los bosques, combatir la desertificación y detener y revertir la degradación de la tierra, y frenar la pérdida de diversidad biológica. Indicadores 1. Aumento de la superficie (ha) sembrada rehabilitada y mantenida del cultivo cacao (Theobroma cacao L), en Venezuela. 2. Aumento de la cantidad de investigaciones científicas desarrolladas en el cultivo cacao, en Venezuela.', 'Aumento de la cantidad de investigaciones científicas desarrolladas en el cultivo cacao, en Venezuela. 3. Desarrollo actividades de formación, capacitación y procesos de transferencia tecnológica en el sector cacao. 4. Evidencias palpables en la reducción del agua con fines agrícolas y cosecha de agua para el desarrollo del cultivo de cacao. 5. Productores capacitados y multiplicadores de experiencias como agentes generadores de bienestar ambiental mediante el desempeño de su trabajo productivo. 6. Aumento en la utilización de productos orgánicos generados por los productores para la siembra, cultivo y cosecha del cacao. 7. Aumento de las extensiones de siembra con la mínima labranza del suelo y aplicando coberturas vegetales y otras técnicas agroecológicas. 8.', 'Aumento de las extensiones de siembra con la mínima labranza del suelo y aplicando coberturas vegetales y otras técnicas agroecológicas. 8. Evidente reducción de la tala y quema en la práctica de siembra del cacao, e incorporación de materia orgánica en el suelo y reducción de insumos, logrando retener el CO2 y combatir la erosión o degradación de la tierra. 9. Captación y registro de los productores, artesanos y empresas que realicen actividades en el sector cacao, con el fin de mejorar la cadena de valor del rubro cacao.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.2.', 'Captación y registro de los productores, artesanos y empresas que realicen actividades en el sector cacao, con el fin de mejorar la cadena de valor del rubro cacao.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.2. Sector Agricultura Urbana El Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Agricultura Urbana (MINPPAU), con una Gestión eficiente y eficaz en resultados orientados hacia la democratización de la producción y el fortalecimiento del poder popular, promoviendo el desarrollo de la cadena productiva agroalimentaria desde la producción, comercialización y transformación de alimentos. Con lineamientos estratégicos e innovadores, que garanticen una producción sostenible y Eco-Socialista, por parte de productores(as) agro urbanos fortaleciendo su modelo de Gestión Productiva. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 03 para el Sector Agricultura Urbana: Ficha 03.', 'A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 03 para el Sector Agricultura Urbana: Ficha 03. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Agricultura Urbana. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en Adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación Creación de sistemas agroecológicos basados en la sustentabilidad y el respeto de los procesos ecosistémicos naturales, sistemas agrícolas urbanos y periurbanos y la prevención de riesgo climático Descripción de la Acción La Agricultura Urbana es un factor que juega un papel importante en relación a la seguridad alimentaria, con más de cien (100) millones de personas involucradas en la horticultura urbana, esta práctica orgánica y comunitaria crece exponencialmente.', 'Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación Creación de sistemas agroecológicos basados en la sustentabilidad y el respeto de los procesos ecosistémicos naturales, sistemas agrícolas urbanos y periurbanos y la prevención de riesgo climático Descripción de la Acción La Agricultura Urbana es un factor que juega un papel importante en relación a la seguridad alimentaria, con más de cien (100) millones de personas involucradas en la horticultura urbana, esta práctica orgánica y comunitaria crece exponencialmente. Donde la agricultura urbana contribuye tanto a la mitigación, como a la adaptación al cambio climático. Por ello, esta se encuentra entre los instrumentos actuales más adoptados para crear sistemas alimentarios resilientes.', 'Por ello, esta se encuentra entre los instrumentos actuales más adoptados para crear sistemas alimentarios resilientes. El sector agropecuario, es una gran fuente de contaminación, siendo responsable de entre el 20% y el 30% de emisiones de carbono a nivel mundial. La agricultura urbana en cambio suele caracterizarse por el uso de prácticas sostenibles, que son beneficiosas para el suelo. Así también, en vez de requerir cantidades masivas de agua limpia, se pueden adoptar sistemas innovadores para reciclar aguas grises. Esto se puede realizar desviando precipitaciones en la estación pluvial o almacenar agua usada en el hogar, para luego regar plantas. Igualmente, los programas de manejo de residuos urbanos pueden transformar materia orgánica en abonos naturales, que posteriormente serán utilizados en proyectos de Agricultura Urbana.', 'Igualmente, los programas de manejo de residuos urbanos pueden transformar materia orgánica en abonos naturales, que posteriormente serán utilizados en proyectos de Agricultura Urbana. Estos Abonos reemplazan a fertilizantes químicos elaborados en base al petróleo y disminuyen las emisiones de metano en los botaderos. Estas prácticas no solamente reducen el uso de insumos agrícolas nocivos, sino también disminuyen la contaminación urbana y, por lo tanto, mitigan las emisiones de gases del efecto invernadero. El carácter local de la agricultura urbana puede disminuir drásticamente, la contribución que la agricultura convencional la cual aporta y contribuye al mejoramiento del cambio climático. La compra de alimentos locales disminuye notablemente el “kilometraje alimentario”, es decir, la distancia que los bienes recorren para llegar hasta los consumidores.', 'La compra de alimentos locales disminuye notablemente el “kilometraje alimentario”, es decir, la distancia que los bienes recorren para llegar hasta los consumidores. También reduce las emisiones de carbono, relacionadas con el transporte. La agricultura urbana, contribuye a la mitigación y adaptación al Cambio climático con la producción de alimentos de buena calidad, minimizando los efectos drásticos anticipados en la provisión y la demanda de alimentos generados por los cambios ambientales. En este contexto, la agricultura urbana y periurbana, puede aumentar la producción de alimentos frescos y nutritivos a una ciudad. Por ello, la agricultura urbana no sólo ayuda a mitigar el cambio climático, sino también ayuda a forjar sistemas alimentarios, más resilientes y mejorar la seguridad alimentaria.', 'Por ello, la agricultura urbana no sólo ayuda a mitigar el cambio climático, sino también ayuda a forjar sistemas alimentarios, más resilientes y mejorar la seguridad alimentaria. Debido a que garantizar el derecho a la alimentación, es una tarea compleja que depende de muchosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC factores, no debe ser únicamente responsabilidad del gobierno nacional. Por el contrario, los ciudadanos y ciudadanas, en el sector privado y los gobiernos municipales y estadales, que pueden y deben desempeñar un papel activo. Estrategias: Para aumentar la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria a nivel local y nacional, los actores locales pueden implementar estrategias y políticas con miras a crear un sistema alimentario justo y sostenible.', 'Estrategias: Para aumentar la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria a nivel local y nacional, los actores locales pueden implementar estrategias y políticas con miras a crear un sistema alimentario justo y sostenible. En este sentido, se considera fundamental complementar los sistemas tradicionales de producción y abastecimiento de alimentos, fomentando la agricultura urbana y periurbana, a través de las siguientes estrategias: o Estableciendo un plan de acción para enfrentar los efectos del cambio climático, que integra a diferentes entidades y niveles gubernamentales, adaptado tanto a diferentes formas de agricultura y a diversas zonas climáticas del país. o Identificando áreas susceptibles a incendios, inundaciones y otros eventos climáticos severos tanto en zonas urbanas como rurales.', 'o Identificando áreas susceptibles a incendios, inundaciones y otros eventos climáticos severos tanto en zonas urbanas como rurales. o Creando programas de contingencia, como la activación de la P (Producción) de los Clap, de 10 mil Clap a través de la siembra y cría para producir unos 270 mil toneladas de alimentos para cubrir unas 500 mil familias. o Implementando y/o subvencionando prácticas de conservación natural, para crear resiliencia ante el cambio climático. o Disponiendo fondos de apoyo a agricultores, interesados en realizar una transición de insumos, con derivados de petróleo y fertilizantes sintéticos, hacia métodos naturales para el control de plagas y la recuperación de la fertilidad de los suelos.', 'o Disponiendo fondos de apoyo a agricultores, interesados en realizar una transición de insumos, con derivados de petróleo y fertilizantes sintéticos, hacia métodos naturales para el control de plagas y la recuperación de la fertilidad de los suelos. o Creando programas de capacitación, de rotación de cultivos para mitigar la propagación de plagas y el impacto del cambio climático. o Los gobiernos municipales y estadales, actualmente están desarrollando políticas, dirigidas al mejoramiento de los procesos productivos, que contribuyen al cambio climático.', 'o Los gobiernos municipales y estadales, actualmente están desarrollando políticas, dirigidas al mejoramiento de los procesos productivos, que contribuyen al cambio climático. Acciones y/o medidas ajustadas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se culminará el Plan Nacional de Recuperación, Mantenimiento de las Maquinarias Agrícolas Existente, que está puesto en marcha por la empresa socialista Pedro Camejo para ejecutar más efectivamente las acciones que impulsará el relanzamiento de la Gran Misión AgroVenezuela para el fortalecimiento de la producción nacional garantizando la seguridad alimentaria.', 'Acciones y/o medidas ajustadas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se culminará el Plan Nacional de Recuperación, Mantenimiento de las Maquinarias Agrícolas Existente, que está puesto en marcha por la empresa socialista Pedro Camejo para ejecutar más efectivamente las acciones que impulsará el relanzamiento de la Gran Misión AgroVenezuela para el fortalecimiento de la producción nacional garantizando la seguridad alimentaria. o Se reimpulsará el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas de Líneas, con el fin de garantizar la investigación, planificación y multiplicación de las semillas y materiales de nueva genética vegetal para la producción nacional, avanzar en el rescate de semillas autóctonas de origen campesino indígena y afrodescendiente a través de los productores seminaristas vinculados a la organización de la base popular del poder popular para adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas.', 'o Se reimpulsará el Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas de Líneas, con el fin de garantizar la investigación, planificación y multiplicación de las semillas y materiales de nueva genética vegetal para la producción nacional, avanzar en el rescate de semillas autóctonas de origen campesino indígena y afrodescendiente a través de los productores seminaristas vinculados a la organización de la base popular del poder popular para adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones climáticas. o Se consolidará las bases del Poder Popular en aras de fortalecer la gran misión Agrovenezuela a través de las buenas prácticas agrícolas para ayudar al sistema alimentario y ser más resilientes a las condiciones climáticas.', 'o Se consolidará las bases del Poder Popular en aras de fortalecer la gran misión Agrovenezuela a través de las buenas prácticas agrícolas para ayudar al sistema alimentario y ser más resilientes a las condiciones climáticas. o Se fortalecerá la ciencia para el desarrollo de la formación de los científicos en el área agrícolas para adaptarnos a las condiciones climáticas. o Se consolidara los espacios de los agricultores y agricultoras como lo establece el Plan de la Patria para la Suprema Felicidad posible garantizando la soberanía alimentaria.', 'o Se consolidara los espacios de los agricultores y agricultoras como lo establece el Plan de la Patria para la Suprema Felicidad posible garantizando la soberanía alimentaria. Descripción de la acción Es evidente el impacto ambiental para todos los escenarios, sin embargo Venezuela se caracteriza por tomar medidas de Seguridad Ambiental, incluso va más allá con políticas sólidas de carácter ambiental, en el sector de Agricultura Urbana, el Ministerio de Agricultura Urbana se responsabiliza y se compromete en dar respuesta al cambio climático, tomando como referente a los conuqueros yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC conuqueras como actores principales del plan estratégico de la agricultura urbana, que se traduce en materias de programas y proyectos públicos en una producción alimentaria que minimiza los riegos de la producción agrícola, el manejo adecuado de agua y de otros insumos en general , se establece una guía a través de los distintos mapas de calendarios de siembra, ante los eventos de sequías y lluvias que no impactan directamente a la producción de la Agricultura Urbana.', 'Descripción de la acción Es evidente el impacto ambiental para todos los escenarios, sin embargo Venezuela se caracteriza por tomar medidas de Seguridad Ambiental, incluso va más allá con políticas sólidas de carácter ambiental, en el sector de Agricultura Urbana, el Ministerio de Agricultura Urbana se responsabiliza y se compromete en dar respuesta al cambio climático, tomando como referente a los conuqueros yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC conuqueras como actores principales del plan estratégico de la agricultura urbana, que se traduce en materias de programas y proyectos públicos en una producción alimentaria que minimiza los riegos de la producción agrícola, el manejo adecuado de agua y de otros insumos en general , se establece una guía a través de los distintos mapas de calendarios de siembra, ante los eventos de sequías y lluvias que no impactan directamente a la producción de la Agricultura Urbana. Objetivo Impulsar y desarrollar planes, programas y proyectos en materia de producción agroalimentaria y de transformación de alimentos, que permita fortalecer la economía agrícola, avícola y pecuaria urbana, en la ciudades y zonas cercanas a éstas, con nuevas formas de producción orientadas al autoabastecimiento, sustentable y sostenible, a pequeña escala, mejorando la cadena productiva entre productores y consumidores finales, garantizando la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria en todo el territorio nacional, así como el fortalecimiento del poder popular productivo.', 'Objetivo Impulsar y desarrollar planes, programas y proyectos en materia de producción agroalimentaria y de transformación de alimentos, que permita fortalecer la economía agrícola, avícola y pecuaria urbana, en la ciudades y zonas cercanas a éstas, con nuevas formas de producción orientadas al autoabastecimiento, sustentable y sostenible, a pequeña escala, mejorando la cadena productiva entre productores y consumidores finales, garantizando la seguridad y la soberanía alimentaria en todo el territorio nacional, así como el fortalecimiento del poder popular productivo. Entidad responsable de la meta Vinculación con ODS 11.3.3. Sector Agua Venezuela se posiciona entre las primeras 11 naciones con reservas comprobadas de agua dulce del planeta, un recurso natural único y limitado, esencial para la vida y el desarrollo de la Nación.', 'Sector Agua Venezuela se posiciona entre las primeras 11 naciones con reservas comprobadas de agua dulce del planeta, un recurso natural único y limitado, esencial para la vida y el desarrollo de la Nación. Como pueblo asumimos la tarea de gestionar las aguas en un contexto de guerra multiforme contra nuestro país, en medio de la lucha contra la pandemia por la COVID-19, haciendo frente al cambio climático, y como parte de la construcción de nuestro Socialismo Bolivariano como única alternativa a la debacle capitalista y sus efectos.', 'Como pueblo asumimos la tarea de gestionar las aguas en un contexto de guerra multiforme contra nuestro país, en medio de la lucha contra la pandemia por la COVID-19, haciendo frente al cambio climático, y como parte de la construcción de nuestro Socialismo Bolivariano como única alternativa a la debacle capitalista y sus efectos. Reconociendo la importancia del agua para la vida, la soberanía y la paz, el 15 de Junio de 2018 se creó el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Atención de las Aguas por instrucción de nuestro Presidente Nicolás Maduro, marcando un hito histórico al crearse por primera vez en nuestra República una entidad científico-técnica que asume de forma exclusiva las competencias asignadas por el Ejecutivo Nacional para la gestión ecosocialista de las aguas, con base en la administración sostenible de las 16 regiones hidrográficas para asegurar la protección y resguardo de las fuentes, el acceso justo y equitativo al agua para sus distintos usos y al saneamiento, bajo un esquema de gestión pública, democrática, participativa y protagónica.', 'Reconociendo la importancia del agua para la vida, la soberanía y la paz, el 15 de Junio de 2018 se creó el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Atención de las Aguas por instrucción de nuestro Presidente Nicolás Maduro, marcando un hito histórico al crearse por primera vez en nuestra República una entidad científico-técnica que asume de forma exclusiva las competencias asignadas por el Ejecutivo Nacional para la gestión ecosocialista de las aguas, con base en la administración sostenible de las 16 regiones hidrográficas para asegurar la protección y resguardo de las fuentes, el acceso justo y equitativo al agua para sus distintos usos y al saneamiento, bajo un esquema de gestión pública, democrática, participativa y protagónica. La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela establece en su artículo 304 que “todas las aguas son bienes de dominio público de la nación, insustituibles para la vida y el desarrollo.', 'La Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela establece en su artículo 304 que “todas las aguas son bienes de dominio público de la nación, insustituibles para la vida y el desarrollo. La ley establecerá las disposiciones necesarias a fin de garantizarRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC su protección, aprovechamiento y recuperación, respetando las fases del ciclo hidrológico y los criterios de ordenación del territorio”.', 'La ley establecerá las disposiciones necesarias a fin de garantizarRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC su protección, aprovechamiento y recuperación, respetando las fases del ciclo hidrológico y los criterios de ordenación del territorio”. Partiendo del mandato constitucional, el 06 de abril del 2019 se realizó la consulta Nacional para la elaboración del Plan Nacional del Sistema Hídrico reuniendo distintos actores con competencias vinculadas al sector, resultando 6 vértices de acción cuyas líneas estratégicas y acciones, fueron actualizadas colectivamente por el pueblo trabajador del agua en agosto del año 2020.', 'Partiendo del mandato constitucional, el 06 de abril del 2019 se realizó la consulta Nacional para la elaboración del Plan Nacional del Sistema Hídrico reuniendo distintos actores con competencias vinculadas al sector, resultando 6 vértices de acción cuyas líneas estratégicas y acciones, fueron actualizadas colectivamente por el pueblo trabajador del agua en agosto del año 2020. El primer vértice es el Gobierno Popular de las Aguas y comprende el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de Mesas Técnicas de Agua, Salas de Gestión Comunitarias del Agua, Brigadas comunitarias, redes comunales de información, sistemas de reporte masivo, el registro de distribuidores públicos y privados de agua, un nuevo marco jurídico para las aguas y la ejecución de proyectos comunitarios para mejoras del servicio de agua potable y saneamiento.', 'El primer vértice es el Gobierno Popular de las Aguas y comprende el fortalecimiento y desarrollo de Mesas Técnicas de Agua, Salas de Gestión Comunitarias del Agua, Brigadas comunitarias, redes comunales de información, sistemas de reporte masivo, el registro de distribuidores públicos y privados de agua, un nuevo marco jurídico para las aguas y la ejecución de proyectos comunitarios para mejoras del servicio de agua potable y saneamiento. El segundo vértice de acción se refiere al Fortalecimiento del Sistema Hídrico Nacional ¡Más Agua para el Pueblo!', 'El segundo vértice de acción se refiere al Fortalecimiento del Sistema Hídrico Nacional ¡Más Agua para el Pueblo! y contempla acciones para la sustentabilidad financiera del servicio, desarrollo del mapa de soluciones para el sistema hídrico nacional, autogeneración eléctrica en los sistemas, recuperación de flota vehicular y maquinaria pesada, sistema de comunicaciones en instalaciones del sistema hídrico y producción soberana de sustancias y reactivos químicos. El tercer vértice corresponde a la Seguridad Integral del Sistema Hídrico y busca garantizar y fortalecer la seguridad física, tecnológica e industrial en todos los procesos del sistema hídrico nacional, en articulación con los distintos cuerpos de seguridad del Estado.', 'El tercer vértice corresponde a la Seguridad Integral del Sistema Hídrico y busca garantizar y fortalecer la seguridad física, tecnológica e industrial en todos los procesos del sistema hídrico nacional, en articulación con los distintos cuerpos de seguridad del Estado. El cuarto vértice se refiere a la Educación, Innovación Tecnológica y Encadenamiento Productivo a través del desarrollo de programas educativos, campañas comunicacionales, pregrado y post-grado en materia hídrica, técnicas alternativas de captación y potabilización, preservación de saberes ancestrales, diseño de prototipos de partes y piezas, estudio integral de cuencas hidrográficas y todo lo relativo a la puesta en marcha de la Industria Nacional del Agua.', 'El cuarto vértice se refiere a la Educación, Innovación Tecnológica y Encadenamiento Productivo a través del desarrollo de programas educativos, campañas comunicacionales, pregrado y post-grado en materia hídrica, técnicas alternativas de captación y potabilización, preservación de saberes ancestrales, diseño de prototipos de partes y piezas, estudio integral de cuencas hidrográficas y todo lo relativo a la puesta en marcha de la Industria Nacional del Agua. El quinto vértice corresponde a la Transformación Integral del Modelo de Gestión y agrupa acciones para el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de rectoría de las aguas y la transferencia revolucionaria del servicio a las comunidades organizadas, además de acciones para la captación, formación y atención integral del pueblo trabajador del agua.', 'El quinto vértice corresponde a la Transformación Integral del Modelo de Gestión y agrupa acciones para el fortalecimiento de los mecanismos de rectoría de las aguas y la transferencia revolucionaria del servicio a las comunidades organizadas, además de acciones para la captación, formación y atención integral del pueblo trabajador del agua. El sexto vértice agrupa acciones para la Siembra y Cosecha del Agua que incluyen estrategias para la protección y recuperación del agua en fuente, red de monitoreo de cantidad y calidad del agua, organización institucional a través de los Consejos de Regiones Hidrográficas y Consejos de Cuencas Hidrográficas, control administrativo del aprovechamiento del agua en la fuente, almacenamiento en embalses, control yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC manejo de aguas subterráneas, además de la gestión integral de riesgos de inundaciones, sequías y fallas estructurales de presas y obras complementarias que puedan afectar negativamente a las personas y sus bienes.', 'El sexto vértice agrupa acciones para la Siembra y Cosecha del Agua que incluyen estrategias para la protección y recuperación del agua en fuente, red de monitoreo de cantidad y calidad del agua, organización institucional a través de los Consejos de Regiones Hidrográficas y Consejos de Cuencas Hidrográficas, control administrativo del aprovechamiento del agua en la fuente, almacenamiento en embalses, control yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC manejo de aguas subterráneas, además de la gestión integral de riesgos de inundaciones, sequías y fallas estructurales de presas y obras complementarias que puedan afectar negativamente a las personas y sus bienes. Tenemos entonces, un plan estratégico para seguir avanzando juntos y juntas en la gestión integral de las aguas, en consonancia con nuestro Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y en aras del cumplimiento del ODS 6 de la Agenda 2030 de la ONU y de los distintos acuerdos internacionales.', 'Tenemos entonces, un plan estratégico para seguir avanzando juntos y juntas en la gestión integral de las aguas, en consonancia con nuestro Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025 y en aras del cumplimiento del ODS 6 de la Agenda 2030 de la ONU y de los distintos acuerdos internacionales. Dentro de todo este contexto se presenta a continuación la Ficha 04, referente a las Políticas de las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas presentadas por el Sector Agua. Ficha 04. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Agua. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en Adaptación al Cambio Climático.', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en Adaptación al Cambio Climático. Actualización de las Contribucion Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Conservación y Manejo del Agua Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela En nuestro país anualmente se extraen 10.6 miles de millones de metros cúbicos de agua cruda, de los cuales 54% se utiliza para generación eléctrica, 35% para el consumo humano, 6% para agricultura, ganadería y silvicultura y 5% para la industria manufacturera.', 'Actualización de las Contribucion Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Conservación y Manejo del Agua Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela En nuestro país anualmente se extraen 10.6 miles de millones de metros cúbicos de agua cruda, de los cuales 54% se utiliza para generación eléctrica, 35% para el consumo humano, 6% para agricultura, ganadería y silvicultura y 5% para la industria manufacturera. En cuanto a cobertura del servicio de agua potable, cabe resaltar que Venezuela alcanzó en el año 2007 (ocho años antes de lo acordado) la meta del milenio establecida en la Agenda de la ONU, al lograr el acceso al agua potable para el 96% de la población, en un proceso que involucra más de 2.023 instalaciones, más de 32.000 kilómetros de tuberías y más de 18.000 pozos profundos a nivel nacional.', 'En cuanto a cobertura del servicio de agua potable, cabe resaltar que Venezuela alcanzó en el año 2007 (ocho años antes de lo acordado) la meta del milenio establecida en la Agenda de la ONU, al lograr el acceso al agua potable para el 96% de la población, en un proceso que involucra más de 2.023 instalaciones, más de 32.000 kilómetros de tuberías y más de 18.000 pozos profundos a nivel nacional. Por otro lado, hemos logrado también recolectar el 70% de las aguas servidas.', 'Por otro lado, hemos logrado también recolectar el 70% de las aguas servidas. En acción heroica de resistencia, el pueblo trabajador del agua aumentó la capacidad de producción de agua potable a 134.400 litros por segundo en el año 2020, todo en medio de la agresión de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y la Unión Europea a través de medidas coercitivas unilaterales, en el marco de la recuperación del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional luego del ataque sistemático criminal realizado en el año 2019, lo cual ha conspirado contra la eficiencia y la calidad en la prestación del servicio de agua potable ya que el 95% de los sistemas requieren energía eléctrica para operar; y además enfrentando fuertes períodos de sequía desde el año 2013 hasta el 2017 y durante el 2019 y parte del 2020.', 'En acción heroica de resistencia, el pueblo trabajador del agua aumentó la capacidad de producción de agua potable a 134.400 litros por segundo en el año 2020, todo en medio de la agresión de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y la Unión Europea a través de medidas coercitivas unilaterales, en el marco de la recuperación del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional luego del ataque sistemático criminal realizado en el año 2019, lo cual ha conspirado contra la eficiencia y la calidad en la prestación del servicio de agua potable ya que el 95% de los sistemas requieren energía eléctrica para operar; y además enfrentando fuertes períodos de sequía desde el año 2013 hasta el 2017 y durante el 2019 y parte del 2020. De igual forma, hemos avanzado en la organización popular con miras a la transferencia revolucionaria del servicio, alcanzando 4.670 mesas técnicas de agua activas el año 2020 con la participación de 11.124 voceros y voceras además de la conformación de Brigadas Comunitarias para la reparación de averías menores y para la protección y resguardo de fuentes.', 'De igual forma, hemos avanzado en la organización popular con miras a la transferencia revolucionaria del servicio, alcanzando 4.670 mesas técnicas de agua activas el año 2020 con la participación de 11.124 voceros y voceras además de la conformación de Brigadas Comunitarias para la reparación de averías menores y para la protección y resguardo de fuentes. Por otro lado, la rectoría legal sobre las aguas en todas sus formas, no responde hoy día a un régimen jurídico único y uniforme, sino que está dispersa en varios cuerpos normativos.', 'Por otro lado, la rectoría legal sobre las aguas en todas sus formas, no responde hoy día a un régimen jurídico único y uniforme, sino que está dispersa en varios cuerpos normativos. En este sentido, el día 8 de Junio de 2021, fue aprobada por unanimidad en Primera Discusión, la propuesta presentada por la Comisión Permanente de Administración y Servicios de la Asamblea Nacional que unificará en un solo cuerpo la Ley de Aguas y la Ley de Prestación de los Servicios de Agua PotableRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC y Saneamiento.', 'En este sentido, el día 8 de Junio de 2021, fue aprobada por unanimidad en Primera Discusión, la propuesta presentada por la Comisión Permanente de Administración y Servicios de la Asamblea Nacional que unificará en un solo cuerpo la Ley de Aguas y la Ley de Prestación de los Servicios de Agua PotableRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC y Saneamiento. En cuanto a la sensibilización en torno al uso, protección y aprovechamiento del agua, promoviendo la recuperación de las prácticas y saberes ancestrales, se ha implementado en más de 2.750 instancias educativas el Programa “El Agua en nuestras Vidas” que busca sensibilizar a niños, niñas y adolescentes a través de distintas herramientas lúdico-pedagógicas, entre las que se cuenta el Videojuego “Caminos del Agua”, un aplicativo para Android y Canaima 4.0 en adelante, desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto TECNI-CIENCI-ANDO.', 'En cuanto a la sensibilización en torno al uso, protección y aprovechamiento del agua, promoviendo la recuperación de las prácticas y saberes ancestrales, se ha implementado en más de 2.750 instancias educativas el Programa “El Agua en nuestras Vidas” que busca sensibilizar a niños, niñas y adolescentes a través de distintas herramientas lúdico-pedagógicas, entre las que se cuenta el Videojuego “Caminos del Agua”, un aplicativo para Android y Canaima 4.0 en adelante, desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto TECNI-CIENCI-ANDO. La concientización y promoción de una nueva cultura del agua se impulsa en todos los ámbitos y niveles.', 'La concientización y promoción de una nueva cultura del agua se impulsa en todos los ámbitos y niveles. A la formación escolar se une la formación técnica a través del Diplomado de Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico dictado junto a la Fundación Escuela Venezolana de Planificación; la Cátedra para la Siembra Alternativa del Agua, el diplomado Formador de Formadores y la acreditación de licenciaturas, maestrías y doctorados a través de la Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez; las cohortes de Auxiliar y Técnico Superior en Ingeniería del Agua y PNF de Ingeniería del Agua junto a las Universidades Politécnicas Territoriales.', 'A la formación escolar se une la formación técnica a través del Diplomado de Gestión Integral del Recurso Hídrico dictado junto a la Fundación Escuela Venezolana de Planificación; la Cátedra para la Siembra Alternativa del Agua, el diplomado Formador de Formadores y la acreditación de licenciaturas, maestrías y doctorados a través de la Universidad Nacional Experimental Simón Rodríguez; las cohortes de Auxiliar y Técnico Superior en Ingeniería del Agua y PNF de Ingeniería del Agua junto a las Universidades Politécnicas Territoriales. En cuanto a la protección y preservación del agua en fuentes, como una de las acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático, continuamos con la realización de dragados, remoción de bora, limpieza de canales de descarga, obras de rehabilitación y mantenimiento de embalses, obras para el control de inundaciones y actualización y caracterización de red de pozos.', 'En cuanto a la protección y preservación del agua en fuentes, como una de las acciones para la adaptación al cambio climático, continuamos con la realización de dragados, remoción de bora, limpieza de canales de descarga, obras de rehabilitación y mantenimiento de embalses, obras para el control de inundaciones y actualización y caracterización de red de pozos. Además, contamos con el Fondo Nacional para la Gestión Integral de las Aguas (FONAGUAS), el Plan Estratégico de Seguridad del Sistema Hídrico Nacional y el Plan Nacional de Seguridad del Sistema de Embalses de Venezuela. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 1. Gobierno Popular de las Aguas.', 'Gobierno Popular de las Aguas. o Se consolidarán 20.000 Mesas Técnicas de Agua en el país para la organización y sensibilización de la población para el uso racional del recurso hídrico ante los efectos del Cambio Climático. o Se instalarán 800 Salas de Gestión Comunitaria de las Aguas para la sensibilización de la población para el uso racional del recurso hídrico desde la perspectiva de la resiliencia ante los efectos del Cambio Climático. o Se conformarán 1.736 Brigadas del Poder Popular para las Aguas (BRIPPAS) para la reparación de averías menores y garantizar el agua a la población.', 'o Se conformarán 1.736 Brigadas del Poder Popular para las Aguas (BRIPPAS) para la reparación de averías menores y garantizar el agua a la población. o Se contará con una nueva Ley Orgánica para las Aguas con la finalidad de lograr un futuro sostenible y la gestión del recurso hídrico desde la perspectiva de la resiliencia ante los efectos del cambio climático. 2. Fortalecimiento del Sistema Hídrico Nacional. o Se ejecutarán las 6.218 soluciones identificadas en el Mapa de Soluciones para el Sistema Hídrico Nacional como respuesta a la población afectada por eventos hidrometeorológicos.', 'o Se ejecutarán las 6.218 soluciones identificadas en el Mapa de Soluciones para el Sistema Hídrico Nacional como respuesta a la población afectada por eventos hidrometeorológicos. o Se contará con un Fondo de Financiamiento Regional para investigaciones científicas y construcción de partes y piezas para el fortalecimiento del Sistema Hídrico Nacional para atender las emergencias que se puedan presentar por los eventos hidrometeorológicos. o Se contará con el Sistema Nacional de Gestión Integral de las Aguas para identificar la demanda futura para la toma de decisiones en cuanto a la distribución del recurso hídrico entre los diferentes usos posibles del agua.', 'o Se contará con el Sistema Nacional de Gestión Integral de las Aguas para identificar la demanda futura para la toma de decisiones en cuanto a la distribución del recurso hídrico entre los diferentes usos posibles del agua. o Se estará el 100% operativas las 118 plantas desalinizadoras instaladas en el país como acción para garantizar el suministro del recurso hídrico a las poblaciones más vulnerables. 3. Seguridad integral del sistema hídrico Nacional. o Se desarrollará el Plan para la resiliencia hídrica y la mitigación de los efectos negativos del Cambio Climático de las aguas sobre la población y sus bienes.', 'o Se desarrollará el Plan para la resiliencia hídrica y la mitigación de los efectos negativos del Cambio Climático de las aguas sobre la población y sus bienes. o Se instalarán 4 niveles para la seguridad física de las instalaciones del Sistema Hídrico Nacional, junto al pueblo organizado y los órganos de seguridad del Estado para garantizar el suministro del recurso hídrico a las poblaciones más vulnerables. o Se contará con una Red de Comunicación de Alerta Temprana para las amenazas naturales o antrópicas que se puedan presentar a nivel nacional por los efectos de la vulnerabilidad climática. 4.', 'o Se contará con una Red de Comunicación de Alerta Temprana para las amenazas naturales o antrópicas que se puedan presentar a nivel nacional por los efectos de la vulnerabilidad climática. 4. Educación, Innovación Tecnológica y Encadenamiento Productivo.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC o Se consolidarán las operaciones de la Industria Nacional del Agua (INASA) con la finalidad de garantizar los conocimientos y las técnicas endógenas en el tratamiento, purificación y distribución del recurso hídrico a las poblaciones más vulnerables. o Se abordará el 100% de las Escuelas Básicas con el Programa “El Agua en nuestras Vidas” y demás programas educativos para la sensibilización de los niños (as) sobre recurso hídrico.', 'o Se abordará el 100% de las Escuelas Básicas con el Programa “El Agua en nuestras Vidas” y demás programas educativos para la sensibilización de los niños (as) sobre recurso hídrico. o Se contará con una aplicación para el seguimiento y control de la ejecución del Mapa de Soluciones, incidencias del servicio y registro de Mesas Técnicas de Agua para una gestión integral del recurso hídrico. 5. Transformación Integral del Modelo de Gestión. o Se consolidarán 292 experiencias de transferencia revolucionaria del servicio a la comunidad organizada para el uso racional del recurso hídrico y responder a las amenazas naturales o antrópicas que se puedan presentar a nivel nacional por los efectos de la vulnerabilidad climática. 6. Siembra y Cosecha de Agua.', 'Siembra y Cosecha de Agua. o Se consolidará el Fondo Nacional para Gestión Integral de las Aguas (FONAGUAS) con la finalidad de realizar la distribución del recurso hídrico entre los diferentes usos posibles del agua. o Se rehabilitará y estabilizará el mantenimiento de los 104 embalses del país para garantizar el suministro óptimo del recurso hídrico. o Se implementará el Programa Hidrológico Internacional de la UNESCO en Venezuela, cuya finalidad es la investigación sobre el agua, la gestión, la educación y la creación de capacidades en los recursos hídricos ante los efectos del Cambio Climático.', 'o Se implementará el Programa Hidrológico Internacional de la UNESCO en Venezuela, cuya finalidad es la investigación sobre el agua, la gestión, la educación y la creación de capacidades en los recursos hídricos ante los efectos del Cambio Climático. Descripción de la acción Objetivos a. Impulsar y fortalecer la Gestión Popular del Agua, como política fundamental para la democracia directa y protagónica en el sector, apuntando a generar experiencias de cogestión y autogestión socialista de los servicios a través de la Transferencia Revolucionaria de Servicio de Agua al Poder Popular, incentivando activamente la participación del pueblo organizado a través de las Mesas Técnicas de Agua, Consejos Comunitarios del Agua y Salas de Gestión Comunitaria del Agua, integrados plenamente a las Comunas.', 'Descripción de la acción Objetivos a. Impulsar y fortalecer la Gestión Popular del Agua, como política fundamental para la democracia directa y protagónica en el sector, apuntando a generar experiencias de cogestión y autogestión socialista de los servicios a través de la Transferencia Revolucionaria de Servicio de Agua al Poder Popular, incentivando activamente la participación del pueblo organizado a través de las Mesas Técnicas de Agua, Consejos Comunitarios del Agua y Salas de Gestión Comunitaria del Agua, integrados plenamente a las Comunas. b. Fortalecer y expandir la producción y distribución de agua potable por medio del desarrollo y mantenimiento integral de la infraestructura hídrica y la conservación y manejo de las fuentes de agua, para garantizar la satisfacción de necesidades actuales y futuras de la población.', 'b. Fortalecer y expandir la producción y distribución de agua potable por medio del desarrollo y mantenimiento integral de la infraestructura hídrica y la conservación y manejo de las fuentes de agua, para garantizar la satisfacción de necesidades actuales y futuras de la población. c. Generar un sistema de prevención integral para el servicio hídrico nacional, orientado a la reducción de las acciones delictivas contra el servicio, abordando también acciones para la seguridad técnica e industrial de los procesos, así como las políticas de Estado vinculadas a la gestión integral del riesgo asociado ante eventos naturales o antrópicos adversos.', 'c. Generar un sistema de prevención integral para el servicio hídrico nacional, orientado a la reducción de las acciones delictivas contra el servicio, abordando también acciones para la seguridad técnica e industrial de los procesos, así como las políticas de Estado vinculadas a la gestión integral del riesgo asociado ante eventos naturales o antrópicos adversos. d. Alcanzar la soberanía e independencia en todos los ámbitos de los procesos productivos del sector hídrico, partiendo de una nueva cultura del agua, con un esquema de pensamiento y acción que se evidencia en la organización popular del agua, pueblo trabajador del agua, e instituciones deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC formación, a los fines de fortalecer el servicio hídrico nacional.', 'd. Alcanzar la soberanía e independencia en todos los ámbitos de los procesos productivos del sector hídrico, partiendo de una nueva cultura del agua, con un esquema de pensamiento y acción que se evidencia en la organización popular del agua, pueblo trabajador del agua, e instituciones deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC formación, a los fines de fortalecer el servicio hídrico nacional. e. Transformar el modelo de gestión de la prestación del servicio de agua potable, garantizando el derecho humano de acceso al agua para todas y todos los venezolanos, con participación protagónica del pueblo organizado y del pueblo trabajador del agua, a través de un modelo soberano y sostenible, que permita potenciar los conocimientos y habilidades técnico- políticas necesarias para el proceso productivo del agua.', 'e. Transformar el modelo de gestión de la prestación del servicio de agua potable, garantizando el derecho humano de acceso al agua para todas y todos los venezolanos, con participación protagónica del pueblo organizado y del pueblo trabajador del agua, a través de un modelo soberano y sostenible, que permita potenciar los conocimientos y habilidades técnico- políticas necesarias para el proceso productivo del agua. f. Fortalecer la Gestión Integral del Agua en Cuencas Hidrográficas con énfasis en la protección, aprovechamiento sustentable y recuperación de las aguas tanto superficiales como subterráneas, a fin de satisfacer las necesidades humanas, ecológicas y la demanda generada por los procesos productivos del país. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Cobertura del servicio de agua potable 100% de la población tiene acceso al servicio de agua potable.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Cobertura del servicio de agua potable 100% de la población tiene acceso al servicio de agua potable. • Tratamiento de aguas servidas 50% de las aguas servidas tratadas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.4. Sector Asentamiento Urbano (Vivienda) El cambio climático está afectando la variabilidad natural del clima haciendo que se produzcan eventos extremos cada vez más frecuentes e intensos, y en consecuencia ello hace que se incrementen las pérdidas de vidas humanas y los daños a la propiedad.', 'Sector Asentamiento Urbano (Vivienda) El cambio climático está afectando la variabilidad natural del clima haciendo que se produzcan eventos extremos cada vez más frecuentes e intensos, y en consecuencia ello hace que se incrementen las pérdidas de vidas humanas y los daños a la propiedad. El Estado venezolano a fin de materializar en forma masiva y acelerada las condiciones, para un disfrute sano y equitativo de los derechos sociales contemplados en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, crea un conjunto de programas sociales de gran envergadura, bajo la figura de Misiones y Grandes Misiones.', 'El Estado venezolano a fin de materializar en forma masiva y acelerada las condiciones, para un disfrute sano y equitativo de los derechos sociales contemplados en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, crea un conjunto de programas sociales de gran envergadura, bajo la figura de Misiones y Grandes Misiones. Esta Misión Vivienda Venezuela: logra el acceso a viviendas económicas y amigables con el ambiente, para un gran número de familias afectadas por las vaguadas, de igual manera, a quienes no las poseen, implica crear sistemas constructivos innovadores; con la implementación de tecnologías locales y con la transferencia de tecnología lograda a través de convenios como los de China, Irán, Bielorrusia, ha permitido reorganizar los espacios urbanos.', 'Esta Misión Vivienda Venezuela: logra el acceso a viviendas económicas y amigables con el ambiente, para un gran número de familias afectadas por las vaguadas, de igual manera, a quienes no las poseen, implica crear sistemas constructivos innovadores; con la implementación de tecnologías locales y con la transferencia de tecnología lograda a través de convenios como los de China, Irán, Bielorrusia, ha permitido reorganizar los espacios urbanos. Es importante señalar, que República Bolivariana de Venezuela planifica los nuevos complejos habitacionales que permite ofrecer beneficios de diverso tipo; además de las ventajas materiales para sus habitantes, posibilita controlarla agresión a los ecosistemas, la deforestación y la ocupación de zonas vulnerables y de alto riesgo, garantizando condiciones de salubridad, así como el acceso y uso eficiente de los servicios básicos para millones de habitantes.', 'Es importante señalar, que República Bolivariana de Venezuela planifica los nuevos complejos habitacionales que permite ofrecer beneficios de diverso tipo; además de las ventajas materiales para sus habitantes, posibilita controlarla agresión a los ecosistemas, la deforestación y la ocupación de zonas vulnerables y de alto riesgo, garantizando condiciones de salubridad, así como el acceso y uso eficiente de los servicios básicos para millones de habitantes. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 05 del sector Asentamiento Urbano (Vivienda). Ficha 05. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Asentamiento Urbano (Vivienda). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Construcción de Viviendas a Nivel Nacional Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela El sector hábitat y vivienda ha implementado desde 2017 un total de 5 planes anuales, enmarcados en la consolidación del Plan Sectorial de Hábitat y Vivienda 2019 - 2025 y el 5to Gran Objetivo histórico del Plan de la Patria 2019 - 2025, dentro de los cuales se ha logrado lo siguiente: 1. Construcción de 3.600.000 viviendas en el territorio nacional, dirigidas a la atención digna de las familias venezolanas. 2. Capacitación de 124 en materia de tratamiento de los residuos sólidos. 3.', 'Capacitación de 124 en materia de tratamiento de los residuos sólidos. 3. Propuesta de implementación de los Planes de Desarrollo Estratégico Local (PDEL), como herramienta fundamental para garantizar el derecho a la ciudad y la armonía con el hábitat, desde lo local. 4. Propuesta de Indicadores para Certificar Proyectos dirigidos a la Construcción deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Viviendas Sostenibles, enmarcados en el cumplimiento de los ODS. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030: ✓ Se estima 5.700.000 viviendas a construir en respuesta a la necesidad de viviendas del pueblo venezolano, de las cuales un % serán destinadas como respuesta a las personas que sean afectadas por los efectos del Cambio Climático.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030: ✓ Se estima 5.700.000 viviendas a construir en respuesta a la necesidad de viviendas del pueblo venezolano, de las cuales un % serán destinadas como respuesta a las personas que sean afectadas por los efectos del Cambio Climático. ✓ Se estima 700.000 viviendas a construir con sistemas bioconstructivos alternativos (madera, bambú, bahareque), en respuesta a pérdidas y daños por efectos adversos al Cambio Climático, y a la atención especial al ámbito rural, pueblos indígenas y demás áreas ecológicamente frágiles. ✓ Se estima la construcción de 1.140.000 viviendas mediante el empleo de materiales de producción local, a fin de disminuir en un 20% la emisión de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera por concepto de transporte.', '✓ Se estima la construcción de 1.140.000 viviendas mediante el empleo de materiales de producción local, a fin de disminuir en un 20% la emisión de gases contaminantes a la atmósfera por concepto de transporte. ✓ Se estima la organización de 108 jornadas de arborización destinadas al incremento de las áreas verdes de los urbanismos, a nivel nacional para minimizar los efectos del Cambio Climático. ✓ Se desarrollarán 2 planes sectoriales y 9 planes anuales en el sector hábitat y vivienda, destinados a establecer las políticas de sostenibilidad necesarias para mitigar los riesgos ante amenazas hidrometeorológicas y enrumbar a la construcción de viviendas que garanticen la resiliencia climática.', '✓ Se desarrollarán 2 planes sectoriales y 9 planes anuales en el sector hábitat y vivienda, destinados a establecer las políticas de sostenibilidad necesarias para mitigar los riesgos ante amenazas hidrometeorológicas y enrumbar a la construcción de viviendas que garanticen la resiliencia climática. ✓ Se desarrollarán 4 planes particulares en el sector hábitat y vivienda, a saber: Plan de Desarrollo Estratégico Local (PDEL), como herramienta fundamental para garantizar el derecho a la ciudad y la armonía con el hábitat, permitiendo la intervención ordenada de los asentamientos humanos desde lo local, Plan integral de mantenimiento a edificaciones residenciales, destinados a mitigar el 30% de elementos contaminantes de las construcciones existentes, Plan piloto de manejo de desechos sólidos, destinados a la reducción del 40% de desechos sólidos que se insertan al hábitat, y Plan de Bosques Urbanos, para impulsar el reintegro de las especies vegetales y animales al ámbito territorial que fue intervenido.', '✓ Se desarrollarán 4 planes particulares en el sector hábitat y vivienda, a saber: Plan de Desarrollo Estratégico Local (PDEL), como herramienta fundamental para garantizar el derecho a la ciudad y la armonía con el hábitat, permitiendo la intervención ordenada de los asentamientos humanos desde lo local, Plan integral de mantenimiento a edificaciones residenciales, destinados a mitigar el 30% de elementos contaminantes de las construcciones existentes, Plan piloto de manejo de desechos sólidos, destinados a la reducción del 40% de desechos sólidos que se insertan al hábitat, y Plan de Bosques Urbanos, para impulsar el reintegro de las especies vegetales y animales al ámbito territorial que fue intervenido. ✓ Se estima mejorar 6 normas actuales de construcción de viviendas para la integración de la variabilidad climática natural.', '✓ Se estima mejorar 6 normas actuales de construcción de viviendas para la integración de la variabilidad climática natural. Descripción de la acción Las acciones por parte del Ministerio del Poder Popular para Hábitat y Vivienda se enmarcan en la consolidación de las siguientes aristas de trabajo: 1. Construcción de viviendas: ✓ 5.700.000 viviendas a nivel nacional ✓ 700.000 viviendas con sistemas bioconstructivos alternativos ✓ 1.140.000 viviendas con materiales de fabricación local 2. Inserción de nuevos elementos constructivos: 8 nuevos elementos constructivos que garanticen el 0% de desperdicio en obras. 3. Jornadas de arborización: se estima la ejecución de 108 jornadas de arborización en espacios urbanos destinados a lograr el incremento sustancial del porcentaje de áreas verdes en urbanismos y complejos habitacionales. 4.', 'Jornadas de arborización: se estima la ejecución de 108 jornadas de arborización en espacios urbanos destinados a lograr el incremento sustancial del porcentaje de áreas verdes en urbanismos y complejos habitacionales. 4. Planificación Estratégica del Sector Hábitat y Vivienda: ✓ Continuidad del actual Plan Sectorial de Hábitat y Vivienda 2019 - 2025 y Desarrollo del Plan Sectorial de Hábitat y Vivienda 2025-2031 ✓ Formulación y desarrollo de 9 planes anuales de hábitat y vivienda, que contemplen el aporte correspondiente a las metas establecidas en la construcción de viviendas, y el desarrollo de ciudades más compactas, de crecimiento controlado (aprovechamiento óptimo del suelo).', 'Planificación Estratégica del Sector Hábitat y Vivienda: ✓ Continuidad del actual Plan Sectorial de Hábitat y Vivienda 2019 - 2025 y Desarrollo del Plan Sectorial de Hábitat y Vivienda 2025-2031 ✓ Formulación y desarrollo de 9 planes anuales de hábitat y vivienda, que contemplen el aporte correspondiente a las metas establecidas en la construcción de viviendas, y el desarrollo de ciudades más compactas, de crecimiento controlado (aprovechamiento óptimo del suelo). ✓ Formulación y desarrollo de 4 Planes Particulares: Plan de Desarrollo EstratégicoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Local (PDEL), Plan Integral de Mantenimiento a Edificaciones Residenciales, Plan Piloto para el Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en Urbanismos de la Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela y Plan de Bosques GMVV, para impulsar el reintegro de las especies vegetales y animales al ámbito territorial que fue intervenido.', '✓ Formulación y desarrollo de 4 Planes Particulares: Plan de Desarrollo EstratégicoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Local (PDEL), Plan Integral de Mantenimiento a Edificaciones Residenciales, Plan Piloto para el Manejo de Residuos Sólidos en Urbanismos de la Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela y Plan de Bosques GMVV, para impulsar el reintegro de las especies vegetales y animales al ámbito territorial que fue intervenido. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ✓ Cantidad de Viviendas construidas a nivel nacional: ✓ Cantidad de Viviendas construidas con sistemas bioconstructivos alternativos.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ✓ Cantidad de Viviendas construidas a nivel nacional: ✓ Cantidad de Viviendas construidas con sistemas bioconstructivos alternativos. ✓ Cantidad de Viviendas construidas con materiales de fabricación local ✓ Cantidad de nuevos elementos constructivos insertados en la construcción de viviendas ✓ Cantidad de Jornadas dirigidas al Incremento de los m2 de áreas verdes en espacios urbanos. ✓ Porcentaje (%) de mitigación de elementos contaminantes en los urbanismos construidos. ✓ Porcentaje (%) de reducción de residuos sólidos en grandes urbanismos de Venezuela. ✓ Cantidad de especies animales y vegetales que se reintegraron al hábitat original. ✓ Cantidad de Políticas, Lineamientos, Planes y Programas dirigidos al logro de las metas plateadas. 11.3.5.', '✓ Cantidad de Políticas, Lineamientos, Planes y Programas dirigidos al logro de las metas plateadas. 11.3.5. Sector Ciencia y Tecnología La transferencia de tecnología se ha materializado a través de convenios de cooperación e intercambio entre países, instituciones y centros de investigación, así como en programas y proyectos que responden habitualmente a políticas de Estado y que han impulsado el desarrollo y crecimiento de los diversos sectores de la sociedad, mediante el acceso al conocimiento y experiencia de los grupos de investigación, innovación y desarrollo tecnológico Ciencia y Tecnología ha financiado 128 proyectos de investigación en el área de cambio climático. Estos proyectos fueron seleccionados en convocatorias abiertas a comunidades organizadas, fundaciones, universidades y centros de investigación en todo el territorio nacional.', 'Estos proyectos fueron seleccionados en convocatorias abiertas a comunidades organizadas, fundaciones, universidades y centros de investigación en todo el territorio nacional. Se enfocan en obtener resultados con opciones reales que den respuesta al tema de la mitigación y adaptación para sectores como: energías complementarias, producción agrícola sustentable, educación, vivienda, inventario de emisiones, información básica, modelos predictivos, conservación y uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica. En la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, los programas de monitoreo y observación sistemática de variables relevantes para la investigación climática involucran aspectos meteorológicos y oceanográficos vinculados a distintas zonas climáticas presentes en el país.', 'En la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, los programas de monitoreo y observación sistemática de variables relevantes para la investigación climática involucran aspectos meteorológicos y oceanográficos vinculados a distintas zonas climáticas presentes en el país. Esto ha conducido a que en la última década se haya logrado una mejora con el incremento de capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo hidrometeorológico, la predicción del clima y el monitoreo en tiempo real de algunos parámetros ambientales. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 06 del sector Ciencia y Tecnología.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 06. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Ciencia y Tecnología. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017-2020 Investigación, Monitoreo y Observación Sistemática Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela 1. Investigación en Cambio Climático o Desde 2011 el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Educación Universitaria Ciencia y Tecnología ha financiado 128 proyectos de investigación en el área de Cambio Climático. o Estos proyectos fueron seleccionados en convocatorias abiertas a comunidades organizadas, fundaciones, universidades y centros de investigación en todo el territorio nacional.', 'o Estos proyectos fueron seleccionados en convocatorias abiertas a comunidades organizadas, fundaciones, universidades y centros de investigación en todo el territorio nacional. Se enfocan en la mitigación y adaptación en una amplia gama de temas que incluyen energías complementarias, producción agrícola sustentable, educación, vivienda, inventario de emisiones, información básica, modelos predictivos y conservación y uso sustentable de la diversidad biológica. 2. Incremento de capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo hidrometeorológico y la predicción del clima en el país o Densificación de la red existente de estaciones hidrometeorológicas automáticas a nivel nacional.', 'Incremento de capacidades nacionales para el monitoreo hidrometeorológico y la predicción del clima en el país o Densificación de la red existente de estaciones hidrometeorológicas automáticas a nivel nacional. Actualmente el Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (INAMEH) desarrolla el proyecto de automatizar la red hidrometeorológica del país a tiempo cuasi real, con el fin de recuperar la continuidad de los registros históricos y obtener mayor cobertura espacial en función de los tipos climáticos y la hidrología nacional. A la fecha se han instalado cerca de 300 estaciones hidrometeorológicas, sin embargo, se desarrollan proyectos y convenios para densificar aún más la red existente. 3. Evaluación de desempeño regional de los modelos de circulación atmosférica global para la predicción del clima futuro.', 'Evaluación de desempeño regional de los modelos de circulación atmosférica global para la predicción del clima futuro. o Los modelos climáticos de circulación atmosférica global (GCMs, por sus siglas en inglés) son una importante herramienta para la evaluación de los riesgos del cambio climático bajo diferentes escenarios de desarrollo. Sin embargo, su aplicación a escala regional y de país se dificulta debido a la escala espacial y a los diferentes supuestos bajo los cuales son elaborados, que no necesariamente responden a determinadas características regionales. Así, su aplicación requiere de una evaluación de desempeño para la selección de los modelos a ser regionalizados mediante rescalamiento.', 'Así, su aplicación requiere de una evaluación de desempeño para la selección de los modelos a ser regionalizados mediante rescalamiento. Los resultados de los Modelos Climáticos regionales bajo diferente escenarios futuros permitirán la elaboración de las líneas de acción a ser consideradas dentro del plan y las estrategias de adaptación para el Cambio Climático, permitiendo planificar la adaptación en sectores como el de la salud, especialmente en el caso de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores; el sector energía, dado que la generación de electricidad en nuestro país es altamente vulnerable a extremos de sequía; el sector agua y alimentos; biodiversidad y conservación de ecosistemas; entre otros. También permitirán el desarrollo de estudios para el inventario de gases de efecto invernadero y disponer de información técnica precisa para la mitigación voluntaria.', 'También permitirán el desarrollo de estudios para el inventario de gases de efecto invernadero y disponer de información técnica precisa para la mitigación voluntaria. Emitirán el desarrollo de los estudios para el Inventario de Gases de Efecto Invernadero y entregarán precisiones técnicas para la mitigación voluntaria. 4. Riesgos específicos a reducir con la información de los resultados de los modelos climáticos. o Escasez de agua por variabilidad climática. En específico se desarrolla un proyecto de investigación sobre potencial de cosecha de lluvia bajo diferentes escenarios de CambioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Climático a nivel nacional. o Extinción de especies.', 'En específico se desarrolla un proyecto de investigación sobre potencial de cosecha de lluvia bajo diferentes escenarios de CambioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Climático a nivel nacional. o Extinción de especies. Diversos proyectos sobre modelaje de distribución de especies bajo diferentes escenarios de Cambio Climático han sido financiados hasta el momento, indicando ecosistemas y especies vulnerables tanto en sistemas marinos, terrestres o dulceacuícolas, como un primer paso hacia su protección y conservación. o Disminución o pérdida de cosechas por extremos climáticos o elevación de temperatura. Un gran número de proyectos de investigación abordan los posibles efectos del Cambio Climático sobre la producción de alimentos a diferentes escalas, o Transmisión de enfermedades por vectores.', 'Un gran número de proyectos de investigación abordan los posibles efectos del Cambio Climático sobre la producción de alimentos a diferentes escalas, o Transmisión de enfermedades por vectores. Los proyectos de investigación de modelaje de nicho incluyen el modelaje de vectores de trasmisión de enfermedades como Dengue y Fiebre Amarilla, para estimar las áreas más vulnerables bajo diferentes escenarios de cambio climático. o Reducción de los riesgos por la Variabilidad Climática y el Cambio Climático, en los sectores específicos de Agua, Agricultura, Energía Salud y Desastre, seleccionados por la OMM para la implementación del Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos (MMSC), a la cual el Estado venezolano adicionará la Biodiversidad por su compromiso con los espacios naturales protegidos.', 'o Reducción de los riesgos por la Variabilidad Climática y el Cambio Climático, en los sectores específicos de Agua, Agricultura, Energía Salud y Desastre, seleccionados por la OMM para la implementación del Marco Mundial para los Servicios Climáticos (MMSC), a la cual el Estado venezolano adicionará la Biodiversidad por su compromiso con los espacios naturales protegidos. o Establecimiento de Modelos e Indicadores Climáticos e hidrológicos para el monitoreo continuo de los eventos hidrometeorológicos adversos actuales y proyectados. o Elaboración de índices de Evidencias de Cambio Climático y Variabilidad Climática. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se realizará actualización del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI).', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Se realizará actualización del inventario de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI). o Se elaborarán los mapas de vulnerabilidad del país para la priorización de la estrategia de adaptación en los diferentes sectores.', 'o Se elaborarán los mapas de vulnerabilidad del país para la priorización de la estrategia de adaptación en los diferentes sectores. Descripción de la acción o Colaboración en la actualización de inventario de gases de efecto invernadero, con la finalidad de hacer seguimiento a los resultados de las acciones de voluntarias de mitigación emprendidas por el Estado venezolano y con miras a actualizar continuamente la metas voluntarias de reducción de emisión de gases efecto invernadero, el sector de ciencia y tecnología mediante su ente rector, el ministerio del poder Popular para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, asesorará y contribuirá en la actualización periódica de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero con la participación activa de los expertos en la materia.', 'Descripción de la acción o Colaboración en la actualización de inventario de gases de efecto invernadero, con la finalidad de hacer seguimiento a los resultados de las acciones de voluntarias de mitigación emprendidas por el Estado venezolano y con miras a actualizar continuamente la metas voluntarias de reducción de emisión de gases efecto invernadero, el sector de ciencia y tecnología mediante su ente rector, el ministerio del poder Popular para la Ciencia y la Tecnología, asesorará y contribuirá en la actualización periódica de los inventarios de gases de efecto invernadero con la participación activa de los expertos en la materia. Se reconoce, además, que producto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales impuestas por algunos gobiernos extranjeros, los sectores productivos nacionales de mayor emisión de GEI han visto disminuida su productividad y por consiguiente su emisión GEI, por lo que se hace necesario la evaluación continua de las metas voluntarias de reducción GEI.', 'Se reconoce, además, que producto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales impuestas por algunos gobiernos extranjeros, los sectores productivos nacionales de mayor emisión de GEI han visto disminuida su productividad y por consiguiente su emisión GEI, por lo que se hace necesario la evaluación continua de las metas voluntarias de reducción GEI. o Elaboración de mapa de vulnerabilidad, para priorizar la estrategia de adaptación. El Mincyt apoyará y dirigirá proyectos de investigación para la elaboración de mapas de vulnerabilidad elaborados en sus entes adscritos y sobre el territorio nacional que permitan orientar el plan de adaptación nacional. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODSRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.6.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODSRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.6. Sector Comunas (Organización Popular) Creemos que nuestras sociedades deben cambiar y que esa transformación solo puede ocurrir desde las raíces, desde la participación, acciones y saberes de grupos y organizaciones sociales de base, desde la justicia, la equidad, el respeto y la inclusión.', 'Sector Comunas (Organización Popular) Creemos que nuestras sociedades deben cambiar y que esa transformación solo puede ocurrir desde las raíces, desde la participación, acciones y saberes de grupos y organizaciones sociales de base, desde la justicia, la equidad, el respeto y la inclusión. Las Comunas y los Consejos Comunales son formas de organización social que a través de procesos de territorialización generan acciones de reducción de la vulnerabilidad a través de la autoconstrucción, la organización para la producción sustentable y la organización para la vida en comunidades donde el transporte y el consumo se reducen por la territorialización y ubicación accesible de servicios e insumos para la vida: escuelas, mercados, centros de salud, entre otros. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 07 del Sector Comunas (Organización Popular). Ficha 07.', 'A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 07 del Sector Comunas (Organización Popular). Ficha 07. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Comunas (Organización Popular). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Organización Popular y Participación Descripción de la acción El fortalecimiento de la organización social en Venezuela es determinante para la reducción de la vulnerabilidad frente al Cambio Climático. El Sistema Integrado del Poder Popular (SIPP) 2021 ha permitido cuantificar en todo el país: 48.749 Consejos Comunales registrados, 3.330 Comunas registradas, 1.294 Salas de Batalla Social (que van a ser reactivadas para el año 2021) y 35.000 Movimientos Sociales, que suman más de 80.000 organizaciones sociales.', 'El Sistema Integrado del Poder Popular (SIPP) 2021 ha permitido cuantificar en todo el país: 48.749 Consejos Comunales registrados, 3.330 Comunas registradas, 1.294 Salas de Batalla Social (que van a ser reactivadas para el año 2021) y 35.000 Movimientos Sociales, que suman más de 80.000 organizaciones sociales. Actualmente se encuentran identificados más de 1.000 Territorios Potencialmente Comunas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 En el contexto de disponer de datos confiables se realiza contacto permanente con la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas Públicas, con el Sistema de Registro que coordina el Viceministerio de Organización y Participación Comunal y Social y con la Dirección de Estadística de FUNDACOMUNAL, del Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comunas y los Movimientos Sociales.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 En el contexto de disponer de datos confiables se realiza contacto permanente con la Oficina Estratégica de Seguimiento y Evaluación de Políticas Públicas, con el Sistema de Registro que coordina el Viceministerio de Organización y Participación Comunal y Social y con la Dirección de Estadística de FUNDACOMUNAL, del Ministerio del Poder Popular para las Comunas y los Movimientos Sociales. o Para el año 2030, se tiene previsto el alcance de lo siguiente: 50.000 Consejos Comunales registrados, 10.000 Comunas registradas, más de 2.700 Movimientos Sociales organizados y más de 2.000 Salas de Batalla Social, a fin de sensibilizar y contribuir en la construcción de las acciones en adaptación-mitigación del Cambio Climático con la transformación por vías de la educación.', 'o Para el año 2030, se tiene previsto el alcance de lo siguiente: 50.000 Consejos Comunales registrados, 10.000 Comunas registradas, más de 2.700 Movimientos Sociales organizados y más de 2.000 Salas de Batalla Social, a fin de sensibilizar y contribuir en la construcción de las acciones en adaptación-mitigación del Cambio Climático con la transformación por vías de la educación. Descripción de la acción • Desarrollo de un Sistema de Indicadores que oriente la evaluación de los efectos del Cambio Climático en las Comunas y las acciones emprendidas por los Consejos Comunales, Salas de Batalla Social y Movimientos Sociales.', 'Descripción de la acción • Desarrollo de un Sistema de Indicadores que oriente la evaluación de los efectos del Cambio Climático en las Comunas y las acciones emprendidas por los Consejos Comunales, Salas de Batalla Social y Movimientos Sociales. • En cada Comuna, Consejo Comunal, Sala de Batalla Social y Movimiento Social, debe conformarse un Comité de Evaluación integrado por voceros y voceras que permanentementeRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC efectúen el seguimiento en cuanto a los efectos adversos del cambio climático.', '• En cada Comuna, Consejo Comunal, Sala de Batalla Social y Movimiento Social, debe conformarse un Comité de Evaluación integrado por voceros y voceras que permanentementeRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC efectúen el seguimiento en cuanto a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. Objetivo Consolidar los lineamientos y políticas en materia de protección social, dirigidas a las personas, comunidades y grupos sociales vulnerados y vulnerables, en aras de establecer un modelo humanista centrado en el hombre y la mujer, ejecutando actividades locales y sustentables destinadas a la prevención y atención de manera corresponsable con el poder popular, que transfiere de manera paulatina el poder al pueblo y debe decidir sobre los aspectos inmediatos de su vida, en términos de cultura, creencias, deporte, salud, educación, seguridad de la nación, entre otros ámbitos sociales, con el propósito de profundizar el Sistema Político Social de reconocida trayectoria nacional e internacional.', 'Objetivo Consolidar los lineamientos y políticas en materia de protección social, dirigidas a las personas, comunidades y grupos sociales vulnerados y vulnerables, en aras de establecer un modelo humanista centrado en el hombre y la mujer, ejecutando actividades locales y sustentables destinadas a la prevención y atención de manera corresponsable con el poder popular, que transfiere de manera paulatina el poder al pueblo y debe decidir sobre los aspectos inmediatos de su vida, en términos de cultura, creencias, deporte, salud, educación, seguridad de la nación, entre otros ámbitos sociales, con el propósito de profundizar el Sistema Político Social de reconocida trayectoria nacional e internacional. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores La medición de la eficiencia e impacto que permite guiar la evaluación de la Política Nacional de sobre el Cambio Climático pasa por la consideración de las variables de “Adaptación y Mitigación”, para ello es necesario poder contar con una fuente confiable.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores La medición de la eficiencia e impacto que permite guiar la evaluación de la Política Nacional de sobre el Cambio Climático pasa por la consideración de las variables de “Adaptación y Mitigación”, para ello es necesario poder contar con una fuente confiable. Para ello es necesario disponer de actores oportunos que faciliten la obtención de: • N° de Territorios Comunales conformados. • N° de Familias por territorios comunales. • % de Empleo idóneo de sustancias agroquímicas. • % del Uso de métodos agroecológicos. • N° de Medidas de preservación de semillas y cultivos. • N° de Medidas de preservación del suelo y subsuelo. • N° de Medidas de preservación de fauna y flora.', '• N° de Medidas de preservación de fauna y flora. • N° de Medidas de preservación de especies en extinción. • N° de Cursos de actualización referidos a la preservación del Ambiente y el planeta. • N° de Mesas de trabajo, reuniones y videoconferencias del Poder Popular organizado donde se contextualice los efectos del Cambio Climático, etc. 11.3.7. Sector Educación Básica Los problemas del ambiente y los desastres se han convertido en una de las mayores preocupaciones políticas, económicas, científicas y educativas a nivel mundial, de cuya solución depende, en gran medida, la existencia de la vida en la tierra.', 'Sector Educación Básica Los problemas del ambiente y los desastres se han convertido en una de las mayores preocupaciones políticas, económicas, científicas y educativas a nivel mundial, de cuya solución depende, en gran medida, la existencia de la vida en la tierra. Se necesita trabajar sostenidamente por la protección del ambiente y reducir los riesgos ante los desastres, así como prepararse para actuar ante las emergencias y trabajar simultáneamente por lograr la armonía mundial, erradicar el hambre, el terrorismo, las guerras y atender la salud del ser humano.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En ese sentido, ya desde el proceso Constituyente iniciado en 1999 se avizoraba la necesidad de establecer las orientaciones que permitieran impulsar medidas integrales para hacer frente a los desafíos propios del cambio climático, por lo que la nueva Carta Magna recoge en su artículo 107 la obligatoriedad de la Educación Ambiental en los niveles y modalidades del sistema educativo, así como también en la educación ciudadana no formal.', 'Se necesita trabajar sostenidamente por la protección del ambiente y reducir los riesgos ante los desastres, así como prepararse para actuar ante las emergencias y trabajar simultáneamente por lograr la armonía mundial, erradicar el hambre, el terrorismo, las guerras y atender la salud del ser humano.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En ese sentido, ya desde el proceso Constituyente iniciado en 1999 se avizoraba la necesidad de establecer las orientaciones que permitieran impulsar medidas integrales para hacer frente a los desafíos propios del cambio climático, por lo que la nueva Carta Magna recoge en su artículo 107 la obligatoriedad de la Educación Ambiental en los niveles y modalidades del sistema educativo, así como también en la educación ciudadana no formal. Asimismo, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (2006) define la Educación Ambiental como el proceso continuo, interactivo e integrador, mediante el cual el ser humano adquiere conocimientos y experiencias, los comprende y analiza, los internaliza y los traduce en comportamientos, valores y actitudes que lo preparen para participar protagónicamente en la gestión del ambiente y el desarrollo sustentable (art.', 'Asimismo, la Ley Orgánica del Ambiente (2006) define la Educación Ambiental como el proceso continuo, interactivo e integrador, mediante el cual el ser humano adquiere conocimientos y experiencias, los comprende y analiza, los internaliza y los traduce en comportamientos, valores y actitudes que lo preparen para participar protagónicamente en la gestión del ambiente y el desarrollo sustentable (art. 3); la cual tiene por objeto promover, generar, y consolidar en los ciudadanos y ciudadanas conocimientos, aptitudes y actitudes para contribuir con la transformación de la sociedad, que se reflejará en alternativas de solución a los problemas socio- ambientales, contribuyendo así al logro del bienestar social, integrándose en la gestión del ambiente a través de la participación activa y protagónica, bajo la premisa del desarrollo sustentable (art.34).', '3); la cual tiene por objeto promover, generar, y consolidar en los ciudadanos y ciudadanas conocimientos, aptitudes y actitudes para contribuir con la transformación de la sociedad, que se reflejará en alternativas de solución a los problemas socio- ambientales, contribuyendo así al logro del bienestar social, integrándose en la gestión del ambiente a través de la participación activa y protagónica, bajo la premisa del desarrollo sustentable (art.34). Igualmente, la Ley Orgánica de Educación de 2009 contempla como uno de los fines de la educación impulsar la formación de una conciencia ecológica para preservar la biodiversidad y la sociodiversidad, las condiciones ambientales y el aprovechamiento racional de los recursos naturales (art. 15.5).', 'Igualmente, la Ley Orgánica de Educación de 2009 contempla como uno de los fines de la educación impulsar la formación de una conciencia ecológica para preservar la biodiversidad y la sociodiversidad, las condiciones ambientales y el aprovechamiento racional de los recursos naturales (art. 15.5). A partir del año 2007 el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación (MPPE), respondiendo a la necesidad de fortalecer el sistema educativo, elabora una propuesta curricular que contiene orientaciones teóricas, objetivos, ejes integradores y perfiles de los estudiantes y docentes, además de las orientaciones funcionales (relaciones en la práctica entre docentes, áreas de aprendizaje, mallas curriculares, experiencias de aprendizaje y evaluación).', 'A partir del año 2007 el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación (MPPE), respondiendo a la necesidad de fortalecer el sistema educativo, elabora una propuesta curricular que contiene orientaciones teóricas, objetivos, ejes integradores y perfiles de los estudiantes y docentes, además de las orientaciones funcionales (relaciones en la práctica entre docentes, áreas de aprendizaje, mallas curriculares, experiencias de aprendizaje y evaluación). Entre los ejes integradores del Currículo Nacional Bolivariano del Subsistema de Educación Básica, tenemos “Ambiente y Salud Integral” orientado a impulsar el desarrollo de relaciones armónicas entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza (ambiente), resaltando la importancia de ver la totalidad, el Planeta Tierra como un sistema integrado; donde los seres humanos están inmersos; donde debemos aprender a aprovechar y hacer uso racional y consciente de los recursos naturales.', 'Entre los ejes integradores del Currículo Nacional Bolivariano del Subsistema de Educación Básica, tenemos “Ambiente y Salud Integral” orientado a impulsar el desarrollo de relaciones armónicas entre los seres humanos y la naturaleza (ambiente), resaltando la importancia de ver la totalidad, el Planeta Tierra como un sistema integrado; donde los seres humanos están inmersos; donde debemos aprender a aprovechar y hacer uso racional y consciente de los recursos naturales. Además, propicia la comprensión de una salud integral, desde todos los aspectos (reproducción sexual, gestión de riesgo, recreación, alimentación, entre otros), minimizando así escenarios de amenazas, riesgos físicos naturales e impactos sociales, que lleven al fortalecimiento de una cultura de prevención, contribuyendo al pleno desarrollo del ser humano y al vivir bien.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En este sentido, los contenidos ambientales no quedan reducidos a simples estudios de los elementos bióticos y abióticos, sino también con las múltiples interrelaciones entre estos elementos y los aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales del ambiente; donde tienen su origen los problemas socioambientales relacionados con la salud integral, el consumo y la pobreza que inciden en la calidad ambiental y el bienestar social de la ciudadanía.', 'Además, propicia la comprensión de una salud integral, desde todos los aspectos (reproducción sexual, gestión de riesgo, recreación, alimentación, entre otros), minimizando así escenarios de amenazas, riesgos físicos naturales e impactos sociales, que lleven al fortalecimiento de una cultura de prevención, contribuyendo al pleno desarrollo del ser humano y al vivir bien.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En este sentido, los contenidos ambientales no quedan reducidos a simples estudios de los elementos bióticos y abióticos, sino también con las múltiples interrelaciones entre estos elementos y los aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos y culturales del ambiente; donde tienen su origen los problemas socioambientales relacionados con la salud integral, el consumo y la pobreza que inciden en la calidad ambiental y el bienestar social de la ciudadanía. Contemplando las nuevas dinámicas y metas surgidas en el marco de los ODS 2030, el proceso de Transformación Curricular puesto en marcha como resultado de la Consulta Nacional por la Calidad Educativa (2015) incorporó como lineamiento fundamental que en los planteles de educación media y el resto de los niveles educativos se organicen programas dedicados a la preservación del medio ambiente y la prevención de riesgos, así como la conformación de brigadas ecológicas de voluntarios y voluntarias para la mitigación de riesgos.', 'Contemplando las nuevas dinámicas y metas surgidas en el marco de los ODS 2030, el proceso de Transformación Curricular puesto en marcha como resultado de la Consulta Nacional por la Calidad Educativa (2015) incorporó como lineamiento fundamental que en los planteles de educación media y el resto de los niveles educativos se organicen programas dedicados a la preservación del medio ambiente y la prevención de riesgos, así como la conformación de brigadas ecológicas de voluntarios y voluntarias para la mitigación de riesgos. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 08 del Sector Educación Básica. Ficha 08. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Educación Básica. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 • Conformación de Brigadas Ecológicas • Programa “Bosque Bicentenario” • Gran Jornada Nacional “Un Araguaney por la Paz y la Soberanía” Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela 1. Conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas en los 3663 circuitos educativos a nivel nacional para fortalecer y profundizar la cultura sobre la conservación, preservación, del ambiente y los recursos naturales a fin de formar a las niñas (os), adolescentes, jóvenes, adultas y adultos como brigadistas ecológicos en articulación con las orientaciones pedagógicas de la educación ambiental. 2.', 'Conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas en los 3663 circuitos educativos a nivel nacional para fortalecer y profundizar la cultura sobre la conservación, preservación, del ambiente y los recursos naturales a fin de formar a las niñas (os), adolescentes, jóvenes, adultas y adultos como brigadistas ecológicos en articulación con las orientaciones pedagógicas de la educación ambiental. 2. Promoción y fortalecimiento de la conciencia individual y colectiva en torno a la importancia de la plantación de árboles como medida de mitigación y adaptación ante la lucha contra el cambio climático y salvar la vida en el planeta, a partir de la plantación de 50 árboles frutales y forestales en cada entidad federal (24 en total) como ruta inicial del Programa “Bosque Bicentenario”. 3.', 'Promoción y fortalecimiento de la conciencia individual y colectiva en torno a la importancia de la plantación de árboles como medida de mitigación y adaptación ante la lucha contra el cambio climático y salvar la vida en el planeta, a partir de la plantación de 50 árboles frutales y forestales en cada entidad federal (24 en total) como ruta inicial del Programa “Bosque Bicentenario”. 3. Implementación de la Gran Jornada Nacional “Un Araguaney por la Paz y la Soberanía” en todas aquellas instituciones educativas con condiciones de infraestructura para la siembra del Araguaney (árbol nacional) o en espacios y terrenos comunitarios de mutuo acuerdo con las comunidades organizadas en el territorio.', 'Implementación de la Gran Jornada Nacional “Un Araguaney por la Paz y la Soberanía” en todas aquellas instituciones educativas con condiciones de infraestructura para la siembra del Araguaney (árbol nacional) o en espacios y terrenos comunitarios de mutuo acuerdo con las comunidades organizadas en el territorio. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030: ✓ Se estima la conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas en todas las instituciones educativas del país.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030: ✓ Se estima la conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas en todas las instituciones educativas del país. ✓ Se estima el fortalecimiento del Programa “Bosque Bicentenario” con la plantación de nuevas especies arbóreas en articulación con diferentes instancias nacionales, estadales, municipales y comunitarias.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Descripción de la acción Las acciones por parte del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación se enmarcan en la consolidación de las siguientes aristas de trabajo: 1. Conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas: ✓ 29.376 brigadas Ecológicas conformadas, una por cada institución educativa. 2.', 'Conformación de las Brigadas Ecológicas: ✓ 29.376 brigadas Ecológicas conformadas, una por cada institución educativa. 2. Fortalecimiento del Programa “Bosque Bicentenario”: ✓ Plantación de nuevas especies arbóreas con el objetivo de incorporar, de aquí al 2030, al menos 10 árboles por año en cada espacio dentro del Programa “Bosque Bicentenario”. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ✓ Cantidad de Brigadas Ecológicas conformadas a nivel nacional. ✓ Cantidad de espacios escolares recuperados para la siembra de árboles. ✓ Cantidad de espacios comunitarios recuperados por las Brigadas Ecológicas para la siembra de árboles. ✓ Cantidad de Políticas, Lineamientos, Planes y Programas dirigidos al logro de las metas plateadas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.8.', '✓ Cantidad de Políticas, Lineamientos, Planes y Programas dirigidos al logro de las metas plateadas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 11.3.8. Sector Educación Universitaria La Educación Universitaria, consciente de la importancia que tiene el conocimiento sobre el cambio climático, ha venido alineándose desde el sector académico en respuesta a la necesidad de dar a conocer a la sociedad venezolana la problemática del cambio climático. La Cátedra Libre de Cambio Climático (CLCC), a través del desarrollo de actividades educativas enmarcadas en la CMNCC, aspira a seguir contribuyendo con la construcción de una sociedad con mayor conciencia sobre las causas y consecuencias del cambio climático y a coadyuvar en el control de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'La Cátedra Libre de Cambio Climático (CLCC), a través del desarrollo de actividades educativas enmarcadas en la CMNCC, aspira a seguir contribuyendo con la construcción de una sociedad con mayor conciencia sobre las causas y consecuencias del cambio climático y a coadyuvar en el control de la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. A fin de contribuir a escala nacional con el objetivo central de la actual etapa en el manejo del cambio climático en el mundo: la definición de medidas de adaptación que hagan menos vulnerable a la sociedad ante los retos impuestos por el cambio climático. Del mismo modo, las instituciones venezolanas de Educación Universitaria, han implementado acciones de formación socioambiental ofreciendo dentro de su programación materias directa o indirectamente relacionadas con el ambiente.', 'Del mismo modo, las instituciones venezolanas de Educación Universitaria, han implementado acciones de formación socioambiental ofreciendo dentro de su programación materias directa o indirectamente relacionadas con el ambiente. En algunos casos introducen la asignatura de Educación Ambiental como materia obligatoria dentro de los cursos introductorios, antes de iniciar los ciclos profesionales. Asimismo, el Estado venezolano ha fundado Instituciones de Educación Universitarias en todo el país, logrando de esta manera que la educación universitaria dejará de ser un privilegio de pocos para ser un derecho de todos los venezolanos; algunas de estas instituciones ofrecen formación en el área ambiental, a nivel de pregrado y postgrado, con el propósito de desarrollar una gestión ambiental responsable.', 'Asimismo, el Estado venezolano ha fundado Instituciones de Educación Universitarias en todo el país, logrando de esta manera que la educación universitaria dejará de ser un privilegio de pocos para ser un derecho de todos los venezolanos; algunas de estas instituciones ofrecen formación en el área ambiental, a nivel de pregrado y postgrado, con el propósito de desarrollar una gestión ambiental responsable. En este sentido, el ambiente involucra lo natural y lo sociocultural en todas sus dimensiones y manifestaciones; con la diversidad como principio fundamental y es uno de los ámbitos privilegiados donde confluyen con mayor relevancia las áreas prioritarias de atención.', 'En este sentido, el ambiente involucra lo natural y lo sociocultural en todas sus dimensiones y manifestaciones; con la diversidad como principio fundamental y es uno de los ámbitos privilegiados donde confluyen con mayor relevancia las áreas prioritarias de atención. Para la nueva Universidad, lo ambiental exige ser considerado en el marco de cambios organizativos y curriculares que hagan posible la apertura de nuevas vías orientadas hacia la conjunción de los procesos científicos - tecnológicos; incluyendo además la valoración integral del ser humano como agente transformador de su realidad a través de sus conocimientos y a su accionar. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 09 del Sector Educación Universitario. Ficha 09.', 'A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 09 del Sector Educación Universitario. Ficha 09. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Educación Universitaria.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2018 Espacio de reflexión, discusión y debate en materia ambiental.', 'Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2018 Espacio de reflexión, discusión y debate en materia ambiental. Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementada La Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales (CONEA) desde el 2018, durante su primera celebración se convirtió en el espacio para la participación de especialistas nacionales e internacionales, representantes de la administración pública y privada, institutos de investigación, universidades y de los diversos sectores de la sociedad con injerencia en el hábitat, territorio, y el ambiente. La CONEA representa no solo el comienzo de la política de las convenciones en la Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, sino que se ha convertido en una política ministerial a nivel nacional.', 'La CONEA representa no solo el comienzo de la política de las convenciones en la Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, sino que se ha convertido en una política ministerial a nivel nacional. La CONEA II 2020 continúa con el objetivo de agrupar a comunidades, estudiantes, profesores y expertos con injerencia en materia de Arquitectura, Agroecología, Seguridad Alimentaria-Cultura Nutricional y Gestión Ambiental, para el intercambio de experiencias y presentación de innovación e investigación además de establecer un espacio de reflexión, discusión y debate entre los especialistas participantes en materia ambiental.', 'La CONEA II 2020 continúa con el objetivo de agrupar a comunidades, estudiantes, profesores y expertos con injerencia en materia de Arquitectura, Agroecología, Seguridad Alimentaria-Cultura Nutricional y Gestión Ambiental, para el intercambio de experiencias y presentación de innovación e investigación además de establecer un espacio de reflexión, discusión y debate entre los especialistas participantes en materia ambiental. Específicamente, los logros obtenidos de la CONEA entre los años 2018 y 2021 se han desarrollado y socializado desde el Centro de Estudios Ambientales eventos donde se ha debatido sobre el cambio climático y sus consecuencias: o Primeras ediciones han contado con la participación de más de 1000 participantes desde las modalidades presenciales y la última en línea más de 300 trabajo de investigación con injerencia en el tema ambiental donde se han desarrollado reuniones y foros entorno al cambio climático y sus consecuencias.', 'Específicamente, los logros obtenidos de la CONEA entre los años 2018 y 2021 se han desarrollado y socializado desde el Centro de Estudios Ambientales eventos donde se ha debatido sobre el cambio climático y sus consecuencias: o Primeras ediciones han contado con la participación de más de 1000 participantes desde las modalidades presenciales y la última en línea más de 300 trabajo de investigación con injerencia en el tema ambiental donde se han desarrollado reuniones y foros entorno al cambio climático y sus consecuencias. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 1.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 1. Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales (CONEA) Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela: 1.1 Actividades ámbito institucional, comunitario, participa y fomenta: o Se desarrollarán 10 foros comunitarios y estrategias de organización comunitaria con la finalidad de informar y sensibilizar sobre los efectos del Cambio Climático. o Se realizarán 10 intercambios de experiencias y presentación de innovación y ponencias que se sustentaran en investigaciones que contribuyen a la adaptación-mitigación del Cambio Climático con la transformación por vías de la educación.', 'o Se realizarán 10 intercambios de experiencias y presentación de innovación y ponencias que se sustentaran en investigaciones que contribuyen a la adaptación-mitigación del Cambio Climático con la transformación por vías de la educación. 1.2 Empresa Universitaria Laboratorio Bolivariano de Innovación para Alimentos, Ambiente, Nutrición y Salud (Labinnovans), S.A. Labinnovans: o Se realizarán 5 servicios de análisis de laboratorio y evaluaciones de impacto ambiental de actividades capaces de degradar el ambiente, que permitirán el fortalecimiento de las diferentes carreras, a través del centro estudios ambientales, prestando apoyo al desarrollo académico de los estudiantes. 2.', '1.2 Empresa Universitaria Laboratorio Bolivariano de Innovación para Alimentos, Ambiente, Nutrición y Salud (Labinnovans), S.A. Labinnovans: o Se realizarán 5 servicios de análisis de laboratorio y evaluaciones de impacto ambiental de actividades capaces de degradar el ambiente, que permitirán el fortalecimiento de las diferentes carreras, a través del centro estudios ambientales, prestando apoyo al desarrollo académico de los estudiantes. 2. Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt (UNERMB)- Programa Investigación -CDCHT: 2.1 Políticas de investigación e innovación en la UNERMB junto al Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE) y el Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales (CIAGROA): o Se desarrollarán 17 líneas, proyectos de investigación e innovación que tengan como objetivo la sustentabilidad para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria que se encuentra amenazada por los efectos adversos por el Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC o Se implementarán 22 Brigadas Ambientales en los espacios universitarios, estimando 1 por cada sede pregrado y postgrado para sensibilizar sobre los efectos del Cambio Climático.', 'Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt (UNERMB)- Programa Investigación -CDCHT: 2.1 Políticas de investigación e innovación en la UNERMB junto al Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE) y el Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales (CIAGROA): o Se desarrollarán 17 líneas, proyectos de investigación e innovación que tengan como objetivo la sustentabilidad para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria que se encuentra amenazada por los efectos adversos por el Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC o Se implementarán 22 Brigadas Ambientales en los espacios universitarios, estimando 1 por cada sede pregrado y postgrado para sensibilizar sobre los efectos del Cambio Climático. o Se desarrollarán 50 (Organizaciones de Bases del Poder Popular) actividades de forestación en conjunto con la Misión Árbol para formar aéreas óptimas para sumideros de carbonos.', 'o Se desarrollarán 50 (Organizaciones de Bases del Poder Popular) actividades de forestación en conjunto con la Misión Árbol para formar aéreas óptimas para sumideros de carbonos. o Se formarán 1250 área de sustentabilidad para los estudiantes, personal docente, administrativo y obrero de nuestra institución para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria que se encuentra amenazada por los efectos adversos por el Cambio Climático. o Se formarán 2400 áreas de sustentabilidad para las organizaciones de base del poder popular para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria que se encuentra amenazada por los efectos adversos por el Cambio Climático. o Se desarrollarán 120 Seminario de Formación Desarrollo Sostenible y la agenda 2030 “Transformar Nuestro Mundo”. Dictado por el Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE). 3.', 'Dictado por el Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE). 3. La Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos (UVH) tiene un programa de Maestría en Ecología e Hidrocarburos con relación al Cambio Climático, y un subprograma con el “Proyecto Evaluación y Estimación de los Gases Efecto Invernadero en las instalaciones petroleras”. o Se desarrollarán 3 trabajos de grado dentro de la línea de investigación central Impacto de la Industria de los Hidrocarburos y sus Implicaciones Socio-ambientales sobre los Sistemas Ecológicos Venezolanos. Descripción de la acción 1. Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales (CONEA) Objetivos Promover la participación de especialistas nacionales e internacionales, representantes de la administración pública y privada, institutos de investigación, universidades y de los diversos sectores de la sociedad con injerencia en el hábitat, territorio, y el ambiente.', 'Convención Nacional de Estudios Ambientales (CONEA) Objetivos Promover la participación de especialistas nacionales e internacionales, representantes de la administración pública y privada, institutos de investigación, universidades y de los diversos sectores de la sociedad con injerencia en el hábitat, territorio, y el ambiente. Institución responsable de las acciones Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela (UBV) Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria (MPPEU) Vinculación con ODS Descripción de la acción 2. Políticas de investigación e innovación en la UNERMB junto al Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE) y el Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales (CIAGROA) Objetivos Generar mecanismos, actividades y procesos que conduzcan a la preservación ambiental y la sustentabilidad en mediano y largo plazo.', 'Políticas de investigación e innovación en la UNERMB junto al Centro de Investigación para la Promoción del Desarrollo Endógeno (CIPDE) y el Centro de Investigaciones Agroalimentarias y Ambientales (CIAGROA) Objetivos Generar mecanismos, actividades y procesos que conduzcan a la preservación ambiental y la sustentabilidad en mediano y largo plazo. Institución responsable de las acciones Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt (UNERMB) Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria (MPPEU)República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Vinculación con ODS Descripción de la acción 3. Maestría en Ecología e Hidrocarburos sobre el Cambio Climático- “Proyecto Evaluación y Estimación de los Gases Efecto Invernadero en las instalaciones petroleras” Objetivos Evaluar y estimar los Gases Efecto Invernadero en las instalaciones petroleras, e impacto sobre los Sistemas Ecológicos Venezolanos.', 'Maestría en Ecología e Hidrocarburos sobre el Cambio Climático- “Proyecto Evaluación y Estimación de los Gases Efecto Invernadero en las instalaciones petroleras” Objetivos Evaluar y estimar los Gases Efecto Invernadero en las instalaciones petroleras, e impacto sobre los Sistemas Ecológicos Venezolanos. Institución responsable de las acciones Universidad Venezolana de los Hidrocarburos (UVH) Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Educación Universitaria (MPPEU) Vinculación con ODS 11.3.9. Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) La participación política de la mujer en Venezuela, desde finales del siglo XX se ha hecho evidente en la ocupación de mayor número de mujeres en cargos institucionales, ministerios y organizaciones colectivas, el documento anteriormente señalado enuncia también, que las mujeres han liderado cuatro de los cinco poderes públicos (todos excepto el Ejecutivo).', 'Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) La participación política de la mujer en Venezuela, desde finales del siglo XX se ha hecho evidente en la ocupación de mayor número de mujeres en cargos institucionales, ministerios y organizaciones colectivas, el documento anteriormente señalado enuncia también, que las mujeres han liderado cuatro de los cinco poderes públicos (todos excepto el Ejecutivo). Cinco de seis directores del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia son mujeres, tal como 14 de los 32 magistrados y magistradas son mujeres. De igual modo, el número de diputadas en Venezuela se ha casi triplicado en la última década. A nivel regional de igual forma resulta evidente la participación de la mujer en gobernaciones, alcaldías y contralorías.', 'A nivel regional de igual forma resulta evidente la participación de la mujer en gobernaciones, alcaldías y contralorías. Para tales efectos desde el año 2009, el Ministerio de la Mujer de Venezuela fundado en el año 2008, bajo la dirección del Instituto Nacional de la Mujer adquirió autonomía presupuestaria y su nombre cambió a Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Mujer y la Equidad de Género en el año 2009, institución que desde su creación está orientada a promover políticas favorables para las mujeres.', 'Para tales efectos desde el año 2009, el Ministerio de la Mujer de Venezuela fundado en el año 2008, bajo la dirección del Instituto Nacional de la Mujer adquirió autonomía presupuestaria y su nombre cambió a Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Mujer y la Equidad de Género en el año 2009, institución que desde su creación está orientada a promover políticas favorables para las mujeres. Es importante señalar, que se reconoce que la mujer venezolana ha logrado ocupar un espacio significativo en la esfera pública nacional, sin embargo, la equidad se encuentra fundamentada en los principios de justicia social y derechos humanos donde se brindan oportunidades tanto al hombre como a la mujer, instrumentos, políticas de acceso de manera equitativa prevaleciendo dentro de esa condición de igualdad criterios de acuerdo a las necesidades de género.', 'Es importante señalar, que se reconoce que la mujer venezolana ha logrado ocupar un espacio significativo en la esfera pública nacional, sin embargo, la equidad se encuentra fundamentada en los principios de justicia social y derechos humanos donde se brindan oportunidades tanto al hombre como a la mujer, instrumentos, políticas de acceso de manera equitativa prevaleciendo dentro de esa condición de igualdad criterios de acuerdo a las necesidades de género. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 10 del sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Programa “Mujeres Conuqueras” y en la Ficha 11 el Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Mujeres Campesinas:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 10.', 'A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 10 del sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Programa “Mujeres Conuqueras” y en la Ficha 11 el Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Mujeres Campesinas:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 10. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Programa “Mujeres Conuqueras”. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 Programa “Mujeres Conuqueras” Descripción de la acción Tiene la finalidad de incluir a las mujeres en el sector productivo agroalimentario, teniendo como visión el desarrollo de la actividad agropecuaria sustentable.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 Programa “Mujeres Conuqueras” Descripción de la acción Tiene la finalidad de incluir a las mujeres en el sector productivo agroalimentario, teniendo como visión el desarrollo de la actividad agropecuaria sustentable. Este programa procura el empoderamiento de la mujer campesina y el reconocimiento de sus saberes ancestrales como base para la transversalidad de la equidad e igualdad de género en todo lo referente al sector agropecuario y a las políticas públicas, a partir del reconocimiento de los derechos de las mujeres campesinas. Durante 2021, se ha dado prioridad a la gestión de la tenencia de tierras como propiedad para las mujeres campesinas y conuqueras.', 'Durante 2021, se ha dado prioridad a la gestión de la tenencia de tierras como propiedad para las mujeres campesinas y conuqueras. En este sentido: • Se plantea atender progresivamente a 5.141 mujeres con la finalidad de garantizar su acceso igualitario a la propiedad sobre las tierras y combatir la brecha existente. En acuerdo con el Instituto Nacional de Tierras, se logró en una primera etapa las adjudicaciones directas de títulos de tierra rurales a 477 agricultoras a nivel nacional, que equivalen a 7.400.304 hectáreas. • En la segunda etapa se proyecta incorporar a las beneficiarias al programa Mujer Conuquera para la producción de 22.357 toneladas de distintos rubros agrícolas a nivel nacional.', '• En la segunda etapa se proyecta incorporar a las beneficiarias al programa Mujer Conuquera para la producción de 22.357 toneladas de distintos rubros agrícolas a nivel nacional. Objetivo Propiciar la rectoría de las políticas públicas, planes, programas y proyectos del Estado Venezolano, que impulsa la participación de las mujeres en el poder popular y garantiza el ejercicio de sus derechos y la igualdad de género. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Ficha 11. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Género (Mujer y la Igualdad de Género) - Mujeres Campesinas. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a efectos del cambio climático y aumento de resiliencia de mujeres campesinas Descripción de la acción Convenio con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Agricultura (FAO), para desarrollar el proyecto “Reducción de la vulnerabilidad por efectos del cambio climático y aumento de resiliencia de mujeres campesinas”, con el objetivo de aumentar las capacidades de resiliencia de las mujeres campesinas, productoras y organizaciones para hacer frente al cambio climático a través de la implementación de estrategias socio productivas sostenibles y sensibles al género, en los estados Mérida, Trujillo y Portuguesa.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Reducción de la vulnerabilidad a efectos del cambio climático y aumento de resiliencia de mujeres campesinas Descripción de la acción Convenio con la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Agricultura (FAO), para desarrollar el proyecto “Reducción de la vulnerabilidad por efectos del cambio climático y aumento de resiliencia de mujeres campesinas”, con el objetivo de aumentar las capacidades de resiliencia de las mujeres campesinas, productoras y organizaciones para hacer frente al cambio climático a través de la implementación de estrategias socio productivas sostenibles y sensibles al género, en los estados Mérida, Trujillo y Portuguesa. Asimismo, la capacitación que realizará el proyecto a las mujeres productoras agrícolas y sus organizaciones favorecerá en ellas el conocimiento y ejercicio de sus derechos, y el desarrollo de su liderazgo y veeduría en relación a la gestión de riesgo agroclimático sensible al género por parte del Estado.', 'Asimismo, la capacitación que realizará el proyecto a las mujeres productoras agrícolas y sus organizaciones favorecerá en ellas el conocimiento y ejercicio de sus derechos, y el desarrollo de su liderazgo y veeduría en relación a la gestión de riesgo agroclimático sensible al género por parte del Estado. • En 2021, se estima beneficiar a un total de 1.500 mujeres campesinas y 150 organizaciones agrícolas. A la fecha se ha logrado identificar necesidades, capacidades, roles y acciones sensibles al género a ejecutar en materia de gestión de riesgos de desastres y agroclimáticos con mujeres rurales productoras.', 'A la fecha se ha logrado identificar necesidades, capacidades, roles y acciones sensibles al género a ejecutar en materia de gestión de riesgos de desastres y agroclimáticos con mujeres rurales productoras. Objetivo Propiciar la rectoría de las políticas públicas, planes, programas y proyectos del Estado Venezolano, que impulsa la participación de las mujeres en el poder popular y garantiza el ejercicio de sus derechos y la igualdad de género. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.10.', 'Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.10. Sector Juventud y Deporte La Revolución Bolivariana viene cumpliendo con un proceso de reivindicaciones políticas y sociales destinadas a amplios sectores de la población que fueron tradicionalmente excluidos, entre los que se incluye la juventud venezolana, es por ello que, en el año 2014, se crea el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Juventud y el Deporte, con el propósito de reforzar las políticas públicas dirigidas a las y los jóvenes en: ▪ Potenciar el Rol Estelar de la Juventud con el Bono demográfico, mediante su especialización productiva y el desarrollo de una política de poblamiento nacional, empleando la Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela en las nuevas ciudades y focos de desarrollo económico y estratégico del país.', 'Sector Juventud y Deporte La Revolución Bolivariana viene cumpliendo con un proceso de reivindicaciones políticas y sociales destinadas a amplios sectores de la población que fueron tradicionalmente excluidos, entre los que se incluye la juventud venezolana, es por ello que, en el año 2014, se crea el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Juventud y el Deporte, con el propósito de reforzar las políticas públicas dirigidas a las y los jóvenes en: ▪ Potenciar el Rol Estelar de la Juventud con el Bono demográfico, mediante su especialización productiva y el desarrollo de una política de poblamiento nacional, empleando la Gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela en las nuevas ciudades y focos de desarrollo económico y estratégico del país. ▪ Desarrollar y Direccionar la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil a la activación de los sectores productivos autosustentable y atención de necesidades de la población.', '▪ Desarrollar y Direccionar la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil a la activación de los sectores productivos autosustentable y atención de necesidades de la población. ▪ Territorializar y Especializar el Sistema Técnico y Universitario de acuerdo con la regionalización productiva autosustentable, las potencialidades del territorio, la siembra territorial de la Agenda Económica Bolivariana y las potencialidades de la juventud.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ▪ Potenciar el Saldo Político Organizativo, Cultural y Económico de la Juventud y Los (as) Estudiantes, fortaleciendo las instancias de organización y participación en el sistema educativo, consejos comunales, comunas, Consejo Presidencial y Congreso de la Patria, entre otras.', '▪ Territorializar y Especializar el Sistema Técnico y Universitario de acuerdo con la regionalización productiva autosustentable, las potencialidades del territorio, la siembra territorial de la Agenda Económica Bolivariana y las potencialidades de la juventud.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ▪ Potenciar el Saldo Político Organizativo, Cultural y Económico de la Juventud y Los (as) Estudiantes, fortaleciendo las instancias de organización y participación en el sistema educativo, consejos comunales, comunas, Consejo Presidencial y Congreso de la Patria, entre otras. En este contexto, dado la presencia activa de la Juventud como fuerza para la sensibilización y concientización de los efectos adversos al cambio climático, desde su participación e incidencia en las distintas instancias públicas: nacional, regional y local, en especial la ejecutiva, la legislativa y la comunal, para la generación de políticas y toma de decisiones.', 'En este contexto, dado la presencia activa de la Juventud como fuerza para la sensibilización y concientización de los efectos adversos al cambio climático, desde su participación e incidencia en las distintas instancias públicas: nacional, regional y local, en especial la ejecutiva, la legislativa y la comunal, para la generación de políticas y toma de decisiones. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 12 del Sector Juventud: Ficha 12. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Juventud. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND Al 2030: ✓ En el año 2017 se crea la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil, como estrategia para focalizar e impulsar las Políticas Públicas de la Juventud, teniendo entre sus objetivos potenciar los procesos de formación socio - productivos sustentables en todos sus aspectos y contribuir a la organización de los jóvenes en temas estratégicos para el país, contando actualmente con un registro de 2.500.000 incorporados a la Gran Misión ✓ En el año 2019, se presenta la Agenda Programática de la Juventud 2019 - 2025, en la cual en su Objetivo Histórico N° 5 se establece “CONTRIBUIR CON LA PRESERVACIÓN DE LA VIDA EN EL PLANETA Y LA SALVACIÓN DE LA ESPECIE HUMANA”, con los siguientes objetivos: o Objetivo Nacional 5.1 Construir e impulsar el modelo histórico social ecosocialista, fundamentado en el respeto a los derechos de la Madre Tierra y del vivir bien de nuestro pueblo desarrollando el principio de la unidad dentro de la diversidad, la visión integral y sistémica, la participación popular, el rol del Estado- nación, la incorporación de tecnologías y formas de organización de la producción, distribución y consumo, que apunten al aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND Al 2030: ✓ En el año 2017 se crea la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil, como estrategia para focalizar e impulsar las Políticas Públicas de la Juventud, teniendo entre sus objetivos potenciar los procesos de formación socio - productivos sustentables en todos sus aspectos y contribuir a la organización de los jóvenes en temas estratégicos para el país, contando actualmente con un registro de 2.500.000 incorporados a la Gran Misión ✓ En el año 2019, se presenta la Agenda Programática de la Juventud 2019 - 2025, en la cual en su Objetivo Histórico N° 5 se establece “CONTRIBUIR CON LA PRESERVACIÓN DE LA VIDA EN EL PLANETA Y LA SALVACIÓN DE LA ESPECIE HUMANA”, con los siguientes objetivos: o Objetivo Nacional 5.1 Construir e impulsar el modelo histórico social ecosocialista, fundamentado en el respeto a los derechos de la Madre Tierra y del vivir bien de nuestro pueblo desarrollando el principio de la unidad dentro de la diversidad, la visión integral y sistémica, la participación popular, el rol del Estado- nación, la incorporación de tecnologías y formas de organización de la producción, distribución y consumo, que apunten al aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza. o Objetivo Estratégicos 5.1.1.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND Al 2030: ✓ En el año 2017 se crea la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil, como estrategia para focalizar e impulsar las Políticas Públicas de la Juventud, teniendo entre sus objetivos potenciar los procesos de formación socio - productivos sustentables en todos sus aspectos y contribuir a la organización de los jóvenes en temas estratégicos para el país, contando actualmente con un registro de 2.500.000 incorporados a la Gran Misión ✓ En el año 2019, se presenta la Agenda Programática de la Juventud 2019 - 2025, en la cual en su Objetivo Histórico N° 5 se establece “CONTRIBUIR CON LA PRESERVACIÓN DE LA VIDA EN EL PLANETA Y LA SALVACIÓN DE LA ESPECIE HUMANA”, con los siguientes objetivos: o Objetivo Nacional 5.1 Construir e impulsar el modelo histórico social ecosocialista, fundamentado en el respeto a los derechos de la Madre Tierra y del vivir bien de nuestro pueblo desarrollando el principio de la unidad dentro de la diversidad, la visión integral y sistémica, la participación popular, el rol del Estado- nación, la incorporación de tecnologías y formas de organización de la producción, distribución y consumo, que apunten al aprovechamiento racional, óptimo y sostenible de los recursos naturales, respetando los procesos y ciclos de la naturaleza. o Objetivo Estratégicos 5.1.1. Impulsar de manera colectiva la construcción y consolidación del socialismo como única opción frente al modelo depredador, discriminador e insostenible capitalista.', 'Impulsar de manera colectiva la construcción y consolidación del socialismo como única opción frente al modelo depredador, discriminador e insostenible capitalista. 5.1.2. Promover la creación y establecimiento de una nueva ética ecosocialista, que contribuya al cambio en los modelos insostenibles de producción y hábitos inviables y no saludables de consumo impuestos por la voracidad propios del sistema capitalista. 5.1.3. Fomentar la edificación y consolidación de alternativas socio-productivas y nuevos esquemas de cooperación social, económica y financiera para el apalancamiento del ecosocialismo y el establecimiento de un comercio justo, bajo los principios de complementariedad, cooperación, soberanía y solidaridad.', 'Fomentar la edificación y consolidación de alternativas socio-productivas y nuevos esquemas de cooperación social, económica y financiera para el apalancamiento del ecosocialismo y el establecimiento de un comercio justo, bajo los principios de complementariedad, cooperación, soberanía y solidaridad. ✓ Actualmente se encuentran integradas 665 Brigadas en los 24 estados y 335 municipios del país que entre sus objetivos se encuentra la política de concientización de los efectos del Cambio Climático Descripción de la acciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En el marco del Plan Patria Sectorial de Juventud 2022 - 2025 se contemplan las siguientes acciones para el beneficio de la población y a la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático: Conformación del 2021 al 2025 de 43.000 Brigadas de la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil para la Gestión de Riesgo por los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los 24 estados del país en sus 335 municipios.', '✓ Actualmente se encuentran integradas 665 Brigadas en los 24 estados y 335 municipios del país que entre sus objetivos se encuentra la política de concientización de los efectos del Cambio Climático Descripción de la acciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC En el marco del Plan Patria Sectorial de Juventud 2022 - 2025 se contemplan las siguientes acciones para el beneficio de la población y a la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático: Conformación del 2021 al 2025 de 43.000 Brigadas de la Gran Misión Chamba Juvenil para la Gestión de Riesgo por los efectos adversos del cambio climático en los 24 estados del país en sus 335 municipios. Acción 1: Conformar brigadas juveniles para la gestión de riesgo, tomando en cuenta la división de las regiones de desarrollo integral.', 'Acción 1: Conformar brigadas juveniles para la gestión de riesgo, tomando en cuenta la división de las regiones de desarrollo integral. Acción 2: Especializar las brigadas juveniles en atención a las posibles vulnerabilidades geográficas de cada región integral. Acción 3: Formar las brigadas juveniles regionales para los tres momentos de la gestión de riesgo: antes-durante-después de la ocurrencia del fenómeno natural. Acción 4: Diseñar los programas de formación socio-productivas sustentables, utilizando las tecnologías de información y comunicación para facilitar su divulgación continua. Acción 5: Incorporar a los jóvenes que culminen la formación especializada a las brigadas juveniles.', 'Acción 5: Incorporar a los jóvenes que culminen la formación especializada a las brigadas juveniles. Acción 6: Crear el Capítulo de Cambio Climático y Gestión de Riesgo en el Marco del Congreso de la Juventud 2022, con la finalidad de mostrar los avances de la organización regional. Acción 7: Preparar planes comunicacionales donde se informe sobre la estructura, operatividad y localización de las Brigadas y la divulgación de las políticas de juventud sustentables y campañas educativas. Acciones 8: Realizar alianzas con instituciones públicas y privadas para la consolidación de las acciones anteriormente mencionadas. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ✓ N° de brigadas juveniles conformadas por estado y municipio. ✓ N° de brigadas juveniles especializadas. ✓ N° de cursos especializados diseñados.', '✓ N° de cursos especializados diseñados. ✓ N° de jóvenes brigadistas formados. 11.3.11. Sector Minería Un sistema minero está constituido por una red de operadores e instituciones de los sectores públicos y privados cuyas actividades establecen, ejecutan, controlan, producen, transforman y comercializan los recursos minerales, en su estado puro, luego de la agregación de valor y transformación en bienes intermedios y finales. Se trata entonces de un conjunto de agentes, instituciones y prácticas interrelacionadas que constituyen, ejecutan y participan en procesos de la actividad minera.', 'Se trata entonces de un conjunto de agentes, instituciones y prácticas interrelacionadas que constituyen, ejecutan y participan en procesos de la actividad minera. En el caso del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico, este se caracteriza por la incorporación de la visión de la minería ecológica; este enunciado deriva de la propuesta de modelo económico a desarrollar por la Revolución Bolivariana, en el cual se plantea “la necesidad de construir un modelo económico ecosocialista, basado enRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC una relación armónica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza”, para lo cual es necesario “ratificar la defensa de la soberanía del Estado venezolano sobre los recursos vitales”.', 'En el caso del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico, este se caracteriza por la incorporación de la visión de la minería ecológica; este enunciado deriva de la propuesta de modelo económico a desarrollar por la Revolución Bolivariana, en el cual se plantea “la necesidad de construir un modelo económico ecosocialista, basado enRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC una relación armónica entre el ser humano y la naturaleza”, para lo cual es necesario “ratificar la defensa de la soberanía del Estado venezolano sobre los recursos vitales”. ▪ Visión del desarrollo minero ecológico El Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico (MPPDME), es el órgano rector de la actividad minera del país y del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico, encargado de asegurar el cumplimiento de las directrices políticas, emitidas por el Gobierno Bolivariano para el uso y aprovechamiento soberano, ecológico y eficiente de los recursos mineros, mediante el desarrollo de encadenamientos productivos y agregación de valor dentro del sector minero en las escalas de pequeña, mediana y gran minería, partiendo de una minería ecológica que permita superarla dependencia de la renta petrolera, generar fuentes de empleo y una nueva etapa de la economía productiva nacional sustentable, sin establecer un nuevo rentismo minero.', '▪ Visión del desarrollo minero ecológico El Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico (MPPDME), es el órgano rector de la actividad minera del país y del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico, encargado de asegurar el cumplimiento de las directrices políticas, emitidas por el Gobierno Bolivariano para el uso y aprovechamiento soberano, ecológico y eficiente de los recursos mineros, mediante el desarrollo de encadenamientos productivos y agregación de valor dentro del sector minero en las escalas de pequeña, mediana y gran minería, partiendo de una minería ecológica que permita superarla dependencia de la renta petrolera, generar fuentes de empleo y una nueva etapa de la economía productiva nacional sustentable, sin establecer un nuevo rentismo minero. El reto que se asume con la formulación y posterior concreción de este Plan Sectorial Minero, es desarrollar una minería que sea capaz de impulsar y diversificarla economía del país, pero manteniendo un equilibrio entre el ambiente y el ser humano y así poder extraer, transformar y darle valor agregado a los recursos minerales, pero bajo la máxima de un control racional, que garantice que los minerales, ecosistemas y biodiversidad estarán allí para el uso y disfrute de las generaciones futuras.', 'El reto que se asume con la formulación y posterior concreción de este Plan Sectorial Minero, es desarrollar una minería que sea capaz de impulsar y diversificarla economía del país, pero manteniendo un equilibrio entre el ambiente y el ser humano y así poder extraer, transformar y darle valor agregado a los recursos minerales, pero bajo la máxima de un control racional, que garantice que los minerales, ecosistemas y biodiversidad estarán allí para el uso y disfrute de las generaciones futuras. ▪ Plan Sectorial Minero2019 – 2025 - Marco Sectorial: Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico: Se trata de un conjunto de agentes, instituciones y prácticas interrelacionadas que constituyen, ejecutan y participan en procesos de la actividad minera.', '▪ Plan Sectorial Minero2019 – 2025 - Marco Sectorial: Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico: Se trata de un conjunto de agentes, instituciones y prácticas interrelacionadas que constituyen, ejecutan y participan en procesos de la actividad minera. ✓ Acciones, Políticas, Medidas y Estrategias a Implementar para Mitigar los Efectos del Cambio Climático Derivados del Desarrollo de la Actividad Minera: La construcción y formulación de estas propuestas y lineamientos para emprender medidas en materia ambiental fueron elaboradas con la finalidad de generar una solución integral, en consonancia con los valores antes reseñados de una Gestión Minera Ecológica, para su adhesión al documento nacional a presentar ante las instancias internacionales correspondientes.', '✓ Acciones, Políticas, Medidas y Estrategias a Implementar para Mitigar los Efectos del Cambio Climático Derivados del Desarrollo de la Actividad Minera: La construcción y formulación de estas propuestas y lineamientos para emprender medidas en materia ambiental fueron elaboradas con la finalidad de generar una solución integral, en consonancia con los valores antes reseñados de una Gestión Minera Ecológica, para su adhesión al documento nacional a presentar ante las instancias internacionales correspondientes. ✓ Acciones Compensatorias, Políticas, Medidas y Estrategias a Implementar: Disposiciones técnicas eco-mineras en la reforestación de áreas afectadas por la actividad minera y conexa en el Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico: la existencia de zonas boscosas en Venezuela es una contribución en la mitigación de la acción contra el clima, debido a que la capa vegetal ayuda a captar de la atmósfera el principal gas de efecto invernadero que es el CO2, en tal sentido, el Ministerio del Poder Popular deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Desarrollo Minero Ecológico, por conducto de la MISIÓN PIAR, se encuentra trabajando de la mano con el MINEC, a fin de identificar y diagnosticar el impacto de la actividad minera en las diferentes escalas de la minería.', '✓ Acciones Compensatorias, Políticas, Medidas y Estrategias a Implementar: Disposiciones técnicas eco-mineras en la reforestación de áreas afectadas por la actividad minera y conexa en el Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico: la existencia de zonas boscosas en Venezuela es una contribución en la mitigación de la acción contra el clima, debido a que la capa vegetal ayuda a captar de la atmósfera el principal gas de efecto invernadero que es el CO2, en tal sentido, el Ministerio del Poder Popular deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Desarrollo Minero Ecológico, por conducto de la MISIÓN PIAR, se encuentra trabajando de la mano con el MINEC, a fin de identificar y diagnosticar el impacto de la actividad minera en las diferentes escalas de la minería. La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, demuestra su firme compromiso, implementando una hoja de ruta definida y coherente, para contribuir en la reducción de emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), en el marco de la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático en relación con las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND).', 'La República Bolivariana de Venezuela, demuestra su firme compromiso, implementando una hoja de ruta definida y coherente, para contribuir en la reducción de emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI), en el marco de la Convención de Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático en relación con las Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND). De igual manera, el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico, en el sector minero ha desarrollado y ejecutado planes en materia ambiental aplicando modelos económicos productivos ecosocialistas, desde nuestras capacidades y potencialidades para su adaptación al Cambio Climático y sus efectos. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 13 del Sector Minería: Ficha 13. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Minería.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Minería. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para actualización de las CND a 2030 1. Se estima la remediación de 1.575 hectáreas afectadas con 48.375 árboles autóctonos sembrando en las áreas afectadas por la minería. 2. Se seleccionarán los proyectos para la remediación de 1.575 hectáreas afectadas por la actividad minera disminuyendo la erosión y acarreamiento de sedimento a los cauces de ríos. 3. Se estimará las emisiones generadas por la actividad del periodo 2020 al 2030 para determinar el área a restaurar y se acondicionará anualmente las hectáreas afectadas por la actividad minera. 4.', 'Se estimará las emisiones generadas por la actividad del periodo 2020 al 2030 para determinar el área a restaurar y se acondicionará anualmente las hectáreas afectadas por la actividad minera. 4. Se cuantificará la captura de carbono por año del periodo 2020 al 2030 por reforestación de bosques maduros. Descripción de la acción Las áreas que históricamente fueron degradadas por la minería ilegal, actualmente, se está implementando un programa a cada actor del sector industrial de procesamiento de mineral, estos planes especiales de remediación ambiental constituyen un valor agregado y aporte a la colectividad y al ambiente.', 'Descripción de la acción Las áreas que históricamente fueron degradadas por la minería ilegal, actualmente, se está implementando un programa a cada actor del sector industrial de procesamiento de mineral, estos planes especiales de remediación ambiental constituyen un valor agregado y aporte a la colectividad y al ambiente. Asimismo, a esto, se le suma las siguientes actividades: Creación de Escuelas Agromineras en las diversas áreas mineras del estado Bolívar: para la capacitación de grupos voluntarios de las comunidades mineras en la conservación del ambiente e implementación de acciones de mitigación y recuperación de áreas afectadas por el ejercicio de la actividad extractiva.', 'Asimismo, a esto, se le suma las siguientes actividades: Creación de Escuelas Agromineras en las diversas áreas mineras del estado Bolívar: para la capacitación de grupos voluntarios de las comunidades mineras en la conservación del ambiente e implementación de acciones de mitigación y recuperación de áreas afectadas por el ejercicio de la actividad extractiva. Creación de viveros y semilleros e identificación y manejo de especies nativas: para la reforestación de bosques y recuperación ambiental de suelos en áreas donde se desarrolle la actividad minera o aquellas que históricamente fueron degradadas y mantienen este estatus. Cada Escuela Agrominera tendrá un espacio destinado para viveros y semilleros.', 'Cada Escuela Agrominera tendrá un espacio destinado para viveros y semilleros. Conformación de brigadas ecológicas: son unidades socio-productivas que involucran a los actores de la actividad minera en conjunto con la comunidad y la MISIÓN PIAR para la promoción, fortaleza, orientación y ejecución de los planes de reforestación y remediación en las áreas afectadas por la minería.', 'Conformación de brigadas ecológicas: son unidades socio-productivas que involucran a los actores de la actividad minera en conjunto con la comunidad y la MISIÓN PIAR para la promoción, fortaleza, orientación y ejecución de los planes de reforestación y remediación en las áreas afectadas por la minería. Supervisar los planes de cierre de minas en el desarrollo de todo yacimiento mineral desde el inicioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC a fin, para reducir las afectaciones ambientales del país: Para ello, tanto SENAFIM, Resguardo Minero, como los entes que ostentan “Derechos Mineros”, ejerzan la fiscalización, control y supervisión de los Proyectos en su fase conclusiva y Planes de Cierre de Minas, debidamente aprobados por el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico, con la finalidad que se cumplan con los estándares establecidos tanto técnicos como ambientales, para el saneamiento y restauración de áreas afectadas por la minería.', 'Supervisar los planes de cierre de minas en el desarrollo de todo yacimiento mineral desde el inicioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC a fin, para reducir las afectaciones ambientales del país: Para ello, tanto SENAFIM, Resguardo Minero, como los entes que ostentan “Derechos Mineros”, ejerzan la fiscalización, control y supervisión de los Proyectos en su fase conclusiva y Planes de Cierre de Minas, debidamente aprobados por el Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico, con la finalidad que se cumplan con los estándares establecidos tanto técnicos como ambientales, para el saneamiento y restauración de áreas afectadas por la minería. Ejecución de Fiscalizaciones e Inspecciones: A través del Servicio Nacional de Fiscalización e Inspección Minera (SENAFIM) y el Viceministerio del Seguimiento y Control del Desarrollo Eco- minero por conducto de la Dirección General de Gestión Ecosocialista de Desarrollo Minero y la Dirección General de Resguardo Minero, mantener una verificación de carácter permanente de los proyectos mineros en su fase de ejecución, para controlar y supervisar las fases de exploración y explotación, como también las actividades conexas de procesamiento, con el objeto que se encuentren apegados a los estudios de impacto socioambiental, debidamente aprobados por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo.', 'Ejecución de Fiscalizaciones e Inspecciones: A través del Servicio Nacional de Fiscalización e Inspección Minera (SENAFIM) y el Viceministerio del Seguimiento y Control del Desarrollo Eco- minero por conducto de la Dirección General de Gestión Ecosocialista de Desarrollo Minero y la Dirección General de Resguardo Minero, mantener una verificación de carácter permanente de los proyectos mineros en su fase de ejecución, para controlar y supervisar las fases de exploración y explotación, como también las actividades conexas de procesamiento, con el objeto que se encuentren apegados a los estudios de impacto socioambiental, debidamente aprobados por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo. Asegurar una gestión ambiental de las cuencas hídricas: en relación a este concepto, se ha promulgado un instrumento jurídico para la prohibición de minería fluvial, con el objeto de preservar las cuencas de acceso a ríos y lagos, como también, generar información básica ambiental sobre la cartografía y el catastro, además de fomentar el uso eficiente por parte de los actores del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico (SNME) en la creación de una cultura y valores ambientales, lo que contribuirá en la disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del Cambio Climático sobre la disponibilidad y calidad del agua.', 'Asegurar una gestión ambiental de las cuencas hídricas: en relación a este concepto, se ha promulgado un instrumento jurídico para la prohibición de minería fluvial, con el objeto de preservar las cuencas de acceso a ríos y lagos, como también, generar información básica ambiental sobre la cartografía y el catastro, además de fomentar el uso eficiente por parte de los actores del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico (SNME) en la creación de una cultura y valores ambientales, lo que contribuirá en la disminución de la vulnerabilidad a los efectos del Cambio Climático sobre la disponibilidad y calidad del agua. Creación de capacidades científicas y tecnológicas mineras ambientales: aumentando capacidades en ciencia, innovación, educación y desarrollo en tecnologías que incentive la creación de conocimientos en las actividades de exploración, cuantificación, extracción y procesamiento de reservas minerales orientadas a la gestión ambiental a través de: a. Desarrollo de cátedras universitarias y programas para incrementar las capacidades científicas y tecnológicas minero-ambientales de la población, gestionando con instituciones educativas y/o con empresas públicas o privadas en el desarrollo de programas de investigación y de cooperación técnica en materia minero ambiental.', 'Creación de capacidades científicas y tecnológicas mineras ambientales: aumentando capacidades en ciencia, innovación, educación y desarrollo en tecnologías que incentive la creación de conocimientos en las actividades de exploración, cuantificación, extracción y procesamiento de reservas minerales orientadas a la gestión ambiental a través de: a. Desarrollo de cátedras universitarias y programas para incrementar las capacidades científicas y tecnológicas minero-ambientales de la población, gestionando con instituciones educativas y/o con empresas públicas o privadas en el desarrollo de programas de investigación y de cooperación técnica en materia minero ambiental. b. Apoyar la investigación de tecnologías de menor impacto al ambiente y a la salud: continuar con las campañas de erradicación y prohibición del uso de mercurio en la minería ilegal, estableciendo control y sanciones sobre su distribución y en la misma medida fortalecer el uso de tecnologías e insumos que sean de degradación o recuperación acorde en alianza con centros de investigación.', 'b. Apoyar la investigación de tecnologías de menor impacto al ambiente y a la salud: continuar con las campañas de erradicación y prohibición del uso de mercurio en la minería ilegal, estableciendo control y sanciones sobre su distribución y en la misma medida fortalecer el uso de tecnologías e insumos que sean de degradación o recuperación acorde en alianza con centros de investigación. c. Establecer políticas educativas, participación comunitaria y formación socio-ambiental: para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, mediante gestión de acompañamiento técnico- económico a los actores del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico (SNME) y las comunidades adyacentes, como parte de las exigencias establecidas en las alianzas estratégicas y contrato de operaciones mineros.', 'c. Establecer políticas educativas, participación comunitaria y formación socio-ambiental: para la lucha contra el Cambio Climático, mediante gestión de acompañamiento técnico- económico a los actores del Sistema Nacional Minero Ecológico (SNME) y las comunidades adyacentes, como parte de las exigencias establecidas en las alianzas estratégicas y contrato de operaciones mineros. Plan de Manejo de Desechos en el SNME: uno de los sectores responsable de la mayor emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) a escala global es el sector de desechos y residuos sólidos; de allí la importancia de la elaboración, ejecución y acompañamiento técnico en los planes de manejo integral de los subproductos generados en las actividades mineras y conexas, que tengan incidencia en la reducción de emisiones y en la implementación de sistemas de disposición final.', 'Plan de Manejo de Desechos en el SNME: uno de los sectores responsable de la mayor emisión de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI) a escala global es el sector de desechos y residuos sólidos; de allí la importancia de la elaboración, ejecución y acompañamiento técnico en los planes de manejo integral de los subproductos generados en las actividades mineras y conexas, que tengan incidencia en la reducción de emisiones y en la implementación de sistemas de disposición final. Así como, impulsar las técnicas de aprovechamiento y valorización energética de los residuos con valor agregado.', 'Así como, impulsar las técnicas de aprovechamiento y valorización energética de los residuos con valor agregado. Fomento de la organización de trabajadores, comunidades mineras e indígenas: para la formulación, implementación, ejecución y control de programas y proyectos de protección social, preservación ambiental y desarrollo integral económico - productivo, articulando las acciones del sector con el desarrollo local. Objetivo Minimizar el impacto ambiental de las actividades mineras, se asume la remediación de los pasivos ambientales, se prioriza el desarrollo y uso de tecnologías de bajo impacto, y se evalúa la cargaRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC sobre la matriz de recursos energéticos y naturales al momento de planificar nuevos proyectos mineros. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores 1. Hectáreas remediadas. 2. Nro. Árboles sembrados. 3.', '2. Nro. Árboles sembrados. 3. Viveros creados. 4. Escuelas agromineras creadas. 5. Nro. de formaciones realizadas. 6. Nro. de brigadas ecológicas conformadas. 11.3.12. Sector Pueblos Indígenas El Ministerio del Poder Popular para los Pueblos Indígenas, desde su creación ha logrado atender a más de 700.000 indígenas de más de 40 pueblos originarios que hacen vida en el país. Al momento de su creación, promovió este espacio con el objetivo de crear mecanismos que lograran definitivamente la reivindicación de los pueblos indígenas de Venezuela dándoles de esta forma inclusión social y participación protagónica dentro de la sociedad venezolana; y reconociendo sus derechos dentro de la constitución de República Bolivariana de Venezuela.', 'Al momento de su creación, promovió este espacio con el objetivo de crear mecanismos que lograran definitivamente la reivindicación de los pueblos indígenas de Venezuela dándoles de esta forma inclusión social y participación protagónica dentro de la sociedad venezolana; y reconociendo sus derechos dentro de la constitución de República Bolivariana de Venezuela. La puesta en marcha de esta institución abrió ventanas de oportunidades y beneficios para los pueblos indígenas del país, siempre manteniendo como objetivo erradicar la pobreza extrema, al tiempo de brindar la mayor suma de felicidad social a todos los sectores vulnerables de esta patria; desde esta trinchera, el ministerio del Poder Popular para los Pueblos Indígenas se ha preocupado en trabajar articuladamente con más de 3 mil comunidades indígenas del país en aras de fortalecer el vivir bien de los pueblos originarios; seguidamente, luego de un trabajo articulado en el marco del Plan de la Patria, se constituyeron una serie de cambios acordes a la realidad que se vive actualmente en el país.', 'La puesta en marcha de esta institución abrió ventanas de oportunidades y beneficios para los pueblos indígenas del país, siempre manteniendo como objetivo erradicar la pobreza extrema, al tiempo de brindar la mayor suma de felicidad social a todos los sectores vulnerables de esta patria; desde esta trinchera, el ministerio del Poder Popular para los Pueblos Indígenas se ha preocupado en trabajar articuladamente con más de 3 mil comunidades indígenas del país en aras de fortalecer el vivir bien de los pueblos originarios; seguidamente, luego de un trabajo articulado en el marco del Plan de la Patria, se constituyeron una serie de cambios acordes a la realidad que se vive actualmente en el país. Es importante señalar, que se consolidaron tres despachos de Viceministros en las áreas de educación intercultural bilingüe, el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas, y el desarrollo territorial y comunal de las comunidades con el objetivo de tocar y atender integral y directamente a todas las comunidades vulnerables del país.', 'Es importante señalar, que se consolidaron tres despachos de Viceministros en las áreas de educación intercultural bilingüe, el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas, y el desarrollo territorial y comunal de las comunidades con el objetivo de tocar y atender integral y directamente a todas las comunidades vulnerables del país. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 14 Sector Pueblos Indígenas. Ficha 14. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Pueblos Indígenas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2025. 1.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2025. 1. Atención integral a la población indígena en condición de vulnerabilidad asentada en el territorio nacional, promoviendo la erradicación de la pobreza extrema. o Se construirán 533 viviendas dignas para pueblos y comunidades indígenas e infraestructuras orientadas al desarrollo de sus usos, costumbres y culturas ancestrales. Descripción de la acción Construir viviendas indígenas a través de la ejecución directa por parte de los diferentes entes del estado nacional, regional y municipal con el fin de propiciar el desarrollo armónico y sustentable de los pueblos indígenas dentro de una visión ecosocialista enmarcado en un crecimiento que tome en cuenta el bienestar y las necesidades de las generaciones presentes y futuras respetando el ambiente.', 'Descripción de la acción Construir viviendas indígenas a través de la ejecución directa por parte de los diferentes entes del estado nacional, regional y municipal con el fin de propiciar el desarrollo armónico y sustentable de los pueblos indígenas dentro de una visión ecosocialista enmarcado en un crecimiento que tome en cuenta el bienestar y las necesidades de las generaciones presentes y futuras respetando el ambiente. Objetivo: Garantizar el derecho a la vivienda digna a las comunidades indígenas, asumiendo la particularidad de las variables de diseño de la geohistoria, tradiciones y costumbres de cada caso. En el marco de fomentar la inclusión y el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas y contribuir con asegurar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de los pueblos indígenas.', 'En el marco de fomentar la inclusión y el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas y contribuir con asegurar una vida sana y promover el bienestar de los pueblos indígenas. El Ministerio como órgano rector facilita políticas que contribuyan a implementar en las comunidades indígenas la profundización de las variables de diseño de sus viviendas, que atiendan la cultura, geografía y particularidades de sus tradiciones y costumbres a través de los siguientes proyectos relacionados con el desarrollo de variables de diseño, garantizando la participación protagónica de cada uno de los pueblos indígenas, en el marco de la gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela, para la construcción y rehabilitación de viviendas acordes a sus particularidades geográficas y culturales.', 'El Ministerio como órgano rector facilita políticas que contribuyan a implementar en las comunidades indígenas la profundización de las variables de diseño de sus viviendas, que atiendan la cultura, geografía y particularidades de sus tradiciones y costumbres a través de los siguientes proyectos relacionados con el desarrollo de variables de diseño, garantizando la participación protagónica de cada uno de los pueblos indígenas, en el marco de la gran Misión Vivienda Venezuela, para la construcción y rehabilitación de viviendas acordes a sus particularidades geográficas y culturales. La regionalización de la construcción y rehabilitación de Viviendas de comunidades indígenas, con tipologías acordes a las particularidades de las tradiciones y costumbres de los pueblos indígenas y el proyecto sobre el desarrollo de esquemas de mantenimiento acorde a las particularidades culturales y geográficas.', 'La regionalización de la construcción y rehabilitación de Viviendas de comunidades indígenas, con tipologías acordes a las particularidades de las tradiciones y costumbres de los pueblos indígenas y el proyecto sobre el desarrollo de esquemas de mantenimiento acorde a las particularidades culturales y geográficas. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS IndicadoresRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC • Accesibilidad integral a los servicios e infraestructura en los territorios indígenas. • Construcción masiva de viviendas indígenas a través de la ejecución directa por parte de los diferentes entes del estado nacional, regional y municipal. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2025 1.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2025 1. Atención integral a la población indígena en condición de vulnerabilidad asentada en el territorio nacional, promoviendo la erradicación de la pobreza extrema. o Se fortalecerá 3.200 comunas indígena a través de la organización de consejos comunales y comunas socialistas que refuercen el sistema económico socioproductivo de las comunidades indígenas para garantizar el desarrollo comunal agroalimentario. Descripción de la acción Fortalecer la producción propia e intercambio de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas para contribuir a los procesos de industrialización, intercambio comercial e impulso del cambio de los patrones de consumo de la sociedad para la soberanía alimentaria; así como el fomento de economía de escala.', 'Descripción de la acción Fortalecer la producción propia e intercambio de los pueblos y comunidades indígenas para contribuir a los procesos de industrialización, intercambio comercial e impulso del cambio de los patrones de consumo de la sociedad para la soberanía alimentaria; así como el fomento de economía de escala. Objetivo: Impulsar la formación y financiamiento para unidades socioproductivas en las comunidades indígenas, que respete sus prácticas y formas de organización tradicionales así como garantizar mecanismos de comercialización y distribución no expoliativos para los pueblos indígenas En el marco de fomentar la inclusión y el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas y contribuir con la alimentación suficiente y segura durante todo el año, El Ministerio como órgano rector facilita las políticas para los pueblos indígenas que promocionen la producción de rubros indígenas estratégicos como base del nuevo modelo sustentable de desarrollo económico en el territorio, a través de los programas el desarrollo de esquemas de organización bajo la figura de conglomerados en los pueblos indígenas adecuados a sus particularidades culturales, el desarrollo de esquemas de financiamiento y compra de insumos desde los conglomerados productivos indígenas que permitan la acumulación de los productores y la generación de economías autosustentables de escala con miras a la protección del ambiente.', 'Objetivo: Impulsar la formación y financiamiento para unidades socioproductivas en las comunidades indígenas, que respete sus prácticas y formas de organización tradicionales así como garantizar mecanismos de comercialización y distribución no expoliativos para los pueblos indígenas En el marco de fomentar la inclusión y el vivir bien de los pueblos indígenas y contribuir con la alimentación suficiente y segura durante todo el año, El Ministerio como órgano rector facilita las políticas para los pueblos indígenas que promocionen la producción de rubros indígenas estratégicos como base del nuevo modelo sustentable de desarrollo económico en el territorio, a través de los programas el desarrollo de esquemas de organización bajo la figura de conglomerados en los pueblos indígenas adecuados a sus particularidades culturales, el desarrollo de esquemas de financiamiento y compra de insumos desde los conglomerados productivos indígenas que permitan la acumulación de los productores y la generación de economías autosustentables de escala con miras a la protección del ambiente. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Proporción de población indígena ocupada.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Proporción de población indígena ocupada. • Participación en el PIB de comunidades indígenas. • % de satisfacción de las necesidades satisfechas mediante la producción indígena. • Volumen de financiamiento otorgado a proyectos socioproductivos en pueblos y comunidades indígenas. 11.3.13. Sector Riesgo y Desastre La República Bolivariana de Venezuela es un país vulnerable a distintos fenómenos naturales, sismos, inundaciones, movimientos en masa, tormentas tropicales yRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC huracanes, tsunamis y eventos tecnológicos, tales como incendios, explosiones, derrames y otros. El registro de eventos históricos refleja que la mayor incidencia e impactos, un 71% de ellos, se dan como resultado de los eventos desencadenados por lluvias.', 'El registro de eventos históricos refleja que la mayor incidencia e impactos, un 71% de ellos, se dan como resultado de los eventos desencadenados por lluvias. Los desastres han sido definidos usualmente como situaciones “inesperadas” que causan graves efectos sobre la población de impactos relacionados con el clima, dando pie a la amplia confusión entre los términos: “fenómeno natural” y “desastre natural”, por lo que la magnitud de daños y pérdidas humanas asociadas a los desastres, ocurridos en América Latina en las últimas décadas y la visualización de las múltiples condiciones de vulnerabilidad de los sectores de población afectados, especialmente los más pobres, ha llevado a los expertos a encontrar una explicación más amplia sobre los desastres, asociando el grado de destrucción y pérdidas con la vulnerabilidad de la población y la construcción socio-natural del riesgo.', 'Los desastres han sido definidos usualmente como situaciones “inesperadas” que causan graves efectos sobre la población de impactos relacionados con el clima, dando pie a la amplia confusión entre los términos: “fenómeno natural” y “desastre natural”, por lo que la magnitud de daños y pérdidas humanas asociadas a los desastres, ocurridos en América Latina en las últimas décadas y la visualización de las múltiples condiciones de vulnerabilidad de los sectores de población afectados, especialmente los más pobres, ha llevado a los expertos a encontrar una explicación más amplia sobre los desastres, asociando el grado de destrucción y pérdidas con la vulnerabilidad de la población y la construcción socio-natural del riesgo. En este sentido, fue creado el Despacho de Viceministro para la Gestión de Riesgo y Protección Civil y promulgación de la Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos, promulgada según Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.095 de fecha 09 de enero de 2009.', 'En este sentido, fue creado el Despacho de Viceministro para la Gestión de Riesgo y Protección Civil y promulgación de la Ley de Gestión Integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos, promulgada según Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.095 de fecha 09 de enero de 2009. Ley que explícitamente considera los riesgos asociados al Cambio Climático, ejerciendo el control, seguimiento y evaluación de las políticas, planes, lineamientos y directrices nacionales que promuevan la gestión de riesgo, atención de emergencias y administración de desastres. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 15 del Sector Riesgo y Desastre que en la actualidad se encuentra en proceso de actualización. Ficha 15. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Riesgo y Desastre.', 'Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Riesgo y Desastre. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas con impactos en Adaptación año 2017 Planes, proyectos y estrategias asociadas a la evaluación del Riesgo. Descripción de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela 2017 1. Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos: Tiene por objeto desarrollar líneas estratégicas que permitan el estudio, identificación y delimitación del riesgo, como base en el proceso de planificación, así como el desarrollo de proyectos de mitigación de riesgo en todo el territorio nacional. 2.', 'Plan Nacional de Gestión de Riesgos: Tiene por objeto desarrollar líneas estratégicas que permitan el estudio, identificación y delimitación del riesgo, como base en el proceso de planificación, así como el desarrollo de proyectos de mitigación de riesgo en todo el territorio nacional. 2. Atlas de Exposición ante amenazas socionaturales y Tecnológicas: Documento Técnico concebido como un Atlas que servirá de fuente de información y consulta para el proceso de planificación y ordenación territorial, sectorial y poblacional del país sobre la base de la gestión para la minimización del riesgo. 3.', 'Atlas de Exposición ante amenazas socionaturales y Tecnológicas: Documento Técnico concebido como un Atlas que servirá de fuente de información y consulta para el proceso de planificación y ordenación territorial, sectorial y poblacional del país sobre la base de la gestión para la minimización del riesgo. 3. Registro Nacional de Información para la Gestión Integral de Riesgo de Desastres: Proyecto destinado a garantizar la integración y estandarización de información interinstitucional a través de la creación y el fortalecimiento de una plataforma tecnológica para la consulta, por parte de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas en todo el territorio nacional.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 4.', 'Registro Nacional de Información para la Gestión Integral de Riesgo de Desastres: Proyecto destinado a garantizar la integración y estandarización de información interinstitucional a través de la creación y el fortalecimiento de una plataforma tecnológica para la consulta, por parte de diferentes instituciones públicas y privadas en todo el territorio nacional.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 4. Construcción de Indicadores de Vulnerabilidad: Proyecto destinado a la construcción de indicadores de vulnerabilidad en el ámbito ambiental, social, físico, institucional y económico, adaptados a la realidad nacional y generadores de información relacionada a las condiciones de fragilidad, exposición y capacidades en dichos ámbitos.', 'Construcción de Indicadores de Vulnerabilidad: Proyecto destinado a la construcción de indicadores de vulnerabilidad en el ámbito ambiental, social, físico, institucional y económico, adaptados a la realidad nacional y generadores de información relacionada a las condiciones de fragilidad, exposición y capacidades en dichos ámbitos. Tiene como meta la aplicación de los indicadores en el proceso de planificación y gestión, por parte de las instituciones públicas y privadas en el territorio nacional. 5.', 'Tiene como meta la aplicación de los indicadores en el proceso de planificación y gestión, por parte de las instituciones públicas y privadas en el territorio nacional. 5. Gabinetes Municipales de Riesgos Socionaturales y tecnológicos: Proyecto nacional enmarcado en el artículo 14 de la Ley de Gestión de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos; el objeto de este es dar cumplimiento a la política nacional en gestión de riesgo y lograr la coordinación de las actividades en el ámbito territorial, mediante la incorporación de la variable riesgo en la gestión de los entes del desarrollo regional y local de acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley. 6.', 'Gabinetes Municipales de Riesgos Socionaturales y tecnológicos: Proyecto nacional enmarcado en el artículo 14 de la Ley de Gestión de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos; el objeto de este es dar cumplimiento a la política nacional en gestión de riesgo y lograr la coordinación de las actividades en el ámbito territorial, mediante la incorporación de la variable riesgo en la gestión de los entes del desarrollo regional y local de acuerdo a lo establecido en la ley. 6. Fortalecimiento de las capacidades locales para la gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en comunidades: Tiene por objeto la planificación y ejecución de acciones integrales en comunidades del Área Metropolitana de Caracas, para el incremento en la capacidad de respuesta por parte de las comunidades ante eventos de origen natural y tecnológico.', 'Fortalecimiento de las capacidades locales para la gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en comunidades: Tiene por objeto la planificación y ejecución de acciones integrales en comunidades del Área Metropolitana de Caracas, para el incremento en la capacidad de respuesta por parte de las comunidades ante eventos de origen natural y tecnológico. 7. Gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en el Sector Salud: Proyecto enmarcado en el desarrollo de lineamientos para la aplicación de la gestión integral de riesgo en el sector salud a nivel nacional cuyo objeto es el fortalecimiento de capacidades de respuesta, por parte del sector salud, ante eventos adversos. 8.', 'Gestión integral de Riesgos Socionaturales y Tecnológicos en el Sector Salud: Proyecto enmarcado en el desarrollo de lineamientos para la aplicación de la gestión integral de riesgo en el sector salud a nivel nacional cuyo objeto es el fortalecimiento de capacidades de respuesta, por parte del sector salud, ante eventos adversos. 8. Coordinación Regional: A través de la UNASUR y el MERCOSUR Venezuela participa activamente en grupos de trabajo para la cooperación en la prevención de los desastres y en la lucha contra las causas y los efectos del cambio climático; estos buscan aumentar la coordinación en la prevención y respuesta ante desastres socionaturales y lograr un mecanismo de asistencia mutua en el ámbito subregional, a través de políticas, estrategias, planes y actividades en estimación, prevención, reducción del riesgo, preparación y respuesta a desastres, asistencia humanitaria, rehabilitación y reconstrucción, así como la asistencia técnica e intercambio de experiencias en la materia.', 'Coordinación Regional: A través de la UNASUR y el MERCOSUR Venezuela participa activamente en grupos de trabajo para la cooperación en la prevención de los desastres y en la lucha contra las causas y los efectos del cambio climático; estos buscan aumentar la coordinación en la prevención y respuesta ante desastres socionaturales y lograr un mecanismo de asistencia mutua en el ámbito subregional, a través de políticas, estrategias, planes y actividades en estimación, prevención, reducción del riesgo, preparación y respuesta a desastres, asistencia humanitaria, rehabilitación y reconstrucción, así como la asistencia técnica e intercambio de experiencias en la materia. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores o Cuantificación de pérdidas de vidas, infraestructura, cultivos, dinero, entre otros, asociados a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. 11.3.14.', 'Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores o Cuantificación de pérdidas de vidas, infraestructura, cultivos, dinero, entre otros, asociados a los efectos adversos del cambio climático. 11.3.14. Sector Salud El Cambio Climático representa un riesgo para la salud humana, debido al aumento de los factores sanitarios ambientales (físico, químico y biológico), por ejemplo: las fuertes precipitaciones e inundaciones, aumento de temperaturas y humedad relativa, propician la aparición de vectores y reservorios de parásitos o virus causantes de las enfermedades metaxénicas, la contaminación de las fuentes de agua de abastecimiento, afectando su calidad, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, entre otras.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La República Bolivariana de Venezuela resulta ser altamente vulnerable a la incidencia de enfermedades producidas por vectores sensibles ante alteraciones climáticas, por estar localizada en la zona tropical, ante esta situación el Estado, sostiene políticas de vanguardia apegados a los principios y métodos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS), basados en el Manejo Integrado de Vectores, donde convergen el conocimiento local, la microestratificación de riesgo, la intersectorialidad y la participación comunitaria en la gestión de los programas de prevención de las enfermedades metaxénicas.', 'Sector Salud El Cambio Climático representa un riesgo para la salud humana, debido al aumento de los factores sanitarios ambientales (físico, químico y biológico), por ejemplo: las fuertes precipitaciones e inundaciones, aumento de temperaturas y humedad relativa, propician la aparición de vectores y reservorios de parásitos o virus causantes de las enfermedades metaxénicas, la contaminación de las fuentes de agua de abastecimiento, afectando su calidad, las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, entre otras.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC La República Bolivariana de Venezuela resulta ser altamente vulnerable a la incidencia de enfermedades producidas por vectores sensibles ante alteraciones climáticas, por estar localizada en la zona tropical, ante esta situación el Estado, sostiene políticas de vanguardia apegados a los principios y métodos de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS), basados en el Manejo Integrado de Vectores, donde convergen el conocimiento local, la microestratificación de riesgo, la intersectorialidad y la participación comunitaria en la gestión de los programas de prevención de las enfermedades metaxénicas. El Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud (MPPS), como rector en la vigilancia y control de calidad del agua para el consumo humano, trabaja con acciones de prevención en enfermedades de origen hídrico, para garantizar la calidad del agua, mediante monitoreos periódicos; asimismo, la identificación de los incineradores ubicados en el sector salud, a través de censos nacionales, a objeto de conocer las condiciones y establecer los lineamientos técnicos sobre las mejores maneras de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'El Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud (MPPS), como rector en la vigilancia y control de calidad del agua para el consumo humano, trabaja con acciones de prevención en enfermedades de origen hídrico, para garantizar la calidad del agua, mediante monitoreos periódicos; asimismo, la identificación de los incineradores ubicados en el sector salud, a través de censos nacionales, a objeto de conocer las condiciones y establecer los lineamientos técnicos sobre las mejores maneras de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. A continuación se presenta la Ficha 16 del Sector Salud. Ficha 16. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Salud. Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación-Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación-Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Aumento de la cobertura en atención médica Descripción de la Acción con Resultados actualización de la Información Año 2021 por parte de Viceministerio de Salud Integral ▪ Antes de la Revolución Bolivariana en 1999, más del 60% de las personas que vivían en sectores populares nunca habían acudido a un Médico para una consulta de chequeo general. En 2015, se cumplen 12 años desde la creación de Barrio Adentro, misión sin precedentes que permite el acceso a los servicios de salud de alta tecnología de forma gratuita a sectores significativos de la población.', 'En 2015, se cumplen 12 años desde la creación de Barrio Adentro, misión sin precedentes que permite el acceso a los servicios de salud de alta tecnología de forma gratuita a sectores significativos de la población. Barrio Adentro es responsable de al menos 704 millones 958 mil consultas médicas gratuitas en los últimos 12 años. ▪ Barrio Adentro es creado en 2003 con la ayuda del gobierno de Cuba, para ofrecer servicios de salud a la población venezolana en ambulatorios pequeños construidos y dotados de insumos médicos en zonas anteriormente desatendidas.', '▪ Barrio Adentro es creado en 2003 con la ayuda del gobierno de Cuba, para ofrecer servicios de salud a la población venezolana en ambulatorios pequeños construidos y dotados de insumos médicos en zonas anteriormente desatendidas. Más adelante se creó Barrio Adentro II para ampliar los servicios médicos, con la construcción de ambulatorios más grandes, y luego en 2005 Barrio Adentro III mediante el cual se construyeron 600 Centros Diagnósticos integrales y 600 Salas de Rehabilitación integral. En 2006 se inicia Barrio Adentro IV con la inauguración de centros especializados como el Hospital Cardiológico Infantil en Caracas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 1. Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades asociadas a los vectores, reservorios y fauna nociva, relacionados con el cambio climático.', 'Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades asociadas a los vectores, reservorios y fauna nociva, relacionados con el cambio climático. Acción de impacto: o Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia entomológica y el control de los vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Acciones estratégicas: 1. Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico de salud, las ASIC, comunidad organizada y organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en las acciones de vigilancia entomológica y las medidas de control de vectores en el marco del manejo integrado de control de vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático. 2.', 'Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico de salud, las ASIC, comunidad organizada y organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en las acciones de vigilancia entomológica y las medidas de control de vectores en el marco del manejo integrado de control de vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático. 2. Fortalecer las capacidades básicas de respuestas en la vigilancia entomológica y control de vectores en el marco del manejo integrado de control de vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático con la actualización del marco metodológico, suministro de materiales e insumos, caracterización ecológica y correlación de las variables ambientales (temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa, entre otras) y supervisión de las actividades de vigilancia y control. 3.', 'Fortalecer las capacidades básicas de respuestas en la vigilancia entomológica y control de vectores en el marco del manejo integrado de control de vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático con la actualización del marco metodológico, suministro de materiales e insumos, caracterización ecológica y correlación de las variables ambientales (temperatura, precipitación, humedad relativa, entre otras) y supervisión de las actividades de vigilancia y control. 3. Fortalecer el sistema de información de vigilancia entomológica y control de vectores a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático, con el diseño e implementación de sistemas de información y georeferenciación. 4. Evaluación de riesgo entomológico e impacto en el control de vectores ante el cambio climático. 2. Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades de origen hídrico asociadas al cambio climático.', 'Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades de origen hídrico asociadas al cambio climático. Acción de impacto: o Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de la calidad de agua a nivel nacional ante el cambio climático. Acciones estratégicas: 1. Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de los sistemas de abastecimiento (fuentes de agua, tratamiento y sistema de distribución) y el monitoreo de la calidad del agua ante el cambio climático. 2. Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico de salud, las ASIC, comunidad organizada y organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en las acciones de vigilancia y planes de seguridad del agua potable resilientes al clima a nivel nacional. 3.', 'Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico de salud, las ASIC, comunidad organizada y organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, en las acciones de vigilancia y planes de seguridad del agua potable resilientes al clima a nivel nacional. 3. Fortalecer el sistema de información de vigilancia sanitaria de la calidad del agua a nivel nacional, asociadas al cambio climático, con el diseño e implementación de sistemas de información y georeferenciación. 4. Evaluación de riesgo e impacto en el control de la calidad del agua ante el cambio climático. 3. Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades asociadas a la calidad del aire por cambio climático Acción de impacto: o Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de la calidad del aire, en fuentes fijas (incineradores del sector salud). Acciones estratégicas: 1.', 'Acciones de prevención de las enfermedades asociadas a la calidad del aire por cambio climático Acción de impacto: o Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de la calidad del aire, en fuentes fijas (incineradores del sector salud). Acciones estratégicas: 1. Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de la calidad del aire, en fuentes fijas (incineradores del sector salud), mediante identificación de censos nacionales, a objeto de conocer las condiciones y establecer los lineamientos técnicos sobre las mejores maneras de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el sector salud. 2.', 'Fortalecimiento de la vigilancia y control sanitario de la calidad del aire, en fuentes fijas (incineradores del sector salud), mediante identificación de censos nacionales, a objeto de conocer las condiciones y establecer los lineamientos técnicos sobre las mejores maneras de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero en el sector salud. 2. Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico del sector salud, en las acciones de vigilancia y control sanitario de las fuentes fijas (incineradores) Descripción de la acción Descripción de cómo se va realizar cada acción y los resultados esperados para el beneficio de la población y a la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático.', 'Capacitar al personal profesional y técnico del sector salud, en las acciones de vigilancia y control sanitario de las fuentes fijas (incineradores) Descripción de la acción Descripción de cómo se va realizar cada acción y los resultados esperados para el beneficio de la población y a la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático. Objetivo La creación y ampliación de estos programas de salud implican una disminución de la vulnerabilidad frente a enfermedades, incluyendo aquellas cuya incidencia y distribución geográfica aumentará como consecuencia del Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.15.', 'Objetivo La creación y ampliación de estos programas de salud implican una disminución de la vulnerabilidad frente a enfermedades, incluyendo aquellas cuya incidencia y distribución geográfica aumentará como consecuencia del Cambio Climático.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.15. Sector Trabajo (Justicias Social) El cambio climático es uno de los desafíos más importantes que debe ser abordado en los próximos años en el ámbito laboral, a nivel mundial y por ende en Venezuela, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), advierte que el fenómeno está produciendo, a corto, medio o largo plazo, un grave trastorno de la actividad económica y social en muchos sectores en todos los continentes.', 'Sector Trabajo (Justicias Social) El cambio climático es uno de los desafíos más importantes que debe ser abordado en los próximos años en el ámbito laboral, a nivel mundial y por ende en Venezuela, la Organización Internacional del Trabajo (OIT), advierte que el fenómeno está produciendo, a corto, medio o largo plazo, un grave trastorno de la actividad económica y social en muchos sectores en todos los continentes. América Latina y el Caribe están particularmente expuestas a los efectos del cambio climático, entre los que destacan la alta vulnerabilidad de algunos sectores como: agua, biodiversidad, turismo, actividades agropecuarias, bosques y salud.', 'América Latina y el Caribe están particularmente expuestas a los efectos del cambio climático, entre los que destacan la alta vulnerabilidad de algunos sectores como: agua, biodiversidad, turismo, actividades agropecuarias, bosques y salud. En la República Bolivariana de Venezuela la protección del ambiente tiene una connotación significativa y es así como en la Constitución del año 1999 en el Capítulo IX se establecen los Derechos Ambientales y específicamente en el Artículo 127 se expresa que: “Es un derecho y un deber de cada generación proteger y mantener el ambiente en beneficio de sí misma y del mundo futuro. Toda persona tiene derecho individual y colectivamente a disfrutar de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado.', 'Toda persona tiene derecho individual y colectivamente a disfrutar de una vida y de un ambiente seguro, sano y ecológicamente equilibrado. El Estado protegerá el ambiente, la diversidad biológica, los recursos genéticos, los procesos ecológicos, los parques nacionales y monumentos naturales y demás áreas de especial importancia ecológica. De igual manera se destaca en el Artículo 128. “El Estado desarrollará una política de ordenación del territorio atendiendo a las realidades ecológicas, geográficas, poblacionales, sociales, culturales, económicas, políticas, de acuerdo con las premisas del desarrollo sustentable, que incluya la información, consulta y participación ciudadana”.', '“El Estado desarrollará una política de ordenación del territorio atendiendo a las realidades ecológicas, geográficas, poblacionales, sociales, culturales, económicas, políticas, de acuerdo con las premisas del desarrollo sustentable, que incluya la información, consulta y participación ciudadana”. Esta sinergia del compromiso del Gobierno revolucionario con la protección del medio ambiente se materializa en el Plan de la Patria, ya que establece en el 5 Gran Objetivo Histórico denominada “Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana”, donde la premisa fundamental no solo es luchar contra el cambio climático, sino avanzar en el desarrollo de una “doctrina ecosocialista” como construcción de modos de vida armónicos y de respeto de los derechos de la tierra y de todas y todos sus habitantes.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Con el objetivo de cumplir con estos preceptos legales hoy más que nunca se hace necesario contar con una clase trabajadora y empresarial comprometida con la ecología y la conservación de ambientes saludables de trabajo, que emprenda la lucha hacia la instalación de nuevos modelos productivos, con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero.', 'Esta sinergia del compromiso del Gobierno revolucionario con la protección del medio ambiente se materializa en el Plan de la Patria, ya que establece en el 5 Gran Objetivo Histórico denominada “Contribuir con la preservación de la vida en el planeta y la salvación de la especie humana”, donde la premisa fundamental no solo es luchar contra el cambio climático, sino avanzar en el desarrollo de una “doctrina ecosocialista” como construcción de modos de vida armónicos y de respeto de los derechos de la tierra y de todas y todos sus habitantes.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Con el objetivo de cumplir con estos preceptos legales hoy más que nunca se hace necesario contar con una clase trabajadora y empresarial comprometida con la ecología y la conservación de ambientes saludables de trabajo, que emprenda la lucha hacia la instalación de nuevos modelos productivos, con bajas emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Todas las entidades de trabajo independientemente de su actividad económica, están expuestas a los efectos del cambio climático, donde se evidencia graves consecuencias en términos de pérdidas de empleo directos e indirectos, en este sentido para atender estos efectos las organizaciones de trabajadoras y trabajadores; (Comité Productivo de trabajadores (CPT), Delegadas y Delegados de Prevención, Sindicatos, Consejos de Trabajadores, entre otros), deben desarrollar acciones para mitigar y adaptarse a él.', 'Todas las entidades de trabajo independientemente de su actividad económica, están expuestas a los efectos del cambio climático, donde se evidencia graves consecuencias en términos de pérdidas de empleo directos e indirectos, en este sentido para atender estos efectos las organizaciones de trabajadoras y trabajadores; (Comité Productivo de trabajadores (CPT), Delegadas y Delegados de Prevención, Sindicatos, Consejos de Trabajadores, entre otros), deben desarrollar acciones para mitigar y adaptarse a él. En Venezuela, para los próximos años el ecosocialismo y el empleo deben ir de la mano hacia la mitigación, adaptación y reducción de los riesgos por el cambio climático, para eso la educación, la información y la orientación en materia ambiental es fundamental para la procura de alcanzar mayores niveles de conciencia en relación a este tema.', 'En Venezuela, para los próximos años el ecosocialismo y el empleo deben ir de la mano hacia la mitigación, adaptación y reducción de los riesgos por el cambio climático, para eso la educación, la información y la orientación en materia ambiental es fundamental para la procura de alcanzar mayores niveles de conciencia en relación a este tema. La situación objetivo que se persigue es posicionar en nuestro país, en la discusión que se viene dando en el mundo, respecto al diseño de una política ambientalmente responsable, cuya finalidad es concientizar al ser humano en sus niveles de bienestar y equidad social, al tiempo que se reducen significativamente los riesgos ambientales y el daño a la naturaleza.', 'La situación objetivo que se persigue es posicionar en nuestro país, en la discusión que se viene dando en el mundo, respecto al diseño de una política ambientalmente responsable, cuya finalidad es concientizar al ser humano en sus niveles de bienestar y equidad social, al tiempo que se reducen significativamente los riesgos ambientales y el daño a la naturaleza. Creemos que nuestras sociedades deben cambiar y que esa transformación solo puede ocurrir desde una perspectiva de justicia e inclusión social. A continuación se presenta la Ficha 17 del Sector Trabajo (Justicias Social). Ficha 17. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Trabajo (Justicias Social). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Objetivo Contribuir desde el proceso social de trabajo a la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, implementando buenas prácticas productivas, mediante un plan de acción de información y orientación a los trabajadores y trabajadoras, entidades de trabajo y organizaciones sociales como actores protagónicos en la relación producción medio ambiente.', 'Objetivo Contribuir desde el proceso social de trabajo a la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático, implementando buenas prácticas productivas, mediante un plan de acción de información y orientación a los trabajadores y trabajadoras, entidades de trabajo y organizaciones sociales como actores protagónicos en la relación producción medio ambiente. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 • Se diseñará e implementará un Plan de Acción con el objetivo de informar y orientar a los trabajadores y trabajadoras, sobre su participación y rol en la mitigación y adaptación alRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC cambio climático, como sujetos multiplicadores en el proceso social de trabajo, su entorno familiar y comunitario para el empoderamiento de la acción climática.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 • Se diseñará e implementará un Plan de Acción con el objetivo de informar y orientar a los trabajadores y trabajadoras, sobre su participación y rol en la mitigación y adaptación alRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC cambio climático, como sujetos multiplicadores en el proceso social de trabajo, su entorno familiar y comunitario para el empoderamiento de la acción climática. Descripción de la acción • Realizar la coordinación entre el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social de Trabajo y el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo para implementar la información y orientación dirigida a los trabajadores y las trabajadoras • Diseñar e implementar una campaña de información y orientación a los trabajadores y trabajadoras del MPPPPST y sus entes adscritos sobre la emisión de gases del efecto invernadero, las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas (CND), y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', 'Descripción de la acción • Realizar la coordinación entre el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social de Trabajo y el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo para implementar la información y orientación dirigida a los trabajadores y las trabajadoras • Diseñar e implementar una campaña de información y orientación a los trabajadores y trabajadoras del MPPPPST y sus entes adscritos sobre la emisión de gases del efecto invernadero, las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas (CND), y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. • Diseñar e implementar una campaña de información dirigida a las Entidades Trabajo, y sus organizaciones, sobre la emisión de gases del efecto invernadero, las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas (CND), y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático.', '• Diseñar e implementar una campaña de información dirigida a las Entidades Trabajo, y sus organizaciones, sobre la emisión de gases del efecto invernadero, las Contribuciones Nacionales Determinadas (CND), y la mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. • Formar a los trabajadores y trabajadoras quienes asumirán el rol de multiplicadores de la información Institución responsable de la acciones Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social de Trabajo Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de trabajadores y trabajadoras informados y orientados • Número de instituciones involucradas en la implementación del plan de acción para la información y orientación • Número de Entidades de trabajo informadas y orientadas • Número de Organizaciones de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras informadas (Organizaciones Laborales, Sindicales, Consejos Productivos de Trabajadores, Consejos de Trabajadores, entre otros.', '• Formar a los trabajadores y trabajadoras quienes asumirán el rol de multiplicadores de la información Institución responsable de la acciones Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Proceso Social de Trabajo Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de trabajadores y trabajadoras informados y orientados • Número de instituciones involucradas en la implementación del plan de acción para la información y orientación • Número de Entidades de trabajo informadas y orientadas • Número de Organizaciones de Trabajadores y Trabajadoras informadas (Organizaciones Laborales, Sindicales, Consejos Productivos de Trabajadores, Consejos de Trabajadores, entre otros. • Número de talleres, charlas, videoconferencias, seminarios, mensajes por redes sociales realizados, entre otras. 11.3.16.', '• Número de talleres, charlas, videoconferencias, seminarios, mensajes por redes sociales realizados, entre otras. 11.3.16. Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales) La Dirección de los Laboratorios Ambientales se encuentra actualmente elaborando un Proyecto para el fortalecimiento de los Laboratorios ambientales con el objetivo de dotarlos de equipos científicos, materiales, reactivos y capacitación del personal con el objetivo de generar información de la calidad del agua en las principales cuencas del País.', 'Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales) La Dirección de los Laboratorios Ambientales se encuentra actualmente elaborando un Proyecto para el fortalecimiento de los Laboratorios ambientales con el objetivo de dotarlos de equipos científicos, materiales, reactivos y capacitación del personal con el objetivo de generar información de la calidad del agua en las principales cuencas del País. El Programa de monitoreo y evaluación continuo de la Calidad de las aguas incluye los siguientes cuerpos de agua: Lago de Valencia, río Tocuyo, río Yaracuy, río Tuy y se está planificando la incorporación del río Santo Domingo: además se mantiene un programa continuo para apoyar regularmente a las actividades de control de vertidos líquidos domésticos e industriales.', 'El Programa de monitoreo y evaluación continuo de la Calidad de las aguas incluye los siguientes cuerpos de agua: Lago de Valencia, río Tocuyo, río Yaracuy, río Tuy y se está planificando la incorporación del río Santo Domingo: además se mantiene un programa continuo para apoyar regularmente a las actividades de control de vertidos líquidos domésticos e industriales. Por lo expuesto anteriormente, se requiere repotenciar a los laboratorios ambientales del MINEC ubicados en los estados: Nueva Esparta, Monagas, Anzoátegui, NivelRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC central, Aragua, Lara y Barinas con el objetivo de tener las herramientas mínimas necesarias para ejecutar con eficacia, eficiencia y calidad todas las actividades a fin de generar información básica y confiable para generar políticas de gestión dirigidas a la adaptación de los efectos al cambio climático.', 'Por lo expuesto anteriormente, se requiere repotenciar a los laboratorios ambientales del MINEC ubicados en los estados: Nueva Esparta, Monagas, Anzoátegui, NivelRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC central, Aragua, Lara y Barinas con el objetivo de tener las herramientas mínimas necesarias para ejecutar con eficacia, eficiencia y calidad todas las actividades a fin de generar información básica y confiable para generar políticas de gestión dirigidas a la adaptación de los efectos al cambio climático. Para cumplir con los objetivos planteados, esta Dirección, ha planificado las siguientes acciones: ▪ Fortalecimiento del programa de monitoreo de la calidad de las aguas. ▪ Fortalecimiento de las actividades de sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación ▪ Fortalecimiento de las capacidades del personal del laboratorio.', '▪ Fortalecimiento de las actividades de sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación ▪ Fortalecimiento de las capacidades del personal del laboratorio. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha Nº 16, donde se presentan las CND, correspondiente a la Dirección de Línea de Laboratorios Ambientales. Ficha 18. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Dirección General de Gestión de la Calidad Ambiental (Monitoreo de Calidad de Agua - Laboratorios Ambientales). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 Monitoreo y evaluación continúa de la calidad de las aguas.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 Monitoreo y evaluación continúa de la calidad de las aguas. Descripción de la acción La Red de los Laboratorios Ambientales, diseña un proyecto de fortalecimiento de la capacidad analítica de los laboratorios, a nivel nacional con la finalidad de dotarlos de equipos científicos, materiales, reactivos y capacitación del personal con el objetivo de generar información de la calidad del agua, que permita informar a la ciudadanía en general, así como, apoyo para formular políticas de gestión que permita la adaptación a los cambios sufridos debido al Cambio Climático.', 'Descripción de la acción La Red de los Laboratorios Ambientales, diseña un proyecto de fortalecimiento de la capacidad analítica de los laboratorios, a nivel nacional con la finalidad de dotarlos de equipos científicos, materiales, reactivos y capacitación del personal con el objetivo de generar información de la calidad del agua, que permita informar a la ciudadanía en general, así como, apoyo para formular políticas de gestión que permita la adaptación a los cambios sufridos debido al Cambio Climático. Objetivo Generar información de la calidad del agua, que permita informar a la ciudadanía en general, así como para generar políticas de gestión que permita la adaptación a los cambios sufridos debido al Cambio Climático. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de cuencas hidrográficas monitoreadas.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de cuencas hidrográficas monitoreadas. • Porcentaje de desviación de la concentración de los parámetros indicadores en cada punto de muestreo en las cuencas hidrográficas.', '• Porcentaje de desviación de la concentración de los parámetros indicadores en cada punto de muestreo en las cuencas hidrográficas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Fortalecimiento de la organización de los laboratorios ambientales.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Descripción de la acción Fortalecimiento de las capacidades del personal del laboratorio en el área analítica, instrumental, estadística, de gestión ambiental y de adaptación al cambio climático a fin de utilizar las metodologías recomendadas de última tecnología para ejecutar con mayor precisión y exactitud los análisis fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos como apoyo en la gestión de monitoreo y evaluación de los efectos del cambio en los cuerpos de aguas.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Fortalecimiento de la organización de los laboratorios ambientales.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Descripción de la acción Fortalecimiento de las capacidades del personal del laboratorio en el área analítica, instrumental, estadística, de gestión ambiental y de adaptación al cambio climático a fin de utilizar las metodologías recomendadas de última tecnología para ejecutar con mayor precisión y exactitud los análisis fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos como apoyo en la gestión de monitoreo y evaluación de los efectos del cambio en los cuerpos de aguas. Objetivo Fortalecer la capacidad del personal del laboratorio en el área analítica, instrumental, estadística, de gestión ambiental y de adaptación al cambio climático a fin de utilizar las metodologías recomendadas de última tecnología para ejecutar con mayor precisión y exactitud los análisis fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos.', 'Objetivo Fortalecer la capacidad del personal del laboratorio en el área analítica, instrumental, estadística, de gestión ambiental y de adaptación al cambio climático a fin de utilizar las metodologías recomendadas de última tecnología para ejecutar con mayor precisión y exactitud los análisis fisicoquímicos y bacteriológicos. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de talleres de capacitación. • Número de personas capacitadas Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación del manejo de las aguas.', '• Número de personas capacitadas Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación del manejo de las aguas. Descripción de la acción El fortalecimiento de las actividades de sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación, a través de boletines informativos, de medios masivos de comunicación como: prensa escrita, televisión, radio, redes sociales y otros medios alternativos, que informarán al poder popular y demás organismos de las acciones que se ejecutan relacionadas con la adaptación al cambio climático y de las formas en las cuales el poder popular puede contribuir en la conservación y preservación del agua a fin de reducir los efectos adversos al cambio climático.', 'Descripción de la acción El fortalecimiento de las actividades de sensibilización, comunicación y divulgación, a través de boletines informativos, de medios masivos de comunicación como: prensa escrita, televisión, radio, redes sociales y otros medios alternativos, que informarán al poder popular y demás organismos de las acciones que se ejecutan relacionadas con la adaptación al cambio climático y de las formas en las cuales el poder popular puede contribuir en la conservación y preservación del agua a fin de reducir los efectos adversos al cambio climático. Objetivo Informar al Poder Popular de las acciones que se ejecutan relacionadas con la adaptación al cambio climático, en cuanto a la evaluación y monitoreo de la calidad del agua, así como de las formas en las cuales el poder popular puede contribuir en la conservación y preservación del agua a fin de reducir los efectos adversos al cambio climático.', 'Objetivo Informar al Poder Popular de las acciones que se ejecutan relacionadas con la adaptación al cambio climático, en cuanto a la evaluación y monitoreo de la calidad del agua, así como de las formas en las cuales el poder popular puede contribuir en la conservación y preservación del agua a fin de reducir los efectos adversos al cambio climático. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de personas participantes en talleres de sensibilización.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC • Número de información publicada en los medios de comunicación masivo, redes sociales y otros medios alternativos.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de personas participantes en talleres de sensibilización.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC • Número de información publicada en los medios de comunicación masivo, redes sociales y otros medios alternativos. La Dirección de los Laboratorios Ambientales, se encuentra en la construcción del Indicador de la Calidad de las Aguas, que se utilizará como metodología para determinar el grado de contaminación del agua en los cuerpos de aguas que poseen datos históricos suficientes para su elaboración. Esta herramienta será de utilidad para determinar el grado de variación de aquellos parámetros interrelacionado con los efectos del cambio climático, para ello es necesario realizar las siguientes acciones.', 'Esta herramienta será de utilidad para determinar el grado de variación de aquellos parámetros interrelacionado con los efectos del cambio climático, para ello es necesario realizar las siguientes acciones. ▪ Puesta a punto y en marcha el Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Agua. ▪ Indicador de la Calidad de las Aguas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Aguas.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Aguas. Descripción de la acción El Sistema Nacional de Información de la Calidad de las Aguas (SNICA) será revisado y puesto en marcha (el software) para la incorporación de los datos analíticos obtenidos en cada una de las cuencas hidrográficas que están incluidas en el programa de monitoreo anual con la finalidad de calcular el Índice de Calidad de Agua y para determinar el grado de variación de aquellos parámetros interrelacionado con los efectos del cambio climático. Objetivo Proporcionar información sobre el grado de variación de aquellos parámetros interrelacionado con los efectos del cambio climático. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de lugares o puntos de muestreo.', 'Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • Número de lugares o puntos de muestreo. • Indicador de la calidad de las aguas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Indicador de la Calidad de las Aguas.', 'Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 o Indicador de la Calidad de las Aguas. Descripción de la acción El Indicador de la Calidad del Agua y los cálculos para la determinación de la desviación de los parámetros interrelacionados con los efectos del Cambio climático, serán construidos de acuerdo a los datos históricos de las cuencas hidrográficas incluidas en el programa de monitoreo de la calidadRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC de las aguas, que proporcionarán información relevante para la adaptación y generar políticas de mitigación para la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático.', 'Descripción de la acción El Indicador de la Calidad del Agua y los cálculos para la determinación de la desviación de los parámetros interrelacionados con los efectos del Cambio climático, serán construidos de acuerdo a los datos históricos de las cuencas hidrográficas incluidas en el programa de monitoreo de la calidadRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC de las aguas, que proporcionarán información relevante para la adaptación y generar políticas de mitigación para la reducción de los efectos adversos al cambio climático. Objetivo Construir el Indicador de la Calidad del Agua y de los cálculos para la determinación de la desviación de los parámetros interrelacionados con los efectos del Cambio climático de las cuencas hidrográficas incluidas en el programa de monitoreo de la calidad de las aguas.', 'Objetivo Construir el Indicador de la Calidad del Agua y de los cálculos para la determinación de la desviación de los parámetros interrelacionados con los efectos del Cambio climático de las cuencas hidrográficas incluidas en el programa de monitoreo de la calidad de las aguas. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.17.', 'Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS 11.3.17. Sector Ecosistemas (Zona Costera, Ordenamiento Territorial, Montañas, Humedales) En el país la variabilidad del clima y la ocurrencia de eventos extremos han sido más propensas en los últimos años, de igual forma es difícil pronosticar efectos precisos del cambio climático; sin embargo, estudios recientes advierten sobre los impactos potenciales en el ser humano debido a las inundaciones, tormentas, sequías y olas de calor, con predicciones de falta de agua potable y posibles conflictos al aumentar la competencia por el recurso hídrico, así como los grandes cambios en las condiciones para la producción de alimentos.', 'Sector Ecosistemas (Zona Costera, Ordenamiento Territorial, Montañas, Humedales) En el país la variabilidad del clima y la ocurrencia de eventos extremos han sido más propensas en los últimos años, de igual forma es difícil pronosticar efectos precisos del cambio climático; sin embargo, estudios recientes advierten sobre los impactos potenciales en el ser humano debido a las inundaciones, tormentas, sequías y olas de calor, con predicciones de falta de agua potable y posibles conflictos al aumentar la competencia por el recurso hídrico, así como los grandes cambios en las condiciones para la producción de alimentos. El cambio climático tiene una clara incidencia en la oferta de agua, afectando a los ecosistemas (en las zonas de baja altitud, zonas insulares, zonas costeras bajas, zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y zonas con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles) y la agricultura.', 'El cambio climático tiene una clara incidencia en la oferta de agua, afectando a los ecosistemas (en las zonas de baja altitud, zonas insulares, zonas costeras bajas, zonas áridas y semiáridas, zonas expuestas a inundaciones, sequía y desertificación, y zonas con ecosistemas montañosos frágiles) y la agricultura. Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho patente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, producción de alimentos, generación de electricidad y diversidad biológica, entre otras.', 'Esta vulnerabilidad se ha hecho patente en una serie de emergencias y desastres naturales con efectos severos en viviendas, producción de alimentos, generación de electricidad y diversidad biológica, entre otras. Frente a esta situación Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada, impulsar los procesaos de resiliencia de los ecosistemas considerados estratégicos para la conservación de la diversidad biológica y la generación de procesos socio productivos sustentables o ambientalmente responsables, reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la Nación ante el Cambio Climático. A continuación, se presenta la ficha resumen de Adaptación N° 17 del sector Ecosistemas:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 19.', 'A continuación, se presenta la ficha resumen de Adaptación N° 17 del sector Ecosistemas:República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ficha 19. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Ecosistemas (Zona Costera, Ordenamiento Territorial, Montañas, Humedales). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Ordenación y Gestión del Territorio Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementada en la Primera CND de Venezuela 1.', 'Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 Ordenación y Gestión del Territorio Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementada en la Primera CND de Venezuela 1. Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio - PNOT (2010): El instrumento de planificación de carácter nacional, pese a no estar oficializado, sirve de guía técnica para el desarrollo de los instrumentos de planificación territorial de escala más detallada como los Planes de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, los Planes de Ordenación de las Zonas de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional (ZDEN), de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio y de las Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) algunas de ellas consideradas a nivel internacional como Áreas Protegidas.', 'Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio - PNOT (2010): El instrumento de planificación de carácter nacional, pese a no estar oficializado, sirve de guía técnica para el desarrollo de los instrumentos de planificación territorial de escala más detallada como los Planes de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, los Planes de Ordenación de las Zonas de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional (ZDEN), de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio y de las Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) algunas de ellas consideradas a nivel internacional como Áreas Protegidas. El PNOT orienta el desarrollo de todos los sectores económicos, socioculturales y ambientales del país.', 'El PNOT orienta el desarrollo de todos los sectores económicos, socioculturales y ambientales del país. Es así como la implementación de este plan genera una disminución en la vulnerabilidad de la población y las actividades socioproductivas en los procesos de ocupación espacial frente al Cambio Climático en los próximos 20 años, especialmente al contemplar dentro de su concepción la variable riesgo y la participación de las organizaciones del Poder Popular. 2.', 'Es así como la implementación de este plan genera una disminución en la vulnerabilidad de la población y las actividades socioproductivas en los procesos de ocupación espacial frente al Cambio Climático en los próximos 20 años, especialmente al contemplar dentro de su concepción la variable riesgo y la participación de las organizaciones del Poder Popular. 2. Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (POGIZC) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela: El POGIZC se encuentra en proceso de evaluación final para su posterior aprobación por parte del Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, sin embargo, desde su elaboración se ha convertido en el marco de referencia espacial y temporal que garantice la conservación, el uso y aprovechamiento sustentable de las zonas costeras y permita elevar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores, siendo el mismo una contribución fundamental para el alcance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS).', 'Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (POGIZC) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela: El POGIZC se encuentra en proceso de evaluación final para su posterior aprobación por parte del Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, sin embargo, desde su elaboración se ha convertido en el marco de referencia espacial y temporal que garantice la conservación, el uso y aprovechamiento sustentable de las zonas costeras y permita elevar la calidad de vida de sus pobladores, siendo el mismo una contribución fundamental para el alcance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). Para ello, define 10 Programas para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras: El POGIZC ha servido de base para la generación de una serie de documentos técnicos relevantes para el apoyo en la toma de decisiones en materia de adaptación al Cambio Climático: ✓ Políticas Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela (2010).', 'Para ello, define 10 Programas para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras: El POGIZC ha servido de base para la generación de una serie de documentos técnicos relevantes para el apoyo en la toma de decisiones en materia de adaptación al Cambio Climático: ✓ Políticas Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela (2010). ✓ Implicaciones del Cambio Climático en las Zonas Costeras y el Espacio Acuático de Venezuela (2011). ✓ Glosario de Términos para la Gestión y Planificación Ambiental y Territorial (2012). ✓ Verificación del Mapa de Inundación por Precipitaciones en las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela (2012). ✓ Inventario y Caracterización de las Playas Arenosas de Venezuela (2012 - Actual).', '✓ Inventario y Caracterización de las Playas Arenosas de Venezuela (2012 - Actual). ✓ Dominio Público en las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela: Criterios para su Delimitación (Documento validado con los Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras Central y Estadales). ✓ Desarrollo del Proyecto 00075653 Fortalecimiento del Sistema de Áreas Protegidas Marino - Costeras de Venezuela (2011 - 2017). ✓ Reactivación y participación activa en diversos espacios para la creación de Alianzas (2018 - Actual): Redparques, Convención Ramsar, PNUD, PNUMA, WCPA, GEF, PPD, Inparques, Mintur.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 3.', '✓ Reactivación y participación activa en diversos espacios para la creación de Alianzas (2018 - Actual): Redparques, Convención Ramsar, PNUD, PNUMA, WCPA, GEF, PPD, Inparques, Mintur.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 3. Proyecto de Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco "Hugo Chávez Frías" (Zona de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional - ZDEN): • Este proyecto de Decreto será sometido a proceso de Consulta Pública, luego de haber sido construido colectivamente con las instituciones y otros actores claves de la Zona.', 'Proyecto de Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco "Hugo Chávez Frías" (Zona de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional - ZDEN): • Este proyecto de Decreto será sometido a proceso de Consulta Pública, luego de haber sido construido colectivamente con las instituciones y otros actores claves de la Zona. • Es un instrumento de planificación de carácter regional que orienta el desarrollo con base a la principal industria del país que es la petrolera, en armonía con otros sectores económicos - productivos de la Nación bajo un enfoque ambientalmente responsable.', '• Es un instrumento de planificación de carácter regional que orienta el desarrollo con base a la principal industria del país que es la petrolera, en armonía con otros sectores económicos - productivos de la Nación bajo un enfoque ambientalmente responsable. • Al identificar las amenazas, especialmente las de índole tecnológica, se propone en el marco del plan, programas de investigación y seguimiento de los procesos industriales, particularmente aquellos que pudieran incrementar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). 4.', '• Al identificar las amenazas, especialmente las de índole tecnológica, se propone en el marco del plan, programas de investigación y seguimiento de los procesos industriales, particularmente aquellos que pudieran incrementar las emisiones de Gases de Efecto Invernadero (GEI). 4. Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU): • Instrumentos de gestión del territorio que identifican las áreas de valor estratégico para el país en cuanto a la Preservación, Protección, Producción y acciones Geoestratégicas, para las cuales se identifican unidades de ordenamiento y se establecen usos y actividades de acuerdo a sus objetivos de creación.', 'Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU): • Instrumentos de gestión del territorio que identifican las áreas de valor estratégico para el país en cuanto a la Preservación, Protección, Producción y acciones Geoestratégicas, para las cuales se identifican unidades de ordenamiento y se establecen usos y actividades de acuerdo a sus objetivos de creación. • En la actualidad se está trabajando en alcance a la Agenda Ecosocialista del “Plan 200 Carabobo”, instruido por el Ciudadano Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se ha pautado la presentación de un grupo de instrumento para el ordenamiento del territorio, entre los que se destacan la declaratoria de nuevos Parques Nacionales y otras categorías de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE), así como el ajuste en las poligonales y la actualización de Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU), estimándose un número que puede superar los 20 casos que incluye Parques Nacionales, Monumentos Naturales, Reservas de Fauna Silvestres, Zonas Protectoras y la novedad de la declaratoria de Hábitats Acuáticos Especiales, impulsando este último el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 14, Vida Submarina.', '• En la actualidad se está trabajando en alcance a la Agenda Ecosocialista del “Plan 200 Carabobo”, instruido por el Ciudadano Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se ha pautado la presentación de un grupo de instrumento para el ordenamiento del territorio, entre los que se destacan la declaratoria de nuevos Parques Nacionales y otras categorías de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE), así como el ajuste en las poligonales y la actualización de Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU), estimándose un número que puede superar los 20 casos que incluye Parques Nacionales, Monumentos Naturales, Reservas de Fauna Silvestres, Zonas Protectoras y la novedad de la declaratoria de Hábitats Acuáticos Especiales, impulsando este último el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 14, Vida Submarina. 5.', '• En la actualidad se está trabajando en alcance a la Agenda Ecosocialista del “Plan 200 Carabobo”, instruido por el Ciudadano Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el cual se ha pautado la presentación de un grupo de instrumento para el ordenamiento del territorio, entre los que se destacan la declaratoria de nuevos Parques Nacionales y otras categorías de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE), así como el ajuste en las poligonales y la actualización de Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU), estimándose un número que puede superar los 20 casos que incluye Parques Nacionales, Monumentos Naturales, Reservas de Fauna Silvestres, Zonas Protectoras y la novedad de la declaratoria de Hábitats Acuáticos Especiales, impulsando este último el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 14, Vida Submarina. 5. Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio: • Siguiendo el sistema jerárquico de los instrumentos de ordenación del territorio, se han abordado seis (6) planes de entidades federales considerando la variable riesgo para los análisis y asignaciones de uso, entre los que se encuentran aprobados los estados: Falcón (2004 en proceso de actualización), Táchira (2005), Barinas (2011), Cojedes (2011), Miranda (2011), Trujillo (2017) y sin aprobar el correspondiente al estado La Guaira y Sucre (2019 - • El incorporar la variable riesgo en el resto de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio, así como los que se generen a nivel municipal, urbano, local y comunal permitirá disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y sus actividades socioproductivas ante el Cambio Climático.', 'Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio: • Siguiendo el sistema jerárquico de los instrumentos de ordenación del territorio, se han abordado seis (6) planes de entidades federales considerando la variable riesgo para los análisis y asignaciones de uso, entre los que se encuentran aprobados los estados: Falcón (2004 en proceso de actualización), Táchira (2005), Barinas (2011), Cojedes (2011), Miranda (2011), Trujillo (2017) y sin aprobar el correspondiente al estado La Guaira y Sucre (2019 - • El incorporar la variable riesgo en el resto de los Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio, así como los que se generen a nivel municipal, urbano, local y comunal permitirá disminuir la vulnerabilidad de la población y sus actividades socioproductivas ante el Cambio Climático. Otras Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación o mitigación del Cambio Climático y sus efectos: 6.', 'Otras Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación o mitigación del Cambio Climático y sus efectos: 6. Conservación de Suelos, Desertificación y Sequía: • Venezuela desde la década de los´80 del siglo pasado ha identificado la necesidad e importancia de la conservación de los suelos para enfrentar el tema de la seguridad agroalimentaria, y en los últimos tiempos como parte de la contribución a atender los asuntos vinculados al Cambio Climático, ya que el aumento del contenido orgánico de los suelos mitiga este proceso.', 'Conservación de Suelos, Desertificación y Sequía: • Venezuela desde la década de los´80 del siglo pasado ha identificado la necesidad e importancia de la conservación de los suelos para enfrentar el tema de la seguridad agroalimentaria, y en los últimos tiempos como parte de la contribución a atender los asuntos vinculados al Cambio Climático, ya que el aumento del contenido orgánico de los suelos mitiga este proceso. • En este sentido, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo en el marco del Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía, ha dinamizado políticas de manejo y conservación de los suelos, a través de lineamientos para la preservación, reducción, rehabilitación o recuperación de la degradación de las tierras, mediante el enfoque de desarrollo sustentable en el marco de una economía humanística y autogestionaria, un medio social solidario y equitativo y de democracia participativa desde el enfoque ecosocialista, conformes con las directrices del desarrollo nacional como a las condiciones socioambientales comunitarias.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Este instrumento, se estructura en 5 Líneas Estratégicas a saber tituladas: el Desarrollo sostenible de las zonas afectadas por los procesos conducentes hacia la desertificación y por los efectos de la sequía; la Educación, capacitación y concienciación como elementos fundamentales del desarrollo; la investigación científica e innovación tecnológica, como fundamento del desarrollo local científicamente argumentado; el Fortalecimiento Institucional; y la Cooperación Intra e Internacional.', '• En este sentido, el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo en el marco del Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía, ha dinamizado políticas de manejo y conservación de los suelos, a través de lineamientos para la preservación, reducción, rehabilitación o recuperación de la degradación de las tierras, mediante el enfoque de desarrollo sustentable en el marco de una economía humanística y autogestionaria, un medio social solidario y equitativo y de democracia participativa desde el enfoque ecosocialista, conformes con las directrices del desarrollo nacional como a las condiciones socioambientales comunitarias.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Este instrumento, se estructura en 5 Líneas Estratégicas a saber tituladas: el Desarrollo sostenible de las zonas afectadas por los procesos conducentes hacia la desertificación y por los efectos de la sequía; la Educación, capacitación y concienciación como elementos fundamentales del desarrollo; la investigación científica e innovación tecnológica, como fundamento del desarrollo local científicamente argumentado; el Fortalecimiento Institucional; y la Cooperación Intra e Internacional. Actualmente entre los logros de su implementación se resaltan: ✓ Se determinó en el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 15, meta 15.3, su Indicador 15.3.1 “Proporción de tierra degradada en relación con la superficie total de tierra”, con sus tres subindicadores 1) Cobertura del Terreno (Tendencias en el uso de la tierra / cubierta terrestre); 2) Productividad de la Tierra (Tendencia de la Productividad de la Tierra); y 3) Carbono Orgánico en el Suelo (Reserva de carbono en la superficie y en el suelo).', 'Actualmente entre los logros de su implementación se resaltan: ✓ Se determinó en el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 15, meta 15.3, su Indicador 15.3.1 “Proporción de tierra degradada en relación con la superficie total de tierra”, con sus tres subindicadores 1) Cobertura del Terreno (Tendencias en el uso de la tierra / cubierta terrestre); 2) Productividad de la Tierra (Tendencia de la Productividad de la Tierra); y 3) Carbono Orgánico en el Suelo (Reserva de carbono en la superficie y en el suelo). Instituyéndose el Grupo de trabajo para la Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra (NDT), que, con la participación de investigadores, académicos y otros actores claves fueron validados.', 'Instituyéndose el Grupo de trabajo para la Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra (NDT), que, con la participación de investigadores, académicos y otros actores claves fueron validados. ✓ Se elaboró la Estrategia Nacional de Sequía, donde se identifican la vulnerabilidad a los eventos extremos de sequía en los diversos sectores productivos del país (Agricultura, Agua, Socio-Económicas, Electricidad, Hidrocarburos, y Ambiental), así como a los objetivos de desarrollo nacional planteados en la Ley Plan de Patria 2019 - 2025 por Metas de Desarrollo. Determinando las fortalezas nacionales para enfrentarla.', 'Determinando las fortalezas nacionales para enfrentarla. Se elaboró con la participación de más de 150 personas, provenientes de instituciones nacionales e internacionales, científicas, educativas, y movimientos ambientalistas, que representaron cerca de 32 organismos nacionales entre ministerios, organizaciones, universidades y centros de investigación, así con la presencia de autoridades nacionales e internacionales. ✓ Formulación de la propuesta de Programa de Acción con Perspectiva y Equidad de Género en la Lucha Contra la Desertificación y Sequía en sinergia con Cambio Climático y Diversidad Biológica, con el propósito identificar estrategias que contribuyan a la participación protagónica en la toma de decisiones en atención a las problemáticas ambientales; y brinden el fortalecimiento de capacidades, entre otras, que por ende incidirán positivamente en los modos de vida, beneficiando a la población venezolana en general.', '✓ Formulación de la propuesta de Programa de Acción con Perspectiva y Equidad de Género en la Lucha Contra la Desertificación y Sequía en sinergia con Cambio Climático y Diversidad Biológica, con el propósito identificar estrategias que contribuyan a la participación protagónica en la toma de decisiones en atención a las problemáticas ambientales; y brinden el fortalecimiento de capacidades, entre otras, que por ende incidirán positivamente en los modos de vida, beneficiando a la población venezolana en general. ✓ Se está elaborando el documento denominado Zonas Secas de Venezuela: Superficie y Población, el cual se fundamenta en: o A nivel internacional se tiene la percepción que Venezuela no posee tierras secas, por estar dentro de la zona tropical.', '✓ Se está elaborando el documento denominado Zonas Secas de Venezuela: Superficie y Población, el cual se fundamenta en: o A nivel internacional se tiene la percepción que Venezuela no posee tierras secas, por estar dentro de la zona tropical. o Se desconocía cuántas tierras secas, a nivel nacional, tiene Venezuela y cuanta población vive en estos espacios. o La Convención de las Naciones Unidas de Lucha contra la Desertificación solicitó a los países Parte, que cuantificaran las tierras secas con climas árido, semiárido y subhúmedo seco (según Thornthwaite). La necesidad de espacializar y dirigir los esfuerzos señalados dentro de la Estrategia Nacional de Sequia (MINEC, 2019). 7.', 'La necesidad de espacializar y dirigir los esfuerzos señalados dentro de la Estrategia Nacional de Sequia (MINEC, 2019). 7. Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras: • El Decreto con Fuerza de Ley de Zonas Costeras (2001) en su Artículo 23 señala: “En las zonas costeras, al Poder Público Nacional le compete: Formular las políticas de conservación y desarrollo sustentable.”. Asimismo, en la Disposición Transitoria Tercera establece: “En un plazo de un (1) año, contado a partir de la publicación de este Decreto Ley en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, el Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales deberá presentar a consideración del Consejo de Ministros, las políticas nacionales de conservación y desarrollo sustentable de las zonas costeras.”.', 'Asimismo, en la Disposición Transitoria Tercera establece: “En un plazo de un (1) año, contado a partir de la publicación de este Decreto Ley en la Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, el Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales deberá presentar a consideración del Consejo de Ministros, las políticas nacionales de conservación y desarrollo sustentable de las zonas costeras.”. • En atención a esto el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente, actual Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo desarrolló la propuesta de Políticas Nacionales deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras (RBV - MINAMB, 2010).', '• En atención a esto el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente, actual Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo desarrolló la propuesta de Políticas Nacionales deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras (RBV - MINAMB, 2010). • Éstas son el resultado de la articulación de los contenidos de los documentos estadales para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (Fases I y II).', '• Éstas son el resultado de la articulación de los contenidos de los documentos estadales para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (Fases I y II). Se tomó como punto de partida para su elaboración, los problemas ambientales identificados por los Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras a Nivel Estadal (CTZCNE), lo que permitió la construcción del documento de Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras desde los niveles locales y regionales de gestión hasta llegar al nivel nacional.', 'Se tomó como punto de partida para su elaboración, los problemas ambientales identificados por los Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras a Nivel Estadal (CTZCNE), lo que permitió la construcción del documento de Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras desde los niveles locales y regionales de gestión hasta llegar al nivel nacional. • La construcción de la propuesta se convirtió en un ejercicio interesante de confrontación de los problemas actuales de las zonas costeras y sus opciones de solución, con los lineamientos, directrices y acciones contenidas en el Decreto con Fuerza de Ley de Zonas Costeras, para llegar a conclusiones sobre la vigencia y pertinencia de estos últimos.', '• La construcción de la propuesta se convirtió en un ejercicio interesante de confrontación de los problemas actuales de las zonas costeras y sus opciones de solución, con los lineamientos, directrices y acciones contenidas en el Decreto con Fuerza de Ley de Zonas Costeras, para llegar a conclusiones sobre la vigencia y pertinencia de estos últimos. • Las Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras representan las guías para implementar y ejecutar un proceso dinámico para el fortalecimiento de la capacidad institucional, la optimización de la planificación y la coordinación de las competencias para la gestión integrada de este espacio. • Las Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras tienen por objeto establecer las disposiciones para: 1.', '• Las Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras tienen por objeto establecer las disposiciones para: 1. Atender de forma prioritaria los problemas ambientales identificados en las zonas costeras. 2. Promover la protección de las zonas costeras y rehabilitar aquellas áreas degradadas. 3. Orientar las acciones en la toma de decisiones, respecto a las perspectivas de desarrollo que se tienen sobre las zonas costeras de Venezuela. 4. Ofrecer un marco de referencia adecuado para apoyar la elaboración de los Planes de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras a diferentes escalas. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND al 2030 1. Revisión y actualización del Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio - PNOT.', 'Revisión y actualización del Proyecto de Plan Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio - PNOT. Descripción de la acción El Plan Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio - PNOT es un instrumento de gestión territorial que debe ser revisado en atención a dos criterios básicos, el primero referido al cumplimiento de su horizonte de planificación que es de largo plazo (20 años); un segundo caso se vincula al cambio de gobierno, en los términos previstos y establecidos en la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. En todo caso, para ambas situaciones se requiere: 1. La conformación de la Comisión Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio, presidida por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificación, estando la Secretaría Técnica bajo la responsabilidad del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo. 2.', 'La conformación de la Comisión Nacional de Ordenación del Territorio, presidida por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Planificación, estando la Secretaría Técnica bajo la responsabilidad del Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo. 2. Conformación de los grupos de trabajo interinstitucionales y asignación de responsabilidades. 3. Generación de proceso metodológico para la realización de la revisión y actualización de los documentos temáticos básicos y para la construcción colectiva de las propuestas.', 'Generación de proceso metodológico para la realización de la revisión y actualización de los documentos temáticos básicos y para la construcción colectiva de las propuestas. Objetivo Actualizar el instrumento de planificación nacional como guía de estos procesos a escalas de mayor detalle, en atención a los nuevos lineamientos establecidos en el Plan de la Patria Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2019 - 2025, así como los llamados técnicos en materia de desarrollo sustentable, riesgos y Cambio Climático. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODSRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Indicadores • N° de grupos de trabajo instalados. • N° de grupos de trabajo operativos. • N° de talleres de construcción colectiva realizados.', '• N° de talleres de construcción colectiva realizados. • N° de documentos técnicos básicos actualizados. 2. Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (POGIZC) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Descripción de la acción En el marco de la aprobación del Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (POGIZC) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela y la continuidad de las actividades vinculada a los 10 Programas para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, se aspira en el período 2021 - 2030: 1. Revisar y actualizar las Políticas de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela. 2.', 'Revisar y actualizar las Políticas de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela. 2. Continuar el fortalecimiento del Sistema de Áreas Protegidas Marino - Costeras de Venezuela mediante la creación y mejora de los procesos de ordenación y gestión integrada de sus territorios. 3. Continuar y fortalecer el Inventario y Caracterización de las Playas Arenosas de Venezuela. 4. Continuar la reactivación y participación en diversos espacios para la creación de Alianzas: Redparques, Convención Ramsar, PNUD, PNUMA, WCPA, GEF, PPD, Inparques, Mintur, Alianza de Montañas (FAO), Iniciativa Andina de Montañas, entre otras. 5. Fortalecimiento y sistematización de la base de conocimientos, y de los Sistemas de Información para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (SIGIZC).', 'Fortalecimiento y sistematización de la base de conocimientos, y de los Sistemas de Información para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras (SIGIZC). Objetivo Implementar y fortalecer la ejecución de las actividades previstas dentro de los Programas para la Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras, con especial énfasis en los procesos de conservación de la diversidad biológica y de gestión de las áreas de dominio público como espacios claves para asegurar la resiliencia de la costa ante los eventos de Cambio Climático. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de Políticas revisadas y actualizadas. • Superficie (ha) de Áreas Protegidas marino Costeras creada. • N° de playas arenosas inventariadas. 3.', '• N° de playas arenosas inventariadas. 3. Proyecto de Plan de Ordenación del Territorio de la Faja Petrolífera del Orinoco "Hugo Chávez Frías" (Zona de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional - ZDEN). Descripción de la acción A los fines de la aprobación y la posterior ejecución de las actividades identificadas en el instrumentoRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC se requiere: 1. Realización de convocatoria al Proceso de Consulta Pública. 2. Realización de Talleres de Consulta Pública. 3. Evaluación de las propuestas y posterior incorporación en el Proyecto de Decreto. 4. Presentación del Proyecto de Decreto para su aprobación por parte del Presidente de la República en Consejo de Ministros.', 'Presentación del Proyecto de Decreto para su aprobación por parte del Presidente de la República en Consejo de Ministros. Objetivo Socializar y discutir la propuesta de Proyecto de Decreto a los fines de mejora para la posterior aprobación y ejecución conciliada. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de Talleres de Consulta Pública Programados / N° de Talleres de Consulta Pública Ejecutados. • N° de propuestas recibidas / N° de propuestas analizadas. • N° de participantes en el proceso de Consulta Pública. 4. Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU).', 'Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) y sus Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso (PORU). Descripción de la acción Durante el período 2021 - 2030 se estima continuar fortaleciendo el conjunto de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) de Venezuela, como parte de los acuerdos y compromisos asumidos ante el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica (CDB) y la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. para lo cual se estima trabajar en: 1. Declaratoria de 03 nuevos Parques Nacionales. 2. Declaratoria de 01 nuevo Monumento Natural. 3. Declaratoria de 06 nuevas Reservas de Fauna Silvestre. 4. Propuesta de ampliación de 08 Parques Nacionales. 5. Ampliación de 01 Monumento Natural. 6. Declaratoria de 01 Reserva de Biósfera. 7.', 'Declaratoria de 01 Reserva de Biósfera. 7. Elaboración de 03 Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso. 8. Actualización de 04 Planes de Ordenamiento y Reglamentos de Uso. Objetivo Fortalecer el sistema de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) de Venezuela. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de instrumentos trabajados / N° de instrumentos aprobados. • Superficie (ha) del territorio incorporada al Sistema de Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE) / Superficie (ha) prevista a ser incorporada según el Plan de la Patria - Tercer Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2019 - 2025.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC 5. Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio.', 'Planes Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio. Descripción de la acción Durante el período 2021 - 2030 se estima continuar fortaleciendo los instrumentos de ordenación del territorio a nivel estadal. para lo cual se estima trabajar en: 1. Fortalecer las Comisiones Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio. 2. Impulsar la elaboración de los Planes de Ordenación del Territorio de los Estados Amazonas, La Guaira, Lara y Sucre. 3. Apoyar la actualización de los Planes de Ordenación del Territorio de los Estados Carabobo, Falcón y Monagas. 4. Coordinar la elaboración del Plan de Ordenación del Territorio del Arco Minero del Orinoco (Zona de Desarrollo Estratégico Nacional). Objetivo Fortalecer la elaboración o actualización de instrumentos de ordenación del territorio a escala estadal.', 'Objetivo Fortalecer la elaboración o actualización de instrumentos de ordenación del territorio a escala estadal. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de Comisiones Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio fortalecidas / N° de Comisiones Estadales de Ordenación del Territorio existentes • N° de instrumentos trabajados / N° de instrumentos presentados para la aprobación. 6. Conservación de Suelos, Desertificación y Sequía. Descripción de la acción Durante el período 2021 - 2030 se estima continuar desarrollando acciones en el Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía. para lo cual se estima trabajar en: 1. Construcción del Informe País año 2022. 2. Impulsar iniciativas locales vinculadas a la Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía. 3.', 'Impulsar iniciativas locales vinculadas a la Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía. 3. Impulsar la revisión y actualización del el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) 15, meta 15.3, su Indicador 15.3.1 “Proporción de tierra degradada en relación con la superficie total de tierra”, con sus tres subindicadores 1) Cobertura del Terreno (Tendencias en el uso de la tierra / cubierta terrestre); 2) Productividad de la Tierra (Tendencia de la Productividad de la Tierra); y 3) Carbono Orgánico en el Suelo (Reserva de carbono en la superficie y en el suelo). Instituyéndose el Grupo de trabajo para la Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra (NDT), que con la participación de investigadores, académicos y otros actores claves fueron validados.', 'Instituyéndose el Grupo de trabajo para la Neutralidad de la Degradación de la Tierra (NDT), que con la participación de investigadores, académicos y otros actores claves fueron validados. Objetivo Dar continuidad a las acciones previstas en el Programa de Acción Nacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación y Mitigación de la Sequía Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS IndicadoresRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC • N° de Informes País desarrollados / N° de Informes País solicitados. • Documento asociado a la actualización del ODS 15, meta 15.3, su Indicador 15.3.1. 7. Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras.', 'Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras. Descripción de la acción Durante el período 2021 - 2030 se estima realizar la revisión y actualización de las Políticas Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela, considerando entre otras el Convenio de Diversidad Biológica (CDB), la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, así como los lineamientos sobre el Decenio de las Naciones Unidas sobre la Restauración de los Ecosistemas y el Decenio de las Naciones Unidas de las Ciencias Oceánicas para el Desarrollo Sostenible, para lo cual se requerirá: 1. La reactivación del Comité de Trabajo Central de las Zonas Costeras (CTCZC), presidido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecososcialismo. 2.', 'La reactivación del Comité de Trabajo Central de las Zonas Costeras (CTCZC), presidido por el Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ecososcialismo. 2. La reactivación y fortalecimiento de los Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras a Nivel Estadal (CTZCNE). 3. Generación de proceso metodológico para la realización de la revisión y actualización de las Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras. Objetivo Revisar y actualizar las Políticas Nacionales de Conservación y Desarrollo Sustentable de las Zonas Costeras en atención a lineamientos técnicos internacionales y nacionales, así como a la situación actual de este espacio geográfico. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras reinstalados • N° de Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras operativos.', 'Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores • N° de Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras reinstalados • N° de Comités de Trabajo de las Zonas Costeras operativos. • N° de talleres de construcción colectiva realizados. • N° de Políticas revisadas y actualizadas. 11.3.18. Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica) El cambio climático tiene una clara incidencia en la biodiversidad. Este se constituye como una amenaza para los individuos, las especies y los ecosistemas; por otra parte, las afectaciones de la biodiversidad pueden alterar la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, y las interacciones de estos con los ciclos biológicos, geoquímicos e hidrológicos (IPCC, 2007).', 'Este se constituye como una amenaza para los individuos, las especies y los ecosistemas; por otra parte, las afectaciones de la biodiversidad pueden alterar la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, y las interacciones de estos con los ciclos biológicos, geoquímicos e hidrológicos (IPCC, 2007). Un factor determinante es cualquier factor natural o antrópico que causa, directa o indirectamente, un cambio en un ecosistema o en la biodiversidad. En aquellos que influyen de forma explícita son factores determinantes directos.', 'En aquellos que influyen de forma explícita son factores determinantes directos. Entre ellos se encuentran los cambios en el uso del suelo, el cambio climático, la presencia de especies invasoras, la sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales y la contaminación.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Cabe destacar, que los determinantes indirectos operan de manera difusa, afectando a uno o varios determinantes. Entre los factores indirectos que inciden sobre la biodiversidad se encuentran los cambios en las poblaciones humanas, los cambios en la actividad económica, los cambios demográficos, socio-políticos, culturales y religiosos; y el cambio científico y tecnológico (MEA, 2005).', 'Entre los factores indirectos que inciden sobre la biodiversidad se encuentran los cambios en las poblaciones humanas, los cambios en la actividad económica, los cambios demográficos, socio-políticos, culturales y religiosos; y el cambio científico y tecnológico (MEA, 2005). Frente a esta situación La República Bolivariana de Venezuela ha tomado medidas a gran escala que han permitido atender y proteger a la población afectada, reducir los daños y disminuir la vulnerabilidad. A continuación, se presenta la Ficha 20 del Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica): Ficha 20. Políticas de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND) presentada por el Sector Biodiversidad (Conservación y Aprovechamiento de Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica). Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND).', 'Ficha resumen de las acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación- Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND). Acciones y programas con impacto en adaptación año 2017 -2020 Diversidad Biológica Descripción de los resultados de la acción implementadas en la Primera CND de Venezuela 1. Realización de talleres sobre revisión y evaluación de la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 -2020 (ENCDB).', 'Realización de talleres sobre revisión y evaluación de la implementación de la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 -2020 (ENCDB). En el marco de la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 - 2020 (ENCDB) y su Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN), entre las acciones que contribuyen a minimizar los efectos del cambio climático está el mantener en buen funcionamiento los ecosistemas del país, lo que incluye conservar las poblaciones silvestres de las especies de fauna y flora que habitan en ellos, así como sus hábitats.', 'En el marco de la Estrategia Nacional para la Conservación de la Diversidad Biológica 2010 - 2020 (ENCDB) y su Plan de Acción Nacional (PAN), entre las acciones que contribuyen a minimizar los efectos del cambio climático está el mantener en buen funcionamiento los ecosistemas del país, lo que incluye conservar las poblaciones silvestres de las especies de fauna y flora que habitan en ellos, así como sus hábitats. Los programas de conservación de especies amenazadas y de aprovechamiento sustentable de la diversidad biológica que viene desarrollando el MINEC a través de la Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica tienen como objetivo proteger conservar y reforzar las poblaciones de especies de la fauna y flora silvestres, con el fin de aumentar la abundancia poblacional de estas especies, para lo cual se realizan acciones de conservación in situ y ex situ.', 'Los programas de conservación de especies amenazadas y de aprovechamiento sustentable de la diversidad biológica que viene desarrollando el MINEC a través de la Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica tienen como objetivo proteger conservar y reforzar las poblaciones de especies de la fauna y flora silvestres, con el fin de aumentar la abundancia poblacional de estas especies, para lo cual se realizan acciones de conservación in situ y ex situ. Así se cuenta con: Programa Nacional de Conservación de Especies Amenazadas Conservación de Tortugas Continentales. ❖ Conservación de Tortugas Marinas (Dermochelys coriacea, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Caretta caretta y Lepidochelys olivácea). ❖ Conservación de la Tortuga Arrau (Podocnemis expansa) y otros quelonios continentales.', '❖ Conservación de la Tortuga Arrau (Podocnemis expansa) y otros quelonios continentales. ❖ Conservación del Caimán del Orinoco (Crocodylus intermedius ) ❖ Conservación del Nogal de Caracas (Juglans venezuelensis) ❖ Conservación de especies de flora no maderable (musgos, orquídeas, bromelias, manglares, morichales, entre otras). Programa Nacional de Aprovechamiento Sustentable de la Diversidad Biológica: ❖ Aprovechamiento de la baba (Caiman crocodilus). ❖ Aprovechamiento de Chigüire (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). ❖ Aprovechamiento de Psitácidos.', '❖ Aprovechamiento de Chigüire (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). ❖ Aprovechamiento de Psitácidos. En cuanto al Programa de Conservación de Nogal de Caracas (Juglans venezuelensis),especieRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC endémica de la Cordillera de la Costa, que desarrolla el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC), a través de la Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica, con la participación de Misión Árbol y el Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES), en el periodo 2017-2020, se realizó la plantación de un aproximado de 500 ejemplares de esta especie, cultivados en viveros institucionales del MINEC, INPARQUES, CONARE y Misión Árbol, a fin de reforzar las poblaciones naturales en el Parque Nacional Waraira Repano, aumentando también la cobertura vegetal y contribuyendo así con la mitigación del Cambio Climático.', 'En cuanto al Programa de Conservación de Nogal de Caracas (Juglans venezuelensis),especieRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC endémica de la Cordillera de la Costa, que desarrolla el Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo (MINEC), a través de la Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica, con la participación de Misión Árbol y el Instituto Nacional de Parques (INPARQUES), en el periodo 2017-2020, se realizó la plantación de un aproximado de 500 ejemplares de esta especie, cultivados en viveros institucionales del MINEC, INPARQUES, CONARE y Misión Árbol, a fin de reforzar las poblaciones naturales en el Parque Nacional Waraira Repano, aumentando también la cobertura vegetal y contribuyendo así con la mitigación del Cambio Climático. Se estima que desde 2017 al 2020, el desarrollo e implementación de estos programas de conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de la diversidad biológica, a nivel nacional haya contribuido en un 5 % a la minimización de la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático.', 'Se estima que desde 2017 al 2020, el desarrollo e implementación de estos programas de conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de la diversidad biológica, a nivel nacional haya contribuido en un 5 % a la minimización de la vulnerabilidad frente a los efectos adversos del Cambio Climático. Sin embargo, para fortalecer estos programas se requiere de personal y financiamiento para el seguimiento de la conservación y aprovechamiento sustentable de las especies de flora y fauna silvestres, específicamente en lo referente a los estudios poblacionales de las especies de interés y de su contribución a la adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático. ¿Cuántos Talleres de capacitación se realizaron en el periodo 2017 -2020?', '¿Cuántos Talleres de capacitación se realizaron en el periodo 2017 -2020? En 2017-2020, la Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica se realizaron 25 talleres de capacitación a funcionarios, comunidades, estudiantes y profesores, en el marco de la conservación de la diversidad biológica, en el marco del cumplimiento de los compromisos internacionales y uno sobre adaptación al cambio climático en el marco de la semana ecosocialista contra cambio climático. Se tiene proyectado realizar una serie de talleres de capacitación sobre la conservación de la diversidad biológica con enfoque de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático para el periodo 2021 - 2030. Para ello, se necesita de la participación de profesionales y técnicos especializados en Cambio Climático y financiamiento para impartir estos cursos. 1.', 'Para ello, se necesita de la participación de profesionales y técnicos especializados en Cambio Climático y financiamiento para impartir estos cursos. 1. Programa de liberación de ejemplares de especies amenazadas. Durante el periodo 2017 -2020 se liberaron en sus áreas de distribución, 834 ejemplares de caimán del Orinoco, 57.780 de tortugas marinas (entre tortuguillos de cardón, de carey y de caguama) y 83.054 ejemplares de tortuga Arrau. Apoyando el reforzamiento y conservación de sus poblaciones naturales. 1. Metodología establecida para la liberación y obtener resultados esperados. ▪ Monitoreo y resguardo de la temporada reproductiva de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, en áreas prioritarias de reproducción.', '▪ Monitoreo y resguardo de la temporada reproductiva de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, en áreas prioritarias de reproducción. ▪ Cría en cautiverio de ejemplares provenientes de áreas prioritarias de reproducción, por periodo de un año hasta que alcancen una talla adecuada que haga factible su liberación al medio silvestre. ▪ Liberación en su área de distribución natural de ejemplares de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligros de extinción, provenientes de áreas prioritarias de reproducción, de la cría en cautiverio o rehabilitados en centros de rescate y zoológico. ▪ Censos de las poblaciones de las especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción con programas de liberación de ejemplares para medir su efectividad en la recuperación de estas poblaciones.', '▪ Censos de las poblaciones de las especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción con programas de liberación de ejemplares para medir su efectividad en la recuperación de estas poblaciones. En cuanto a la realización de los censos se ha visto obstaculizado por falta de personal técnico, así como de recursos financieros para realizar el seguimiento, específicamente en lo referente a los estudios poblacionales de estas especies. Acciones y/o medidas para la actualización de las CND a 2030 1. Realizar talleres de capacitación sobre la conservación de la diversidad biológica con enfoque de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático para el periodo 2021 - 2030.', 'Realizar talleres de capacitación sobre la conservación de la diversidad biológica con enfoque de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático para el periodo 2021 - 2030. Descripción de la acción Realizar nueve (09) talleres para la capacitación sobre la conservación de la diversidad biológica con enfoque de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático estimándose durante ese periodo capacitar un total de 450 personas, entre funcionarios, comunidades, estudiantes y profesores. Objetivo Dar a conocer y formar a funcionarios, comunidades, estudiantes y profesores sobre el impacto, inmediato y futuro del cambioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC climático sobre la diversidad biológica y las acciones a realizar para la adaptación y mitigación del mismo.', 'Objetivo Dar a conocer y formar a funcionarios, comunidades, estudiantes y profesores sobre el impacto, inmediato y futuro del cambioRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC climático sobre la diversidad biológica y las acciones a realizar para la adaptación y mitigación del mismo. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ❖ Número de personas formadas por año, en el ámbito conservación de Diversidad Biológica con enfoque de Adaptación y Mitigación al Cambio Climático. 2. Fortalecer el Programa de Liberación de ejemplares de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción. Descripción de la acción Realizar la liberación de 300.000 ejemplares de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, como parte del Programa Nacional de Conservación de Especies Amenazadas.', 'Descripción de la acción Realizar la liberación de 300.000 ejemplares de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, como parte del Programa Nacional de Conservación de Especies Amenazadas. Objetivo Apoyar en la recuperación de las poblaciones naturales de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción en sus áreas de distribución. Institución responsable de la acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ❖ Número de ejemplares por especie liberados 2. Instalación y funcionamiento de centros de conservación ex situ de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción Descripción de la acción Instalar y poner en funcionamiento seis (06) centros de conservación ex situ de ejemplares de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, como parte del Programa Nacional de Conservación de Especies Amenazadas.', 'Instalación y funcionamiento de centros de conservación ex situ de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción Descripción de la acción Instalar y poner en funcionamiento seis (06) centros de conservación ex situ de ejemplares de especies silvestres amenazadas o en peligro de extinción, como parte del Programa Nacional de Conservación de Especies Amenazadas. Objetivo Cultivar y criar en cautiverios ejemplares de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción para su posterior plantación o liberación en sus áreas de distribución, para el reforzamiento de sus poblaciones naturales.', 'Objetivo Cultivar y criar en cautiverios ejemplares de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción para su posterior plantación o liberación en sus áreas de distribución, para el reforzamiento de sus poblaciones naturales. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS IndicadoresRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ❖ Número de zoocriaderos instalados y en funcionamiento ❖ Número de viveros instalados y en funcionamiento ❖ Número de especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción cultivadas ❖ Número especies amenazadas o en peligro de extinción criadas 3. Restauración de humedales sensibles a los efectos del cambio climático. Descripción de la acción Realizar la restauración de dos (02) humedales degradados (ecosistemas manglar y morichal), como áreas estratégicas para la conservación de la diversidad biológica.', 'Descripción de la acción Realizar la restauración de dos (02) humedales degradados (ecosistemas manglar y morichal), como áreas estratégicas para la conservación de la diversidad biológica. Objetivo Acometer acciones para la restauración y saneamiento de humedales degradados por acción antrópica (un manglar y un morichal) como parte de las acciones de conservación de la diversidad biológica, con impacto en adaptación y mitigación del cambio climático. Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ❖ Número de Humedales Restaurados 12.', 'Institución responsable de las acciones Vinculación con ODS Indicadores ❖ Número de Humedales Restaurados 12. NECESIDADES DE APOYO E IMPLEMENTACIÓN La República Bolivariana de Venezuela para fortalecer y continuar impulsando las políticas y la implementación de acciones priorizadas en materia de adaptación y mitigación ante el Cambio Climático, requiere de recursos financieros suficientes, así como asistencia técnica y transferencia tecnológica orientados a luchar contra el Cambio Climático y sus efectos, así como a incrementar la resiliencia de sus sistemas naturales y humanos. El acceso al financiamiento climático representa un reto para el país, el cual actualmente se encuentra sometido a las más crueles Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU) que atentan en contra de los Derechos Humanos fundamentales de la población.', 'El acceso al financiamiento climático representa un reto para el país, el cual actualmente se encuentra sometido a las más crueles Medidas Coercitivas Unilaterales (MCU) que atentan en contra de los Derechos Humanos fundamentales de la población. Dicho financiamiento se considera importante para el logro de los objetivos de la presente CND y para contribuir al logro de los ODS. La implementación de la CND Actualizada proyecta retos en materia de financiamiento, capacidades técnicas, tecnológicas, científicas, transformación institucional y de gobernanza.', 'La implementación de la CND Actualizada proyecta retos en materia de financiamiento, capacidades técnicas, tecnológicas, científicas, transformación institucional y de gobernanza. Si bien en el país existen iniciativas y alianzas entre las diferentes instituciones del sector público, privado, la academia y organismos no gubernamentales, se requiere el fortalecimiento de capacidades y el acceso a recursos financieros de la cooperación internacional no reembolsables para su cumplimiento.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Es importante señalar, que se requiere de una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación conforme a los lineamientos y metodologías, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades para la ejecución de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático enmarcado en el Acuerdo de París y en la CMNUCC.', 'Si bien en el país existen iniciativas y alianzas entre las diferentes instituciones del sector público, privado, la academia y organismos no gubernamentales, se requiere el fortalecimiento de capacidades y el acceso a recursos financieros de la cooperación internacional no reembolsables para su cumplimiento.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Es importante señalar, que se requiere de una valoración de necesidades de apoyo e implementación conforme a los lineamientos y metodologías, que permitan cuantificar las necesidades para la ejecución de las medidas de adaptación y mitigación al cambio climático enmarcado en el Acuerdo de París y en la CMNUCC. Algunas de las barreras y desafíos para Venezuela, en relación a la implementación de la adaptación, mitigación y pérdidas y daños por cambio climático giran en torno a la implementación a nivel sectorial, territorial y local, entre las cuales se destacan: 1.', 'Algunas de las barreras y desafíos para Venezuela, en relación a la implementación de la adaptación, mitigación y pérdidas y daños por cambio climático giran en torno a la implementación a nivel sectorial, territorial y local, entre las cuales se destacan: 1. Actualizar el marco jurídico que permita integrar el cambio climático en la planificación del desarrollo futuro. 2. Actualizar las proyecciones climáticas disponibles y baja cobertura territorial relativa a los análisis de vulnerabilidad a los efectos del cambio climático. 3. Ampliar la formación y capacidades para desarrollar análisis de riesgo climático (bajo el marco conceptual y metodológico del IPCC) a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. 4.', 'Ampliar la formación y capacidades para desarrollar análisis de riesgo climático (bajo el marco conceptual y metodológico del IPCC) a nivel sectorial, territorial y local. 4. Actualizar la información sobre los impactos el cambio climático en la región marino-costera, las áreas de montañas, y la diversidad biológica del país, entre otros.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ANEXO: PROCESO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA SEGUNDA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) La actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND), por sus siglas en ingles) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se realizó a través de un proceso participativo amplio, sistemático y multisectorial para la construcción en conjunto y validación de compromisos sectoriales, conducido por el MINEC a través de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático, como Punto Focal Técnico ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC).', 'Actualizar la información sobre los impactos el cambio climático en la región marino-costera, las áreas de montañas, y la diversidad biológica del país, entre otros.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC ANEXO: PROCESO DE ACTUALIZACIÓN DE LA SEGUNDA CONTRIBUCIÓN NACIONALMENTE DETERMINADA (CND) La actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada (CND), por sus siglas en ingles) de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se realizó a través de un proceso participativo amplio, sistemático y multisectorial para la construcción en conjunto y validación de compromisos sectoriales, conducido por el MINEC a través de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático, como Punto Focal Técnico ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). Con la finalidad de asegurar una participación de todos los sectores claves de Venezuela en la actualización de la segunda CND, el MINEC diseñó un plan de acción con actividades de ejecución en los años 2020-2021; efectuando las siguientes acciones a saber: ▪ Se efectuó un Taller sobre Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND), por sus siglas inglés) en el contexto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y el SARS-CoV-2 (en inglés, severe acute respiratory síndrome coronavirus 2, Coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave) o la COVID 19, representan para Venezuela responder en este contexto a los compromisos asumidos para la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y la adaptación al cambio climático, en correspondencia a lo establecido en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París de 2015.', 'Con la finalidad de asegurar una participación de todos los sectores claves de Venezuela en la actualización de la segunda CND, el MINEC diseñó un plan de acción con actividades de ejecución en los años 2020-2021; efectuando las siguientes acciones a saber: ▪ Se efectuó un Taller sobre Contribuciones Nacionalmente Determinadas (CND), por sus siglas inglés) en el contexto de las medidas coercitivas unilaterales y el SARS-CoV-2 (en inglés, severe acute respiratory síndrome coronavirus 2, Coronavirus tipo 2 del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave) o la COVID 19, representan para Venezuela responder en este contexto a los compromisos asumidos para la reducción de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y la adaptación al cambio climático, en correspondencia a lo establecido en la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC) y el Acuerdo de París de 2015. ▪ Coordinación y articulación interinstitucional con los diferentes sectores.', '▪ Coordinación y articulación interinstitucional con los diferentes sectores. ▪ Se estableció enlace interinstitucional para la recopilación de la información e interacción con cada sector. ▪ Se establecieron 26 reuniones de trabajo con sectoriales externos y 11 reuniones de trabajos con las Dirección sustantivas internas del Minec que permitieron revisar a fondo las necesidades y barreras a superar para la implementación de las CND. Es importante señalar que, en cumplimiento de las medidas de restricción de movilidad y bioseguridad por la crisis de salud devenida por la pandemia de la COVID-19, las sesiones se realizaron en su mayoría en modalidad virtual. ▪ Elevación de las CND en los distintos sectores y avanzar en su implementación.', '▪ Elevación de las CND en los distintos sectores y avanzar en su implementación. El proceso fue coordinado por el equipo Directivo de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático como expositores/facilitadores, y se contó con el apoyo metodológico y de las orientaciones derivadas de los foros y talleres internacionales en los cuales participó nuestro país en la modalidad virtual.', 'El proceso fue coordinado por el equipo Directivo de la Dirección General de Adaptación y Mitigación del Cambio Climático como expositores/facilitadores, y se contó con el apoyo metodológico y de las orientaciones derivadas de los foros y talleres internacionales en los cuales participó nuestro país en la modalidad virtual. El trabajo colaborativo consistió en: (1) revisión bibliográfica y análisis de prioridades políticas y de desarrollo nacional; (2) elaboración preliminar de posibles compromisosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC en cambio climático y su priorización; (3) sucesivas reuniones de trabajo de los equipos técnicos hasta lograr un consenso en cuanto al alcance, estructura, mecanismos de seguimiento, entro otros aspectos operativos de cada compromiso; (4) diversas consultas vías telefónica, correo electrónicas, vía zoom por cada sectores para ampliar las acciones para enfrentar la crisis climática; (5) espacio de socialización y retroalimentación a través de reuniones; (6) proceso de aprobación técnico - político de todas las partes involucradas.', 'El trabajo colaborativo consistió en: (1) revisión bibliográfica y análisis de prioridades políticas y de desarrollo nacional; (2) elaboración preliminar de posibles compromisosRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC en cambio climático y su priorización; (3) sucesivas reuniones de trabajo de los equipos técnicos hasta lograr un consenso en cuanto al alcance, estructura, mecanismos de seguimiento, entro otros aspectos operativos de cada compromiso; (4) diversas consultas vías telefónica, correo electrónicas, vía zoom por cada sectores para ampliar las acciones para enfrentar la crisis climática; (5) espacio de socialización y retroalimentación a través de reuniones; (6) proceso de aprobación técnico - político de todas las partes involucradas. Se detalla a continuación el registro fotográfico de las reuniones desarrolladas para elaborar la actualización de las CND por sus siglas en inglés del País.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCCRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC REFERENCIAS Alianza Bolivariana de los Pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos.', 'Se detalla a continuación el registro fotográfico de las reuniones desarrolladas para elaborar la actualización de las CND por sus siglas en inglés del País.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCCRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC REFERENCIAS Alianza Bolivariana de los Pueblos de Nuestra América - Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos. (2009). Principios Fundacionales del Tratado de Comercio de los Pueblos. Recuperado de tratado-decomercio-de-los-pueblos-tcp Álvarez, A. (2016). Bases Legales y Avances de Políticas Públicas para la adaptación al cambio climático en Venezuela. Una mirada desde los Derechos Humanos. Phynatura, Edepa, Ecofuegos. Caracas. Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático (2018).', 'Convención Marco sobre el Cambio Climático (2018). Informe de la Conferencia de las Partes en calidad de reunión de las Partes en el Acuerdo de París sobre la tercera parte de su primer período de sesiones, celebrada en Katowice del 2 al 15 de diciembre de 2018. (Decisión 4/CMA.1 y 9/CMA.1). Goldbrunner, A. (1976). El clima de Venezuela y su Clasificación. Caracas, Instituto Universitario Pedagógico de Caracas/ Servicio de Meteorología y Comunicaciones de la Fuerza Aérea Venezolana. Huber, O. y Oliveira, M. (2010). Representación de las Formaciones Vegetales de Venezuela. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Instituto Nacional de Estadística (2013a). Dinámica Demográfica y Pobreza. Censo 2011. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado de documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/tendencia_pobreza_ Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2011). Redatam XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda.', 'Redatam XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado de Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2013b). División Político Territorial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela 2013 con fines estadísticos. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado de Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2013e). Índice de Desarrollo Humano, 1980 - 2013. Ministerio del Poder Popular de Planificación. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado deRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC pdf/Desarrollo_Humano.pdf Jiménez, O, (2017). Tipos de Climas en Venezuela según Köppen. Revista Geográficas de Venezuela. UPEL-IMPM. MINEC (2021) (22 de febrero). Base de Datos de las Áreas Bajo Régimen de Administración Especial (ABRAE). Coordinación: Lic. en Geóg. MSc. Abigail Castillo C. e Ing. For. Luby Echeverria.', 'Abigail Castillo C. e Ing. For. Luby Echeverria. Despacho del Viceministro de Gestión Ambiental - Dirección General de Políticas de Gestión y Conservación de Ecosistemas - Dirección de Ordenación del Territorio. Caracas, Venezuela. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales (2001). Plan Nacional de Diversidad Biológica. Dirección General de Diversidad Biológica. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales. (2006). Recursos Hídricos de Venezuela. 1o Edición 2006. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales, Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo y Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (2005). Primera Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático de Venezuela. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular de Planificación (2016). Agenda Económica Bolivariana 15 Motores de Desarrollo.', 'Agenda Económica Bolivariana 15 Motores de Desarrollo. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular de Planificación (2017). Plan de la Patria. Campaña Carabobo. Síntesis vértices de acción concentrada de gobierno. Plan de acción: Frentes de Batalla y Líneas estratégicas. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente (2008). Sistema de Información para la Gestión y Ordenación del Territorio. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente (2010). Anuario Estadísticas Forestales 2008. Serie 12. Dirección General de Bosques. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente (2013). Plan de Ordenación y Gestión Integrada de las Zonas Costeras de Venezuela. ResumenRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ejecutivo.', 'ResumenRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ejecutivo. Dirección Técnica de las Zonas Costeras. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Organización de las Naciones Unidas (1992). Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Recuperado de Organización de las Naciones Unidas (1998). Protocolo de Kioto de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Recuperado de Organización de las Naciones Unidas (2015). Acuerdo de las Partes. Aprobación del Acuerdo de París. Recuperado de Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (2016). Informe sobre Desarrollo Humano. Informe nacional presentado con arreglo al párrafo 5 del anexo de la resolución 16/21 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. República Bolivariana de Venezuela.', 'Informe nacional presentado con arreglo al párrafo 5 del anexo de la resolución 16/21 del Consejo de Derechos Humanos. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Grupo de Trabajo sobre el Examen Periódico Universal 26º período de sesiones. Recuperado de oficialvenezuela-examen-periodico-universal-epu/ Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente, Ministerio del Poder Popular para el Ambiente, e Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano (2010). Geo Venezuela Perspectivas del Medio Ambiente en Venezuela. Convenio PNUMA-MPPA- IFLA. Caracas. República Bolivariana de Venezuela. República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2001). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2001 - 2007. Los Cinco Equilibrios. Asamblea Nacional de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado de mppp.gob.ve/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Plan-de-la- República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2005). Primera Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático de Venezuela. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales.', 'Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente. República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2007). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2007 - 2013. Proyecto Nacional Simón Bolívar. Primer Plan Socialista. Asamblea Nacional. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Recuperado de República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2013). Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2013 - 2019 (Plan de la Patria). Asamblea Nacional. Caracas, República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Recuperado de República Bolivariana de Venezuela (2017). Segunda Comunicación Nacional en Cambio Climático de Venezuela. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo.', 'Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. Fondo Mundial para el Medio Ambiente. Rodríguez, J.P. y F. Rojas-Suárez (eds.) (2008). Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Tercera Edición. Provita y Shell Venezuela, S.A., Caracas, Venezuela. 364 pp. LEYES Y DECRETOS Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 36.860. Diciembre 30, 1999. Caracas. Decreto N° 1.701. Creación del Ministerio del Poder Popular para Ecosocialismo y Aguas (Minea). Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 40.634. Abril 07, 2015. Caracas. Decreto N° 3390. Creación Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.095. Diciembre 28, 2004. Caracas. Decreto N° 4.335.', 'Diciembre 28, 2004. Caracas. Decreto N° 4.335. Normas para regular y controlar el consumo, la producción, importación, exportación y el uso de las sustancias agotadoras de la capa de ozono. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.392. Marzo 07, 2006. Caracas. Decreto Nº 1.408 con Rango, Valor y Fuerza de Ley de Reforma del Decreto con Rango, Valor y Fuerza de Ley de Pesca y Acuicultura. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 6.150 Extraordinaria. Noviembre 18, 2014. Caracas. Decreto Nº 1468 con Fuerza de Ley de Zonas Costeras. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 37.319. Noviembre 07, 2001. Caracas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Decreto Nº 4.585.', 'Caracas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Decreto Nº 4.585. Se nombra al Ministro del Poder Popular para el Ecosocialismo (MINEC) como Autoridad Nacional designada ante el Fondo Verde del Clima. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 42.217. Septiembre 21, 2021. Caracas. Decreto Nº 4.586. Se crea la Comisión Presidencial denominada Comité Nacional del Fondo Verde para el Clima. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 42.217. Septiembre 21, 2021. Caracas. Decreto Nº 6.991. Creación del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Energía Eléctrica (MPPEE). Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.294. Octubre 28, 2009. Caracas. Decreto Nº 730. Creación de los Despachos de Viceministros y Viceministras de los distintos Ministerios del Poder Popular.', 'Creación de los Despachos de Viceministros y Viceministras de los distintos Ministerios del Poder Popular. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 40.330. Enero 09, 2014. Caracas. Decreto Presidencial Nº 2.350. Creación del Ministerio del Poder Popular de Desarrollo Minero Ecológico. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 40.922. Junio 09, 2016. Caracas. Politécnicas Territoriales. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.902. Abril 13, 2012. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria de la Convención Internacional de Lucha contra la Desertificación. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela Nº 5.239. (Extraordinario). Junio 23, 1998. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela Nº 4.825. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 27, 1994. Caracas.', '(Extraordinario). Diciembre 27, 1994. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria de la Enmienda del Protocolo de Montreal. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.455. Junio 09 2006. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria del Acuerdo de París. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 40.819, de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, de fecha 30 de diciembre del 2015. Ley Aprobatoria del Acuerdo entre los Estados Miembros y los Estados Asociados de la Asociación de Estados del Caribe para la CooperaciónRepública Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Regional en Materia de Desastres Naturales, Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 37.352, de fecha 26 de diciembre de 2001. Ley Aprobatoria del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes.', 'Ley Aprobatoria del Convenio de Estocolmo sobre Contaminantes Orgánicos Persistentes. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 6.186 (Extraordinario). Julio 22, 2003. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria del Convenio de Róterdam sobre el Procedimiento de Consentimiento Fundamentado Previo a Ciertos Plaguicidas y Productos Químicos Peligrosos Objeto de Comercio Internacional. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 5.746 (Extraordinario). Mayo 06, 2004. Caracas. Ley Aprobatoria del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela Nº 4.780 Extraordinaria, de fecha 12 de septiembre de1994. Ley Aprobatoria del Protocolo de Kyoto. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 38.081 del 07 de diciembre de 2004.', 'Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela N° 38.081 del 07 de diciembre de 2004. Establece compromisos y metas sobre las reducciones de emisiones para los países del Anexo I, y reducciones voluntarias para los países Nº Anexo I. Ley de Aguas. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.595. Enero 02, 2007. Caracas. Ley de Bosques. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 40.222. Agosto 06, 2013. Caracas. Ley de Gestión de la Diversidad Biológica. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.070. Diciembre 01, 2008. Caracas. Ley de Gestión de Riesgo Socio Naturales y Tecnológicos. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39.095. Enero 09, 2009. Caracas. Ley de Gestión Integral de la Basura.', 'Ley de Gestión Integral de la Basura. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 6.017. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 30, 2010. Caracas. Ley de la Calidad del Agua y del Aire. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 6.207. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 28, 2015. Caracas. Ley de Meteorología e Hidrología Nacional. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 5.833. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 22, 2006. Caracas.República Bolivariana de Venezuela Actualización de la Contribución Nacionalmente Determinada Acuerdo de Paris de la CMNUCC Ley Orgánica de Espacios Acuáticos. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 5.890. (Extraordinaria). Julio 31, 2008. Caracas. Ley Orgánica de Pueblos y Comunidades Indígenas, Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.344, de fecha 27 de diciembre de 2005.', 'Ley Orgánica de Pueblos y Comunidades Indígenas, Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 38.344, de fecha 27 de diciembre de 2005. Ley Orgánica del Ambiente. Gaceta Oficial de la República de Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 5.833. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 22, 2006. Caracas. Ley Penal del Ambiente. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 39. 913. Mayo 02, 2012. Caracas. Ley Plan de la Patria. Segundo Plan Socialista de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación 2013 - 2019. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 6.118. (Extraordinario). Diciembre 04, 2013. Caracas. Ley sobre Sustancias, Materiales y Desechos Peligrosos. Gaceta Oficial de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela Nº 5.554. (Extraordinario). Noviembre 13, 2001. Caracas.'] | es-ES |
371 | VNM | Viet Nam | 1st NDC | 2016-11-03 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/VIETNAM%27S%20INDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 305.249285 | 38.645751 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/f07273ef75341c092ace539486f7b5ba2b99decd6107b4e3befce02315bfc9b9.pdf | ['Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of Viet Nam I. Introduction Viet Nam is willing to respond to climate change, which is demonstrated by the range of national policies and concrete greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and climate change adaptation measures that have been undertaken throughout the past decade, funded primarily by domestic financial resources. Additionally, Viet Nam supports achieving a legal agreement with the participation of all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in order to keep the global average atmospheric temperature increase, since pre-industrial times, at below 2oC.', 'Additionally, Viet Nam supports achieving a legal agreement with the participation of all Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in order to keep the global average atmospheric temperature increase, since pre-industrial times, at below 2oC. Viet Nam signed the UNFCCC in 1992 and ratified it in 1994; signed the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1998 and ratified it in 2002; set up a National Steering Committee to implement the UNFCCC and KP; submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat its Initial National Communication (2003), the Second National Communication (2010), and the Initial Biennial Update Report (2014), reflecting the latest climate change response efforts and GHG inventories.', 'Viet Nam signed the UNFCCC in 1992 and ratified it in 1994; signed the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 1998 and ratified it in 2002; set up a National Steering Committee to implement the UNFCCC and KP; submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat its Initial National Communication (2003), the Second National Communication (2010), and the Initial Biennial Update Report (2014), reflecting the latest climate change response efforts and GHG inventories. In 2008, the Government issued the National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change (NTP-RCC) in order to assess climate change impacts and develop adaptation and mitigation measures. Climate change was mainstreamed into the National Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2011-2020) and Socio-Economic Development Plan (2011-2015), and policies on disaster risk reduction, coastal zone management, and energy supply and use.', 'Climate change was mainstreamed into the National Socio-Economic Development Strategy (2011-2020) and Socio-Economic Development Plan (2011-2015), and policies on disaster risk reduction, coastal zone management, and energy supply and use. Economic sectors and provinces have developed Action Plans to respond to climate change. In 2011, the National Climate Change Strategy was issued, outlining the objectives for 2011-2015 and 2016-2050, and priority projects to be implemented in the period of 2011- 2015. The strategy identifies climate change responses that are vital for the development of the country. Responding to climate change must be associated with sustainable development and a transition towards a low-carbon economy, take advantage of opportunities to increase competitiveness and strengthen the national position, and carry out adaptation and mitigation efforts in parallel.', 'Responding to climate change must be associated with sustainable development and a transition towards a low-carbon economy, take advantage of opportunities to increase competitiveness and strengthen the national position, and carry out adaptation and mitigation efforts in parallel. In 2012, the National Green Growth Strategy was approved, which includes mitigation targets and measures; and regulations on linking with international carbon markets. In 2013, the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control was enacted, aiming to address diverse natural hazards that affect the country, which are primarily climate change related. The 2014 Law on Environment includes a full chapter on climate change. The development and implementation the above-mentioned policies and activities to respond to climate change relies mainly on domestic human and financial resources.', 'The development and implementation the above-mentioned policies and activities to respond to climate change relies mainly on domestic human and financial resources. Viet Nam’s INDC includes a mitigation and an adaptation component. The mitigationcomponent includes both unconditional and conditional contributions. The unconditional contributions are measures that will be implemented using domestic resources, while the conditional contributions are measures that could be implemented if new and additional international financial support, technology transfer and capacity building are received. Viet Nam’s INDC identifies the GHG reduction pathway in the 2021-2030 period. With domestic resources GHG emissions will be reduced by 8% by 2030 compared to the Business as Usual scenario (BAU). The above-mentioned contribution could be increased up to 25% with international support.', 'The above-mentioned contribution could be increased up to 25% with international support. The adaptation component describes the climate change adaptation actions that are currently being implemented. It also identifies adaptation gaps in terms of institutional and policy arrangements, financing, human resource capacity and technology and prioritized adaptation measures for the 2021-2030 period. It is estimated that the national budget will be able to meet approximately one third of the financial needs to implement adaptation measures in this period, and will seek international support and private sector investment for the remainder. Viet Nam’s INDC has been developed with the participation and contributions from different line ministries, non-governmental organisations, research institutions, business sector representatives as well as international development partners.', 'Viet Nam’s INDC has been developed with the participation and contributions from different line ministries, non-governmental organisations, research institutions, business sector representatives as well as international development partners. Through this INDC, Viet Nam reaffirms its willingness to respond to climate change and contribute to the objective of the UNFCCC. Viet Nam believes its contribution is fair and ambitious, feasible and achievable. It is committed to continuing to address climate change based on domestic resources and international support. II. GHG Mitigation Component 2.1. GHG mitigation activities prior to 2020 Viet Nam is one of the first countries to ratify the UNFCCC and the KP and has actively been researching and implementing GHG mitigation measures.', 'GHG mitigation activities prior to 2020 Viet Nam is one of the first countries to ratify the UNFCCC and the KP and has actively been researching and implementing GHG mitigation measures. As of June 2015, Viet Nam had 254 Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects accredited and registered by the CDM Executive Board (EB). Viet Nam is ranked number four internationally for number of projects, with a total GHG reduction amount of e in the credit period. Among the 254 projects, energy projects account for 87.6%, waste treatment for 10.2%, reforestation and afforestation for 0.4% and other projects for 1.8%. To date, more than 12 million Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) credits have been issued by the EB for Viet Nam, which is ranked eleventh in the world.', 'To date, more than 12 million Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) credits have been issued by the EB for Viet Nam, which is ranked eleventh in the world. The Government has issued many policies on energy saving and efficiency, such as the “National Target Programme on Energy Efficiency” (2006), the Law on “Economical and Efficient use of Energy” (2010). The Government has prioritized policies, such as renewable energy development, consistent with Viet Nam’s mitigation potential and conditions, in order to contribute to energy security and environmental protection. Policies encouraging energy savings and efficiencies in production and daily life, through the application of energy saving and renewable energy technologies, are also a priority.', 'Policies encouraging energy savings and efficiencies in production and daily life, through the application of energy saving and renewable energy technologies, are also a priority. Viet Nam has made significant efforts in forest protection, afforestation and reforestation, and is one of the countries participating in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+).Viet Nam is developing and preparing for the implementation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), as well as the registration and implementation of carbon credit projects according to the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and the Gold Standard (GS).', 'Viet Nam has made significant efforts in forest protection, afforestation and reforestation, and is one of the countries participating in Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, sustainable management of forests, conservation of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+).Viet Nam is developing and preparing for the implementation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs), as well as the registration and implementation of carbon credit projects according to the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) and the Gold Standard (GS). Although Viet Nam has exerted great efforts in implementing mitigation actions, it still faces a variety of difficulties and challenges regarding the following issues: - Establishment of a national GHG inventory system, and Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system at all levels; - NAMA development and implementation; - Application of technologies to reduce GHGs, especially in the agriculture sector; - Access to national and foreign finance for mitigation activities.', 'Although Viet Nam has exerted great efforts in implementing mitigation actions, it still faces a variety of difficulties and challenges regarding the following issues: - Establishment of a national GHG inventory system, and Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system at all levels; - NAMA development and implementation; - Application of technologies to reduce GHGs, especially in the agriculture sector; - Access to national and foreign finance for mitigation activities. 2.2. Contribution to GHG emissions mitigation Type of contribution GHG emissions reduction compared to the Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) Coverage The entire economy, including the following sectors: a. Fuel combustion: - Energy industries; - Manufacturing industries and construction; - Transport; - Others: residential, agriculture and commercial services. b. Fugitive emissions: - Coal mining; - Natural gas and oil.', 'Fugitive emissions: - Coal mining; - Natural gas and oil. - Enteric fermentation; - Manure management; - Rice cultivation; - Agriculture soils; - Prescribed burning of savannas; - Field burning of agricultural residues. 3. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) - Forest land; - Cropland; - Grassland; - Wetlands; - Settlements; - Other land. - Solid waste landfills; - Industrial wastewater; - Domestic wastewater; - Human waste; - Waste incineration. Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous oxide (N2 O), Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride ).Period From 01/01/2021 to 31/12/2030 Methodologies to estimate GHG emissions and data - IPCC guidelines; - National statistics, national Socio-Economic Development Plan and sectoral activity data.', 'Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2 ), Methane (CH4 ), Nitrous oxide (N2 O), Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), Sulfur hexafluoride ).Period From 01/01/2021 to 31/12/2030 Methodologies to estimate GHG emissions and data - IPCC guidelines; - National statistics, national Socio-Economic Development Plan and sectoral activity data. Metric applied GWP 100y values published in IPCC AR4 (2007): O = 298 Business-As-Usual scenario Viet Nam’s BAU scenario for GHG emissions was developed based on the assumption of economic growth in the absence of climate change policies. The BAU starts from 2010 (the latest year of the national GHG inventory) and includes the energy, agriculture, waste and LULUCF sectors.', 'The BAU starts from 2010 (the latest year of the national GHG inventory) and includes the energy, agriculture, waste and LULUCF sectors. GHG emissions in 2010: 246.8 million tCO2e Projections for 2020 and 2030 (not included industrial processes): Unconditional contribution With domestic resources, by 2030 Viet Nam will reduce GHG emissions by 8% compared to BAU, in which: - Emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 20% compared to the 2010 levels; - Forest cover will increase to the level of 45%.', 'GHG emissions in 2010: 246.8 million tCO2e Projections for 2020 and 2030 (not included industrial processes): Unconditional contribution With domestic resources, by 2030 Viet Nam will reduce GHG emissions by 8% compared to BAU, in which: - Emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 20% compared to the 2010 levels; - Forest cover will increase to the level of 45%. Conditional contribution The above-mentioned 8% contribution could be increased to 25% if international support is received through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, as well as through the implementation of new mechanisms under the Global Climate Agreement, in which emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 30% compared to 2010 levels. 2.3.', 'Conditional contribution The above-mentioned 8% contribution could be increased to 25% if international support is received through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, as well as through the implementation of new mechanisms under the Global Climate Agreement, in which emission intensity per unit of GDP will be reduced by 30% compared to 2010 levels. 2.3. Fair and Ambitious Given the socio-economic conditions of a developing country that is highly affected by climate change, Viet Nam’s INDC represents its efforts to contribute to global climate change mitigation to reach the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, as well as the target of maintaining the global average atmospheric temperature rise to below 2○C by the end of the 21st century.', 'Fair and Ambitious Given the socio-economic conditions of a developing country that is highly affected by climate change, Viet Nam’s INDC represents its efforts to contribute to global climate change mitigation to reach the ultimate objective of the UNFCCC, as well as the target of maintaining the global average atmospheric temperature rise to below 2○C by the end of the 21st century. In 2010, GHG emissions of Viet Nam accounted only for approximately 0.5% of global GHG emissions and GHG emissions per capita were relatively low at 2.84 tonnes of e. However, Viet Nam is proactively implementing climate change response activities, developing a low-carbon and green economy, strengthening the implementation of potential GHG mitigation measures in the energy, industry, transport, agriculture and waste sectors and enhancing carbon sinks in the LULUCF sector.', 'In 2010, GHG emissions of Viet Nam accounted only for approximately 0.5% of global GHG emissions and GHG emissions per capita were relatively low at 2.84 tonnes of e. However, Viet Nam is proactively implementing climate change response activities, developing a low-carbon and green economy, strengthening the implementation of potential GHG mitigation measures in the energy, industry, transport, agriculture and waste sectors and enhancing carbon sinks in the LULUCF sector. National efforts are also reflected in the fact that the Government considers climate change response a crucial issue, as it is the entire country’s responsibility to simultaneously implement adaptation and mitigation, as well as use natural resources effectively. A roadmap with methods to implement GHG mitigation measures to achieve Viet Nam’s INDC will be issued.2.4.', 'A roadmap with methods to implement GHG mitigation measures to achieve Viet Nam’s INDC will be issued.2.4. Policy framework to support the implementation of the goal to mitigate GHG emissions Legal documents and policies on climate change support to INDC implementation in Viet Nam include: - Law on Environment (6/2014); - Law on Economical and Efficient use of Energy (6/2010); - Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW on “Pro-actively responding to climate change, enhancing natural resource management and environmental protection” (6/2013); - National Climate Change Strategy (12/2011); - National Green Growth Strategy (9/2012); - Decision 1775/QĐ-TTg on “Management of GHG emissions; management of carbon credit trading activities to the world market” (11/2012). Viet Nam will continue to develop policies that create favourable conditions for investments in mitigation activities. 2.5.', 'Viet Nam will continue to develop policies that create favourable conditions for investments in mitigation activities. 2.5. Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation targets of the INDC In order to achieve the above-mentioned mitigation targets, Viet Nam will exert efforts in implementing the following measures: 1) Strengthen the leading role of the State in responding to climate change - Integration of climate change into development strategies, and development plans; - Improving and strengthening institutions: (i) Study and formulate policies, mechanisms and legislation on climate change, which are consistent with each development stage of the country and in line with the global climate change agreements and treaties to which Viet Nam is a signatory state; (ii) Develop the national GHG inventory system; (iii) Establish systems for measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) at the national and sectoral levels in order to monitor and supervise GHG emissions activities by sectors, to meet the data requirement for examination and periodic reports as required by the UNFCCC and create favourable conditions for NAMA implementation.', 'Measures to achieve the GHG emissions mitigation targets of the INDC In order to achieve the above-mentioned mitigation targets, Viet Nam will exert efforts in implementing the following measures: 1) Strengthen the leading role of the State in responding to climate change - Integration of climate change into development strategies, and development plans; - Improving and strengthening institutions: (i) Study and formulate policies, mechanisms and legislation on climate change, which are consistent with each development stage of the country and in line with the global climate change agreements and treaties to which Viet Nam is a signatory state; (ii) Develop the national GHG inventory system; (iii) Establish systems for measuring, reporting and verification (MRV) at the national and sectoral levels in order to monitor and supervise GHG emissions activities by sectors, to meet the data requirement for examination and periodic reports as required by the UNFCCC and create favourable conditions for NAMA implementation. 2) Improve effectiveness and efficiency of energy use; reducing energy consumption - Innovate technologies and apply advanced management and operation procedures for efficient and effective use of energy in production, transmission and consumption, especially in large production facilities where energy consumption is high; - Apply energy savings and efficiency, and renewable energy applications in the residential sector, trade and services; - Develop public passenger transport, especially fast modes of transit in large urban centres.', '2) Improve effectiveness and efficiency of energy use; reducing energy consumption - Innovate technologies and apply advanced management and operation procedures for efficient and effective use of energy in production, transmission and consumption, especially in large production facilities where energy consumption is high; - Apply energy savings and efficiency, and renewable energy applications in the residential sector, trade and services; - Develop public passenger transport, especially fast modes of transit in large urban centres. Restructure freight towards a reduction in the share of road transport in exchange for an increase in the share of transportation via rail and inland waterways; - Establish standards on fuel consumption, and develop a roadmap to remove obsolete and energy-consuming technologies in energy production and consumption systems.', 'Restructure freight towards a reduction in the share of road transport in exchange for an increase in the share of transportation via rail and inland waterways; - Establish standards on fuel consumption, and develop a roadmap to remove obsolete and energy-consuming technologies in energy production and consumption systems. 3) Change the fuel structure in industry and transportation - Assure national energy security by developing and exploiting different energy sources, while simultaneously using energy sources effectively;- Change the energy structure towards a reduced share of fossil fuel, encouraging the exploitation and use of renewable and low GHG emission energy sources; - Encourage buses and taxis to use compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); implement management solutions for fuel quality, emissions standards, and vehicle maintenance; - Apply market instruments to promote structural change and improve energy efficiency; encourage the use of clean fuels; support the development of renewable energy; implement the roadmap to phase out subsidies for fossil fuels; - Label energy-saving equipment and issue national standards for the quality of equipment.', '3) Change the fuel structure in industry and transportation - Assure national energy security by developing and exploiting different energy sources, while simultaneously using energy sources effectively;- Change the energy structure towards a reduced share of fossil fuel, encouraging the exploitation and use of renewable and low GHG emission energy sources; - Encourage buses and taxis to use compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG); implement management solutions for fuel quality, emissions standards, and vehicle maintenance; - Apply market instruments to promote structural change and improve energy efficiency; encourage the use of clean fuels; support the development of renewable energy; implement the roadmap to phase out subsidies for fossil fuels; - Label energy-saving equipment and issue national standards for the quality of equipment. 4) Promote effective exploitation and increase the proportion of new and renewable energy sources in energy production and consumption - Develop and implement financial and technical mechanisms and policies to support research and the application of appropriate advanced technologies; exploit and optimize the use of renewable energy sources, both on-grid as well as off grid; - Develop a renewable energy technology market, domestic industries and local service providers.', '4) Promote effective exploitation and increase the proportion of new and renewable energy sources in energy production and consumption - Develop and implement financial and technical mechanisms and policies to support research and the application of appropriate advanced technologies; exploit and optimize the use of renewable energy sources, both on-grid as well as off grid; - Develop a renewable energy technology market, domestic industries and local service providers. 5) Reduce GHG emissions through the development of sustainable agriculture; improve effectiveness and competitiveness of agricultural production - Research and develop solutions to reduce GHG emissions in farming, livestock, fisheries and animal feed and food processing; - Research and apply production processes and economic technologies that efficiently use seedlings, feed, agricultural materials, soil, water, and other inputs and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural production; - Widely replicate technologies that treat and reuse by-products and waste from agricultural production to produce animal feed, mushrooms, materials for industries, biogas, and organic fertilizer.', '5) Reduce GHG emissions through the development of sustainable agriculture; improve effectiveness and competitiveness of agricultural production - Research and develop solutions to reduce GHG emissions in farming, livestock, fisheries and animal feed and food processing; - Research and apply production processes and economic technologies that efficiently use seedlings, feed, agricultural materials, soil, water, and other inputs and reduce GHG emissions from agricultural production; - Widely replicate technologies that treat and reuse by-products and waste from agricultural production to produce animal feed, mushrooms, materials for industries, biogas, and organic fertilizer. 6) Manage and develop sustainable forest, enhance carbon sequestration and environmental services; conservation of biodiversity associated with livelihood development and income generation for communities and forest-dependent people - Review and identify the areas and objects to apply sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation, biodiversity conservation, including special priority for regions with large forests that are important for forestry production and livelihoods of local communities people; - Develop and improve policies to promote sustainable forest management; mechanisms and policies to attract private sector investment for sustainable forest management, afforestation, reforestation, biodiversity conservation and livelihood development; - Integrate and effectively use domestic and international resources for implementation of programmes and projects related to forest management and development, livelihoods and biodiversity conservation such as REDD+, the policy of payment for forest environmental services (PFES), etc.', '6) Manage and develop sustainable forest, enhance carbon sequestration and environmental services; conservation of biodiversity associated with livelihood development and income generation for communities and forest-dependent people - Review and identify the areas and objects to apply sustainable forest management, afforestation and reforestation, biodiversity conservation, including special priority for regions with large forests that are important for forestry production and livelihoods of local communities people; - Develop and improve policies to promote sustainable forest management; mechanisms and policies to attract private sector investment for sustainable forest management, afforestation, reforestation, biodiversity conservation and livelihood development; - Integrate and effectively use domestic and international resources for implementation of programmes and projects related to forest management and development, livelihoods and biodiversity conservation such as REDD+, the policy of payment for forest environmental services (PFES), etc. - Strengthen and expand international cooperation for investment, technical assistance and capacity building, information and experience sharing on the sustainable forest management and development, biodiversity conservation and livelihood development.7) Waste management - Develop waste management planning and enhance waste management capacity; promote reducing, reusing and recycling waste; - Research and apply advanced waste treatment technologies; deploy modern waste treatment technology in urban and rural areas; strengthen the management and treatment of industrial and household wastewater; - Utilise landfill gas and solid waste combustion for power generation.', '- Strengthen and expand international cooperation for investment, technical assistance and capacity building, information and experience sharing on the sustainable forest management and development, biodiversity conservation and livelihood development.7) Waste management - Develop waste management planning and enhance waste management capacity; promote reducing, reusing and recycling waste; - Research and apply advanced waste treatment technologies; deploy modern waste treatment technology in urban and rural areas; strengthen the management and treatment of industrial and household wastewater; - Utilise landfill gas and solid waste combustion for power generation. 8) Communication and awareness raising - Promote, educate and raise public awareness of GHG mitigation activities; - Encourage and provide technical assistance to the people and communities to implement and enlarge production and consumption models, which are economic, safe and climate- friendly; - Encourage and support communities to develop models of eco-cities, green rural areas, green housing, sort waste at the source through the approach of reducing-reusing- recycling (3R) and improve energy efficiency.', '8) Communication and awareness raising - Promote, educate and raise public awareness of GHG mitigation activities; - Encourage and provide technical assistance to the people and communities to implement and enlarge production and consumption models, which are economic, safe and climate- friendly; - Encourage and support communities to develop models of eco-cities, green rural areas, green housing, sort waste at the source through the approach of reducing-reusing- recycling (3R) and improve energy efficiency. 9) Enhance international cooperation - Enhance cooperation in scientific research, in information exchange on the formulation and implementation of policies and in the basic content of climate change strategies and policies; - Enlist the support of other countries and international organizations in finance, capacity building and technology in the implementation of climate change strategies and policies; - Facilitate international cooperation to implement foreign direct investment (FDI) on climate change related projects.', '9) Enhance international cooperation - Enhance cooperation in scientific research, in information exchange on the formulation and implementation of policies and in the basic content of climate change strategies and policies; - Enlist the support of other countries and international organizations in finance, capacity building and technology in the implementation of climate change strategies and policies; - Facilitate international cooperation to implement foreign direct investment (FDI) on climate change related projects. 2.6. Monitoring and evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the GHG mitigation component to achieve the mitigation goals formulated in the INDC will be reflected in Viet Nam’s “National Communications” and “Biennial Updated Reports” submitted to the UNFCCC. III. Adaptation Component 3.1.', 'Monitoring and evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the GHG mitigation component to achieve the mitigation goals formulated in the INDC will be reflected in Viet Nam’s “National Communications” and “Biennial Updated Reports” submitted to the UNFCCC. III. Adaptation Component 3.1. Climate change impacts Viet Nam is one of the countries severely affected by climate change and its related disasters. The Mekong Delta is one of the deltas in the world most susceptible and vulnerable to sea level rise. Climate change adaptation is vital for Viet Nam and is regarded by the Government as one of the priority tasks to reduce the vulnerability level.', 'Climate change adaptation is vital for Viet Nam and is regarded by the Government as one of the priority tasks to reduce the vulnerability level. Over the past 50 years, the average temperature in Viet Nam has increased by approximately 0.5°C and the sea level has risen by about 20cm. Extreme climate events have increased both in frequency and intensity. Climate change has made hazards, especially storms, floods and droughts, more intense. According to Viet Nam’s climate change scenario (2012), by 2100 the annual average temperature in Viet Nam is expected to increase by 2 to 3oC, precipitation will increase in the rainy season and decrease in the dry season and the sea level will rise between 78 and 100cm.', 'According to Viet Nam’s climate change scenario (2012), by 2100 the annual average temperature in Viet Nam is expected to increase by 2 to 3oC, precipitation will increase in the rainy season and decrease in the dry season and the sea level will rise between 78 and 100cm. The most vulnerable areas, regions and objects are: agriculture, natural ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, public health and infrastructure; the Mekong Delta, the RedRiver Delta, the Central Coast; the poor, ethnic minorities, the elderly, women, children and people with disabilities. Viet Nam is facing losses and damages, which are beyond its resilience and capacity, even after thorough application of climate change adaptation measures and mitigation of GHG emissions.', 'Viet Nam is facing losses and damages, which are beyond its resilience and capacity, even after thorough application of climate change adaptation measures and mitigation of GHG emissions. Sharing and managing risks of loss and damage must be considered at both the national and international levels. Over the past 30 years, the average number of dead and missing people due to natural disasters totalled 500 annually; thousands of people were injured and annual economic losses accounted for approximately 1.5% of GDP.', 'Over the past 30 years, the average number of dead and missing people due to natural disasters totalled 500 annually; thousands of people were injured and annual economic losses accounted for approximately 1.5% of GDP. Without implementing climate change adaptation measures, when the sea level rises by 100cm, over 10% of the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh province, more than 2.5% of the area of the central coastal provinces, and over 20% of Ho Chi Minh City will be at risk of being inundated, directly affecting 9% of the population of the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh province, nearly 9% of the population of the central coastal provinces and approximately 7% of the population of Ho Chi Minh City; up to 39% of the Mekong Delta could be submerged, affecting 35% of the population and causing the risk of losing 40.5% of the total rice production in this region.', 'Without implementing climate change adaptation measures, when the sea level rises by 100cm, over 10% of the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh province, more than 2.5% of the area of the central coastal provinces, and over 20% of Ho Chi Minh City will be at risk of being inundated, directly affecting 9% of the population of the Red River Delta and Quang Ninh province, nearly 9% of the population of the central coastal provinces and approximately 7% of the population of Ho Chi Minh City; up to 39% of the Mekong Delta could be submerged, affecting 35% of the population and causing the risk of losing 40.5% of the total rice production in this region. Adaptation measures to prevent future losses are technically possible, however, many measures to protect against river floods, storm surges, saline water intrusion and drought, are needed to be implemented in the 21st century, which exceed the nation’s capacity.', 'Adaptation measures to prevent future losses are technically possible, however, many measures to protect against river floods, storm surges, saline water intrusion and drought, are needed to be implemented in the 21st century, which exceed the nation’s capacity. The increasing impact of climate change on residential areas, economic zones, and ecosystems will lead to unavoidable losses. 3.2. The need to include an adaptation component in Viet Nam’s INDC The INDC is an official and important channel for conveying information and experience in adaptation, including sharing risks and damages, to the international community. The National Climate Change Strategy has identified that priorities are food security, energy security, water security, poverty reduction, gender equality, social security, public health, livelihood improvements and the protection of natural resources.', 'The National Climate Change Strategy has identified that priorities are food security, energy security, water security, poverty reduction, gender equality, social security, public health, livelihood improvements and the protection of natural resources. These goals can only be achieved through enhancing the adaptive capacity of human and socio-economic systems as well as natural systems. Through its INDC, Viet Nam can communicate its current and future climate change response efforts implemented with national resources, and what can be done better with additional international support. Climate change adaptation will reduce vulnerability and inequality within and among countries. Adaptation benefits go beyond the scope of each locality, community and country. Pro-active climate change adaptation is a contribution of Viet Nam to the global efforts to address climate change.', 'Pro-active climate change adaptation is a contribution of Viet Nam to the global efforts to address climate change. Adaptation to climate change will help Viet Nam increase its resilience to climate change and can sometimes also contribute to GHG emissions mitigation. The adaptation component of the INDC includes plans developed in accordance with the current situation and projections until 2030 and may be subject to adjustments or supplementations to suit the specific conditions of each period. The implementation of these plans depends on national resources and particularly on international support. 3.3. Climate change adaptation until 2020 Climate change adaptation until 2020 is reflected in the following strategies, programmes and action plans: - Resolution No.', 'Climate change adaptation until 2020 Climate change adaptation until 2020 is reflected in the following strategies, programmes and action plans: - Resolution No. 24-NQ/TW on “Pro-actively responding to climate change, enhancing natural resource management and environmental protection” (2013);- Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (2013); - National Climate Change Strategy (2011); - National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change (2008, 2012); - Action plans at the national, ministerial, sectoral and local levels on climate change response and disaster risk prevention and reduction. Viet Nam has determined that climate change adaptation must be carried out in a focussed manner and respond to urgent, immediate impacts and long-term potential impacts.', 'Viet Nam has determined that climate change adaptation must be carried out in a focussed manner and respond to urgent, immediate impacts and long-term potential impacts. Climate change adaptation must be linked to sustainable development and the transition towards a low-carbon economy, and to ensure a systematic, joint, interdisciplinary, inter- regional approach, and incorporate gender equality, hunger eradication and poverty reduction. Numerous climate change adaptation and disaster risk management activities have been carried out on a national scale. However, national investment resources for climate change adaptation are limited. Meanwhile, the expenses for remedying damage caused by potential climate hazards are expected to increase significantly under the impact of climate change, sea level rise and saltwater intrusion.', 'Meanwhile, the expenses for remedying damage caused by potential climate hazards are expected to increase significantly under the impact of climate change, sea level rise and saltwater intrusion. The cost of adaptation is estimated to exceed 3- 5% of GDP by 2030. Thus, it is necessary to diversify sources of investment in climate change adaptation from the public and private sectors, and from international support. Despite great effort and initiative in implementing climate change adaptation activities, the shortage of capacities and resources for climate change adaptation measures are major challenges for Viet Nam.', 'Despite great effort and initiative in implementing climate change adaptation activities, the shortage of capacities and resources for climate change adaptation measures are major challenges for Viet Nam. Policies and institutions: The legal framework for integrating climate change issues into national Socio-Economic Development Plans is still limited; there is still ineffective coordination between line ministries, sectors and localities to address multi-sectoral and inter- regional issues; a lack of incentives to attract domestic and foreign investment and to mobilise the private sector to participate in climate change adaptation.', 'Policies and institutions: The legal framework for integrating climate change issues into national Socio-Economic Development Plans is still limited; there is still ineffective coordination between line ministries, sectors and localities to address multi-sectoral and inter- regional issues; a lack of incentives to attract domestic and foreign investment and to mobilise the private sector to participate in climate change adaptation. Capacity: There is a shortage of experts and technical staff who are specialised in climate change and the assessment of the effectiveness of adaptation measures, particularly at the local level; there are significant limitations in communication and awareness-raising on climate change; there are unmet needs in terms of forecasting disasters and early warning capacities, as well as scientific research on climate change and adaptation technology; appropriate climate change adaptation models at the community level need to be summarised comprehensively and replicated; there are limited capacities to select and decide on prioritising resources for the implementation of climate change adaptation activities.', 'Capacity: There is a shortage of experts and technical staff who are specialised in climate change and the assessment of the effectiveness of adaptation measures, particularly at the local level; there are significant limitations in communication and awareness-raising on climate change; there are unmet needs in terms of forecasting disasters and early warning capacities, as well as scientific research on climate change and adaptation technology; appropriate climate change adaptation models at the community level need to be summarised comprehensively and replicated; there are limited capacities to select and decide on prioritising resources for the implementation of climate change adaptation activities. Finance: While there are policies, plans and programmes climate change adaptation efforts were designed to collect funding for implementation, State resources can only meet 30% of the adaptation needs.', 'Finance: While there are policies, plans and programmes climate change adaptation efforts were designed to collect funding for implementation, State resources can only meet 30% of the adaptation needs. Technology: there is a shortage of advanced technologies for hydrological and meteorological monitoring and forecasting, early warning of natural disasters and hazards, and climate change adaptation. 3.4. Climate change adaptation in the period 2021 – 2030 Viet Nam aims to minimize the loss of life and property due to climate change. The climate change adaptation priority actions for the period 2021-2030 include: 1) Respond pro-actively to disasters and improve climate monitoring - Modernise the hydro-meteorological observatory and forecasting system to ensure the timely forecasting and early warning of weather events.', 'The climate change adaptation priority actions for the period 2021-2030 include: 1) Respond pro-actively to disasters and improve climate monitoring - Modernise the hydro-meteorological observatory and forecasting system to ensure the timely forecasting and early warning of weather events. Develop the assessment andmonitoring system on climate change and sea level rise; - Produce Socio-Economic Development Plans based on climate change scenarios, with a focus on key sectors and regions; - Implement disaster prevention plans and measures, protect peoples lives, and ensure national defence and security; - Consolidate and develop prioritised and urgent disaster prevention projects; strengthen the capacity of search and rescue forces; - Develop infrastructure and make plans for residential areas; relocate and resettle households and communities from areas affected frequently by, storm surges, floods, riverbank and shoreline erosion, or areas at risk of flash floods and landslides; - Allocate and mobilise resources for community-based climate change adaptation and disaster management; raise awareness and build capacities for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management.', 'Develop the assessment andmonitoring system on climate change and sea level rise; - Produce Socio-Economic Development Plans based on climate change scenarios, with a focus on key sectors and regions; - Implement disaster prevention plans and measures, protect peoples lives, and ensure national defence and security; - Consolidate and develop prioritised and urgent disaster prevention projects; strengthen the capacity of search and rescue forces; - Develop infrastructure and make plans for residential areas; relocate and resettle households and communities from areas affected frequently by, storm surges, floods, riverbank and shoreline erosion, or areas at risk of flash floods and landslides; - Allocate and mobilise resources for community-based climate change adaptation and disaster management; raise awareness and build capacities for climate change adaptation and disaster risk management. 2) Ensure social security - Review, adjust and develop livelihoods and production processes that are appropriate under climate change conditions and are linked to poverty reduction and social justice; - Develop mechanisms, policies, and strengthen the insurance system, and share climate and disaster risks; - Improve regulations and technical standards for infrastructure, public facilities and housing, that are appropriate under climate change conditions; - Implement ecosystem-based adaptation through the development of ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on the preservation of genetic resources, species at risk of extinction, and important ecosystems; - Implement community-based adaptation, including using indigenous knowledge, prioritizing the most vulnerable communities; - Implement integrated water resources management in river basin systems; ensure reservoir safety; strengthen international cooperation in addressing transboundary water issues; ensure water security; - Ensure food security through protecting, sustainably maintaining and managing agricultural land; restructuring of crops and livestock; create new climate change resilient varieties; complete the disease control and prevention system; - Implement sustainable forest management; improve the quality of poor natural forests; implement afforestation and reforestation measures, focusing on large timber plantations; prevent forest deforestation and degradation; - Protect, restore, plant and improve the quality of coastal forests, including mangroves, especially in coastal estuaries and the Mekong and Red River deltas.', '2) Ensure social security - Review, adjust and develop livelihoods and production processes that are appropriate under climate change conditions and are linked to poverty reduction and social justice; - Develop mechanisms, policies, and strengthen the insurance system, and share climate and disaster risks; - Improve regulations and technical standards for infrastructure, public facilities and housing, that are appropriate under climate change conditions; - Implement ecosystem-based adaptation through the development of ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation, with a focus on the preservation of genetic resources, species at risk of extinction, and important ecosystems; - Implement community-based adaptation, including using indigenous knowledge, prioritizing the most vulnerable communities; - Implement integrated water resources management in river basin systems; ensure reservoir safety; strengthen international cooperation in addressing transboundary water issues; ensure water security; - Ensure food security through protecting, sustainably maintaining and managing agricultural land; restructuring of crops and livestock; create new climate change resilient varieties; complete the disease control and prevention system; - Implement sustainable forest management; improve the quality of poor natural forests; implement afforestation and reforestation measures, focusing on large timber plantations; prevent forest deforestation and degradation; - Protect, restore, plant and improve the quality of coastal forests, including mangroves, especially in coastal estuaries and the Mekong and Red River deltas. 3) Responding to sea level rise and urban inundation - Implement integrated coastal zone management; - Use sea level rise scenarios in urban and land use planning for infrastructure, industrial parks, coastal and island resettlement areas; - Implement anti-inundation measures for large coastal cities; construct climate change resilient urban infrastructure; strengthen and build new large urban drainage infrastructure;- Consolidate, upgrade and complete crucial sea and river dykes; - Control saline water intrusion in the most severely affected areas.', '3) Responding to sea level rise and urban inundation - Implement integrated coastal zone management; - Use sea level rise scenarios in urban and land use planning for infrastructure, industrial parks, coastal and island resettlement areas; - Implement anti-inundation measures for large coastal cities; construct climate change resilient urban infrastructure; strengthen and build new large urban drainage infrastructure;- Consolidate, upgrade and complete crucial sea and river dykes; - Control saline water intrusion in the most severely affected areas. 3.5.', '3) Responding to sea level rise and urban inundation - Implement integrated coastal zone management; - Use sea level rise scenarios in urban and land use planning for infrastructure, industrial parks, coastal and island resettlement areas; - Implement anti-inundation measures for large coastal cities; construct climate change resilient urban infrastructure; strengthen and build new large urban drainage infrastructure;- Consolidate, upgrade and complete crucial sea and river dykes; - Control saline water intrusion in the most severely affected areas. 3.5. The need for capacity building, technology transfer and finance for climate change adaptation Viet Nam has attempted to implement climate change adaptation measures but does not have sufficient capacities to meet the demands, so there is a need for international assistance as well as cooperation with other developing countries: - Strengthen the capacity to adapt to climate change at national and local level.', 'The need for capacity building, technology transfer and finance for climate change adaptation Viet Nam has attempted to implement climate change adaptation measures but does not have sufficient capacities to meet the demands, so there is a need for international assistance as well as cooperation with other developing countries: - Strengthen the capacity to adapt to climate change at national and local level. - Technology transfer: (i) technology for real-time forecasting, early warning, and sharing information system on real-time hydro-meteorological monitoring; (ii) tools to assess climate change impacts, vulnerability, exposure and climate change adaptation measures; (iii) technology for the sustainable use of water resources, prevention of water pollution, and urban water supply; (iv) technology to prevent erosion and protect the coastline and riverbanks; and (v) technology for sustainable agriculture, forestry and aquaculture production; biotechnology to develop new varieties that are more resilient to climate change.', '- Technology transfer: (i) technology for real-time forecasting, early warning, and sharing information system on real-time hydro-meteorological monitoring; (ii) tools to assess climate change impacts, vulnerability, exposure and climate change adaptation measures; (iii) technology for the sustainable use of water resources, prevention of water pollution, and urban water supply; (iv) technology to prevent erosion and protect the coastline and riverbanks; and (v) technology for sustainable agriculture, forestry and aquaculture production; biotechnology to develop new varieties that are more resilient to climate change. - Finance for climate change adaptation, mainly for maintenance of existing infrastructure and building important projects aimed at prevention of natural disasters, and social- economic development in the context of climate change. Viet Nam encourages and creates favourable conditions for private sector investment in climate change adaptation activities.', 'Viet Nam encourages and creates favourable conditions for private sector investment in climate change adaptation activities. 3.6.', 'Viet Nam encourages and creates favourable conditions for private sector investment in climate change adaptation activities. 3.6. Monitoring and evaluation Climate change adaptation activities until 2030 will be evaluated based on the following key indicators: - At least 90% of Socio-Economic Development Plans have integrated disaster risk management and climate change adaptation; - The average national poverty rate is lowered 2%/year; in poor districts and communes it is lowered by 4%/year; - 100% of piers and boat storm shelters are constructed, and 100% of offshore fishing boats and ships have sufficient communication equipment; - Forest coverage increases to 45%; the area of protection forest in coastal areas is increased to 380,000 hectares, including 20,000 to 50,000ha of additional mangrove planting; - At least 90% of city-dwellers and 80% of rural inhabitants have access to clean water; 100% of the population has access to health care services.', 'Monitoring and evaluation Climate change adaptation activities until 2030 will be evaluated based on the following key indicators: - At least 90% of Socio-Economic Development Plans have integrated disaster risk management and climate change adaptation; - The average national poverty rate is lowered 2%/year; in poor districts and communes it is lowered by 4%/year; - 100% of piers and boat storm shelters are constructed, and 100% of offshore fishing boats and ships have sufficient communication equipment; - Forest coverage increases to 45%; the area of protection forest in coastal areas is increased to 380,000 hectares, including 20,000 to 50,000ha of additional mangrove planting; - At least 90% of city-dwellers and 80% of rural inhabitants have access to clean water; 100% of the population has access to health care services. The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the adaptation component will be reflected in Viet Nam’s "National Communications" and “Biennial Updated Reports” submitted to the UNFCCC.'] | en-US |
372 | VNM | Viet Nam | Updated NDC | 2020-11-09 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Viet%20Nam_NDC_2020_Eng.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Asia | 0 | 305.249285 | 38.645751 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/efbb7bb21853281c9de1bb59d56dd4c4576874643f341c553d7b64e5fe1c3527.pdf | ['THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM UPDATED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (NDC) Ha Noi, July 2020i TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. Summary of updated contents compared to current NDC . 3 1.2.1. General issues . 3 II. MITIGATION COMPONENT 4 2.1. Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in mitigation 4 2.1.1. Policy framework supporting implementation of GHG reduction targets . 4 2.1.2. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions in different sectors . 5 2.3. Mitigation contributions 7 2.4. Measures to achieve GHG reductions in different sectors 10 2.4.5. Industrial processes (IP) 11 III. ADAPTATION COMPONENT . 11 3.1. Climate change in Viet Nam 11 3.1.1. Climate change in Viet Nam through monitoring data . 11 3.1.2. Projections of climate change in Viet Nam toward 2100 12 3.1.3. Increased climate-induced risks . 12 3.1.4.', 'Increased climate-induced risks . 12 3.1.4. Impacts of climate change on sectors and regions . 13 3.1.5. Loss and damage . 16 3.2. Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in climate change adaptation 17 3.2.1. Adaptation policies 17 3.2.2. Adaptation efforts 18 3.3. Adaptation contributions 20 3.3.1. Improving adaptation efficiency through strengthening state management and resources 20 3.3.2. Enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity of communities, economic sectors, and ecosystems . 20ii 3.3.3. Reducing disaster risks and minimising damage, increasing preparedness to respond to increasing natural disasters and climate extremes due to climate 3.4. Gaps and needs for enhancing climate change adaptation 21 IV. SYNERGY AND CO-BENEFIT . 21 4.1. Synergy between climate change response and socio-economic development 22 4.1.1. Mitigation in relation to socio-economic development . 22 4.1.2.', 'Mitigation in relation to socio-economic development . 22 4.1.2. Adaptation in relation to socio-economic development 22 4.2. Synergy between climate change response and sustainable development goals 22 4.3. Co-benefits between climate change adaptation and mitigation 22 V. IMPLEMENTATION OF UPDATED NDC . 23 5.1. Impact, advantages and challenges in implementation of updated NDC . 23 5.1.1. Potential impact from implementation of updated NDC . 23 5.1.2. Advantages in implementation of updated NDC . 24 5.1.3. Challenges in implementing updated NDC 25 5.2. Implementation of updated NDC . 29 5.2.1. Measures to promote implementation of updated NDC 29 5.2.2. Implementation responsibilities . 31 5.2.3. Arrangement of resources for implementation . 32 5.3. Monitoring and Evaluation 34 5.3.1. Developing the enhanced transparency framework 34 5.3.2. Evaluation criteria 37 5.3.3.', 'Developing the enhanced transparency framework 34 5.3.2. Evaluation criteria 37 5.3.3. Organisation of Monitoring and Evaluation 38 5.3.4. Process of Monitoring and Evaluation 38 VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF UPDATED NDC . 39 6.1. Unified in directing and effective participation of stakeholders 39 6.2. Novelty and comprehensiveness 40 6.3. Fairness and best efforts 40iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. GHG Inventory in 2014 and BAU Scenario to 2030 . 7 Table 2. Reduction contributions . 8 Table 3. Reduction contribution by sectors 10 Table 4. Challenges in implementing updated NDC and related measures . 26 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. GHG emissions under the BAU Scenario 7 Figure 2. MRV system model for GHG reduction 35 Figure 3. Diagram for the MRV process of GHG reduction 35 Figure 4.', 'Diagram for the MRV process of GHG reduction 35 Figure 4. M&E system for adaptation at the national, local and project levels 36 Figure 5.', 'M&E system for adaptation at the national, local and project levels 36 Figure 5. Process for developing the M&E system for adaptation at national level 37iv ABBREVIATIONS AF Adaptation Fund BAU Business as usual BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report COP Conference of the Parties CPI Consumer price index FDI Foreign direct investment GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse gas INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IP Industrial Processes LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NAMA Nationally appropriate mitigation action NC National Communication NCCC National Committee on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODA Official development assistance PIPA Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, plus the sustainable management of forests, and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RDF Refuse derived fuel (from plastic and paper waste) TOE Ton of oil equivalent UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeI.', 'Process for developing the M&E system for adaptation at national level 37iv ABBREVIATIONS AF Adaptation Fund BAU Business as usual BTR Biennial Transparency Report BUR Biennial Update Report COP Conference of the Parties CPI Consumer price index FDI Foreign direct investment GCF Green Climate Fund GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse gas INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IP Industrial Processes LULUCF Land use, land use change and forestry M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NAMA Nationally appropriate mitigation action NC National Communication NCCC National Committee on Climate Change NDC Nationally Determined Contribution ODA Official development assistance PIPA Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, plus the sustainable management of forests, and the conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks RDF Refuse derived fuel (from plastic and paper waste) TOE Ton of oil equivalent UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeI. INTRODUCTION At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in 2015, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement.', 'INTRODUCTION At the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in 2015, the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted the Paris Agreement. This is a historic agreement, the first global legal framework binding the responsibilities of all Parties in joint efforts to combat climate change. The implementation of each Party s responsibilities for climate change response is primarily reflected through the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC). Viet Nam s INDC comprises two components, namely mitigation and adaptation. The mitigation component identifies the roadmap for GHG reduction in the period 2021- 2030 for the following sectors: energy; agriculture; land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF); and waste. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario was developed using 2010 as the base year, and provides projection for 2030.', 'The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario was developed using 2010 as the base year, and provides projection for 2030. With domestic resources, by 2030 Viet Nam will have reduced GHG emissions by 8% compared to the BAU scenario. This contribution can increase by up to 25% with international support through bilateral and multilateral cooperation and the implementation of new mechanisms in the Paris Agreement. The adaptation component identifies the efforts that have been implemented; the institutional, policy, financial, human resource and technology gaps; and the prioritised adaptation actions for the period 2021-2030. Viet Nam submitted the INDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015; signed and approved the Paris Agreement in April and October 2016, respectively; and issued the Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement (PIPA) in October 2016.', 'Viet Nam submitted the INDC to the UNFCCC Secretariat in September 2015; signed and approved the Paris Agreement in April and October 2016, respectively; and issued the Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement (PIPA) in October 2016. After the Paris Agreement entered into force, the Parties’ INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).', 'After the Paris Agreement entered into force, the Parties’ INDCs became Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Since the submission of its NDC, Viet Nam has developed and issued several important policies on climate change response at the national level, such as the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the orientation of Viet Nam’s National Energy Development Strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2045 (2020); Viet Nam’s Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2050 (2015); the Revised National Power Development Plan (PDP) for 2011- 2020 with a vision to 2030 (revised PDP VII) (2016); the PIPA (2016); the National Action Plan for Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2017); the Target Programme for Climate Change Response and Green Growth for the period 2016-2020 (2017).', 'Since the submission of its NDC, Viet Nam has developed and issued several important policies on climate change response at the national level, such as the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the orientation of Viet Nam’s National Energy Development Strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2045 (2020); Viet Nam’s Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030, with a vision to 2050 (2015); the Revised National Power Development Plan (PDP) for 2011- 2020 with a vision to 2030 (revised PDP VII) (2016); the PIPA (2016); the National Action Plan for Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2017); the Target Programme for Climate Change Response and Green Growth for the period 2016-2020 (2017). Among the above-mentioned documents, the PIPA materialises Viet Nam’s international commitments on climate change response, including 68 groups of tasks to be implemented by 2030 on climate change mitigation and adaptation, resource mobilisation, enhancing and improving institutional frameworks, and establishing the enhanced transparency frameworks on responses and support received for responses to climate change.', 'Among the above-mentioned documents, the PIPA materialises Viet Nam’s international commitments on climate change response, including 68 groups of tasks to be implemented by 2030 on climate change mitigation and adaptation, resource mobilisation, enhancing and improving institutional frameworks, and establishing the enhanced transparency frameworks on responses and support received for responses to climate change. The content of Viet Nam’s NDC has been comprehensively reflected in its corresponding Plan, which identifies the tasks requiring the most ambitious and continuous efforts in line with national conditions and adjustments of Viet Nam’s commitments in implementation of the Paris Agreement, geared towards a low carbon and climate resilient economy.', 'The content of Viet Nam’s NDC has been comprehensively reflected in its corresponding Plan, which identifies the tasks requiring the most ambitious and continuous efforts in line with national conditions and adjustments of Viet Nam’s commitments in implementation of the Paris Agreement, geared towards a low carbon and climate resilient economy. In accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of COP21, requesting Parties to communicate or update the NDC by 2020, Viet Nam reviewed and updated its NDC to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020 based on the actual country context.The review and update process has received active participation by scientists, ministries, agencies, non-governmental organisations, research institutes, enterprises, international organisations, and development partners.', 'In accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 of COP21, requesting Parties to communicate or update the NDC by 2020, Viet Nam reviewed and updated its NDC to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020 based on the actual country context.The review and update process has received active participation by scientists, ministries, agencies, non-governmental organisations, research institutes, enterprises, international organisations, and development partners. Many national, sectoral and thematic consultation workshops were organised to assess the feasibility, contents, and measures in implementing the updated NDC. Ministries and agencies actively participated in the review and update process. Research results and good experience in climate change response were reviewed and reflected in the updated NDC.', 'Research results and good experience in climate change response were reviewed and reflected in the updated NDC. The mitigation component identifies measures for the period 2021-2030 in the following sectors: energy; agriculture; waste; land use, LULUCF; and the industrial processes (IP). The BAU scenario was developed using 2014 as the base year and provides projections for up to 2030.', 'The BAU scenario was developed using 2014 as the base year and provides projections for up to 2030. The domestic mitigation measures in the updated NDC include: (i) improving energy- saving and energy efficiency, and reducing energy consumption; (ii) changing the fuel and energy structure in industry and transportation; (iii) shifting passenger and cargo transportation models; (iv) promoting efficient exploitation of renewable energy sources and increasing their proportion in energy production and consumption; (v) reducing GHG emissions through sustainable agricultural development, and improving the effectiveness and competitiveness of agricultural production; (vi) managing and developing sustainable forests, enhancing carbon sequestration and environmental services; conservation of biodiversity associated with economic development and increasing incomes for forest-dependent communities and people; (vii) managing wastes; (viii) reducing GHG emissions by replacing construction materials and improving the cement and chemical production processes together with reducing the consumption of HFCs.', 'The domestic mitigation measures in the updated NDC include: (i) improving energy- saving and energy efficiency, and reducing energy consumption; (ii) changing the fuel and energy structure in industry and transportation; (iii) shifting passenger and cargo transportation models; (iv) promoting efficient exploitation of renewable energy sources and increasing their proportion in energy production and consumption; (v) reducing GHG emissions through sustainable agricultural development, and improving the effectiveness and competitiveness of agricultural production; (vi) managing and developing sustainable forests, enhancing carbon sequestration and environmental services; conservation of biodiversity associated with economic development and increasing incomes for forest-dependent communities and people; (vii) managing wastes; (viii) reducing GHG emissions by replacing construction materials and improving the cement and chemical production processes together with reducing the consumption of HFCs. Mitigation efforts will be assessed biennially based on the evaluation of measure implementation, and will be cross-checked through the biennial GHG inventory at both national and sectoral levels subject to unified regulations issued by competent authorities.', 'Mitigation efforts will be assessed biennially based on the evaluation of measure implementation, and will be cross-checked through the biennial GHG inventory at both national and sectoral levels subject to unified regulations issued by competent authorities. The results of GHG reduction and the international support received for NDC implementation will be reflected in the National Communication (NC), the Biennial Update Report (BUR) and the Biennial Transparency Report (BTR) to the UNFCCC. The adaptation component identifies strategic tasks in order to improve adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce risks caused by climate change, thus contributes to the achievement of the country’s sustainable development goals.', 'The adaptation component identifies strategic tasks in order to improve adaptive capacity, enhance resilience, and reduce risks caused by climate change, thus contributes to the achievement of the country’s sustainable development goals. The identified strategic tasks are: (i) enhancing adaptation efficiency through strengthening state management and resources; (ii) increasing the resilience and adaptive capacity of communities, economic sectors and ecological systems; (iii) reducing disaster risks and minimizing damages, getting ready to cope with increased natural disasters and climate extremes due to climate change. These strategic tasks are consolidated in the National Adaptation Plan (NAP), and the National Action Plan on Climate Change. The NAP implementation results will be used as inputs for the review and evaluation of the NDC’s adaptation component.', 'The NAP implementation results will be used as inputs for the review and evaluation of the NDC’s adaptation component. Adaptation efforts will be evaluated biennially based on evaluating implementation of strategic tasks in the NDC and specific actions in the NAP. The results will be reflected in the Adaptation Communication and the BTR submitted by Viet Nam to the UNFCCC Secretariat.Other contents: Viet Nam s updated NDC also includes details on: (i) the synergies and co-benefits between adaptation, mitigation and the achievement of the sustainable development goals; gender equality, and risk reduction for vulnerable groups such as poor and ethnic minority groups, the elderly, women, children, people with chronic diseases, people with disability etc.', 'The results will be reflected in the Adaptation Communication and the BTR submitted by Viet Nam to the UNFCCC Secretariat.Other contents: Viet Nam s updated NDC also includes details on: (i) the synergies and co-benefits between adaptation, mitigation and the achievement of the sustainable development goals; gender equality, and risk reduction for vulnerable groups such as poor and ethnic minority groups, the elderly, women, children, people with chronic diseases, people with disability etc. ; (ii) impacts, advantages and challenges in implementing the NDC; (iii) plan for the implementation of the NDC; (iv) monitoring and evaluation of the NDC implementation. 1.2. Summary of updated contents compared to current NDC 1.2.1.', 'Summary of updated contents compared to current NDC 1.2.1. General issues In the updated version of the NDC, Viet Nam has: (i) Reviewed, updated and adjusted its mitigation and adaptation contributions to be more in line with the country’s current situation and latest socio-economic development forecasts for up to 2030; ensured that NDC implementation objectives are in line with the objectives of the Socio-Economic Development Strategy, the National Climate Change Strategy, the Viet Nam Green Growth Strategy, and the National Strategy for Natural Disaster Prevention, Response and Mitigation. (ii) Followed several new requirements for the NDC adopted at COP24 that are suitable for Viet Nam’s capacities. (iii) Clarified issue of loss and damage and included Viet Nam s latest efforts in adaptation and mitigation.', '(iii) Clarified issue of loss and damage and included Viet Nam s latest efforts in adaptation and mitigation. (iv) Included impact assessment of the implementation of mitigation measures on socio- economic development. (v) Added the analysis of co-benefits of adaptation, mitigation, and sustainable development. (vi) Supplemented appropriate indicators to facilitate regular monitoring and evaluation of NDC implementation progress. (vii) Included a national system for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) for mitigation actions and a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system for adaptation actions in order to implement the NDC. (viii) Clarified advantages, disadvantages and an implementation plan for the NDC given current international and national contexts as well as the appropriate measures to be taken.', '(viii) Clarified advantages, disadvantages and an implementation plan for the NDC given current international and national contexts as well as the appropriate measures to be taken. The updates in the mitigation component are as follows: (i) The IP sector has been included in GHG inventory, BAU scenario and mitigation measures. With total emissions of 38.6 million tonnes of CO2eq, 12.0% of the country’s total emissions in 2014, the IP sector is expected to emit 140.3 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 14.4% of the country’s total emissions, in 2030.', 'With total emissions of 38.6 million tonnes of CO2eq, 12.0% of the country’s total emissions in 2014, the IP sector is expected to emit 140.3 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 14.4% of the country’s total emissions, in 2030. (ii) The base year is set at 2014, which is the year with the latest national GHG inventory results since Viet Nam approved the Paris Agreement (compared to the base year of 2010 in the current NDC); total GHG emissions in the base year 2014 were 284.0 million tonnesof CO2eq (compared with 246.8 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2010 in the current NDC).', '(ii) The base year is set at 2014, which is the year with the latest national GHG inventory results since Viet Nam approved the Paris Agreement (compared to the base year of 2010 in the current NDC); total GHG emissions in the base year 2014 were 284.0 million tonnesof CO2eq (compared with 246.8 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2010 in the current NDC). (iii) The emissions under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 528.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2020, 726.2 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2025, and 927.9 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2030 (compared with 474.1 million tonnes of CO2eq and 787.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2020 and 2030, respectively, in the current NDC).', '(iii) The emissions under the BAU scenario are estimated to be 528.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2020, 726.2 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2025, and 927.9 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2030 (compared with 474.1 million tonnes of CO2eq and 787.4 million tonnes of CO2eq in 2020 and 2030, respectively, in the current NDC). (iv) Specific mitigation measures have been identified for the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors. (v) Viet Nam will have reduced its GHG emissions by 9% compared to the BAU scenario by 2030 with its own domestic resources. This contribution can be raised up to 27% with international support through bilateral as well as multilateral cooperation and the implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement.', 'This contribution can be raised up to 27% with international support through bilateral as well as multilateral cooperation and the implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement. The updates in the adaptation component include: (i) The identification of strategic tasks including enhancing adaptation efficiency through strengthening state management and resources; increasing resilience and the adaptive capacity of communities, economic sectors and ecological systems; reducing disaster risks and minimizing damages, getting ready to cope with increased natural disasters and weather extremes due to climate change.', 'The updates in the adaptation component include: (i) The identification of strategic tasks including enhancing adaptation efficiency through strengthening state management and resources; increasing resilience and the adaptive capacity of communities, economic sectors and ecological systems; reducing disaster risks and minimizing damages, getting ready to cope with increased natural disasters and weather extremes due to climate change. (ii) Adaptation measures to minimise damages caused by future climate change impacts are specifically identified for each sector (including natural resources and environment, agriculture and rural development, public health, urban, housing, transport, tourism and hospitality, industry and trade), and for each region (the Red River Delta, Mekong River Delta, and coastal and mountainous regions). II. MITIGATION COMPONENT 2.1. Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in mitigation 2.1.1.', 'Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in mitigation 2.1.1. Policy framework supporting implementation of GHG reduction targets Over the past years, Viet Nam have issued and adopted such mitigation-related policies as the Resolution of Viet Nam’s Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2013), the Conclusion of the Politburo on promoting active climate change response, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2019), the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the orientation for the National Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2020).', 'Policy framework supporting implementation of GHG reduction targets Over the past years, Viet Nam have issued and adopted such mitigation-related policies as the Resolution of Viet Nam’s Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2013), the Conclusion of the Politburo on promoting active climate change response, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2019), the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the orientation for the National Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2020). The mitigation-related legal documents include the Law on Energy Efficiency (2011), the Law on Water Resources (2012), the Law on Environmental Protection (2014) and the Forestry Law (2017).', 'The mitigation-related legal documents include the Law on Energy Efficiency (2011), the Law on Water Resources (2012), the Law on Environmental Protection (2014) and the Forestry Law (2017). The mitigation-related strategies are the Viet Nam Forestry Development Strategy 2006- 2020 (2007); the National Energy Development Strategy to 2020 with a vision to 2050 (2007), the National Strategy on Climate Change (2011); Viet Nam Green GrowthStrategy (2012), the Viet Nam Transport Development Strategy to 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2013), and the Viet Nam Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2050 (2015).', 'The mitigation-related strategies are the Viet Nam Forestry Development Strategy 2006- 2020 (2007); the National Energy Development Strategy to 2020 with a vision to 2050 (2007), the National Strategy on Climate Change (2011); Viet Nam Green GrowthStrategy (2012), the Viet Nam Transport Development Strategy to 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2013), and the Viet Nam Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2050 (2015). The programmes, plans and schemes directly related to mitigation include the National Target Programme on Energy-saving and Energy Efficiency (2006), the Scheme on Development of Biofuel up to 2015 with a vision to 2025 (2007), the 2012-2020 National Action Plan on Climate Change (2012); the 2013-2020 National Plan on Urban Development of Viet Nam in Response to Climate Change (2013); the National System for GHG inventory (2015), the National Power Development Plan for the period 2011- 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2016), the Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement (2016); the Support Programme in response to Climate Change (SP-RCC); the 2011- 2015 National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change, the 2016-2020 Target Programme on Climate Change Response and Green Growth for the (2017) and the 2011-2020 National Action Programme on Reduction of GHG Emissions through Efforts to Reduce Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Sustainable Management of Forest Resources, Conservation and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks (2017).', 'The programmes, plans and schemes directly related to mitigation include the National Target Programme on Energy-saving and Energy Efficiency (2006), the Scheme on Development of Biofuel up to 2015 with a vision to 2025 (2007), the 2012-2020 National Action Plan on Climate Change (2012); the 2013-2020 National Plan on Urban Development of Viet Nam in Response to Climate Change (2013); the National System for GHG inventory (2015), the National Power Development Plan for the period 2011- 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2016), the Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement (2016); the Support Programme in response to Climate Change (SP-RCC); the 2011- 2015 National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change, the 2016-2020 Target Programme on Climate Change Response and Green Growth for the (2017) and the 2011-2020 National Action Programme on Reduction of GHG Emissions through Efforts to Reduce Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Sustainable Management of Forest Resources, Conservation and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks (2017). 2.1.2.', 'The programmes, plans and schemes directly related to mitigation include the National Target Programme on Energy-saving and Energy Efficiency (2006), the Scheme on Development of Biofuel up to 2015 with a vision to 2025 (2007), the 2012-2020 National Action Plan on Climate Change (2012); the 2013-2020 National Plan on Urban Development of Viet Nam in Response to Climate Change (2013); the National System for GHG inventory (2015), the National Power Development Plan for the period 2011- 2020 with a vision to 2030 (2016), the Plan for Implementation of the Paris Agreement (2016); the Support Programme in response to Climate Change (SP-RCC); the 2011- 2015 National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change, the 2016-2020 Target Programme on Climate Change Response and Green Growth for the (2017) and the 2011-2020 National Action Programme on Reduction of GHG Emissions through Efforts to Reduce Deforestation and Forest Degradation, Sustainable Management of Forest Resources, Conservation and Enhancement of Forest Carbon Stocks (2017). 2.1.2. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions in different sectors In recent years, Viet Nam has implemented a significant number of actions to reduce GHG emissions in the energy, transportation, agriculture, LULUCF, and waste sectors and has achieved some successes.', 'Efforts to reduce GHG emissions in different sectors In recent years, Viet Nam has implemented a significant number of actions to reduce GHG emissions in the energy, transportation, agriculture, LULUCF, and waste sectors and has achieved some successes. Moreover, strengthened education and communication on climate change and green behaviours have contributed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the community level. In the energy sector, according to the statistics, measures on energy-saving and energy efficiency helped reduce by about 7.3 million tonnes CO2eq in 2014 compared to the previous BAU scenario. In 2014, electricity loss decreased by 1.55% (equivalent to about 2.2 billion kWh) compared to 2010, contributing to a reduction of 1.46 million tonnes of CO2eq.', 'In 2014, electricity loss decreased by 1.55% (equivalent to about 2.2 billion kWh) compared to 2010, contributing to a reduction of 1.46 million tonnes of CO2eq. In the 2015-2019 period, electricity loss was cut by about 29.7 billion kWh compared to 2010 and helped reduce emissions by 26.5 million tonnes of CO2eq. Regarding renewable energy development, by the end of 2019, the total capacity of small-scale hydro-power had reached 3,674 MW, wind power 377 MW, biomass 325 MW, and solar power 4,696 MW.', 'Regarding renewable energy development, by the end of 2019, the total capacity of small-scale hydro-power had reached 3,674 MW, wind power 377 MW, biomass 325 MW, and solar power 4,696 MW. In the transport sector, climate change responses have been mainstreamed into the process of updating, adjusting and developing sectoral strategies and planning, including detailed planning of seaport groups; development planning of Viet Nam’s dry port system; detailed planning of the dry port system to 2020 with orientation to 2030; the master plan for inland waterway transport development; railway transport development strategy and planning; and the planning of Long Thanh Airport and other airports. The use of renewable energy in public lighting and traffic light systems has also increased.', 'The use of renewable energy in public lighting and traffic light systems has also increased. In the agriculture sector, actions on GHG reductions have been implemented: replacing long-duration rice varieties with short-duration ones, helping reduce typhoon-related risks and GHG emissions time; increasing areas with mid-season water drainage and alternating wet and dry irrigation techniques; increasing areas with integrated cropmanagement (ICM) or areas with the “3 decrease 3 increase (3G3T)”1 and “1 must 5 decrease (1P5G)”2 techniques applied; converting inefficient rice growing models to the rice - shrimp model and converting the rice - rice model to the upland crop model3; reducing the rate of field burning of rice straw from 90% to less than 30%; improving diets for tens of thousands of milk cows; collecting and treating millions tonnes of organic waste in livestock production to make organic fertilisers; applying water saving irrigation techniques on hundreds of hectares of coffee.', 'In the agriculture sector, actions on GHG reductions have been implemented: replacing long-duration rice varieties with short-duration ones, helping reduce typhoon-related risks and GHG emissions time; increasing areas with mid-season water drainage and alternating wet and dry irrigation techniques; increasing areas with integrated cropmanagement (ICM) or areas with the “3 decrease 3 increase (3G3T)”1 and “1 must 5 decrease (1P5G)”2 techniques applied; converting inefficient rice growing models to the rice - shrimp model and converting the rice - rice model to the upland crop model3; reducing the rate of field burning of rice straw from 90% to less than 30%; improving diets for tens of thousands of milk cows; collecting and treating millions tonnes of organic waste in livestock production to make organic fertilisers; applying water saving irrigation techniques on hundreds of hectares of coffee. In the LULUCF sector, Viet Nam has actively implemented mitigation measures, especially under the REDD+ Programme.', 'In the LULUCF sector, Viet Nam has actively implemented mitigation measures, especially under the REDD+ Programme. In the period 2015-2020, REDD+ programmes and projects have been focusing on improving institutional frameworks and policies, capacity building, developing technical guidelines (reference emission level for REDD+, MRV, benefit sharing mechanism, etc.) and investing in the implementation of REDD+ activities. Several REDD+ programmes have calculated the potential of GHG reduction and enhancement of forest carbon stock under specific REDD+ activities. The emission reduction programme in North Central Viet Nam is expected to cut 25 million tonnes of CO2eq in the 2018-2025 period. National forest coverage has also been on the rise, reaching 41.89% by the end of 2019.', 'National forest coverage has also been on the rise, reaching 41.89% by the end of 2019. In the waste sector, many solid waste treatment plants have been built and put into operation with new and advanced technologies combined with compost production, contributing to reducing landfill amounts and limiting environmental impacts. Although significant efforts have been made in implementing mitigation actions, there are still difficulties and challenges in certain areas such as improving the national system of GHG inventory; establishing an MRV system at all levels; developing and implementing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs); applying GHG reduction technologies, especially in the agriculture sector; accessing domestic and foreign financial sources for mitigation activities; and strengthening enterprises’ proactivity in implementing mitigation initiatives. 2.2.', 'Although significant efforts have been made in implementing mitigation actions, there are still difficulties and challenges in certain areas such as improving the national system of GHG inventory; establishing an MRV system at all levels; developing and implementing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs); applying GHG reduction technologies, especially in the agriculture sector; accessing domestic and foreign financial sources for mitigation activities; and strengthening enterprises’ proactivity in implementing mitigation initiatives. 2.2. BAU Scenario The base year is 2014, which is the year with the latest GHG inventory results since Viet Nam approved the Paris Agreement. The sources/sink of GHG emissions are identified for the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors. The total GHG emissions in the base year 2014 were 284.0 million tonnes of CO2eq.', 'The total GHG emissions in the base year 2014 were 284.0 million tonnes of CO2eq. Although the base year of 2014 is used, it should be noted that in the period 2010-2014, Viet Nam reduced emissions by 10.5 million tonnes of CO2eq by implementing a series of energy-saving and energy efficiency measures, encouraging and supporting the development of renewable energy sources, and applying measures to reduce loss in power transmission and distribution. The BAU scenario was developed based on the medium economic development 1 ‘3 decreases’ are decreases in expenditure per unit of area, fertilizer use, and the number of pesticide applications; ‘3 increases’ are increases in yield, quality, and profit.', 'The BAU scenario was developed based on the medium economic development 1 ‘3 decreases’ are decreases in expenditure per unit of area, fertilizer use, and the number of pesticide applications; ‘3 increases’ are increases in yield, quality, and profit. 2 ‘1 must’ is the compulsory using of certified seed; ‘5 decreases’ are decreases in the use of water, energy, post- harvest lost, pesticides and fertilizers. 3 Increasing the areas with mid-season water drainage and alternating wet and dry irrigation techniques applied on 45,000 ha of rice is estimated to reduce by 160 tonnes of CO2 eq.', '3 Increasing the areas with mid-season water drainage and alternating wet and dry irrigation techniques applied on 45,000 ha of rice is estimated to reduce by 160 tonnes of CO2 eq. Converting inefficient rice growing models to the rice - shrimp model and converting the rice - rice model to the upland crop model on 100,000 ha is estimated to reduce by 400 tonnes of CO2 eq.scenario, energy demand, GDP growth by sector, GDP structure by sector, population growth, forest and forest land planning, and the quantity of livestock and arable land for the period 2020-2030.', 'Converting inefficient rice growing models to the rice - shrimp model and converting the rice - rice model to the upland crop model on 100,000 ha is estimated to reduce by 400 tonnes of CO2 eq.scenario, energy demand, GDP growth by sector, GDP structure by sector, population growth, forest and forest land planning, and the quantity of livestock and arable land for the period 2020-2030. Guidelines such as the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gases Inventories and the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance have been used to calculate and forecast GHG emissions to 2020 and to 2030.', 'Guidelines such as the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gases Inventories and the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance have been used to calculate and forecast GHG emissions to 2020 and to 2030. Regarding GHG emissions and removal under the LULUCF sector, the IPCC Good Practice Guidance for the LULUCF sector in 2003 has been used to calculate and forecast GHG emissions/removals to 2020 and to 2030. Table 1. GHG Inventory in 2014 and BAU Scenario to 2030 Unit: Mil. tCO2eq Year Energy Agriculture LULUCF Waste IP Total Figure 1. GHG emissions under the BAU Scenario 2.3. Mitigation contributions The national mitigation measures for the 2021-2030 period have been identified for the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors.', 'Mitigation contributions The national mitigation measures for the 2021-2030 period have been identified for the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors. The mitigation contributions are calculated for two cases: with domestic resources only and with international support through bilateral, multilateral cooperation and implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement. Criteria for selecting mitigation measures include: (i) costs/benefits; (ii) feasibility in implementation; (iii) synergies and co-benefits with adaptation, and socio-economicdevelopment; (iv) compliance with national and sectoral development plans for the 2021-2030 period. With domestic resources, by 2030, Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 9% compared to the BAU scenario, equivalent to 83.9 million tonnes CO2eq.', 'With domestic resources, by 2030, Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 9% compared to the BAU scenario, equivalent to 83.9 million tonnes CO2eq. In particular, the energy sector is expected to reduce 51.5 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 5.5% compared to the BAU scenario; the agriculture sector, 6.8 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 0.7% compared to the BAU scenario; the LULUCF sector, 9.3 million tonnes of CO2eq, approximately 1.0% compared to the BAU scenario; the waste sector, 9.1 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 1.0% of the BAU scenario; and the IP sector, 7.2 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 0.8% of to the BAU scenario (see Table 3). The GHG reductions have been estimated for each sector.', 'The GHG reductions have been estimated for each sector. However, during the process of implementing the updated NDC, adjustments will be made to estimates to ensure that they are in line with actual situation and that the national contribution objectives are met. The above-mentioned 9% contribution can be increased by up to 27% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 250.8 million tonnes of CO2eq) with international support received through bilateral, multilateral cooperation as well as through the implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement.', 'The above-mentioned 9% contribution can be increased by up to 27% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 250.8 million tonnes of CO2eq) with international support received through bilateral, multilateral cooperation as well as through the implementation of new mechanisms under the Paris Agreement. In particular, expected GHG reduction in the energy sector will be 155.8 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 16.7% compared to the BAU scenario; in the agriculture sector, 32.6 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 3.5% compared to the BAU scenario; in the LULUCF sector, 21.2 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 2.3% compared to the BAU scenario; in the waste sector, 33.2 million tonnes of CO2eq, approximately 3.6% compared to the BAU scenario; and in the IP sector, 8.0 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 0.9% compared to the BAU scenario (see Table 3).', 'In particular, expected GHG reduction in the energy sector will be 155.8 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 16.7% compared to the BAU scenario; in the agriculture sector, 32.6 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 3.5% compared to the BAU scenario; in the LULUCF sector, 21.2 million tonnes of CO2eq, about 2.3% compared to the BAU scenario; in the waste sector, 33.2 million tonnes of CO2eq, approximately 3.6% compared to the BAU scenario; and in the IP sector, 8.0 million tonnes of CO2eq, or 0.9% compared to the BAU scenario (see Table 3). Table 2. Reduction contributions Coverage Covering the entire economy, consisting of following sectors: 1. Energy: (Emissions from fuel combustion) - Energy industry; - Industrial production and construction; - Transportation; and - Others: household appliances, agriculture and commercial services.', 'Energy: (Emissions from fuel combustion) - Energy industry; - Industrial production and construction; - Transportation; and - Others: household appliances, agriculture and commercial services. - Rumen digestion, - Organic fertiliser management, and - Rice cultivation. - Forest land; - Cultivation land; - Grassland; - Wetland; and - Others. - Landfills; and - Material production from solid waste.5. Industrial processes (IP) - Construction materials; - Chemical industry; and - HFCs consumption. Type of contribution GHG reduction compared to the BAU scenario. Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Halocarbons (HFCs). Period From 01/01/2021 to 31/12/2030. Methodology to estimate GHG emissions and data - IPCC guidelines; and - National statistics, national socio-economic development plan and sectoral activity data.', 'Methodology to estimate GHG emissions and data - IPCC guidelines; and - National statistics, national socio-economic development plan and sectoral activity data. Metric applied 100-year GWP values in the Fourth IPCC Assessment O = 298 HFCs = 124 - 14,800 BAU Scenario The BAU scenario was developed based on the assumption of economic growth in the absence of climate change response policies. The BAU scenario starts from 2014 (the year of latest national GHG inventory) and includes the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors.', 'The BAU scenario starts from 2014 (the year of latest national GHG inventory) and includes the energy, agriculture, LULUCF, waste, and IP sectors. GHG inventory in 2014: 284.0 million tonnes of CO2eq Projections for 2020 and 2030: - In 2020: 528.4 million tonnes of CO2eq; - In 2025: 726.2 million tonnes of CO2eq; and - In 2030: 927.9 million tonnes of CO2eq Unconditional contribution (with domestic resources) With domestic resources, by 2025 Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 7.3% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 52.9 million tonnes of CO2eq), and by 2030 Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 9% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 83.9 million tonnes of CO2eq).', 'GHG inventory in 2014: 284.0 million tonnes of CO2eq Projections for 2020 and 2030: - In 2020: 528.4 million tonnes of CO2eq; - In 2025: 726.2 million tonnes of CO2eq; and - In 2030: 927.9 million tonnes of CO2eq Unconditional contribution (with domestic resources) With domestic resources, by 2025 Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 7.3% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 52.9 million tonnes of CO2eq), and by 2030 Viet Nam will have reduced total GHG emissions by about 9% compared to the BAU scenario (equivalent to 83.9 million tonnes of CO2eq). Conditional contribution (with international support) The above-mentioned 9% contribution can be increased to 27% by 2030 (equivalent to 250.8 million tonnes of CO2eq) with international support received through bilateral, multilateral cooperation as well as through the implementation of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, in line with the socio-economic conditions and international conventions to which Viet Nam is signatory.', 'Conditional contribution (with international support) The above-mentioned 9% contribution can be increased to 27% by 2030 (equivalent to 250.8 million tonnes of CO2eq) with international support received through bilateral, multilateral cooperation as well as through the implementation of market and non-market mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, in line with the socio-economic conditions and international conventions to which Viet Nam is signatory. Compared to the current NDC, GHG reductions in the updated NDC in the case of unconditional contribution are increased in both amount as well as ratio compared to BAU by 2030.', 'Compared to the current NDC, GHG reductions in the updated NDC in the case of unconditional contribution are increased in both amount as well as ratio compared to BAU by 2030. More specifically, the reductions are increased by 21.2 million tonnes of CO2eq(from 62.7 million tonnes in the current NDC to 83.9 million tonnes in the updated NDC), or by 1% in percentage terms (from 8% in the current NDC to 9% in the updated NDC). With international support, the contribution is increased from 25% to 27%, increasing the reduction amount by 52.6 million tonnes of CO2eq (from 198.2 million tonnes in the current NDC to 250.8 million tonnes in the updated NDC). Table 3.', 'With international support, the contribution is increased from 25% to 27%, increasing the reduction amount by 52.6 million tonnes of CO2eq (from 198.2 million tonnes in the current NDC to 250.8 million tonnes in the updated NDC). Table 3. Reduction contribution by sectors Sector Contribution with domestic resources Contribution with international support Total contribution with both domestic resources and international support Compared to BAU scenario (%) Reduction amount (Mil. tonnes ) Compared to BAU scenario (%) Reduction amount (Mil. tonnes ) Compared to BAU scenario (%) Reduction amount (Mil. tonnes ) Note (*): increase in GHGs sequestration 2.4.', 'tonnes ) Note (*): increase in GHGs sequestration 2.4. Measures to achieve GHG reductions in different sectors - Undertaking investment, production and business projects on energy-saving and energy efficiency in production, manufacturing, renovation and conversion of markets for vehicles, equipment, machinery, production lines, public lighting, and energy-saving in public premises, schools, hospitals and commune health centres, households and others; - Using energy efficient household appliances, and industries and commerce electrical equipment; - Applying energy efficiency measures in industries; - Developing renewable energy in accordance with Viet Nam s potential, advantages and conditions; - Applying energy efficiency measures in transport; - Changing freight transportation models; restructuring the transportation market; - Shifting from private to public means of transport; - Shifting from conventional fuels to biofuel, natural gas and electricity; - Improving the energy efficiency of transport vehicles; - Improving, developing and applying technology in manufacturing construction materials;- Reducing clinker content and implementing other measures to reduce GHG emissions in cement production; and - Developing and using energy-saving construction materials and green materials in housing and commercial sectors.', 'Measures to achieve GHG reductions in different sectors - Undertaking investment, production and business projects on energy-saving and energy efficiency in production, manufacturing, renovation and conversion of markets for vehicles, equipment, machinery, production lines, public lighting, and energy-saving in public premises, schools, hospitals and commune health centres, households and others; - Using energy efficient household appliances, and industries and commerce electrical equipment; - Applying energy efficiency measures in industries; - Developing renewable energy in accordance with Viet Nam s potential, advantages and conditions; - Applying energy efficiency measures in transport; - Changing freight transportation models; restructuring the transportation market; - Shifting from private to public means of transport; - Shifting from conventional fuels to biofuel, natural gas and electricity; - Improving the energy efficiency of transport vehicles; - Improving, developing and applying technology in manufacturing construction materials;- Reducing clinker content and implementing other measures to reduce GHG emissions in cement production; and - Developing and using energy-saving construction materials and green materials in housing and commercial sectors. - Applying management and technology solutions in cultivation and husbandry; improving diets for animals; shifting crop production structures; changing land-use methods; and - Applying technology to treat and reuse by-products and waste in agriculture and livestock production; developing organic agriculture.', '- Applying management and technology solutions in cultivation and husbandry; improving diets for animals; shifting crop production structures; changing land-use methods; and - Applying technology to treat and reuse by-products and waste in agriculture and livestock production; developing organic agriculture. - Protecting, conserving and sustainably using forests and forest land to increase carbon sequestration and forest certification; - Planting and developing forests, prioritising production forests, large timber forests and coastal forests; restoring protection forests and special-use forests; - Defining areas for restoring natural forests, promoting forest regeneration and enrichment planting in areas planned for forestry; improving forest carbon stock quality and volume; and - Developing agroforestry models to enhance carbon stocks and conserve land.', '- Protecting, conserving and sustainably using forests and forest land to increase carbon sequestration and forest certification; - Planting and developing forests, prioritising production forests, large timber forests and coastal forests; restoring protection forests and special-use forests; - Defining areas for restoring natural forests, promoting forest regeneration and enrichment planting in areas planned for forestry; improving forest carbon stock quality and volume; and - Developing agroforestry models to enhance carbon stocks and conserve land. Taking measures to manage, develop and apply technology for treatment of domestic solid waste, ordinary industrial solid waste and special solid waste to limit GHG emissions. 2.4.5. Industrial processes (IP) - Implementing measures for grinding blast furnace slag, fly ash, pozzolana and limestone to replace clinker in cement production; and - Reducing the consumption of HFCs. III.', 'Industrial processes (IP) - Implementing measures for grinding blast furnace slag, fly ash, pozzolana and limestone to replace clinker in cement production; and - Reducing the consumption of HFCs. III. ADAPTATION COMPONENT 3.1. Climate change in Viet Nam 3.1.1. Climate change in Viet Nam through monitoring data In recent years, climate change in Viet Nam has maintained the trends identified in the current NDC. Climate extremes continue to be recorded with higher intensity and frequency.', 'Climate extremes continue to be recorded with higher intensity and frequency. Monitoring data over the past 60 years (1958-2018) shows that the annual average temperature of the whole country rose by about 0.89oC; rainfall decreased in the Northern regions from 1% to 7% while increased in the Southern regions from 6% to 21%; the number of strong typhoons was on the rise; the daily maximum and minimum temperatures increased; the number of hot days rose in most areas; droughts in the dry season occurred more frequently across the country; the number of cold and freezing cold days decreased; extreme rain increased; and average sea levels at coastaland island monitoring stations increased by 2.74 mm/year, particularly 3.0 mm/year during 1993 - 2018. 3.1.2.', 'Monitoring data over the past 60 years (1958-2018) shows that the annual average temperature of the whole country rose by about 0.89oC; rainfall decreased in the Northern regions from 1% to 7% while increased in the Southern regions from 6% to 21%; the number of strong typhoons was on the rise; the daily maximum and minimum temperatures increased; the number of hot days rose in most areas; droughts in the dry season occurred more frequently across the country; the number of cold and freezing cold days decreased; extreme rain increased; and average sea levels at coastaland island monitoring stations increased by 2.74 mm/year, particularly 3.0 mm/year during 1993 - 2018. 3.1.2. Projections of climate change in Viet Nam toward 2100 - Temperature: The annual average temperatures in all regions would increase compared to the base period of 1986-2005.', 'Projections of climate change in Viet Nam toward 2100 - Temperature: The annual average temperatures in all regions would increase compared to the base period of 1986-2005. Under the medium scenario, temperatures would rise by 1.9-2.4oC in the North and 1.7-1.9oC in the South. Under the high scenario, temperatures rise by 3.3-4.0oC in the North and 3.0-3.5oC in the South. Extreme temperatures are likely to show a clear increase. - Rainfall: Under the medium scenario, annual rainfall would generally increase by 5- 15%. Under the high scenario, the maximum rainfall increase could reach over 20% in most of the North, the mid-Central, parts of the South and the Central Highlands. The average one-day maximum rainfall rises across the country (10-70%) compared to the base period.', 'The average one-day maximum rainfall rises across the country (10-70%) compared to the base period. - Extreme events: The number of strong to very strong typhoons would increase. The summer monsoon would start earlier and end later. The number of severely cold days in Northern provinces would fall. The number of hot days would increase, especially in the North Central, South Central and Southern regions. Droughts would be more severe due to rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall during the dry season.', 'Droughts would be more severe due to rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall during the dry season. - Sea level rise: Under the high scenario, at the end of the century, the highest sea level rise would occur on the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands: 78cm (52-107cm) and 77cm (50-107cm) respectively; Ca Mau - Kien Giang area: 75cm (52-106cm); and Mong Cai - Hon Dau and Hon Dau - Deo Ngang areas: 72cm (49-101cm).', '- Sea level rise: Under the high scenario, at the end of the century, the highest sea level rise would occur on the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands: 78cm (52-107cm) and 77cm (50-107cm) respectively; Ca Mau - Kien Giang area: 75cm (52-106cm); and Mong Cai - Hon Dau and Hon Dau - Deo Ngang areas: 72cm (49-101cm). - Inundation risks due to sea level rise: If the sea level rises by 100 cm, risks of permanent inundation for areas are as follows: Red River Delta (16.8%), Quang Ninh (4.79%), Central coastal provinces from Thanh Hoa to Binh Thuan (1.47%), Ho Chi Minh City (17.8%); Ba Ria - Vung Tau (4.79%), and the Mekong River Delta (38.9%); Van Don, Con Dao and Phu Quoc islands are at high risk of inundation; the Paracel Islands are at a higher inundation risk than the Spratly Islands, especially those belonging to the Luoi Liem and Tri Ton group of islands.', '- Inundation risks due to sea level rise: If the sea level rises by 100 cm, risks of permanent inundation for areas are as follows: Red River Delta (16.8%), Quang Ninh (4.79%), Central coastal provinces from Thanh Hoa to Binh Thuan (1.47%), Ho Chi Minh City (17.8%); Ba Ria - Vung Tau (4.79%), and the Mekong River Delta (38.9%); Van Don, Con Dao and Phu Quoc islands are at high risk of inundation; the Paracel Islands are at a higher inundation risk than the Spratly Islands, especially those belonging to the Luoi Liem and Tri Ton group of islands. 3.1.3. Increased climate-induced risks Viet Nam is one of the countries most affected by climate change.', 'Increased climate-induced risks Viet Nam is one of the countries most affected by climate change. Increased exposure to hazards is the major cause of increased long-term damage due to weather- and climate-related disasters. The level of vulnerability to climate change varies across regions, depending on geographical and socio-economic conditions of each region. The exposure of the Central Coastal and Mekong River Delta regions to climate change impacts is high, while their sensitivity to climate change is moderate. The exposure of the Northern mountainous region is not high. Nevertheless, their high percentage of poor households leads to a high degree of sensitivity to climate change.', 'Nevertheless, their high percentage of poor households leads to a high degree of sensitivity to climate change. Related sectors, regions, communities and infrastructure will face increased risks and potential impacts of climate change as follows: - Coastal areas and islands suffer from increased risks and potential impacts of climate change and sea level rise. Risks will increase in deltas and large urban areas, especially coastal cities with high population densities, and with natural disasters and climate change risks not taken into account in urban and spatial planning. Assets, infrastructureand communities in these areas are likely to be extremely vulnerable.', 'Assets, infrastructureand communities in these areas are likely to be extremely vulnerable. - The Northern mountainous and Central regions become more susceptible to flash floods and landslides when rainfall patterns change as well as when frequency and intensity of heavy rain are on the rise. - Such areas as the Central Coastal and Central Southern regions, the Red River Delta and the Central Highlands have higher risks and vulnerability due to droughts and water shortages that can lead to desertification. - The poor, ethnic minority groups, people whose livelihoods depend on the climate, the elderly, women, children, and people with chronic illnesses have the highest level of vulnerability.', '- The poor, ethnic minority groups, people whose livelihoods depend on the climate, the elderly, women, children, and people with chronic illnesses have the highest level of vulnerability. Women, especially ethnic minority women, are highly vulnerable due to a limited access to education and fewer opportunities to participate in non-farm employment. - The fields of agriculture, natural ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, sanitation, nutrition, public health, education, residential areas and physical infrastructure have high risks due to their high exposure and sensitivity to natural disasters and climate extremes. 3.1.4. Impacts of climate change on sectors and regions a) Water resources: Monitoring data in recent years show that water flows at hydrological stations in major main river basins are below the average for several years.', 'Impacts of climate change on sectors and regions a) Water resources: Monitoring data in recent years show that water flows at hydrological stations in major main river basins are below the average for several years. In many places, water levels have reached historic lows, causing water shortages for agricultural production and for people’s daily use. It is also causing deeper saline intrusion into estuaries. Under climate change scenarios, in most river basins, flows during flood season tend to increase, high and extreme floods occur with higher frequency and severity. Water flows in the dry season decrease, droughts and water shortages happen more frequently, and saline intrusion extends further into the mainland.', 'Water flows in the dry season decrease, droughts and water shortages happen more frequently, and saline intrusion extends further into the mainland. b) Agriculture and rural development: Climate change causes changes in the living conditions of species, leading to the extinction of some species while likely giving rise to new strains, pests and diseases vice versa; affecting the growth of cattle and poultry. Sea level rise would lead to losses or reduction of agricultural land and also further increase the risk of saline intrusion, causing a reduction of arable land. It would also affect aquaculture, food security and safety, and considerably affect forest ecosystems and forestry, as well as the productivity and viability of planted forests. Sea level rise also affects the mangrove forest ecosystem.', 'Sea level rise also affects the mangrove forest ecosystem. c) Transportation: The roadways sector is heavily affected by climate change, followed by railways and inland waterways. Increased rainfall would put 8.8% of the total railway network length at high risk of washout, mainly located on the North-South and Central region railway lines. If the sea level rises by 100 cm, over 4% of the railway system, 9% of the national highway system and about 12% of the provincial roadway system would be affected. d) Urban development and housing: Sea level rise causes the inundation of metropolises such as Ho Chi Minh City as well as cities in the Mekong River Delta and along the Central Coastal regions.', 'd) Urban development and housing: Sea level rise causes the inundation of metropolises such as Ho Chi Minh City as well as cities in the Mekong River Delta and along the Central Coastal regions. It would lead to the overflow of urban drainage systems in particular, which would increase the risk of diseases and epidemics. Inmany areas, houses are not safe enough to withstand increased natural disasters due to climate change. Municipalities in the Northern mountainous and hilly region and the Central region are often affected by extremely heavy rain and post-storm circulation, which cause floods, flash floods and landslides. Climate change also impacts water sources and the water supply system, including head works and water supply networks, and limits people’s access to clean water.', 'Climate change also impacts water sources and the water supply system, including head works and water supply networks, and limits people’s access to clean water. Droughts and floods also affect the urban water supply system while these systems’ adaptive capacity to climate change impacts is only at the medium or low level. e) Tourism: Climate change provides direct impacts on tourism resources, infrastructure and travel activities. Tourism service facilities are damaged or degraded under the impact of typhoons and floods. Typhoons, rain, wind, strong sunlight or rising temperatures could quickly degrade and damage building materials, affecting transport systems, lodging facilities, and amusement centres. Climate change also indirectly affects tourism activities through its effects on other sectors, such as transport, energy, water management, land-use for tourism services, etc.', 'Climate change also indirectly affects tourism activities through its effects on other sectors, such as transport, energy, water management, land-use for tourism services, etc. f) Public health, gender equality and child protection: - Public health: Increased temperatures, hot and prolonged heat waves, air pollution, as well as other climate extremes negatively affect human health, leading to increased vulnerability especially among the elderly, women, children and people with such chronic diseases as cardiovascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, respiratory and allergic conditions. According to statistics, an average temperature rises by 1°C results in a 3.8% increase of hospitalisation rate for children aged under 5 due to respiratory infections.', 'According to statistics, an average temperature rises by 1°C results in a 3.8% increase of hospitalisation rate for children aged under 5 due to respiratory infections. Climate change facilitates the development of vector-borne diseases, increasing the likelihood of outbreaks and spread of such diseases as influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H7N9), diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, typhoid, viral encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), plague, and zika. - Gender equality: Climate change, increased natural disasters and climate extremes produce different impacts on women and men. While men are exposed to more risks due to their involvement in search and rescue operations, women are generally more vulnerable to health and socio-economic problems.', 'While men are exposed to more risks due to their involvement in search and rescue operations, women are generally more vulnerable to health and socio-economic problems. Several negative impacts of climate change on women’s health include increased prevalence of diseases and epidemics, especially among pregnant women, girls, women with chronic diseases and elderly women. Regarding the socio-economic aspect, as female farmers usually have lower levels of education and less access to information and finance than men, their livelihoods depend mainly on natural resources and have high sensitivity but low adaptive capacity in the context of climate change. This is problematic especially in cases where females are heads of households. In addition, women in farming households usually have limited decision- making power compared to men.', 'In addition, women in farming households usually have limited decision- making power compared to men. They, therefore, may not be able to apply their experience and understanding in selecting varieties and cultivation techniques suitable for the climate change context in agricultural production. - Child protection: Climate change and natural disasters have direct negative impact on health of children, families and communities; increase problems and risks in child protection; negatively affect livelihoods of families, which force parents to leave theirhometown to work in cities in many cases. As a result, many children may not receive proper care. In addition, family livelihood pressure increases the risk of domestic violence and violence towards children.', 'In addition, family livelihood pressure increases the risk of domestic violence and violence towards children. Finally, in poor families, female-headed households, and households with children with disabilities and/or fatal diseases, negative impacts of climate change may force children to drop out of school in order to work to support their parents financially. Climate change may also lead to a higher risk of early marriage as a means of reducing economic burdens for families. g) Trade: Climate change can affect commercial infrastructure through local flooding, for example, impacting the storage and circulation of goods. Sea level rise will affect seaports, river ports and trade and logistics centres in coastal areas. Different climate change responses in different countries could also affect global, regional and domestic trade.', 'Different climate change responses in different countries could also affect global, regional and domestic trade. h) Energy: Increased temperatures lead to an increase in energy demand due to the use of cooling equipment. The demand for primary energy by 2030 is forecasted to have increased by about 391.7 thousand TOE, or about 0.17% of the total demand for primary energy in 2030. Increased rainfall can increase the production of hydropower plants and the storage of water in reservoirs.', 'Increased rainfall can increase the production of hydropower plants and the storage of water in reservoirs. Unusual rainfall and water flows also affect supply and production plans of hydropower plants; cause losses and damage to electricity supply infrastructure and increase the cost of investment, renovation, repairs and upgrades of electricity distribution equipment and networks. Sea level rise may negatively affect power plants, power transmission systems, transformer stations, fuel pipeline systems, mines, coal yards and other energy facilities in coastal areas. i) Industry: Rising temperatures lead to increases in energy consumption in industries and costs of ventilation and cooling for mines; and reduce the efficiency and output of power plants.', 'i) Industry: Rising temperatures lead to increases in energy consumption in industries and costs of ventilation and cooling for mines; and reduce the efficiency and output of power plants. Rain, typhoons and sea level rise negatively affect power operation, transmission and distribution systems, oil drilling platforms, oil and gas pipelines to the mainland, the supply of oil to cargo ships; and increase maintenance and repair costs of energy facilities, which in return affects the energy supply and consumption. Sea level rise will increase risks of flooding in industrial zones. If the sea level rises by about 100 cm, most coastal industrial zones will suffer from inundation of between 10% and 67% of their total areas.', 'If the sea level rises by about 100 cm, most coastal industrial zones will suffer from inundation of between 10% and 67% of their total areas. k) Delta areas: If the sea level rises by 100cm, nearly 38.9% of the Mekong River Delta will be inundated, affecting about 10% of the delta population due to land loss and significant reduction of rice cultivation areas. Areas heavily affected by sea level rise are concentrated in such provinces as Ca Mau, Bac Lieu, Soc Trang, Hau Giang and Kien Giang. Increased saline intrusion in combination with impacts of droughts has seriously affected the supply of fresh water and reduced water quality.', 'Increased saline intrusion in combination with impacts of droughts has seriously affected the supply of fresh water and reduced water quality. If the sea level rises by 100 cm, about 3% of the Red River Delta area will likely be submerged, of which 1.4% will be rice cultivation area, 0.6% residential area, 0.2% salt pond area and 0.8% other types of soil; many provinces in the region will lose land due to serious flooding: Thai Binh may lose 31.2% of its land, while Nam Dinh 24% and Hai Phong 17.4%, etc. Rice productivity could be reduced by 8% to 15% in 2030 and up to 30% in 2050.', 'Rice productivity could be reduced by 8% to 15% in 2030 and up to 30% in 2050. These outcomes are accompanied by many threats, such as lack of water for domestic use, saline intrusion, negative effects on the aquaculture and fishing environments, increased crop diseases, degradation of soil, and the loss of biodiversity and rare genetic resources. l) Coastal areas: Coastal areas of Viet Nam are severely affected by sea level rise and frequently impacted by such climate-related hazards as typhoons and tropicaldepressions, floods and landslides. Climate change also exacerbates land degradation and increases saline areas, thereby significantly reducing rice production and causing many other environmental consequences.', 'Climate change also exacerbates land degradation and increases saline areas, thereby significantly reducing rice production and causing many other environmental consequences. Besides, it reduces coastal biodiversity and changes low-lying ecosystems in and along rivers and estuaries due to changes in rainfall, surface water and groundwater, as well as the characteristics of water quality and nutrients; many low-lying areas in the coastal delta are at risk of inundation, reducing the area of forests and natural vegetation. m) Mountainous areas: Temperature increase in the North-east, North-west and North Central regions will affect agriculture, biodiversity, energy production and consumption, and public health. Flooding in the Northwestern and Northeastern mountainous regions, the North Central and the Central Highlands will impact agriculture, water resources, transportation, people’s health and safety and residential areas.', 'Flooding in the Northwestern and Northeastern mountainous regions, the North Central and the Central Highlands will impact agriculture, water resources, transportation, people’s health and safety and residential areas. The strongly affected groups are mainly people in mountainous areas, especially ethnic minorities and the elderly, women and children. Floods and storms also cause serious damage to infrastructure, including rural infrastructure, flood and storm control infrastructure as well as irrigation facilities. Under the impact of climate change, the intensity of flash floods tends to increase, causing greater impacts on people’s lives in areas with more frequent flash floods. 3.1.5. Loss and damage Viet Nam is facing loss and damage from climate change which are beyond the country’s ability to cope with even when climate change adaptation and mitigation measures are effectively applied.', 'Loss and damage Viet Nam is facing loss and damage from climate change which are beyond the country’s ability to cope with even when climate change adaptation and mitigation measures are effectively applied. According to the climate change scenario (2016) and assessments, the increasing trend of loss and damage is inevitable. In the 1995-2017 period, damage caused by natural disasters in Viet Nam was about VND 14 trillion per year (approximately USD 990 million, at 2010 values) with an increase of 12.7% per year. The number of typhoons reached a record high in 2017 (16 typhoons and 4 tropical depressions) with 386 people dead or missing.', 'The number of typhoons reached a record high in 2017 (16 typhoons and 4 tropical depressions) with 386 people dead or missing. Total losses were estimated at VND 38.7 trillion (approximately USD 2.7 billion) with the majority coming from rice production (an average of 66.1% annually in the 2011-2016 period) and other crops. In the most affected areas, crop yields reduced by more than 50%. Since the end of 2014, increased temperatures due to the impact of El Nino combined with reduced rainfall have caused droughts and saline intrusion, seriously damaging production activities and people s lives. The worst affected areas include the Central Southern region, the Central Highlands and the Mekong River Delta.', 'The worst affected areas include the Central Southern region, the Central Highlands and the Mekong River Delta. Prolonged droughts and saline intrusion caused shortages of domestic water supplies for around 2 million people; the loss of livelihoods for 1.75 million people; the risk of water-borne diseases for 400,000 people; malnutrition for 27,500 children and 39,000 women; and damage to 18,335 ha of crops, 55,651 ha of fruit trees, 104,106 ha of industrial plants, and 4,641 ha of aquaculture area. The total damage was estimated at VND 5,572 billion. By 2050, a loss of about 2% of GDP has been projected with the sea level rises by 18- 38 cm.', 'By 2050, a loss of about 2% of GDP has been projected with the sea level rises by 18- 38 cm. By 2100, if the sea level rises by 100 cm, 6.3% of Viet Nam s land area will be submerged, of which about 570,000 ha is rice paddy in the Mekong River Delta causing an estimated loss of more than 3,177,000 tonnes of rice, equivalent to VND 17,500 billion (at 2016 prices); 4% of the railway system, 9% of the national highway system and 12% of the provincial roadway system will be affected, of which the transportationsystem in the Mekong River Delta will suffer the most (about 28% for national roadways and 27% for provincial roadways).', 'By 2100, if the sea level rises by 100 cm, 6.3% of Viet Nam s land area will be submerged, of which about 570,000 ha is rice paddy in the Mekong River Delta causing an estimated loss of more than 3,177,000 tonnes of rice, equivalent to VND 17,500 billion (at 2016 prices); 4% of the railway system, 9% of the national highway system and 12% of the provincial roadway system will be affected, of which the transportationsystem in the Mekong River Delta will suffer the most (about 28% for national roadways and 27% for provincial roadways). The losses and damage due to sea level rise in the Mekong River Delta is estimated to be significant even with suitable adaptation measures implemented.', 'The losses and damage due to sea level rise in the Mekong River Delta is estimated to be significant even with suitable adaptation measures implemented. Agriculture is the most affected sector: the sector’s growth rate may decrease by 5-15% in 2030 and by 5.8-13.5% in 2050. Even for the service sector, the growth rate may be relatively low at only 0.1-0.8% in 2030 and can be as low as 0.1-0.3% in 2050. Losses and damage caused by sea level rise in the agricultural sector could reach nearly USD 43 billion from 2020 to 2100.', 'Losses and damage caused by sea level rise in the agricultural sector could reach nearly USD 43 billion from 2020 to 2100. Damage in the rice production sector accounts for 46% of the total losses, and for some provinces, including Thai Binh, Dong Thap, An Giang, Kien Giang and Can Tho city, this number could reach 70%. In addition to the already identified economic losses, Viet Nam is also at a high risk of non-economic losses, which include negative impacts on people’s health as well as other consequences due to the relocation of many communities and economic zones. Non- economic losses also include loss of land due to erosion, loss of cultural heritage and local knowledge, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services.', 'Non- economic losses also include loss of land due to erosion, loss of cultural heritage and local knowledge, and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Although it is difficult to quantify non-economic losses, they are likely to be higher than economic losses. 3.2. Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in climate change adaptation 3.2.1.', 'Viet Nam s efforts and achievements in climate change adaptation 3.2.1. Adaptation policies Viet Nam has issued and implemented many policies in its efforts to respond to climate change and implement international commitments, specifically: - The Resolution of Viet Nam’s Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2013); the Conclusion of the Politburo on promoting active climate change response, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2019); the Resolution No.134/2016/QH13 dated April 19, 2016 of the National Assembly on adjusting the national land-use master plan to 2020 and the land-use plan for the final period (2016-2020); the Resolution No.36- NQ/TW dated October 22, 2018 of the Conference No.8 of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, Legislature XII on the Strategy for sustainable development of Viet Nam s marine economy until 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2018); Resolution No.76/NQ- CP on natural disaster prevention and control (2018).', 'Adaptation policies Viet Nam has issued and implemented many policies in its efforts to respond to climate change and implement international commitments, specifically: - The Resolution of Viet Nam’s Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2013); the Conclusion of the Politburo on promoting active climate change response, strengthening natural resources management and environmental protection (2019); the Resolution No.134/2016/QH13 dated April 19, 2016 of the National Assembly on adjusting the national land-use master plan to 2020 and the land-use plan for the final period (2016-2020); the Resolution No.36- NQ/TW dated October 22, 2018 of the Conference No.8 of the Communist Party’s Central Committee, Legislature XII on the Strategy for sustainable development of Viet Nam s marine economy until 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2018); Resolution No.76/NQ- CP on natural disaster prevention and control (2018). - The Land Law (2013), the Law on Environmental Protection (2014), the Law on Hydro- Meteorology (2015), the Law on Irrigation (2017); the Forestry Law (2017); the Law on Fisheries (2017), the Law on Crop Production (2018), the Law on Animal Husbandry (2018), the Biodiversity Law (2018), the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (2013), the Law on Water Resources (2014) and the Law on Marine and Island Resources and Environment No.82/2015/QH13 (2018).', '- The Land Law (2013), the Law on Environmental Protection (2014), the Law on Hydro- Meteorology (2015), the Law on Irrigation (2017); the Forestry Law (2017); the Law on Fisheries (2017), the Law on Crop Production (2018), the Law on Animal Husbandry (2018), the Biodiversity Law (2018), the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control (2013), the Law on Water Resources (2014) and the Law on Marine and Island Resources and Environment No.82/2015/QH13 (2018). Currently, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control and the Law on Dikes are being revised for submission to the National Assembly for approval in 2020.', 'Currently, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control and the Law on Dikes are being revised for submission to the National Assembly for approval in 2020. - The 2011-2015 National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change, the National Strategy for Viet Nam’s Renewable Energy to 2030 with a vision to 2050 (2015), the SPRCC, the 2016-2020 Target Programme for Climate Change Response and Green Growth (2017), the National Action Programme REDD+ to 2030 (2017), theNational Action Plan for the Implementation of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2017), the 2016-2020 Science and Technology Programme for Climate Change Response, Natural Resources and Environmental Management (2016), the 2016-2020 Science and Technology Programme for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control and Environmental Protection (2018), and the Overall Programme for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Agriculture Development of the Mekong River Delta to 2030 with a Vision to 2045 (2020).', '- The 2011-2015 National Target Programme to Respond to Climate Change, the National Strategy for Viet Nam’s Renewable Energy to 2030 with a vision to 2050 (2015), the SPRCC, the 2016-2020 Target Programme for Climate Change Response and Green Growth (2017), the National Action Programme REDD+ to 2030 (2017), theNational Action Plan for the Implementation of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2017), the 2016-2020 Science and Technology Programme for Climate Change Response, Natural Resources and Environmental Management (2016), the 2016-2020 Science and Technology Programme for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control and Environmental Protection (2018), and the Overall Programme for Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Agriculture Development of the Mekong River Delta to 2030 with a Vision to 2045 (2020). - The PIPA (2016), the Action Plan in response to climate change in agriculture and rural development for the 2016-2020 period with a vision to 2050 (2016), the Viet Nam urban green growth development plan to 2030 (2018), the Decree No.119/2016/ND-CP of the Government issuing several policies on the management, protection and sustainable development of coastal forests to respond to climate change, the Government’s Resolution No.120 on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong Delta (2017), the Scheme on urban development in Viet Nam to respond to climate change to 2020 (2013), the Master Plan for the national natural resources and environment monitoring network (2016) and the Decision No.417/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister issuing the Overall Action Programme for the implementation of Resolution No.120/NQ-CP of the Government on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong Delta.', '- The PIPA (2016), the Action Plan in response to climate change in agriculture and rural development for the 2016-2020 period with a vision to 2050 (2016), the Viet Nam urban green growth development plan to 2030 (2018), the Decree No.119/2016/ND-CP of the Government issuing several policies on the management, protection and sustainable development of coastal forests to respond to climate change, the Government’s Resolution No.120 on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong Delta (2017), the Scheme on urban development in Viet Nam to respond to climate change to 2020 (2013), the Master Plan for the national natural resources and environment monitoring network (2016) and the Decision No.417/QD-TTg of the Prime Minister issuing the Overall Action Programme for the implementation of Resolution No.120/NQ-CP of the Government on sustainable and climate-resilient development of the Mekong Delta. Ministries, sectors, provinces and cities have issued a number of sectoral, local policies and plans such as climate change action plans; green growth action plans; plans for implementation of the Paris Agreement; integrating climate change in sectoral development strategies, planning and plans.', 'Ministries, sectors, provinces and cities have issued a number of sectoral, local policies and plans such as climate change action plans; green growth action plans; plans for implementation of the Paris Agreement; integrating climate change in sectoral development strategies, planning and plans. 3.2.2.', 'Ministries, sectors, provinces and cities have issued a number of sectoral, local policies and plans such as climate change action plans; green growth action plans; plans for implementation of the Paris Agreement; integrating climate change in sectoral development strategies, planning and plans. 3.2.2. Adaptation efforts Viet Nam has been striving to implement adaptation actions, some of which include: - Strengthening research and monitoring capacity for climate change; improving natural disaster forecast and warning capacity; updating climate change and sea level rise scenarios; consolidating and renovating the hydro-meteorological observation network towards integration and automation; strengthening forecast and warning capacity for diseases under climate change conditions; - Consolidating rural and irrigation infrastructure, developing and expanding clean water supply systems in rural areas; conducting natural disaster prevention and control in rural areas; supporting residents in areas that are prone to floods and landslides; formulating plans to relocate and resettle residents in areas frequently hit by floods and typhoons and areas prone to flash floods and landslides; adjusting production plans and infrastructure to adapt to and limit the negative impacts of climate change; - Developing and implementing the national water resources master plan and river basin integrated master plan, taking into account climate change; developing and implementing measures for ensuring water security in the context of climate change and continuing to enhance the implementation of the above-mentioned ongoing measures; - Shifting production towards climate-smart and environmentally friendly production; changing the production structure and varieties of plants and animals, adjusting cultivation calendars, agricultural production techniques towards climate-resilience; implementing the programme for aquatic resources protection and development,diversifying cultured species, applying technological measures and cultivation practices of sustainable and organic aquaculture; - Implementing the target programme for sustainable forestry development for the 2016- 2020 period; conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks; protecting, restoring and planting mangrove and coastal protection forests aiming to exceed over 30% of the plan - Implementing the master plan for irrigation for the 2012-2020 period, with a vision to 2050, under the context of climate change in the Mekong River Delta, Red River Delta and Central Region; implementing the national action plan to combat desertification; - Proactively undertaking natural disaster prevention, control and mitigation, focusing on areas vulnerable to natural disasters; improving the capacity of search, rescue and disease prevention; implementing flood prevention planning in the Day and Hong-Thai Binh River systems; protecting flood drainage spaces in the basins of the Red -Thai Binh River, Mekong, Cau, Nhue-Day, Dong Nai, and Saigon Rivers and other major rivers; constructing drainage works; - Implementing the program to ensure safety and improve the efficiency of reservoir exploitation; repairing and improving dam safety for 34 provinces in the North, Central Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new large reservoirs in the provinces of the Central Northern, Central Southern Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new small reservoirs and spillway clusters in the Northern mountainous regions; repairing and upgrading irrigation systems in the Red River Delta; completing and finalising the irrigation systems, expanding flood drainage canals and regulating sewers in the Mekong River Delta; continuing the investment programme to consolidate, protect and upgrade sea dikes from Quang Ninh to Quang Nam and from Quang Ngai to Kien Giang provinces; - Promoting measures to prevent and mitigate impacts of high tides, inundation, and saline intrusion due to sea level rise; building flood risk maps based on sea level rise scenarios at the commune level; implementing flood prevention schemes for Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho, Ca Mau and other coastal cities, especially in the Mekong River Delta; - Implementing the Scheme on Viet Nam urban development to respond to climate change for the 2013-2020 period to proactively respond to climate change, improve, upgrade and develop urban areas; deploying the model of typhoon and flood resistant houses; - Proposing and implementing research, assessing impacts and developing climate change responses and sea level rise measures for different sectors; conducting research on climate change adaptation models; applying climate change response technologies to different sectors; and - Enhancing knowledge dissemination, improving adaptive capacity, ensuring livelihoods for people in areas at seriously high risk of climate change impacts as well as in areas frequently affected by natural disasters; raising community awareness and enhancing community-based disaster risk management; raising awareness and building sustainable management models for mangrove forests for coastal protection; raising awareness through education and information dissemination to respond to climate change in different sectors; enhancing analytical and risk mapping capabilities using socio-economic and multi-dimensional child poverty indicators; deploying a schoolsafety framework aimed at improving natural disaster prevention and mitigation as well as resilience to climate change, enhancing education on natural disaster prevention and control, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in schools.', 'Adaptation efforts Viet Nam has been striving to implement adaptation actions, some of which include: - Strengthening research and monitoring capacity for climate change; improving natural disaster forecast and warning capacity; updating climate change and sea level rise scenarios; consolidating and renovating the hydro-meteorological observation network towards integration and automation; strengthening forecast and warning capacity for diseases under climate change conditions; - Consolidating rural and irrigation infrastructure, developing and expanding clean water supply systems in rural areas; conducting natural disaster prevention and control in rural areas; supporting residents in areas that are prone to floods and landslides; formulating plans to relocate and resettle residents in areas frequently hit by floods and typhoons and areas prone to flash floods and landslides; adjusting production plans and infrastructure to adapt to and limit the negative impacts of climate change; - Developing and implementing the national water resources master plan and river basin integrated master plan, taking into account climate change; developing and implementing measures for ensuring water security in the context of climate change and continuing to enhance the implementation of the above-mentioned ongoing measures; - Shifting production towards climate-smart and environmentally friendly production; changing the production structure and varieties of plants and animals, adjusting cultivation calendars, agricultural production techniques towards climate-resilience; implementing the programme for aquatic resources protection and development,diversifying cultured species, applying technological measures and cultivation practices of sustainable and organic aquaculture; - Implementing the target programme for sustainable forestry development for the 2016- 2020 period; conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks; protecting, restoring and planting mangrove and coastal protection forests aiming to exceed over 30% of the plan - Implementing the master plan for irrigation for the 2012-2020 period, with a vision to 2050, under the context of climate change in the Mekong River Delta, Red River Delta and Central Region; implementing the national action plan to combat desertification; - Proactively undertaking natural disaster prevention, control and mitigation, focusing on areas vulnerable to natural disasters; improving the capacity of search, rescue and disease prevention; implementing flood prevention planning in the Day and Hong-Thai Binh River systems; protecting flood drainage spaces in the basins of the Red -Thai Binh River, Mekong, Cau, Nhue-Day, Dong Nai, and Saigon Rivers and other major rivers; constructing drainage works; - Implementing the program to ensure safety and improve the efficiency of reservoir exploitation; repairing and improving dam safety for 34 provinces in the North, Central Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new large reservoirs in the provinces of the Central Northern, Central Southern Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new small reservoirs and spillway clusters in the Northern mountainous regions; repairing and upgrading irrigation systems in the Red River Delta; completing and finalising the irrigation systems, expanding flood drainage canals and regulating sewers in the Mekong River Delta; continuing the investment programme to consolidate, protect and upgrade sea dikes from Quang Ninh to Quang Nam and from Quang Ngai to Kien Giang provinces; - Promoting measures to prevent and mitigate impacts of high tides, inundation, and saline intrusion due to sea level rise; building flood risk maps based on sea level rise scenarios at the commune level; implementing flood prevention schemes for Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho, Ca Mau and other coastal cities, especially in the Mekong River Delta; - Implementing the Scheme on Viet Nam urban development to respond to climate change for the 2013-2020 period to proactively respond to climate change, improve, upgrade and develop urban areas; deploying the model of typhoon and flood resistant houses; - Proposing and implementing research, assessing impacts and developing climate change responses and sea level rise measures for different sectors; conducting research on climate change adaptation models; applying climate change response technologies to different sectors; and - Enhancing knowledge dissemination, improving adaptive capacity, ensuring livelihoods for people in areas at seriously high risk of climate change impacts as well as in areas frequently affected by natural disasters; raising community awareness and enhancing community-based disaster risk management; raising awareness and building sustainable management models for mangrove forests for coastal protection; raising awareness through education and information dissemination to respond to climate change in different sectors; enhancing analytical and risk mapping capabilities using socio-economic and multi-dimensional child poverty indicators; deploying a schoolsafety framework aimed at improving natural disaster prevention and mitigation as well as resilience to climate change, enhancing education on natural disaster prevention and control, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in schools. 3.3.', 'Adaptation efforts Viet Nam has been striving to implement adaptation actions, some of which include: - Strengthening research and monitoring capacity for climate change; improving natural disaster forecast and warning capacity; updating climate change and sea level rise scenarios; consolidating and renovating the hydro-meteorological observation network towards integration and automation; strengthening forecast and warning capacity for diseases under climate change conditions; - Consolidating rural and irrigation infrastructure, developing and expanding clean water supply systems in rural areas; conducting natural disaster prevention and control in rural areas; supporting residents in areas that are prone to floods and landslides; formulating plans to relocate and resettle residents in areas frequently hit by floods and typhoons and areas prone to flash floods and landslides; adjusting production plans and infrastructure to adapt to and limit the negative impacts of climate change; - Developing and implementing the national water resources master plan and river basin integrated master plan, taking into account climate change; developing and implementing measures for ensuring water security in the context of climate change and continuing to enhance the implementation of the above-mentioned ongoing measures; - Shifting production towards climate-smart and environmentally friendly production; changing the production structure and varieties of plants and animals, adjusting cultivation calendars, agricultural production techniques towards climate-resilience; implementing the programme for aquatic resources protection and development,diversifying cultured species, applying technological measures and cultivation practices of sustainable and organic aquaculture; - Implementing the target programme for sustainable forestry development for the 2016- 2020 period; conserving and enhancing forest carbon stocks; protecting, restoring and planting mangrove and coastal protection forests aiming to exceed over 30% of the plan - Implementing the master plan for irrigation for the 2012-2020 period, with a vision to 2050, under the context of climate change in the Mekong River Delta, Red River Delta and Central Region; implementing the national action plan to combat desertification; - Proactively undertaking natural disaster prevention, control and mitigation, focusing on areas vulnerable to natural disasters; improving the capacity of search, rescue and disease prevention; implementing flood prevention planning in the Day and Hong-Thai Binh River systems; protecting flood drainage spaces in the basins of the Red -Thai Binh River, Mekong, Cau, Nhue-Day, Dong Nai, and Saigon Rivers and other major rivers; constructing drainage works; - Implementing the program to ensure safety and improve the efficiency of reservoir exploitation; repairing and improving dam safety for 34 provinces in the North, Central Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new large reservoirs in the provinces of the Central Northern, Central Southern Coastal regions and Central Highlands; building new small reservoirs and spillway clusters in the Northern mountainous regions; repairing and upgrading irrigation systems in the Red River Delta; completing and finalising the irrigation systems, expanding flood drainage canals and regulating sewers in the Mekong River Delta; continuing the investment programme to consolidate, protect and upgrade sea dikes from Quang Ninh to Quang Nam and from Quang Ngai to Kien Giang provinces; - Promoting measures to prevent and mitigate impacts of high tides, inundation, and saline intrusion due to sea level rise; building flood risk maps based on sea level rise scenarios at the commune level; implementing flood prevention schemes for Ho Chi Minh City, Can Tho, Ca Mau and other coastal cities, especially in the Mekong River Delta; - Implementing the Scheme on Viet Nam urban development to respond to climate change for the 2013-2020 period to proactively respond to climate change, improve, upgrade and develop urban areas; deploying the model of typhoon and flood resistant houses; - Proposing and implementing research, assessing impacts and developing climate change responses and sea level rise measures for different sectors; conducting research on climate change adaptation models; applying climate change response technologies to different sectors; and - Enhancing knowledge dissemination, improving adaptive capacity, ensuring livelihoods for people in areas at seriously high risk of climate change impacts as well as in areas frequently affected by natural disasters; raising community awareness and enhancing community-based disaster risk management; raising awareness and building sustainable management models for mangrove forests for coastal protection; raising awareness through education and information dissemination to respond to climate change in different sectors; enhancing analytical and risk mapping capabilities using socio-economic and multi-dimensional child poverty indicators; deploying a schoolsafety framework aimed at improving natural disaster prevention and mitigation as well as resilience to climate change, enhancing education on natural disaster prevention and control, disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation in schools. 3.3. Adaptation contributions Viet Nam s updated NDC identifies strategic tasks for climate change adaptation in order to improve adaptive capacities, enhance resilience and reduce climate-related risks, contributing to the achievement of the country s sustainable development goals and thereby further contributing to GHG reduction.', 'Adaptation contributions Viet Nam s updated NDC identifies strategic tasks for climate change adaptation in order to improve adaptive capacities, enhance resilience and reduce climate-related risks, contributing to the achievement of the country s sustainable development goals and thereby further contributing to GHG reduction. The strategic tasks in the updated NDC are elaborated and specified in the NAP, which includes activities in the medium- and long-term through a process that is iterative, mainstreaming and involves stakeholder engagement which is indispensable for effective climate change adaptation. Short-term priority actions are identified and implemented in the National Action Plan to Respond to Climate Change. The strategic tasks for climate change adaptation identified in the updated NDC include: 3.3.1.', 'The strategic tasks for climate change adaptation identified in the updated NDC include: 3.3.1. Improving adaptation efficiency through strengthening state management and resources Improving the legal framework to promote adaptation actions; implementing the NAP, applying the monitoring and evaluation system for climate change adaptation activities at the national and provincial levels; integrating climate change adaptation into policies, strategies, plans, programmes and projects. Closely monitoring and regularly evaluating the efficiency of adaptation actions. Developing mechanisms for business sector investment in climate change adaptation; taking climate change-related opportunities for socio-economic development. Developing human resources and strengthening international cooperation and conducting scientific research and technological development on climate change adaptation. Raising awareness for communities and developing education and training programmes on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. 3.3.2.', 'Raising awareness for communities and developing education and training programmes on climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. 3.3.2. Enhancing resilience and adaptive capacity of communities, economic sectors, and ecosystems Improving resilience and the restoration of natural and social systems to the negative impact of climate change; monitoring climate change impact on different sectors and regions. Implementing adaptation measures, including ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based solutions to minimise damage associated with climate change in each sector in the future. 3.3.3.', 'Implementing adaptation measures, including ecosystem-based adaptation and nature-based solutions to minimise damage associated with climate change in each sector in the future. 3.3.3. Reducing disaster risks and minimising damage, increasing preparedness to respond to increasing natural disasters and climate extremes due to climate change Strengthening the capacity for monitoring climate change, forecasting, warning and disseminating information on natural disasters to proactively respond to natural disasters and climate change; regularly updating climate change and sea level rise scenarios. Proactively preparing plans and facilities to prevent, avoid and mitigate natural disasters that are suitable for each industry, sector, region; improving search and rescue as well as disease prevention capacity.', 'Proactively preparing plans and facilities to prevent, avoid and mitigate natural disasters that are suitable for each industry, sector, region; improving search and rescue as well as disease prevention capacity. Consolidating and developing key and urgent disaster prevention and control structures; developing the system of coastal protection and wave prevention forests, with priority given to plant forests to cover the sea and river dyke toes,and wave-protection bamboo forest for flood and typhoon preventing dikes; developing community-based models to respond to natural disasters and climate change.', 'Consolidating and developing key and urgent disaster prevention and control structures; developing the system of coastal protection and wave prevention forests, with priority given to plant forests to cover the sea and river dyke toes,and wave-protection bamboo forest for flood and typhoon preventing dikes; developing community-based models to respond to natural disasters and climate change. Planning and developing infrastructure, relocating and resettling residential areas in places frequently affected by natural disasters; developing and constructing typhoon and flood resistant housing in the North Central and South Central regions; consolidating and developing new, large-scale water supply and drainage works for metropolitan areas; preventing erosion for river banks and coastal areas; deploying structural and non- structural adaptation measures to cope with droughts and saltwater intrusion. 3.4.', 'Planning and developing infrastructure, relocating and resettling residential areas in places frequently affected by natural disasters; developing and constructing typhoon and flood resistant housing in the North Central and South Central regions; consolidating and developing new, large-scale water supply and drainage works for metropolitan areas; preventing erosion for river banks and coastal areas; deploying structural and non- structural adaptation measures to cope with droughts and saltwater intrusion. 3.4. Gaps and needs for enhancing climate change adaptation - The legal document system on climate change response is not synchronised and needs to be reviewed, revised, and updated to match the current context. It is necessary to issue guidelines for integrating climate change into socio-economic development strategies, master plans, and plans at the national and sectoral levels.', 'It is necessary to issue guidelines for integrating climate change into socio-economic development strategies, master plans, and plans at the national and sectoral levels. Coordination among ministries, sectors and localities in solving inter-sectoral, inter-regional issues related to climate change response should also be strengthened. - National resources for climate change adaptation are limited. Currently, state resources can only meet about 30% of the financial need. Meanwhile, the financial demand for constructing and upgrading natural disaster prevention and adaptation facilities is high. The cost of climate change adaptation is estimated to exceed 3-5% of Viet Nam’s GDP in 2030.', 'The cost of climate change adaptation is estimated to exceed 3-5% of Viet Nam’s GDP in 2030. With 1.5% of its GDP spent on climate change adaptation in the 2021-2030 period, Viet Nam has to mobilise about USD 3.5 billion each year on average or USD 35 billion for the entire 2021-2030 period in addition to state resources. Thus, a mechanism should be established to stimulate different economic sectors, including the business sector, to invest in climate change adaptation activities. - There is a strong need for technology in Viet Nam, especially advanced technology in climate change and hydro-meteorological monitoring and forecasting, early warning of natural disasters and hazards, and technology for structural and non-structural climate change adaptation measures.', '- There is a strong need for technology in Viet Nam, especially advanced technology in climate change and hydro-meteorological monitoring and forecasting, early warning of natural disasters and hazards, and technology for structural and non-structural climate change adaptation measures. - The capacity of experts and technical staff in several areas, especially at the local level, on climate change as well as on the evaluation of the efficiency of adaptation activities is still limited. The capacity for natural disaster forecasting and warning as well as scientific research and technology development for climate change adaptation needs to be continuously enhanced, as does the capacity for selecting and prioritising resources to implement climate change adaptation activities in Viet Nam.', 'The capacity for natural disaster forecasting and warning as well as scientific research and technology development for climate change adaptation needs to be continuously enhanced, as does the capacity for selecting and prioritising resources to implement climate change adaptation activities in Viet Nam. - Facilities and infrastructure systems for natural disaster prevention and control as well as for climate change adaptation need upgrading. The infrastructure and means of production for people in climate change adaptation also need to be enhanced. IV. SYNERGY AND CO-BENEFIT Synergy and co-benefit among climate change adaptation, mitigation and socio- economic development need to be achieved.', 'SYNERGY AND CO-BENEFIT Synergy and co-benefit among climate change adaptation, mitigation and socio- economic development need to be achieved. The achievement of the sustainable development goals is one of the criteria considered during the NDC review and update process for identifying targets and actions to be added to the updated NDC as well as the priority of actions to be taken. The purpose of synergy and co-benefit analysis is toassist in identifying actions that could maximise the benefits or minimise the costs or trade-offs involved. 4.1. Synergy between climate change response and socio-economic development 4.1.1. Mitigation in relation to socio-economic development Actions taken in different potential sectors can enhance synergy with socio-economic development in different ways.', 'Mitigation in relation to socio-economic development Actions taken in different potential sectors can enhance synergy with socio-economic development in different ways. For example, in the energy sector, mitigation measures that can provide synergy with socio-economic development at high to very high levels include wind power, solar power, power-saving lighting, and efficient cooling. In the agricultural sector, mitigation measure that can bring synergy with socio-economic development at a high level include the reuse of agricultural residues and dripping irrigation combined with fertiliser for coffee. In the LULUCF sector, mitigation measures that can bring synergy with socio-economic development at a high level include the protection of natural forests (3.5 million ha) and the protection and afforestation of special-use forest (50,000 ha).', 'In the LULUCF sector, mitigation measures that can bring synergy with socio-economic development at a high level include the protection of natural forests (3.5 million ha) and the protection and afforestation of special-use forest (50,000 ha). In the waste sector, mitigation measures that can bring synergy with socio-economic development at a high level include refuse derived fuel production. In the IP sector, mitigation measures that can bring synergy with socio-economic development at a high level include grinding flying ash to replace clinker in cement. 4.1.2. Adaptation in relation to socio-economic development Climate change adaptation actions can bring the largest synergy in institutions and policies, followed by society and the economy.', 'Adaptation in relation to socio-economic development Climate change adaptation actions can bring the largest synergy in institutions and policies, followed by society and the economy. Different groups of measures for different industries/sectors contribute differently to the overall development, of which adaptation in the agriculture and rural development sector brings the highest benefits. 4.2. Synergy between climate change response and sustainable development goals The implementation of climate change response actions will contribute to achieving Viet Nam s sustainable development goals. Climate change adaptation actions in the updated NDC have the highest contribution to Goal 13: “Timely and efficiently respond to climate change and natural disasters” and Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements sustainable and resilient, ensure safe living and working environments, allocate residents and workers by region reasonably”.', 'Climate change adaptation actions in the updated NDC have the highest contribution to Goal 13: “Timely and efficiently respond to climate change and natural disasters” and Goal 11: “Make cities and human settlements sustainable and resilient, ensure safe living and working environments, allocate residents and workers by region reasonably”. Mitigation actions in the updated NDC have the largest contribution to Goal 12: "Ensure sustainable production and consumption models”. 4.3. Co-benefits between climate change adaptation and mitigation Mitigation actions can be beneficial to climate change adaptation and vice versa. However, mitiation actions have highter benefits to adaptation. Mitigation can be beneficial to climate change adaptation to a certain extent by contributing to disaster risk reduction and enhancing communities’ resilience.', 'Mitigation can be beneficial to climate change adaptation to a certain extent by contributing to disaster risk reduction and enhancing communities’ resilience. The level of contribution of mitigation actions in the LULUCF sector to adaptation is the highest, primarily through afforestation and reforestation activities. Next is the agriculture sector through restructuring crops and livestock production, and developing irrigation technology. The energy sector is assessed to have a moderate level of co-benefit with adaptation, mainly through developing biogas to replace coal for cooking in rural areas; using ethanol in transportation; and using high-performance air conditioning andrenewable energy development actions. The waste sector is perceived to have low benefits for adaptation. Climate change adaptation is also beneficial to mitigation through reducing the intensity of GHG emissions.', 'Climate change adaptation is also beneficial to mitigation through reducing the intensity of GHG emissions. The contribution of adaptation actions in agriculture and rural development to mitigation is the most substantial, through afforestation and reforestation activities. The natural resources, environment, urban and housing sector contribute to mitigation at a moderate level, while transportation and natural disaster prevention have a lower contribution than above-mentioned sectors. The health sector has low levels of mitigation contribution. Mitigation actions in the IP sector have moderate synergy with adaptation. V. IMPLEMENTATION OF UPDATED NDC 5.1. Impact, advantages and challenges in implementation of updated NDC 5.1.1. Potential impact from implementation of updated NDC The updated NDC represents the commitment of Viet Nam to the international community to employ its greatest efforts in responding to global climate change.', 'Potential impact from implementation of updated NDC The updated NDC represents the commitment of Viet Nam to the international community to employ its greatest efforts in responding to global climate change. The implementation of the updated NDC requires extensive financial, technological and human resources. The implementation of the updated NDC will certainly have both positive and negative impacts on the implementation of the country s socio-economic development goals. As climate change adaptation usually does not bring direct economic benefits and requires a long payback period, investment is derived mainly from state budget. Meanwhile, mitigation requires a considerable upfront investment to renovate technology, improve management efficiency, transform production and often generates direct and faster economic benefits; therefore, investment in mitigation will be mobilised mainly from enterprises.', 'Meanwhile, mitigation requires a considerable upfront investment to renovate technology, improve management efficiency, transform production and often generates direct and faster economic benefits; therefore, investment in mitigation will be mobilised mainly from enterprises. Results of the cost-benefit analysis of implementing mitigation measures in the updated NDC show that the socio-economic impact of implementing the updated NDC is generally positive. Viet Nam’s GDP to 2030 may increase compared to the BAU scenario. Mitigation measures in the agriculture sector produce the greatest impact on GDP growth followed by the energy, LULUCF, and the waste sector. The measures for reducing emissions in the IP sector have almost no impact on GDP. The output of agriculture, forestry, extensive energy-use industries and the waste sector will all increase at different levels.', 'The output of agriculture, forestry, extensive energy-use industries and the waste sector will all increase at different levels. Investment capital (at 2014 values) will increase compared to the BAU scenario, while employment opportunities may be even greater. Poverty rates in rural areas are likely to decline with investment in forestry and agriculture, leading to a higher rate of employment and rural household incomes. Economic inequality is likely to increase. The consumer price index (CPI) and inflation rate will slightly rise compared to the BAU scenario. To achieve the goal of reducing emissions by 9% by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario an initial investment of about USD 24.7 billion is required.', 'To achieve the goal of reducing emissions by 9% by 2030 compared to the BAU scenario an initial investment of about USD 24.7 billion is required. As a lower middle- income country frequently suffering from natural disasters and most recently the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, investment on this scale is huge for Viet Nam. If financial resources are available and expenditure on climate change response does not affect expenditure on the country’s socio-economic development, theimplementation of mitigation measures and strategic adaptation tasks in the updated NDC will bring positive impact on Viet Nam’s socio-economic development. 5.1.2.', 'If financial resources are available and expenditure on climate change response does not affect expenditure on the country’s socio-economic development, theimplementation of mitigation measures and strategic adaptation tasks in the updated NDC will bring positive impact on Viet Nam’s socio-economic development. 5.1.2. Advantages in implementation of updated NDC - Responding to climate change and protecting the Earth s climate system for the present and future generations has become a prioritised action and cooperation criteria for most countries, international organisations, and global businesses, and it has become a trend and lifestyle that has spread widely among the world’s younger generations. This trend has positively contributed to the promotion of climate change responses in Viet Nam.', 'This trend has positively contributed to the promotion of climate change responses in Viet Nam. - Proactive response to climate change is one of the issues that has received considerable attention from Viet Nam’s entire political system and its international development partners. Climate change has become a vital issue and has appeared frequently in high- level domestic and foreign relations agendas of the Party, the National Assembly and the Government leaders. Many policies, strategies, programmes and projects on this matter have been approved and implemented.', 'Many policies, strategies, programmes and projects on this matter have been approved and implemented. These include the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening resource management and environmental protection; the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the direction for Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2020), the Viet Nam s National Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045, the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Hydro-Meteorological Law, the Law on Energy Efficiency, the Forestry Law, Viet Nam s Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030, the National Strategy on Climate Change; Viet Nam Green Growth Strategy, the Government s Action Programme to implement the National Assembly s Resolution on the 5-year Socio- economic Development Plan for the 2016-2020 period, the Government Resolution on Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Development of the Mekong Delta and the Approval of Investment policy on Target Programmes for the 2016-2020 period.', 'These include the Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on proactively responding to climate change, strengthening resource management and environmental protection; the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the direction for Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045 (2020), the Viet Nam s National Energy Development Strategy to 2030 with a vision to 2045, the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control, the Law on Environmental Protection, the Hydro-Meteorological Law, the Law on Energy Efficiency, the Forestry Law, Viet Nam s Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030, the National Strategy on Climate Change; Viet Nam Green Growth Strategy, the Government s Action Programme to implement the National Assembly s Resolution on the 5-year Socio- economic Development Plan for the 2016-2020 period, the Government Resolution on Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Development of the Mekong Delta and the Approval of Investment policy on Target Programmes for the 2016-2020 period. - The National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC), the Advisory Council of the NCCC, the Department of Climate Change (DCC) under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, agencies carrying out the task of climate change response under ministries, and state management agencies at the local level have been established and gradually improved, all contributing to actively deploying the work of coping with climate change and mobilizing wide participation of socio-political organizations and the whole society.', '- The National Committee on Climate Change (NCCC), the Advisory Council of the NCCC, the Department of Climate Change (DCC) under the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, agencies carrying out the task of climate change response under ministries, and state management agencies at the local level have been established and gradually improved, all contributing to actively deploying the work of coping with climate change and mobilizing wide participation of socio-political organizations and the whole society. - The climate change and sea level rise scenario to 2100 for Viet Nam, which has been developed and periodically updated, is an important basis for ministries, sectors and local agencies to assess the impact of climate change and formulate plans to respond to natural disasters, climate change, sea level rise and urban flooding.', '- The climate change and sea level rise scenario to 2100 for Viet Nam, which has been developed and periodically updated, is an important basis for ministries, sectors and local agencies to assess the impact of climate change and formulate plans to respond to natural disasters, climate change, sea level rise and urban flooding. - The hydro-meteorological monitoring system has been relatively modern and widely installed across the country. This system will continue to be upgraded and modernised for climate change monitoring, natural disaster forecasting and warning. - Adjusting the financial flows to be in line with a low-carbon development roadmap and climate resilience is a global goal defined in the Paris Agreement; thus, international resources supporting the implementation of the NDC have increased gradually.', '- Adjusting the financial flows to be in line with a low-carbon development roadmap and climate resilience is a global goal defined in the Paris Agreement; thus, international resources supporting the implementation of the NDC have increased gradually. As acountry responsible and proactive in the implementation of its international commitments as well as efficient use of resources, Viet Nam has the opportunity to attract international support for its climate change responses. - Viet Nam s economy has been growing steadily. As a result, Viet Nam now belongs to the group of lower middle-income countries, and can therefore mobilise domestic and international resources to invest more on disaster prevention and climate change responses as compared to before.', 'As a result, Viet Nam now belongs to the group of lower middle-income countries, and can therefore mobilise domestic and international resources to invest more on disaster prevention and climate change responses as compared to before. - Disaster prevention and control have been implemented at all government levels with a view to increasing preparedness to respond quickly to different situations. Experience and lessons learned from disaster prevention activities can continue to be applied in response to climate change. - Mitigation measures in the updated NDC are in line with state policies, the Law on Energy Efficiency, Viet Nam s Renewable Energy Development Strategy to 2030 and Viet Nam’s development plans of the agriculture, forestry, industry, construction and transport sectors. These measures also show potential for attracting domestic and international investment.', 'These measures also show potential for attracting domestic and international investment. - Adaptation measures in the updated NDC are both urgent and long-term priorities that have been identified in adaptation strategies, plans and master plans, and in the disaster prevention and control plans of ministries, sectors and localities on the basis of climate change and sea level rise scenarios to 2100. - Specialised agencies in charge of implementing forest protection and development plans at the central and local levels have been established. Most local agencies have been aware of the need to implement mitigation actions and are ready to recommend and transfer them to farmers for implementation. State budgets for forest protection and development are increasing gradually. Afforestation activities have also received great attention from enterprises.', 'Afforestation activities have also received great attention from enterprises. - Policies on the management and support of waste treatment, industrial development and waste treatment technology, as well as environmental protection taxes and fees for waste, have been issued. The Government encourages all domestic and foreign organisations and individuals to invest in and develop waste treatment facilities and auxiliary facilities through preferential programmes and/or under investment support policies. In some cities, several enterprises have invested in waste treatment facilities and allocated funds towards waste management. A number of projects on waste separation at source as well as waste collection and treatment are being implemented. The financial resources for climate change are considerably diverse. The Viet Nam Environment Protection Fund is an important investment source to support waste treatment projects.', 'The Viet Nam Environment Protection Fund is an important investment source to support waste treatment projects. - Significant achievements have been made in the areas of education, healthcare and social assistance, all contributing to raising people s awareness and capacity to adapt to natural disasters and climate change. 5.1.3. Challenges in implementing updated NDC Several challenges that may be encountered in the implementation of the updated NDC are summarised in Table 4.Table 4. Challenges in implementing updated NDC and related measures Challenges Measures 1) Climate change response in general - Responding to climate change requires the determination and efforts of all countries. Countries with different natural, political, economic, social conditions, scientific and technological levels, and history in GHG emissions should take different actions and set different priorities.', 'Countries with different natural, political, economic, social conditions, scientific and technological levels, and history in GHG emissions should take different actions and set different priorities. Unifying common efforts of the world may take years of both progress and setbacks. This may negatively affect Viet Nam’s efforts in responding to climate change and implementing its updated NDC, both in climate change adaptation and mitigation. - COVID-19 pandemic may shift the momentum of climate change responses. - Clearly define Viet Nam s perspectives and position on climate change responses and apply them consistently and continuously to Viet Nam’s internal and external relations activities. - Cooperate with other countries to maintain global momentum and raise domestic awareness to have green recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic.', '- Cooperate with other countries to maintain global momentum and raise domestic awareness to have green recovery after the COVID-19 pandemic. 2) Climate change adaptation tasks The need for disaster prevention and control and adaptation in response to sea level rise and urban flooding is enormous. However, national resources are limited and may be required for different purposes, especially given that Viet Nam is still a lower middle-income country with a poverty rate likely to increase. When natural disasters occur, the unemployment rate is likely rise, especially in rural areas.', 'When natural disasters occur, the unemployment rate is likely rise, especially in rural areas. - Improve planning and budgeting to ensure that climate change targets are aligned with the budget for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Socio-Economic Development Plans for the 2021- - Prioritise projects on both adaptation and mitigation in allocating budget for 2021-2025 SEDP to enhance co-benefits, and maximise adaptation and mitigation efficiency; and - Strengthen climate finance models to coordinate and mobilise resources for climate change responses, identify policies, financial risks and budget shortages. - Adaptation to climate change often requires significant investment, which brings low or slow direct profits, making it difficult to attract businesses to participate in without other supporting policies. - Budget investment is usually made on the basis of priorities of each ministry, sector and locality, thereby making it less inter-sectoral and inter-regional.', '- Budget investment is usually made on the basis of priorities of each ministry, sector and locality, thereby making it less inter-sectoral and inter-regional. This could make adaptation actions inconsistent and lead to negative impacts. - Issue preferential policies and other incentive policies to create favourable conditions for enterprises to regain investment capital on climate change adaptation activities. - Enhance the role of the National Committee on Climate Change and the Advisory Council of the National Committee on Climate Change in coordinating and deciding inter-regional and inter- sectoral adaptation projects.Challenges Measures - The organisational structures of agencies implementing natural disaster prevention and mitigation, and climate change response has not been consistent from the central to local levels. - Integrate climate change issues into strategies, socio-economic development plans, and mainstream climate change response activities and disaster risk reduction.', '- Integrate climate change issues into strategies, socio-economic development plans, and mainstream climate change response activities and disaster risk reduction. - Forecasting and warning capacity is still limited, especially for abnormal and irregular occurrence of extreme weather events; natural disaster prevention and control have been focusing only on the response phase and not yet on prevention; the relief work is still overlapping; search and rescue still lacks specialised equipment and professional forces. - Strengthen research institutions on climate change; enhance international cooperation in research and exchange of technologies for climate change responses, especially forecasting and warning technology; and - Evaluate technologies for climate change responses and experiment with a number of potential technologies suitable for Viet Nam’s conditions.', '- Strengthen research institutions on climate change; enhance international cooperation in research and exchange of technologies for climate change responses, especially forecasting and warning technology; and - Evaluate technologies for climate change responses and experiment with a number of potential technologies suitable for Viet Nam’s conditions. - Adaptation measures focus mostly on hard measures, such as embankment, foundation improvement. Soft measures, such as planning, mangrove forest plantation, tree planting to help break the impact of wave surges, and urban planning. have not received adequate attention. - Assess technological needs for climate change adaptation in accordance with Viet Nam s conditions; strengthen cooperation with Regional and Global Climate Technology Centre Networks. - Lack of an M&E system for climate change adaptation at the project, sectoral and national levels. - Establish M&E systems for climate change adaptation actions at the national, sectoral and project levels.', '- Establish M&E systems for climate change adaptation actions at the national, sectoral and project levels. Specifically, the National Committee on Climate Change instructs and promotes coordination among ministries, sectors and localities. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment coordinates, operates the systems and sets up result-based evaluation indicators of projects, providing guidance to develop reports using set indicators. The Ministry of Planning and Investment guides the integration of result-based report and report templates for project funded by the state budget and ODA. - The insurance market was recently formed but has not yet fully developed, especially with regards to natural disaster and climate change insurance due to their high risks.', '- The insurance market was recently formed but has not yet fully developed, especially with regards to natural disaster and climate change insurance due to their high risks. - Review, adjust and complete the institutions on banking and credit in line with the objectives of low-emission development and develop measures to promote green banking and credit products. - The awareness of officials and communities for disaster management and climate change adaptation has been improved, but is still limited. - Develop and implement training and re-training programmes for officials on climate change; develop training curricula, update knowledge on climate change; communicate and raise awareness about climate change.', '- Develop and implement training and re-training programmes for officials on climate change; develop training curricula, update knowledge on climate change; communicate and raise awareness about climate change. 3) Mitigation tasks - The objective of ensuring national energy security still faces various - Develop primary energy supply sources towards increasing autonomy and diversification, ensuringChallenges Measures challenges: the domestic supply is not enough to meet the requirements; energy exploitation and use efficiency is still low; technology level in some areas of the energy industry is slowly improved; Competitive energy market has not developed synchronously. efficiency, reliability and sustainability.', '3) Mitigation tasks - The objective of ensuring national energy security still faces various - Develop primary energy supply sources towards increasing autonomy and diversification, ensuringChallenges Measures challenges: the domestic supply is not enough to meet the requirements; energy exploitation and use efficiency is still low; technology level in some areas of the energy industry is slowly improved; Competitive energy market has not developed synchronously. efficiency, reliability and sustainability. - Develop power sources in a fast and sustainable manner with reasonable structure and distribution: maximise hydro-power; prioritise wind and solar power development in line with the ability to ensure system safety at reasonable prices; maximise the exploitation of co-generated biomass sources, gradually making gas power an important source of power supply and supporting the regulatory system; develop coal-fired power at an appropriate level with large-capacity, high-efficiency turbines using advanced technologies such as the ultra- supercritical technology or more.', '- Develop power sources in a fast and sustainable manner with reasonable structure and distribution: maximise hydro-power; prioritise wind and solar power development in line with the ability to ensure system safety at reasonable prices; maximise the exploitation of co-generated biomass sources, gradually making gas power an important source of power supply and supporting the regulatory system; develop coal-fired power at an appropriate level with large-capacity, high-efficiency turbines using advanced technologies such as the ultra- supercritical technology or more. - Improve the financial mechanisms and mobilise capital for investments in developing the power sector; accelerate the roadmap for implementing a competitive electricity market.', '- Improve the financial mechanisms and mobilise capital for investments in developing the power sector; accelerate the roadmap for implementing a competitive electricity market. - The upfront investment for mitigation is high; the market for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Viet Nam is limited; the existing financial support mechanism is not sufficiently robust to encourage enterprises to invest in mitigation activities.', '- The upfront investment for mitigation is high; the market for energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies in Viet Nam is limited; the existing financial support mechanism is not sufficiently robust to encourage enterprises to invest in mitigation activities. - Formulate mechanisms, policies and approaches to encourage and attract domestic and foreign investments and mobilise the participation of enterprises; - Cooperate with development partners to develop and implement programmes to support the implementation of the updated NDC and the Paris Agreement; - Develop appropriate institutional and policy frameworks to ensure efficient inter-regional and inter-provincial coordination in mobilising and using resources for economic development in general and climate change in particular, especially in the Mekong River Delta; - Improve the policy framework related to climate change response in general, and energy efficiency and renewable energy development in particular, to mobilise domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in climate change and green growth; - Improve the legal framework related to PPP (public-private partnership) models in areas related to climate change response; - Identify the needs, gaps, and priority levels of investment from the public and business sectors, as well as the barriers that need to be removed to facilitate investments into climate change response; and - Accelerate progress in developing and applying financial instruments such as green bonds, green investment funds and other tools.', '- Formulate mechanisms, policies and approaches to encourage and attract domestic and foreign investments and mobilise the participation of enterprises; - Cooperate with development partners to develop and implement programmes to support the implementation of the updated NDC and the Paris Agreement; - Develop appropriate institutional and policy frameworks to ensure efficient inter-regional and inter-provincial coordination in mobilising and using resources for economic development in general and climate change in particular, especially in the Mekong River Delta; - Improve the policy framework related to climate change response in general, and energy efficiency and renewable energy development in particular, to mobilise domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in climate change and green growth; - Improve the legal framework related to PPP (public-private partnership) models in areas related to climate change response; - Identify the needs, gaps, and priority levels of investment from the public and business sectors, as well as the barriers that need to be removed to facilitate investments into climate change response; and - Accelerate progress in developing and applying financial instruments such as green bonds, green investment funds and other tools. - Lack of MRV systems for GHG reduction at the national and sectoral levels; slow implementation of the - Establish MRV systems for GHG reduction at the national and sectoral levels.', '- Lack of MRV systems for GHG reduction at the national and sectoral levels; slow implementation of the - Establish MRV systems for GHG reduction at the national and sectoral levels. Specifically, the NCCC instructs and promotes coordination among theChallenges Measures regulations on technology standards and equipment labelling; lack of stringent regulations on labelling as well as standards for types of equipment and machinery; the limited awareness of energy-efficiency, the development and use of renewable energy, application of cultivation techniques to cut GHG emissions. relevant ministries and agencies. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment coordinates and operates the national MRV system. Relevant ministries and sectors are responsible to operate their sectoral MRV systems. - Lack of specific policies and mechanisms to attract the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in mitigation activities; limited access to preferential credit to implement GHG reduction.', '- Lack of specific policies and mechanisms to attract the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises in mitigation activities; limited access to preferential credit to implement GHG reduction. - Develop a list of climate change response and green growth projects with high potential to mobilise the participation of all economic sectors, including projects prioritising the implementation of updated NDC-related contributions with different investment approaches to mobilise resources from the business sector and international assistance funds; and - Strengthen the capacity of ministries to support facilitating organisations, especially enterprises, on the process of accessing investment capital from foreign funds in a simpler and easier manner.', '- Develop a list of climate change response and green growth projects with high potential to mobilise the participation of all economic sectors, including projects prioritising the implementation of updated NDC-related contributions with different investment approaches to mobilise resources from the business sector and international assistance funds; and - Strengthen the capacity of ministries to support facilitating organisations, especially enterprises, on the process of accessing investment capital from foreign funds in a simpler and easier manner. - Institutions and policies on waste treatment management and support are incomplete, overlapping and not fully implemented; waste management structure has not been consistent at the central and local levels with specific tailored models for each municipality; investments in waste treatment are still low and unbalanced.', '- Institutions and policies on waste treatment management and support are incomplete, overlapping and not fully implemented; waste management structure has not been consistent at the central and local levels with specific tailored models for each municipality; investments in waste treatment are still low and unbalanced. - Amend and update a number of tax policies, such as the natural resources tax, environmental protection tax. to encourage the reuse, recycling and recovery of energy from waste, as well as the application of environmentally friendly waste treatment technologies with efficient exploitation and use of natural resources. 5.2. Implementation of updated NDC 5.2.1.', '5.2. Implementation of updated NDC 5.2.1. Measures to promote implementation of updated NDC a) Developing and improving policies and institutions - Developing and improving policies, institutions and regulations related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in accordance with commitments in Viet Nam s updated NDC and the requirements of the Paris Agreement, including the development of domestic regulations to follow the roadmap of cooperation mechanisms under Article 6 of the Agreement. - Assessing the current status to adjust policies, regulations, and efficiently integrate climate change issues into socio-economic development plans in order to harmonise climate change responses and socio-economic development at all levels and for international integration.', '- Assessing the current status to adjust policies, regulations, and efficiently integrate climate change issues into socio-economic development plans in order to harmonise climate change responses and socio-economic development at all levels and for international integration. - Strengthening the coordination, information sharing and handling of inter-regional and inter-disciplinary issues, and building capacity for negotiations at the international level on climate change.- Developing mechanisms, policies and methods to encourage and attract domestic and foreign investments as well as mobilising resources from the business sector. - Developing appropriate institutional and policy frameworks to ensure the efficiency of inter-regional and inter-provincial coordination in mobilising and using resources for economic development in general and for climate change in particular, especially in the Mekong River Delta.', '- Developing appropriate institutional and policy frameworks to ensure the efficiency of inter-regional and inter-provincial coordination in mobilising and using resources for economic development in general and for climate change in particular, especially in the Mekong River Delta. - Continuing to improve the policy framework related to climate change adaptation and mitigation in general and energy efficiency and renewable energy development in particular, especially policies on energy prices to mobilise resources from the business sector, including foreign direct investment (FDI) and investments in climate change response and green growth. - Continuing to improve the legal framework related to the PPP model in areas related to climate change adaptation and mitigation to increase investment from the business sector in climate change response.', '- Continuing to improve the legal framework related to the PPP model in areas related to climate change adaptation and mitigation to increase investment from the business sector in climate change response. - Reviewing, adjusting, and improving policies, mechanisms and institutions to further align banking and credit with green development objectives and developing measures to promote green finance, banking and credit products. - Amending and supplementing a number of tax policies, such as natural resources tax, environmental protection tax. to encourage the reuse, recycling and treatment of waste and the recovery of energy from waste; applying environmentally friendly waste treatment technologies; exploiting and use natural resources appropriately and efficiently. - Promoting regulations related to green public procurement to enhance mitigation and co-benefits from public investment projects.', '- Promoting regulations related to green public procurement to enhance mitigation and co-benefits from public investment projects. - Regarding investment priority for climate change response projects: High priority will be given to projects aimed at both climate change adaptation and mitigation in the state budget and in the Socio-economic Development Plans for the 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 periods. This will serve to enhance the co-benefits and maximise the efficiency of climate change adaptation and mitigation from public investment projects and state budget expenditure. - Enhancing the monitoring and evaluation of public investments in general and those in climate change adaptation and mitigation efficiency in particular to ensure the goals of efficient climate change adaptation and mitigation are met as expected.', '- Enhancing the monitoring and evaluation of public investments in general and those in climate change adaptation and mitigation efficiency in particular to ensure the goals of efficient climate change adaptation and mitigation are met as expected. - Improving financial mechanisms and mobilising capital for investments in and the development of the power sector, striking a balance between hydro-electricity, wind power, solar power, biomass and thermal power; accelerating the roadmap for the implementation of a competitive power market. b) Communication, education, awareness raising - Disseminating information and communicating on mass media to raise public awareness of climate change adaptation and mitigation.', 'b) Communication, education, awareness raising - Disseminating information and communicating on mass media to raise public awareness of climate change adaptation and mitigation. - Encouraging and providing technical support to people and communities to deploy and scale up economical, safe, environmentally friendly and low-carbon production and consumption models.- Encouraging and supporting communities to develop ecological city models, green rural areas, green houses, and waste separation models with methods for reducing, recycling, reusing, and improving energy efficiency; piloting and scaling up community-based, ecosystem-based climate change adaptation models, and improving people s livelihoods.', '- Encouraging and providing technical support to people and communities to deploy and scale up economical, safe, environmentally friendly and low-carbon production and consumption models.- Encouraging and supporting communities to develop ecological city models, green rural areas, green houses, and waste separation models with methods for reducing, recycling, reusing, and improving energy efficiency; piloting and scaling up community-based, ecosystem-based climate change adaptation models, and improving people s livelihoods. c) Efficient development and application of resources - Human resources: Strengthening capacities of ministries to provide procedural support to organisations, especially enterprises, in accessing investment capital from foreign funds in a more efficient way; developing and implementing training and retraining programmes for officials on climate change to meet domestic and international requirements; developing and implementing education curricula, updating the knowledge on climate change in Viet Nam s education and training system in accordance with the requirements of the Paris Agreement as well as domestic and international regulations on climate change and the environment.', 'c) Efficient development and application of resources - Human resources: Strengthening capacities of ministries to provide procedural support to organisations, especially enterprises, in accessing investment capital from foreign funds in a more efficient way; developing and implementing training and retraining programmes for officials on climate change to meet domestic and international requirements; developing and implementing education curricula, updating the knowledge on climate change in Viet Nam s education and training system in accordance with the requirements of the Paris Agreement as well as domestic and international regulations on climate change and the environment. - Technological resources: Assessing the need for climate change adaptation and mitigation technologies in line with Viet Nam s conditions; strengthening the cooperation with regional and global Climate Technology Centre Networks.', '- Technological resources: Assessing the need for climate change adaptation and mitigation technologies in line with Viet Nam s conditions; strengthening the cooperation with regional and global Climate Technology Centre Networks. Reviewing and proposing mechanisms and policies to encourage climate change research and technology transfer; strengthening leading climate change research agencies; enhancing international cooperation in conducting research and exchanging technologies for climate change response. Reviewing and evaluating climate change response technologies previously used and piloting a number of potential climate change response technologies suitable for Viet Nam. - Financial resources: Evaluating the status of investments in climate change and green growth in Viet Nam to identify needs, gaps, and priorities for investment from the public and business sectors, and barriers that need to be removed.', '- Financial resources: Evaluating the status of investments in climate change and green growth in Viet Nam to identify needs, gaps, and priorities for investment from the public and business sectors, and barriers that need to be removed. Developing mechanisms and policies to mobilise resources from all investors in climate change response with a focus on renewable energy development and energy efficiency; and developing guidelines for climate finance and investment. Developing the framework for mobilising resources for climate change response and green growth, including business sector investments; accelerating the development and application of such financial instruments as green bonds, green investment funds and others.', 'Developing the framework for mobilising resources for climate change response and green growth, including business sector investments; accelerating the development and application of such financial instruments as green bonds, green investment funds and others. Improving planning and budgeting to ensure that climate change response objectives are aligned with the budgets for climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Socio-Economic Development Plans for the 2021-2025 and 2026-2030 periods. Strengthening climate finance and green finance models in Viet Nam to allow coordination and mobilisation of resources for climate change responses, identifying policies, risks and budget shortfalls. Allocating resources to develop regular national communications to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat.', 'Allocating resources to develop regular national communications to be submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat. Proposing a list of projects on climate change response and green growth which have potential to mobilise the participation of all economic sectors, including projects prioritised for the implementation of the updated NDC-related contributions with various models to mobilise resources from the business sector and from international assistance funds. 5.2.2. Implementation responsibilities The implementation of Viet Nam s updated NDC is the responsibility of the State, enterprises and communities under the instruction and coordination of the NCCC. Thefocal point supporting the Government is the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment; ministries, sectors, localities and enterprises implement the updated NDC according to their assigned functions, tasks and the Vietnamese law. 5.2.3.', 'Thefocal point supporting the Government is the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment; ministries, sectors, localities and enterprises implement the updated NDC according to their assigned functions, tasks and the Vietnamese law. 5.2.3. Arrangements of resources for implementation a) Finance for adaptation in recent years The National Strategy on Climate Change has identified financial resources that can be mobilised for climate change mitigation and adaptation in Viet Nam, including: (i) Central and local budgets, ODA; (ii) Domestic and international specialised funds related to climate change response support; (iii) Investment capital from the domestic business sector and FDI; and (iv) Investment by individuals and households. The central and local budgets, including ODA for climate change adaptation and mitigation, are allocated to two categories: capital investment, and recurrent expenditure.', 'The central and local budgets, including ODA for climate change adaptation and mitigation, are allocated to two categories: capital investment, and recurrent expenditure. Capital investment is allocated to investment projects and target programmes related to climate change adaptation. The recurrent expenditure on climate change adaptation and mitigation is taken from two main budget sources: (i) Expenditure on the environment and climate change; and (ii) Expenditure on natural disaster recovery. In addition to the central/local budgets and ODA, a range of national and international specialised funds can be mobilised for climate change adaptation, such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund (AF) and the Viet Nam Environment Protection Fund.', 'In addition to the central/local budgets and ODA, a range of national and international specialised funds can be mobilised for climate change adaptation, such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund (AF) and the Viet Nam Environment Protection Fund. The domestic business sector, FDI, individuals and communities are also vital financial sources for climate change adaptation, improving the efficiency of climate change adaptation measures. - State budget expenditure, including ODA State budget expenditure on climate change of 5 ministries (Agriculture and Rural Development, Natural Resources and Environment, Transport, Industry and Trade, and Construction) in the 2011-2016 period accounted for about 0.2% of GDP (at 2010 values). Public investment in climate change adaptation is mainly for the agriculture and transport sectors.', 'Public investment in climate change adaptation is mainly for the agriculture and transport sectors. The expenditure on climate change adaptation funded by development partners reached 31% of the total expenditure on climate change response of the 5 ministries, namely Agriculture and Rural Development, Natural Resources and Environment, Transport, Industry and Trade, and Construction. The majority of ODA was provided in the form of loans for investment projects and technical assistance focusing on climate investment. In the 2014-2016 period, expenditure on climate change adaptation and mitigation financed by development partners of the 5 ministries was maintained at around 30% of total state budget expenditure on climate change.', 'In the 2014-2016 period, expenditure on climate change adaptation and mitigation financed by development partners of the 5 ministries was maintained at around 30% of total state budget expenditure on climate change. - Expenditure from domestic and international support funds The GCF has provided USD 115.8 million to climate change mitigation and adaptation projects in Viet Nam. The GEF has provided USD 457.18 million for 107 environmental projects in many sectors and localities, significantly contributing to solving environmental issues in Viet Nam in particular and in the world in general. Among the 107 GEF-funded environmental projects, 56 are national projects with funding of USD 153 million and 46 are regional/global projects with funding of USD 294 million.', 'Among the 107 GEF-funded environmental projects, 56 are national projects with funding of USD 153 million and 46 are regional/global projects with funding of USD 294 million. In addition, 4 projects are funded by the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), including2 national projects with USD 8 million of funding and 2 regional/global projects with funding of USD 0.92 million. Through International Finance Corporation (IFC), the GCF has provided USD 24 million to implement the Viet Nam Energy Efficiency and Cleaner Production Financing Programme (VEECPF) in the 2010-2015 period, enabling Vietnamese enterprises to access loans from commercial banks.', 'Through International Finance Corporation (IFC), the GCF has provided USD 24 million to implement the Viet Nam Energy Efficiency and Cleaner Production Financing Programme (VEECPF) in the 2010-2015 period, enabling Vietnamese enterprises to access loans from commercial banks. In addition, a number of other global funds have been providing technical and financial assistance to government agencies and enterprises, such as the Global Climate Partnership Fund (providing EUR 26 million to support Vietnamese enterprises to implement energy efficiency and renewable energy projects from 2010). Vietinbank has received a loan of USD 23.5 million to finance energy efficiency projects in the industrial sector (GCPF 2012). The Norwegian Government has provided NOK 180 million (equivalent to USD 30 million) to support the implementation of the UN-REDD Viet Nam Programme, Phase 2.', 'The Norwegian Government has provided NOK 180 million (equivalent to USD 30 million) to support the implementation of the UN-REDD Viet Nam Programme, Phase 2. The Forest Carbon Partnership Fund (FCPF) has provided USD 5 million to implement the project support for REDD+ readiness (mitigation initiatives through efforts to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and foster conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks) in Viet Nam, Phase 2 (FCPF-2). Preliminary data indicates that the amount of grants from several support funds on climate change and green growth is about USD 350 million. - Investment from business sector The financial resources mobilised from the domestic business sector for climate change response and green growth activities are still limited.', '- Investment from business sector The financial resources mobilised from the domestic business sector for climate change response and green growth activities are still limited. The financial resources from the business sector to invest in climate change mainly come from loans from the banking system (about 70%), from the loan market (about 20-30%), and the rest from other financial channels. Expenditure of foreign enterprises in Viet Nam, especially in the energy efficiency and renewable energy sector, was relatively substantial, at about USD 500 million in the 2010-2013 period. Solar power, wind power and biomass were also three climate change areas attracting 8 newly approved FDI projects with a total registered capital of USD 442,524 million in the 2014-2016 period.', 'Solar power, wind power and biomass were also three climate change areas attracting 8 newly approved FDI projects with a total registered capital of USD 442,524 million in the 2014-2016 period. Other financial resources for mitigation projects come from trading carbon credits under the Paris Agreement. - Investment by individuals and households Many investments on climate change adaptation activities have been made by individuals and households, contributing significantly and successfully to climate change adaptation actions at higher levels. However, these resources are often small, scattered and highly difficult to record. b) Financial mobilisation for implementation of updated NDC Financial resources for implementation of the updated NDC are mobilised from various channels in compliance with the State Budget Law, the Public Investment Law, Investment Law and other relevant legal documents.', 'b) Financial mobilisation for implementation of updated NDC Financial resources for implementation of the updated NDC are mobilised from various channels in compliance with the State Budget Law, the Public Investment Law, Investment Law and other relevant legal documents. Some of the mobilisation channels include the state budget (both central and local budgets), international assistance and contributions from the business sector and communities.The State annually allocates budget from the central and local levels, international support, and from the SP-RCC for implementation, especially tasks for institutional improvement, climate change adaptation and urgent, no-regret investments for adaptation.', 'Some of the mobilisation channels include the state budget (both central and local budgets), international assistance and contributions from the business sector and communities.The State annually allocates budget from the central and local levels, international support, and from the SP-RCC for implementation, especially tasks for institutional improvement, climate change adaptation and urgent, no-regret investments for adaptation. The updated NDC’s activities have been identified in Target Programmes in accordance with the Public Investment Law, the Prime Minister s Decision No.40/2015/QD-TTg dated September 14, 2015, promulgating the principles, criteria and norms for allocating investment capital from the state budget in the 2016-2020 period and relevant guidelines. The State formulates a legal basis to encourage financial institutions, and domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in fulfilling Viet Nam’s contributions in the updated NDC.', 'The State formulates a legal basis to encourage financial institutions, and domestic and foreign enterprises to invest in fulfilling Viet Nam’s contributions in the updated NDC. Based on the assigned functions and tasks, ministries, sectors and localities will mobilise and manage resources for climate change response in line with the priorities set out in the updated NDC. Viet Nam calls on other countries and the international community to support the implementation of its contributions in the updated NDC and direct their support towards the low-carbon development and climate change adaptation roadmap.', 'Viet Nam calls on other countries and the international community to support the implementation of its contributions in the updated NDC and direct their support towards the low-carbon development and climate change adaptation roadmap. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and other relevant ministries, sectors and localities will make efforts to call other countries, international organisations and partners to increase their support for climate change adaptation and mitigation; expand and promote in-depth cooperation with other countries, international organisations and partners in climate change, especially strategic partners in the field of climate change. 5.3. Monitoring and Evaluation 5.3.1.', 'The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and other relevant ministries, sectors and localities will make efforts to call other countries, international organisations and partners to increase their support for climate change adaptation and mitigation; expand and promote in-depth cooperation with other countries, international organisations and partners in climate change, especially strategic partners in the field of climate change. 5.3. Monitoring and Evaluation 5.3.1. Developing the enhanced transparency framework Develop the ETF to monitor and evaluate the activities and results from the implementation of the updated NDC, including: (i) Establishing MRV systems for mitigation actions at the national and sectoral levels; (ii) Establishing M&E systems for climate change adaptation actions at the national, local and project levels; (iii) Monitoring and evaluating the mobilisation of resources for climate change response at the national level; developing budget reports on climate change response and green growth which could be used as the inputs for global stocktake and to develop monitoring systems for technology transfer and capacity building.', 'Developing the enhanced transparency framework Develop the ETF to monitor and evaluate the activities and results from the implementation of the updated NDC, including: (i) Establishing MRV systems for mitigation actions at the national and sectoral levels; (ii) Establishing M&E systems for climate change adaptation actions at the national, local and project levels; (iii) Monitoring and evaluating the mobilisation of resources for climate change response at the national level; developing budget reports on climate change response and green growth which could be used as the inputs for global stocktake and to develop monitoring systems for technology transfer and capacity building. a) MRV system for mitigation activities The MRV system for mitigation activities at the national and sectoral levels is shown in Figure 2.', 'a) MRV system for mitigation activities The MRV system for mitigation activities at the national and sectoral levels is shown in Figure 2. Specifically, the NCCC acts as the Steering Committee, promoting coordination among the relevant ministries and sectors. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is assigned as the coordinating agency for the national MRV system and its operation. Relevant ministries and sectors are responsible for the MRV system in their respective sectors. In addition, technical working groups will be set up in line ministries to assist on technical issues, data quality assurance, and consistency of methodology.Figure 2. MRV system model for GHG reduction The process for implementing the MRV system is illustrated in Figure 3: Figure 3.', 'MRV system model for GHG reduction The process for implementing the MRV system is illustrated in Figure 3: Figure 3. Diagram for the MRV process of GHG reduction Measurement • For each level, GHG reduction is measured and calculated using internationall y recognised methods which are informed by competent authorities. Reporting • The coordinating agency synthesises reports on GHG reduction and the emitter responsible for emission reduction. Verification • The coordinating agency may coordinate with a third party to verify the reported GHG reduction. National level Ministry/provincial level GOVERNMENT Grassroots levels UNFCCC Secretariat Approval Submit/Report Certifying the emission reduction achieved by Viet Nam - Summarising the methods of measurement and verification of quantitative GHG reductions at the sectoral, provincial and grassroots levels; - Summarising and reporting to the Government the results of the quantitative GHG emission reduction at the sectoral, provincial and grassroots levels.', 'National level Ministry/provincial level GOVERNMENT Grassroots levels UNFCCC Secretariat Approval Submit/Report Certifying the emission reduction achieved by Viet Nam - Summarising the methods of measurement and verification of quantitative GHG reductions at the sectoral, provincial and grassroots levels; - Summarising and reporting to the Government the results of the quantitative GHG emission reduction at the sectoral, provincial and grassroots levels. - Verifying GHG reduction results; - Summarising the quantitative GHG reduction from projects under their management; - Reporting on the quantitative GHG reduction at the sector and provincial levels to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment for synthesis.', '- Verifying GHG reduction results; - Summarising the quantitative GHG reduction from projects under their management; - Reporting on the quantitative GHG reduction at the sector and provincial levels to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment for synthesis. - Developing the plan for GHG reduction at the grassroots level - Measuring and determining quantitative GHG reduction using internationally recognised methods; - Reporting on GHG reductionb) M&E system for climate change adaptation The M&E system for adaptation activities at the national, local and project levels is shown in Figure 4. Specifically, the NCCC acts as the Steering Committee, promoting coordination among the relevant ministries and sectors.', 'Specifically, the NCCC acts as the Steering Committee, promoting coordination among the relevant ministries and sectors. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment is assigned as the coordinating agency for the national M&E system, for operating the system, and taking the lead in developing results-based evaluation indicators for projects and guiding localities to develop and report on the indicator sets. The Ministry of Planning and Investment is responsible for synthesising reports based on the results and reporting templates of projects funded by ODA, concessional loans and domestic capital. In addition, technical working groups will be set up in line ministries and localities to be responsible for the baseline and indicators, and data quality assurance and M&E for climate change adaptation activities.', 'In addition, technical working groups will be set up in line ministries and localities to be responsible for the baseline and indicators, and data quality assurance and M&E for climate change adaptation activities. The development and implementation of a monitoring and evaluation system for climate change adaptation activities is expected to be monitored in 2 stages: (i) Process monitoring; and (ii) Results-based monitoring. The overall M&E procedure for climate change adaptation activities is shown in Figure 5. Figure 4.', 'The overall M&E procedure for climate change adaptation activities is shown in Figure 5. Figure 4. M&E system for adaptation at the national, local and project levels Chairman of National Committee National Steering Committee on UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement (including the relevant ministries and sectors) National M&E System (coordinated by MONRE) M&E systems at local and project levels (coordinated by localities) Working group on baseline and indicators Working group on data quality Data collection and analysis units in agencies of ministries, sectors, localities, projects Working group on M&EFigure 5.', 'M&E system for adaptation at the national, local and project levels Chairman of National Committee National Steering Committee on UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement (including the relevant ministries and sectors) National M&E System (coordinated by MONRE) M&E systems at local and project levels (coordinated by localities) Working group on baseline and indicators Working group on data quality Data collection and analysis units in agencies of ministries, sectors, localities, projects Working group on M&EFigure 5. Process for developing the M&E system for adaptation at national level c) Monitoring and evaluation of resource mobilisation M&E for resource mobilisation includes: Developing guidelines for monitoring expenditure on climate change responses; establishing a system for climate change resources mobilisation at the national level; preparing budget reports for climate change responses and green growth which can be used as inputs for global stocktake, developing monitoring systems for technology transfer and capacity building.', 'Process for developing the M&E system for adaptation at national level c) Monitoring and evaluation of resource mobilisation M&E for resource mobilisation includes: Developing guidelines for monitoring expenditure on climate change responses; establishing a system for climate change resources mobilisation at the national level; preparing budget reports for climate change responses and green growth which can be used as inputs for global stocktake, developing monitoring systems for technology transfer and capacity building. 5.3.2.', 'Process for developing the M&E system for adaptation at national level c) Monitoring and evaluation of resource mobilisation M&E for resource mobilisation includes: Developing guidelines for monitoring expenditure on climate change responses; establishing a system for climate change resources mobilisation at the national level; preparing budget reports for climate change responses and green growth which can be used as inputs for global stocktake, developing monitoring systems for technology transfer and capacity building. 5.3.2. Evaluation criteria The results of implementing the updated NDC to 2030 are evaluated based on the following main criteria: - Completion of a policy system in response to climate change; completion of the technical standards and regulations on emission reduction and GHG inventory; strengthening of the MRV system for mitigation activities, and the M&E system for adaptation activities; completion of 100% of the reviews of the technical standards and regulations for designing constructions and infrastructure that require adjustments in the context of climate change adaptation; completion of at least 90% of the socio-economic development plans and master plans integrated with natural disaster risks management and climate change adaptation.', 'Evaluation criteria The results of implementing the updated NDC to 2030 are evaluated based on the following main criteria: - Completion of a policy system in response to climate change; completion of the technical standards and regulations on emission reduction and GHG inventory; strengthening of the MRV system for mitigation activities, and the M&E system for adaptation activities; completion of 100% of the reviews of the technical standards and regulations for designing constructions and infrastructure that require adjustments in the context of climate change adaptation; completion of at least 90% of the socio-economic development plans and master plans integrated with natural disaster risks management and climate change adaptation. - Achievement of the mitigation objectives. Ensuring the economic and environmental efficiency of mitigation measures.', 'Ensuring the economic and environmental efficiency of mitigation measures. Completion of 100% of the climate change impact and vulnerability assessments across sectors and regions. - Reduction of the national rate of poor households by 1%-1.5%/year on average (for poor districts and communes the reduction is 4%/year; for poor ethnic minority households, 3%-4%/year); increase of average incomes of ethnic minorities to half of the national average; 70% of communes in ethnic minorities living in mountainous areas reaching the new rural standard. - Completion and implementation of the National Water Resource Master Plan for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision to 2050 and the Integrated River Basin and Inter- Results and Reports Policy background Scale Objective Focus Data Organisational structure and resources Synthesisprovincial Water Master Plan for the 2021-2030 period with a vision to 2050.', '- Completion and implementation of the National Water Resource Master Plan for the 2021-2030 period, with a vision to 2050 and the Integrated River Basin and Inter- Results and Reports Policy background Scale Objective Focus Data Organisational structure and resources Synthesisprovincial Water Master Plan for the 2021-2030 period with a vision to 2050. - Improvement of fishing port systems towards an industrial and modern direction; improvement of information systems for managing fishing ports as well as storm shelters for fishing boats; connection of information between fishing ports, storm shelters and fishing boats; improvement of the system of fishing ports and typhoon shelters for fishing boats on islands, especially forefront islands. - Increase of forest coverage to 42%-42.5%; increase of the area of coastal protection forests, including the extension of mangroves plantation; preservation and sustenance of the ecosystems.', '- Increase of forest coverage to 42%-42.5%; increase of the area of coastal protection forests, including the extension of mangroves plantation; preservation and sustenance of the ecosystems. - Achievement of 95%-100% of the population with access to clean and hygienic water; 100% of the population with access to health care services.', '- Achievement of 95%-100% of the population with access to clean and hygienic water; 100% of the population with access to health care services. - Gradual reduction of human loss caused by natural disasters during the 2018-2030 period to lower than during the 2005-2017 period; reduction of the economic damage caused by natural disasters to not more than 1.2% of the average GDP during the period 2018-2030; resettlement for 100% of the households living in areas at high risk of flash floods and landslides to safe areas; ensuring that 100% of the households in densely populated areas frequently hit by natural disasters can move to safer areas; for areas that cannot yet be relocated, the completion of 100% of the installation of monitoring and warning systems for floods, flash floods and landslides; ensuring that 100% of the critical high-risk areas have the systems for monitoring and controlling natural disaster risks; ensuring that 100% of the frequently flooded areas have warning devices installed.', '- Gradual reduction of human loss caused by natural disasters during the 2018-2030 period to lower than during the 2005-2017 period; reduction of the economic damage caused by natural disasters to not more than 1.2% of the average GDP during the period 2018-2030; resettlement for 100% of the households living in areas at high risk of flash floods and landslides to safe areas; ensuring that 100% of the households in densely populated areas frequently hit by natural disasters can move to safer areas; for areas that cannot yet be relocated, the completion of 100% of the installation of monitoring and warning systems for floods, flash floods and landslides; ensuring that 100% of the critical high-risk areas have the systems for monitoring and controlling natural disaster risks; ensuring that 100% of the frequently flooded areas have warning devices installed. 5.3.3.', '- Gradual reduction of human loss caused by natural disasters during the 2018-2030 period to lower than during the 2005-2017 period; reduction of the economic damage caused by natural disasters to not more than 1.2% of the average GDP during the period 2018-2030; resettlement for 100% of the households living in areas at high risk of flash floods and landslides to safe areas; ensuring that 100% of the households in densely populated areas frequently hit by natural disasters can move to safer areas; for areas that cannot yet be relocated, the completion of 100% of the installation of monitoring and warning systems for floods, flash floods and landslides; ensuring that 100% of the critical high-risk areas have the systems for monitoring and controlling natural disaster risks; ensuring that 100% of the frequently flooded areas have warning devices installed. 5.3.3. Organisation of Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the updated NDC is carried out at the local, sectoral and national levels.', 'Organisation of Monitoring and Evaluation The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the updated NDC is carried out at the local, sectoral and national levels. - At the local level: The Department of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for advising and assisting the Provincial People s Committee to monitor and evaluate implementation of local and community level tasks in the province; synthesising the status of implementation for the Provincial People s Committee to report to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the NCCC before 15 January of the following year.', '- At the local level: The Department of Natural Resources and Environment is responsible for advising and assisting the Provincial People s Committee to monitor and evaluate implementation of local and community level tasks in the province; synthesising the status of implementation for the Provincial People s Committee to report to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the NCCC before 15 January of the following year. - At the sectoral level: Ministries and sectors are responsible for monitoring and evaluating the implementation and performance of sector-level tasks within the assigned functions; synthesising the implementation status to report to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the NCCC before 15 January of the following year.', '- At the sectoral level: Ministries and sectors are responsible for monitoring and evaluating the implementation and performance of sector-level tasks within the assigned functions; synthesising the implementation status to report to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and the NCCC before 15 January of the following year. - At the national level: The tasks in the updated NDC will be reviewed and assessed at the national level biennially. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, in coordination with the NCCC, is responsible for monitoring the implementation progress of the updated NDC and regularly reporting to the Government. - Socio-political organisations and other organisations are encouraged to participate in the independent monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the updated NDC. 5.3.4.', '- Socio-political organisations and other organisations are encouraged to participate in the independent monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the updated NDC. 5.3.4. Process of Monitoring and Evaluation Climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts will be assessed on a biennial basis. Mitigation efforts are assessed based on the implementation results of the feasible andpotential mitigation measures. In order to cross-check the mitigation results, GHG inventory will also be conducted biennially at both the national and sector levels. Adaptation efforts are assessed through indicators of resilience of the natural environment based on the implementation process and results; the vulnerability to climate change; climate-related risk reduction; and assessment of the efficiency of climate change adaptation actions.', 'Adaptation efforts are assessed through indicators of resilience of the natural environment based on the implementation process and results; the vulnerability to climate change; climate-related risk reduction; and assessment of the efficiency of climate change adaptation actions. Climate change mitigation and adaptation assessments must comply with regulations issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment or in coordination with other ministries and sectors. These efforts ensure that the results of climate change adaptation and mitigation in Viet Nam will be monitored, regularly evaluated, easily verifiable, not duplicated, and will create a reliable source of information to develop Viet Nam s first BTR in 2024 and every 2 years thereafter.', 'These efforts ensure that the results of climate change adaptation and mitigation in Viet Nam will be monitored, regularly evaluated, easily verifiable, not duplicated, and will create a reliable source of information to develop Viet Nam s first BTR in 2024 and every 2 years thereafter. The monitoring and evaluation of climate change adaptation and mitigation activities are included in the updated NDC to ensure the transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency and comparability requirements by the UNFCCC and simultaneously in line with national conditions. The monitoring and evaluation process is carried out at all levels and ensure consistency, transparency and independence in terms of the responsibilities of stakeholders.', 'The monitoring and evaluation process is carried out at all levels and ensure consistency, transparency and independence in terms of the responsibilities of stakeholders. The monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of mitigation activities as well as the international support received for the implementation of the updated NDC will be reflected in Viet Nam s NC, BUR and BTR to the UNFCCC Secretariat. The results of climate change adaptation efforts will be reflected in the Adaptation Communication and BTR of Viet Nam to the UNFCCC Secretariat. The results of climate change adaptation efforts will be evaluated biennially based on the implementation assessment of strategic climate change adaptation measures in the updated NDC and specific adaptation actions in the NAP. VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF UPDATED NDC 6.1.', 'VI. HIGHLIGHTS OF UPDATED NDC 6.1. Unified in directing and effective participation of stakeholders The review and update of Viet Nam s NDC is conducted under the consistent instructions of the Prime Minister and with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment taking the lead. An inter-sectoral working group has been established and is fully responsible for the updated NDC contents. The working group is led by a leader from the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The Director General and a Deputy Director General from the Department of Climate Change serves as Deputy Team Leaders, and members are representatives of the Advisory Council of the NCCC and authorised representatives of ministries and sectors.', 'The Director General and a Deputy Director General from the Department of Climate Change serves as Deputy Team Leaders, and members are representatives of the Advisory Council of the NCCC and authorised representatives of ministries and sectors. The expert group, selected by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment and line ministries, provides technical support for the NDC review and update process. The review and update of the NDC is actively and extensively joined by scientists, ministries, sectors, localities, non-governmental organisations, research agencies, enterprises and international development partners through working sessions and consultation workshops. In addition to national consultation workshops, a number ofsectors and areas have also organised their own consultation workshops to conduct in- depth reviews of their tasks in the updated NDC and identify methods for implementation.', 'In addition to national consultation workshops, a number ofsectors and areas have also organised their own consultation workshops to conduct in- depth reviews of their tasks in the updated NDC and identify methods for implementation. Ministries and sectors have actively contributed to the NDC review and update process and provided official information to ensure that goals are feasible. This reflects the tremendous efforts of ministries and sectors given the current conditions in providing forecasts to 2030. Good practices, lessons learned, and relevant research have been collected, analysed and used as inputs for the NDC review and update.', 'Good practices, lessons learned, and relevant research have been collected, analysed and used as inputs for the NDC review and update. Contributions from ministries and sectors as well as analyses and synthesis by the expert group of the inter-sectoral working group have been compiled in the updated NDC Executive Summary and Technical Report. 6.2. Novelty and comprehensiveness Viet Nam’s updated NDC has included new points to ensure comprehensiveness and inclusiveness, specifically as follows: - Review, update and adjustments of the contributions to climate change adaptation and mitigation to be more in line with the current status and the latest forecasts for national socio-economic development to 2030.', 'Novelty and comprehensiveness Viet Nam’s updated NDC has included new points to ensure comprehensiveness and inclusiveness, specifically as follows: - Review, update and adjustments of the contributions to climate change adaptation and mitigation to be more in line with the current status and the latest forecasts for national socio-economic development to 2030. - The base year is 2014, the year with the latest GHG inventory results, reported in the Viet Nam Third NC submitted to the UNFCCC Secretariat at the end of 2018. The updated NDC also added the IP in GHG inventory as well as in calculations for the BAU scenarios and GHG reduction, and included several mitigation measures in different sectors.', 'The updated NDC also added the IP in GHG inventory as well as in calculations for the BAU scenarios and GHG reduction, and included several mitigation measures in different sectors. - A number of new requirements for the NDC recently approved at COP24 were immediately applied in accordance with Viet Nam’s capabilities in the current period. - The section on losses and damage were clarified, and Viet Nam s latest efforts in climate change adaptation and mitigation were included. - A section on the impact assessment of the implementation of mitigation measures on socio-economic development was added. - A section analysing the synergy and co-benefits among adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development was also added.', '- A section analysing the synergy and co-benefits among adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development was also added. - Appropriate indicators to facilitate the regular monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the updated NDC were supplemented. - The national framework for the MRV system for mitigation activities, and the Monitoring and Evaluation framework for climate change adaptation activities were added. - Advantages, difficulties, plans and solutions for the implementation of the updated NDC in the current international and national context were clarified. 6.3.', '- Advantages, difficulties, plans and solutions for the implementation of the updated NDC in the current international and national context were clarified. 6.3. Fairness and best efforts Given the current socio-economic development of a developing country significantly affected by climate change, in its updated NDC Viet Nam has shown the country s highest level of efforts in contributing to global climate change mitigation and implementation of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.In 2014, Viet Nam s GHG emissions accounted for only about 0.5% of the total global GHG emissions with per capita emissions of only 2.84 tonnes of CO2eq.', 'Fairness and best efforts Given the current socio-economic development of a developing country significantly affected by climate change, in its updated NDC Viet Nam has shown the country s highest level of efforts in contributing to global climate change mitigation and implementation of the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.In 2014, Viet Nam s GHG emissions accounted for only about 0.5% of the total global GHG emissions with per capita emissions of only 2.84 tonnes of CO2eq. Nevertheless, Viet Nam has actively implemented climate change responses, developed the economy towards low-carbon development and green growth, and strengthened the implementation of potential emission mitigation measures in the energy, industry, transport, agriculture and waste sectors, as well as improving the carbon sequestration capacity in the LULUCF sector.', 'Nevertheless, Viet Nam has actively implemented climate change responses, developed the economy towards low-carbon development and green growth, and strengthened the implementation of potential emission mitigation measures in the energy, industry, transport, agriculture and waste sectors, as well as improving the carbon sequestration capacity in the LULUCF sector. Compared to the current NDC, the mitigation contribution in the updated NDC with domestic resources is significantly increased in terms of both volume and percentage compared to BAU. More specifically, the reduction volume is increased by 21.2 million tCO2eq, from 62.7 million tCO2eq in the current NDC to 83.9 million tCO2eq in the updated NDC, and the reduction percentage is increased by 1% (from 8% to 9%).', 'More specifically, the reduction volume is increased by 21.2 million tCO2eq, from 62.7 million tCO2eq in the current NDC to 83.9 million tCO2eq in the updated NDC, and the reduction percentage is increased by 1% (from 8% to 9%). The contribution of GHG reduction with additional international assistance is increased from 25% to 27%, and the reduction volume is increased by 52.6 million tCO2eq, from 198.2 million tCO2eq to 250.8 million tCO2eq. The nation s efforts are also reflected in the fact that the Viet Nam Government has always considered climate change response to be vital. It is the responsibility of the entire country to simultaneously conduct climate change adaptation and mitigation activities, and use natural resources efficiently and sustainably.', 'It is the responsibility of the entire country to simultaneously conduct climate change adaptation and mitigation activities, and use natural resources efficiently and sustainably. These efforts have been reviewed and included in Viet Nam s policy actions to be implemented from 2021 onwards, in which revisions of the Law on Environmental Protection and related legal documents were most important. The chapter on Climate Change Response of the mentioned Law specifies the responsibilities of organisations and individuals in response to climate change in general and in the implementation the updated NDC in particular./. _____________________________________'] | en-US |
373 | YEM | Yemen | 1st NDC | 2015-11-23 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Yemen/1/Yemen%20INDC%2021%20Nov.%202015.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Low-income | Asia | 0 | 10.888395 | 2.394467 | MENA | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/deb534b74b86e7f858c9294a4c106e2b8dd257188a9605ff7a03accb82c23116.pdf | ['Republic of Yemen INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC) UNDER THE UNFCCCIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Executive Summary Yemen prepared its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) document in very challenging situation in which the country faces precarious security situation, and political turmoil including ongoing armed-conflicts. In spite of the ongoing violent conflict and prevailing security challenges, Yemen’s INDC document was drafted through a participatory process which involved consultations of key relevant stakeholders and technical agencies and based on available national climate change assessment and analysis.', 'In spite of the ongoing violent conflict and prevailing security challenges, Yemen’s INDC document was drafted through a participatory process which involved consultations of key relevant stakeholders and technical agencies and based on available national climate change assessment and analysis. The Yemen’s INDC document has been prepared in accordance with decision 1/CP.20 (Lima call for climate action) which also drawn upon available national climate change reports and studies including the Second National Communication (SNC 2013), National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA 2008), and recent thematic technical assessments in 2015 including mitigation and adaptation. This document has also consulted, among others, key national and sectorial documents including the National Strategy for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency and the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP-2009),.', 'This document has also consulted, among others, key national and sectorial documents including the National Strategy for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency and the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP-2009),. Adaptation to climate change across major vulnerable sectors including water, agriculture and coastal areas represents the central focus of this document which also requires international collaboration including financial support, and capacity building to assist in addressing climate induced vulnerabilities to build resilience. Nevertheless, the INDC document provides a vision of collaboration with international community including potential conditional and unconditional mitigation trajectories to reduce GHG emissions relative to business- as- usual (BAU) scenario contingent on international support.', 'Nevertheless, the INDC document provides a vision of collaboration with international community including potential conditional and unconditional mitigation trajectories to reduce GHG emissions relative to business- as- usual (BAU) scenario contingent on international support. The latest GHG inventory in Yemen is available for the year of 2000 which reveals total GHG emissions of about 24.2Mt of Carbon Dioxide- Equivalent (Mt CO2-eq). Also GHG baseline and mitigation scenarios are available up to the year 2025 which had been projected using the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) modeling.', 'Also GHG baseline and mitigation scenarios are available up to the year 2025 which had been projected using the Long range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) modeling. In addition, projections until the year 2030 have been estimated based on two factors including: First, the average GHG emission growth rate of about 2 percent per year for the baseline scenario; Second, the mitigation potential of about 14 percent below emission projections of the baseline scenario over 15 years timeframe. In General, Yemen is a Least Developed Country (LDC), and its GHG emissions nearly negligible accounting for about 0.1 percent of the aggregate world total.', 'In General, Yemen is a Least Developed Country (LDC), and its GHG emissions nearly negligible accounting for about 0.1 percent of the aggregate world total. Also Yemen has low GHG emission per capita of approximately 0.92 t CO2-eq in 2011 and ranks at the lowest levels relative to the world average which had already reached 7 t CO2-eq per capita in 2010. This INDC document proposes 14 percent GHG emission reduction target by 2030 below BAU which represents an estimated total cumulative GHG reduction of about 35 MtCO2-eq from 2020 through 2030; this includes 1 percent unconditional target and 13 percent conditional target.', 'This INDC document proposes 14 percent GHG emission reduction target by 2030 below BAU which represents an estimated total cumulative GHG reduction of about 35 MtCO2-eq from 2020 through 2030; this includes 1 percent unconditional target and 13 percent conditional target. This document also provides an overview of provisional adaptation and mitigation needs which require international support as specified in Lima Accord recognizing the special circumstances of LDCs. However, due to the current situation in Yemen, further studies will beIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN conducted in the future to determine the projected loss and damage of climate induced disaster risks scenarios as well as various adaptation and mitigation measures which require international support to accelerate the implementation of Yemen’s INDC. 1.', 'However, due to the current situation in Yemen, further studies will beIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN conducted in the future to determine the projected loss and damage of climate induced disaster risks scenarios as well as various adaptation and mitigation measures which require international support to accelerate the implementation of Yemen’s INDC. 1. National Circumstances Yemen is an arid Middle Eastern country, located at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen is one of the poorest countries in the Arab region facing multiple challenges and crisis. The daunting political and socio-economic challenges adversely minimized human development and economic stability.', 'The daunting political and socio-economic challenges adversely minimized human development and economic stability. Increasing poverty rates, lack of employment opportunities, inequalities, lack of justice, political participation and competition over scarce natural resources, especially water, have been among the key triggers for the social and political unrest that erupted in 2011. The humanitarian and livelihoods conditions witnessed a declining trend in the last decade, especially during the transitional period following the socio-political unrest. Since then, the economy could not recover to the pre-crisis level and the country slipped into recession achieving negative economic growth. Failure to achieve peaceful transfer of power brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) deal during the transition period spiraled into a full-scale war and armed-conflict covering the majority of the country.', 'Failure to achieve peaceful transfer of power brokered by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) deal during the transition period spiraled into a full-scale war and armed-conflict covering the majority of the country. Within a few months the humanitarian conditions further declined rapidly reaching to Level 3 (complex and severe humanitarian conditions) making over 80 percent in need for humanitarian assistance. The remarkable resilience of the Yemeni people that withstood decades of underdevelopment has overstretched beyond its remaining coping mechanisms, plunging the majority of the people into vulnerability, poverty and insecurity in an unprecedented scale of humanitarian disaster. The 2015 full-scale war has destroyed the economy across the different sectors. Basic services largely collapsed throughout much of the country.', 'Basic services largely collapsed throughout much of the country. Throughout most of the country, supplies of food, fuel and medicines are dangerously low or not available. In general, the economy of the country is dominated by the oil sector, which accounts for 27 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 50 percent of national budget revenue and 70 percent of exports. Its population growth rate of 3 percent is one of the highest in the world and outpaces its economic growth rate. Nearly half the population is below 18 years of age and three-fourth of the population lives in rural area. Unemployment among 15 - 24 age groups is 53.7 percent of the labor force. Poverty ratio increased from 34.8 percent in 2006 to 54.4 percent in 2011.', 'Poverty ratio increased from 34.8 percent in 2006 to 54.4 percent in 2011. Consequently, more than half of the population is living with less than $2 a day and most of the disproportionately affected poor groups include women, children, small scale framers and sharecroppers, landless labor, nomadic herders and artisanal fishermen who are spread over 133,000 small rural settlements. Nearly 10.6 million or 41 percent of the population are food insecure, of which 5 million (19 percent) and 5.6 (22 percent) million are moderately and severely food insecure, respectively. Furthermore, Yemen ranks lowest on theIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Global Gender Equality Index (GGEI). Social development indicators, such as children malnutrition, maternal mortality, and educational attainment remain discouraging.', 'Social development indicators, such as children malnutrition, maternal mortality, and educational attainment remain discouraging. Furthermore, water and land resources are already under chronic scarcity, and there are already a profound water and energy crises in the Yemen. The current political and security situation is expected to weaken the already ineffective governance capacities of institutions especially at the local community levels where the majority of the poor and extremely vulnerable dwellers live. With no resilience building support, the poor are expected to see greater levels of livelihood vulnerabilities particularly massive risks of deteriorating delivery of basic social services including water and energy. Environmental degradation of scarce natural resources especially water, and land compounded by climate change are among are among the key challenges the vulnerable dwellers will face in Yemen.', 'Environmental degradation of scarce natural resources especially water, and land compounded by climate change are among are among the key challenges the vulnerable dwellers will face in Yemen. Agriculture, which sustains the rural poor, employs more than 50 percent of the total labor force of 6.6 million in 2009, but contributes by only 9.7 percent to the GDP while uses around 85 percent of its available water resources. Current projections on climate indicate that rising temperatures and frequent droughts will increase the incidences of land degradation and desertification. In addition, the water sector already faces formidable challenges, and water table is declining on average by about 2-7 meters annually due to groundwater over- exploitation.', 'In addition, the water sector already faces formidable challenges, and water table is declining on average by about 2-7 meters annually due to groundwater over- exploitation. The increasingly growing water crisis in Yemen will have severe socio-economic and environmental consequences including, decreased agriculture productivity, reduced food security, increased conflict over resources, accelerated land degradation, and increased livelihood vulnerability. Yemen’s coastal communities and their livelihoods are currently threatened by coastal erosion and flooding of low-lying areas. Under conditions of sea level rise, these communities could face damage to assets and property, constraints on water supply and quality, as well as loss in agricultural yields.', 'Under conditions of sea level rise, these communities could face damage to assets and property, constraints on water supply and quality, as well as loss in agricultural yields. Shore coral reefs, already prone to damage by the intense wave activity of storms in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, may see an increase in intense wave activity and plausibly more frequent and severe storms which have drastic loss and damage costs. Cyclone Chapala is an example of climate induced disaster risks scenarios which Yemen is projected to face more frequently over the coming decades where international support will be required to help the country manage and reduce potential loss and damages involved besides building the necessary mechanisms for long-term and sustainable recovery processes.', 'Cyclone Chapala is an example of climate induced disaster risks scenarios which Yemen is projected to face more frequently over the coming decades where international support will be required to help the country manage and reduce potential loss and damages involved besides building the necessary mechanisms for long-term and sustainable recovery processes. Given the country’s high levels of food import dependency, food insecurity and poverty, both global and local climate change impacts are likely to significantly influence its future development and food security. Accordingly, adaptation in the agricultural, water and coast sectors will have a substantial impact on economic growth and livelihoods. Under the current political and security situation in Yemen, poverty is expanding, and food insecurity is worsening.', 'Under the current political and security situation in Yemen, poverty is expanding, and food insecurity is worsening. Increases of poverty add additional mounting pressures on the already degrading natural resources upon which the livelihoods of the most vulnerable communities and excluded groups rely. The vulnerability of the poor is further exacerbated under the looming impacts of climateIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN change and expanding ecological scarcities in such a way that is not only endangering the livelihood sustainability, but also triggering further social tensions and resources conflicts. Yemen is not contributing a lot into the anthropogenic GHG emissions, but still highly vulnerable to climate change‐related impacts.', 'Yemen is not contributing a lot into the anthropogenic GHG emissions, but still highly vulnerable to climate change‐related impacts. The largest share of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Yemen is produced in the energy sector, which is expected to dominate until 2030, followed by the agricultural, waste and industrial sectors. Consequently, mitigation measures in the energy sector represent the key opportunity for Yemen to proceed towards a low emission sustainable development. Yemen has been party to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1996, and to the Kyoto Protocol since 2008 as non–Annex I Party. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is the national focal point for the implementation of the UNFCCC Convention and Kyoto protocol. EPA played a leading role in coordinating the INDC preparations.', 'EPA played a leading role in coordinating the INDC preparations. In this context, Yemen intends to contribute to global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions growth contingent on support by the international community. 2.', 'In this context, Yemen intends to contribute to global efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions growth contingent on support by the international community. 2. Yemen Mitigation Contributions Table (1) Overview of Mitigation Targets Unconditional targets A 1 percent reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario* Conditional targets An additional 13 % reduction achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 14 percent below BAU emission levels by 2030 ** Financial needs Yemen’s conditional target is conditional upon: Access to new sources of finance and enhanced support, compared to that received over the past years, to be mobilized through new climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund Detailed cost estimation of required financial support will be updated in light of future circumstances by 2020 *Unconditional mitigation scenario: It includes the mitigation measures which Yemen can implement without international support.', 'Yemen Mitigation Contributions Table (1) Overview of Mitigation Targets Unconditional targets A 1 percent reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to a business as usual (BAU) scenario* Conditional targets An additional 13 % reduction achievable under certain conditions, which would bring the total GHG reduction to 14 percent below BAU emission levels by 2030 ** Financial needs Yemen’s conditional target is conditional upon: Access to new sources of finance and enhanced support, compared to that received over the past years, to be mobilized through new climate finance mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund Detailed cost estimation of required financial support will be updated in light of future circumstances by 2020 *Unconditional mitigation scenario: It includes the mitigation measures which Yemen can implement without international support. **Note: Data given in the table above are subject to changes and update and Yemen has the right to make necessary changes relating to the baseline and mitigation scenarios in light of any up-to-date data by 2020.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Figure (1) BAU Mitigation Scenario Table (2) Summary of Assumptions and Methodologies Type of mitigation target Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Target economic sectors Energy: Energy production and Energy demand (households, transport, industry, services, agriculture and fisheries) Agriculture: Cropping systems, Land-use for agriculture and forestry and Solar PV water pumping systems for irrigation Wastes: Solid wastes and Wastewater Target greenhouse gases The contribution of the Yemen is based on estimated carbon dioxide (CO2 ), ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions.', '**Note: Data given in the table above are subject to changes and update and Yemen has the right to make necessary changes relating to the baseline and mitigation scenarios in light of any up-to-date data by 2020.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Figure (1) BAU Mitigation Scenario Table (2) Summary of Assumptions and Methodologies Type of mitigation target Emission reductions from projected emissions for the year 2030, according to a BAU scenario Target economic sectors Energy: Energy production and Energy demand (households, transport, industry, services, agriculture and fisheries) Agriculture: Cropping systems, Land-use for agriculture and forestry and Solar PV water pumping systems for irrigation Wastes: Solid wastes and Wastewater Target greenhouse gases The contribution of the Yemen is based on estimated carbon dioxide (CO2 ), ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) emissions. Fluorinated and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Yemen and their emissions are negligible as the products containing these gases are not produced in Yemen Baseline scenario (BUA) GHG emission projection for 2030, starting in 2020.', 'Fluorinated and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6 ) gases are not covered; they are rarely used in Yemen and their emissions are negligible as the products containing these gases are not produced in Yemen Baseline scenario (BUA) GHG emission projection for 2030, starting in 2020. Accordingly, projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2015 in the business-as-usual scenarios Mitigation scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2020.', 'Accordingly, projections do not take into account the mitigation measures and actions implemented from 2015 in the business-as-usual scenarios Mitigation scenario GHG emission projections for 2030, starting in 2020. The unconditional mitigation scenario is based on the implementation of the already scheduled or in-progress projects, all of whose funding has been defined, while the conditional scenario assumes the implementation of additional actions over the period 2016 - 2030Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Global Warming Potential (GWP) The GWP values used were those identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the preparation of national emissions inventories in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8., for the preparation of national emissions inventories: GWP CO2 = 1 (by convention), GWP CH4 = 21 and GWP N2O = 310 Methodology for estimating Emissions GHG baseline and mitigation scenarios are available up to the year 2025 which were projected using LEAP modeling.', 'The unconditional mitigation scenario is based on the implementation of the already scheduled or in-progress projects, all of whose funding has been defined, while the conditional scenario assumes the implementation of additional actions over the period 2016 - 2030Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Global Warming Potential (GWP) The GWP values used were those identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the preparation of national emissions inventories in accordance with UNFCCC Decision 17/CP.8., for the preparation of national emissions inventories: GWP CO2 = 1 (by convention), GWP CH4 = 21 and GWP N2O = 310 Methodology for estimating Emissions GHG baseline and mitigation scenarios are available up to the year 2025 which were projected using LEAP modeling. In addition, projections until the year 2030 have been estimated based on two factors including: First, the average GHG emission growth rate of about 2 percent per year for the baseline scenario; Second, the mitigation potential of about 14 percent below emission projections of the baseline scenario over 15 years timeframe.', 'In addition, projections until the year 2030 have been estimated based on two factors including: First, the average GHG emission growth rate of about 2 percent per year for the baseline scenario; Second, the mitigation potential of about 14 percent below emission projections of the baseline scenario over 15 years timeframe. In this regard, considering that this report was built on old and poor data, under an exceptional situation, Yemen reserves the right to update its INDC according to the availability of new effective data and conditions Table (3) Summary of Key Mitigation Data Years Total (2010- Emissions- BAU (Mt Carbon Dioxide equivalent) Emissions Unconditional Scenario (Mt eq) Emissions Conditional Scenario (Mt CO2 Expected Emission Reduction- Unconditional Scenario Expected Emission Reduction- Conditional Scenario 2.1 Unconditional Mitigation Measures Unconditional mitigation measures are scheduled or in-progress projects, all of whose funding has been defined including those under implementation.', 'In this regard, considering that this report was built on old and poor data, under an exceptional situation, Yemen reserves the right to update its INDC according to the availability of new effective data and conditions Table (3) Summary of Key Mitigation Data Years Total (2010- Emissions- BAU (Mt Carbon Dioxide equivalent) Emissions Unconditional Scenario (Mt eq) Emissions Conditional Scenario (Mt CO2 Expected Emission Reduction- Unconditional Scenario Expected Emission Reduction- Conditional Scenario 2.1 Unconditional Mitigation Measures Unconditional mitigation measures are scheduled or in-progress projects, all of whose funding has been defined including those under implementation. Some mitigation measures under implementation are summarized in table (4). Table (4) Mitigation Measures under Implementation Sector Measures Energy 1. Mocha Wind farm Project, 2014-2019, (MUS$ 144.00) - Government funding: (US$ 19 Million) 2.', 'Mocha Wind farm Project, 2014-2019, (MUS$ 144.00) - Government funding: (US$ 19 Million) 2. Rural Energy Access Project, 2009-2017, (MUS$ 121.40) - Government funding: (US$ 12.20 Million)Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 3. Marib Gas Turbine Power Station 400 MW- phase 2 (Total Cost = US$ 400 Million) - Government funding: (US$ 49 Million$) 4. The Expansion of Solar Power Technology in Yemen (US$ 50 Million) The project is being implemented nationally, with a particular focus on piloting solar technologies in government buildings, schools, hospitals and the agricultural sector (solar water pumping). 2.2 Conditional Mitigation Measures The proposed conditional measures to reduce GHG emissions are summarized in Tables (5). Table (5) Conditional Mitigation Measures Sector/Sub- sector Mitigation Measures Energy - Power Generation Efficient power generation, transmission and distribution.', 'Table (5) Conditional Mitigation Measures Sector/Sub- sector Mitigation Measures Energy - Power Generation Efficient power generation, transmission and distribution. (15 percent increase in energy efficiency in the power sector until 2025) Switch to efficient power generation for new generation capacities that are to be installed, these include: - Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants with overall efficiencies approaching to 60 percent for central (interconnected) power supply - Combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems with overall efficiencies of more than 80 percent appropriate for decentralized power supply for rural electrification, in industrial, commercial and residential sectors a) Promoting the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation.', '(15 percent increase in energy efficiency in the power sector until 2025) Switch to efficient power generation for new generation capacities that are to be installed, these include: - Combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plants with overall efficiencies approaching to 60 percent for central (interconnected) power supply - Combined heat and power (CHP) generation systems with overall efficiencies of more than 80 percent appropriate for decentralized power supply for rural electrification, in industrial, commercial and residential sectors a) Promoting the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation. - Off-grid electrification (electrification of individual rural Households-HH): 110.000 rural HH (45 percent of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity around 5.5 MWp)) - Rural electrification based on renewable energy (photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar home systems (SHS), wind energy converters, where feasible, and biomass, both in stand-alone and hybrid schemes) - Large-scale power generation from renewable energy sources (grid- connected), including solar thermal power plants, solar PV plants, and wind farms including : \uf0a7 Grid electricity (large scale electricity generation): 15 percent of generation mix in 2025 (2600 GWh).', '- Off-grid electrification (electrification of individual rural Households-HH): 110.000 rural HH (45 percent of identified market potential) to be electrified Solar Home Systems until 2025 (installed capacity around 5.5 MWp)) - Rural electrification based on renewable energy (photovoltaic (PV) systems, solar home systems (SHS), wind energy converters, where feasible, and biomass, both in stand-alone and hybrid schemes) - Large-scale power generation from renewable energy sources (grid- connected), including solar thermal power plants, solar PV plants, and wind farms including : \uf0a7 Grid electricity (large scale electricity generation): 15 percent of generation mix in 2025 (2600 GWh). This translates into an overall installed capacity in 2025 of: 400 MW from wind farms 160 MW from geothermal power stations \uf0a7 6 MW from power stations using landfill gasIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Fuel switching to natural gas.', 'This translates into an overall installed capacity in 2025 of: 400 MW from wind farms 160 MW from geothermal power stations \uf0a7 6 MW from power stations using landfill gasIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Fuel switching to natural gas. Promoting the wide use of natural gas for power generation, industry and other economic sectors Residential and Commercial - Launch energy-efficiency programs through establishing energy efficiency standards, energy use regulations and labeling and public awareness. - Promote active use of solar energy through use of solar water heaters instead of electric water heaters and use of solar-driven air-conditioning and solar refrigeration. (Solar Water Heaters: 40 percent of market potential in 2025 (200,000 units) representing a saving potential of 457 GWh) Transport - Improving energy use efficiency in transportation sector.', '(Solar Water Heaters: 40 percent of market potential in 2025 (200,000 units) representing a saving potential of 457 GWh) Transport - Improving energy use efficiency in transportation sector. Industrial - Introduction of renewable energy sources in the industrial energy supplies concepts (solar water heaters, solar based process heat/steam, photovoltaic and wind systems) Agriculture - Introduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems for irrigation - Proper land management to reduce methane from soil Water - Methane captures from wastewater treatment plants - Encouraging and expanding renewable energy-based water desalination Wastes - Landfill gas capturing for flaring or using for power generation 2.3 Fairness and Ambition Yemen, as a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.1 percent of global emissions, is not contributing a lot into the anthropogenic GHG emissions (0.92 Metric Tons per capita in 2011) but stands highly vulnerable to climate change‐related impacts because of its fragile socioeconomic development and inadequate adaptive capacity.', 'Industrial - Introduction of renewable energy sources in the industrial energy supplies concepts (solar water heaters, solar based process heat/steam, photovoltaic and wind systems) Agriculture - Introduction of solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems for irrigation - Proper land management to reduce methane from soil Water - Methane captures from wastewater treatment plants - Encouraging and expanding renewable energy-based water desalination Wastes - Landfill gas capturing for flaring or using for power generation 2.3 Fairness and Ambition Yemen, as a Least Developed Country (LDC) whose emissions are less than 0.1 percent of global emissions, is not contributing a lot into the anthropogenic GHG emissions (0.92 Metric Tons per capita in 2011) but stands highly vulnerable to climate change‐related impacts because of its fragile socioeconomic development and inadequate adaptive capacity. However, Yemen recognizes that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation.', 'However, Yemen recognizes that in order to meet the 2 degree objective all countries will need to undertake mitigation. In view of that, Yemen’s approach focuses on avoiding an increase of emissions per capita beyond this level, while pursuing its development goals. In addition, Yemen account for a small share of past global greenhouse gases, it is therefore putting forward actions that align with a low carbon development pathway, which to be fully implemented would require additional international support in the form of finance, technology transfer and capacity building. In addition, Yemen’s INDC represents its aspiration to increase the resilience to climate change by introducing a comprehensive programme for adaptation action across sectors in support of livelihoods, and economic well-being of the Yemeni people.', 'In addition, Yemen’s INDC represents its aspiration to increase the resilience to climate change by introducing a comprehensive programme for adaptation action across sectors in support of livelihoods, and economic well-being of the Yemeni people. This represents a high level of fairness and ambition in light of Yemen’s national circumstances.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 3. Yemen Adaptation Measures 3.1 Climate change scenarios and vulnerability: The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) shows that climate change will have impact on world weather patterns, and that some regions and sectors are likely to be particularly affected. Although patterns of change in precipitation under climate change are not fully certain, agriculture and water are evidently the region’s top sectoral vulnerabilities.', 'Although patterns of change in precipitation under climate change are not fully certain, agriculture and water are evidently the region’s top sectoral vulnerabilities. The average temperature rise in the region is faster than the global average and is likely to persist in the future. Currently developing countries situated in arid and semi-arid zones, which Yemen is one of them, are dealing with myriads of environmental and socio-economic challenges including poverty, resource degradation, alarming population growth, and low agricultural productivity. Yemen encompasses an area of about 45.5 million hectares, the majority of which is arid lands and desert.', 'Yemen encompasses an area of about 45.5 million hectares, the majority of which is arid lands and desert. Several studies were conducted to assess the impacts of climate change in Yemen including Yemen s Initial National Communication (INC 2001); National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA 2008); and Yemen’s Second National Communication (SNC 2013). The three studies found that agriculture, water and coast are among the top vulnerable sectors in Yemen which is consistent with findings of the mentioned regional climatic projections. In 2010, the World Bank conducted a study entitled “Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and Variability on the Water and Agriculture Sectors, and the Policy Implications” which projected climate change impacts on agriculture and water sectors in Yemen under a range of assumptions about future emissions.', 'In 2010, the World Bank conducted a study entitled “Assessing the Impact of Climate Change and Variability on the Water and Agriculture Sectors, and the Policy Implications” which projected climate change impacts on agriculture and water sectors in Yemen under a range of assumptions about future emissions. The impact of climate change in Yemen is expected to be particularly significant due to historical patterns of climatic variability, high levels of water scarcity and the country‘s reliance on climate-vulnerable sectors, such as water, agriculture, and coastal sectors. Average annual precipitation in the country is very low, ranging from less than 50 millimeters (mm) in the coastal plains and desert plateau regions to around 800 mm in the mountainous highland region in the west.', 'Average annual precipitation in the country is very low, ranging from less than 50 millimeters (mm) in the coastal plains and desert plateau regions to around 800 mm in the mountainous highland region in the west. To make matters worse, the precipitation distribution of Yemen is characterized by seasonally intense and short-lived heavy storms that produce flash floods interspersed with long dry periods leading to widespread drought.', 'To make matters worse, the precipitation distribution of Yemen is characterized by seasonally intense and short-lived heavy storms that produce flash floods interspersed with long dry periods leading to widespread drought. The following provides a summary of major impacts of climate change in Yemen which represents priority areas of interventions for building resilience: \uf0a7 Increased water scarcity and reduced water quality – leading to increased hardship on rural livelihoods; \uf0a7 Increased drought frequency, increased temperatures, and changes in precipitation patterns – leading to degradation of agricultural lands, soils and terraces; \uf0a7 Deterioration of habitats and biodiversity – leading to expansion of desertification;Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN \uf0a7 Reduced agricultural productivity – leading to increased food insecurity and reduced income generating activities; \uf0a7 Increased sea levels – leading to deterioration of wetlands, coastal mangrove migration, erosion, infrastructure damage, and seawater groundwater intrusion; \uf0a7 Increased climatic variability – leading to the possibility of spread and growth of vector borne and water borne diseases; and \uf0a7 Impacts on coastal zones – leading to a loss of tourism activity due to sea level rise including loss of beaches.', 'The following provides a summary of major impacts of climate change in Yemen which represents priority areas of interventions for building resilience: \uf0a7 Increased water scarcity and reduced water quality – leading to increased hardship on rural livelihoods; \uf0a7 Increased drought frequency, increased temperatures, and changes in precipitation patterns – leading to degradation of agricultural lands, soils and terraces; \uf0a7 Deterioration of habitats and biodiversity – leading to expansion of desertification;Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN \uf0a7 Reduced agricultural productivity – leading to increased food insecurity and reduced income generating activities; \uf0a7 Increased sea levels – leading to deterioration of wetlands, coastal mangrove migration, erosion, infrastructure damage, and seawater groundwater intrusion; \uf0a7 Increased climatic variability – leading to the possibility of spread and growth of vector borne and water borne diseases; and \uf0a7 Impacts on coastal zones – leading to a loss of tourism activity due to sea level rise including loss of beaches. In 2008, the flash flood of a severe tropical cyclone had caused one of the most serious natural disasters in Yemen over the past decades leading to loss of lives, and damages of houses, infrastructure, and agricultural sector.', 'In 2008, the flash flood of a severe tropical cyclone had caused one of the most serious natural disasters in Yemen over the past decades leading to loss of lives, and damages of houses, infrastructure, and agricultural sector. The flooding resulted in estimated damage and losses of $1.64 billion. An estimated 700,000 persons were internally displaced as a result of the severe flooding affected low-lying Wadie of Hadhramout and Al-Mahra in Yemen in 2008 which is said to be attributed to climate change induced tropical cyclone. More frequent and severe disaster risks are projected under climate change scenarios.', 'More frequent and severe disaster risks are projected under climate change scenarios. Cyclone Chapala of this year is another recent example of climate induced disaster risks scenarios which have significant loss and damage costs in Yemen On the other hand, considerable losses in grain production and husbandry have already been experienced in 2008/2009; when aggregate production was lower by 24 percent compared to 2007. This dramatic fall in food production was largely due to increasingly prolonged drought conditions, when most of water sources in valleys producing grain dried up.', 'This dramatic fall in food production was largely due to increasingly prolonged drought conditions, when most of water sources in valleys producing grain dried up. These changes in temperature and rainfall patterns are likely to worsen existing water scarcity conditions, loss of land productivity and desertification processes as well as frequency and intensity of climate induced drought and flood related disaster risks, which have been increasing over the past decade in all parts of the country including the latest Chapala tropical cyclone of November 2015. The involved loss and damage of such extreme weather events are significant but further studies will be conducted in the future to determine the estimated costs associated with the climate induced disaster risks scenarios.', 'The involved loss and damage of such extreme weather events are significant but further studies will be conducted in the future to determine the estimated costs associated with the climate induced disaster risks scenarios. Thus, climate change represents a major threat to Yemen’s economy and food security, which are overwhelmingly dependant on rain-fed agricultural production. Some of the critical underlying causes of current vulnerability relate to heavy reliance on agriculture, high population growth and poverty rates, with increasing inequalities. The agricultural sector currently uses over 90 percent of all freshwater resources. In addition, a combination of rural economic growth and demographic pressures is driving up demand for water, especially those extracted from the groundwater reserves.', 'In addition, a combination of rural economic growth and demographic pressures is driving up demand for water, especially those extracted from the groundwater reserves. Consequently, Yemen’s aquifers are being mined at such a rate that groundwater levels have been falling by 2 to 7 meters annually. Climate change will clearly exert additional pressure on recharge rates through rainfall decline and lead to accelerated depletion. As such, modeling results predict groundwater reserves will be exhausted by about 2025-2030.', 'As such, modeling results predict groundwater reserves will be exhausted by about 2025-2030. Climate models which had been deployed based on regional scenarios indicates that Yemen is projected toIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN witness greater variability, with an increased frequency of intense rainfall events and therefore possibly an increased risk of drought and floods- see three projected climate scenarios below as shown in Figure (2). Also, the marginal impact of climate change scenarios on rainfall and crop production is shown in Table (6). The common factors in the predictions are: Yemen will be getting warmer, most likely at a faster rate than the global average (by between 1 and 4.5oC towards the end of century) and more arid.', 'The common factors in the predictions are: Yemen will be getting warmer, most likely at a faster rate than the global average (by between 1 and 4.5oC towards the end of century) and more arid. It is likely that there will be more variability of rainfall patterns within years. There will be an increased frequency of intense rainfall events and therefore an increased risk of floods and drought. In a nutshell, Yemen is anticipated to experience steadily rise in temperatures, and an increase in variability of rainfall and in heavy precipitation events under climate change. Rainfall changes will be accompanied by changes in the intensity of wind and frequency of high temperatures and changed cloudiness.', 'Rainfall changes will be accompanied by changes in the intensity of wind and frequency of high temperatures and changed cloudiness. Less predictable rainfall and a hotter and possibly drier climate would place Yemen’s people and economy under further stress. Climate change could also badly affect 52 percent of Yemen’s workforce working in the agricultural field. Table (6) Marginal Impact of Climate Change Scenarios on Rainfall and Crop Production Scenario Mid Hot and Dry Hot and Wet Figure (2) Simplified Climate Scenarios Showing Changes in Annual Average Precipitation and Annual Average WarmingIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 3.2 Adaptation Measures Owing to the multidimensional nature of vulnerability in Yemen, adaptation is centered around multi-sectoral and stakeholder consultations to build up resilience of the major priority sectors being affected by climate change.', 'Table (6) Marginal Impact of Climate Change Scenarios on Rainfall and Crop Production Scenario Mid Hot and Dry Hot and Wet Figure (2) Simplified Climate Scenarios Showing Changes in Annual Average Precipitation and Annual Average WarmingIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 3.2 Adaptation Measures Owing to the multidimensional nature of vulnerability in Yemen, adaptation is centered around multi-sectoral and stakeholder consultations to build up resilience of the major priority sectors being affected by climate change. In addition to the already planned and implemented short- term adaptation measures and actions, Yemen intends to plan and implement medium- and long-term resilience building measures to address the impacts of climate changes, given that these changes has already significantly affected most sectors relevant to economic, food and water security of Yemeni citizens.', 'In addition to the already planned and implemented short- term adaptation measures and actions, Yemen intends to plan and implement medium- and long-term resilience building measures to address the impacts of climate changes, given that these changes has already significantly affected most sectors relevant to economic, food and water security of Yemeni citizens. Yemen’s water scarcity represents a direct pressing factor and threat to its economy and directly affects the food security of the Yemeni citizens. However, Yemen spares no effort to play a positive role in this international orientation in accordance with its national interests and the rights of Yemeni people in the provision of decent living conditions.', 'However, Yemen spares no effort to play a positive role in this international orientation in accordance with its national interests and the rights of Yemeni people in the provision of decent living conditions. It is expected that Yemen will witness a noticeable increase in the annual temperature as well as a steady decrease in the annual rainfall. As mentioned above, Yemen is highly vulnerable to climate change and it is therefore expected that the effects of climate change would obviously affect water, agriculture, health and bio-diversity sectors due to their structural fragility as well as the lack of institutional and technical capacities including other necessary means to cope with the effects and minimize the risks of climate change.', 'As mentioned above, Yemen is highly vulnerable to climate change and it is therefore expected that the effects of climate change would obviously affect water, agriculture, health and bio-diversity sectors due to their structural fragility as well as the lack of institutional and technical capacities including other necessary means to cope with the effects and minimize the risks of climate change. This document therefore provides a vision for adaptation which would set the ground to build resilience under the identified climate risk scenarios, which represent the cornerstone for achieving sustainable development. Such a vision will also set the ground for enabling actions which include preparation of National Adaptation Plan (NAP).', 'Such a vision will also set the ground for enabling actions which include preparation of National Adaptation Plan (NAP). NAP will provide the necessary information including on medium- and long terms climate vulnerabilities, and investment programmes to build resilience under the projected climate risks scenarios. Building of resilience will necessarily require international support to enable Yemen to adapt to the effects of climate change. Yemen’s Future Plan to address the effects of climate change will require measures to reduce the risks and enhance adaptation especially of already fragile and most vulnerable sectors, in particular, the unprecedented droughts, land degradation, sea level rise and coastal storm surges which recently have caused widespread devastation of coastal communities, as evidenced by most recently Chapala Cyclone in November 2015.', 'Yemen’s Future Plan to address the effects of climate change will require measures to reduce the risks and enhance adaptation especially of already fragile and most vulnerable sectors, in particular, the unprecedented droughts, land degradation, sea level rise and coastal storm surges which recently have caused widespread devastation of coastal communities, as evidenced by most recently Chapala Cyclone in November 2015. These can be realized through a range of actions aimed at promoting resilience to the effects of and disaster risks associated with local and global climate change scenarios. 3.2.1 Presentation of current adaptation measures A number of institutional actions are being carried out in Yemen, many of which are set to offer significant insights and experiences on current and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change.', '3.2.1 Presentation of current adaptation measures A number of institutional actions are being carried out in Yemen, many of which are set to offer significant insights and experiences on current and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies for addressing climate change. A selection of the main programmes under implementation includes:Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 1- Many key programs identified in NAPA are either planned or under implementation such as the national early warning system for natural disasters and climate change vulnerability assessment of key sectors; 2- Yemen is a pilot country for CIF’s Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR).', 'A selection of the main programmes under implementation includes:Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN 1- Many key programs identified in NAPA are either planned or under implementation such as the national early warning system for natural disasters and climate change vulnerability assessment of key sectors; 2- Yemen is a pilot country for CIF’s Pilot Project for Climate Resilience (PPCR). As the poorest country in the Middle East, the Yemen PPCR strategic programme is designed to reduce the vulnerability of coastal populations and integrate climate resilience and adaptation planning and capacity into the water and agricultural sectors with investments in three focus areas: (i) Climate Information System and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (CISPPCR) - Climate Services - (budget:US$19 Million); (ii) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (budget: US$ 20 Million); and (iii) Natural Resource Management and Rural Livelihoods (budget: US$ 11 Million).', 'As the poorest country in the Middle East, the Yemen PPCR strategic programme is designed to reduce the vulnerability of coastal populations and integrate climate resilience and adaptation planning and capacity into the water and agricultural sectors with investments in three focus areas: (i) Climate Information System and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (CISPPCR) - Climate Services - (budget:US$19 Million); (ii) Integrated Coastal Zone Management (budget: US$ 20 Million); and (iii) Natural Resource Management and Rural Livelihoods (budget: US$ 11 Million). 3- The “Small Holder Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (SAPEP) under Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), (budget: US$ 36 Million); 4- Rural Growth Program (budget: US$ 167 Million); 5- Rain-fed Agriculture and Livestock Project (budget: US$ 12.9 Million); 6- Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity; 7- Climate Resilience of Rural Communities (CRRC) Project; 8- Third National Communication and First Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC (budget: US$ 0.852 Million); 9- The ‘Small Holder Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (SAPEP) under Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), (budget: US$ 36 Million).', '3- The “Small Holder Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (SAPEP) under Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), (budget: US$ 36 Million); 4- Rural Growth Program (budget: US$ 167 Million); 5- Rain-fed Agriculture and Livestock Project (budget: US$ 12.9 Million); 6- Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity; 7- Climate Resilience of Rural Communities (CRRC) Project; 8- Third National Communication and First Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC (budget: US$ 0.852 Million); 9- The ‘Small Holder Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program (SAPEP) under Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP), (budget: US$ 36 Million). 3.2.2 Presentation of planned adaptation measures: The implementation of adaptation measures will be based on related national frameworks and sectoral strategies such as the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Plan (NWSSIP), the National Agriculture Sector Strategy (NASS) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), among others.', '3.2.2 Presentation of planned adaptation measures: The implementation of adaptation measures will be based on related national frameworks and sectoral strategies such as the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Plan (NWSSIP), the National Agriculture Sector Strategy (NASS) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP), among others. A wide-ranging of measures is proposed to address climate vulnerabilities of priority sectors and thematic areas and this includes: 1- Promotion and scale-up of rainwater harvesting to reduce climate induced water shortage; 2- Promoting agriculture drought management as well as sustainable crop and livestock management; 3- Plan and implement proper land resources management programs. 4- Llivelihood approaches for integrating natural resources management and preservation of sensitive ecosystems; 5- Disaster risk management including flood and drought management.', '4- Llivelihood approaches for integrating natural resources management and preservation of sensitive ecosystems; 5- Disaster risk management including flood and drought management. 6- Capacity Building for integrated coastal zones and marine resources management. 7- Capacity building and awareness raising; and 8- Institutional capacity for building resilience climate change including planning, programing, monitoring and resources mobilization.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Also there are a number of pipelined projects with support from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) with the aim of building climate resilience of vulnerable local communities in Yemen which include: Promote and build climate resilience to reduce vulnerability in Wadis and coastal areas; Enhance livelihood approach for integrating natural resources management and preservation of sensitive ecosystems.', '7- Capacity building and awareness raising; and 8- Institutional capacity for building resilience climate change including planning, programing, monitoring and resources mobilization.Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN Also there are a number of pipelined projects with support from United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) with the aim of building climate resilience of vulnerable local communities in Yemen which include: Promote and build climate resilience to reduce vulnerability in Wadis and coastal areas; Enhance livelihood approach for integrating natural resources management and preservation of sensitive ecosystems. Introduce and scale-up renewable energy applications to reduce rural communities’ vulnerability. The implementation of Yemen’s INDC relating to adaptation will largely depends on financial support by the UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms including on the Green Climate Fund (GCF).', 'The implementation of Yemen’s INDC relating to adaptation will largely depends on financial support by the UNFCCC climate financing mechanisms including on the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Also Yemen needs international support for preparation and implementation of NAP to address the effects of climate change in a sustainable manner. In this context, Yemen will need support in terms of finance, capacity building and technology transfer. Equally important, support should also include focus on building medium- and long-term resilience capacity needs of the poor, and excluded groups, while at the same time responding to the emerging vulnerabilities being largely amplified by the escalating political-security economic consequences through a set of urgent but scalable livelihood strengthening interventions (i.e.', 'Equally important, support should also include focus on building medium- and long-term resilience capacity needs of the poor, and excluded groups, while at the same time responding to the emerging vulnerabilities being largely amplified by the escalating political-security economic consequences through a set of urgent but scalable livelihood strengthening interventions (i.e. labor-intensive terrace rehabilitation, community-based natural resource conflict-sensitive management, and income-generating livelihoods) that reinforce short-term resilience capacity needs at the grassroots levels. 4. Issues and Needs As a LDC, Yemen is a resource‐constrained country with limited capacities but still experiencing tremendous development challenges, and pressing priorities.', 'Issues and Needs As a LDC, Yemen is a resource‐constrained country with limited capacities but still experiencing tremendous development challenges, and pressing priorities. Yemen also has the lowest Official Development Assistance (ODA) of per capita at US$12.7 or just 2.2 percent of GDP, compared to US$33.4 per capita (18.7 percent of GDP) for other least developed countries in the world. A range of factors pose challenges to addressing climate in Yemen.', 'A range of factors pose challenges to addressing climate in Yemen. These include weak governance and institutional structures, lack of long-term reliable data or technical capacity to analyze the data, uncertainties in regional and local climate scenarios as well as socio-economic scenarios, generally low awareness levels regarding climate change, low institutional or technical capacity to interpret, modify, or develop existing models or methodologies, and a dearth of research on applicable policy measures to address climate change.', 'These include weak governance and institutional structures, lack of long-term reliable data or technical capacity to analyze the data, uncertainties in regional and local climate scenarios as well as socio-economic scenarios, generally low awareness levels regarding climate change, low institutional or technical capacity to interpret, modify, or develop existing models or methodologies, and a dearth of research on applicable policy measures to address climate change. With the current weak adaptive and institutional capacity, it is unlikely for Yemen to build up adequate climate change resilience, and ensure low‐emission development trajectories unlessIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN sufficient support has been provided to enable Yemen implement its ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets as well as adapt to the impacts of climate change.', 'With the current weak adaptive and institutional capacity, it is unlikely for Yemen to build up adequate climate change resilience, and ensure low‐emission development trajectories unlessIntended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) YEMEN sufficient support has been provided to enable Yemen implement its ambitious GHG emissions reduction targets as well as adapt to the impacts of climate change. Yemen is geographically divided up by five major land and eco-climatic systems in addition to the different socio-economic rural-urban settings, and geographical and topographical characteristics, and localities across the various governorates, and districts of the country. Each and every specific locality would probably have its own locality specific adaptation needs.', 'Each and every specific locality would probably have its own locality specific adaptation needs. However, it can be noted that each of the aforementioned studies has only covered a limited number of sectors through scattered and selected pilot areas. Different areas have not been covered, and new emerging climate change associated impacts including spread of diseases such as Dengue have not yet been explored In addition, these studies have only provided a generic outlook rather than location-specific information which sounds to have very low applicability across the diverse geographic, topographic landscapes of the country.', 'Different areas have not been covered, and new emerging climate change associated impacts including spread of diseases such as Dengue have not yet been explored In addition, these studies have only provided a generic outlook rather than location-specific information which sounds to have very low applicability across the diverse geographic, topographic landscapes of the country. Therefore, more studies will be conducted under the NAP process which will provide up-to-date analysis with economy-wide adaptation needs including on costing of investments covering the various medium- and long-term adaptation measures, as well as loss and damage associated with climate induced disaster risk scenarios.', 'Therefore, more studies will be conducted under the NAP process which will provide up-to-date analysis with economy-wide adaptation needs including on costing of investments covering the various medium- and long-term adaptation measures, as well as loss and damage associated with climate induced disaster risk scenarios. Therefore, it is important to note that this INDC document has drawn on available reports and studies while other national-wide and locality- specific vulnerabilities, and adaption needs have not been reflected owing to lack of sufficient information at this stage when the INDC is drafted.', 'Therefore, it is important to note that this INDC document has drawn on available reports and studies while other national-wide and locality- specific vulnerabilities, and adaption needs have not been reflected owing to lack of sufficient information at this stage when the INDC is drafted. Additional ssupport will also needed on issues relating to Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as well as Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) including on sustainable management of natural resource, and disaster risk management (DRM) to help the country reduce potential loss and damages associated with climate induced disaster risk scenarios such as the already occurring extreme hydrological weather events including more frequent and severe droughts and floods Consequently the implementation of Yemen’s INDC will need significant support in terms of capacity building and technology development and transfer.', 'Additional ssupport will also needed on issues relating to Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as well as Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) including on sustainable management of natural resource, and disaster risk management (DRM) to help the country reduce potential loss and damages associated with climate induced disaster risk scenarios such as the already occurring extreme hydrological weather events including more frequent and severe droughts and floods Consequently the implementation of Yemen’s INDC will need significant support in terms of capacity building and technology development and transfer. Without such support under such a fragile situation, the looming environmental scarcity threats, and climate change impacts and potential risks will further compound the mounting political-security effects on the poor in general and the most vulnerable in particular.'] | en-US |
374 | ZMB | Zambia | 1st NDC | 2016-12-09 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Zambia_Provisional_Updated_NDC_2020.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 7.502521 | 1.63547 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/64c91f77a1ef711fd227366149309962f21363c75e28fb8b91aaaaf9c102246f.pdf | ['This document presents a revised and updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for Zambia to the Paris Agreement on climate change. This pursuant to Decision 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 and 1/CP.21 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for countries to enhance their climate ambitions and update their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2020. Zambia’s first NDC was submitted on 9th December, 2016, and consisted of both mitigation and adaptation components based on the country’s national circumstances. This NDC was submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 25% (20,000 Gg CO2 eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario with limited international support or by 47% eq.) with substantial international support.', 'by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario with limited international support or by 47% eq.) with substantial international support. The mitigation actions were focused on three programmes: (1) Sustainable forest management; (2) Sustainable agriculture, and; (3) Renewable energy and energy efficiency. Adaptation actions in this NDC were focused on strategic productive systems (agriculture, wildlife and water), strategic infrastructure and health systems and enhanced capacity building, research, technology transfer and finance for adaptation. The country requires substantial resources to meet the means of implementation of these interventions.', 'The country requires substantial resources to meet the means of implementation of these interventions. By this submission Zambia enhances its NDC by broadening the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption) and by elaborating the adaptation component of the NDC by developing indicators that will enable the country track progress on building resilience in both the human and physical systems and on adaptation actions. 1.1 Further information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia s NDC Zambia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its NDC.', '1.1 Further information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia s NDC Zambia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its NDC. Further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding for the enhanced nationally determined contribution may be provided at a later date, when there is more clarity on the updated nationally determined contribution.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Zambia for the timeframe 2015-2030 Updated as of 23 December 2020 Zambia is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% (at Business As Usual (BAU) level of international support prevailing in 2015) and towards 47% (with substantial international support) compared to 2010 levels.', 'Further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding for the enhanced nationally determined contribution may be provided at a later date, when there is more clarity on the updated nationally determined contribution.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Zambia for the timeframe 2015-2030 Updated as of 23 December 2020 Zambia is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% (at Business As Usual (BAU) level of international support prevailing in 2015) and towards 47% (with substantial international support) compared to 2010 levels. Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia’s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Zambia s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 2010 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, except AFOLU in the base year 2010.', 'Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia’s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Zambia s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 2010 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, except AFOLU in the base year 2010. The base year emission level was about 120,605 Gg CO2-equivalents.', 'The base year emission level was about 120,605 Gg CO2-equivalents. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Not applicable. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; At least 25% (at the Business As Usual BAU level of international support prevailing in 2015) and towards 47% (with substantial international support) reduction in greenhouse gas emission compared to 2010 levels. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2010 reported in Zambia’s Biennial Update Report.', '(e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); The reference indicator will be quantified based on national total GHG emissions in 2010 reported in Zambia’s Biennial Update Report. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. The national total GHG emissions in 2010 may be updated and recalculated due to continuous methodological improvements. Information on updates made will be included in the relevant reporting under the UNFCCC, and from 2024 onwards in the Biennial Transparency Reports.', 'Information on updates made will be included in the relevant reporting under the UNFCCC, and from 2024 onwards in the Biennial Transparency Reports. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; This NDC is submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the BAU scenario with levels of international support prevailing in 2015 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.)', 'by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the BAU scenario with levels of international support prevailing in 2015 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.) with substantial international support. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Information provided is this NDC is consistent with the IPCC guidelines: Sectors Energy, industrial processes and product use, Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and waste. Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)).', 'Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)). For the AFOLU sector, emissions and removals the following reporting categories are included: forest land, cropland, grassland, and wetland (wetland remaining wetland only from 2026), including land use changes between the categories, and between these categories and settlements and other land. The five carbon pools above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, litter, dead wood and soil organic matters are included. In addition, the carbon pool harvested wood products is included. (c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 Para.', '(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 Para. 31(c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it” 31(d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded” By this submission Zambia enhances its Nationally Determined Contribution by broadening the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption). This translates into additional categories which demonstrates the consideration of paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision Responding to the request in para.', 'This translates into additional categories which demonstrates the consideration of paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision Responding to the request in para. 31(c) of decision 1/CP.21, through this submission, Zambia demonstrates it has striven to enhance its NDC by broadening the scope of sectors which contribute to the country’s mitigation efforts. Zambia is now considering all sectors and categories as potential contributors to its mitigation efforts. Zambia is prioritising mitigation actions that it considers likely to be effective and reliable, targeted where possible at GHG inventory key categories, and, cost-effective. For brevity, this NDC presents a summary of the mitigation actions by sector, and not by category.', 'For brevity, this NDC presents a summary of the mitigation actions by sector, and not by category. Energy – Stationary combustion Major mitigation themes are: 1) better access to electrical energy; 2) better resilience, transmission efficiency, and, interconnectivity of the electricity supply network, 3) greater energy efficiency of both generation and consumption; 4) increased generation of and increased use of renewable energy. The investments Zambia are making in low- carbon and carbon-neutral energy technologies are expected to reduce the energy intensity of our economic development, the carbon intensity of energy production, GHG emissions, and the long-term costs of mitigation. Energy – Transport Major mitigation themes are: 1) improved fuel efficiency; 2) modal shift; 3) improved transport infrastructure.', 'Energy – Transport Major mitigation themes are: 1) improved fuel efficiency; 2) modal shift; 3) improved transport infrastructure. Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Major mitigation themes are: 1) increased energy efficiency of processes; 2) improvements in technology.Agriculture Major mitigation themes are: 1) conservation and sustainable agriculture; 2) efficient agriculture. Waste Major mitigation themes are: 1) improved solid waste handling and disposal practices; 2) reduction in waste generation; 3) generation of biomethane from waste; 4) improved waste-water treatment practices. Forestry and Land Use Major mitigation themes are: 1) reduction in deforestation; 2) increase in afforestation and reforestation; 3) improved forest management; 4) careful agro-forestry practice. Responding to the request in para. 31(d) of decision 1/CP.21, Zambia has not explicitly decided to exclude any sectors.', '31(d) of decision 1/CP.21, Zambia has not explicitly decided to exclude any sectors. Zambia has instead focussed its efforts on sectors with the greatest mitigation potential, with the greatest likelihood of rapid implementation, aligned where possible with the GHG inventory Key Category Analysis. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions Zambia has identified several mitigation benefits from adaptation actions including under Climate Smart Agriculture where adaptation measures through techniques have also resulted in emissions reductions(e) Sectoral targets A quantitative analysis of sectoral targets is currently under review.', 'Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions Zambia has identified several mitigation benefits from adaptation actions including under Climate Smart Agriculture where adaptation measures through techniques have also resulted in emissions reductions(e) Sectoral targets A quantitative analysis of sectoral targets is currently under review. 4 Planning processes: (a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The mitigation and adaptation programs elaborated in this NDC are integrated in the Seventh National Development Plan (7NDP) and its successive plans. Planning for adaptation and mitigation programs under the Zambia’s NDC.', 'Planning for adaptation and mitigation programs under the Zambia’s NDC. The National Adaptation Planning process being undertaken by Government provides a good basis for long term adaptation programming and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the existing national planning processes. The National Designated Authority (NDA) for the Green Climate Fund has already been designated and is expected to play a key role of “clearing house or entity” for climate change projects to be funded from GCF in Zambia. The process is on-going to select a National Implementing Entity (NIE) and establishing a National Climate Change Fund (NCCF).', 'The process is on-going to select a National Implementing Entity (NIE) and establishing a National Climate Change Fund (NCCF). The effectiveness of the NDC implementation will be ensured through the ongoing development and strengthening of existing Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems to track progress of implementation of both the mitigation and adaptation programs. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Institutional arrangements: The Institutional arrangements for climate change implementation is established in the National Policy on Climate Change of 2016 through an interministerial consultation structure. The Policy establishes the Council of Ministers chaired by the Vice President of the Republic of Zambiaand is the supreme decision making body in overseeing Climate Change interventions in the country.', 'The Policy establishes the Council of Ministers chaired by the Vice President of the Republic of Zambiaand is the supreme decision making body in overseeing Climate Change interventions in the country. It provides policy guidance in climate change programming, mainstreaming, resource mobilization, monitoring and evaluation. The Steering Committee of Permanent Secretaries as the advisory body to the Council of Ministers on policy and programme coordination and implementation. The Steering Committee is chaired by the ministry responsible for development planning to ensure climate change is mainstreamed in the development planning process. The Technical Committee on Climate Change comprising representatives from relevant Ministries and a broad range of other stakeholders, including private sector, civil society, financial instituions, among others.', 'The Technical Committee on Climate Change comprising representatives from relevant Ministries and a broad range of other stakeholders, including private sector, civil society, financial instituions, among others. The Technical Committee is the main technical advisory body to the Steering Committee of Permanent Secretaries. The Technical Committee is chaired by the Ministry responsible for Climate Change implementation under which there isa dedicated department on climate change which is responsible for coordinating climate change implementation in Zambia. (ii) a. b. c. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement a.', '(ii) a. b. c. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement a. Information on national circumstances can be found in Zambia’s Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC, Chapter 2. b. Zambia has established institutional arrangements at the high-level decision- making bodies of the Republic of Zambia. It has established the Council of Ministers on Climate Change, chaired by the Vice President of the Republic of Zambia which is the supreme decision-making body in overseeing Climate Change interventions in the country.', 'It has established the Council of Ministers on Climate Change, chaired by the Vice President of the Republic of Zambia which is the supreme decision-making body in overseeing Climate Change interventions in the country. This is supported by Steering Committee of Permanent Secretaries and Technical Committee on Climate Change, and this ensures broad political ownership and effective coordination of the climate change interventions in the country. c. Zambia aspires to become a prosperous middle income country by 2010 as enshrined in its Vision 2030.c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement - continued.', 'Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement - continued. Food security: Zambia s role in global food security in the context of climate change is to adapt to a changing climate, manage and use these resources sustainably, to secure food supplies while emissions of greenhouse gases are reduced. Gender equality: In 2018, the Government Republic of Zambia with support from cooperating partners developed and launched a Climate Change Gender Action Plan (CCGAP) which ensures that Zambia’s climate change processes mainstream gender considerations to guarantee that women and men can have access to, participate in, and benefit equally from climate change initiatives. Youth actions: Education and training are important elements in enhancing the country’s capacity to effectively undertake climate change actions.', 'Youth actions: Education and training are important elements in enhancing the country’s capacity to effectively undertake climate change actions. In order to ensure sustained implementation of education and training activities in the country, the National Policy on Education was formulated to provide a framework for education at primary and secondary school levels. In addition, a National Climate Change Learning Strategy has been developed to strengthen individual and institutional systemic capacities of the energy, forestry, health, agriculture and education sectors to enable them to deliver climate change. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Zambia’s current National Development Plan (7NDP) has embraced an integrated multisectoral approach. The country has domesticated the SDGs, the AU Agenda 2063, among others, into its 7NDP. The 7NDP has mainstreamed 86% of SDGs goals and targets.', 'The 7NDP has mainstreamed 86% of SDGs goals and targets. Consequently, implementation and reporting on SDGs are coordinated through the institutional structures at national and sub-national levels using the Cluster approach.', 'Consequently, implementation and reporting on SDGs are coordinated through the institutional structures at national and sub-national levels using the Cluster approach. This approach has fostered doing more with less and has strengthened synergies and partnerships resulting into multi-sectoral responses to development challenges whose achievements include:(b) (c) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable Zambia s climate targets and polices are developed in the context of best available science and hence the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees, has been central to the assessment of the nationally determined contribution.', 'This approach has fostered doing more with less and has strengthened synergies and partnerships resulting into multi-sectoral responses to development challenges whose achievements include:(b) (c) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable Zambia s climate targets and polices are developed in the context of best available science and hence the IPCC Special Report on 1.5 degrees, has been central to the assessment of the nationally determined contribution. (d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors The intended contribution on adaptation stated here is for the purposes of information so that an overview of the range of planned climate-related actions of the country is made known; it does not constitute an international obligation to the country.', '(d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors The intended contribution on adaptation stated here is for the purposes of information so that an overview of the range of planned climate-related actions of the country is made known; it does not constitute an international obligation to the country. The extent of implementation of the intended contribution is contingent upon the financial resources, capacity and technologies available to the country through both domestic and international support to stimulate investments and innovation.', 'The extent of implementation of the intended contribution is contingent upon the financial resources, capacity and technologies available to the country through both domestic and international support to stimulate investments and innovation. (i) As a minimal contributor to global GHG emissions, Zambia places significant importance and priority on adaptation to the effects of climate change in order to enhance the resilience of its population, ecosystems, infrastructure, productive and health systems. The key socio-economic sectors identified as most vulnerable to climate change impacts include: agriculture, water, forestry, energy, wildlife, infrastructure and health. All the adaptation actions have strong synergies with mitigation actions. (ii) In terms of implementation, Zambia will take a landscape approach at watershed level to enhance synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions.', '(ii) In terms of implementation, Zambia will take a landscape approach at watershed level to enhance synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions. Zambia has six major watersheds: Tanganyika; Luapula; Chambeshi; Luangwa; Kafue; and Zambezi. The adaptation measures comprise three (3) goals/programs and 13 priority actions. The programs include: Program 1: Adaptation of strategic productive systems (agriculture, wildlife, water) Which include: 1. Guaranteed food security through diversification and promotion of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices for crop, livestock and fisheries production including conservation of germplasm for land races and their wild relatives.such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 2. Develop a National Wildlife Adaptation Strategy and ensure its implementation through supportive policies, local community, civil society and private sector participation. 3.', 'Develop a National Wildlife Adaptation Strategy and ensure its implementation through supportive policies, local community, civil society and private sector participation. 3. Protection and conservation of water catchment areas and enhanced investment in water capture, storage and transfer (linked to agriculture, energy, ecological, industrial and domestic use purposes) in selected watersheds. Program 2: Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and health systems Which include: 1. Institutionalize integrated land use planning compatible with sustainable management of natural resources and infrastructure development 2. Mainstream climate change in the National Health Policy, Environmental Health (EH) Policy, and Water and Sanitation Policy. 3. Enhance decentralized climate information services for early warning and long-term projections on the effects of climate change to support sustainable management of the production systems, infrastructure development and public health.', 'Enhance decentralized climate information services for early warning and long-term projections on the effects of climate change to support sustainable management of the production systems, infrastructure development and public health. Program 3: Enhanced capacity building, research, technology transfer and finance for adaptation Which include: 1. Capacity building in Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (SFA), Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), and Early Warning Systems (EWS), Change management and climate change planning. 2. Water technologies for savings, recycling, irrigation and sustainable management for household, agriculture and industrial purposes. 3. Development of an insurance market against climate change induced risks related to agriculture and infrastructure. 4. Mainstream climate change adaptation into country development plans and strategies.', 'Mainstream climate change adaptation into country development plans and strategies. (e) Adaptation An In-depth Vulnerability Report was conducted in 2019 to provide a needs assessment and analyse the effect of dry spells, floods and pest infestation on different sectors in order to understand their impacts on sector performance and decipher the required actions for response, rehabilitation and recovery. It outlines recommendations for the following sectors: Agriculture and food security; Health; Nutrition; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Education; and Development Project and Safety net programmes being implemented in communities.', 'It outlines recommendations for the following sectors: Agriculture and food security; Health; Nutrition; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Education; and Development Project and Safety net programmes being implemented in communities. A countrywide vulnerability assessment to inform adaptation planning is underway and will be refleted in the adaptation component of the final revised NDC to be submitted in early 2021 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zambia used IPCC 2006 guidelines for both Third National Communication and BUR.', 'A countrywide vulnerability assessment to inform adaptation planning is underway and will be refleted in the adaptation component of the final revised NDC to be submitted in early 2021 5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zambia used IPCC 2006 guidelines for both Third National Communication and BUR. All the categories were included in the baseline emissions in the INDC in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 para. 31 (c).', 'All the categories were included in the baseline emissions in the INDC in accordance with Decision 1/CP.21 para. 31 (c). The country will at the latest by 31 December 2024 report a GHG inventory in accordance with 18/CMA.1 and report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution. For accounting relevant information, Zambia will use the accounting guidance in 4/CMA.1. For IPCC methodologies and metrics, see 5 (d). Final accounting towards the target, that will take place in 2032, may depend resource availability. Zambia does not rule out the possibility of using market based mechanisms in meeting emission reduction target. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Zambia s current GHG inventory is in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and hence the IPCC 2006 Guidelines and the 2003 Good Practice Guidance . (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC 2006 guidelines was used for estimating GHG emissions and removals. Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs Second Assessment Report was used to calculate CO2 equivalents for Third National Communications and Biennial Update Report(BUR).', 'Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs Second Assessment Report was used to calculate CO2 equivalents for Third National Communications and Biennial Update Report(BUR). (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land may be excluded from the accounting if the emissions from the natural disturbance exceed the average emissions caused by natural disturbances in the period 2001- 2020, excluding outliers (background level) (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not Applicable (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics.', '(e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on afforested land and managed forest land may be excluded from the accounting if the emissions from the natural disturbance exceed the average emissions caused by natural disturbances in the period 2001- 2020, excluding outliers (background level) (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not Applicable (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics. Zambia may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding.', 'Zambia may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. (f) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: (i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity-specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Tier 2 method was employed for Land subcategory under AFOLU while Tier 1 was used for the remaining subcategories under AFOLU. Zambia may provide further information to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding. (ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.', '(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; For precursor emissions estimates, the European Environment Agency EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019 were used. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Zambia intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil part of its target.', 'Zambia intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil part of its target. Zambia will report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution through the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement, and account for its cooperation with the European Union in a manner consistent with the guidance adopted by CMA and further guidance agreed by the CMA.', 'Zambia will report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution through the transparency framework under the Paris Agreement, and account for its cooperation with the European Union in a manner consistent with the guidance adopted by CMA and further guidance agreed by the CMA. 6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Zambia considers the updated NDC as fair and ambitious enough to contribute to low carbon and climate resilient economy by 2030 in accordance with its national circumstance and desire to become a high middle income and prosperous Nation by 2030.', '6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Zambia considers the updated NDC as fair and ambitious enough to contribute to low carbon and climate resilient economy by 2030 in accordance with its national circumstance and desire to become a high middle income and prosperous Nation by 2030. Zambia is low contributor to the global greenhouse gas emission. In developing the NDC, Zambia considered the general principles and provisions of the Convention especially those related to Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR) and equitable access to atmospheric space.', 'In developing the NDC, Zambia considered the general principles and provisions of the Convention especially those related to Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR) and equitable access to atmospheric space. The country’s NDC is guided by the country’s desire to reduce poverty, attainment low carbon climate resilient economy, sustainable development and become a high middle income and prosperous nation by 2030 in line the country’s Vision 2030.The successful implementation of Zambia’s NDC is conditional and dependent on the level of support to be provided through the Convention and other multilateral and bilateral arrangements. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zambia regards its NDC to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zambia regards its NDC to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement. (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zambia s updated and strengthened nationally determined contribution represents a progression beyond its previously communicated nationally determined contribution, as it broadens the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption) and elaborates the adaptation component of the NDC by developing indicators that will enable the country track progress on building resilience in both the human and physical ecosystems and on adaptation actions. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Zambia regards the long-term target of the Paris Agreement to be in line with Article 2 of the Convention. The answer to this question is therefore explained under 6a. b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement See 6a and 7a.'] | en-US |
375 | ZMB | Zambia | Updated NDC | 2021-07-30 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Final%20Zambia_Revised%20and%20Updated_NDC_2021_.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 7.502521 | 1.63547 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/48a23873d2921466e9053c88690d617f85d0d09d3a6cc24f49408c03e38cb29a.pdf | ['REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA This document presents a revised and updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for Zambia to the Paris Agreement on climate change. This is pursuant to Decision 1/CP.19, 1/CP.20 and 1/CP.21 of the Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for countries to enhance their climate ambitions and update their Nationally Determined Contributions by 2020. Zambia’s first NDC was submitted on 9th December, 2016, and consisted of both mitigation and adaptation components based on the country’s national circumstances. This NDC was submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 25% (20,000 Gg CO2 eq.)', 'This NDC was submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by 25% (20,000 Gg CO2 eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the Business As Usual (BAU) scenario with limited international support1 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.) with substantial international support2. The mitigation actions were focused on three programmes: (1) Sustainable forest management; (2) Sustainable agriculture, and; (3) Renewable energy and energy efficiency. Adaptation actions in this NDC were focused on strategic productive systems (agriculture, wildlife and water), strategic infrastructure and health systems and enhanced capacity building, research, technology transfer and finance for adaptation. The country requires substantial resources to meet the means of implementation of these interventions.', 'The country requires substantial resources to meet the means of implementation of these interventions. By this submission Zambia enhances its NDC by broadening the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption) and by elaborating the adaptation component of the NDC by developing indicators that will enable the country track progress on building resilience in both the human and physical systems and on adaptation actions. 1.1 Further information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia s NDC. Zambia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its NDC.', 'Zambia has used the guidance on information to provide clarity, transparency and understanding in Decision 4/CMA.1 for information provided in the Annex to this submission, as applicable to its NDC. 1 Limited international support means the domestic resources that the country is able to mobilise including the prevailing international resources (Business as Usual resources) that the country was receiving as of 2015 and estimated at USD $ 15 Billion.', '1 Limited international support means the domestic resources that the country is able to mobilise including the prevailing international resources (Business as Usual resources) that the country was receiving as of 2015 and estimated at USD $ 15 Billion. 2 Substantial international support means adequate international resources, both bilateral and multilateral support estimated at USD $ 35 Billion.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Zambia for the timeframe 2015-2030 Updated as of 30th July 2021 Zambia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% (at Business As Usual (BAU) level of international support prevailing in 2015) and towards 47% (with substantial international support) compared to 2010 levels.', '2 Substantial international support means adequate international resources, both bilateral and multilateral support estimated at USD $ 35 Billion.Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of Zambia for the timeframe 2015-2030 Updated as of 30th July 2021 Zambia intends to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% (at Business As Usual (BAU) level of international support prevailing in 2015) and towards 47% (with substantial international support) compared to 2010 levels. Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia’s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Zambia s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 2010 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator has been quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with 2010 as the base year.', 'Information necessary for clarity, transparency and understanding (ICTU) of Zambia’s NDC Para Guidance in decision 4/CMA.1 ICTU guidance as applicable to Zambia s NDC 1 Quantifiable information on the reference point (including, as appropriate, a base year): (a) Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s); Base year: 2010 (b) Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year; The reference indicator has been quantified based on national total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions with 2010 as the base year. The base year emission level was 120,604 Gg CO2- 3 The emission reduction targets of 25% with limited international support and 47% with substantial international support was calculated based on the 1996 IPCC guidelines, however there has been a recalculation using the 2006 IPCC guidelines in the Third National Communication and the First Biennial Update Report which resulted in a base year emission level of 120,604 Gg CO2 equivalents.', 'The base year emission level was 120,604 Gg CO2- 3 The emission reduction targets of 25% with limited international support and 47% with substantial international support was calculated based on the 1996 IPCC guidelines, however there has been a recalculation using the 2006 IPCC guidelines in the Third National Communication and the First Biennial Update Report which resulted in a base year emission level of 120,604 Gg CO2 equivalents. (c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Zambia prepared Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) on small hydro, sustainable agriculture, and sustainable transport, integrated waste management, and sustainable charcoal production.', '(c) For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information; Zambia prepared Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) on small hydro, sustainable agriculture, and sustainable transport, integrated waste management, and sustainable charcoal production. The NAMAs were submitted to the UNFCCC NAMA registry in 2016. Further a National REDD+ Strategy and its Investment Plan were developed in 2017. Zambia also prepared the Techology Needs Assessment for both adaptation and mitigation in 2013. (d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; At least 25% (20,000 Gg CO2 eq.)', '(d) Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction; At least 25% (20,000 Gg CO2 eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the business as usual scenario with limited international support or By 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.) with substantial international support. (e) Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s); Sources of information include; Zambia’s Biennial Update Report and Third National Communication submitted to UNFCCC Secretariat in 2020. (f) Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators. The value of the reference indicator has been updated due to the fact that GHG emissions have been recalculated as a result of change of methodologies.', 'The value of the reference indicator has been updated due to the fact that GHG emissions have been recalculated as a result of change of methodologies. In the initial NDC, reference emissions were estimated using the IPCC 1996 Guidelines whereas in the revised NDC IPCC 2006 Guidelines were used. 2 Time frames and/or periods for implementation: (a) Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA); (b) Whether it is a single-year or multi-year target, as applicable. Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; This NDC is submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions eq.)', 'Single-year target in 2030.3 Scope and coverage: (a) General description of the target; This NDC is submitted with a conditional pledge of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions eq.) by 2030 against a base year of 2010 under the BAU scenario with levels of international support prevailing in 2015 or by 47% (38,000 Gg CO2 eq.) with substantial international support. (b) Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines; Information provided in this NDC is consistent with the IPCC guidelines: Sectors 1. Energy-categories include; Energy industries, manufacturing industries and construction, transport, and other sectors 2. Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)-categories include; livestock, Land and Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land 3.', 'Agriculture Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)-categories include; livestock, Land and Aggregate sources and non-CO2 emissions sources on land 3. Waste-categories include; solid waste disposal, biological treatment of solid waste, Incineration and Open Burning of Waste, and Wastewater Treatment and Discharge. These sectors were selected because they are key categories and emerging sectors that are contributing to the emission profile of the country. Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 Para.', 'Gases Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O),(c) How the Party has taken into consideration paragraph 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21 Para. 31(c) “Parties strive to include all categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals in their nationally determined contributions and, once a source, sink or activity is included, continue to include it” 31(d) “Parties shall provide an explanation of why any categories of anthropogenic emissions or removals are excluded” Zambia enhances its Nationally Determined Contribution by broadening the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption), translating into three additional categories. This translates into additional three categories. Zambia demonstrates it has enhanced its NDC by broadening the scope of sectors which contribute to the country’s mitigation efforts.', 'Zambia demonstrates it has enhanced its NDC by broadening the scope of sectors which contribute to the country’s mitigation efforts. Industrial Processes and Product Use is not included in the NDC due to relatively very low emissions and mitigation potential. In the subsequent submissions, Zambia will endeavour to consider all sectors and categories as potential contributors to its mitigation efforts. Zambia has focussed its efforts on sectors with the greatest mitigation potential, with the greatest likelihood of rapid implementation, aligned where possible with the GHG inventory Key Category Analysis, as the country progressively moves towards an economy wide approach. (d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans.', '(d) Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions Zambia has identified several mitigation benefits from adaptation actions including under Climate Smart Agriculture and sustainable forest management where adaptation measures have also resulted in substantial emissions reductions (e) Sectoral targets A quantitative analysis of sectoral targets has not yet been undertaken and therefore sectoral targets have not been considered in this submission. These will be undertaken once resources and information are available.', 'These will be undertaken once resources and information are available. 4 Planning processes:(a) Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its nationally determined contribution and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: The mitigation and adaptation programs elaborated in this NDC are integrated in the Seventh National Development Plan (7NDP) – 2017 to 2021 and its successive plans. Planning for adaptation and mitigation programs under the Zambia’s NDC. The National Adaptation Planning process being undertaken by Government provides a good basis for long term adaptation programming and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the national planning and budgeting processes.', 'The National Adaptation Planning process being undertaken by Government provides a good basis for long term adaptation programming and mainstreaming of climate change adaptation into the national planning and budgeting processes. The National Designated Authority (NDA) for the Green Climate Fund has already been designated and is expected to play a key role of “clearing house or entity” for climate change projects to be funded from GCF in Zambia. The Development Bank of Zambia was recently accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for Direct Access under the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Zambia is in the process of establishing a National Climate Change Fund (NCCF).', 'The Development Bank of Zambia was recently accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for Direct Access under the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and Zambia is in the process of establishing a National Climate Change Fund (NCCF). The preparation of the NDC was done with broad stakeholder participation with all stakeholders including Government institutions, civil society, private sector and sub- national stakeholders consulted, while ensuring gender balance in the process The effectiveness of the NDC implementation will be ensured through the ongoing development and strengthening of Implementation Framework and Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems to track progress of implementation of both the mitigation and adaptation programs.', 'The preparation of the NDC was done with broad stakeholder participation with all stakeholders including Government institutions, civil society, private sector and sub- national stakeholders consulted, while ensuring gender balance in the process The effectiveness of the NDC implementation will be ensured through the ongoing development and strengthening of Implementation Framework and Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) systems to track progress of implementation of both the mitigation and adaptation programs. (i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Institutional arrangements: The Institutional arrangements for climate change implementation is established in the National Policy on Climate Change of 2016 through an inter-ministerial coordination structure.', '(i) Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; Institutional arrangements: The Institutional arrangements for climate change implementation is established in the National Policy on Climate Change of 2016 through an inter-ministerial coordination structure. The Policy establishes the Council of Ministers chaired by the Vice President of the country, which is the supreme decision making body in overseeing Climate Change interventions in the country. It provides policy guidance on climate change programming, mainstreaming, resource mobilization, monitoring and evaluation. The Steering Committee of Permanent Secretaries is the advisory body to the Council of Ministers on policy and programme coordination and implementation. The Steering Committee is chaired by the ministry responsible for development planning to ensure climate change is mainstreamed in the development planning process.', 'The Steering Committee is chaired by the ministry responsible for development planning to ensure climate change is mainstreamed in the development planning process. The Technical Committee on Climate Change comprises representatives from relevant Ministries and a broad range of other stakeholders, including private sector, civil society, financial institutions, among others. The Technical Committee is the main technical advisory body to the Steering Committee of Permanent Secretaries. The Technical Committee is chaired by the Ministry responsible for Climate Change implementation under which there is a dedicated department on climate change which is responsible for coordinating climate change implementation in Zambia. Sub-National structures to coordinate climate change implementation at the sub-national level. (ii) a. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; a.)', '(ii) a. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate: National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development and poverty eradication; a.) Zambia has a total surface area of 752,614 km2 out of which 99 percent is made up of land area and 1percent is covered by water. The country’s population was estimated at 13,092,666 in 2010 with approximately 60.5 percent living in rural areas and 39.5 percent lived in urban areas. The population growth rate was approximately 2.8 percent. In 2010, Zambia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 7.6 percent compared to 3.5 percent in 2000. This economic growth rate was largely driven by agriculture, infrastructure developments including increased metal production following a rebound in copper prices on international markets and provision of various tax incentives in the agricultural and mining sectors.', 'This economic growth rate was largely driven by agriculture, infrastructure developments including increased metal production following a rebound in copper prices on international markets and provision of various tax incentives in the agricultural and mining sectors. Zambia’s agricultural sector is the socio-economic backbone of the rural population, with 60 percent being dependent on the sector as the main source of income and livelihood. Many of the farmers are poor and engage in low-productivity rain-fed subsistence farming resulting from inadequate resources for the purchase of inputs, use of inappropriate farming practices and failure to fully develop the irrigation potential.', 'Many of the farmers are poor and engage in low-productivity rain-fed subsistence farming resulting from inadequate resources for the purchase of inputs, use of inappropriate farming practices and failure to fully develop the irrigation potential. These challenges are exacerbated by increased frequency of extreme weather events such as rainfall variation, floods and droughts caused by climate change, and in the last two years, effects of the Covid pandemic. About one sixth of the rural population depends heavily on forests and non-forest resources for their livelihood and contribute approximately 20 percent to rural household incomes. However, charcoal and fuel wood production including clearance of forest land for agriculture and settlement expansion has resulted in high rates of deforestation and increased greenhouse gas emissions.', 'However, charcoal and fuel wood production including clearance of forest land for agriculture and settlement expansion has resulted in high rates of deforestation and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The country’s annual deforestation rate was estimated at 276,021 hectares per annum. It has been projected that climate change impacts could slow the development process of the country and could cost Zambia approximately USD $13.8 billion loss in GDP. In order to prevent economic losses resulting from impacts of climate change, the Government of Zambia (GRZ) has integrated climate change concerns in its policies, programmes, plans and strategies to support a low carbon and climate-resilient development pathway and the attainment of the middle-income status envisioned in the country’s Vision 2030.b.', 'In order to prevent economic losses resulting from impacts of climate change, the Government of Zambia (GRZ) has integrated climate change concerns in its policies, programmes, plans and strategies to support a low carbon and climate-resilient development pathway and the attainment of the middle-income status envisioned in the country’s Vision 2030.b. c. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the nationally determined contribution; Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement b. The multisectoral institutional framework for coordinating climate change which is described under Section 4 (a) (i) in this document is a good practice. For handling a cross cutting issue like climate change c. Zambia aspires to become a prosperous low carbon and climate resilient middle income country by 2030 as enshrined in its Vision 2030.c.', 'For handling a cross cutting issue like climate change c. Zambia aspires to become a prosperous low carbon and climate resilient middle income country by 2030 as enshrined in its Vision 2030.c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement - continued. Food security: Zambia s role in global food security in the context of climate change is to adapt to a changing climate, manage and use these resources sustainably, to secure food supplies while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Gender equality: In 2018, the Government Republic of Zambia developed and launched a Climate Change Gender Action Plan (CCGAP) which is used to ensure that Zambia’s climate change processes are gender-transformative and guarantee that women and men can have access to, participate in, and benefit equally from climate change initiatives.', 'Gender equality: In 2018, the Government Republic of Zambia developed and launched a Climate Change Gender Action Plan (CCGAP) which is used to ensure that Zambia’s climate change processes are gender-transformative and guarantee that women and men can have access to, participate in, and benefit equally from climate change initiatives. Youth Participation: Zambia has put in place a National Youth Policy which provides for strategies and programs for youth participation in the development agenda. A National Climate Change Learning Strategy was developed in 2020 to strengthen individual and institutional systemic capacities of the energy, forestry, health, agriculture and education sectors to enable them to deliver climate change. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Zambia’s National Development Plan (7NDP) of 2017 to 2021 has embraced an integrated multi-sectoral approach.', 'Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Zambia’s National Development Plan (7NDP) of 2017 to 2021 has embraced an integrated multi-sectoral approach. The country has domesticated the SDGs, the African Union Agenda 2063, among others, into its 7NDP. The 7NDP has mainstreamed 86% of SDGs goals and targets. Consequently, implementation and reporting on SDGs are coordinated through the institutional structures at national and sub-national levels using the Multisectoral approach. This approach is likely to be replicated in the country’s 8NDP to run from 2022 to 2026.', 'This approach is likely to be replicated in the country’s 8NDP to run from 2022 to 2026. (b) (c) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable Not applicable as this NDC was prepared in 2020/21 before the Global Stock Take in 2023(d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors The intended contribution on adaptation stated here is for the purposes of information so that an overview of the range of planned climate-related actions of the country is made known; it does not constitute an international obligation to the country.', '(b) (c) Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; How the Party’s preparation of its nationally determined contribution has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable Not applicable as this NDC was prepared in 2020/21 before the Global Stock Take in 2023(d) (i) (ii) Each Party with a nationally determined contribution under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on: How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the nationally determined contribution; Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co- benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors The intended contribution on adaptation stated here is for the purposes of information so that an overview of the range of planned climate-related actions of the country is made known; it does not constitute an international obligation to the country. The extent of implementation of the intended contribution is contingent upon the financial resources, capacity and technologies available to the country through both domestic and international support to stimulate investments and innovation.', 'The extent of implementation of the intended contribution is contingent upon the financial resources, capacity and technologies available to the country through both domestic and international support to stimulate investments and innovation. (i) As one of the least contributors to global GHG emissions, Zambia places significant importance and priority on adaptation to the effects of climate change in order to enhance the resilience of its population, ecosystems, infrastructure, productive and health systems. The key socio-economic sectors identified as most vulnerable to climate change impacts include: agriculture, water, forestry, energy, wildlife, infrastructure and health. All the adaptation actions have strong synergies with mitigation actions. (ii) In terms of implementation, Zambia will take a landscape approach at watershed level to enhance synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions.', '(ii) In terms of implementation, Zambia will take a landscape approach at watershed level to enhance synergies between adaptation and mitigation actions. Zambia has six major watersheds: Tanganyika; Luapula; Chambeshi; Luangwa; Kafue; and Zambezi. The adaptation measures comprise three (3) goals/programs and 13 priority actions, which will also result in mitigation co benefits. The programs include: Program 1: Adaptation of strategic productive systems (agriculture, wildlife, water) Which include: 1. Guaranteed food security through diversification and promotion of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices for crop, livestock and fisheries production including conservation of germplasm for land races and their wild relatives.such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 2.', 'Guaranteed food security through diversification and promotion of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices for crop, livestock and fisheries production including conservation of germplasm for land races and their wild relatives.such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. 2. Develop a National Wildlife Adaptation Strategy and ensure its implementation through supportive policies, local community, civil society and private sector participation. 3. Protection and conservation of water catchment areas and enhanced investment in water capture, storage and transfer (linked to agriculture, energy, ecological, industrial and domestic use purposes) in selected watersheds. Program 2: Adaptation of strategic infrastructure and health systems Which include: 1. Institutionalize integrated land use planning compatible with sustainable management of natural resources and infrastructure development 2.', 'Institutionalize integrated land use planning compatible with sustainable management of natural resources and infrastructure development 2. Mainstream climate change in the National Health Policy, Environmental Health (EH) Policy, and Water and Sanitation Policy. 3. Enhance decentralized climate information services for early warning and long-term projections on the effects of climate change to support sustainable management of the production systems, infrastructure development and public health. Program 3: Enhanced capacity building, research, technology transfer and finance for adaptation Which include: 1. Capacity building in Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), Sustainable Forest Management (SFM), Sustainable Fisheries and Aquaculture (SFA), Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), and Early Warning Systems (EWS), Change management and climate change planning. 2. Water technologies for savings, recycling, irrigation and sustainable management for household, agriculture and industrial purposes. 3.', 'Water technologies for savings, recycling, irrigation and sustainable management for household, agriculture and industrial purposes. 3. Development of an insurance market against climate change induced risks related to agriculture and infrastructure. 4. Mainstream climate change adaptation into country development plans and strategies. (e) Adaptation An In-depth countrywide Vulnerability Assessment was conducted in 2020 to provide an assessment and analysis of the effect of dry spells, floods and pest infestation on different sectors in order to understand their impacts on sector performance and recommend required actions for response, rehabilitation and recovery. It outlines recommendations for the following sectors: Agriculture and food security; Health; Nutrition; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Education; and Development Project and Safety net programmes being implemented in communities.', 'It outlines recommendations for the following sectors: Agriculture and food security; Health; Nutrition; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Education; and Development Project and Safety net programmes being implemented in communities. Preliminary indicators for tracking progress on adaptation are provided in Annex 2.5 Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals: (a) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zambia used IPCC 2006 guidelines for both the Third National Communication (TNC) and the Biennual Update Report (BUR). All the categories were included in the baseline emissions in the NDC.', 'All the categories were included in the baseline emissions in the NDC. The country will at the latest by 31 December 2024 report a GHG inventory in accordance with 18/CMA.1 and report on progress towards its nationally determined contribution. For accounting relevant information, Zambia will use the accounting guidance in 4/CMA.1. For IPCC methodologies and metrics, see 5 (d). Final accounting towards the target, that will take place in 2032, may depend on resource availability. Zambia will also participate in market based mechanisms on emission reductions. (b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable.', '(b) Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; Not applicable. (c) If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Zambia s current GHG inventory is in accordance with decision 24/CP.19 and hence the country will use IPCC 2006 Guidelines. (d) IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; IPCC 2006 guidelines was used for estimating GHG emissions and removals. Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs Second Assessment Report was used to calculate CO2 equivalents for Third National Communications and Biennial Update Report(BUR).', 'Global warming potentials (GWP) for a 100 year time horizon from the IPCCs Second Assessment Report was used to calculate CO2 equivalents for Third National Communications and Biennial Update Report(BUR). (e) Sector-, category- or activity-specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: (i) Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Disturbances have been identified as areas affected by late burning for various reasons such as use of fire for land preparation4. Early burning has been classified as a management practice. The two burning regimes are normally conducted from May-July and August-October for both early burning and late burning respectively.', 'The two burning regimes are normally conducted from May-July and August-October for both early burning and late burning respectively. (ii) Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Not Estimated but will be undertaken once resources and information is available. (iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics.', '(iii) Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Emissions and removals in managed forests in the period 2021 – 2030 will be accounted for as the deviation from a projected forward-looking forest reference level, with regards to dynamic age-related forests characteristics. (f.) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: 4 GRZ 2015: Zambia National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Tier 2 method was employed for Land subcategory under AFOLU while Tier 1 was used for the remaining subcategories under AFOLU.', '(f.) Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: 4 GRZ 2015: Zambia National Strategy to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation(i) How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity- specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; Tier 2 method was employed for Land subcategory under AFOLU while Tier 1 was used for the remaining subcategories under AFOLU. The baseline projection for all sub-sectors under the Stationary Energy sector was calculated through the following steps: 1. Applying a GDP growth rate to 2050. 2.', 'Applying a GDP growth rate to 2050. 2. Assuming this GDP growth rate percentage will reach the average of 2.74% (Trading Economics, 2021) in 2030, and will reach the same levels as the EU today in 2050 (EC, 2020). 3. This equates to a growth rate of 3% pa up to 2030 and then a lower growth rate of 2.8% pa for the years 2030- 2050. A baseline projection for transport was calculated through the following steps: 1. An assumption was made that the percent of Zambia’s total emissions attributed to freight will reach current levels average levels in the SADC region (scaled by population) in 2050. 2. The annual growth rates required for this transition were then calculated. 3.', 'The annual growth rates required for this transition were then calculated. 3. This growth rate (8.85% pa) was then applied to the 2016 inventory emissions and projected out to 2050. A baseline projection for forest land was calculated through the following steps: emissions are the sum of the emissions and removals. Here, we use the current deforestation rate of 0.7% (Government of the Republic of Zambia, 2020b) to project forward the changes in a) emissions and b) removals. A baseline projection for cropland was calculated by: 1. Using a population growth rate to determine the projected CO2 emissions. By using a population growth rate of 2.9% up to 2030 and then a lower growth rate of 2.48% for the period of 2030-2050.', 'By using a population growth rate of 2.9% up to 2030 and then a lower growth rate of 2.48% for the period of 2030-2050. Population data was obtained from from Worldometer (2021) A baseline projection for waste was calculated: - For solid waste, assuming that the currently low amount of waste generation per capita increases with GDP and that total amount of waste increases with population. Furthermore, assuming that the currently low rate of collection and landfilling of waste increases up to 80% by 2050. - - For incineration and waste water, assuming GHG emissions to grow in line with population growth -(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable.', '- - For incineration and waste water, assuming GHG emissions to grow in line with population growth -(ii) For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. - (iii) For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; For precursor emissions estimates, the European Environment Agency EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019 was used. (iv) Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable. (g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', '(g) The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Zambia intends to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement to fulfil part of its contribution 6 How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances: (a) How the Party considers that its nationally determined contribution is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; Zambia considers the updated NDC as fair and ambitious enough to contribute to low carbon and climate resilient economy by 2030 in accordance with its national circumstance and desire to become a low carbon and climate resilient middle income and prosperous country by 2030. Zambia is a low contributor to the global greenhouse gas emission.', 'Zambia is a low contributor to the global greenhouse gas emission. In developing the NDC, Zambia considered the general principles and provisions of the Convention and the Paris Agreement, especially those related to Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR) and equitable access to atmospheric space. The country’s NDC is guided by the country’s desire to reduce poverty, address the challenges of COVID 19, attainment of low carbon and climate resilient economy through sustainable development and become a middle income and prosperous nation by 2030 in line with the country’s Vision 2030. The successful implementation of Zambia’s NDC is conditional and dependent on the level of support to be provided through the Convention and other multilateral and bilateral arrangements.', 'The successful implementation of Zambia’s NDC is conditional and dependent on the level of support to be provided through the Convention and other multilateral and bilateral arrangements. (b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zambia regards its NDC to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement as emission reductions of 25% and 47% conditional and non conditional pledges are very ambitious, taking into account country’s national circumstances (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zambia s updated and revised nationally determined contribution represents a progression beyond its previously communicated nationally determined contribution, as it broadens the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption) and elaborates the adaptation component of the NDC by developing indicators that will enable the country track progress on building resilience in both the human and physical systems.', '(b) Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zambia regards its NDC to represent its fair share of the efforts to achieve the global long-term goal of the Paris Agreement as emission reductions of 25% and 47% conditional and non conditional pledges are very ambitious, taking into account country’s national circumstances (c) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zambia s updated and revised nationally determined contribution represents a progression beyond its previously communicated nationally determined contribution, as it broadens the scope of sectors under mitigation by adding transport, liquid waste and coal (production, transportation and consumption) and elaborates the adaptation component of the NDC by developing indicators that will enable the country track progress on building resilience in both the human and physical systems. (d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable.', '(d) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement Not applicable. (e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement.', '(e) How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Although Zambia is an LDC and could have prepared and communicate strategy, plan and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting its special circumstances in line with Article 4 paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement, the country opted to prepare a full-fledged NDC as a demonstration of its ambitious efforts to contribute to global effort 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Zambia’s revised and updated NDC will result in substantial reduction of its emissions and thereby contribute to achieving to the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2. b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement By reducing Zambia’s emissions, this NDC contributes to the global goal to strengthen response in addressing climate changeAnnex 2 Indicators for Adaptation No.', 'Although Zambia is an LDC and could have prepared and communicate strategy, plan and actions for low greenhouse gas emissions development reflecting its special circumstances in line with Article 4 paragraph 6 of the Paris Agreement, the country opted to prepare a full-fledged NDC as a demonstration of its ambitious efforts to contribute to global effort 7 How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its (a) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article Zambia’s revised and updated NDC will result in substantial reduction of its emissions and thereby contribute to achieving to the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2. b) How the nationally determined contribution contributes towards Article paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement By reducing Zambia’s emissions, this NDC contributes to the global goal to strengthen response in addressing climate changeAnnex 2 Indicators for Adaptation No. Indicator Baseline in 2020 Desired Status by 2030 Actual Status in 2030 1.', 'Indicator Baseline in 2020 Desired Status by 2030 Actual Status in 2030 1. Level of Resilience of natural or physical systems achieved low high 2. Level of adaptive capacity of human system attained low high 3. Level of knowledge base for adaptation planning and response medium high 4. Level of capacity of human resource base for addressing climate change low high'] | en-US |
376 | ZWE | Zimbabwe | 1st NDC | 2017-08-07 00:00:00 | null | null | NDC 1.0 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Zimbabwe%20First%20NDC.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 10.861735 | 2.41057 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/6d08ea8869b7ca0920aa5581bad32c80e49e95c680e52d00f95e86f784fb470f.pdf | ['Zimbabwe’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) Submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1.0. National Development Goals and Priorities in the Climate Change Context In response to the Warsaw decision and the Lima call for action, the Government of Zimbabwe presents its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) gives every person environmental rights that include the right: a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and b) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that— i. prevent pollution and ecological degradation; ii. promote conservation; and iii.', 'The Constitution of Zimbabwe (2013) gives every person environmental rights that include the right: a) to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and b) to have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that— i. prevent pollution and ecological degradation; ii. promote conservation; and iii. secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting economic and social development. The Constitution further stipulates that the ‘State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of the resources available to it, to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights set out in this section’.', 'The Constitution further stipulates that the ‘State must take reasonable legislative and other measures, within the limits of the resources available to it, to achieve the progressive realisation of the rights set out in this section’. Furthermore, the country’s national economic blueprint, “Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio- Economic Transformation (Zim Asset) was crafted to achieve sustainable development and social equity anchored on indigenization, empowerment and employment creation which will be largely propelled by the judicious exploitation of the country’s abundant human and natural resources” – (HE President R.G. Mugabe, 2013). However, the country continues to face multiple environmental management challenges that include pollution, poor waste management, deforestation and land degradation, veldt fires and is susceptible to perennial floods and droughts caused by climatic changes emanating from global warming.', 'However, the country continues to face multiple environmental management challenges that include pollution, poor waste management, deforestation and land degradation, veldt fires and is susceptible to perennial floods and droughts caused by climatic changes emanating from global warming. The country therefore seeks to build resilience to climate change whilst ensuring sustainable development in recognition of its climate change vulnerability and national circumstances. In presenting its INDC, Zimbabwe seeks to contribute to an ambitious goal of limiting temperature rise to below 1.5oC. The global climate target is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system so as to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.1.2.', 'The global climate target is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system so as to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.1.2. Zimbabwe’s Vulnerability to Climate Change The country’s location in the Southern subtropics makes it a particularly vulnerable country as rainfall is the key parameter determining its seasons, equivalent to how temperature determines seasons in the extra-tropics. Rainfall is, therefore, the most critical climate component for Zimbabwe as already small changes can affect ecosystems, and all key socio-economic sectors. Zimbabwe’s economy is founded on sectors vulnerable to climatic changes namely agriculture, forestry, energy, tourism, and industry, among others.', 'Zimbabwe’s economy is founded on sectors vulnerable to climatic changes namely agriculture, forestry, energy, tourism, and industry, among others. The agricultural sector which constitutes between 10 and 15% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is largely rain-fed and hence highly sensitive to climate change. The latest census of 2012 estimated the population of Zimbabwe at 13.1million, with the majority (70%) living in rural areas. Approximately, 80% of the rural population’s livelihoods are dependent on rain fed agriculture making them highly vulnerable to climate change induced weather extremes, variability and climate change impacts. This makes climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector a national priority, demanding policy direction at the highest level.', 'This makes climate change adaptation in the agricultural sector a national priority, demanding policy direction at the highest level. At the same time, the agricultural sector also provides opportunities for climate change mitigation through initiatives such as Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and sustainable agro-forest-based adaptation and management practices. The sector thus has multiple benefits, and Zimbabwe foresees Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reductions whilst improving agricultural productivity and enhancing national food security. 1.3. National Economic Development Pathway Zimbabwe has a total land area of approximately 390 000km2 of which 45% of the area is under forest cover. Coupled with limited emissions from industry, the high potential sequestration capacity of its forests makes Zimbabwe a net carbon sink.', 'Coupled with limited emissions from industry, the high potential sequestration capacity of its forests makes Zimbabwe a net carbon sink. Zimbabwe’s Second National Communication to the UNFCCC identified the energy sector as the major greenhouse gas (GHG) contributor. The country currently generates about 1200MW of electricity, of which approximately 40% is from thermal sources while about 60% is from hydro power plants particularly for industrial and domestic supply. National total GHG emissions in the year 2000 were 26,996Gg CO2 .eq (recalculated in 2015) which translates to 0.002Gg CO2 .eq per capita. The distribution of emissions is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: The distribution of Zimbabwe’s emissions by sector (Source: SNC, 2012)The country’s total GHGs emissions contribute less than 0.05% of global emissions, making it a low emitter.', 'Figure 1: The distribution of Zimbabwe’s emissions by sector (Source: SNC, 2012)The country’s total GHGs emissions contribute less than 0.05% of global emissions, making it a low emitter. Whilst, the majority of rural energy needs are met from firewood, candles and paraffin, the country can further reduce its GHGs and increase its sequestration capacity through scaling up the uptake and implementation of cleaner initiatives. As part of its commitment to this global cause, Zimbabwe is committed to addressing climate change as an active party to the UNFCCC whilst recognising the founding principles which include protecting the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations on the basis of equity and Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC).', 'As part of its commitment to this global cause, Zimbabwe is committed to addressing climate change as an active party to the UNFCCC whilst recognising the founding principles which include protecting the climate system for the benefit of present and future generations on the basis of equity and Common But Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC). The country’s main climate change thrust remains adaptation and poverty reduction. However, strategically beneficial mitigation actions present a good opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time enhancing socio-economic growth and improving livelihoods, in particular when such action is supported by finance, capacity-building, technology development and transfer.', 'However, strategically beneficial mitigation actions present a good opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and at the same time enhancing socio-economic growth and improving livelihoods, in particular when such action is supported by finance, capacity-building, technology development and transfer. The country has a vast potential for renewable energy production such as hydro-power and solar, which combined with energy efficiency and other related environmentally sound projects to constitute Zimbabwe’s INDC. 1.4. Low Carbon Development Pathway In view of the high energy sector GHG (in comparison to other sectors), the mitigation component of Zimbabwe’s INDC is therefore focusing on the energy sector.', 'Low Carbon Development Pathway In view of the high energy sector GHG (in comparison to other sectors), the mitigation component of Zimbabwe’s INDC is therefore focusing on the energy sector. Action in this sector is supported by a number of initiatives such as National Climate Policy, Renewable Energy Policy, Bio-fuels Policy, Transport Policy and Forestry Policy and other instruments seeking to keep GHGs emissions at a minimal level and ensuring green development. These policies have enabled to develop hydro power generation and through additional dams will further strengthen Zimbabwe’s mitigation actions.', 'These policies have enabled to develop hydro power generation and through additional dams will further strengthen Zimbabwe’s mitigation actions. Since Zimbabwe is still developing, strategic mitigation initiatives and international collaboration presents an opportunity for low carbon development pathways, at the same time strengthening the economy as outlined in the national economic blue-print, Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Socio-Economic Transformation (ZimAsset) and the Constitution of Zimbabwe. Affordable sources of energy will be required to fuel Zimbabwe’s economic growth and currently investments in capital intensive clean energy capacities are limited. In this regard, Zimbabwe s INDC has been structured to detail opportunities, gaps and constraints. 1.5.', 'In this regard, Zimbabwe s INDC has been structured to detail opportunities, gaps and constraints. 1.5. Zimbabwe’s INDC Development Process With the guidance of the Office of the President and Cabinet, the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate spearheaded the development of this INDC. The INDC was developed through engaging a team of experts who carried out extensive countrywide consultations with key socio-economic sectors, geographic specific players, private and public sectors, vulnerable groups, the academia, the National Steering Committee, various experts and policy-makers. The process reviewed available literature, objective studies, collated information on planned and running projects to come up with the INDC.', 'The process reviewed available literature, objective studies, collated information on planned and running projects to come up with the INDC. The findings showed that the nation has relevant legislative framework and development plans already in place, which are enunciated in various documents such as the Constitution of Zimbabwe, ZimAsset, National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS), the First, Second and Third National Communication to the UNFCCC (the latter being finalized) amongst others.The selection of mitigation and adaptation options was based on their economic, social and environmental benefits coupled with their existence in various plans as well as their feasibility. The key category analysis helped to identify areas with huge GHG reduction and adaptation potential.', 'The key category analysis helped to identify areas with huge GHG reduction and adaptation potential. Models used to evaluate the different mitigation options included the Zimbabwe Load Forecast (ZILF), LEAP and GACMO models. The selected options were presented to various stakeholders including Government, the business community and development agents such as UNDP, UNIDO, SNV, HIVOs, among others. The INDC development process capitalised on ongoing initiatives such as the development of the National Climate Policy to provide forward-looking contributions in cases where there were gaps. It therefore presents the latest updated status of the possible contribution and adaptation requirements to date. Needless to say, a more comprehensive process could still be done when there is sufficient time and resources.', 'Needless to say, a more comprehensive process could still be done when there is sufficient time and resources. The following documents and processes also provided guidance and useful reference material where there were gaps in addition to the use of proxy data: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth and Fifth Assessment Report; National Communications to UNFCCC; National Energy Policy; National Studies and Consultations; INDC Project Management Unit; Industrial Development Policy, Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CADDP) and Zimbabwe Agriculture Investment Plan (ZAIP), among others. 1.7. Quality Control and Assurance To ensure technical compliance with key stakeholders, the project identified strategic technical Government technical experts who were consulted regularly throughout the whole development process for real-time alignment of the findings with the national vision.', 'Quality Control and Assurance To ensure technical compliance with key stakeholders, the project identified strategic technical Government technical experts who were consulted regularly throughout the whole development process for real-time alignment of the findings with the national vision. The first draft was also subjected to an international technical peer review to check on the process and output. After prioritisation of issues and several reviews internally and externally, the contributions were approved by the country’s high level which is responsible for overall policy direction and facilitating implementation, monitoring and evaluation.', 'After prioritisation of issues and several reviews internally and externally, the contributions were approved by the country’s high level which is responsible for overall policy direction and facilitating implementation, monitoring and evaluation. The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate with the guidance from the Office of the President and Cabinet will be responsible for developing accounting as well as the monitoring and evaluation framework for the transparent and successful implementation of the intended contributions. 2.0. Zimbabwe s Contribution Zimbabwe’s contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2. 2.1. Adaptation Contribution1.', 'Zimbabwe s Contribution Zimbabwe’s contribution towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in Article 2. 2.1. Adaptation Contribution1. Rationale and process of developing the adaptation component Zimbabwe’s vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change effects especially water stress, flooding and other extremes such as frost and hail necessitates a focus on adaptation in order to climate proof and improve livelihoods, which will consequently eradicate poverty. The agricultural sector also provides 60 % of the raw materials required by the manufacturing industry and 40 % of total export earnings. Studies also show that even if there is deep decarbonisation, climate will continue to change for a while, thus there is need to consider adapting to the current and anticipated changes.', 'Studies also show that even if there is deep decarbonisation, climate will continue to change for a while, thus there is need to consider adapting to the current and anticipated changes. Against this background, Zimbabwe seeks to upscale national planning and implementation of adaptation actions that enhance resilience of all sensitive socio- economic sectors to improve the national adaptive capacity. 2. Summary of vulnerabilities Total mean annual rainfall ranges from around 300 mm in the south western to over 1000 mm in the north eastern regions of the country. Modest downward trends in total and mean summer rainfall have been observed in Zimbabwe. Intra- seasonal rainfall characteristics such as onset, duration, dry spell frequencies, and rainfall intensity have worsened.', 'Intra- seasonal rainfall characteristics such as onset, duration, dry spell frequencies, and rainfall intensity have worsened. The country has experienced an increase in hot days, hot nights, and hottest days and a decrease in extreme cold days and cold nights in recent decades. Projections of mean monthly temperature show an average warming of around 2°C by 2080. Maize (the country`s staple food) yields are expected to decrease by up to 30% and even more in worst case scenarios by 2030 already. The area suitable for maize production is projected to further decrease by 2080. Probability of years in which growing season is likely to fail in future due to drought is projected to be as high as 100 % in some parts of the southern region.', 'Probability of years in which growing season is likely to fail in future due to drought is projected to be as high as 100 % in some parts of the southern region. Overall net primary productivity is projected to decrease, as the rangelands carrying capacities are reduced. 3. Long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets A. Zimbabwe commits to promoting adapted crop and livestock development and climate smart agricultural practices through the following interventions: Strengthening capacities to generate new forms of empirical knowledge, technologies (including conservation agriculture) and agricultural support services that meet climate challenges Promoting the use of indigenous and scientific knowledge on drought tolerant crop types and varieties and indigenous livestock that are resilient to changes in temperatures and rainfall.', 'Long-term and near-term adaptation visions, goals and targets A. Zimbabwe commits to promoting adapted crop and livestock development and climate smart agricultural practices through the following interventions: Strengthening capacities to generate new forms of empirical knowledge, technologies (including conservation agriculture) and agricultural support services that meet climate challenges Promoting the use of indigenous and scientific knowledge on drought tolerant crop types and varieties and indigenous livestock that are resilient to changes in temperatures and rainfall. Developing frameworks for sustainable intensification and commercialization of agriculture at different scales across agro ecologies. B. Building resilience in managing climate related disaster risks such as droughts by: Strengthening early warning systems on climate related agricultural risks.', 'Building resilience in managing climate related disaster risks such as droughts by: Strengthening early warning systems on climate related agricultural risks. Developing and sustaining an integrated approach in all sectors of the economy to reduce impacts of climate extreme events. Promoting climate indexed insurance solutions and enabling market frameworks.C. Strengthening management of water resources and irrigation in the face of climate change by: Promoting and supporting water harvesting as a climate change adaptation strategy. Developing, rehabilitate and maintain surface and groundwater resources. Strengthening and intensify monitoring systems for hydro-meteorological parameters. Promoting efficient water use practices in the economy Strengthening institutional capacity, research and extension for integrated water resources management.', 'Promoting efficient water use practices in the economy Strengthening institutional capacity, research and extension for integrated water resources management. Strengthening biodiversity conservation management and integrity of natural ecosystems to adapt to climate change. Strengthening water and moisture conservation initiatives. D. Promoting practices that reduce risk of losses in crops, livestock and agricultural incomes by: Building capacity to conduct comprehensive vulnerability assessments and develop appropriate response models. Strengthening the capacity of the national meteorological and hydrological services to provide climate data timely. E. Cross sectoral adaptation efforts such as: Promoting capacity building through research and development, education and awareness, and training in climate change related issues.', 'E. Cross sectoral adaptation efforts such as: Promoting capacity building through research and development, education and awareness, and training in climate change related issues. Mainstreaming gender responsive climate policies and emphasise special efforts to support vulnerable groups (women, youth and children) in climate change adaptation efforts within all sectors of the economy. Promoting non-timber forest products and sustainable agro-forestry practices to enhance forest-based adaptation. Implementing management practices that enhance capacity of power generation of hydropower stations in situations of limited water availability due to reduced rainfall. Increasing the water-holding capacity of reservoirs in anticipation of increased abstraction and increased evaporation. Building the capacities and support communities toward a diversification of livelihoods and shifts from agriculture into other sectors, where needed.', 'Building the capacities and support communities toward a diversification of livelihoods and shifts from agriculture into other sectors, where needed. responsibilities for adaptation The previous five years have seen several adaptation programmes and projects implemented and several plans already exist aiming to achieve the above- mentioned goals. The majority of the activities in the past were aimed at encouraging adapted crop and livestock development and farming practices such as breeding drought tolerant crop and livestock breeds, mainstreaming climate change, awareness raising, research and development and capacity building. Some programmes have provided support for the management of water resources and irrigation, crop, livestock and income loss risk reduction. The government has been largely coordinating national and long-term projects while independent civic organisations were primarily focusing on short-term programmes limited in geographical scope.', 'The government has been largely coordinating national and long-term projects while independent civic organisations were primarily focusing on short-term programmes limited in geographical scope. The national government is the main player coordinating climate-related disaster risk reduction programmes through the Civil ProtectionUnit, which includes key agencies in charge of disaster early warning, response and recovery. Seasonal forecasts on crop yields and rangeland conditions are coordinated under the drought mitigation strategy framework. Preliminary findings show that an estimate of US$900 million has been utilised in implementation of adaptation actions in the previous 5 years. The water shortages at the hydro power plants have resulted in huge reductions in electricity generation.', 'The water shortages at the hydro power plants have resulted in huge reductions in electricity generation. In 2014 the mini-hydro plants were generating around 50% of their maximum ratings while the Kariba Power Station is currently (August 2015) operating at 63% because of the reduced water allocation. The power station is expected to run at such levels till the onset of the rainy season. This requires the nation to have the adaptive capacity, hence the inclusion of an adaptation amount for the energy sector to the tune of US$1.5 billion of which US$300 million is own contribution. *NB: A more comprehensive exercise such as the National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process will advance the assessment of the countries vulnerability, adaptation needs and costs. 5.', '*NB: A more comprehensive exercise such as the National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process will advance the assessment of the countries vulnerability, adaptation needs and costs. 5. Actions, gaps and barriers Action Gaps and Barriers Encouraging adapted crop and livestock development and farming practices Inadequate institutional and technological capacity to maximize germ-plasm of adapted crops and livestock Lack of knowledge and skills for intensive production practices Lack of mechanization technologies for climate smart production systems Inadequate research and extension Lack of financial resources Inadequate training of farmers Fragmented implementation of climate smart strategies Building resilience in managing climate related disaster (drought, hail, violent storms/wings, frost heat waves, erratic rainfall and floods) risks Inadequate institutional capacity for providing timely early warning systems Insufficient capacity for grain storage facilities Insufficient support services for index insurance Incoherent institutional frameworks (policies) to coordinate disaster risk reduction Lack of financial resources Strengthening management of water resources and irrigation in the face of climate change Inadequate infrastructure and technology for irrigation as well as institutional capacity for managing water resources Lack of knowledge, skills and technologies for improving water use efficiency in agriculture Lack of financial resources6.', 'Actions, gaps and barriers Action Gaps and Barriers Encouraging adapted crop and livestock development and farming practices Inadequate institutional and technological capacity to maximize germ-plasm of adapted crops and livestock Lack of knowledge and skills for intensive production practices Lack of mechanization technologies for climate smart production systems Inadequate research and extension Lack of financial resources Inadequate training of farmers Fragmented implementation of climate smart strategies Building resilience in managing climate related disaster (drought, hail, violent storms/wings, frost heat waves, erratic rainfall and floods) risks Inadequate institutional capacity for providing timely early warning systems Insufficient capacity for grain storage facilities Insufficient support services for index insurance Incoherent institutional frameworks (policies) to coordinate disaster risk reduction Lack of financial resources Strengthening management of water resources and irrigation in the face of climate change Inadequate infrastructure and technology for irrigation as well as institutional capacity for managing water resources Lack of knowledge, skills and technologies for improving water use efficiency in agriculture Lack of financial resources6. Summary of needs The Zimbabwe Agriculture Investment Plan (2013-2018) indicates that the sector requires investments of at least US$2 billion per year to fully utilise its production potential.', 'Summary of needs The Zimbabwe Agriculture Investment Plan (2013-2018) indicates that the sector requires investments of at least US$2 billion per year to fully utilise its production potential. Currently the sector is relying on a US$0.5 billion allocation from the national treasury. Up to US$35 billion will be cumulatively needed by 2030 under Business As Usual (BAU) for adapting to climate change in the agriculture sector. Zimbabwe aims to achieve this through joint efforts between the government, private sector, development partners and technology and funding mechanisms foreseen in context of the UNFCCC. Based on the status of current budget provisions, the total domestic support through the national government needed to build resilience of the agricultural sector is estimated at US$8.725.', 'Based on the status of current budget provisions, the total domestic support through the national government needed to build resilience of the agricultural sector is estimated at US$8.725. The required international support for adapting the agricultural sector of Zimbabwe is estimated at US$26.175 billion by 2030 under BAU. Further collation and analysis of information on support for financial investment, capacity development and technology generation and transfer in adaptation initiatives is however required. *NB: A more comprehensive exercise such as the National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process will advance the assessment of the countries vulnerability, adaptation needs and costs.', '*NB: A more comprehensive exercise such as the National Adaptation Planning (NAP) process will advance the assessment of the countries vulnerability, adaptation needs and costs. and reporting progress on adaptation Monitoring tools - With the Assistance of the UNFCCC Focal Point in Zimbabwe (Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate), The Government’s Results Based Management system, which is coordinated by the Office of the President and Cabinet, will be used as the principal monitoring and execution framework for the adaptation component of Zimbabwe s INDC together with other internationally agreed and relevant guidelines. - The existing INDC National Steering Committee will continue working closely with the Climate Change Management Department in facilitating the accounting and monitoring of the INDC.', '- The existing INDC National Steering Committee will continue working closely with the Climate Change Management Department in facilitating the accounting and monitoring of the INDC. - International best practice guidelines for developing adaptation plans and (I)NDCs such as Guidelines for Developing Countries produced by the African Negotiators, guiding documents from the UNFCCC, UNDP or UNEP, as well as relevant documents from think-tanks such as the World Resource Institute will also be considered. - The Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessments facilitated by the Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee (ZIMVAC) advances the assessment of the countries vulnerabilities. - Performance matrices from the Climate Change Response Strategy will be used. - The Drought Mitigation Strategy will provide guidance for monitoring progress toward alleviating impacts from droughts. - ZIMSTAT Surveys e.g.', '- The Drought Mitigation Strategy will provide guidance for monitoring progress toward alleviating impacts from droughts. - ZIMSTAT Surveys e.g. crop & livestock surveys will also be used - The CAADP and ZAIP monitoring frameworks will also be considered. - The Disaster Risk Management Bill - Academic research for Regional Climate Modeling, will build on climate scenarios and IPCC reports and guidelinesIndicators: - Number of people vulnerable to climate change impacts; Access to water; Water Stress Levels; Level of awareness; Livestock productivity; Proportion of population undernourished, Inventory of adopted climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, levels of project yields to 2030 as planned interventions are rolled out and n° of hectares with drought resistant crops under cultivation.', '- The Disaster Risk Management Bill - Academic research for Regional Climate Modeling, will build on climate scenarios and IPCC reports and guidelinesIndicators: - Number of people vulnerable to climate change impacts; Access to water; Water Stress Levels; Level of awareness; Livestock productivity; Proportion of population undernourished, Inventory of adopted climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies, levels of project yields to 2030 as planned interventions are rolled out and n° of hectares with drought resistant crops under cultivation. - Various indices for the nation’s resilience to climate change Reporting - National Communications to the UNFCCC. - Following any reporting standards for NDCs to establish under the new global climate agreement at COP21 or subsequent COPs.', '- Following any reporting standards for NDCs to establish under the new global climate agreement at COP21 or subsequent COPs. - Internal food and nutrition security reports for the cabinet under the National Early Warning Unit as well as the ZimVAC reports up to 2030. - Crop yield assessments by the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Irrigation Development. 2.2. Mitigation Contribution 2. Type of Contribution GHGs, GHG Intensity (Emissions per capita) 3. Sectors Energy 5. Target level The Mitigation Contribution for Zimbabwe is given as 33%* below the projected Business As Usual energy emissions per capita by 2030. Figure 2. Emissions per capita trends with and without mitigation projects. *This is a contribution target subject to the following conditions as a minimum: 1.', '*This is a contribution target subject to the following conditions as a minimum: 1. “full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention”;2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. a post-2020 agreement addressing all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17 in a balanced and comprehensive manner; 4. receiving contributions by developed countries on “all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020“.', '“full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention”;2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. a post-2020 agreement addressing all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17 in a balanced and comprehensive manner; 4. receiving contributions by developed countries on “all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020“. This mitigation goal is set to be achieved by implementation of the following actions as well as related enablers amongst others: eq Indicative cost (US$ mil) 5 Refurbishment and Electrification of the rail system 341 1,106 Other key mitigation actions include the following with the estimated costs: 6 Coal-bed methane (CBM) power.', 'This mitigation goal is set to be achieved by implementation of the following actions as well as related enablers amongst others: eq Indicative cost (US$ mil) 5 Refurbishment and Electrification of the rail system 341 1,106 Other key mitigation actions include the following with the estimated costs: 6 Coal-bed methane (CBM) power. 1000 8 Integrated Waste Management 500 9 Changing thermal power station technologies 5 000 12 Sustainable Energy Alternatives of curing tobacco 1 050 TOTAL FOR MITIGATION 55 796 Methodologies The accounting of Zimbabwe s mitigation contribution will be done regularly using the IPCC and any other approved methodologies. The population, energy balance and energy intensities will be updated periodically. *GWP: The CO2 O emissions will be calculated based on the adopted methodologies or any internationally agreed locally relevant guidelines. 7.', '*GWP: The CO2 O emissions will be calculated based on the adopted methodologies or any internationally agreed locally relevant guidelines. 7. Equitability and adequacy According to the National Inventory Report (NIR, 2015) the national emissions eq in 2000 which constitute 0.045% of global emissions. The country is a net carbon sink with a high potential sequestration capacity owing to its forests that cover 45% of the total land area. The IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) projected that the average per capita energy CO2 emissions for the Non-Annex I regions will vary from 2.8 to eq per capita by 2030 (IPCC, 2007). The Zimbabwean per capita emissions is projected to be 3.0 and 2.3t CO2 eq in 2030 for the BAU and with mitigation respectively.', 'The Zimbabwean per capita emissions is projected to be 3.0 and 2.3t CO2 eq in 2030 for the BAU and with mitigation respectively. Zimbabwe has a low per capita emission because of its low energy per capita consumption. The electricity consumption per capita of 944 kWh in 2000 dropped to 666 kWh in 2012 and is projected to be around 1,271 kWh in 2030. This means that the national energy consumption has to increase.Despite its low emissions and high carbon sequestration potential, Zimbabwe is already working towards universal access to cleaner energy by 2030. Below are some of the clean energy initiatives under consideration: Replacing more than a million incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to more than 164,654 houses saving 42 MW.', 'Below are some of the clean energy initiatives under consideration: Replacing more than a million incandescent bulbs with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) to more than 164,654 houses saving 42 MW. Recognising and rewarding companies making efforts in the area of energy efficiency and carbon footprint as a way of promoting good behaviour. Stepwise increase in Kariba Power Station (hydro power plant) from 666 to 750 MW and then 1050MW. Work on this plant is underway (Figure 3a). Promoting the use of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as the substitute for or alternative to grid electricity. This has several economic, social and economic benefits to people of Zimbabwe especially in rural areas where population is spaced, Figure 3b.', 'This has several economic, social and economic benefits to people of Zimbabwe especially in rural areas where population is spaced, Figure 3b. Constructing institutional biogas digesters (50 to 80m3 in size) in all provinces with a target of at least 1,250 digesters by 2030. Figure 3a). Construction work at the Powerhouse of Kariba South Expansion project: b) Liquefied petroleum gas imports during the period 2000-2014 Mini-hydros are already being constructed by Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and the mini-hydro installed capacity and is expected to rise to 27 MW early 2016. Solar energy, which has a huge potential of reducing especially if combined with hydro –power is already under consideration, Fig 4. Figure 4.', 'Solar energy, which has a huge potential of reducing especially if combined with hydro –power is already under consideration, Fig 4. Figure 4. Street solar lighting project in Hararearrangement and Implementation process The Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate as the National Focal Point on Climate Change, is mandated to guide the nation’s compliance in all multi-lateral environmental agreements, including INDC. On INDCs, the Ministry works in constant liaison with the Office of President & Cabinet. Other relevant Ministries and key stakeholders are involved to ensure implementation and alignment with the various sectoral plans and the broader national vision. As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio- economic sectors, the proposed mitigation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national plans and programmes. 9.', 'As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio- economic sectors, the proposed mitigation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national plans and programmes. 9. Means of Implementation Support Needs: Conditional actions will be implemented subject to availability of affordable international financial support, investment, ability to leverage on our resources, technology development and transfer and capacity development as well as continued improvement in our national circumstances and creation of enabling environment. The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and continued investment by developmental partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical.', 'The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and continued investment by developmental partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical. The enactment of a ‘favourable’ agreement in Paris, France in December 2015 will be an added advantage. Zimbabwe also intends to leverage on its resources including carbon credits or sell of emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change.'] | en-US |
377 | ZWE | Zimbabwe | Updated NDC | 2021-09-24 00:00:00 | null | x | NDC 1.1 | https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/NDC/2022-06/Zimbabwe%20Revised%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution%202021%20Final.pdf | null | Non-Annex I | Middle-income | Africa | 0 | 10.861735 | 2.41057 | 0 | true | ../data/downloaded_documents/9e6c6c5322343731c148c6904a2cc7384a69367f53b390ba86b9b7c5a31ed53e.pdf | ['Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution ZIMBABWE GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 i ZIMBABWE Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution GOVERNMENT OF ZIMBABWEZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ii Foreword Climate change has been widely recognized as a major global issue that threatens to alter the natural environment, disrupt the well-being of society, and deter socio-economic development, making climate change mitigation and adaptation interventions imperative to reduce any further deterioration in the climate system. In 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) came together and adopted the Paris Agreement which aims to transform Parties’ developmental trajectories and set the world on a course towards sustainable development.', 'In 2015, Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) came together and adopted the Paris Agreement which aims to transform Parties’ developmental trajectories and set the world on a course towards sustainable development. The Paris Agreement recognizes that to significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change, all Parties need to reduce their greenhouse gas emission levels with the aim of holding global average temperature increase to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels whilst pursuing efforts to limit temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. To achieve the temperature goal, the Paris Agreement requires Parties to communicate their own greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitments through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every five years with each submission reflecting increased ambition from the previous one.', 'To achieve the temperature goal, the Paris Agreement requires Parties to communicate their own greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitments through the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) every five years with each submission reflecting increased ambition from the previous one. Zimbabwe submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) in 2015 which became the country’s first NDC in 2017 when the country ratified the Paris Agreement. In line with the Paris Agreement to revise the NDCs every five years, Zimbabwe presents its revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which represents a fair and ambitious 7% increase in emission reduction from 33% in the first NDC to 40% in this revised NDC.', 'In line with the Paris Agreement to revise the NDCs every five years, Zimbabwe presents its revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) which represents a fair and ambitious 7% increase in emission reduction from 33% in the first NDC to 40% in this revised NDC. Unlike the first NDC which covered only the Energy Sector, this NDC makes progress towards an economy-wide NDC as it includes the Waste, Industrial Processes and Product Use and; the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use Sectors. In addition, the revised NDC presents adaptation action in response to the country’s high vulnerability to climate change impacts. The crafting of Zimbabwe’s revised NDC was informed by the National Development Strategy 1 (2021- 2025) which seeks to transform Zimbabwe into an upper-middle income economy by 2030.', 'The crafting of Zimbabwe’s revised NDC was informed by the National Development Strategy 1 (2021- 2025) which seeks to transform Zimbabwe into an upper-middle income economy by 2030. In this regard, Zimbabwe will pursue a holistic and balanced development trajectory, which seeks to balance national development, fulfilment of our multilateral international obligations, and sustainable development. While the country has integrated most of the actions identified in this revised NDC in its development policies and strategies, the Government of Zimbabwe calls upon potential partners and stakeholders to come on board to support the implementation of this revised NDC for the country to meet its developmental aspirations and climate change mitigation obligations. ……………………….……… Hon.', 'While the country has integrated most of the actions identified in this revised NDC in its development policies and strategies, the Government of Zimbabwe calls upon potential partners and stakeholders to come on board to support the implementation of this revised NDC for the country to meet its developmental aspirations and climate change mitigation obligations. ……………………….……… Hon. N.M Ndhlovu (M.P) Minister of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality IndustryZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 iii Acknowledgments Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC Report was developed under the auspices of the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) with technical and financial support from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ICLEI Africa Local Governments for Sustainability), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Bank.', 'N.M Ndhlovu (M.P) Minister of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality IndustryZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 iii Acknowledgments Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC Report was developed under the auspices of the NDC Partnership’s Climate Action Enhancement Package (CAEP) with technical and financial support from the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), ICLEI Africa Local Governments for Sustainability), International Labour Organization (ILO), International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and World Bank. The Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) would like to thank these organisations for their support in delivering Zimbabwe’s revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).', 'The Government of Zimbabwe (GOZ) would like to thank these organisations for their support in delivering Zimbabwe’s revised Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). GOZ also acknowledges the contributions of focal points in the relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies, Development Partners, Private Sector, Local Authorities, Civil Society, Research and Academia who contributed to the successful delivery of this revised NDC. Preparation of the NDC was done under the expert guidance and leadership of Washington Zhakata (Director of the Climate Change Management Department); Kudzai Ndidzano (Deputy Director); Lawrence Mashungu (Mitigation Expert); Tirivanhu Muhwati (Compliance Officer) and Emily Matingo (Adaptation Expert) at the Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry (MECTHI).', 'Preparation of the NDC was done under the expert guidance and leadership of Washington Zhakata (Director of the Climate Change Management Department); Kudzai Ndidzano (Deputy Director); Lawrence Mashungu (Mitigation Expert); Tirivanhu Muhwati (Compliance Officer) and Emily Matingo (Adaptation Expert) at the Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry (MECTHI). The main contributing authors are Ryan Hogarth, Richard Smithers, James Harries, Clémence Moinier (Ricardo Energy & Environment), Dingane Sithole, Sekai Ngarize, Leonard Unganai, Caroline Tagwireyi, Farai Mapanda and Samantha Magosha (independent consultants).', 'The main contributing authors are Ryan Hogarth, Richard Smithers, James Harries, Clémence Moinier (Ricardo Energy & Environment), Dingane Sithole, Sekai Ngarize, Leonard Unganai, Caroline Tagwireyi, Farai Mapanda and Samantha Magosha (independent consultants). In particular, the team would like to express its gratitude to Tafadzwa Dhlakama, the NDC Partnership Coordinator; Gibson Guvheya, Nkulumo Zinyengere and Enos Esikuri (World Bank) for the technical guidance, facilitation and coordination of the preparation of this report.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 iv Table of contents Table of Contents iv List of Figures .v List of Tables . vi Glossary vii 1 Table Summarising Changes from the INDC.1 2.1 National Context & Vision4 2.2 Structure of the Revised NDC Report5 3 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation6 3.1 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation. 6 3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe.12 4 Mitigation priorities and actions. 18 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions19 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution.20 4.5 Co-benefits of identified mitigation measures22 4.6 Sector level mitigation actions23 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU).25 4.6.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU).26 5 Package of policies and strategies. 28 6 Institutional and Financial Framework30 7 Information for Clarity, Transparency & Understanding (ICTU). 35Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 v List of Figures Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 (panel 2) Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 Figure 3: Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2017 (MtCO2e).19 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario20 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions.21 Figure 7: Population and GDP projections.21 Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC.32Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 vi List of Tables Table 1: Existing and potential climate impacts in Zimbabwe summarised by type of capital.8 Table 2: Priority adaptation measures.15 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC19 Table 4: Sectoral reductions in GHGs in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario.21 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector.24 Table 6: Summary of mitigation measures from the IPPU sector.25 Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector.26 Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector27 Table 9: Key institutes for NDC implementation31Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 vii Glossary Abbreviation Definition AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change BAU Business As Usual BUR Biennial Update Report °C Degrees Celsius CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package CCMD Climate Change Management Department CFF Climate Finance Facility CO Carbon monoxide CO eq Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of the Parties COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CORDEX Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding IDBZ Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategy LULUCF Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry MAC Marginal Abatement Cost MECTHI Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCF National Climate Change FundZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 viii Abbreviation Definition NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCSF NDC Support Facility NDS1 National Development Strategy 1 NIE National Implementing Entity NMVOCs Non-methane volatile organic compounds NPV Net Present Value SDR Social Discount Rate R&D Research and Development RCP Representative greenhouse gas Concentration Pathway REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SAPP Southern Africa Power Pool SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLCPs Short-lived Climate Pollutants SEI Stockholm Environment Institute tCO e Tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ United States Dollar VOC Volatile Organic Compounds ZIMREF Zimbabwe Reconstruction FundZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 1 1 Table Summarising Changes from the INDC Parameter 2015 INDC 2021 Revised NDC Adaptation INDC adaptation measures focused on the agriculture sector.', 'In particular, the team would like to express its gratitude to Tafadzwa Dhlakama, the NDC Partnership Coordinator; Gibson Guvheya, Nkulumo Zinyengere and Enos Esikuri (World Bank) for the technical guidance, facilitation and coordination of the preparation of this report.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 iv Table of contents Table of Contents iv List of Figures .v List of Tables . vi Glossary vii 1 Table Summarising Changes from the INDC.1 2.1 National Context & Vision4 2.2 Structure of the Revised NDC Report5 3 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation6 3.1 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation. 6 3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe.12 4 Mitigation priorities and actions. 18 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions19 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution.20 4.5 Co-benefits of identified mitigation measures22 4.6 Sector level mitigation actions23 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU).25 4.6.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU).26 5 Package of policies and strategies. 28 6 Institutional and Financial Framework30 7 Information for Clarity, Transparency & Understanding (ICTU). 35Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 v List of Figures Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 (panel 2) Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the periods of 2020-2040 (panel 1), 2041-2060 Figure 3: Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2017 (MtCO2e).19 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario20 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions.21 Figure 7: Population and GDP projections.21 Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC.32Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 vi List of Tables Table 1: Existing and potential climate impacts in Zimbabwe summarised by type of capital.8 Table 2: Priority adaptation measures.15 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC19 Table 4: Sectoral reductions in GHGs in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario.21 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector.24 Table 6: Summary of mitigation measures from the IPPU sector.25 Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector.26 Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector27 Table 9: Key institutes for NDC implementation31Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 vii Glossary Abbreviation Definition AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land-Use AR5 Fifth Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change BAU Business As Usual BUR Biennial Update Report °C Degrees Celsius CAEP Climate Action Enhancement Package CCMD Climate Change Management Department CFF Climate Finance Facility CO Carbon monoxide CO eq Carbon dioxide equivalent COP Conference of the Parties COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CORDEX Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FOLU Forestry and Other Land Use GACMO Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas ICLEI International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives ICTU Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding IDBZ Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contribution IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency LEAP Low Emissions Analysis Platform LEDS Low Emissions Development Strategy LULUCF Land Use and Land Use Change and Forestry MAC Marginal Abatement Cost MECTHI Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification NAP National Adaptation Plan NCCF National Climate Change FundZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 viii Abbreviation Definition NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy NDC Nationally Determined Contribution NDCSF NDC Support Facility NDS1 National Development Strategy 1 NIE National Implementing Entity NMVOCs Non-methane volatile organic compounds NPV Net Present Value SDR Social Discount Rate R&D Research and Development RCP Representative greenhouse gas Concentration Pathway REDD+ Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SAPP Southern Africa Power Pool SDG Sustainable Development Goal SLCPs Short-lived Climate Pollutants SEI Stockholm Environment Institute tCO e Tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US$ United States Dollar VOC Volatile Organic Compounds ZIMREF Zimbabwe Reconstruction FundZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 1 1 Table Summarising Changes from the INDC Parameter 2015 INDC 2021 Revised NDC Adaptation INDC adaptation measures focused on the agriculture sector. Adaptation measures are now being planned across the economy and will be formalised in the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan that is expected to be completed by December 31st 2021.', 'Adaptation measures are now being planned across the economy and will be formalised in the forthcoming National Adaptation Plan that is expected to be completed by December 31st 2021. IPCC sectors covered in mitigation analysis Energy Sector emissions only Expanded to include additional sectors for Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Waste; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). Greenhouse gases (GHG) covered Carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) Expanded to include CO , CH , N O and Hydrofluorocarbons. Black Carbon (a short-lived climate pollutant), and co- emitted air pollutants (PM2.5, NOx, SO , non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) were also included in the analysis. Business-as-usual (BAU) scenario The INDC BAU baseline focused solely on per capita energy emissions. Zimbabwean per capita energy emissions were projected to be 1.06 tCO tCO eq in 2025 and 3.31 tCO eq in 2030 under business as usual.', 'Zimbabwean per capita energy emissions were projected to be 1.06 tCO tCO eq in 2025 and 3.31 tCO eq in 2030 under business as usual. Updated to include all IPCC sectors. National total emissions in the base data period ranged between 25.24 MtCO2e in 2011 and 41.66 MtCO eq in 2015. Emissions in 2017 were 35.84 MtCO eq. National total emissions per capita in the base data period ranged between eq in 2011 and 2.98 tCO eq in 2015. Emissions per capita in 2017 were eq. The NDC revision process incorporated impacts of COVID-19 on emissions trends and macroeconomic parameters, including GDP, which fed into the updated baseline. Emission reduction target The INDC emission reduction target was a 33% reduction in energy-related emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.', 'Emission reduction target The INDC emission reduction target was a 33% reduction in energy-related emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support. In the mitigation scenario, energy-related emissions per capita were projected to be 2.21 tCO eq in 2030. The updated target is a 40% reduction in economy-wide GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support. In the mitigation scenario, economy-wide emissions per capita are projected to be eq in 2030.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Climate policies and Strategies Key climate policies already in place when the INDC was submitted included the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS).', 'In the mitigation scenario, economy-wide emissions per capita are projected to be eq in 2030.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Climate policies and Strategies Key climate policies already in place when the INDC was submitted included the National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS). Additional climate policies have been adopted since 2015, including the National Climate Policy, Low Emission Development Strategy, National Adaptation Plan Roadmap, Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the 2017 System Development Plan, the Renewable Energy Policy, Biofuels Policy, Revised National Gender Policy and Implementation Plan, National Water Resources Master Plan, (draft) National Agriculture Policy Framework, Climate- Smart Agricultural Investment Plan, National Industrial Development Policy and Environmental Management Act.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 3 Zimbabwe is Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 2015 Paris Agreement.', 'Additional climate policies have been adopted since 2015, including the National Climate Policy, Low Emission Development Strategy, National Adaptation Plan Roadmap, Third National Communication to the UNFCCC, the 2017 System Development Plan, the Renewable Energy Policy, Biofuels Policy, Revised National Gender Policy and Implementation Plan, National Water Resources Master Plan, (draft) National Agriculture Policy Framework, Climate- Smart Agricultural Investment Plan, National Industrial Development Policy and Environmental Management Act.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 3 Zimbabwe is Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its 2015 Paris Agreement. Article Two of the Paris Agreement seeks to enhance implementation of the Convention by: • Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; • Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and • Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development.', 'Article Two of the Paris Agreement seeks to enhance implementation of the Convention by: • Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change; • Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does not threaten food production; and • Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient development. The Paris Agreement established a series of five-year cycles to increase ambition through Parties’ submission of updated NDCs.', 'The Paris Agreement established a series of five-year cycles to increase ambition through Parties’ submission of updated NDCs. Through these updates, Parties should aim to achieve peaking of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as soon as possible (recognising that peaking will take longer for developing countries) and to achieve net zero GHG emissions by the second half of the century. The five-yearly updates of countries’ NDCs should increase ambition, expand sectoral scope and accelerate implementation of climate actions. Zimbabwe submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in September 2015. In 2017, the INDC became Zimbabwe’s first-generation Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), after the country ratified the Paris Agreement. The INDC was focused on specific sectors.', 'The INDC was focused on specific sectors. It defined priority actions to build resilience to climate change in agriculture and mitigate energy- related GHG emissions, as well as finance and investment requirements for both climate pillars. The INDC emission reduction target was a 33% reduction in energy emissions per capita relative to a 2030 baseline. This document presents Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC including an updated per capita emission reduction target that applies to all sectors of the economy, relative to a 2030 baseline. The updated emissions reduction target raises ambition beyond what was pledged in Zimbabwe’s INDC as presented in the headline box below.', 'The updated emissions reduction target raises ambition beyond what was pledged in Zimbabwe’s INDC as presented in the headline box below. This Revised NDC represents a fair enhancement of ambition and expands sectoral scope relative to the INDC in light of Zimbabwe’s national circumstances and respective capabilities. Headline messages of Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC • A list of economy-wide adaptation measures is included based on a national climate vulnerability and risk assessment. • Zimbabwe’s revised NDC target is a 40% per capita emissions reduction across all sectors of the economy below the projected business as usual scenario by 2030 (relative to the 2017 emission baseline).', '• Zimbabwe’s revised NDC target is a 40% per capita emissions reduction across all sectors of the economy below the projected business as usual scenario by 2030 (relative to the 2017 emission baseline). • The emissions baseline and expanded list of mitigation measures now cover all Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sectors namely Energy; Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU); Waste; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU). • The NDC revision process incorporated impacts of COVID-19 on emissions trends and macroeconomic parameters, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP).', '• The NDC revision process incorporated impacts of COVID-19 on emissions trends and macroeconomic parameters, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP). • Compliance with the Revised NDC remains fully conditional on affordable international financial support, investment, technology development and transfer and capacity development.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 2.1 National Context & Vision Zimbabwe’s updated NDC takes into account its low GHG emissions per capita and substantial vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Zimbabwe is a small net emitter by global standards, responsible for 0.07%1 (2.5 tonnes CO eq emissions per capita; BUR1 2017) of global emissions.', 'Zimbabwe is a small net emitter by global standards, responsible for 0.07%1 (2.5 tonnes CO eq emissions per capita; BUR1 2017) of global emissions. In comparison, the G20 are responsible for 78% of emissions.2 On the other hand, Zimbabwe is among the World’s 50 most vulnerable countries according to the ND- GAIN Index.3 Hence, Zimbabwe’s revised NDC and wider climate policy focuses as much on adaptation as it does on mitigation. Zimbabwe’s economy is highly reliant on agriculture which, along with forestry, employs 70% of the population (directly or indirectly). Agricultural production is largely rainfed and sensitive to fluctuating weather patterns.', 'Agricultural production is largely rainfed and sensitive to fluctuating weather patterns. Increasingly frequent and intense extreme weather events, including tropical cyclones, droughts, mid-season dry spells, floods and localised heavy downpours are also having a negative impact on other sectors of the economy. Sectors affected directly and indirectly include energy, infrastructure and industry, due to the many interconnections between different sectors’ climate vulnerabilities. In addition, Zimbabwe’s position as a landlocked country at the heart of Southern Africa makes it highly vulnerable to direct or indirect climate-related impacts on neighbouring countries, and more generally elsewhere, that may lead to transboundary or “spill-over” effects.', 'In addition, Zimbabwe’s position as a landlocked country at the heart of Southern Africa makes it highly vulnerable to direct or indirect climate-related impacts on neighbouring countries, and more generally elsewhere, that may lead to transboundary or “spill-over” effects. These may be related to: • Trade of agricultural commodities, as manifested in global food prices through integrated supply and distribution chains; • Trade of non-agricultural commodities, e.g., raw materials supply, manufacturing industries; • Infrastructure and transport, e.g., energy supply, energy infrastructure and regional transportation networks; • Migration and displacement of people, e.g., through changing tourism flows and mass migration (either forced or voluntary); and • Spread of diseases and invasive species.', 'These may be related to: • Trade of agricultural commodities, as manifested in global food prices through integrated supply and distribution chains; • Trade of non-agricultural commodities, e.g., raw materials supply, manufacturing industries; • Infrastructure and transport, e.g., energy supply, energy infrastructure and regional transportation networks; • Migration and displacement of people, e.g., through changing tourism flows and mass migration (either forced or voluntary); and • Spread of diseases and invasive species. Zimbabwe’s Vision 2030 seeks to transform Zimbabwe to an upper middle-income economy by 2030, with a per capita Gross National Income of over US$5 000 in real terms. The National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021-2025, supports Vision 2030, targeting an annual GDP growth rate of above 5% and the creation of at least 760,000 formal jobs over the five-year period.', 'The National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021-2025, supports Vision 2030, targeting an annual GDP growth rate of above 5% and the creation of at least 760,000 formal jobs over the five-year period. NDS1 aims to increase agriculture production, especially by smallholder farmers, which will increase Zimbabwe’s prosperity, food security and resilience against climate change. NDS1 also aims to increase electricity and coal supply to resurgent iron and steel sectors, both of which will lead to an upward trajectory in emissions under a business-as- usual (BAU) scenario. Since submitting the INDC, Zimbabwe has adopted several policies and strategies to reduce emissions and address climate vulnerabilities. Zimbabwe’s 2017 National Climate Policy aims to build a climate- resilient and low-carbon economy.', 'Zimbabwe’s 2017 National Climate Policy aims to build a climate- resilient and low-carbon economy. In 2021, Zimbabwe developed a Low Emission Development Strategy (LEDS), which includes mitigation measures across all the sectors of the economy. In 2020 Zimbabwe 1 Global GHG emissions including land-use change in 2017 were 53.5 GtCO eq (United Nations Environment Programme, Emissions Gap Report, 2018. ), Zimbabwe total GHG emissions in 2017 of 35.84 MtCO eq taken from LEAP modelling. 2 United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Emissions Gap Report 2020. 3 Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN) (2021). NG-GAIN Country Index. Available at: work/country-index/Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 5 launched the Climate-Smart Agricultural Investment Plan (CASAIP) which modelled future climate change impacts (rainfall, temperature) on crop yields, livestock incomes and diseases.', 'Available at: work/country-index/Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 5 launched the Climate-Smart Agricultural Investment Plan (CASAIP) which modelled future climate change impacts (rainfall, temperature) on crop yields, livestock incomes and diseases. The CASAIP recommends technology packages and investments to crime-proof agriculture in different agro-ecological regions. In 2017, Zimbabwe adopted a revised National Gender Policy that includes a specific thematic area on gender and climate change and promotes the mainstreaming of gender in environmental and climate change policies and strategies. In 2022, Zimbabwe expects to launch a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that will seek to mainstream climate change into national and sub-national planning processes in relevant economic and social development sectors.', 'In 2022, Zimbabwe expects to launch a National Adaptation Plan (NAP) that will seek to mainstream climate change into national and sub-national planning processes in relevant economic and social development sectors. Each of the policies and strategies mentioned above fed into the NDC revision process and will be key components to its implementation. These and other policies or planning frameworks are discussed further in Section 5. Zimbabwe used a whole of government and whole of society approach to update the NDC, ensuring that the process was a collaborative and inclusive one. Validation workshops drawing on the participation of a wide range of stakeholders were held for the endorsement of all technical work products used to inform the NDC update.', 'Validation workshops drawing on the participation of a wide range of stakeholders were held for the endorsement of all technical work products used to inform the NDC update. As Zimbabwe looks ahead to the continuation of implementation of the NDC, further stakeholder engagement is envisaged, ensuring that vulnerable groups, including those representing women and youth, as well as sub-national entities are accorded the opportunity to feed into the process. 2.2 Structure of the Revised NDC Report This Revised NDC Report is structured as follows. Section 1 summarises the changes between Zimbabwe’s INDC and this revised NDC. Section 2 introduces the document and presents the national context of Zimbabwe and the international context of Zimbabwe’s contribution. Section 3 outlines Zimbabwe’s vulnerability to climate change and key areas for adaptation.', 'Section 3 outlines Zimbabwe’s vulnerability to climate change and key areas for adaptation. Section 4 presents the approach to mitigation analysis and Zimbabwe’s updated total and per capita national GHG emission baseline and target. It then details the mitigation priorities and actions across the Energy, IPPU, AFOLU and Waste sectors. Section 5 presents the package of policies and legislation that will underpin implementation of the NDC, and Section 6 outlines the institutional and financial framework.', 'Section 5 presents the package of policies and legislation that will underpin implementation of the NDC, and Section 6 outlines the institutional and financial framework. Section 7 concludes with a table summarising the Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 3 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation Outputs from the National Adaptation Planning (NAP)4 process were considered in the development of all adaptation-related elements of the NDC to reflect the progress of the NAP process and thereby facilitate the coherence of the two documents. The NDC also accounts for other government policies and technical guidance documents on vulnerability and adaptation in Zimbabwe.', 'The NDC also accounts for other government policies and technical guidance documents on vulnerability and adaptation in Zimbabwe. 3.1 Vulnerability to climate change and adaptation Zimbabwe’s climate vulnerabilities identified here, as a function of climate sensitivities and adaptive capacities,5 have been determined from review of the country’s relevant national studies. Zimbabwe’s sustainable development is constrained by climate sensitivities and associated lack of adaptive capacities of its human, physical, natural, social and financial capital in relation to the direct and indirect impacts of “slow-onset” climate changes and extreme weather events. Zimbabwe’s landlocked position at the heart of Southern Africa means that it is not only highly vulnerable to climate impacts within its borders but also to spill-over effects from the impacts of climate change on neighbouring countries and internationally.', 'Zimbabwe’s landlocked position at the heart of Southern Africa means that it is not only highly vulnerable to climate impacts within its borders but also to spill-over effects from the impacts of climate change on neighbouring countries and internationally. Common factors that determine the climate vulnerability (i.e., high climate sensitivities and low adaptive capacities) of Zimbabwe across sectors include, in no particular order: • Insufficient water availability due to a predominantly dry climate, compounded by growing competition for water resources increases all sectors’ vulnerability to the potential impact of water shortages on production levels. • Poverty, which limits access to socio-economic services and to social and financial capital that may otherwise help populations adapt to the impact of climate change.', '• Poverty, which limits access to socio-economic services and to social and financial capital that may otherwise help populations adapt to the impact of climate change. • Heavy reliance on rainfed agriculture and natural resources. Approximately 70% of the population is reliant on agriculture with the majority dependant on rainfed activities, which are particularly sensitive to climate variability. • High population growth, which places pressures on public services (health, infrastructure, transport) and on natural resources, subsequently affecting all sectors that rely on them (energy, agriculture, tourism, water, etc). • Gender issues and intersectionality.', '• Gender issues and intersectionality. Women represent most of the agricultural workforce and are particularly vulnerable, as they have limited access to markets and to education, which restricts their ability to diversify their income in the event that their primary source of income is affected. Intersectionality of gender, disability, poverty and child-headed households compounds climate change vulnerabilities and is of importance in relation to the principle of “leaving no one • Weak and/or inadequate early warning systems, which prevent key sectors from anticipating extreme events and, hence, leaves them vulnerable to adverse impacts. Disaster risk reduction is also not fully mainstreamed in development planning and investments in climate proofing infrastructure are limited. 4 Government of Zimbabwe (2019). National Adaptation Plan Roadmap for Zimbabwe. 5 IPCC (2018).', 'National Adaptation Plan Roadmap for Zimbabwe. 5 IPCC (2018). Annex I: Glossary [Matthews, J.B.R. (ed.)]. In: Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press.', 'Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. Available at: 6 METHI (2021) The National Gender Action Plan; METHI (2021) Gender Analysis of NDCsZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 7 • The low level of awareness and understanding about climate change, its likely impacts and possible adaptation solutions, including in relation to sustainable management of resources. In the documents informing the development of the NAP, the following sectors are rated as highly vulnerable: agriculture; water; health; forestry and biodiversity; infrastructure; human settlements; and tourism. Other studies rate additional sectors in Zimbabwe as vulnerable: energy, waste, mining, transport, and industry.7 Climate vulnerabilities are further amplified by sectors’ interconnectedness.', 'Other studies rate additional sectors in Zimbabwe as vulnerable: energy, waste, mining, transport, and industry.7 Climate vulnerabilities are further amplified by sectors’ interconnectedness. For example, the agriculture sector’s vulnerabilities are compounded by vulnerabilities in the transport sector, as agricultural products need to be transported along the value chains. Such interconnections exist between all sectors. For this reason, Zimbabwe is adopting an economy-wide approach to adaptation that seeks to address climate vulnerabilities across all sectors. 3.2 Climate impacts Existing studies consider the climate impacts that Zimbabwe currently experiences. These studies have been reviewed, and their content is summarised below. All sectors of the economy have suffered direct impacts as a result of their exposure to hazards resulting from climate variability and change.', 'All sectors of the economy have suffered direct impacts as a result of their exposure to hazards resulting from climate variability and change. Climate impacts are not confined to specific sectors due to the interconnections between vulnerabilities. Slow-onset climate changes and extreme weather events impact environmental, societal and economic assets upon which all sectors depend. Hence, existing climate impacts in Zimbabwe are summarised in Table 1 by type of capital (human, physical, natural, social, and financial) exposed to climate hazards rather than by sector.8 In addition to the direct impacts of climate change, Zimbabwe is expected to suffer from indirect impacts caused by spill-over effects from direct climate impacts in neighbouring countries and internationally.', 'Hence, existing climate impacts in Zimbabwe are summarised in Table 1 by type of capital (human, physical, natural, social, and financial) exposed to climate hazards rather than by sector.8 In addition to the direct impacts of climate change, Zimbabwe is expected to suffer from indirect impacts caused by spill-over effects from direct climate impacts in neighbouring countries and internationally. The Transnational Climate Impacts Index9 rates Zimbabwe’s overall exposure to transnational impacts of climate change as 8 out of 10. Most notably, spill-over effects may arise from: • Transboundary water dependency. All of Zimbabwe’s River basins are shared with other countries, both as sources and recipients of headwaters for major rivers.', 'All of Zimbabwe’s River basins are shared with other countries, both as sources and recipients of headwaters for major rivers. The management of water resources in those countries and heightened competition over shared water resources may impact on water availability and supply; energy availability and supply; transboundary biodiversity conservation; tourism and green jobs. • Remittance flows from emigrant workers from Zimbabwe. In 2019, personal remittances received in Zimbabwe accounted for 8% of its total GDP.10 Direct impacts in the host country of the migrant worker (e.g., South Africa) may lead to economic disruptions for those receiving remittances and the macro-economy.', 'In 2019, personal remittances received in Zimbabwe accounted for 8% of its total GDP.10 Direct impacts in the host country of the migrant worker (e.g., South Africa) may lead to economic disruptions for those receiving remittances and the macro-economy. 7 ICLEI (2021) Zimbabwe Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report; World Bank (2020) Climate Risk Country Profile - Zimbabwe 8 “The presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, and resources, infrastructure, or economic, social, or cultural assets in places and settings that could be adversely affected” (IPCC, 2018). Full IPCC AR5 Glossary available at: 9 Stockholm Environment Institute (2016). Introducing the Transnational Climate Impacts Index: Indicators of country-level exposure – methodology report. Working Paper 2016-07.', 'Introducing the Transnational Climate Impacts Index: Indicators of country-level exposure – methodology report. Working Paper 2016-07. Available at: introducing-the-transnational-climate-impacts-index-indicators-of-country-level-exposure-methodology-report.pdf 10 World Bank staff estimates based on IMF balance of payments data, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 • Importance of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). Zimbabwe’s net inflows of FDI made up 3% of its GDP in 2018.11 However, assets may lose value and returns on investment may be disrupted or reduced either suddenly or gradually due to climate change, resulting in lower investments over time. • Immigration from climate-vulnerable countries. Zimbabwe currently hosts 9,000 refugees.', 'Zimbabwe currently hosts 9,000 refugees. Though its net migration rate is negative (there is more emigration than immigration), the number of refugees has doubled since 2010 which may be a consequence of slow onset migration due to ecosystem degradation or major environmental events.12 Climate impacts in other countries may lead to an increase in push-factors to emigrate to Zimbabwe. • Dependency on imported cereals. Zimbabwe has a negative trade balance for food products. Being dependent on food imports from abroad, Zimbabwe is exposed to climate-related disruptions in the availability, price or quality of food products. Table 1: Existing and potential climate impacts in Zimbabwe summarised by type of capital Human capital Exposure All citizens are exposed directly or indirectly to climate-related hazards that impact them and their assets.', 'Table 1: Existing and potential climate impacts in Zimbabwe summarised by type of capital Human capital Exposure All citizens are exposed directly or indirectly to climate-related hazards that impact them and their assets. Among citizens, marginalised groups are more exposed as their geographical location is determined by lower costs of living. These groups include women, youths and children, people who are physically handicapped, indigenous peoples, migrants and internally displaced and inhabitants of unfavourable agro-ecological regions. Impacts Climate impacts on human capital affect citizens’ health, safety and sources of livelihood. Flooding and drought events increase the spread of water-borne diseases. A recent study (2018) identified that between 1990 and 2010, a cholera outbreak was registered in one of every three droughts and one of every 15 floods13.', 'A recent study (2018) identified that between 1990 and 2010, a cholera outbreak was registered in one of every three droughts and one of every 15 floods13. In May 2009, 98,592 cases and 4,288 cholera deaths were reported, with 60 of the 62 districts in the country affected. This affects employees’ health and safety, and cause reductions in productivity across sectors (including agriculture, mining, energy, industry and commerce, tourism, and transport). In turn, reductions in productivity will lead to lower incomes and loss of livelihoods. Impacts on health from heat-stress are also increasing, as a result of extreme temperatures, which may be particularly harmful to children and the elderly, partly because of their physiological predisposition and limited ability to manage their heat risk.', 'Impacts on health from heat-stress are also increasing, as a result of extreme temperatures, which may be particularly harmful to children and the elderly, partly because of their physiological predisposition and limited ability to manage their heat risk. 11 International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and Balance of Payments databases, World Bank, International Debt Statistics, and World Bank and OECD GDP estimates. 12 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and UNRWA through UNHCR’s Refugee Data Finder at unhcr. org/refugee-statistics. 13 Rieckmann, A., Tamason, C. C., Gurley, E. S., Rod, N. H., Jensen, P. K. M. Exploring Droughts and Floods and their Association with Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Register-Based Ecological Study from 1990 to 2010. Am. J. Trop. Med.', '13 Rieckmann, A., Tamason, C. C., Gurley, E. S., Rod, N. H., Jensen, P. K. M. Exploring Droughts and Floods and their Association with Cholera Outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Register-Based Ecological Study from 1990 to 2010. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 98(5), 2018, pp.1269-1274.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 9 Slow-onset changes in climate also cause reductions in water supply. In May 2020, the Bulawayo City Council implemented a weekly 144-hours water- shedding programme following an acute shortage of water, when the Lower Ncema Dam was decommissioned after the water level reached an all-time low of 6.7% following an extended drought. Zimbabwe is estimated to experience a decline of 38% in national water availability per capita by 2050 due to climate change14.', 'Zimbabwe is estimated to experience a decline of 38% in national water availability per capita by 2050 due to climate change14. This threatens agricultural production, with 70% of the population standing to lose their main source of livelihood. In addition to agriculture, climate impacts also threaten other sectors’ activities. Degradation of natural resources reduces the number of tourists, leading to losses of income by about 7.3% of the formally employed in this sector. Extreme weather events and heavy rains affects mining during the rainy season, which affects an estimated 500,000 to 1.5 million artisanal and small-scale miners in the country who rely on mining as a source of income.', 'Extreme weather events and heavy rains affects mining during the rainy season, which affects an estimated 500,000 to 1.5 million artisanal and small-scale miners in the country who rely on mining as a source of income. The 2020/21 la Nina rainy season significantly slowed-down the artisanal mining sector, leading to reduced gold deliveries and foreign currency earnings, and translating into large macroeconomic impacts. Environmental stress functions as an aggravating factor which adds to systemic, economic, and demographic factors that shape individual access to livelihoods, access to resources and vulnerability and, ultimately, affect their capacity to move.', 'Environmental stress functions as an aggravating factor which adds to systemic, economic, and demographic factors that shape individual access to livelihoods, access to resources and vulnerability and, ultimately, affect their capacity to move. Physical capital Exposure Sectors rely on a large array of physical infrastructure and assets, such as water storage (>10,000 small, medium and large dams) and reticulation investments, energy generation and distribution infrastructure, mining infrastructure, transport (about 18,601 km state (2012 estimate) and 9,499 km gravel road network) and telecommunications infrastructure, manufacturing and distribution facilities, and tourism facilities. Among the key assets most exposed to hazards include: dams, sewer lines, roads/bridges, powerlines, buildings, telecommunication facilities, mine shafts, recreation facilities, manufacturing plants, irrigation infrastructure (as of 2017, Zimbabwe’s land area under irrigation totalled 110,832 ha15) and post-harvest crop storage facilities.', 'Among the key assets most exposed to hazards include: dams, sewer lines, roads/bridges, powerlines, buildings, telecommunication facilities, mine shafts, recreation facilities, manufacturing plants, irrigation infrastructure (as of 2017, Zimbabwe’s land area under irrigation totalled 110,832 ha15) and post-harvest crop storage facilities. Impacts Following extreme weather events, assets can suffer physical damages that limit or prevent their functioning. For example, tropical Cyclone Idai and the resultant flooding and landslides in March 2019 destroyed bridges, roads, telecommunications infrastructure, agricultural land, crops/livestock and several buildings/houses with 270,000 people in Zimbabwe affected. These direct impacts then disrupt operations in key sectors, such as electricity, water and transport, and disrupt entire supply chains, such as fruits (bananas, pineapples) from Chimanimani District.', 'These direct impacts then disrupt operations in key sectors, such as electricity, water and transport, and disrupt entire supply chains, such as fruits (bananas, pineapples) from Chimanimani District. The disruption of this national capital stock bodes ill for long-run economic growth and poverty alleviation and takes time and scantily available resources to restore. 14 Davis & Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Issues Paper.', '14 Davis & Hirji (2014), Climate Change and Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in Zimbabwe. World Bank Issues Paper. 15 MLAWCRR (2020), National Water Resources Master Plan 2020-2040.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Natural capital Exposure Water (surface and underground), soil, pastures, biodiversity (hot-spots: Kalahari and Save-Limpopo eco-regions), forests (covering about 46% of the total land area, 179,748km2), and wetlands (there are more than 1,100 of economic value in the country that cover about 1.2 million hectares, with dambos being the most important wetland type in terms of economic and environmental benefits) are directly exposed to extreme climatic events and slow-onset climate changes across the country. As a result, their provision of ecosystem services is also reduced.', 'As a result, their provision of ecosystem services is also reduced. These services include food supply, water purification, soil stabilisation and health, timber and fibre supply, touristic attraction, genetic diversity, nutrient recycling, flood control, and runoff modulation. Impacts The 1991/1992 rain season experienced the most extreme drought event in the past 3 decades. This episode reduced water discharge over Victoria Falls, plant biodiversity in the rainforest, and resulted in the death of about 148 elephants in the Hwange National park and about 1,500 in Gonarezhou National Park. Water shortages, lack of grazing and heat stress threaten the survival of wildlife species, especially those sensitive to heat, such as elephants. Droughts have continued to have similar impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity in recent years, most notably in 2018.', 'Droughts have continued to have similar impacts on ecological systems and biodiversity in recent years, most notably in 2018. A recent study in Hwange National park projected a reduction of 40% of elephant habitat by 2050 and a change in elephant population distribution because of climate change16. Other factors that will increase elephants’ vulnerability to climate change include the increased spread of diseases, moderate genetic diversity, and slow reproductive rates.17 Impacts on these natural assets affects all sectors that rely on their provision of ecosystem services.', 'Other factors that will increase elephants’ vulnerability to climate change include the increased spread of diseases, moderate genetic diversity, and slow reproductive rates.17 Impacts on these natural assets affects all sectors that rely on their provision of ecosystem services. For example, higher evaporation rates cause reduced availability of water from surface and groundwater resources, which, in turn, leads to: • Decreased crop yield and crop failure in agriculture • Fluctuating availability, quality, and cost of agricultural raw materials for industry • Reduced hydro-electric power output from the energy sector • Constrained processing in the mining sector • Decreased attractiveness of tourism destinations • Sanitation constraints and increased burden of water-borne diseases for the health sector 16 Mpakairi, K.S., Ndaimani, H., Tagwireyi, P., et al. (2020).', 'For example, higher evaporation rates cause reduced availability of water from surface and groundwater resources, which, in turn, leads to: • Decreased crop yield and crop failure in agriculture • Fluctuating availability, quality, and cost of agricultural raw materials for industry • Reduced hydro-electric power output from the energy sector • Constrained processing in the mining sector • Decreased attractiveness of tourism destinations • Sanitation constraints and increased burden of water-borne diseases for the health sector 16 Mpakairi, K.S., Ndaimani, H., Tagwireyi, P., et al. (2020). Futuristic climate change scenario predicts a shrinking habitat for the African elephant (loxodanta Africana): evidence from Hwange National Park Zimbabwe. Eur J Wildl Res 66, 1. 17 GoZ (undated), Zimbabwe’s Fifth National Report to the Convention on Biodiversity. Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate.', 'Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. Harare.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 11 • Increased burdens for women, as they have to walk long distances and spend more time in search of water for domestic purposes. Women and children also more pronouncedly suffer the social consequences of a crisis situation, in which protection mechanisms are minimal. Other impacts on natural assets include loss of biodiversity; forest and fauna species’ migration; alteration in migration patterns and biodiversity corridors; and increases in pests and invasive species. Pests, such as the fall armyworm, tomato leaf miner, cotton mealybug, larger grain borer and other newcomer pests, are adapted to shifting weather patterns and are already adversely affecting farmers in Zimbabwe.', 'Pests, such as the fall armyworm, tomato leaf miner, cotton mealybug, larger grain borer and other newcomer pests, are adapted to shifting weather patterns and are already adversely affecting farmers in Zimbabwe. The invasion of fall armyworm in 2016 caused maize yield losses estimated at 263,000 tons (about $83 million in value). Low rainfall conditions, for example during the 2015–2016 drought, caused livestock disease rates to increase, accounting for 61% of reported cattle deaths, particularly in Manicaland and Masvingo provinces. Between November 2017 and May 2018, a combination of late, heavy rains and a shortage in cattle dip led to over 3,000 cattle perishing from tick-borne diseases, primarily Theileriosis. Social capital Exposure Zimbabwe’s societal stability relies on norms, relationships and networks, social structure and cohesion, and institutions and laws.', 'Social capital Exposure Zimbabwe’s societal stability relies on norms, relationships and networks, social structure and cohesion, and institutions and laws. These are all exposed to impacts resulting from climate variability and change. Impacts Climate impacts, including from extreme weather events, lead to seasonal and forced migration in search of livelihood opportunities. Men and the able-bodied migrate, altering the social structure of communities by leaving women behind and responsible for agricultural production in rural areas. The search for water, sufficient rainfall, fertile soils and good pastures for livestock has also triggered climate migrants who have settled at water sources, wetlands, riverbanks and grazing lands. The worst affected areas are in Manicaland Province.', 'The worst affected areas are in Manicaland Province. These new illegal and unplanned settlements pose social, economic and administrative challenges and generate natural-resource-use conflicts at a local level, and precipitate heightened environmental degradation in fragile ecosystems. Forced migration also hinders development by increasing pressures on urban infrastructure and services and increasing competition over scarce resources, thereby increasing the risk of conflict and resulting in worse health, education and other social outcomes among migrants. On the other hand, climate variability and change also has impacts on institutions, as it strengthens the need for implementing adaptation and social policies alongside economic growth. The Zimbabwe National Development Strategy (2021-2025) framework, for example, captures “Environment Protection, Climate Resilience and Natural Resources Management” as a national priority to achieve sustainable socio-economic development.', 'The Zimbabwe National Development Strategy (2021-2025) framework, for example, captures “Environment Protection, Climate Resilience and Natural Resources Management” as a national priority to achieve sustainable socio-economic development. Financial capital Exposure Incomes, savings, credit, insurance, and employment held by all citizens and/ or businesses are exposed to climate variability and change. Vulnerable groups with limited or insecure access to financial services and informal businesses are particularly exposed and represent a majority of the rural area population (65%). In 2012, only a few women (3%) and men (4%) were served by other formal financial institutions, such as insurance companies.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Impacts During droughts or floods, crop yields reductions lead to income losses from farmers. The estimated value of crop losses each year is US $126 million.', 'The estimated value of crop losses each year is US $126 million. In 2001, the estimated loss was US $321 million, increasing to US $513 million in 2008. At the same time, families face a decrease in savings, as product prices increase during drought years by 30 to 40%, increasing households’ expenditures. During the 2015–2016 drought the price of cattle in high rainfall areas ranged from $350–$450, but communities in drought-affected districts were selling cattle for as little as $20 - $60 to buy food. Reduced supplies of agricultural raw materials also reduce employment opportunities in industry and commerce, as was the case during the extreme drought of 1991/92 when a number of industries faced closure, particularly in the City of Bulawayo.', 'Reduced supplies of agricultural raw materials also reduce employment opportunities in industry and commerce, as was the case during the extreme drought of 1991/92 when a number of industries faced closure, particularly in the City of Bulawayo. In addition, insurance products are less available, as insurers run higher covariate risks, which are anathema to statistical models of insurance, as extreme events are more widespread and affect many clients at once. 3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe Projected climate changes faced by Zimbabwe have been identified from review of the ICLEI Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report (2020) and of relevant data included in the NAP development process.18 Overall, the country is projected to experience a progressive reduction in precipitation, increase in temperatures, increasingly volatile weather events, and less dependable seasons.', '3.3 Projected Climate Change in Zimbabwe Projected climate changes faced by Zimbabwe have been identified from review of the ICLEI Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Report (2020) and of relevant data included in the NAP development process.18 Overall, the country is projected to experience a progressive reduction in precipitation, increase in temperatures, increasingly volatile weather events, and less dependable seasons. Based on CORDEX data for Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios,19 there is high confidence that Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures will increase by 1 to 1.5°C by 2040 from a 1986-2005 baseline. Droughts will increase in frequency and intensity. The increase in Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures could potentially exceed 3°C by 2050, depending on the actual global emissions pathway achieved.', 'The increase in Zimbabwe’s mean annual temperatures could potentially exceed 3°C by 2050, depending on the actual global emissions pathway achieved. Figure 1 shows projections under RCP8.5 for 2020-2080.', 'Figure 1 shows projections under RCP8.5 for 2020-2080. 18 National Adaptation Plan: Adaptational Prioritisation Report (2021); Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021); Zimbabwe GCF Country Programme (2020); Zimbabwe Baseline Report on Economic Development (2012) 19 In climate change modelling, RCP stands for representative greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions trajectory) pathway that is adopted by the IPCC to describe different climate futures whose likelihood is estimated by the GHG emissions in the emissions to come.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 13 Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 In turn, average rainfall is projected to further decrease by approximately 10% with significant regional differences, although there is more uncertainty over these estimates.', '18 National Adaptation Plan: Adaptational Prioritisation Report (2021); Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021); Zimbabwe GCF Country Programme (2020); Zimbabwe Baseline Report on Economic Development (2012) 19 In climate change modelling, RCP stands for representative greenhouse gas concentration (not emissions trajectory) pathway that is adopted by the IPCC to describe different climate futures whose likelihood is estimated by the GHG emissions in the emissions to come.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 13 Figure 1: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe average temperature increase for the periods of 2020-2040 In turn, average rainfall is projected to further decrease by approximately 10% with significant regional differences, although there is more uncertainty over these estimates. This will induce shorter rainy seasons and shifts in the timing of their onset and cessation.', 'This will induce shorter rainy seasons and shifts in the timing of their onset and cessation. The intensity of rainfall events is projected to increase, which may increase flood events. However, projections of the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, particularly cyclones, are uncertain. The spatial distribution of projected rainfall is shown in Figure 2. This highlights that the Southern and Eastern geographies of Zimbabwe are projected to experience the most significant decreases in rainfall between 2020 and 2080.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the 3.4 Adaptation measures Direct and indirect exposure to climate-related hazards, shocks and stressors are already causing adverse impacts on Zimbabwe’s human, physical, natural, social and financial capital.', 'This highlights that the Southern and Eastern geographies of Zimbabwe are projected to experience the most significant decreases in rainfall between 2020 and 2080.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 2: Spatial distribution of Zimbabwe mean annual Climate Research Unit (CRU) rainfall for the 3.4 Adaptation measures Direct and indirect exposure to climate-related hazards, shocks and stressors are already causing adverse impacts on Zimbabwe’s human, physical, natural, social and financial capital. Climate projections suggest that climate-related hazards associated with slow-onset changes in temperature and precipitation, and with the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, will continue to worsen.', 'Climate projections suggest that climate-related hazards associated with slow-onset changes in temperature and precipitation, and with the magnitude and frequency of extreme events, will continue to worsen. In order to avoid further similar and more damaging impacts, Zimbabwe urgently needs to implement a wide range of adaptation measures, which seek to reduce climate sensitivities, increase adaptive capacities and/or reduce direct or indirect exposure to climate-related hazards.', 'In order to avoid further similar and more damaging impacts, Zimbabwe urgently needs to implement a wide range of adaptation measures, which seek to reduce climate sensitivities, increase adaptive capacities and/or reduce direct or indirect exposure to climate-related hazards. At this stage and for the summative purposes of this high-level NDC report, Zimbabwe is initially focusing on four high-level priority adaptation measures, namely to: • Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen agricultural value chains and markets; • Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems); • Ensure climate resilient infrastructure designs and development; and • Develop and promote resilient and sustainable water resources management, 20 Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 15 Table 2 below summarises these actions in greater detail.', 'At this stage and for the summative purposes of this high-level NDC report, Zimbabwe is initially focusing on four high-level priority adaptation measures, namely to: • Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen agricultural value chains and markets; • Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems); • Ensure climate resilient infrastructure designs and development; and • Develop and promote resilient and sustainable water resources management, 20 Zimbabwe Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (2021)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 15 Table 2 below summarises these actions in greater detail. On-going development of the NAP will lead to a more expansive list of adaptation measures.', 'On-going development of the NAP will lead to a more expansive list of adaptation measures. Once the NAP has been finalised, Zimbabwe has the option under the Paris Agreement to update its NDC to include the more expansive list of adaptation measures that speak to the economy-wide vulnerabilities to climate change and re-submit it to the UNFCCC prior to the end of the next five-year cycle. Gender will be mainstreamed throughout the implementation of all adaptation measures. This will ensure that gender-biases are prevented when planning for their implementation, and that the measures can also directly target gender inequality as an important factor of vulnerability to climate change.', 'This will ensure that gender-biases are prevented when planning for their implementation, and that the measures can also directly target gender inequality as an important factor of vulnerability to climate change. Similarly, the measures will also consider the role of the youth as a way to provide opportunities for employment and skills development, and to ensure that youth perspectives are represented when planning for implementation.', 'Similarly, the measures will also consider the role of the youth as a way to provide opportunities for employment and skills development, and to ensure that youth perspectives are represented when planning for implementation. Table 2: Priority adaptation measures Measure 1 Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen the resilience of agricultural value chains and markets Description Zimbabwe will promote the use and roll-out of gender sensitive climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices such as land and water resources conservation, sustainable mechanisation, agro-ecology, water-efficient irrigation, renewable energy and energy efficiency, climate adapted crop types/varieties and livestock types/breeds, crop/livestock diversification, agro-forestry, integrated pest and disease management, post-harvest technologies, improved livestock management, fodder production and livestock feeding strategies, silvi-pastoral systems.', 'Table 2: Priority adaptation measures Measure 1 Develop, implement and scale-up climate smart agriculture solutions and strengthen the resilience of agricultural value chains and markets Description Zimbabwe will promote the use and roll-out of gender sensitive climate-smart agriculture technologies and practices such as land and water resources conservation, sustainable mechanisation, agro-ecology, water-efficient irrigation, renewable energy and energy efficiency, climate adapted crop types/varieties and livestock types/breeds, crop/livestock diversification, agro-forestry, integrated pest and disease management, post-harvest technologies, improved livestock management, fodder production and livestock feeding strategies, silvi-pastoral systems. Zimbabwe will also implement actions that focus on: (i) increasing resource-use efficiency along the agricultural value chain (ii) supporting value addition to agricultural products (iii) improving market access for women and youth farmers in remote areas, (iv) minimizing waste, and (v) reducing inequalities along agricultural value chains.', 'Zimbabwe will also implement actions that focus on: (i) increasing resource-use efficiency along the agricultural value chain (ii) supporting value addition to agricultural products (iii) improving market access for women and youth farmers in remote areas, (iv) minimizing waste, and (v) reducing inequalities along agricultural value chains. Agricultural value-chains largely employ women. Implementing this measure thus requires actions that consider gender barriers to accessing information and resources (such as lack of collateral, illiteracy, etc), as well as actions that directly address gender inequalities (i.e. supporting women in accessing collateral and finance, reducing the burden of work, etc). Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure are expected to increase adaptive capacity by providing the technology and tools necessary to increase efficiency of agricultural production.', 'Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure are expected to increase adaptive capacity by providing the technology and tools necessary to increase efficiency of agricultural production. This would allow sustainable use of resources, such as water and soil in the long-term, thereby reducing sensitivity of water and ecosystems. Adaptive capacity would also be improved by providing the tools to anticipate future changes in climate and adjust production accordingly. Finally, actions would reduce sensitivity to climate change by expanding the use of climate-resilient breeds of crops and livestock. Strengthening the resilience of agricultural value chains and resource use efficiency is expected to reduce the sensitivity of water, energy, waste, and biodiversity sector to climate change and variabilty.', 'Strengthening the resilience of agricultural value chains and resource use efficiency is expected to reduce the sensitivity of water, energy, waste, and biodiversity sector to climate change and variabilty. Industry and commerce’s sensitivity would also decrease through increased stability of the agriculture value chain.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 10, 11, 12, 13. In particular, it would reduce sensitivity of women and youth by providing them with the knowledge and skills to maintain agricultural production throughout varying climate, and to diversify their sources of income beyond production. As agricultural value-chains largely employ women, they are more at risk of unemployment when the industry is exposed. Strengthening the resilience of the agriculture industry hence contributes to reducing women’s chances of unemployment due to climate change21.', 'Strengthening the resilience of the agriculture industry hence contributes to reducing women’s chances of unemployment due to climate change21. Widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture, including conservation tillage, would contribute to mitigation efforts by increasing resource-use efficiency and increasing capacity of healthier soils to capture and sequester carbon. Incorporation of legumes in crop rotations has the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer demand and ammonium nitrate fertilizer production thus driving a corresponding reduction in nitrous oxide emissions.', 'Incorporation of legumes in crop rotations has the potential to significantly reduce nitrogen fertilizer demand and ammonium nitrate fertilizer production thus driving a corresponding reduction in nitrous oxide emissions. Measure 2 Enhance early warning and climate-related disaster risk reduction systems (including information management systems) Description Zimbabwe will take steps to: (i) enhance early warning systems, including through better information management systems (ii) provide the systems and knowledge to manage disaster risks at national and community-level, and (ii) support the coordination of responses to climate hazards and to climate impacts across sectors and geographies. Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would benefit all sectors by increasing their adaptive capacity through improving knowledge of future events and improving systems to prevent, prepare for, and/or manage their consequences.', 'Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would benefit all sectors by increasing their adaptive capacity through improving knowledge of future events and improving systems to prevent, prepare for, and/or manage their consequences. Adaptation activities would reduce exposure of key vulnerable groups located in hazard-prone areas by allowing them to relocate when hazards are foreseen. Co-benefits This measure is expected to contribute to achieving all SDGs, except SDGs 14 and 16. Investments in disaster risk reduction would also reduce the costs of rehabilitation and reconstruction, thereby providing wider economic and social benefits.', 'Investments in disaster risk reduction would also reduce the costs of rehabilitation and reconstruction, thereby providing wider economic and social benefits. Measure 3 Ensure climate-resilient infrastructure and design Description Zimbabwe will implement actions that: (i) provide the means and incentives for new infrastructure to be planned, designed, built and operated while accounting for future climate change, including extreme-weather events, and (ii) facilitate retro-fitting of previously built infrastructure to ensure it is resilient to future climate events. This measure applies to infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, telecommunications infrastructure, water infrastructures like dams, sewages, drains, water supply pipes, pumps. It also includes actions that use energy generating technologies (wind, photovoltaic solar) that are not reliant on climate-sensitive hydrological resources. 21 UNDP (2021).', 'It also includes actions that use energy generating technologies (wind, photovoltaic solar) that are not reliant on climate-sensitive hydrological resources. 21 UNDP (2021). Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Climate Policies’ Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 17 Adaptation benefits Actions under this measure would reduce the climate sensitivities of all sectors that are reliant on infrastructure. Urban areas would benefit most. Urban populations would also benefit from a reduction in potential damage to infrastructure and related risks to people. Reducing the climate sensitivity of the energy sector would indirectly reduce the climate sensitivity of the many sectors that are reliant on energy supply. 11, 13. Enhancing the use of renewable energy sources would deliver mitigation benefits.', 'Enhancing the use of renewable energy sources would deliver mitigation benefits. Measure 4 Develop and promote resilient water resources management Description Zimbabwe will implement actions which: (i) support the use of best available hydro-climatic information to improve water resource management (water resource assessment), (ii) explore options to increase water supply from surface and underground (water demand management and water use), considering gender differences in water supply and access, and (iii) support the management of extreme events (integrated flood management, drought management). Adaptation benefits All sectors are vulnerable to climate change as a result of water scarcity. Actions under this measure are expected to increase their adaptive capacity by providing the tools and knowledge to better manage water resources and to reduce their sensitivity by increasing the availability of water.', 'Actions under this measure are expected to increase their adaptive capacity by providing the tools and knowledge to better manage water resources and to reduce their sensitivity by increasing the availability of water. Co-benefits This measure is expected to contribute to achieving all SDGs. As a large number of women are responsible for collecting water for households, they lack the time and resources to focus on other income-generating activities. By improving the availability and supply of water, this measure would also benefit women directly by reducing their burden associated with fetching water, allowing them to access other productive activities. Increases in water efficiency will also bring mitigation benefits, as less resources would be used in water provision.', 'Increases in water efficiency will also bring mitigation benefits, as less resources would be used in water provision. Furthermore, crop and pasture productivity would increase, which would increase carbon-capture capacity through roots and residues, all other things being equal.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 4 Mitigation priorities and actions Zimbabwe strongly supports the objectives of the Paris Agreement to limit global warming to well below 2°C whilst pursuing efforts towards further reduction to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This section presents Zimbabwe’s updated national emission baseline and target. The updated mitigation contribution draws on an economy wide GHG mitigation assessment and Zimbabwe’s Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS).', 'The updated mitigation contribution draws on an economy wide GHG mitigation assessment and Zimbabwe’s Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS). The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and a Zimbabwe emissions model was developed using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP). First, historical (2010-2017) and projected emissions (2018-2030) were assessed to produce a Business-as-Usual (BAU) scenario without mitigation. The baseline projection scenario is based on key national documents, mainly NDS1, accounting for the impact of COVID-19 and the LEDS.22 Second, a revised mitigation scenario was developed through an evaluation of the GHG emission reduction potential of key plans and policies that have been put in place in Zimbabwe since 2015. A total of 70 mitigation measures were identified from existing plans, strategies and policies.', 'A total of 70 mitigation measures were identified from existing plans, strategies and policies. A shortlist of 17 mitigation actions were selected to be included in the NDC based on agreed selection criteria including their mitigation potential, indicative implementation timeline and plans, and alignment with national development goals and targets. Whilst the INDC only covered energy-related emissions, Zimbabwe’s revised baseline and mitigation target has been expanded to include emissions from all sectors, including Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU), and Waste. This is a significant increase in ambition from the INDC. On average, the Forestry and Other Land Use sector alone was the largest net GHG emitting sector between 2010 and 2017, with average net emission of 13 million tonnes.', 'On average, the Forestry and Other Land Use sector alone was the largest net GHG emitting sector between 2010 and 2017, with average net emission of 13 million tonnes. Additionally, the scope of gases covered by the mitigation contribution has been expanded to include Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Black Carbon (a short-lived climate pollutant), in addition to the carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the INDC. Co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis.23 The table below outlines the coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC.', 'Co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis.23 The table below outlines the coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC. Based on this analysis, Zimbabwe has strengthened its mitigation contribution to be a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below the projected business as usual scenario, a significant 7% increase from the 33% reduction in per capita emissions targeted for the INDC. Achieving this increased target will require considerable support from the international community. The 40% per capita emissions reduction target is therefore conditional on such support being forthcoming and provided in a timely manner. Zimbabwe looks forward to working closely with partners to implement this updated NDC and to deliver on its increased ambition.', 'Zimbabwe looks forward to working closely with partners to implement this updated NDC and to deliver on its increased ambition. 22 This revised BAU scenario projected per capita GHG emissions in the energy sector in 2030 to be substantially lower than the equivalent figure in the INDC. This is likely due to the lower estimates of economic growth caused the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as smaller increases in GHG emissions in recent years compared to the INDC projections for those years.', 'This is likely due to the lower estimates of economic growth caused the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as smaller increases in GHG emissions in recent years compared to the INDC projections for those years. 23 PM2.5, NOx, Sulphur Dioxide, non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxideZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 19 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC IPCC Sectors covered in baseline Economic sectors covered in mitigation actions Gases Energy (Consumption across all sectors) Power generation and transmission Road transportation Residential households Manufacturing industry, construction CO , N O, CH IPPU Cement production Ferro alloy, Iron and steel Fertiliser production Air-conditioning, refrigeration CO , N O, HFCs AFOLU Forestry Agriculture Other Land Use CO , N O, CH Waste Municipal Solid waste management CH 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions The analysis carried out to inform the NDC update estimates that in 2017, Zimbabwe’s net GHG emissions were 35.84 MtCO eq.24 The Energy sector; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector contributed the majority of the emissions in 2017 (33% and 54%, respectively), followed by Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Waste.', '23 PM2.5, NOx, Sulphur Dioxide, non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxideZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 19 Table 3: Coverage of sectors and GHGs in the Revised NDC IPCC Sectors covered in baseline Economic sectors covered in mitigation actions Gases Energy (Consumption across all sectors) Power generation and transmission Road transportation Residential households Manufacturing industry, construction CO , N O, CH IPPU Cement production Ferro alloy, Iron and steel Fertiliser production Air-conditioning, refrigeration CO , N O, HFCs AFOLU Forestry Agriculture Other Land Use CO , N O, CH Waste Municipal Solid waste management CH 4.1 The current status in terms of total GHG emissions The analysis carried out to inform the NDC update estimates that in 2017, Zimbabwe’s net GHG emissions were 35.84 MtCO eq.24 The Energy sector; and Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector contributed the majority of the emissions in 2017 (33% and 54%, respectively), followed by Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU), and Waste. Throughout the base year period, emissions fluctuated over time (Figure 3) This mainly stems from the AFOLU sector, where there is substantial variability in the magnitude of emissions across the time series.', 'Throughout the base year period, emissions fluctuated over time (Figure 3) This mainly stems from the AFOLU sector, where there is substantial variability in the magnitude of emissions across the time series. Other sectors show less variability. Figure 3: Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe between 2010 and 2017 (MtCO2e) Total GHG emissions in Zimbabwe are projected to increase by 110% to 75.4 MtCO eq by 2030 under a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario if policies and measures to reduce GHGs are not implemented as outlined in Figure 4 below. 24 Note that this is a different picture from that set out in the INDC and in Zimbabwe’s Third National Communication submitted in 2017, which stated that Zimbabwe was a net sink (i.e.', '24 Note that this is a different picture from that set out in the INDC and in Zimbabwe’s Third National Communication submitted in 2017, which stated that Zimbabwe was a net sink (i.e. emissions removals were greater than emissions to the atmosphere). This change is due to the fact that the previous data only focused on removals of GHGs from forestry and land-use.', 'This change is due to the fact that the previous data only focused on removals of GHGs from forestry and land-use. Zimbabwe is now using updated data on emissions from deforestation and fires in grasslands and forests that are more accurate than the previous data and indicate that Zimbabwe is a net source of emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the baseline scenario 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution As shown in Figure 5 below, using the Zimbabwean LEAP model, the revised analysis suggests total GHG emissions in 2030 can be reduced by 40%, to 44.7 MtCO eq.', 'Zimbabwe is now using updated data on emissions from deforestation and fires in grasslands and forests that are more accurate than the previous data and indicate that Zimbabwe is a net source of emissions.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Figure 4: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 for the baseline scenario 4.2 The updated GHG mitigation contribution As shown in Figure 5 below, using the Zimbabwean LEAP model, the revised analysis suggests total GHG emissions in 2030 can be reduced by 40%, to 44.7 MtCO eq. Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario Figure 6 presents the per capita baseline and mitigation pathways showing a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below BAU by 2030.', 'Figure 5: Total GHG emission projections from 2010 to 2030 in the updated mitigation scenario Figure 6 presents the per capita baseline and mitigation pathways showing a 40% reduction in per capita GHG emissions below BAU by 2030. These projections are based on population and GDP growth assumptions taken from the NDS1, which takes into account the impact of COVID-19 on Zimbabwe’s economy and its expected recovery and are presented in Figure 7.', 'These projections are based on population and GDP growth assumptions taken from the NDS1, which takes into account the impact of COVID-19 on Zimbabwe’s economy and its expected recovery and are presented in Figure 7. This higher per- capita reduction in GHG emissions and expansion of sectoral scope, including the economy wide coverage of adaptation beyond the original agricultural sector, all combine to demonstrate increased ambition for the Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 21 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions Figure 7: Population and GDP projections Table 4 presents the mitigation contribution as drawing on a range of measures across the different sectors.', 'This higher per- capita reduction in GHG emissions and expansion of sectoral scope, including the economy wide coverage of adaptation beyond the original agricultural sector, all combine to demonstrate increased ambition for the Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 21 Figure 6: Estimated reduction in per capita emissions Figure 7: Population and GDP projections Table 4 presents the mitigation contribution as drawing on a range of measures across the different sectors. The biggest reduction in emissions from the BAU comes from the AFOLU sector (25.35 MtCO eq) followed by the energy sector (4.2 MtCO eq), with smaller reductions from waste (0.65 MtCO eq) and IPPU (0.45 MtCO eq) sectors.', 'The biggest reduction in emissions from the BAU comes from the AFOLU sector (25.35 MtCO eq) followed by the energy sector (4.2 MtCO eq), with smaller reductions from waste (0.65 MtCO eq) and IPPU (0.45 MtCO eq) sectors. Table 4: Sectoral reductions in GHGs in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario Sector emissions (million tonnes CO -equivalent) GHG Emissions (million tonnes CO equivalent) 2030 GHG emissions (million tonnes CO - equivalent)- with mitigation actions Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land UseZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 4.3 Fairness and ambition Zimbabwe’s updated target represents a fair and ambitious contribution. Zimbabwe is a highly vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change and the priority is to enhance climate resilience.', 'Zimbabwe is a highly vulnerable country to the impacts of climate change and the priority is to enhance climate resilience. Furthermore, Zimbabwe is a small contributor to global emissions, contributing only 0.07% of global emissions in 2017.25 Despite this, Zimbabwe is committed to ensuring a fair contribution to the Paris Agreement by demonstrating enhanced ambition, through an expansion of the mitigation contribution. Zimbabwe’s INDC target covered only the energy sector whilst the revised NDC is now economy-wide with an increased emissions reduction target. The mitigation contribution outlined above is conditional on appropriate international support. The total investment cost of meeting the mitigation contribution is approximately US$4,834.47 million.', 'The total investment cost of meeting the mitigation contribution is approximately US$4,834.47 million. However, it should be noted that not all of this will be new additional cost – some of the investments are already being made for non-climate reasons, for example investments into the energy sector. Furthermore, the cost data does not take into account the expected benefits of climate action, both in terms of avoiding future climate change but also from co-benefits such as green jobs, improved health and air quality and better access to energy. As explained in section 4, the scope of gases covered by the mitigation contribution has been expanded to include Hydrofluorocarbons and Black Carbon. These compounds were assessed for their mitigation potential as well as any co-benefits associated.', 'These compounds were assessed for their mitigation potential as well as any co-benefits associated. For this reason, co-emitted air pollutants were also included in the analysis. All actions will be implemented subject to availability of affordable international financial support, investment, ability to leverage domestic resources, technology development and transfer and capacity development. The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and continued investment by development partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical.', 'The various funding, technology and capacity mechanisms related to the Convention such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF), Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN), Adaptation Fund, Global Environment Facility (GEF) and continued investment by development partners in the national climate change discourse will be critical. 4.5 Co-benefits of identified mitigation measures Adaptation is the over-riding priority for Zimbabwe given her vulnerability profile, an assessment of all the proposed mitigation actions was done to understand any impacts on climate resilience, positive or negative. Several mitigation measures included in the revised NDC have adaptation and broader sustainable development co-benefits including but not limited to the following: • Increased uptake of biogas will lead to improved air quality, health and gender outcomes.', 'Several mitigation measures included in the revised NDC have adaptation and broader sustainable development co-benefits including but not limited to the following: • Increased uptake of biogas will lead to improved air quality, health and gender outcomes. • Increased forested land and forest plantations will lead to improvements in soil stability, soil quality, groundwater quality, regulation of surface runoff, etc. thereby decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on these ecosystems. • Increased composting and waste-to-energy processing will result in employment creation and reduced pollution to soil and water bodies.', '• Increased composting and waste-to-energy processing will result in employment creation and reduced pollution to soil and water bodies. 25 Global GHG emissions including land-use change in 2017 were 53.5 GtCO eq (UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2018), Zimbabwe total GHG emissions of 37.98 MtCO eq taken from LEAP modelling.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 23 • Increased energy efficiency, reduced transmission and distribution losses and increased electricity supply from solar and waste-to-energy projects will reduce supply constraints and reliance on climate-sensitive hydropower. • Improved fuel efficiency will lead to reduced fuel imports, improving Zimbabwe’s balance of trade and macroeconomic stability. • Increased public transport will lead to increased mobility for low-income populations. Zimbabwe is determined to ensure a just transition to a climate resilient, low carbon economy.', 'Zimbabwe is determined to ensure a just transition to a climate resilient, low carbon economy. This means ensuring that the benefits of delivering such an economy are widely shared, and that support is provided to those that may be at risk from the move to a green economy, for example those that currently work in polluting industries. The just transition concept links to 14 of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, explicitly drawing together SDGs 13 – climate action, 10 – reduced inequalities, 8 – decent work and economic growth, and 7 - affordable and clean energy. 26 The Government of Zimbabwe recognises that gender equality is central to climate action and a prerequisite for poverty reduction, food and nutrition security and sustainable development.', '26 The Government of Zimbabwe recognises that gender equality is central to climate action and a prerequisite for poverty reduction, food and nutrition security and sustainable development. As part of the update of the NDC, an assessment was made of the potential gender impacts of the policies and measures needed to deliver the mitigation contribution, drawing on previous analysis.27 As a result of this analysis the many gender-related benefits of the measures in each sector were highlighted to help Zimbabwe plan future policies in a way that mitigates potential negative impacts on gender equality. Ensuring the representation and participation of all Zimbabweans in the development and implementation of the NDC is critical to ensuring its effectiveness.', 'Ensuring the representation and participation of all Zimbabweans in the development and implementation of the NDC is critical to ensuring its effectiveness. In particular, the issues of youth and gender must be considered integral to the process. The specific sensitivities and vulnerabilities of young people and women to the impacts of climate change and their essential role in achieving the emissions reductions targets demonstrate their importance as key stakeholders in the achievement of Zimbabwe’s revised NDC. 4.6 Sector level mitigation actions 4.6.1 Energy sector The energy sector, including transport, is currently the second biggest contributor to total national GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 33% of GHG emissions in 2017.', '4.6 Sector level mitigation actions 4.6.1 Energy sector The energy sector, including transport, is currently the second biggest contributor to total national GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 33% of GHG emissions in 2017. The main source of GHG emissions in the sector is thermal power generation (37.71%), followed by residential (19.08%), road transportation (15.48%) and agriculture (13.84%). A summary of the mitigation measures from the energy sector is provided in Table 5. 27 The Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Gender Analysis of NDCs.', '27 The Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry. Gender Analysis of NDCs. Draft.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector # Mitigation Measure Reference document % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million Reduced Transmission and Distribution National Development Strategy 2 Expansion of Solar: 300 MW in 2025 System Development Expansion of microgrids: Additional of 2.098 MW of capacity added through microgrids by 2028 Rural Energy Masterplan 4 4.1 MW biogas capacity added in 2024 ZERA annual report Energy Efficiency Improvements: Agriculture: 12% savings (2030 compared to baseline scenario); Commercial: 16% savings; Domestic: 22.08% savings; Manufacturing: 18.63% savings; Mining: 8% savings ZERA energy efficiency audit Biofuels Policy, Transport fuel economy policy / Fuel efficiency improvement 2025-2030: Motorcycles: 2.2% per year; LDVs: 2.9%/ year; Buses: 2.6%/year; HDVs: 2.5%/year Public transport.', 'Draft.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Table 5: Summary of mitigation measures from the energy sector # Mitigation Measure Reference document % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million Reduced Transmission and Distribution National Development Strategy 2 Expansion of Solar: 300 MW in 2025 System Development Expansion of microgrids: Additional of 2.098 MW of capacity added through microgrids by 2028 Rural Energy Masterplan 4 4.1 MW biogas capacity added in 2024 ZERA annual report Energy Efficiency Improvements: Agriculture: 12% savings (2030 compared to baseline scenario); Commercial: 16% savings; Domestic: 22.08% savings; Manufacturing: 18.63% savings; Mining: 8% savings ZERA energy efficiency audit Biofuels Policy, Transport fuel economy policy / Fuel efficiency improvement 2025-2030: Motorcycles: 2.2% per year; LDVs: 2.9%/ year; Buses: 2.6%/year; HDVs: 2.5%/year Public transport. 5% shift from private car to public transport in 2030 The success in the implementation of the mitigation measures in the energy sector will largely depend on overcoming a number of barriers.', '5% shift from private car to public transport in 2030 The success in the implementation of the mitigation measures in the energy sector will largely depend on overcoming a number of barriers. The main challenge is a lack of funding for large capital projects. The electricity grid will also require upgrading in order to accommodate the numerous renewable energy projects that are planned. Several mitigation projects have been excluded from this analysis for either being unfeasible for the planning horizon in question, 2030, (the large hydropower generation projects), for lack of data availability (the livestock subsector), or for lack of a clear local implementing agency to advance that particular project (efficient cook-stoves). This framework extends to the other IPCC mitigation sectors below.', 'This framework extends to the other IPCC mitigation sectors below. Co-benefits: A number of benefits are anticipated from mainly energy efficiency and renewable energy production policies with few risks identified. Many of the measures are likely to lead to creation of green jobs but ameliorative action might need to be taken to soften the blow of job losses (for example from moving from smaller commuter omni-buses to bigger buses to curb emissions from public transport).', 'Many of the measures are likely to lead to creation of green jobs but ameliorative action might need to be taken to soften the blow of job losses (for example from moving from smaller commuter omni-buses to bigger buses to curb emissions from public transport). 28 Government of Zimbabwe Financial and Macro-economic Analysis of the Implications of Zimbabwe’s NDC Implementation, and Elaboration of a Climate Finance Strategy for NDC Implementation (2021).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 25 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) relates specifically to emissions from industrial processes which transform physically and chemically materials and emissions from the use of products.', '28 Government of Zimbabwe Financial and Macro-economic Analysis of the Implications of Zimbabwe’s NDC Implementation, and Elaboration of a Climate Finance Strategy for NDC Implementation (2021).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 25 4.6.2 Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) Industrial processes and product use (IPPU) relates specifically to emissions from industrial processes which transform physically and chemically materials and emissions from the use of products. Energy use and efficiency in industry is covered in the energy sector analysis together with combustion of fuels in industry. The GHG modelling shows that emissions from the IPPU sector contributed 1.2 MtCO eq (3.3%) to Zimbabwe’s 2017 emissions, compared with 0.7 MtCO eq (2.2%) in 2010, which is an increase of approximately 0.47 MtCO eq (1.1%) over the period.', 'The GHG modelling shows that emissions from the IPPU sector contributed 1.2 MtCO eq (3.3%) to Zimbabwe’s 2017 emissions, compared with 0.7 MtCO eq (2.2%) in 2010, which is an increase of approximately 0.47 MtCO eq (1.1%) over the period. The largest contributions to emissions in the sector originated from ferrochrome production (37%), followed by cement production (32%), the consumption of HFCs (25%), chemical production (6%), and insignificant amounts from non-energy fuel use, lime production, lead and iron and steel production. Table 6 outlines the IPPU measures considered in the mitigation analysis. Table 6: Summary of mitigation measures from the IPPU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction baseline Absolute reduction baseline tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increased clinker substitution with fly ash 2050). Increased clinker substitution with blast furnace slag (BFS) (up to 16% by 2030, 20% by 2050).', 'Increased clinker substitution with blast furnace slag (BFS) (up to 16% by 2030, 20% by 2050). Decomposition of N O emissions through use of a secondary catalyst. Selective De-N O catalyst results in abatement of approximately 75% of all N O emissions produced during nitric acid production. Implementation by 2023 HFC Phasedown schedule Kigali Amendment (Freeze There are some challenges associated with implementation of the mitigation measures in the IPPU sector. Implementing clinker substitution with fly ash or BFS in the future rests on the availability of these materials and consumer acceptance of lower clinker content products. There is also a lack of awareness from consumers regarding the application and performance of lower clinker products.', 'There is also a lack of awareness from consumers regarding the application and performance of lower clinker products. Other challenges include high investment costs for retrofits such as the installation of the nitrous oxide secondary catalyst, lack of technical expertise for operation and maintenance of imported technologies and lack of adequate technical skills and financial capacity to implement the HFC phasedown measures.', 'Other challenges include high investment costs for retrofits such as the installation of the nitrous oxide secondary catalyst, lack of technical expertise for operation and maintenance of imported technologies and lack of adequate technical skills and financial capacity to implement the HFC phasedown measures. Financial and technical support will therefore be required to support the implementation of all these measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Co-benefits: The measures also offer a range of additional benefits, such as enhanced competitiveness through cost reductions (especially related to clinker substitution in cement production), gender inclusive employment creation along the supply value chain, health benefits through improved local air quality and reduced negative impacts on vegetation because of a decrease in associated NOx emissions from nitric acid production.', 'Financial and technical support will therefore be required to support the implementation of all these measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 Co-benefits: The measures also offer a range of additional benefits, such as enhanced competitiveness through cost reductions (especially related to clinker substitution in cement production), gender inclusive employment creation along the supply value chain, health benefits through improved local air quality and reduced negative impacts on vegetation because of a decrease in associated NOx emissions from nitric acid production. 4.6.3 Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) The AFOLU sector is currently the biggest contributor to GHG emissions in Zimbabwe, accounting for 54% of GHG emissions in 2017. The GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector have been increasing in the past 30 years.', 'The GHG emissions in the AFOLU sector have been increasing in the past 30 years. Historical emission and removals data from the Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report to the UNFCCC shows that the AFOLU sector was a net sink between 1990 and 1993, however, the sector became an increasing net source from 1994 to 2017. The major drivers of emissions and removals in this sector include deforestation due to agricultural expansion, fuelwood gathering, increased livestock, commercial logging, veld fires, harvesting construction timber, illegal settlements and mining, tobacco curing and charcoal making. Several mitigation measures were identified and considered for mitigation analysis in the AFOLU sector.', 'Several mitigation measures were identified and considered for mitigation analysis in the AFOLU sector. However, only four mitigation measures were feasible in this first NDC revision as some could not meet the criteria for meaningful mitigation analysis (for example, no clear local implementing agency or lack of robust data to allow for emissions estimates), and this was the case for the livestock and climate-smart agriculture subsector notwithstanding their conceptual role in driving emissions from the agricultural sector. Consequently, four mitigation measures selected for this round of NDC revision are listed in Table 7 below.', 'Consequently, four mitigation measures selected for this round of NDC revision are listed in Table 7 below. Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increase area of forest land from 9.9 million hectares to 10.4 million hectares by 2025: Add 100,000 hectares of natural forest land per year between National Development Strategy Increase area of forest plantation from 68848 hectares to 118848 hectares by 2025: Add 10,000 hectares of plantation forest land per year between National Development Strategy Reduce area burned by 500,000 hectares between 2020 and 2025 inclusive of agricultural production landscapes National Development Strategy Challenges to implementation include inadequate institutional and financial capacity for all measures apart from increasing the area of forest plantation, and a need for improved human and technical capacity to implement and monitor mitigation measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 27 Co-benefits: All of these measures would have multiple benefits beyond the emissions reductions associated with them, including gender inclusivity, job creation, and improved health and air quality.', 'Table 7: Summary of mitigation measures in the AFOLU sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Increase area of forest land from 9.9 million hectares to 10.4 million hectares by 2025: Add 100,000 hectares of natural forest land per year between National Development Strategy Increase area of forest plantation from 68848 hectares to 118848 hectares by 2025: Add 10,000 hectares of plantation forest land per year between National Development Strategy Reduce area burned by 500,000 hectares between 2020 and 2025 inclusive of agricultural production landscapes National Development Strategy Challenges to implementation include inadequate institutional and financial capacity for all measures apart from increasing the area of forest plantation, and a need for improved human and technical capacity to implement and monitor mitigation measures.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 27 Co-benefits: All of these measures would have multiple benefits beyond the emissions reductions associated with them, including gender inclusivity, job creation, and improved health and air quality. Some of the measures would also improve Zimbabwe’s adaptive capacity (reduced burning) and lead to increased value chain development for timber and non-timber forest products (reduced burning and forest restoration).', 'Some of the measures would also improve Zimbabwe’s adaptive capacity (reduced burning) and lead to increased value chain development for timber and non-timber forest products (reduced burning and forest restoration). Since 1990, GHG emissions from the waste sector gradually increased, reaching 1.76 MtCO eq in 2017. The increase from 1990-2005 and 2011-2017 was due to increased generation and collection rates while the dip from 2006-2011 was attributed to the economic recession with low collection rates for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Compared to 1990, emissions in 2017 increased due to increase in volumes of MSW received at the landfill. Mitigation measures for the waste sector were drawn from the Low Emission Development Strategy and Zimbabwe’s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and are listed in Table 8.', 'Mitigation measures for the waste sector were drawn from the Low Emission Development Strategy and Zimbabwe’s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan and are listed in Table 8. Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Waste to Energy: It was assumed that 42% of the methane generated would be collected in 2030 and used for energy production through waste to energy projects in the Bulawayo, Harare, Gweru and Mutare metropolitan areas 20% of organic matter composted in the long term Zimbabwe s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Low Emissions Development Strategy In terms of challenges, Zimbabwe urban local authorities are experiencing major challenges in managing solid waste due to population growth, urbanization, industrialisation and increased use of non- biodegradable plastics and bottles.', 'Table 8: Summary of mitigation measures from the waste sector # Mitigation Measure Plan/ Strategy/ Regulation % GHG reduction vs Absolute reduction tonnes) Estimated cost (Million USD) Waste to Energy: It was assumed that 42% of the methane generated would be collected in 2030 and used for energy production through waste to energy projects in the Bulawayo, Harare, Gweru and Mutare metropolitan areas 20% of organic matter composted in the long term Zimbabwe s Integrated Solid Waste Management Plan, Low Emissions Development Strategy In terms of challenges, Zimbabwe urban local authorities are experiencing major challenges in managing solid waste due to population growth, urbanization, industrialisation and increased use of non- biodegradable plastics and bottles. Other challenges include the need to train engineers for the waste to energy projects and an underdeveloped market for organic fertiliser from compost.', 'Other challenges include the need to train engineers for the waste to energy projects and an underdeveloped market for organic fertiliser from compost. Co-benefits: Identified co-benefits include employment creation, improved environmental aesthetics and local air quality, reduced pollution to soil and water bodies and ultimately decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on those systems.', 'Co-benefits: Identified co-benefits include employment creation, improved environmental aesthetics and local air quality, reduced pollution to soil and water bodies and ultimately decreasing the sensitivity of all sectors that rely on those systems. The waste to energy measure provides an alternative energy source that can reduce demand on the current national grid, thereby reducing sensitivity to drought-induced hydro power electricity shortfalls.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 5 Package of policies and strategies The Government of Zimbabwe is guided by Vision 2030, which seeks to transform the country into an upper middle-income economy by 2030, with a per capita Gross National Income of over US$5,000 in real terms. The principal government policy for achieving Vision 2030 is the National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021 to 2025.', 'The principal government policy for achieving Vision 2030 is the National Development Strategy (NDS1), 2021 to 2025. NDS1 targets an annual GDP growth rate of above 5% and the creation of at least 760,000 formal jobs over the five-year period. The growth targets in NDS1 contributed to framing the revised NDC target. Since 2015, Zimbabwe has also adopted several important national and sectoral policies and strategies that will be central to the implementation of the NDC. Overarching national policies include: National Climate Policy (2017) that forms the backbone of Zimbabwe’s climate change response. It aims to build a climate resilient and low-carbon Zimbabwe.', 'It aims to build a climate resilient and low-carbon Zimbabwe. The policy guides climate change management in the country, enhances the national adaptive capacity, scales up mitigation actions, facilitates domestication of global policies and ensures compliance to the global mechanisms. The policy sets high level goals and institutional frameworks for climate change governance, National Climate Fund, economy-wide climate change mitigation and adaptation. It provides the national policy context for NDC revision and has sector specific strategies. • National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS, 2015) outlines Zimbabwe’s approach to ensuring sustainable development and a climate-proofed economy, recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society.', '• National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS, 2015) outlines Zimbabwe’s approach to ensuring sustainable development and a climate-proofed economy, recognizing the vulnerable nature of Zimbabwe’s natural resources and society. NCCRS is anchored on seven pillars, namely, (i) adaptation and risk management; (ii) mitigation and low carbon strategies; (iii) capacity to effect; (iv) governance framework; (v) finance and investment; (vi) technology development and transfer, including infrastructure and (vii) communication and advocacy; information management and dissemination. The NCCRS includes sector specific actions to make the nation climate resilient with a low carbon economy. • Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), 2020-2050, provides a clear, economy-wide low emission development pathway for the country.', '• Low Emissions Development Strategy (LEDS), 2020-2050, provides a clear, economy-wide low emission development pathway for the country. It also lays the foundations for a functional, effective and sustainable domestic monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system for tracking low emission development and a low emission financing strategy. The LEDS is based on an assessment of 38 costed sectoral mitigation measures. • Revised National Gender Policy (2017) includes a specific thematic area on gender and climate change and promotes the mainstreaming of gender in environmental and climate change policies and strategies. The policy recognises that women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change.', 'The policy recognises that women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. • National Youth Policy (2013) ensures the active involvement of young people in national development, and, among other objectives, aims to foster skills, entrepreneurship, environmental education and active participation in environmental conservation among the youth of Zimbabwe. The adaptation measures presented in this Revised NDC were drawn from a series of existing economy- wide and sectoral policies and plans.', 'The adaptation measures presented in this Revised NDC were drawn from a series of existing economy- wide and sectoral policies and plans. Beyond National Climate Policy, and NCCRS, key adaptation policy documents include the NAP Roadmap, the Green Climate Fund Country Programme, Zimbabwe Climate Change Gender Action Plan, draft National Water Resources Master Plan (2020-2040), National Agriculture Policy Framework (2018-2030), and the Zimbabwe Climate Smart Agriculture Investment Plan (CSAIP).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 29 The mitigation measures presented in this Revised NDC are also codified in existing policies and plans. Beyond the National Climate Policy, NCCRS and LEDS, several sector level policies will also support implementation of the mitigation measures.', 'Beyond the National Climate Policy, NCCRS and LEDS, several sector level policies will also support implementation of the mitigation measures. These include the National Renewable Energy Policy (2019), Bio-fuels Policy (2019), Development Plan (2017), National Transport Master Plan (2018), draft National Energy Efficiency Policy, National Agriculture Policy Framework (2018-2030), draft National Forest Policy, Zimbabwe National Industrial Development Policy (2019-2023), and Environmental Management Regulations (2016). Collectively, this package of policies and strategies will guide the implementation of Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 6 Institutional and Financial Framework 6.1 Institutional Framework To implement the Revised NDC, the Government of Zimbabwe will be mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts across policies and programs at national and subnational levels.', 'Collectively, this package of policies and strategies will guide the implementation of Zimbabwe’s Revised NDC.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 6 Institutional and Financial Framework 6.1 Institutional Framework To implement the Revised NDC, the Government of Zimbabwe will be mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts across policies and programs at national and subnational levels. In terms of governance, the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the overall coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting to the UNFCCC.', 'In terms of governance, the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the overall coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting to the UNFCCC. The Ministry works in constant liaison with the Office of President & Cabinet, Parliament of Zimbabwe and other relevant Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and key stakeholders, to ensure implementation and alignment with the various sectoral plans and the broader national vision to fully embed low carbon considerations into all aspects of Zimbabwe’s socio-economic development. Progress in climate actions will be achieved through coordinated efforts and effective resource mobilisation and deployment among various Government arms.', 'Progress in climate actions will be achieved through coordinated efforts and effective resource mobilisation and deployment among various Government arms. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED), the national Treasury in conjunction with the Ministry responsible for climate change, will play a central role in the coordination and financing of climate related projects and programmes to be implemented by the key MDAs and other stakeholders such as development partners, private sector among others. As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio-economic sectors, the proposed mitigation and adaptation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national budget, plans, capital projects and programmes.', 'As Zimbabwe strives to mainstream climate change in all socio-economic sectors, the proposed mitigation and adaptation options will be implemented in line with the country’s national budget, plans, capital projects and programmes. Institutional responsibilities for implementation of the various adaptation and mitigation measures are spread across government ministries, local authorities and private sector organisations among others. Table 9 below details the roles of different organisations across sectors. Zimbabwe is currently developing a roadmap to operationalise the Enhanced Transparency Framework under the Paris Agreement. It is strengthening the national institutions for coordinating, managing and implementing climate transparency activities as well as the national systems for transparent, consistent, comparable, complete and accurate GHG inventories.', 'It is strengthening the national institutions for coordinating, managing and implementing climate transparency activities as well as the national systems for transparent, consistent, comparable, complete and accurate GHG inventories. Zimbabwe is also establishing the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification (MRV) Framework, including the systems and indicators for tracking the implementation of the mitigation and adaptation measures and their impacts. Several of the stakeholders listed in the table below are identified as implementers of the revised NDC and data providers for the MRV system. Implementation of the NDC will also align with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda. Where appropriate, the stakeholders responsible for implementation will coordinate with the Ministry of Local Government to feed the NDC adaptation and mitigation actions into local implementation processes.', 'Where appropriate, the stakeholders responsible for implementation will coordinate with the Ministry of Local Government to feed the NDC adaptation and mitigation actions into local implementation processes. The two metropolitan and eight provinces, as well as the relevant local authorities, will be engaged in the planning and implementation of the climate mitigation and adaptation actions with central government, through the Ministry responsible for climate change management.', 'The two metropolitan and eight provinces, as well as the relevant local authorities, will be engaged in the planning and implementation of the climate mitigation and adaptation actions with central government, through the Ministry responsible for climate change management. In addition to the stakeholders discussed in this section, Parliament and its committees will play a critical role in establishing the legislative framework and providing oversight for NDC implementation.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 31 Table 9: Key institutions for NDC implementation Sector Name of stakeholder Role Crosscutting Ministry responsible for climate change management Co-lead of implementing agency Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) Coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting Ministry responsible for Finance and Economic Planning Co-lead of implementing agency Coordination of climate actions in national budget, projects and programmes ZimStat and Environmental Management Agency Data on NDC MRV Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare Support for communities suffering from adverse impacts of climate change Ministry responsible for Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Promote, protect and advance gender equality in the NDC Zimbabwe Gender Commission Ministry responsible for Youth Ensure equitable participation of youth in NDC implementation Ministry of Local Government and the Provincial Development Committees Mainstream climate change at the subnational level in line with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda Water Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-adaptation Local authorities Adaptation/mitigation data provider Health Ministry responsible for Health Co-lead of implementing agency - adaptation Ministry responsible for Transport Services Co-lead of implementing agency - Mitigation and Adaptation Energy Ministry responsible for Energy Utility mitigation projects (large hydro -Zimbabwe Power Company), MRV data Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority Provider of Regulations, Tariffs and Activity Data (Petroleum including ethanol and bio-diesel, coal, electricity) Ministry responsible for Mines and Mining Development Provider of AD (coal production and its secondary products) ZimStats Data on NDC MRV Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company Reduction of transmission and distribution losses Rural Energy Fund Provider biogas digestor projects Ministry responsible for Transport Mitigation projects in transport Ministry responsible for Local Government Coordination of the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in the provincial and local authorities IPPU Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Co-lead of implementing agency Data Provider (annual production data on Non energy products and use, ODS substitutes) Private companies Data providers Industry Associations Data providers Ministry responsible for Industries Co-lead of implementing agency (Mitigation actions in industry)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 AFOLU Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-Agriculture mitigation / adaptation Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS) Data provider and implementing agency Forestry Commission FOLU Mitigation actions implementation Waste Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Mitigation actions and GHG activity data providers GHG activity and mitigation actions data providers Ministry responsible for Local Governance Environment Management Agency Local Authorities Private Company - Zimbabwe Sunshine Group 6.2 Financing Framework Zimbabwe requires both domestic and international financial support to implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this Revised NDC.', 'In addition to the stakeholders discussed in this section, Parliament and its committees will play a critical role in establishing the legislative framework and providing oversight for NDC implementation.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 31 Table 9: Key institutions for NDC implementation Sector Name of stakeholder Role Crosscutting Ministry responsible for climate change management Co-lead of implementing agency Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) Coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting Ministry responsible for Finance and Economic Planning Co-lead of implementing agency Coordination of climate actions in national budget, projects and programmes ZimStat and Environmental Management Agency Data on NDC MRV Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare Support for communities suffering from adverse impacts of climate change Ministry responsible for Women Affairs, Community, Small and Medium Enterprises Promote, protect and advance gender equality in the NDC Zimbabwe Gender Commission Ministry responsible for Youth Ensure equitable participation of youth in NDC implementation Ministry of Local Government and the Provincial Development Committees Mainstream climate change at the subnational level in line with Zimbabwe’s devolution agenda Water Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-adaptation Local authorities Adaptation/mitigation data provider Health Ministry responsible for Health Co-lead of implementing agency - adaptation Ministry responsible for Transport Services Co-lead of implementing agency - Mitigation and Adaptation Energy Ministry responsible for Energy Utility mitigation projects (large hydro -Zimbabwe Power Company), MRV data Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority Provider of Regulations, Tariffs and Activity Data (Petroleum including ethanol and bio-diesel, coal, electricity) Ministry responsible for Mines and Mining Development Provider of AD (coal production and its secondary products) ZimStats Data on NDC MRV Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company Reduction of transmission and distribution losses Rural Energy Fund Provider biogas digestor projects Ministry responsible for Transport Mitigation projects in transport Ministry responsible for Local Government Coordination of the implementation of mitigation and adaptation actions in the provincial and local authorities IPPU Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Co-lead of implementing agency Data Provider (annual production data on Non energy products and use, ODS substitutes) Private companies Data providers Industry Associations Data providers Ministry responsible for Industries Co-lead of implementing agency (Mitigation actions in industry)Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 AFOLU Ministry responsible for Agriculture Co-lead of implementing agency-Agriculture mitigation / adaptation Department of Research and Specialist Services (DR&SS) Data provider and implementing agency Forestry Commission FOLU Mitigation actions implementation Waste Ministry responsible for climate change management and environmental affairs Mitigation actions and GHG activity data providers GHG activity and mitigation actions data providers Ministry responsible for Local Governance Environment Management Agency Local Authorities Private Company - Zimbabwe Sunshine Group 6.2 Financing Framework Zimbabwe requires both domestic and international financial support to implement the mitigation and adaptation measures identified in this Revised NDC. The mitigation measures alone will cost an estimated US$4,834.47 million.', 'The mitigation measures alone will cost an estimated US$4,834.47 million. Zimbabwe’s adaptation measures will be costed in the forthcoming NAP. A mix of public and private sources of finance will be needed to finance the adaptation and mitigation measures (Figure 8). The private sector will play an important role in financing and implementing the NDC, provided there is an enabling environment and appropriate incentives. Climate finance will be critical to unlock other sources of investment, including foreign and domestic sources of private finance and investment.', 'Climate finance will be critical to unlock other sources of investment, including foreign and domestic sources of private finance and investment. Climate finance, including finance channelled through the National Climate Change Fund and Climate Finance Facility currently under development (see below), will crowd in the private sector through blended finance and results-based approaches to de-risk markets, scale up impact investments and increase participation in implementing climate actions.', 'Climate finance, including finance channelled through the National Climate Change Fund and Climate Finance Facility currently under development (see below), will crowd in the private sector through blended finance and results-based approaches to de-risk markets, scale up impact investments and increase participation in implementing climate actions. Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC The scale of funding required to implement Zimbabwe’s NDCs commitments and Sustainable Development Goals, means that the Government of Zimbabwe supports the exploration of innovative approaches to promoting access to climate finance and broadening the array of funding available for adaptation and mitigation projects and activities.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 33 Climate-sensitive Public Investment Management Guidelines The Government of Zimbabwe is taking steps to ensure that domestic public expenditures are climate sensitive.', 'Figure 8: Public and private sources of finance for implementation of the NDC The scale of funding required to implement Zimbabwe’s NDCs commitments and Sustainable Development Goals, means that the Government of Zimbabwe supports the exploration of innovative approaches to promoting access to climate finance and broadening the array of funding available for adaptation and mitigation projects and activities.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 33 Climate-sensitive Public Investment Management Guidelines The Government of Zimbabwe is taking steps to ensure that domestic public expenditures are climate sensitive. Zimbabwe is updating its Public Investment Management (PIM) Guidelines and Sector Manuals (energy, transport, water and irrigation) to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation in the development of project proposals.', 'Zimbabwe is updating its Public Investment Management (PIM) Guidelines and Sector Manuals (energy, transport, water and irrigation) to incorporate climate resilience and adaptation in the development of project proposals. The climate informed PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will ensure that climate risk, adaptation, mitigation, and management are incorporated throughout the life cycle of Public Investment Projects (PIPs) in project preparation, appraisal, and prioritization stages, so as to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of the country’s PIM function in the face of climate change and variability. The PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will be implemented through the national budget process.', 'The PIM Guidelines and Sector Manuals will be implemented through the national budget process. Accessing international climate funds and carbon finance The Government of Zimbabwe designated the Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) as the National Designated Authority (NDA) responsible for coordinating national efforts to package green projects and accessing climate financing from the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and other international finance mechanisms. As the NDA, CCMD will be responsible for ensuring that GCF support aligns with the actions outlined in Zimbabwe’s NDC. The following agencies have been accredited to assist the country in accessing international climate finance: • The Environmental Management Agency has been accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to the Adaptation Fund.', 'The following agencies have been accredited to assist the country in accessing international climate finance: • The Environmental Management Agency has been accredited as the National Implementing Entity (NIE) to the Adaptation Fund. • The Infrastructure Development Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) has been accredited as a Direct Access Entity to the Green Climate Fund. As outlined in the first NDC, Zimbabwe also intends to leverage on its resources through the sale of carbon credits or emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change. National Climate Change Fund The Government of Zimbabwe is establishing the National Climate Change Fund (NCCF), which was proposed in the National Climate Policy.', 'National Climate Change Fund The Government of Zimbabwe is establishing the National Climate Change Fund (NCCF), which was proposed in the National Climate Policy. The custodian of the NCCF is the Ministry responsible for climate change management. The NCCF plays a central role in financing the implementation of the Revised NDC. It seeks to mobilise climate change resources from different financing sources, including public and private, international and domestic resources to support country-driven climate change priorities based on national circumstances and realities. It covers a diverse range of sectors through different thematic windows and offer a wide range of financing instruments such as grants and concessional loans to support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions.', 'It covers a diverse range of sectors through different thematic windows and offer a wide range of financing instruments such as grants and concessional loans to support climate change mitigation and adaptation actions. NCCF financing takes different formats including blending public, private and philanthropic financing to support climate change mitigation and adaptation projects at national and sub-national levels. The role of the IDBZ Climate Finance Facility In transitioning to a low carbon and climate resilient economy, the government through the Infrastructure Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) is working on the establishment of a National Climate Finance Facility (CFF).', 'The role of the IDBZ Climate Finance Facility In transitioning to a low carbon and climate resilient economy, the government through the Infrastructure Bank of Zimbabwe (IDBZ) is working on the establishment of a National Climate Finance Facility (CFF). Ministries responsible for finance and climate change management provide government oversight of CFF strategic operations and implementation among other independent trustees.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 The Climate Finance Facility (CFF) provides a platform to crowd in various climate finance sources and private sector investment for green infrastructure projects. The CFF is co-funded by the Government of Zimbabwe through the proceeds of climate related taxes for green infrastructure development.', 'The CFF is co-funded by the Government of Zimbabwe through the proceeds of climate related taxes for green infrastructure development. It draws capital from various financing sources including multilateral and bilateral financiers and the private sector and will deploy financing through diverse financial instruments including grants, loans, equity and guarantees. Operationalization of the CFF is supported by the legal registration of an independent entity (Trust Deed Fund) and the development of operational procedures and systems for effective Fund Administration. The CFF focuses its financial offering to support green infrastructure projects that align to the IDBZ core sectors, which include energy, transport, waste, water and sanitation. In addition to the IDBZ core sectors, the CFF also provides support to climate smart agricultural and forestry practices.', 'In addition to the IDBZ core sectors, the CFF also provides support to climate smart agricultural and forestry practices. Tracking climate finance in Zimbabwe At present, Zimbabwe does not have permanent institutional structures that track all development finance including aid assistance and climate finance. There is a need for an efficient system to assess financial support needs and for tracking financial support received. The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of partners, is investing in a Development Projects Management Information System (DEVPROMIS) to improve transparency and accountability through data capturing and information sharing between the State, Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations.', 'The Government of Zimbabwe, with the assistance of partners, is investing in a Development Projects Management Information System (DEVPROMIS) to improve transparency and accountability through data capturing and information sharing between the State, Development Partners and Civil Society Organizations. The System will track public sector investment, development assistance, as well as private sector projects in the country.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 35 7 Information for Clarity, Transparency and Understanding (ICTU) ICTU category Response 1. Quantified information on the reference point, including, as appropriate, a base year a. Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year for the target is 2030.', 'Reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s) The reference year for the target is 2030. The target is expressed as a reduction in total national GHG emissions per capita from business-as-usual (BAU) projected levels, with a historical period of 2010-2017. b. Quantifiable information on the reference indicators, their values in the reference year(s), base year(s), reference period(s) or other starting point(s), and, as applicable, in the target year National total emissions in the base data period ranged between 25.24 MtCO eq in 2011 and 41.66 MtCO eq in 2015. Emissions in 2017 were 35.84 MtCO eq. National total emissions per capita in the base data period ranged between 2.03 tCO eq in 2011 and 2.98 tCO eq in 2015. Emissions per capita in 2017 were 2.45 tCO eq.', 'Emissions per capita in 2017 were 2.45 tCO eq. National emissions are projected to be 75.39 MtCO eq in 2030 under business as usual, a 110% increase in total GHG emissions between 2017 and 2030. National emissions per capita are projected to be 3.90 tCO eq in 2030 under business as usual, a 59% increase in per capita GHG emissions between 2017 and 2030. Electricity consumption per capita was 761 kWh in 2000 and grew to 891 kWh in 2017. It is projected to be around 957 kWh in 2030. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable.', 'It is projected to be around 957 kWh in 2030. c. For strategies, plans and actions referred to in Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement, or polices and measures as components of nationally determined contributions where paragraph 1(b) above is not applicable, Parties to provide other relevant information Not applicable. d. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction in GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from various sources: • Zimbabwe’s National Communications • Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report • National Ozone Office • OICA data on vehicle population Future emissions, including both the baseline and mitigation scenarios, were calculated using the LEAP (the Low Emissions Analysis Platform) software, integrating official government projections of population and GDP.', 'd. Target relative to the reference indicator, expressed numerically, for example in percentage or amount of reduction 40% reduction in GHG emissions per capita compared to BAU by 2030, conditional on international support.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response e. Information on sources of data used in quantifying the reference point(s) Historical emissions data from various sources: • Zimbabwe’s National Communications • Zimbabwe’s first Biennial Update Report • National Ozone Office • OICA data on vehicle population Future emissions, including both the baseline and mitigation scenarios, were calculated using the LEAP (the Low Emissions Analysis Platform) software, integrating official government projections of population and GDP. Other sources of data include: • Low Emissions Development Strategy • National Development Strategy 1: 2021-2025 • 2017 System Development Plan • Zimbabwe Livestock Growth Implementation Plan • Continuation of historic trends from Fourth National Communication Data (for emissions from IPCC category Land, 3B) The Zimbabwe LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions.', 'Other sources of data include: • Low Emissions Development Strategy • National Development Strategy 1: 2021-2025 • 2017 System Development Plan • Zimbabwe Livestock Growth Implementation Plan • Continuation of historic trends from Fourth National Communication Data (for emissions from IPCC category Land, 3B) The Zimbabwe LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC (2006) guidelines. Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the Low Emissions Development Strategy, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015).', 'Cost estimates were mainly drawn from the Low Emissions Development Strategy, with additional input from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Greenhouse Gas Abatement Cost Model (GACMO of 14 August 2015). f. Information on the circumstances under which the Party may update the values of the reference indicators Zimbabwe may update the reference indicator under 1.b to account for significant changes (such as changes in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or population projections or any technical errors identified) at the point of its next NDC submission, to be prepared in accordance with the Paris Agreement provisions in 2024. 2. Time frames and/or periods for implementation a. Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. b.', 'Time frame and/or period for implementation, including start and end date, consistent with any further relevant decision adopted by the CMA; 1 January 2021 to 31 December 2030. b. Whether it is a single-year or multi- year target, as applicable. Single-year target for 2030.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 37 ICTU category Response 3. Scope and coverage a. General description of the target; A 2030 target for reducing total national GHG emissions per capita below BAU. b. Sectors, gases, categories and pools covered by the nationally determined contribution, including, as applicable, consistent with IPCC guidelines; Sectors covered: Energy, Waste, Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) and Agriculture, Forestry and Land Use (AFOLU). Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) and hydrofluorocarbons.', 'Greenhouse gases covered: carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O) and hydrofluorocarbons. Black carbon (a short-lived climate pollutant), and co-emitted air pollutants (PM2.5, NOx, SO , non-methane VOCs, carbon monoxide) were also included in the analysis. IPCC (2006) Guidelines have been used to prepare this NDC. c. How the Party has taken into consideration paragraphs 31(c) and (d) of decision 1/CP.21; This updated NDC now has a target for per capita GHG emissions from all sectors, an improvement from the INDC which only covered energy sector emissions. d. Mitigation co-benefits resulting from Parties’ adaptation actions and/ or economic diversification plans, including description of specific projects, measures and initiatives of Parties’ adaptation actions and/or economic diversification plans. Several of the adaptation actions in Zimbabwe’s NDC will have a mitigation co-benefit (see 4.d.1 for further details).', 'Several of the adaptation actions in Zimbabwe’s NDC will have a mitigation co-benefit (see 4.d.1 for further details). The extent of the co-benefits will depend on the final set of adaptation measures and the specific actions taken to achieve these measures, which will be defined in the National Adaptation Plan. 4. Planning process a. Information on the planning processes that the Party undertook to prepare its NDC and, if available, on the Party’s implementation plans, including, as appropriate: i. Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) under the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting.', 'Domestic institutional arrangements, public participation and engagement with local communities and indigenous peoples, in a gender-responsive manner; The Climate Change Management Department (CCMD) under the Ministry responsible for climate change management is responsible for the coordination of NDC implementation and international reporting. Institutional responsibilities for implementation of the various adaptation and mitigation measures are spread across government ministries, local authorities and private sector organisations. A High- Level NDC Steering committee with key Government ministries and NDC Technical Committees drawn from across Government ministries and stakeholders such as development partners, civil society, private sector, research and academia are in place to drive NDC development and implementation. ii. Contextual matters, including, inter alia, as appropriate:Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response a. National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Please refer to Zimbabwe’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR1).', 'National circumstances, such as geography, climate, economy, sustainable development, and poverty eradication; Please refer to Zimbabwe’s First Biennial Update Report (BUR1). The NDS1 covers other planned sustainable development aspects. b. Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the mitigation analysis conducted in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model software.', 'Best practices and experience related to the preparation of the NDC; The GHG emissions inventory was compiled using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and the mitigation analysis conducted in the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP) model software. c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The achievement of the NDC target is subject to: 1. full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention; 2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. receiving contributions by developed countries on all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020. b.', 'c. Other contextual aspirations and priorities acknowledged when joining the Paris Agreement; The achievement of the NDC target is subject to: 1. full implementation by developed countries of their commitments relating to finance, technology and capacity pursuant to Article 4 of the Convention; 2. full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention; 3. receiving contributions by developed countries on all elements set out in paragraph 5 of decision 1/CP.17” relating to mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building in the context of a global and comprehensive agreement for the period beyond 2020. b. Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable.', 'Specific information applicable to Parties, including regional economic integration organizations and their member States, that have reached an agreement to act jointly under Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Paris Agreement, including the Parties that agreed to act jointly and the terms of the agreement, in accordance with Article 4, paragraphs 16–18, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable. Zimbabwe is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement.', 'Zimbabwe is not party to an agreement to act jointly under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement. c. How the Party’s preparation of its NDC has been informed by the outcomes of the global stocktake, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 9, of the Paris Agreement; Not applicable – a first global stocktake will take place in 2023. d. Each Party with an NDC under Article 4 of the Paris Agreement that consists of adaptation action and/or economic diversification plans resulting in mitigation co-benefits consistent with Article 4, paragraph 7, of the Paris Agreement to submit information on:Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 39 ICTU category Response i. How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Zimbabwe conducted a country climate vulnerability assessment, which informed proposed adaptation measures.', 'How the economic and social consequences of response measures have been considered in developing the NDC; Zimbabwe conducted a country climate vulnerability assessment, which informed proposed adaptation measures. The adaptation and mitigation measures were selected from existing national and sectoral policies. The economic and social consequences of the several of the measures were assessed during the development of those policies. To inform the NDC, the ILO and UNDP conducted an Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Climate Policies’ Impact on Employment, Economy and Emissions, which found that Zimbabwe’s climate policies have the potential to contribute significant job creation if accompanied by appropriate social, labour market and skills enhancement policies. During the development of the NDC, literature was reviewed to assess the potential co-benefits of adaptation measures as well as the co-benefits and risks of mitigation measures. ii.', 'During the development of the NDC, literature was reviewed to assess the potential co-benefits of adaptation measures as well as the co-benefits and risks of mitigation measures. ii. Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries.', 'Specific projects, measures and activities to be implemented to contribute to mitigation co-benefits, including information on adaptation plans that also yield mitigation co- benefits, which may cover, but are not limited to, key sectors, such as energy, resources, water resources, coastal resources, human settlements and urban planning, agriculture and forestry; and economic diversification actions, which may cover, but are not limited to, sectors such as manufacturing and industry, energy and mining, transport and communication, construction, tourism, real estate, agriculture and fisheries. Several adaptation measures included in the NDC can contribute mitigation co-benefits, including: • Improvements in water resources management may have mitigation co-benefits in two ways: (i) increased efficiency in water use may increase renewable hydropower supply (displacing thermal power) and (ii) better water management in agriculture may increase crop and pasture productivity, enhancing carbon capture capacity through roots and residues.', 'Several adaptation measures included in the NDC can contribute mitigation co-benefits, including: • Improvements in water resources management may have mitigation co-benefits in two ways: (i) increased efficiency in water use may increase renewable hydropower supply (displacing thermal power) and (ii) better water management in agriculture may increase crop and pasture productivity, enhancing carbon capture capacity through roots and residues. • Widespread adoption of climate-smart agriculture may contribute to mitigation efforts by increasing resource-use efficiency and increasing capacity of healthier soils to capture carbon. • Preserving ecosystems and forests, and sustainable land use will lead to mitigation benefits through improved carbon-storage capacity.', '• Preserving ecosystems and forests, and sustainable land use will lead to mitigation benefits through improved carbon-storage capacity. • Retrofitting and building resilient infrastructure may increase energy efficiency (i.e., through better insulation) Where these measures were included in the NDC mitigation analysis, they were explicitly included as a mitigation measure as well as an adaptation measure (e.g., preserving forests was included as a mitigation measure titled increased area of forested land).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response 5.', '• Retrofitting and building resilient infrastructure may increase energy efficiency (i.e., through better insulation) Where these measures were included in the NDC mitigation analysis, they were explicitly included as a mitigation measure as well as an adaptation measure (e.g., preserving forests was included as a mitigation measure titled increased area of forested land).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response 5. Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zimbabwe accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.', 'Assumptions and methodological approaches, including those for estimating and accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and, as appropriate, removals a. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals corresponding to the Party’s nationally determined contribution, consistent with decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 31, and accounting guidance adopted by the CMA; Zimbabwe accounted for its anthropogenic GHG emissions and removals using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. b. Assumptions and methodological approaches used for accounting for the implementation of policies and measures or strategies in the nationally determined contribution; The impact on emissions of policies and measures has been calculated using the LEAP model, along with official government projections of population and GDP. The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions.', 'The LEAP model contains references to all relevant data sources and key assumptions. The emissions reference values were derived from the relevant IPCC guidelines. c. If applicable, information on how the Party will take into account existing methods and guidance under the Convention to account for anthropogenic emissions and removals, in accordance with Article 4, paragraph 14, of the Paris Agreement, as appropriate; Zimbabwe used 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Decision 17/CP.8 and Decision 2/CP.17 to report on its GHG emissions and mitigation measures. d. IPCC methodologies and metrics used for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and removals; See 5 (a). The aggregation of GHG emissions have been estimated, and will be reported, using the 100-year time- horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report.', 'The aggregation of GHG emissions have been estimated, and will be reported, using the 100-year time- horizon global warming potential values from the IPCC Second Assessment Report. e. Sector-, category- or activity- specific assumptions, methodologies and approaches consistent with IPCC guidance, as appropriate, including, as applicable: i. Approach to addressing emissions and subsequent removals from natural disturbances on managed lands; Emissions from fires are included in the national GHG inventory as per the 2006 IPCC Guidelines. No allowance was made for natural disturbances within this updated NDC target. ii. Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products were not included within this NDC update due to a lack of data. iii.', 'Approach used to account for emissions and removals from harvested wood products; Harvested wood products were not included within this NDC update due to a lack of data. iii. Approach used to address the effects of age-class structure in forests; Not applicableZimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 41 ICTU category Response f. Other assumptions and methodological approaches used for understanding the nationally determined contribution and, if applicable, estimating corresponding emissions and removals, including: i. How the reference indicators, baseline(s) and/or reference level(s), including, where applicable, sector-, category- or activity specific reference levels, are constructed, including, for example, key parameters, assumptions, definitions, methodologies, data sources and models used; The LEAP model was used to evaluate the different mitigation options. Some cost data was used from the GACMO model. ii.', 'Some cost data was used from the GACMO model. ii. For Parties with nationally determined contributions that contain non greenhouse-gas components, information on assumptions and methodological approaches used in relation to those components, as applicable; Not applicable. iii. For climate forcers included in nationally determined contributions not covered by IPCC guidelines, information on how the climate forcers are estimated; Emissions of short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) were included in the GHG mitigation assessment. Methane and HFCs mitigation are included in overall GHG reduction target and were included using IPCC (2006) methodologies. The implementation of the policies and measures to achieve the updated NDC, were estimated to reduce national total methane emissions by 10% in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario (Baseline methane emissions were 554 thousand tonnes).', 'The implementation of the policies and measures to achieve the updated NDC, were estimated to reduce national total methane emissions by 10% in 2030 compared to a baseline scenario (Baseline methane emissions were 554 thousand tonnes). As an SLCP, Black carbon was also included in the GHG mitigation assessment, alongside co-emitted air pollutants, including organic carbon, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. These SLCPs and air pollutants were included in the GHG mitigation assessment using the same activity data as for the quantification of GHG emissions.', 'These SLCPs and air pollutants were included in the GHG mitigation assessment using the same activity data as for the quantification of GHG emissions. Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits.', 'Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits. iv.', 'Emission factors for Black Carbon and air pollutants were taken from the EMEP/EEA air pollution emission inventory guidelines, as recommended by IPCC (2006).Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 ICTU category Response The GHG mitigation assessment indicates that the implementation of the policies and measures that can achieve Zimbabwe’s NDC would result in some simultaneous reduction in SLCP and air pollutant emissions, for example: • Black carbon: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (25.1 thousand tonnes) baseline emissions (192 thousand tonnes) • NOx: 5% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (158 thousand tonnes) • NMVOCs: <1% reduction in 2030 compared to 2030 baseline emissions (751 thousand tonnes) These SLCP and air pollutant emission reductions would yield local benefits for human health through reduced air pollution exposure, in addition to climate benefits. iv. Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable.', 'Further technical information, as necessary; Not applicable g. The intention to use voluntary cooperation under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, if applicable. Zimbabwe intends to leverage on its resources through the sale of carbon credits or emission reductions units through international and regional carbon markets and/or carbon pricing mechanisms to mobilise more resources for managing climate change. 6. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a.', 'How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in light of its national circumstances a. How the Party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances; This updated NDC represents a significant increase in ambition by expanding the mitigation contribution to cover all IPCC sectors (whereas the INDC mitigation contribution only covered the energy sector), more GHG gases (HFCs) and by applying a more ambitious target to all these sectors (40% below BAU, compared to 33% in the INDC). This represents a fair and bold contribution from a country such as Zimbabwe which only accounts for 0.07% of global emissions (in 2017) and for whom adaptation is the key priority. b.', 'This represents a fair and bold contribution from a country such as Zimbabwe which only accounts for 0.07% of global emissions (in 2017) and for whom adaptation is the key priority. b. Fairness considerations, including reflecting on equity; Zimbabwe is a lower middle-income country with a steadily growing population. As a lower-middle income country, Zimbabwe bears little historical responsibility for the climate crisis, representing just 0.07% of global total emissions in 2017. Emissions per capita were around 2.5 tonnes CO e in 2017. Without ambitious mitigation action (BAU), Zimbabwe’s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.9 tonnes CO e in 2030.', 'Without ambitious mitigation action (BAU), Zimbabwe’s per capita emissions are projected to grow to 3.9 tonnes CO e in 2030. Under the 2030 mitigation contribution, the per capita emissions are expected to remain around 2.3 tonnes CO e, in line with global targets.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021 43 ICTU category Response c. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 3, of the Paris Agreement; Zimbabwe strongly supports the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. In its first NDC, Zimbabwe committed to a target to reduce per capita energy-related carbon emissions by 33% below business-as-usual (BAU) emissions in 2030.', 'In its first NDC, Zimbabwe committed to a target to reduce per capita energy-related carbon emissions by 33% below business-as-usual (BAU) emissions in 2030. NDC 2020 shows increased ambition by expanding per capita GHG reduction target to cover all sectors, hence adding in the waste, AFOLU and IPPU sectors, as well as increasing the level of ambition of the per capita target to 40% below BAU by 2030. With these changes Zimbabwe is showing strong climate leadership and encouraging other countries to make similarly bold pledges for action. d. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 4, of the Paris Agreement; This updated NDC expands the mitigation contribution to cover all emissions sectors in Zimbabwe. e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable.', 'e. How the Party has addressed Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Paris Agreement. Not applicable. 7. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objectives of the Convention as set out in its a. How the NDC contributes towards achieving the objective of the Convention as set out in its Article 2; The NDC contributes to efforts to limit global temperature rise to less than 2 °C, with an intention to aim for 1.5 °C increase compared to pre-industrial levels and to increase Zimbabwe’s ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change. b. How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement.', 'How the NDC contributes towards paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement. See above.Zimbabwe Revised Nationally Determined Contribution 2021For more information contact: Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry Climate Change Management Department 11th Floor, Kaguvi Building, Cnr S.V Muzenda Street/ Central Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe Email: climatechange@environment.gov.zw Website: www.climatechange.org.zw Facebook: Climate Change Management Dept Twitter: @ClimateZimDept'] | en-US |